Split (1)

train · 25.5k rows

text large_stringlengths 39 13.3M	id large_stringlengths 36 47	repo_tree_path large_stringclasses 20 values	source_dataset large_stringclasses 1 value	lang large_stringclasses 20 values	num_chars uint32 39 13.3M
THE POWER OF DESIGN - EVALUATION OF DESIGN NEEDS IN AN INTERDISCIPLINARY STUDENT PROJECT Simone Binder, Mario Kolar, Dominik Walcher and Michael Ebner ABSTRACT The aim of this student project, which was embedded in a diploma thesis, was to distinguish the test persons into groups of "early adopters" and "followers" by using a quantitative questionnaire. In a second step, the different groups had to develop and present their collages, which they think best represent their design needs. All this was performed in an interdisciplinary effort between the degree programs of "Design and Product Management" and "Business and Information Management" at the Salzburg University of Applied Sciences. As a result, this preliminary study provides evidence that different consumer groups strive for different levels of design needs and therefore, show individual purchase behaviour. Keywords: design needs, interdisciplinary, collage technique 1 INTRODUCTION "Only one company can be the cheapest – all the others must use design." (Rodney Fitch, Chairman, Fitch RS Plc.) In recent years, many authors have focussed on describing a paradigm shift which can be observed in modern societies ― the continuously growing orientation towards design [1]. Changing lifestyles, customer empowerment, and social movements can be seen as the major reasons for this trend [2]. Moreover, empirical research shows that investment in design pays off. Over a period of three years, Roy and Potter analysed the effect of increased investments into design on 221 small and medium-sized businesses. They can satisfactorily show that there is a strong correlation between investment in design and the company's success in terms of operating financial figures as well as in terms of preeconomic values, such as customer satisfaction and positive word-of-mouth recommendations [3]. Similarly, a ten-year-study conducted by the Design Council shows that the stock quotations of these 66 companies (out of 166 in total), whose design efforts were assessed as above average by an expert group, performed significantly higher [4]. Based on a large scale of empirical analysis of over 100 British companies, Roy and Bruce conclude: "The answer to the frequently posed question ´does good design pay?´ is thus a qualified ´yes´. Investment of resources in design can be a key factor in commercial success, but does not guarantee it." [5] The authors continue by stating that investment in design is only profitable if there is a strong integration and cross-linking with the marketing efforts of a company [5]. Additionally, a special focus should be placed on the early phases in the design process (i.e. idea generation, idea evaluation, design concept and concept testing), which are the base for all following development steps [6] and in which the success or failure of a product innovation is determined [7]. The fact that marketing efforts and intensive cross-linking activities in the early stage of a design process are demonstrably important is regarded by many companies only to some extent ― the striking number of product flops can be seen as indicator for this. Thus, the rate of product-flops ranges, depending upon the branch, from 30% to 70% [8]. 2 MARKETING (RESEARCH) AND DESIGN – A CRUCIAL INTERFACE This stresses the importance of design research but apart from a few exceptions, marketing research has dealt only scantly with the topic of design, design research, allied to design research and consumer behaviour. At the moment, surveys are available about information processing of design information [9], as well as about semiotic design interpretation [10]. Methods for evaluation of primary design needs are mostly based on verbal forms of collection [11]. Advertising research, as well as product innovation research, offers a multitude of concepts and methods in the area of advertising effect research [12], product concept testing and acceptance testing [13] but design impacts play a limited role. In theory, the design-marketing relationship is characterised by one common task: both disciplines focus on consumer wants and needs [14]. In practice, this relationship also demonstrates some difficulties and misunderstandings, like the management-design relationship. Designers mainly collaborate with marketers on product specifications and therefore, they tend to ignore other marketing responsibilities [14]. Otherwise, marketers do not recognise design as a process; they see it as a creative output [14]. This is the initial position of the program "Design & Product Management" at the Salzburg University of Applied Sciences. 3 TWO DIFFERENT CURRICULA – ONE WORKING COOPERATION This paper poses the cooperation between the two degree programs "Design and Product Management" and "Business and Information Management". In both fields, design and the design process play an important role. Design is hereby defined as an interdisciplinary strategic process influenced by different departments such as marketing, production, R&D, and others. All these stakeholders have a creative and innovative part in this process. Aesthetics, technological and business views come together to form a product that satisfies (or even anticipates) customer needs, wishes and wants. In both programs, design is regarded as a way to realise innovation. Both programs handle design as a part of the business creation process. Design is considered as an in-house expertise leading to economic and emotional (brand) value. In other words, it leads to the "total customer experience" [15]. The field of design is regarded as a way to bring passions and visions to life. Thus, we try to close the so called "educational gap" between designers and managers [16]. Consecutively, the two afore-mentioned degree programs are described in detail. 3.1 Design and Product Management (DPM) The first four semesters form the basic study and are the same for all students. As of the fifth semester, students decide whether they wish to place the focus of their future work upon the marketing or organisational area. In addition, they choose one of three fields in which to study in greater depth – furniture, interior design (design of shops, exhibition stands, POS, etc.) or industrial design. Due to small groups, the quality of coaching and of the projects is ensured. In the seventh semester, students must complete a job internship, either at home or abroad, in a company engaged in a business relevant to the course of study. The education consists in equal parts of economics and management content, on the one hand, and the field of organisation/design on the other, as well as general, basic studies. 3.2 Business and Information Management (BWI) The Business and Information Management course of study, established in 1998, offers a technical university education leading to a formal qualification for economists, with the focus on information and communications technology, coupled with social skills. Case studies are closely related to practical situations and projects with business enterprises train and develop management skills along with corporate thinking and acting. From the fifth semester onward, students may choose one of three directions for specialisation – controlling & finance, manufacturing & logistics or marketing & media management. 3.3 Interfaces – Fields of Cooperation Even though the two programs are scattered across two different university campuses, there has always been a tight cooperation in the fields of marketing and design. The level of cooperation ranges from regular teacher exchanges to joint projects and joint research efforts. A recent research grant by the Austrian Research Promotion Agency (FFG) favours team work between the programs. Here, researchers from both fields work together in a four year program. This is meant to initiate innovative projects like the one mentioned below. 4 RESEARCH PROJECT 4.1 Background Design has always been one of the most important reasons why consumers buy a product and thus, determines a company's success. Today, design is more than "just" business – it embodies values and ideology, and its aesthetic impact spreads and grows throughout Europe. Hence, companies can gain competitive advantage through design and therefore, it is necessary that design is a fundamental part of the overall business strategy and that it is implemented into all decision-making levels. Additionally, creating powerfully designed products that are more user-oriented, more ergonomic and more appealing than competitor's products means focusing on consumer needs and gaining an understanding of consumer behaviour and emotions. Therefore, this research focuses on consumer design needs, as every consumer has specific needs that he/she wants to satisfy by buying a certain product that meets them. Despite different assumptions of needs most theories have two key statements: first, people have different needs that motivate and provoke certain behaviour; and second, needs have different priorities and can vary over time [17]. Probably one of the best known theories about classifying human needs is Maslow's hierarchy of needs. He proposed five different categories: physiological needs, which are necessary to survive, safety and security needs, social needs for love and belonging, egoistic or esteem, and finally the need for self-actualisation [17]. For this study, empirical research is drawn from the list of needs developed by the authors Yalch and Brunel [18]. Generally, they adopted Maslow's hierarchy of needs in order to better correspond to product design. A detailed overview is presented in the following table. Table 1. List of needs by Yalch/Brunel [18] 4.2 Problem definition Irrespective of the model for consumer needs, people rarely will reach a point of total satisfaction because as soon as one need has been met by a product a new one will rise, and people will look for something new and more satisfying [13]. For this reason, companies must anticipate these needs, produce products that satisfy them and also adapt their design strategy to individual demands. Thus far, there is no explicit study that emphasises the design needs of various consumer adoption groups or on research methods that will aid in discovering these needs. Therefore, this research presents a first approach to point out differences between needs of "early adopters" and "followers" and the importance of integrating this knowledge into the design process and strategy as early as possible. 4.3 Research Design The interdisciplinary study was done in the context of a diploma thesis from a student of the course of study "Business and Information Management" and it was performed in form of a collage technique by a group of 34 students of the course of study "Design and Product Management" at the Salzburg University of Applied Sciences. Figure 1. Group of DPM students The first step was to collect data about the students in order to divide them into groups of "early adopters" and "followers". The data was drawn from a quantitative research method, a questionnaire, with a series of five-point bipolar scales including statements that represent different purchase behaviour styles, personal attitudes and values concerning products and design. On this basis, a relevant industry for the study was determined (consumer electronics ― an industry of which the sample group is familiar) and the test persons were analysed and distinguished into three groups of "early adopters" and two groups of "'followers". In a second step, subjects were asked to collect pictures that represent their needs for consumer electronics, make a collage and present their results. They were also shown the eight needs by Yalch and Brunel [38] and a short overview of consumer electronicsrelated products. 4.4 Hypotheses and Results There were two hypotheses. The first one concerned the differences between needs (H1: Do early adopters have differing parameter values concerning design needs than followers?), whereas the second hypothesis concerned differences in the level of needs (H2: Do early adopters have higher level needs than followers?). As the qualitative collage technique demands a very sensitive analysis, each work was shortly presented and explained by the groups. In the analysis of early adopters and followers it became clear that there are both similarities and differences between the two adoption groups. On the one hand, both groups expect products that satisfy the need for basic functions and have a beautiful appearance, but on the other hand, early adopters clearly attach greater importance to higher level needs. Examination of the early adopters showed that this group strives for products that offer multiple possibilities in order to express their individual style. Current trends play a secondary role, as variety seeking and the need for self-expression are of highest priority. Additionally, this group is inspired by its environment and tends toward emotional and impulsive purchase decisions. Followers, by contrast, prefer products that are already well established and recognised on the market and offer the possibility to trace back a product's development process and image, as well as a product's language and meaning. Generally speaking, they are driven by cognitive judgments and emphasise lower level needs, in particular the need for safety, affiliation and belongingness. 5 PRELIMINARY CONCLUSIONS In this interdisciplinary research the authors explored differences in design needs between the two consumer adoption groups "early adopters" and "followers". The test persons were distinguished into groups according to the results of a quantitative questionnaire and were afterwards asked to make a collage and present their findings. In summation, the results support the authors' alternative hypotheses, in presenting that the two adoption groups have some common needs, like basic functions and safety but differ in their parameter values (H1). Early adopters on the one side consider these needs but put low emphasis on them, whereas followers, on the other side, prioritise these lower level needs over higher ones. Consequently, the second hypothesis can be proved (H2) by confirming that according to this study, early adopters do have higher level needs than followers. The latter group is more turned on by satisfying the need for safety, affirmation and belongingness, whilst early adopters, in contrast, strive for achievement, beauty, variety-seeking and self-expression. Due to these findings, it is advisable for companies to integrate this knowledge from the very beginning of the design process and to adapt the overall design strategy to individual consumer groups as they differ in product judgments and purchase behaviour. As such, a consumer-orientated design strategy offers the company the ability to serve customers with true benefits. Nonetheless, it is worth mentioning that this study is the beginning of a far-reaching market research. But due to its small sample group (of students) the current study may be seen as biased and therefore offers limited validity and reliability. In addition, beyond the empirical results, students gained insights and valuable experiences in market research and could strengthen the relationship between a marketingrelated approach (course of study "Business and Information Management") and designrelated view (course of study "Design and Product Management"). REFERENCES [1] Seybold, P. B., Marshak, R.and Lewis, J., The Customer Revolution: How to Thrive when Customers are in Control. Crown Business, New York, 2001 [2] Normann, R. and Ramirez, R., Designing Interactive Strategy: From Value Chain to Value Constellation. Revised Reprint, John Wiley & Sons, New York, 1998 [3] Roy, R. and Potter, S., The Commercial Impacts of Investment in Design, Design Studies, Vol. 2/14, 1993, pp. 171-193. [4] Design Council, The Impact of Design on Stock Market Performance. An Analysis of UK Quoted Companies 1994-2003, Design Council February 2004, London, 2004 [5] Walsh, V., Roy, R. and Bruce, M.,: Competitive by Design, Journal of Marketing Management, Vol. 2/4, 1988, pp. 201-216. [6] Herstatt, C. and Verworn, B., Management der frühen Innovationsphasen. Gabler Verlag, Wiesbaden, 2003, p. 9 [7] Cooper, R. C. and Kleinschmidt, E. J., Screening New Products for Potential Winners, Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers IEEE Engineering Management Review, Vol. 22 (4), 1994, pp. 24-30. [8] Cooper, R. G., Winning at New Products. Accelerating the Process from Idea to Launch. 2 nd edition., Perseus Books, Boston, 1992 [9] Bloch, P. H.:, Seeking the Ideal Form – Product Design and Customer Response, Journal of Marketing, Vol. 3, No. 16, 1995, pp. 16-29 [10] Steffen, D., Design als Produktsprache. Birkhäuser, Basel, 2000 [11] Koppelmann, U., Produktmarketing. Entscheidungsgrundlage für Produktmanager. 4. Auflage, Springer, Berlin, 1993 [12] Davis, J. J., Advertising Research: Theory and Practice. Pearson US Imports & PHIPEs, New Jersey, 1997 [13] Urban, G. and Hauser, J., Design and Marketing of New Products. 2 nd edition, Prentice-Hall International, Upper Saddle River, 1993 [14] De Mozota, Brigitte B., Design Management. Allworth Press, New York, 2004 [15] Cuffaro F., Vogel B. and Matt B., Why Good Design Doesn't Always Guarantee Success, Design Management Journal, Vol. 13, No. 1, 2002, pp. 49-53 [16] von Stamm B., Innovation – What's Design Got to Do with It?, Design Management Review, Winter 2004, pp. 10 – 19 [17] Eysenck, M., Psychology – An international perspective. Psychology Press, Hove, 2004 [18] Yalch, R. and Brunel, F. F., Hierarchies in Consumer Judgments of Product Design: Is it Time to Reconsider Maslow's Theory?, Advances in Consumer Research, Vol. 23, Issue 1, 1996, pp. 405-410 Contact info: Simone Binder Salzburg University of Applied Sciences, Business and Information Management Seifriedsbergerstrasse 8, 4840 Voecklabruck, Austria Tel. +43/650/555 78 80 – Email: firstname.lastname@example.org	<urn:uuid:7a1c6222-931b-4f93-8c78-be8ab48aa7a1>	HuggingFaceFW/finepdfs/tree/main/data/eng_Latn/train	finepdfs	eng_Latn	18,135
Was Europa von der Ukraine lernen kann 27.06.2016 „Die Frage ist nicht, ob die Ukraine es wert ist, zu Europa zu gehören – sondern ob das heutige Europa den tiefsten Hoffnungen der Ukrainer gerecht werden kann.“ „Die Frage ist nicht, ob die Ukraine es wert ist, zu Europa zu gehören sondern ob das heutige Europa den tiefsten Hoffnungen der Ukrainer gerecht werden kann.“ Da sich die europäischen Parlamentswahlen im Mai nächsten Jahres nähern, sollten wir uns die aktuellen Ereignisse in der Ukraine bewusstmachen. Die Proteste, die zum Sturz des Präsidenten Janukowytsch und seiner Gang im letzten Februar führten, wurden von der Entscheidung der Regierung ausgelöst, die guten Beziehungen zu Russland über eine mögliche Integration des Landes in die Europäische Union zu stellen. Es war absehbar, dass viele Linke auf die Nachrichten über diese massiven Proteste auf herablassende Weise reagieren würden: „Wie verblendet müssen die sein, Europa zu idealisieren, ohne zu sehen, dass es sich im Niedergang befindet! Die verstehen nicht, dass ein Beitritt zur Europäischen Union die Ukraine zu einer wirtschaftlichen Kolonie Westeuropas machen wird so wie Griechenland.“ Was diese Linken ignorieren, ist jedoch, dass die Ukrainer keineswegs blind gegenüber der Realität der Europäischen Union sind. Sie sind sich sehr im Klaren über die Probleme und Ungleichheiten Europas. Ihre Botschaft war einfach, dass ihre eigene Situation viel schlimmer ist. Europas Probleme wirtschaftliche Instabilität, das unerbittliche Problem der Arbeitslosigkeit: all das sind immer noch Luxusprobleme. Wir sollten daran denken, dass trotz des griechischen Dilemmas immer noch scharenweise afrikanische Flüchtlinge dort ankommen zum Zorn rechter Patrioten. Eine viel wichtigere Frage ist: Wofür steht das „Europa“, auf das sich die ukrainischen Demonstranten beziehen? Europa kann nicht auf eine einzelne Vision reduziert werden: Es umfasst das ganze Spektrum von nationalistischen und sogar faschistischen Elementen bis hin zur Idee, die Étienne Balibar „égaliberte“ nennt, Freiheit-durch-Gleichheit, welche der einzigartige Beitrag Europas zur globalen politischen Bilderwelt ist, selbst wenn die europäischen Institutionen dieses Erbe heute mehr und mehr verraten. Zwischen diesen beiden Polen vertrauen nur die Naiven dem liberal-demokratischen Kapitalismus. Was Europa daher in den ukrainischen Protesten wiedererkennen sollte, ist seine eigene beste Seite und seine eigene schlimmste Seite. Der Nationalismus der ukrainischen Rechten ist Teil eines neuen Populismus, der sich gegen Einwanderer richtet und auf eine neue Religiosität setzt, um sich als Bollwerk Europas zu präsentieren. Die Gefahr dieser neuen Rechten wurde schon vor einem Jahrhundert klar von G. K. Chesterton erkannt, der in seinem Werk „Orthodoxie“ die grundlegende Zwickmühle der Religionskritiker beschrieb: „Männer, die beginnen, die Kirche zugunsten von Freiheit und Menschlichkeit zu bekämpfen, neigen dazu, Freiheit und Menschlichkeit über Bord zu werfen, damit sie nur weiter gegen die Kirche kämpfen können.“ Gilt das gleiche nicht für die Verteidiger der Religion? Wie viele fanatische Anwälte der Religion begannen damit, die zeitgenössische säkulare Kultur zu bekämpfen, und verzichteten dafür auf jede bedeutsame religiöse Erfahrung? Gilt das gleiche nicht auch für die zur Zeit vermehrt in Erscheinung tretenden Verteidiger Europas gegen die Gefahr durch Einwanderung? In ihrem Eifer, Europas christliche Werte zu bewahren, sind diese Eiferer dazu bereit, das eigentliche Herz des europäischen Erbes aufzugeben. Was sollten wir in einer solchen Situation tun? Mainstream-Liberale sagen uns, dass wir uns alle hinter der liberal-demokratischen Agenda der kulturellen Toleranz versammeln sollten, wenn die demokratischen Werte durch ethnische oder religiöse Fundamentalisten bedroht sind. Dass wir retten sollten, was zu retten ist, und unsere Träume von einer radikaleren sozialen Umgestaltung verschieben sollten. Was ist also mit dem liberal-demokratischen kapitalistischen Traum, für den sich die ukrainischen Demonstranten so heftig eingesetzt haben? Man kann sich ja nicht sicher sein, was die Ukraine in der Europäischen Union erwartet, aber Austerität gehört sicher zu diesem Paket. Wir alle kennen den bekannten Witz aus dem letzten Jahrzehnt der Sowjetunion über Rabinowitsch, einen Juden, der auswandern will. Der Bürokrat im Auswanderungsbüro fragt ihn, warum, und Rabinowitsch antwortet: „Es gibt zwei Gründe. Der erste ist, dass ich mich davor fürchte, dass in der Sowjetunion die Kommunisten die Macht verlieren werden, und die neuen Machthaber die Verantwortung für die kommunistischen Verbrechen auf uns, die Juden, schieben und es neue anti-jüdische Pogrome geben wird.“ „Aber“, unterbricht ihn der Bürokrat, „das ist doch kompletter Unsinn, nichts kann sich in der Sowjetunion verändern, die Macht der Kommunisten wird ewig andauern!“ Worauf Rabinowitsch ruhig antwortet: „Das ist der zweite Grund.“ Wir können uns leicht eine ähnliche Unterhaltung zwischen einem kritischen Ukrainer und einem Finanzverwalter der Europäischen Union vorstellen. Der Ukrainer beschwert sich: „Es gibt zwei Gründe, warum wir in der Ukraine in Panik sind. Erstens fürchten wir uns davor, dass die EU einfach dem russischen Druck nachgeben wird, und unsere Wirtschaft kollabieren lässt.“ Worauf der EU-Verwalter ihn unterbricht: „Aber Sie können uns vertrauen, wir werden euch nicht im Stich lassen, wir werden euch eng kontrollieren und euch sagen, was ihr zu tun habt!“ „Ja“, antwortet der Ukrainer ruhig, „das ist mein zweiter Grund.“ Daher, ja, die Demonstranten auf dem Kyjiwer Unabhängigkeitsplatz waren Helden, aber der echte Kampf beginnt jetzt: Der Kampf darum, was die Ukraine sein wird. Und dieser Kampf wird viel härter als der Kampf gegen die Putinsche Intervention. Die Frage ist nicht, ob die Ukraine es wert ist, zu Europa zu gehören sondern ob das heutige Europa den tiefsten Hoffnungen der Ukrainer gerecht werden kann. Wenn die Ukraine als Mischung aus ethnischem Fundamentalismus und liberalem Kapitalismus endet, mit Oligarchen als Strippenzieher dann wird sie so europäisch sein, wie Russland (oder Ungarn) heute ist. Politische Kommentatoren schrieben, dass die EU die Ukraine nicht genug in ihrem Konflikt mit Russland unterstützt hat, und dass die Antwort der EU auf die russische Besatzung und Annexion der Krim nur halbherzig war. Aber es gibt noch eine andere Unterstützung, die viel eher fehlte: Der Ukraine wurde niemals eine machbare Strategie angeboten, wie sie aus ihrer sozialen und ökonomischen Blockade herauskommen könne. Um das zu tun, sollte sich Europa erst selbst verwandeln und das eigene Engagement für den emanzipatorischen Kern seines eigenen Erbes wiederentdecken. In seinen „Notizen im Hinblick auf eine Definition der Kultur“ bemerkte der große Konservative T. S. Eliot, dass es Momente gibt, in denen es lediglich die Wahl zwischen Sektierertum und Unglauben gibt, in denen der einzige Weg, eine Religion am Leben zu erhalten ist, einen „sektiererischen Abtrennung“ von ihrem Hauptkörper vorzunehmen. Das ist unsere heutige Chance: Nur mit Hilfe einer „sektiererischen Abtrennung“ vom verfaulten Körper des alten Europas können wir das europäische Erbe der „égaliberté“ am Leben erhalten. Diese Abtrennung sollte die Grundprämissen problematisieren, die wir als unser Schicksal akzeptiert haben, als unausweichlicher Beweis unserer Zwickmühle: Das Phänomen, das man üblicherweise die globale Neue Weltordnung nennt, und die Notwendigkeit, uns an sie durch „Modernisierung“ anzupassen. Grob gesagt: Wenn die entstehende Neue Weltordnung für uns ein alternativloses Schicksal ist, dann ist Europa verloren. Deshalb ist die einzige Lösung für Europa, das Risiko auf sich zunehmen und den Zauberspruch dieses Schicksals zu brechen. Nur in so einem neuen Europa könnte die Ukraine ihren Ort finden. Es sind nicht die Ukrainer, die von Europa lernen sollten, sondern Europa selbst muss lernen, sich den Traum, der die Maidandemonstranten antrieb, einzuverleiben. April 2014 // Slavoj Žižek Quelle: In these times Übersetzung: Thomas R. Wendekind Slavoj Žižek ist ein aus Slowenien stammender Philosoph, Kulturkritiker und Theoretiker der Psychoanalyse. Was Europa von der Ukraine lernen kann Ukraine-Nachrichten Namensnennung-Keine kommerzielle Nutzung-Weitergabe unter gleichen Bedingungen 3.0 Deutschland Sie dürfen: • das Werk vervielfältigen, verbreiten und öffentlich zugänglich machen • Bearbeitungen des Werkes anfertigen Zu den folgenden Bedingungen: Namensnennung. Sie müssen den Namen des Autors/Rechteinhabers in der von ihm festgelegten Weise nennen (wodurch aber nicht der Eindruck entstehen darf, Sie oder die Nutzung des Werkes durch Sie würden entlohnt). Keine kommerzielle Nutzung. Dieses Werk darf nicht für kommerzielle Zwecke verwendet werden. Weitergabe unter gleichen Bedingungen. Wenn Sie dieses Werk bearbeiten oder in anderer Weise umgestalten, verändern oder als Grundlage für ein anderes Werk verwenden, dürfen Sie das neu entstandene Werk nur unter Verwendung von Lizenzbedingungen weitergeben, die mit denen dieses Lizenzvertrages identisch oder vergleichbar sind. • Im Falle einer Verbreitung müssen Sie anderen die Lizenzbedingungen, unter welche dieses Werk fällt, mitteilen. Am Einfachsten ist es, einen Link auf diese Seite einzubinden. • Jede der vorgenannten Bedingungen kann aufgehoben werden, sofern Sie die Einwilligung des Rechteinhabers dazu erhalten. • Diese Lizenz lässt die Urheberpersönlichkeitsrechte unberührt. Haftungsausschluss Die Commons Deed ist kein Lizenzvertrag. Sie ist lediglich ein Referenztext, der den zugrundeliegenden Lizenzvertrag übersichtlich und in allgemeinverständlicher Sprache wiedergibt. Die Deed selbst entfaltet keine juristische Wirkung und erscheint im eigentlichen Lizenzvertrag nicht. Creative Commons ist keine Rechtsanwaltsgesellschaft und leistet keine Rechtsberatung. Die Weitergabe und Verlinkung des Commons Deeds führt zu keinem Mandatsverhältnis. Die gesetzlichen Schranken des Urheberrechts bleiben hiervon unberührt. Die Commons Deed ist eine Zusammenfassung des Lizenzvertrags in allgemeinverständlicher Sprache.	<urn:uuid:61045b62-4936-483f-9671-c38366835127>	HuggingFaceFW/finepdfs/tree/main/data/deu_Latn/train	finepdfs	deu_Latn	10,245
Raccomandazioni della Società Italiana di Reumatologia sulla gestione della gotta Italian Society of Rheumatology recommendations for the management of gout M. Manara 1 , A. Bortoluzzi 2 , M. Favero 3 , I. Prevete 4 , C.A. Scirè 1 , G. Bianchi 5 , C. Borghi 6 , M.A. Cimmino 7 , G.M. D'Avola 8 , G. Desideri 9 , G. Di Giacinto 10 , M. Govoni 2 , W. Grassi 11 , A. Lombardi 12 , M. Marangella 13 , M. Matucci Cerinic 14 , G. Medea 15 , R. Ramonda 3 , A. Spadaro 16 , L. Punzi 3 , G. Minisola 4 1Unità Epidemiologica Società Italiana di Reumatologia (SIR), Milano, Italia; 2Sezione di Reumatologia, Dipartimento di Medicina Clinica e Sperimentale, Università di Ferrara, Azienda Ospedaliero Universitaria S. Anna, Ferrara; 3 Unità di Reumatologia, Dipartimento di Medicina DIMED, Università di Padova; 4 Unità Operativa Complessa di Reumatologia, Ospedale di Alta Specializzazione "San Camillo", Roma; 5 U.O. Reumatologia, ASL3, Azienda Sanitaria Genovese, Genova; 6Dipartimento di Scienze Mediche e Chirurgiche, Cattedra di Medicina Interna, Università di Bologna, Bologna, Italia; Delegato Società Italiana per la Prevenzione Cardiovascolare (SIPREC); 7Clinica Reumatologica, Dipartimento di Medicina Interna, Università di Genova, Italia; 8Servizio Reumatologia e Osteoporosi ASP Catania; 9U.O.C. Geriatria, Dipartimento di Medicina Clinica, Sanità Pubblica, Scienze della Vita e dall'Ambiente, Università degli Studi dell'Aquila; Delegato Società Italiana di Gerontologia e Geriatria (SIGG); 10 Medico di Medicina Generale, ASUR Marche Area Vasta n. 1, Urbino, Italia; Delegato Società Italiana Interdisciplinare per le Cure Primarie (SIICP); 11Clinica Reumatologica, Università Politecnica delle Marche, Jesi, Ancona; 12Medico di Medicina Generale, ASL 10 Firenze, Italia; Delegato Società Scientifica dei Medici di Medicina Generale, Federazione Italiana dei Medici di Famiglia (FIMMG-METIS); 13S.C. Nefrologia e Dialisi, A.O. Ordine Mauriziano di Torino, Italia; delegato Società Italiana di Nefrologia (SIN); 14Dipartimento Biomedicina, SOD Reumatologia AOUC, & Dip. Medicina Interna, Denothe centre, Università Firenze, Italia; 15 Medico di Medicina Generale, Brescia; Delegato Società Italiana di Medicina Generale (SIMG); 16 Dipartimento di Medicina Interna e Specialità Mediche, U.O.C. di Reumatologia, "Sapienza", Università di Roma SUMMARY Objective: Gout is the most common arthritis in adults. Despite the availability of valid therapeutic options, the management of patients with gout is still suboptimal. The Italian Society of Rheumatology (SIR) aimed to update, adapt to national contest and disseminate the 2006 EULAR recommendations for the management of gout. Methods: The multidisciplinary group of experts included rheumatologists, general practitioners, internists, geriatricians, nephrologists, cardiologists and evidence-based medicine experts. To maintain consistency with EULAR recommendations, a similar methodology was utilized by the Italian group. The original propositions were translated in Italian and priority research queries were identified through a Delphi consensus approach. A systematic search was conducted for selected queries. Efficacy and safety data on drugs reported in RCTs were combined in a meta-analysis where feasible. The strength of recommendation was measured by utilising the EULAR ordinal and visual analogue scales. Results: The original 12 propositions were translated and adapted to Italian context. Further evidences were collected about the role of diet in the non-pharmacological treatment of gout and the efficacy of oral corticosteroids and low-dose colchicine in the management of acute attacks. Statements concerning uricosuric treatments were withdrawn and replaced with a proposition focused on a new urate lowering agent, febuxostat. A research agenda was developed to identify topics still not adequately investigated concerning the management of gout. Conclusions: The SIR has developed updated recommendations for the management of gout adapted to the Italian healthcare system. Their implementation in clinical practice is expected to improve the management of patients with gout. Indirizzo per la corrispondenza: Via Giustiniani, 2 - 35128 Padova Leonardo Punzi n INTRODUZIONE La gotta è l'artrite più frequente negli adulti, con una prevalenza che oscilla tra lo 0,9% in Italia e il 3,9% negli USA e un'incidenza in aumento sia in Italia che negli altri Paesi sviluppati (1, 2). Oltre ad un'elevata frequenza di malattia, la gotta si associa a disabilità, compromissione della qualità della vita ed aumentata mortalità, rappresentando un sempre più urgente problema di salute pubblica (3-5). Nonostante le conoscenze attuali sulla gotta siano sufficientemente approfondite e siano disponibili valide opzioni terapeutiche, la gestione dei pazienti con gotta è ancora largamente subottimale (6). Condizione predisponente necessaria allo sviluppo della gotta è l'iperuricemia, definita in presenza di livelli di acido urico nel sangue superiori a 6.8 mg/dL (404 µmol/L), che rappresentano approssimativamente il punto di saturazione dell'urato monosodico a livelli fisiologici di temperatura e pH (7). Il modello di malattia prevede, in presenza di iperuricemia, la deposizione intraarticolare di cristalli di urato monosodico (UMS), responsabili della genesi dell'attacco acuto di gotta e dell'artropatia cronica. Sulla base di questo semplice modello, la gestione dei pazienti con gotta implica quindi il controllo dei fattori di rischio legati alla iperuricemia, il controllo rapido ed efficace degli attacchi e la persistente riduzione dei livelli serici di UMS. Queste 3 diverse linee di intervento rappresentano i principi alla base delle raccomandazioni EULAR 2006 per la gestione dei pazienti con gotta elaborate da una task force di esperti europei (8). La Società Italiana di Reumatologia (SIR) ha ritenuto prioritario contestualizzare, aggiornare e diffondere le raccomandazioni EULAR sul trattamento della gotta. Questo documento si rivolge a reumatologi, medici di medicina generale, internisti, geriatri, cardiologi, nefrologi e a tutti i professionisti della salute coinvolti nella gestione del paziente con gotta. n METODI Un gruppo multidisciplinare di esperti è stato incaricato dalla SIR di aggiornare e adattare al contesto italiano le raccomandazioni EULAR del 2006 per la gestione del paziente con gotta (8). Il gruppo di esperti era composto da reumatologi e da medici rappresentanti diverse società scientifiche di specialisti coinvolti nella diagnosi e nel trattamento del paziente affetto da gotta, come nefrologia, medicina interna, geriatria, cardiologia e medicina generale. Gli obiettivi della task force erano i seguenti: traduzione delle raccomandazioni, contestualizzazione nella realtà farmaceutica italiana (tenendo contro dei farmaci disponibili e delle nuove opportunità terapeutiche), identificazione di quesiti prioritari da approfondire, raccolta e interpretazione critica delle evidenze, definizione di raccomandazioni basate sulla combinazione delle migliori evidenze disponibili e del parere degli esperti. Il pannello degli esperti, suddiviso in 3 gruppi multidisciplinari, ha lavorato rispettivamente sulle seguenti 3 aree di intervento: comorbidità e stili di vita; terapia dell'attacco acuto; terapia cronica della gotta. La traduzione delle raccomandazioni originali è stata effettuata all'interno di ciascun gruppo multidisciplinare ed approvata dall'intero pannello. L'identificazione dei quesiti da approfondire è stata condotta mediante tecnica Delphi. Affinché i quesiti ricadessero nelle 3 diverse aree terapeutiche (comorbidità e stili di vita; terapia dell'attacco acuto; terapia cronica della gotta), sono state effettuare votazioni separate per ogni area e selezionati i 4 quesiti che avevano raggiunto il punteggio più elevato. I seguenti 4 quesiti identificati dagli esperti sono stati successivamente riformulati secondo strategia PICO (Population-Intervention-Comparator-Outcome): 1. nei pazienti con gotta, l'esposizione a specifici alimenti e bevande ha un'influenza su esiti di malattia (es. uricemia, numero di flares, disabilità, mortalità)?; 2. nei pazienti con attacco acuto di gotta, l'utilizzo di steroidi per os rispetto ad altro trattamento è efficace e sicuro?; 3. nei pazienti con attacco acuto di gotta l'utilizzo di colchicina a basso dosaggio (0.5 mg fino a 3 volte al giorno) è efficace e sicuro rispetto alla colchicina ad alto dosaggio?; 4. nei pazienti con gotta cronica, febuxostat rispetto ad altri trattamenti ipouricemizzanti o nessun trattamento, è efficace e sicuro? Per ogni quesito è stata definita una strategia per una ricerca sistematica della letteratura. Le 4 ricerche sono state effettuate sui principali database bibliografici elettronici (Medline, Embase e Cochrane Library), utilizzando limiti temporali dal 1/1/1950 al 25/3/2012, restringendo la ricerca a pubblicazioni in italiano o inglese e a studi sull'uomo. La ricerca è stata inoltre completata da una ricerca manuale negli atti dei congressi EULAR e ACR 2010 e 2011 e dalla ricerca incrociata delle referenze degli studi inclusi. Per ogni quesito sono stati definiti specifici criteri di inclusione nella revisione e sviluppate schede di estrazione dati sviluppate ad hoc. La selezione degli articoli per ogni quesito è stata effettuata da un singolo revisore (MM, AB, MF e IP). In generale sono stati inclusi studi che riguardassero aspetti clinici della gotta. Gli studi sull'iperuricemia sono stati inclusi solo qualora valutassero l'influenza di specifici fattori di rischio (quali per esempio le abitudini alimentari) sull'insorgenza di gotta. Sono stati inclusi studi con i seguenti disegni: revisioni sistematiche e meta-analisi, studi clinici randomizzati e controllati (RCT), studi controllati, per i quesiti di efficacia e sicurezza, e anche studi di coorte, caso-controllo e trasversali per i quesiti relativi ai fattori di rischio. Case reports, revisioni narrative ed editoriali sono stati in ogni caso esclusi. I dati di efficacia e di sicurezza di farmaci, provenienti da studi controllati, sono stati combinati attraverso meta-analisi, laddove appropriato, e presentati come differenza standardizzata tra medie (SMD, o Effect Size: ES), Number Needed to Treat (NNT) o rapporto tra rischi (RR), e relativi intervalli di confidenza (IC) al 95%. Dal punto di vista clinico, un ES di 0,20 è da considerarsi piccolo, 0,50 moderato e superiore a 0,80 grande. Il NNT è la stima del numero di pazienti che dovrebbero essere sottoposti a trattamento per ottenere un effetto desiderato (o prevenire un evento indesiderato), per cui a valori bassi di NNT corrisponde un più elevato effetto. L'influenza di fattori di rischio è stata espressa come RR o odds ratio (OR), sulla base del disegno di studio applicato. Le meta-analisi sono state effettuate utilizzando Review Manager (Version 5.1. Copenhagen: The Nordic Cochrane Centre, The Cochrane Collaboration, 2011). Il livello di evidenza per l'efficacia è stato definito sulla base del disegno di studio degli studi disponibili utilizzando una gerarchia prestabilita (Tab. I). La risposta ai quesiti clinici sollevati si è quindi basata sulle evidenze di migliore livello disponibili: per esempio, se si poteva dare una risposta ad un dato quesito sulla base di risultati di revisioni sistematiche di RCT veniva aggiornata la revisione esistente e non venivano inclusi studi con disegno più debole. Quesiti su fattori di rischio o eventi avversi si sono basati sia su RCT sia su studi osservazionali. Sono stati considerati per primi gli studi con evidenze dirette, e, solo laddove non disponibili, sono state esaminate le evidenze indirette. Al fine di essere consistenti con le raccomandazioni originali, la forza di ogni raccomandazione (strength of recommendation, SOR) è stata misurata utilizzando la scala ordinale EULAR A-E (A=raccomandata completamente; B=raccomandata forte- Tabella I - Livelli dell'evidenza. \| Ia \| Meta-analisi di trials clinici randomizzati \| \|---\|---\| \| Ib \| Studio clinico randomizzato \| \| IIa \| Studio controllato \| \| IIb \| Studio quasi-sperimentale \| \| III \| Studi descrittivi non sperimentali \| \| IV \| Opinione di gruppi di esperti \| 7 mente; C=raccomandata moderatamente; D=raccomandata debolmente; E=non raccomandata) e una scala analogica visiva (VAS) da 0-100 mm (8), tenendo in considerazione sia le evidenze (efficacia, sicurezza e costo-efficacia) che l'esperienza clinica (fattibilità, accettabilità, tollerabilità). I risultati sono riportati per ogni raccomandazione come media delle VAS con IC al 95% e come percentuale di proposizioni raccomandate completamente o con forza (A-B). n RISULTATI Il trattamento ottimale della gotta richiede strategie farmacologiche e non farmacologiche e dovrebbe essere personalizzato in base a: 2. fase clinica (gotta acuta/ricorrente, fase intercritica, gotta cronica tofacea); 1. specifici fattori di rischio (livelli di uricemia, attacchi precedenti, alterazioni radiologiche); 3. fattori di rischio generali (età, sesso, obesità, consumo di alcool, farmaci che possono indurre iperuricemia, interazioni farmacologiche e comorbidità). Forza della raccomandazione (95% CI): 86 (79, 93) Commento. La raccomandazione originale è stata globalmente recepita dagli esperti italiani. È stata apportata un'unica modifica, sostituendo il termine 'segni radiografici' con il più ampio 'alterazioni radiologiche'. In tal modo gli esperti hanno voluto sottolineare l'importanza nella gestione del paziente gottoso dell'apporto fornito non solo da metodiche di radiologia 'tradizionali', quali per esempio la radiografia, ma anche da metodiche di imaging più recentemente introdotte in questo campo, quali l'ecografia e la risonanza magnetica, sebbene la loro utilità sia ancora da dimostrare. Le raccomandazioni EULAR del 2006 sottolineavano come la strategia di gestione del paziente affetto da gotta fosse differente a seconda della presentazione clinica (iperuricemia isolata, gotta acuta o gotta cronica tofacea durante la fase intercritica). I suggerimenti dati al paziente e la scelta del dosaggio terapeutico dipendono da diversi fattori, quali ad esempio età, sesso, presenza di comorbidità e fattori di rischio (sovrappeso o consumo di alcolici). Uno studio di coorte che ha confrontato gli effetti a lungo termine della terapia ipouricemizzante tra pazienti con gotta cronica con differenti caratteristiche di malattia (presenza o meno di tofi e danno radiografico) non ha dimostrato significative differenze tra i diversi gruppi (9). Tuttavia, studi non controllati hanno dimostrato che la dose di allopurinolo necessaria per il raggiungimento del target di uricemia può variare tra sottogruppi di pazienti (10, 11), mentre l'influenza di comorbidità quali ipertensione e insufficienza renale sulla risposta al trattamento è stata dimostrata in trial randomizzati controllati (12, 13). Nella gestione a lungo termine del paziente con gotta cronica l'efficacia di trattamenti farmacologici è ben documentata (14-16) e la combinazione con trattamenti non farmacologici appare razionale anche sulla base dei risultati di uno studio che ha dimostrato come l'applicazione locale di ghiaccio in concomitanza al trattamento con colchicina ne potenzi l'effetto analgesico e antiinfiammatorio (17). In ogni caso l'utilizzo di trattamenti non farmacologici viene sempre consigliato nella gestione a lungo termine del paziente, in considerazione del minor rischio di effetti collaterali e del minor costo. Riguardo alla terapia farmacologica, deve essere posta attenzione per evitare l'aumento della tossicità legato a interazioni con altri farmaci, quali ad esempio eritromicina o ciclosporina con l'allopurinolo (18, 19). Conclusioni. Nella gestione del paziente affetto da gotta è importante tener conto della fase clinica (livello Ib), dell'uricemia e della frequenza di attacchi precedenti (livello IIb) e di fattori di rischio e comorbidità associati (livello Ib). Ci sono evidenze riguardo al fatto che la combinazione di trattamento farmacologico e non farmacologico sia più efficace rispetto alla monoterapia (livello Ib). Sono aspetti fondamentali del trattamento l'educazione del paziente ed uno stile di vita appropriato (sana alimentazione e moderato consumo di bevande contenti fruttosio ed alcol, in particolar modo di birra). Forza della raccomandazione (95% CI): 83 (75, 91) Commento. La raccomandazione è stata parzialmente modificata nella versione italiana. È stata rimossa la dicitura 'calo di peso in caso di obesità' in quanto si è ritenuto che l'approccio a tale comorbidità fosse meglio inquadrato all'interno della terza raccomandazione. L'impatto della dieta e del consumo di bevande sul rischio di gotta è stato rivalutato tramite un aggiornamento della revisione della letteratura effettuata per le raccomandazioni EULAR del 2006. Le raccomandazioni EULAR del 2006 riportavano l'educazione del paziente come elemento importante nella gestione della gotta, specialmente in relazione alle modificazioni degli stili di vita e all'aderenza alla terapia ipouricemizzante a lungo termine; tuttavia, in assenza di studi specifici sull'argomento, la raccomandazione era basata sul parere degli esperti. Due studi di coorte prospettici hanno mostrato che gli alimenti ricchi di purine, come carne e frutti di mare, sono associati a un rischio incrementato di gotta. Il primo ha evidenziato un RR di 1,21 (95% CI: 1,04, 1,41) per il consumo di carne e di 1,07 (1,02, 1,12) per il consumo di frutti di mare (20); il secondo un RR di 1,45 (1,06, 1,92) per il consumo di carne (21). Numerosi studi hanno evidenziato che il consumo di alcolici si associa ad un aumentato rischio di sviluppare gotta, con un incremento del rischio dose-dipendente (21-32). Uno studio prospettico su un'ampia coorte di soggetti ha dimostrato come il ruolo dei diversi tipi di alcolici sul rischio di gotta sia differente: il consumo quotidia- no di birra si associava a un RR di 1,49 (1,32, 1,70), quello di superalcolici a un RR di 1,15 (1,04, 1,28), mentre il consumo di vino alle dosi studiate (circa 120 ml/die) non aumentava significativamente il rischio di gotta (25). La birra, inoltre, potrebbe esercitare un effetto alcol-indipendente sull'uricemia legato all'elevato contenuto purinico. Più recentemente è stata evidenziata un'associazione tra il consumo di bevande contenenti fruttosio e l'insorgenza di gotta: in uno studio prospettico su un'ampia coorte di uomini l'assunzione quotidiana di bevande zuccherate si associava a un RR di sviluppare gotta pari a 1,45 (1,02, 2,08) (33), mentre nelle donne si osservava un RR di 1,74 (1,19, 2,25) rispetto a un consumo di queste bevande uguale o inferiore a una volta al mese (34). Inoltre, analizzando l'introito globale di fruttosio nella stesse coorti di pazienti, si riscontrava un RR incrementato di gotta nel quintile superiore rispetto al quintile inferiore, rispettivamente di 2,02 (1,49, 2,75) negli uomini e 1,43 (1,09, 1,88) nelle donne (33, 34). Le evidenze sul rischio di gotta associato al consumo di frutta sono invece discordanti: lo stesso studio prospettico precedentemente citato mostrava che il consumo di almeno un frutto al giorno si associava a un rischio incrementato di gotta [RR 1,64 (1,05, 2,56)] (33), mentre in un altro studio prospettico il consumo di frutta era associato a una riduzione del rischio di gotta, con un RR di 0,73 (0,62, 0,84) (21). I derivati del latte sembrano avere un ruolo protettivo sulla gotta, in particolare quelli a basso contenuto di grassi: il loro consumo si associava a una riduzione del rischio di gotta in un'ampia coorte di soggetti sani, con un RR di 0,79 (0,71, 0,87) (20). Un RCT ha dimostrato una riduzione significativa del numero di flares nei pazienti gottosi che consumavano latte scremato arricchito con alcune frazioni (glicomacropeptide ed estratto lipidico G600) rispetto al controllo (lattosio), suggerendo che queste frazioni possano essere implicate nello spiegare l'effetto protettivo dei derivati del latte sul rischio di gotta (35). Il consumo cronico di caffè nella popolazione generale è risultato associato a una ridotta incidenza di gotta (36, 37). Infine, recenti studi suggeriscono un ruolo protettivo della vitamina C nei confronti della gotta (29, 38). Conclusioni. C'è consenso generale nel ritenere l'educazione del paziente affetto da gotta essenziale per migliorare l'outcome sia direttamente che indirettamente, grazie a un effetto sull'aderenza e sulle modificazioni degli stili di vita (livello IV). Ci sono evidenze riguardo al fatto che nella popolazione generale l'assunzione di cibi ad alto contenuto purinico e il consumo di alcolici e di bevande contenenti fruttosio siano fattori di rischio per gotta, mentre al contrario è riportato un effetto protettivo nei confronti della gotta legato all'assunzione di latte e derivati a basso contenuto di grassi, caffè e vitamina C (livello III). Pertanto, sebbene non vi siano evidenze dirette del fatto che la modificazione della dieta migliori l'outcome dei pazienti affetti da gotta, il controllo dei fattori di rischio alimentari può essere ritenuto efficace nella gestione del paziente affetto da gotta (livello IV). Gestione delle comorbidità e controllo di eventuali fattori di rischio quali iperlipidemia, ipertensione, iperglicemia, obesità e fumo devono essere considerati parte integrante della gestione dei pazienti con gotta. Forza della raccomandazione (95% CI): 85 (78, 93) Commento. Su questa raccomandazione vi è stata un'unanimità di giudizio da parte del pannello di esperti, che non ha ritenuto di doverne modificare il testo, procedendo solo alla sua traduzione. È nota l'associazione tra iperuricemia e manifestazioni cliniche della 'sindrome metabolica' [iperlipidemia (39-41), ipertensione (42, 43), diabete e insulino-resistenza (44, 45) ed obesità (14, 29)]. Pertanto è buona pratica clinica considerare la presenza di queste condizioni cliniche quando si prende in carico un paziente affetto da gotta. Sebbene non vi siano evidenze dirette del ruolo del fumo come fattore di rischio per la gotta, esso mostra una forte associazione con il consumo di alcool (46), che è associato ad un incremento significativo del rischio di gotta. Inoltre, il fumo rappresenta un fattore di rischio modificabile per patologie cardiovascolari, pertanto deve essere considerato in un approccio olistico al paziente. Oltre alla necessità di ricercare e trattare tali comorbidità di per sé, ci sono evidenze derivate da RCT che alcune delle terapie utilizzate per queste patologie possano dare un beneficio sulla gotta, quali ad esempio losartan e fenofibrati per il concomitante effetto ipouricemizzante (47-52). Conclusioni. La ricerca e il trattamento delle comorbidità devono essere considerati parte integrante della gestione del paziente affetto da gotta e possono dare benefici sia nei confronti delle comorbidità che della gotta stessa (livello Ib). Colchicina e/o FANS, inclusi i COX-2 inibitori, sono farmaci di prima linea per il trattamento degli attacchi acuti di gotta. I corticosteroidi possono essere considerati un'opzione utile ed accettabile. La proposta terapeutica dovrà comunque tener conto delle comorbidità e delle controindicazioni. Forza della raccomandazione (95% CI): 93 (90, 97) Commento. Il trattamento dell'attacco acuto di gotta si basa sull'impiego di FANS, colchicina orale o corticosteroidi preferibilmente entro le prime 12-24 ore dalla comparsa dei sintomi clinici. Le raccomandazioni EULAR del 2006, formulate sulla base dell'analisi di RCT, concludevano come l'efficacia di colchicina o FANS fosse sovrapponibile. L'efficacia clinica della colchicina, rispetto al placebo, nella riduzione del dolore in corso di attacco gottoso acuto, è stata dimostrata da due RCT, in cui si evidenzia, a parità di risposta clinica, una minor incidenza di effetti collaterali gastrointestinali (vomito e diarrea soprattutto) per la posologia a basso dosaggio rispetto all'alto dosaggio (16, 53). I FANS, pur possedendo un meccanismo d'azione diverso rispetto alla colchicina, presentano un'efficacia clinica analoga a questa, sebbene non vi siano in letteratura studi testa a testa. Un RCT ha dimostrato un'efficacia superiore del tenoxicam rispetto al placebo nella risoluzione dell'attacco gottoso acuto (54). Numerosi studi di confronto diretto tra FANS hanno dimostrato come l'efficacia tra i diversi principi attivi sia sovrapponibile. L'aspetto maggiormente critico riguarda il profilo di sicurezza, con particolare riferimento alla tossicità gastrointestinale. Risultati di meta-analisi suggeriscono come questa possa essere minimizzata adottando strategie terapeutiche che prevedano la co-somministrazione di gastroprotettori o preferendo l'utilizzo di inibitori selettivi delle COX-2, prestando tuttavia attenzione ai pazienti che presentino comorbidità cardiovascolari (8). L'impiego dei corticosteroidi rappresenta un'alternativa terapeutica da considerare in casi selezionati. Dalla revisione sistematica della letteratura sono stati analizzati complessivamente 5 RCT in cui è stata valutata l'efficacia dello steroide somministrato per via sistemica (orale o parenterale in forma di triamcinolone acetato) (55-59). Lo studio di equivalenza condotto da Janssens su 118 pazienti ha evidenziato che il prednisone orale assunto per 5 giorni ha un'efficacia sovrapponibile al naprossene sulla riduzione del dolore a 90 ore [ES (95% CI): -0,06 (-0,42, 0,31)] e sulla disabilità [ES: 0,01 (-0,37, 0,35)] (58); analogamente lo studio di Man ha evidenziato l'equivalenza del trattamento con prednisone somministrato per 5 giorni rispetto all'indometacina in termini di riduzione del dolore nelle prime due ore [ES: 0,33 (-0,09, 0,74)] e una superiorità del cortisone dopo 2 settimane [ES: 0,70 (0,25, 1,14)] (57). Uno studio più recente, realizzato su 200 pazienti, ha confrontato l'efficacia del triamcinolone rispetto al trattamento con anticorpo monoclonale umanizzato antiIL 1 (59). È stata osservata un'efficacia lievemente inferiore per lo steroide sulla riduzione della VAS dolore a 72 ore [ES: -0,42 (-0,73, -0,10)] e ad una settimana [ES: -0,33 (-0,64, -0,02)]. In termini di sicurezza, complessivamente non sono state riportate differenze nel numero degli eventi avversi registrati nei pazienti in trattamento con corticosteroide rispetto ad altro trattamento (FANS, canakinumab), benché la tossicità a breve termine sia stata tendenzialmente inferiore nei pazienti sottoposti a trattamento con steroide [RR: 0,53 (0,23, 1,19)]. Conclusioni. In conclusione, la colchicina orale, i FANS (tradizionali o COX-2 inibitori specifici) e i corticosteroidi possono essere efficaci nell'alleviare i sintomi dell'attacco gottoso acuto (livello Ib). La colchicina ad alto dosaggio può causare diarrea, mentre i FANS tradizionali sono associati ad un aumentato rischio di tossicità gastrointestinale. Nei casi di intolleranza o controindicazione all'utilizzo di colchicina o FANS, lo steroide per os rappresenta un'alternativa terapeutica efficace e sicura. La colchicina a basse dosi (fino a 2 mg/ die) è efficace e sicura per alcuni pazienti con gotta acuta. Forza della raccomandazione (95% CI): 86 (81, 91) Commento. L'efficacia del trattamento dell'attacco acuto di gotta con colchicina è dimostrata dalla presenza in letteratura di due RCT (16, 53). Lo studio di Ahern del 1987 compara l'efficacia del trattamento con colchicina (1 mg, seguito da 0,5 mg ogni 2 ore fino alla completa risposta clinica o alla tossicità) al placebo, mentre lo studio di Terkeltaub del 2010 confronta basse dosi (fino a un massimo di 1,8 mg) ed alte dosi (fino a un massimo di 4,8 mg) di colchicina sia tra di loro che con il placebo. Lo studio di Ahern dimostra l'efficacia della colchicina rispetto al placebo nel ridurre il 50% del dolore dell'attacco acuto di gotta (73% dei pazienti in colchicina vs 32% dei pazienti in placebo a 36 ore; 73% dei pazienti in colchicina vs 36% dei pazienti in placebo a 48 ore). Lo studio di Terkeltaub, oltre a confermare la superiorità del trattamento con colchicina rispetto al placebo, evidenzia l'efficacia sia del trattamento con basse dosi che di quello con alte dosi con un OR (95% CI) versus il placebo rispettivamente di 3,31 (1,41, 7,77) e di 2.64 (1,06, 6,62) nella riduzione del 50% del dolore a 24 ore. Ambedue gli studi descrivono un elevato rischio di effetti collaterali (dal 76,9% al 100%) in seguito all'utilizzo di colchicina ad alto dosaggio, con un OR di 9,0 (3,8, 21,2) rispetto al placebo (16, 53). Lo studio di Terkaltaub dimostra, inoltre, che la colchicina a basso dosaggio ha un profilo di sicurezza nettamente superiore a quella ad alto dosaggio e paragonabile a quella del placebo [OR eventi avversi colchicina a basso dosaggio verso il placebo di 1,5 (0,7, 3,2)] (60). Lo studio randomizzato controllato del 2010 ha conferito evidenza scientifica a quello che nelle raccomandazioni EULAR del 2006 si basava solo sul parere degli esperti e cioè che l'utilizzo di colchicina a basso dosaggio è ugualmente efficace all'utilizzo ad alto dosaggio, ma con significativi minori effetti collaterali. Combinando i dati provenienti dai due studi attraverso una meta-analisi si sono osservati i seguenti NNT per la riduzione di più del 50% del dolore: 4,34 (2,77, 11,11) per colchicina ad alto dosaggio verso placebo, 4,54 (2,70, 12,50) per colchicina a basso dosaggio verso placebo e 20 (4,45, ∞) per colchicina a basso dosaggio verso alto dosaggio. I dati combinati di sicurezza hanno evidenziato un elevato rischio di tossicità gastro-intestinale per colchicina ad alto dosaggio vs placebo [RR: 43,04 (2,78, 667,15)], e quindi significativamente inferiore per il basso dosaggio rispetto all'alto dosaggio [RR: 0,33 (0,22, 0,51)]. Per contestualizzare nella realtà farmaceutica italiana, essendo disponibile esclusivamente la formulazione 1 mg, è stato definito basso un dosaggio di colchicina fino 2 mg/die. Conclusioni. La colchicina sia a basse che ad alte dosi è efficace nel trattamento dell'attacco acuto di gotta rispetto al placebo (livello Ib). La colchicina a basse dosi è più sicura rispetto alla colchicina ad alte dosi nell'attacco acuto (livello Ib). L'artrocentesi e l'infiltrazione intraarticolare con corticosteroide a lento rilascio sono un trattamento efficace e sicuro dell'attacco acuto. Forza della raccomandazione (95% CI): 86 (78, 94) Commento. Non sono state apportate modifiche alla raccomandazione originale. Gli esperti italiani hanno voluto sottolineare che prima di eseguire un'infiltrazione con corticosteroide è sempre necessario escludere la presenza o la concomitanza di un'artrite infettiva. I dati sui quali si basavano le raccomandazioni EULAR del 2006 rilevavano che, sebbene l'artrocentesi e l'infiltrazione siano manovre terapeutiche comunemente utilizzate nella pratica clinica, non vi sono studi clinici controllati a confermare l'efficacia e la sicurezza di tali trattamenti. Veniva riportato un solo studio non controllato di 19 pazienti nel quale una singola dose di triamcinolone acetonide 10 mg intra-articolare risultava efficace nel ridurre il dolore senza dimostrati effetti collaterali (61). Conclusioni: L'infiltrazione con corticosteroide a lento rilascio è efficace nel ridurre il dolore nell'attacco acuto (livello IIb). La terapia ipouricemizzante è indicata nei pazienti con attacchi acuti ricorrenti, artropatia cronica, depositi tofacei o alterazioni radiologiche tipiche della gotta. Forza della Raccomandazione (95% CI): 91 (87, 95) Commento. Il modello di malattia della gotta considera il deposito tissutale di cristalli di UMS responsabile degli attacchi acuti e della malattia cronica. L'obiettivo del trattamento è quindi quello di ridurre l'acido urico sierico al di sotto del punto di saturazione e di rimuovere i depositi di UMS. Gli interventi sugli stili di vita, in particolare quelli dietetici, sono spesso insufficienti per raggiungere questo obiettivo per cui si ricorre a terapie ipouricemizzanti. Non esistono dati scientifici che indichino quando iniziare il trattamento. Gli esperti suggeriscono di iniziare un trattamento ipouricemizzante in pazienti con gotta con attacchi acuti ricorrenti, artropatia gottosa, alterazioni radiologiche tipiche all'imaging e in presenza di tofi. Gli esperti italiani indicano che ogni decisione clinica sulla scelta dell'inizio della terapia deve essere individualizzata sulla base delle caratteristiche del paziente e del rapporto rischio/beneficio del trattamento (raccomandazione 1). Conclusioni. In conclusione, gli esperti indicano il trattamento ipouricemizzante nei pazienti con attacchi acuti ricorrenti, artropatia cronica, tofi e alterazioni radiologiche tipiche della gotta (livello IV). L'obiettivo della terapia ipouricemizzante consiste nel promuovere la dissoluzione e nel prevenire la formazione dei cristalli di urato monosodico. Ciò è possibile mantenendo i livelli di uricemia al di sotto del punto di saturazione dell'urato monosodico (≤360 µmol/L o 6 mg/dL). Forza della Raccomandazione (95% CI): 91 (87, 95) Commento. La gotta è una malattia da deposito di cristalli di UMS. Il meccanismo di deposizione tessutale dipende da fattori locali articolari e dalla concentrazione di acido urico articolare, motivo per cui non tutti i soggetti con iperuricemia sviluppano la gotta. La terapia della gotta si propone di mantenere livelli articolari di acido urico al di sotto del punto di saturazione al fine di prevenire la formazione di nuovi depositi e di riassorbire quelli già formati. I livelli ematici di acido urico sono un buon indicatore dei livelli articolari, per cui rappresentano un buon bio-marcatore del processo patologico intra-articolare e un target pratico della terapia. Un livello sierico di uricemia ≤6 mg/dL riflette un livello tissutale che è probabilmente inferiore al punto di saturazione. Diversi studi hanno dimostrato i benefici e i vantaggi del mantenimento di questi livelli di uricemia (62, 63). Uno studio retrospettivo su 5.942 pazienti con gotta e un'analisi su banche dati amministrative su 18,243 pazienti con gotta hanno mostrato che i livelli di uricemia >6 mg/dL sono associati con un rischio significativamente aumentato di attacco acuto, con un OR di 1,59 (95% CI: 1,21, 2,09) e 1,29 (1,07, 1,56), rispettivamente (64, 65). Un altro studio osservazionale condotto su 2.237 pazienti di età superiore ai 65 anni, ha evidenziato un incremento medio del rischio di attacchi acuti pari a circa il 12% per ogni unità di incremento dei livelli di uricemia al di sopra di 6 mg/ dL (66). La riduzione dei livelli di acido urico è stata inoltre associata alla riduzione delle dimensioni dei tofi (62); sulla base di queste evidenze, come obiettivo terapeutico temporaneo per il trattamento aggressivo della gotta tofacea sono stati anche proposti livelli di uricemia inferiori a 4 mg/dL (63). Conclusioni. Lo scopo della terapia ipouricemizzante è quello di promuovere la dissoluzione e di prevenire la formazione dei cristalli di UMS tessutali. Al tal fine, i livelli sierici di uricemia devono essere mantenuti al di sotto di 6 mg/dl, valore che riflette una concentrazione tissutale inferiore al punto di saturazione dell'UMS (livello III). L'allopurinolo è un farmaco appropriato per la terapia ipouricemizzante a lungo termine. La somministrazione andrebbe iniziata a basse dosi (100 mg/ die) e aumentata, se necessario, di 100 mg ogni 2-4 settimane. Il dosaggio deve essere adattato nei pazienti con insufficienza renale. Opzioni terapeutiche alternative in caso di tossicità da allopurinolo includono l'uso di farmaci uricosurici (laddove disponibili) o di altro inibitore della xantina-ossidasi. Forza della Raccomandazione (95% CI): 88 (82, 94) Commento. Nonostante l'allopurinolo sia il farmaco più frequentemente impiegato nella terapia ipouricemizzante della gotta, la sua efficacia è stata dimostrata da un RCT contro placebo per la prima volta nel 2008, nel corso di un trial di efficacia su febuxostat (67). In questo trial il trattamento con allopurinolo 300 mg si associava ad un ES pari a 2,34 (95% CI: 2,07, 2,60) sulla riduzione dell'uricemia e a un NNT per raggiungimento del target terapeutico pari a 2,63 (2,27, 3,12). Risultati derivanti da studi non controllati riportati nelle raccomandazioni EULAR (10, 11) dimostrano una risposta dosedipendente pari alla riduzione di 1 mg di uricemia per incremento di 100 mg di dosaggio di allopurinolo. Questo risultato supporta la necessità di una titolazione lenta del dosaggio di allopurinolo fino al raggiungimento del target. Uno studio di 'dose-escalation' ha dimostrato che l'incremento del dosaggio da 300 a 600 mg/ die si associava con il raggiungimento di livelli di acido urico <5,5 mg/dL nel 78% dei pazienti (68, 69). Allopurinolo può causare reazioni avverse potenzialmente serie come la sindrome da ipersensibilità, che consiste in desquamazione cutanea, febbre, epatite, eosinofilia e peggioramento della funzionalità renale, che può avere esito fatale fino ad un 20% dei casi (68, 70). Sebbene in casi di ipersensibilità non grave la desensibilizzazione possa essere efficace, questa non è raccomandabile in quanto ritenuta una pratica obsoleta e potenzialmente dannosa. Essendo allopurinolo principalmente escreto nelle urine, il suo metabolita ossipurinolo può accumularsi fino a raggiungere dosi tossiche nei pazienti con insufficienza renale, per cui in questi soggetti è indicato iniziare il trattamento a dosaggi più bassi (50-100 mg) (71). Sulla base dei dati di efficacia e di sicurezza, si raccomanda di iniziare il trattamento con allopurinolo a basse dosi, da incrementare gradualmente nell'arco di 2-4 settimane. Nonostante non sia supportata da dati sperimentali, questa modalità ridurrebbe la frequenza di attacchi acuti all'inizio del trattamento e l'incidenza di reazioni avverse e consentirebbe di determinare la dose minima individualmente sufficiente per raggiungere livelli di uricemia ottimali. Tabella II - Farmaci ipouricemizzanti disponibili in Italia. \| Principio attivo \| Posologia \| \|---\|---\| \| Allopurinolo 100 mg 300 mg \| 100-300 mg, fino a 800 mg in 2-3 somministrazioni al giorno. In base ai valori della ClCr: - ClCr >20 mL/min: 300 mg/die - ClCr tra 10-20 mL/min: 100-200 mg/die - ClCr<10 ml/min: 100 mg/die o a più lunghi intervalli. \| \| Febuxostat 80 mg 120 mg \| 80-120 mg \| Tra le altre possibili opzioni terapeutiche le raccomandazioni EULAR 2006 riportavano probenecid e benzbromarone, che tuttavia non sono in commercio in Italia. Riguardo a sulfinpirazone, non esistono dati di efficacia in pazienti con gotta, ma per la sua azione ipouricemizzante rappresenta una possibile opzione di trattamento off label, in pazienti in cui altra terapia ipouricemizante sia controindicata o in eventuale associazione con inibitori della xantino-ossidasi nei casi resistenti al trattamento (Tab. II). Conclusioni. In conclusione, allopurinolo è efficace nel trattamento a lungo termine della gotta cronica (livello Ib) con un effetto ipouricemizzante dose-dipendente (livello IIb). Sebbene non siano disponibili dati sperimentali, iniziare il trattamento al dosaggio di 100 mg/die, in particolare nei pazienti con insufficienza renale, con successivi incrementi fintanto che non venga raggiunto il target terapeutico, è da preferirsi al dosaggio fisso (livello IV). Trattamenti ipouricemizzanti alternativi possono essere considerati, specie per i pazienti con ipersensibilità ad allopurinolo (livello IV). Il febuxostat, come trattamento ipouricemizzante, costituisce una valida alternativa all'allopurinolo, rispetto al quale risulta più efficace e con minori effetti indesiderati. La somministrazione andrebbe iniziata a basse dosi e aumentata, se necessario. Forza della Raccomandazione (95% CI): 82 (76, 89) Commento. Febuxostat è un farmaco ipouricemizzante orale a struttura non purinica di recente introduzione in commercio in Italia, che agisce inibendo selettivamente la xantino-ossidasi e rappresenta un'alternativa all'allopurinolo. I dati di efficacia e sicurezza di febuxostat sono stati raccolti principalmente mediante una revisione sistematica ad hoc e a meta-analisi di RCT che confrontassero qualsiasi dosaggio di febuxostat con allopurinolo. Gli outcomes di efficacia analizzati sono stati relativi al target terapeutico (disease-oriented) e al rischio di flare (patient-oriented), mentre quelli di sicurezza relativi agli eventi avversi seri. Un RCT in doppio cieco della durata di 52 settimane che includeva 760 pazienti che ricevevano febuxostat 80 mg o 120 mg o allopurinolo 300 mg, ha evidenziato che, al termine del follow-up, un numero significativamente maggiore di pazienti tra quelli che ricevevano febuxostat rispetto a quelli che ricevevano allopurinolo raggiungevano livelli di uricemia ≤6,0 mg/ dL (72), con un NNT di 4 (95% CI: 3,3, 5) per febuxostat 80mg e di 2,2 (1.8, 2,6) per febuxostat 120 mg. Parallelamente veniva evidenziato un lieve incremento non statisticamente significativo del rischio di attacchi acuti nel gruppo trattato con febuxostat 120 mg. ficacia e sicurezza di febuxostat 80, 120 e 240 contro allopurinolo 300 mg in 1.072 pazienti con gotta e uricemia ≥8,0 mg/dL, inclusi pazienti con insufficienza renale moderata. I pazienti con insufficienza renale (livelli di creatininemia 1,5-2,0 mg/ dL) ricevevano dosi fisse di febuxostat 80, 120 e 240 mg ma dosi ridotte di allopurinolo (100 mg). Una proporzione significativamente maggiore di pazienti trattati con febuxostat raggiungeva l'endpoint primario, definito come persistenza alle ultime 3 visite di livelli di uricemia ≤6.0 mg/dL [NNT (95% CI): 2,22 (1,81, 2,63)]. L'entità dell'effetto risultava crescere in proporzione al dosaggio (NNT 2,85, 2,17 e 1,88 per febuxostat 80, 120 e 240 mg rispettivamente). Questo studio riporta anche un incremento del rischio di flare dose dipendente statisticamente significativo per il dosaggio di 240 mg rispetto ad allopurinolo (67). Un secondo RCT di fase III ha valutato ef- Un RCT della durata di 6 mesi ha valutato efficacia e sicurezza di febuxostat 40 e 80 mg rispetto ad allopurinolo 300/200 mg in 2.269 pazienti con gotta e uricemia ≥8 mg/dL, reclutati mediante campionamento stratificato, finalizzato ad includere almeno 35% di soggetti con insufficienza renale di grado lieve o moderato (73). La proporzione di soggetti che raggiungevano un valore di uricemia ≤6.0 mg/dL all'ultima valutazione non risultava significativamente diversa nel confronto febuxostat 40 mg rispetto ad allopurinolo 300 mg [NNT: 33,33 (12,50, ∞)], mentre si evidenziava una efficacia maggiore per febuxostat 80 Tabella III - Meta-analisi di outcome di efficacia e sicurezza su dati provenienti da RCT di confronto tra febuxostat ed allopurinolo in pazienti con gotta. \| Outcome \| Misura di associazione \| \| \| \| \|---\|---\|---\|---\|---\| \| \| \| 40 mg \| 80 mg \| 120 mg \| \| Target <6 mg/dL \| NNT (95% IC) \| 20 (11,1, ∞)* \| 3,2 (2,9, 3.6)* \| 2,3 (2,1, 2,6)* \| \| Flare \| RR (95% IC) \| - \| 1,06 (0,93, 1,21)* \| 1,29 (0,87, 1,91)° \| \| Eventi avversi seri \| RR (95% IC) \| 0,65 (0,41, 1,03)* \| 0,74 (0,51, 1,06)* \| 1,11 (0,61, 2,02)* \| *Fixed model; °random effect model. NNT: number needed to treat; RR: risk ratio; IC: intervallo di confidenza. mg [NNT: 4,00 (3,33, 5,00)]. Lo studio non riporta misure di associazione relative al rischio di flares. Dall'analisi sistematica della letteratura sono inoltre emersi 2 studi di piccole dimensioni, che sono stati inclusi nelle meta-analisi sui 2 outcomes prespecificati (74, 75). Dai dati derivanti dalla prima meta-analisi si evidenzia un maggiore effetto sulla probabilità di raggiungimento del target terapeutico per dosaggi di febuxostat maggiori o uguali a 80 mg rispetto ad allopurinolo 300 mg (Tab. III). Dai dati relativi alla seconda meta-analisi emerge un maggior rischio di attacco acuto per febuxostat rispetto ad allopurinolo per dosaggi superiori a quelli comunemente impiegati, mentre non si osservano differenze statisticamente significative per i dosaggi abituali di 80 e 120 mg. La valutazione combinata dei dati di sicurezza di febuxostat in confronto con allopurinolo derivanti dagli RCT non evidenzia differenze statisticamente significative tra febuxostat e allopurinolo 300 mg per ogni singolo dosaggio, ma un RR combinato per tutti i dosaggi lievemente a favore di febuxostat [RR: 0,76 (0,59, 0,98)]. Nell'interpretazione dei risultati dei trials clinici di confronto tra febuxostat e allopurinolo è opportuno tuttavia considerare l'inclusione di soggetti con pregresso fallimento di allopurinolo e il dosaggio di allopurinolo vincolato a 300 mg. Ulteriori dati provenienti da sub-analisi di RCT, estensioni osservazionali di RCT o studi osservazionali forniscono ulteriori informazioni di efficacia e sicurezza di febuxostat. Uno studio open label di estensione di un RCT di fase II ha valutato l'efficacia e la sicurezza di febuxostat a 5 anni su 116 pazienti trattati, evidenziando una probabilità di raggiungimento di un'uricemia ≤6 mg/dL all'ultima valutazione pari all'83% e una risoluzione dei tofi nel 69% dei casi, in assenza di reazioni avverse gravi ascrivibili al farmaco. Un ulteriore studio di estensione di un RCT ha valutato efficacia e sicurezza di febuxostat 80 e 120 mg contro allopurino- lo 300 mg su una coorte iniziale di 1086 pazienti con gotta e iperuricemia. I risultati di efficacia hanno evidenziato un RR di raggiungimento del target terapeutico per febuxostat 80mg vs allopurinolo 300 mg pari a 1,76 (1, 46, 2,11) a 6 mesi, che si riduce progressivamente nel tempo, una riduzione delle dimensioni dei tofi per tutti i trattamenti ipouricemizzanti a lungo termine e una progressiva riduzione del rischio di flare in tutti i trattamenti (76). Uno studio retrospettivo su 13 pazienti ha indicato un buon profilo di sicurezza in pazienti con pregressa reazione severa ad allopurinolo (77). L'evidenza di un incremento del rischio di eventi avversi cardiovascolari non è al momento supportata dai risultati degli RCT (78). Conclusioni. Febuxostat è un farmaco ipouricemizzante efficace (livello Ia) nei pazienti con gotta, e a dosaggi pari o superiori a 80 mg ha dimostrato un'efficacia superiore ad allopurinolo al dosaggio massimo di 300 mg nel ridurre l'uricemia a breve termine (livello Ia). La terapia con febuxostat si è dimostrata sicura rispetto ad allopurinolo anche in pazienti con insufficienza renale lieve o moderata (livello Ib). Come profilassi dell'attacco acuto, nei primi mesi della terapia ipouricemizzante possono essere utilizzati colchicina a basso dosaggio (0,5-1 mg/die) e/o FANS. Nei pazienti non rispondenti o intolleranti a questi farmaci, i corticosteroidi a basso dosaggio rappresentano una possibile alternativa, se non sussistono controindicazioni. Forza della raccomandazione (95% CI): 87 (81, 93) Commento. L'inizio del trattamento con farmaci ipouricemizzanti può precipitare un attacco gottoso in conseguenza della rapida riduzione dei livelli sierici di acido urico che si realizza in risposta al trattamento istituito. Su tale base un trattamento profilattico è parte integrante della terapia. Nelle raccomandazioni EULAR del 2006 gli esperti indicavano l'impiego di colchicina orale e/o FANS quale prima opzione terapeutica da adottare nella profilassi delle riacutizzazioni. Due studi clinici controllati hanno valutato e dimostrato l'efficacia della profilassi con colchicina (79,80). Un primo studio condotto in pazienti gottosi che iniziavano un trattamento con allopurinolo ha comparato l'efficacia della colchicina (0.6 mg/ die) rispetto al placebo, osservando una significativa riduzione nel numero di attacchi acuti nei primi tre mesi di terapia nei pazienti per i quali era stata adottata la combinazione colchicina ed allopurinolo [7/21 vs 17/22, NNT 2(1-6)], a fronte di un aumentato numero di eventi avversi gastrointestinali (diarrea), [RR (95% CI): 8.38 (1,14, 61,38)]. Un altro studio condotto su 52 pazienti con gotta intercritica ha confrontato l'efficacia del probenecid (500 mg per 3 volte/die) in associazione alla colchicina a basso dosaggio (0,5 mg/ die) rispetto alla sola monoterapia con probenecid. Per entrambi i trattamenti è stata riportata un'efficacia simile sulla riduzione dei livelli sierici di acido urico, a fronte però di un numero di attacchi acuti significativamente inferiore nel primo gruppo di trattamento [ES: 0,74 (0,08, 1,4)]. Il profilo di sicurezza, peraltro, è risultato analogo tra i due gruppi di trattamento. Anche i FANS possono essere impiegati come trattamento profilattico delle recidive di attacco gottoso acuto nei primi mesi di terapia con ipouricemizzante. A tal proposito due RCT hanno dimostrato come nei pazienti in terapia con allopurinolo l'azapropazone, un FANS con effetto uricosurico, somministrato al dosaggio di 600 mg per 2 volte al dì, esercitasse un effetto profilattico verso le recidive di attacchi acuti (81); d'altra parte però il numero di eventi avversi gastrointestinali riportati risultava superiore nel gruppo in trattamento con FANS. Relativamente alla durata della profilassi i dati disponibili sono frammentari. L'inizio di un trattamento prolungato con FANS necessita di un corretto bilanciamento del rapporto rischio-beneficio in cui si tenga conto dei limiti prescrittivi correlati alla presenza di intolleranza gastrointestinale o di insufficienza renale oltre che della possibile tossicità cardiovascolare e gastrointestinale associata a terapie prolungate. In questi casi l'impiego di corticosteroide a basso dosaggio per un periodo di 3-6 mesi può rappresentare una valida alternativa terapeutica. Tuttavia l'efficacia del trattamento con corticosteroidi non è stata direttamente determinata e mancano studi in cui si valutino efficacia e sicurezza a lungo termine del trattamento profilattico con steroide nei pazienti in terapia con ipouricemizzante. Conclusioni. Le evidenze disponibili a supporto dell'impiego della colchicina orale nella profilassi di recidiva di attacco gottoso acuto nei primi mesi di trattamento con farmaci ipouricemizzanti sono solide (livello Ib), mentre i dati relativi all'impiego dei FANS non conclusivi (livello IIa). L'efficacia dell'impiego di steroide a basso dosaggio non è stata direttamente determinata e la raccomandazione si basa, pertanto, sul parere degli esperti (livello IV). Quando la gotta si associa a terapia diuretica è opportuno sospendere, se possibile, il diuretico; per il trattamento dell'ipertensione e l'iperlipidemia occorre considerare l'uso rispettivamente di losartan e fenofibrati, in considerazione del loro modesto effetto uricosurico. Forza della raccomandazione (95% CI): 87 (82, 92) Commento. Su questa raccomandazione vi è stata un'unanimità di giudizio da parte del gruppo di esperti, che non ha ritenuto di doverne modificare il testo, procedendo solo alla sua traduzione. I diuretici, ampiamente prescritti nella popolazione generale, sono un noto fattore di rischio per la gotta [OR (95% CI): 1,72 (1,67, 1,76)] (82). A seconda dell'indicazione, si potrebbe interrompere la terapia diuretica in un paziente che sviluppi la gotta, o cambiare trattamento utilizzando un regime terapeutico che non preveda diuretici. Per i pazienti affetti da gotta e ipertensione, si dovrebbe considerare un trattamento antipertensivo che non contenga diuretici tiazidici. Il losartan, antagonista del recettore II dell'angiotensina, in virtù del suo effetto uricosurico, potrebbe ridurre sia i valori pressori che i livelli di uricemia (50-52). Oltre all'ipertensione, l'iperlipidemia e altre manifestazioni della sindrome metabolica possono associarsi alla gotta. Un RCT sul farmaco ipolipemizzante fenofibrato ha dimostrato che esso ha un effetto uricosurico e ipouricemizzante: il trattamento si associava a una riduzione dei livelli di uricemia del 20% (95% CI: 14%, 26%) con un ES di 1,13 (0,18, 2,07); la riduzione dell'uricemia era accompagnata da un aumento del 30% della clearance dell'acido urico (47). Tuttavia non vi sono RCT che abbiano valutato direttamente l'utilizzo di losartan e fenofibrati come ipouricemizzanti nella gotta, perciò la loro efficacia nel trattamento della gotta rimane da dimostrare. Conclusioni. Nei pazienti affetti da gotta la terapia diuretica andrebbe interrotta, se possibile (livello IV) e un trattamento antipertensivo alternativo senza diuretici andrebbe considerato (livello IV). Un effetto uricosurico e ipouricemizzante è stato dimostrato per il farmaco antipertensivo losartan (livello IIb) e per il farmaco ipolipemizzante fenofibrato (livello Ib); pertanto potrebbe essere auspicabile il loro utilizzo nei pazienti affetti da gotta e, rispettivamente, ipertensione o iperlipidemia, sebbene il ruolo clinico e la costo-efficacia di questi farmaci nel trattamento della gotta siano ancora sconosciuti. n DISCUSSIONE In questo documento sono presentate le raccomandazioni della Società Italiana di Reumatologia per il trattamento dei pazienti con gotta formulate a partire dalle raccomandazioni EULAR del 2006 (Tab. IV). Recentemente sono state pubblicate anche altre raccomandazioni (60, 83, 84). Le raccomandazioni italiane rispondono, tuttavia, principalmente all'esigenza di contestualizzare le evidenze rispetto alle opzio- ni terapeutiche attualmente disponibili in Italia. Il metodo utilizzato dalla task force italiana rispecchia quello adottato da EULAR e ne conserva gli elementi di forza. Il pannello di esperti che ha preso parte alla realizzazione delle raccomandazioni italiane rappresenta lo spettro dei professionisti della salute che possono essere coinvolti nella gestione dei pazienti con gotta. Il risultato di questa scelta potrebbe tradursi in un'ampia adesione alle raccomandazioni da parte di clinici con formazione diversa e complementare, migliorando la gestione del paziente e delle sue comorbidità in maniera armonica. La metodologia applicata presenta diverse caratteristiche di rigore, che si traducono nell'affidabilità dei risultati. I temi su cui ricercare nuove evidenze sono stati definiti a priori dagli esperti, mediante un processo di consenso, allo scopo di rispondere a domande ritenute rilevanti dal punta di vista clinico e quindi per il paziente affetto da gotta. La raccolta sistematica di nuove evidenze su tali temi è stata effettuata mediante la metodologia Cochrane ripercorrendo le strategie di ricerca bibliografica già seguite per le raccomandazioni EULAR e integrandole con quelle derivanti da revisioni sistematiche Cochrane (85, 86). Questo approccio garantisce da una parte la continuità con la raccolta delle evidenze precedentemente effettuata e dall'altra l'esigenza di sistematicità necessaria per l'aggiornamento delle evidenze disponibili. La forza della raccomandazione è stata valutata attraverso la metodologia proposta da EULAR, che assegna un grado all'evidenza sulla base di una scala analogica visiva e di una scala ordinale. Questo approccio consente una sintesi dei dati di efficacia e sicurezza filtrati sulla base dell'esperienza clinica, coniugando evidenza e fattibilità, anziché fornire semplicemente gradi di raccomandazioni derivanti dal disegno degli studi disponibili. Le raccomandazioni italiane presentano diverse limitazioni. In primo luogo sono state effettuate revisioni di aggiornamento solo per alcuni dei temi identificati dal gruppo di esperti, per cui alcune domande con livello di priorità inferiore al livello prestabilito non sono state affrontate. Tra queste vi sono, per esempio, i quesiti che riguardano l'efficacia e la sicurezza di antiaggreganti diversi dall'aspirina, l'efficacia e la sicurezza degli steroidi a basso dosaggio nella Tabella IV - Raccomandazioni e relativa forza della raccomandazione. \| Raccomandazione \| VAS (95% IC) \| A-B% \| \|---\|---\|---\| \| Il trattamento ottimale della gotta richiede strategie farmacologiche e non farmacologiche e dovrebbe essere personalizzato in base a: 1. specifcii fattori di rischio (livelli di uricemia, attacchi precedenti, alterazioni radiologiche); 2. fase clinica (gotta acuta/ricorrente, fase intercritica, gotta cronica tofacea); 3. fattori di rischio generali (età, sesso, obesità, consumo di alcool, farmaci che possono indurre iperuricemia, interazioni farmacologiche e comorbidità) \| 86 (79–93) \| 100 \| \| Sono aspetti fondamentali del trattamento l’educazione del paziente ed uno stile di vita appropriato (sana alimentazione e moderato consumo di bevande contenti fruttosio ed alcol, in particolar modo di birra) \| 83 (75-91) \| 86 \| \| Gestione delle comorbidità e controllo di eventuali fattori di rischio quali iperlipidemia, ipertensione, iperglicemia, obesità e fumo devono essere considerati parte integrante della gestione dei pazienti con gotta \| 85 (78-93) \| 93 \| \| Colchicina e/o FANS, inclusi i COX-2 inibitori, sono farmaci di prima linea per il trattamento degli attacchi acuti di gotta. I corticosteroidi possono essere considerati un’opzione utile ed accettabile. La proposta terapeutica dovrà comunque tener conto delle comorbidità e delle controindicazioni \| 93 (90-97) \| 100 \| \| La colchicina a basse dosi (fino a 2 mg/die) è efficace e sicura per alcuni pazienti con gotta acuta \| 86 (81-91) \| 93 \| \| L’artrocentesi e l’infiltrazione intra-articolare con corticosteroide a lento rilascio sono un trattamento efficace e sicuro dell’attacco acuto \| 86 (78-94) \| 93 \| \| La terapia ipouricemizzante è indicata nei pazienti con attacchi acuti ricorrenti, artropatia cronica, depositi tofacei o alterazioni radiologiche tipiche della gotta. \| 91 (87-95) \| 100 \| \| L’obiettivo della terapia ipouricemizzante consiste nel promuovere la dissoluzione e nel prevenire la formazione dei cristalli di urato monosodico. Ciò è possibile mantenendo i livelli di uricemia al di sotto del punto di saturazione dell’urato monosodico (≤ 360 µmol/L o 6 mg/dL) \| 91 (87-95) \| 100 \| \| L’allopurinolo è un farmaco appropriato per la terapia ipouricemizzante a lungo termine. La somministrazione andrebbe iniziata a basse dosi (100 mg/die) e aumentata, se necessario, di 100 mg ogni 2-4 settimane. Il dosaggio deve essere adattato nei pazienti con insufficienza renale. Opzioni terapeutiche alternative in caso di tossicità da allopurinolo includono l’uso di farmaci uricosurici (laddove disponibili) o di altro inibitore della xantina-ossidasi \| 88 (82-94) \| 93 \| \| Il febuxostat, come trattamento ipouricemizzante, costituisce una valida alternativa all’allopurinolo, rispetto al quale risulta più efficace e con minori effetti indesiderati. La somministrazione andrebbe iniziata a basse dosi e aumentata, se necessario \| 82 (76-89) \| 87 \| \| Come profliassi dell’attacco acuto, nei primi mesi della terapia ipouricemizzante possono essere utilizzati colchicina a basso dosaggio (0,5-1 mg/die) e/o FANS. Nei pazienti non rispondenti o intolleranti a questi farmaci, i corticosteroidi a basso dosaggio rappresentano una possibile alternativa, se non sussistono controindicazioni \| 87 (81-93) \| 93 \| Tabella V - Agenda Futura. profilassi in corso di trattamento ipouricemizzante, l'utilità delle metodiche di imaging nella stratificazione prognostica e nel monitoraggio della malattia, l'effetto della sospensione del trattamento con ipouricemizzanti in pazienti con malattia in controllo ottimale persistente, l'influenza di diversi livelli di uricemia come target della terapia ipouricemizzante. Un'ulteriore limitazione è legata all'esecuzione delle revisioni da parte di un singolo revisore. Per gli studi inclusi nelle revisioni è stata effettuata una valutazione della qualità utilizzando scale validate, ma non è stato formalmente dato un peso o effettuata una selezione sulla base della qualità. Al di là dei risultati di sintesi dello sviluppo delle raccomandazioni italiane sono emerse rilevanti lacune di evidenza di sufficiente qualità a supporto di molteplici trattamenti abitualmente utilizzati e, di conseguenza, si è evidenziata un'ampia variabilità di comportamento nella pratica clinica da parte dei medici. Questa si traduce nella relativa scarsa precisione degli intervalli di confidenza della forza di raccomandazione ottenuta per ogni raccomandazione. Gli esperti concordano nel ritenere che l'agenda futura deve prevedere approfondimenti su alcuni aspetti non ancora sufficientemente indagati (Tab. V). n CONCLUSIONI La Società Italiana di Reumatologia ha sviluppato una versione aggiornata delle raccomandazioni EULAR per il trattamento dei pazienti con gotta, applicabile al contesto italiano. Sono state infine formulate 12 raccomandazioni nelle diverse aree di gestione del paziente: comorbidità e stili di vita; terapia dell'attacco acuto; terapia cronica della gotta. Le raccomandazioni sulla terapia cronica della gotta sono state rimodulate rispetto alle originali sulla base di nuove evidenze e della disponibilità dei farmaci nel mercato italiano. La presenza di un team multidisciplinare di clinici in fase di sviluppo delle raccomandazioni potrà assicurarne un'ampia diffusione e la loro implementazione nella pratica clinica potrà migliorare la gestione dei pazienti affetti da una malattia potenzialmente curabile come la gotta. RIASSUNTO Obiettivo: La gotta è la forma di artrite più frequente nella popolazione adulta. Nonostante siano disponibili valide opzioni terapeutiche, la gestione del paziente affetto da gotta è ancora non ottimale. La Società Italiana di Reumatologia (SIR) ha deciso di adattare al contesto italiano, aggiornare e disseminare le raccomandazioni EULAR del 2006 sul trattamento della gotta. Metodi: Il gruppo multidisciplinare di esperti includeva reumatologi, medici di medicina generale, internisti, geriatri, nefrologi, cardiologi ed esperti metodologi. È stata utilizzata la stessa metodologia riportata dal gruppo EULAR per essere consistenti con le raccomandazioni originali. Le proposizioni sono state tradotte in italiano e tramite il metodo Delphi sono stati identificati i quesiti di ricerca prioritari. È stata condotta una revisione sistematica della letteratura per i quesiti selezionati. I dati di efficacia e sicurezza riportati nei trial sono stati combinati in metanalisi, quando possibile. La forza delle raccomandazioni è stata misurata utilizzando la scala ordinale EULAR e una scala visuo-analogica. Risultati: Le 12 proposizioni originali sono state tradotte e adattate al contesto italiano. Sono state raccolte nuove evidenze riguardo al ruolo della dieta nel trattamento non farmacologico della gotta e all'efficacia dei corticosteroidi orali e della colchicina a basso dosaggio nella gestione dell'attacco acuto di gotta. Le proposizioni riguardanti i farmaci uricosurici sono state eliminate e sostituite con una raccomandazione riguardante un trattamento ipouricemizzante recentemente introdotto in commercio, febuxostat. È stata sviluppata un'agenda di ricerca per identificare gli aspetti non ancora adeguatamente investigati riguardo alla gestione della gotta. Conclusioni: La Società Italiana di Reumatologia ha sviluppato una versione aggiornata e adattata al contesto italiano delle raccomandazioni EULAR per il trattamento della gotta. È auspicabile che l'applicazione delle raccomandazioni nella pratica clinica possa migliorare la gestione del paziente affetto da gotta. Parole chiave: Gout, treatment, recommendations. Key words: Gotta, trattamento, raccomandazioni. n BIBLIOGRAFIA 1. Trifiro G, Morabito P, Cavagna L, et al. Epidemiology of gout and hyperuricaemia in Italy during the years 2005-2009: a nationwide population-based study. Ann Rheum Dis. 2012 Jun 26. 3. Smith EU, az-Torne C, Perez-Ruiz F, March LM. Epidemiology of gout: an update. Best Pract Res Clin Rheumatol. 2010; 24: 811-27. 2. Zhu Y, Pandya BJ, Choi HK. Prevalence of gout and hyperuricemia in the US general population: the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2007-2008. Arthritis Rheum. 2011; 63: 3136-41. 4. Becker MA, Schumacher HR, Benjamin KL, et al. Quality of life and disability in patients with treatment-failure gout. J Rheumatol. 2009; 36: 1041-8. 6. Doherty M, Jansen TL, Nuki G, et al. Gout: why is this curable disease so seldom cured? Ann Rheum Dis. 2012 Aug 3. 5. Lottmann K, Chen X, Schadlich PK. Association between gout and all-cause as well as cardiovascular mortality: a systematic review. Curr Rheumatol Rep. 2012; 14: 195-203. 7. Choi HK, Mount DB, Reginato AM. Pathogenesis of gout. Ann Intern Med. 2005; 143: 499-516. 8. Zhang W, Doherty M, Bardin T, et al. EULAR evidence based recommendations for gout. Part II: Management. Report of a task force of the EULAR Standing Committee for Interna- tional Clinical Studies Including Therapeutics (ESCISIT). Ann Rheum Dis. 2006; 65: 131224. 10. Rundles RW, Metz EN, Silberman HR. Allopurinol in the treatment of gout. Ann Intern Med. 1966; 64: 229-58. 9. McCarthy GM, Barthelemy CR, Veum JA, Wortmann RL. Influence of antihyperuricemic therapy on the clinical and radiographic progression of gout. Arthritis Rheum. 1991; 34: 1489-94. 11. Yu TF. The effect of allopurinol in primary and secondary gout. Arthritis Rheum. 1965; 8: 905-6. 13. Perez-Ruiz F, Calabozo M, Fernandez-Lopez MJ, et al. Treatment of chronic gout in patients with renal function impairment: an open, randomized, actively controlled study. J Clin Rheumatol. 1999; 5: 49-55. 12. Rosenfeld JB. Effect of long-term allopurinol administration on serial GFR in normotensive and hypertensive hyperuricemic subjects. Adv Exp Med Biol. 1974; 41: 581-96. 14. Dessein PH, Shipton EA, Stanwix AE, et al. Beneficial effects of weight loss associated with moderate calorie/carbohydrate restriction, and increased proportional intake of protein and unsaturated fat on serum urate and lipoprotein levels in gout: a pilot study. Ann Rheum Dis. 2000; 59: 539-43. 15. Kullich W, Ulreich A, Klein G. [Changes in uric acid and blood lipids in patients with asymptomatic hyperuricemia treated with diet therapy in a rehabilitation procedure]. Rehabilitation (Stuttg). 1989; 28: 134-7. 17. Schlesinger N, Detry MA, Holland BK, Baker DG, Beutler AM, Rull M, et al. Local ice therapy during bouts of acute gouty arthritis. J Rheumatol. 2002; 29: 331-4. 16. Ahern MJ, Reid C, Gordon TP, et al. Does colchicine work? The results of the first controlled study in acute gout. Aust N Z J Med. 1987; 17: 301-4. 18. Caraco Y, Putterman C, Rahamimov R, BenChetrit E. Acute colchicine intoxication--possible role of erythromycin administration. J Rheumatol. 1992; 19: 494-6. 20. Choi HK, Atkinson K, Karlson EW, et al. Purine-rich foods, dairy and protein intake, and the risk of gout in men. N Engl J Med. 2004; 350: 1093-103. 19. Minetti EE, Minetti L. Multiple organ failure in a kidney transplant patient receiving both colchicine and cyclosporine. J Nephrol. 2003; 16: 421-5. 21. Williams PT. Effects of diet, physical activity and performance, and body weight on incident gout in ostensibly healthy, vigorously active men. Am J Clin Nutr. 2008; 87: 1480-7. 23. Cea SL, Rothenbacher D, Choi HK, Garcia Rodriguez LA. Contemporary epidemiology of gout in the UK general population. Arthritis Res Ther. 2011; 13: R39. 22. Bhole V, de VM, Rahman MM, Krishnan E, Choi H. Epidemiology of gout in women: Fifty-two-year followup of a prospective cohort. Arthritis Rheum. 2010; 62: 1069-76. 24. Chang SJ, Ko YC, Wang TN, et al. High prevalence of gout and related risk factors in Taiwan's Aborigines. J Rheumatol. 1997; 24: 1364-9. 26. Cohen SD, Kimmel PL, Neff R, et al. Association of incident gout and mortality in dialysis patients. J Am Soc Nephrol. 2008; 19: 2204-10. 25. Choi HK, Atkinson K, Karlson EW, et al. Alcohol intake and risk of incident gout in men: a prospective study. Lancet. 2004; 363: 127781. 27. Lin KC, Lin HY, Chou P. Community based epidemiological study on hyperuricemia and gout in Kin-Hu, Kinmen. J Rheumatol. 2000; 27: 1045-50. 29. Lyu LC, Hsu CY, Yeh CY, et al. A case-control study of the association of diet and obesity with gout in Taiwan. Am J Clin Nutr. 2003; 78: 690-701. 28. Lin KC, Lin HY, Chou P. The interaction between uric acid level and other risk factors on the development of gout among asymptomatic hyperuricemic men in a prospective study. J Rheumatol. 2000; 27: 1501-5. 30. Rothenbacher D, Primatesta P, Ferreira A, et al. Frequency and risk factors of gout flares in a large population-based cohort of incident gout. Rheumatology (Oxford). 2011; 50: 97381. 32. Zhang Y, Woods R, Chaisson CE, et al. Alcohol consumption as a trigger of recurrent gout attacks. Am J Med. 2006; 119: 800-8. 31. Tikly M, Bellingan A, Lincoln D, Russell A. Risk factors for gout: a hospital-based study in urban black South Africans. Rev Rhum Engl Ed. 1998; 65: 225-31. 33. Choi HK, Curhan G. Soft drinks, fructose consumption, and the risk of gout in men: prospective cohort study. BMJ. 2008; 336: 309-12. 35. Dalbeth N, Ames R, Gamble GD, et al. Effects of skim milk powder enriched with glycomacropeptide and G600 milk fat extract on frequency of gout flares: a proof-of-concept randomised controlled trial. Ann Rheum Dis. 2012; 71: 929-34. 34. Choi HK, Willett W, Curhan G. Fructose-rich beverages and risk of gout in women. JAMA. 2010; 304: 2270-8. 36. Choi HK, Willett W, Curhan G. Coffee consumption and risk of incident gout in men: a prospective study. Arthritis Rheum. 2007; 56: 2049-55. 38. Choi HK, Gao X, Curhan G. Vitamin C intake and the risk of gout in men: a prospective study. Arch Intern Med. 2009; 169: 502-7. 37. Choi HK, Curhan G. Coffee consumption and risk of incident gout in women: the Nurses' Health Study. Am J Clin Nutr. 2010; 92: 922-7. 39. Frank O. Observations concerning the incidence of disturbance of lipid and carbohydrate metabolism in gout. Adv Exp Med Biol. 1974; 41: 495-8. 41. Takahashi S, Yamamoto T, Moriwaki Y, et al. Increased concentrations of serum Lp(a) lipoprotein in patients with primary gout. Ann Rheum Dis. 1995; 54: 90-3. 40. Jacobelli S, Arteaga A, Bidegain F. Cholesterol distribution among lipoprotein fractions in patients with gout and normal controls. J Rheumatol. 1986; 13: 774-7. 42. Lin KC, Tsao HM, Chen CH, Chou P. Hypertension was the major risk factor leading to development of cardiovascular diseases among men with hyperuricemia. J Rheumatol. 2004; 31: 1152-8. 44. Grodzicki T, Palmer A, Bulpitt CJ. Incidence of diabetes and gout in hypertensive patients during 8 years of follow-up. The General Practice Hypertension Study Group. J Hum Hypertens. 1997; 11: 583-5. 43. Rapado A. Relationship between gout and arterial hypertension. Adv Exp Med Biol. 1974; 41: 451-9. 45. Tuomilehto J, Zimmet P, Wolf E, et al. Plasma uric acid level and its association with diabetes mellitus and some biologic parameters in a biracial population of Fiji. Am J Epidemiol. 1988; 127: 321-36. 46. Wetzels JJ, Kremers SP, Vitoria PD, de VH. The alcohol-tobacco relationship: a prospective study among adolescents in six European countries. Addiction. 2003; 98: 1755-63. 48. Feher MD, Hepburn AL, Hogarth MB, et al. Fenofibrate enhances urate reduction in men treated with allopurinol for hyperuricaemia and gout. Rheumatology (Oxford). 2003; 42: 321-5. 47. Bastow MD, Durrington PN, Ishola M. Hypertriglyceridemia and hyperuricemia: effects of two fibric acid derivatives (bezafibrate and fenofibrate) in a double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Metabolism. 1988; 37: 217-20. 49. Liberopoulos E, Christides D, Elisaf M. Comparative effects of losartan and irbesartan on serum uric acid in hypertensive patients with hyperuricemia and gout. J Hypertens. 2002; 20: 347. 51. Takahashi S, Moriwaki Y, Yamamoto T, et al. Effects of combination treatment using antihyperuricaemic agents with fenofibrate and/ or losartan on uric acid metabolism. Ann Rheum Dis. 2003; 62: 572-5. 50. Puig JG, Mateos F, Buno A, et al. Effect of eprosartan and losartan on uric acid metabolism in patients with essential hypertension. J Hypertens. 1999; 17: 1033-9. 52. Wurzner G, Gerster JC, Chiolero A, et al. Comparative effects of losartan and irbesartan on serum uric acid in hypertensive patients with hyperuricaemia and gout. J Hypertens. 2001; 19: 1855-60. 54. Barclay CA, Traballi CA. Evaluation of tenoxicam in rheumatology--clinical trial results in Argentina and Brazil. Eur J Rheumatol Inflamm. 1987; 9: 26-50. 53. Terkeltaub RA, Furst DE, Bennett K, et al. High versus low dosing of oral colchicine for early acute gout flare: Twenty-four-hour outcome of the first multicenter, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, parallelgroup, dose-comparison colchicine study. Arthritis Rheum. 2010; 62: 1060-8. 55. Alloway JA, Moriarty MJ, Hoogland YT, Nashel DJ. Comparison of triamcinolone acetonide with indomethacin in the treatment of acute gouty arthritis. J Rheumatol. 1993; 20: 111-3. 57. Man CY, Cheung IT, Cameron PA, Rainer TH. Comparison of oral prednisolone/paracetamol and oral indomethacin/paracetamol combination therapy in the treatment of acute goutlike arthritis: a double-blind, randomized, controlled trial. Ann Emerg Med. 2007; 49: 670-7. 56. Siegel LB, Alloway JA, Nashel DJ. Comparison of adrenocorticotropic hormone and triamcinolone acetonide in the treatment of acute gouty arthritis. J Rheumatol. 1994; 21: 1325-7. 58. Janssens HJ, Janssen M, van de Lisdonk EH, et al. Use of oral prednisolone or naproxen for the treatment of gout arthritis: a double-blind, randomised equivalence trial. Lancet. 2008; 371: 1854-60. 60. Hamburger M, Baraf HS, Adamson TC, III, et al. Recommendations for the diagnosis and management of gout and hyperuricemia. Postgrad Med. 2011; 123: 3-36. 59. So A, De MM, Pikhlak A, et al. Canakinumab for the treatment of acute flares in difficultto-treat gouty arthritis: Results of a multicenter, phase II, dose-ranging study. Arthritis Rheum. 2010; 62: 3064-76. 61. Fernandez C, Noguera R, Gonzalez JA, Pascual E. Treatment of acute attacks of gout with a small dose of intra-articular triamcinolone acetonide. J Rheumatol. 1999; 26: 2285-6. 63. Terkeltaub R. Update on gout: new therapeutic strategies and options. Nat Rev Rheumatol. 2010; 6: 30-8. 62. Perez-Ruiz F. Treating to target: a strategy to cure gout. Rheumatology (Oxford). 2009; 48: ii9-ii14. 64. Halpern R, Fuldeore MJ, Mody RR, et al. The effect of serum urate on gout flares and their associated costs: an administrative claims analysis. J Clin Rheumatol. 2009; 15: 3-7. 66. Wu EQ, Patel PA, Mody RR, et al. Frequency, risk, and cost of gout-related episodes among the elderly: does serum uric acid level matter? J Rheumatol. 2009; 36: 1032-40. 65. Sarawate CA, Patel PA, Schumacher HR, et al. Serum urate levels and gout flares: analysis from managed care data. J Clin Rheumatol. 2006; 12: 61-5. 67. Schumacher HR, Jr., Becker MA, Wortmann RL, et al. Effects of febuxostat versus allopurinol and placebo in reducing serum urate in subjects with hyperuricemia and gout: a 28week, phase III, randomized, double-blind, parallel-group trial. Arthritis Rheum. 2008; 59: 1540-8. 69. Arroll B, Bennett M, Dalbeth N, et al. More allopurinol is needed to get gout patients <0.36 mmol/l: a gout audit in the form of a before-after trial. J Prim Health Care. 2009; 1: 315-8. 68. Chao J, Terkeltaub R. A critical reappraisal of allopurinol dosing, safety, and efficacy for hyperuricemia in gout. Curr Rheumatol Rep. 2009; 11: 135-40. 70. Gaffo AL, Saag KG. Febuxostat: the evidence for its use in the treatment of hyperuricemia and gout. Core Evid. 2010; 4: 25-36. 72. Becker MA, Schumacher HR, Jr., Wortmann RL, et al. Febuxostat compared with allopurinol in patients with hyperuricemia and gout. N Engl J Med. 2005; 353: 2450-61. 71. Conway N, Schwartz S. Diagnosis and management of acute gout. Med Health R I. 2009; 92: 356-8. 73. Becker MA, Schumacher HR, Espinoza LR, et al. The urate-lowering efficacy and safety of febuxostat in the treatment of the hyperuricemia of gout: the CONFIRMS trial. Arthritis Res Ther. 2010; 12: R63. 75. Kamatani N, Fujimori S, Hada T, et al. An allopurinol-controlled, randomized, doubledummy, double-blind, parallel betweengroup, comparative study of febuxostat (TMX-67), a non-purine-selective inhibitor of xanthine oxidase, in patients with hyperuricemia including those with gout in Japan: phase 3 clinical study. J Clin Rheumatol. 2011; 17: S13-8. 74. Singal K, Goyal S, Gupta P, Aggawal B. Comparison between Allopurinol and Febuxostat in management of gout patients - a prospective study. Bangladesh J Med Sci. 2012; 10: 257. Ref Type: Abstract. 76. Becker MA, Schumacher HR, MacDonald PA, et al. Clinical efficacy and safety of successful longterm urate lowering with febuxostat or allopurinol in subjects with gout. J Rheumatol. 2009; 36: 1273-82. 78. White WB, Chohan S, Dabholkar A, et al. Cardiovascular safety of febuxostat and allopurinol in patients with gout and cardiovascular comorbidities. Am Heart J. 2012; 164: 14-20. 77. Chohan S. Safety and efficacy of febuxostat treatment in subjects with gout and severe allopurinol adverse reactions. J Rheumatol. 2011; 38: 1957-9. 79. Borstad GC, Bryant LR, Abel MP, et al. Colchicine for prophylaxis of acute flares when initiating allopurinol for chronic gouty arthri- tis. J Rheumatol. 2004; 31: 2429-32. 81. Templeton JS. Azapropazone or allopurinol in the treatment of chronic gout and/or hyperuricaemia. A preliminary report. Br J Clin Pract. 1982; 36: 353-8. 80. Paulus HE, Schlosstein LH, Godfrey RG, et al. Prophylactic colchicine therapy of intercritical gout. A placebo-controlled study of probenecid-treated patients. Arthritis Rheum. 1974; 17: 609-14. 82. Mikuls TR, Farrar JT, Bilker WB, et al. Gout epidemiology: results from the UK General Practice Research Database, 1990-1999. Ann Rheum Dis. 2005; 64: 267-72. 84. Khanna D, Fitzgerald JD, Khanna PP, et al. 2012 American College of Rheumatology guidelines for management of gout. Part 1: Systematic nonpharmacologic and pharmacologic therapeutic approaches to hyperuricemia. Arthritis Care Res (Hoboken). 2012; 64: 1431-46. 83. Khanna D, Khanna PP, Fitzgerald JD, et al. 2012 American College of Rheumatology guidelines for management of gout. Part 2: Therapy and antiinflammatory prophylaxis of acute gouty arthritis. Arthritis Care Res (Hoboken). 2012; 64: 1447-61. 85. Schlesinger N, Schumacher R, Catton M, Maxwell L. Colchicine for acute gout. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2006; (4): CD006190. 86. Janssens HJ, Lucassen PL, Van de Laar FA, et al. Systemic corticosteroids for acute gout. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2008; (2): CD005521.	<urn:uuid:4ddc3968-4622-4679-a0bf-caeb4473e360>	HuggingFaceFW/finepdfs/tree/main/data/ita_Latn/train	finepdfs	ita_Latn	78,752
MOMS AGAINST POVERTY FINANCIAL STATEMENTS FOR THE YEAR ENDED DECEMBER 31, 2023 TOGETHER WITH INDEPENDENT AUDITORS’ REPORT \| Section \| Pages \| \|----------------------------------------------\|--------\| \| Independent Auditors' Report \| 1 - 2 \| \| Statement of Financial Position \| 3 \| \| Statement of Activities and Changes in Net Assets \| 4 \| \| Statement of Functional Expenses \| 5 \| \| Statement of Cash Flows \| 6 \| \| Notes to Financial Statements \| 7 - 20 \| INDEPENDENT AUDITORS’ REPORT To the Board of Directors of Moms Against Poverty Burlingame, California Opinion We have audited the financial statements of Moms Against Poverty (the “Organization”), a California public benefit corporation, which comprise the statement of financial position as of December 31, 2023, and the related statements of activities and changes in net assets, functional expenses, and cash flows for the year then ended, and the related notes to the financial statements. In our opinion, the accompanying financial statements present fairly, in all material respects, the financial position of the Organization as of December 31, 2023, and the changes in net assets, functional expenses and its cash flows for the year then ended in accordance with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America. Basis for Opinion We conducted our audit in accordance with auditing standards generally accepted in the United States of America (“GAAS”). Our responsibilities under those standards are further described in the Auditors’ Responsibilities for the Audit of the Financial Statements section of our report. We are required to be independent of the Organization and to meet our other ethical responsibilities, in accordance with the relevant ethical requirements relating to our audit. We believe that the audit evidence we have obtained is sufficient and appropriate to provide a basis for our audit opinion. Responsibilities of Management for the Financial Statements Management is responsible for the preparation and fair presentation of the financial statements in accordance with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America, and for the design, implementation, and maintenance of internal control relevant to the preparation and fair presentation of financial statements that are free from material misstatement, whether due to fraud or error. In preparing the financial statements, management is required to evaluate whether there are conditions or events, considered in the aggregate, that raise substantial doubt about the Organization’s ability to continue as a going concern for one year after the date that the financial statements are issued. Auditors’ Responsibilities for the Audit of the Financial Statements Our objectives are to obtain reasonable assurance about whether the financial statements as a whole are free from material misstatement, whether due to fraud or error, and to issue an auditors’ report that includes our opinion. Reasonable assurance is a high level of assurance but is not absolute assurance and therefore is not a guarantee that an audit conducted in accordance with GAAS will always detect a material misstatement when it exists. The risk of not detecting a material misstatement resulting from fraud is higher than for one resulting from error, as fraud may involve collusion, forgery, intentional omissions, misrepresentations, or the override of internal control. Misstatements are considered material if there is a substantial likelihood that, individually or in the aggregate, they would influence the judgment made by a reasonable user based on the financial statements. In performing an audit in accordance with GAAS, we: - Exercise professional judgment and maintain professional skepticism throughout the audit. - Identify and assess the risks of material misstatement of the financial statements, whether due to fraud or error, and design and perform audit procedures responsive to those risks. Such procedures include examining, on a test basis, evidence regarding the amounts and disclosures in the financial statements. - Obtain an understanding of internal control relevant to the audit in order to design audit procedures that are appropriate in the circumstances, but not for the purpose of expressing an opinion on the effectiveness of the Organization’s internal control. Accordingly, no such opinion is expressed. - Evaluate the appropriateness of accounting policies used and the reasonableness of significant accounting estimates made by management, as well as evaluate the overall presentation of the financial statements. - Conclude whether, in our judgment, there are conditions or events, considered in the aggregate, that raise substantial doubt about the Organization’s ability to continue as a going concern for a reasonable period of time. We are required to communicate with those charged with governance regarding, among other matters, the planned scope and timing of the audit, significant audit findings, and certain internal control-related matters that we identified during the audit. San Jose, California September 27, 2024 ## ASSETS \| Asset \| Amount \| \|--------------------------------------------\|------------\| \| Cash and cash equivalents \| $1,151,363 \| \| Contribution receivables \| 247,310 \| \| Inventories \| 73,173 \| \| Prepaid expenses \| 215,612 \| \| Funds held with custodial agent \| 379,788 \| \| Right of use assets, operating leases \| 175,941 \| \| Property and equipment, net \| 39,832 \| \| Contribution receivable, net of discount - office lease \| 233,355 \| \| Total assets \| $2,516,374 \| ## LIABILITIES AND NET ASSETS ### Liabilities: \| Liability \| Amount \| \|------------------------------------------------\|------------\| \| Accounts payable and accrued expenses \| $40,525 \| \| Refundable advances \| 658,396 \| \| Funds due to foreign agent organizations \| 485,626 \| \| Operating lease liabilities \| 181,951 \| \| Total liabilities \| 1,366,498 \| ### Commitments and contingencies (Notes 7, 10, and 11) ### Net Assets (Deficit): \| Net Assets (Deficit) \| Amount \| \|-----------------------------------------------\|------------\| \| Without donor restrictions \| (149,822) \| \| With donor restrictions \| 1,299,698 \| \| Total net assets \| 1,149,876 \| \| Total liabilities and net assets \| $2,516,374 \| ## Statement of Activities and Changes in Net Assets ### For the Year Ended December 31, 2023 \| \| Without Donor Restrictions \| With Donor Restrictions \| Total \| \|--------------------------------\|----------------------------\|-------------------------\|-------------\| \| REVENUE AND SUPPORT \| \| \| \| \| Contributions \| $881,340 \| $2,842,068 \| $3,723,408 \| \| In-kind contributions \| - \| 30,548 \| 30,548 \| \| Other income \| 1,551 \| - \| 1,551 \| \| Special events \| \| \| \| \| Special event revenue \| 886,887 \| - \| 886,887 \| \| Special events revenue - in-kind donations \| 56,289 \| - \| 56,289 \| \| Less: Special events expense \| (281,072) \| - \| (281,072) \| \| Net revenue from special events\| 662,104 \| - \| 662,104 \| \| Net assets released from restrictions \| 3,067,273 \| (3,067,273) \| - \| \| Total support and services \| 4,612,268 \| (194,657) \| 4,417,610 \| \| EXPENSES \| \| \| \| \| Program services \| 4,153,172 \| - \| 4,153,172 \| \| Management and general \| 445,712 \| - \| 445,712 \| \| Fundraising \| 213,868 \| - \| 213,868 \| \| Foreign exchange loss \| 37,081 \| - \| 37,081 \| \| Total expenses \| 4,849,833 \| - \| 4,849,833 \| \| CHANGE IN NET ASSETS \| (237,565) \| (194,657) \| (432,223) \| \| NET ASSETS, BEGINNING OF YEAR \| 87,744 \| 1,494,355 \| 1,582,099 \| \| NET ASSETS (DEFICIT), END OF YEAR \| (149,821) \| 1,299,698 \| 1,149,876 \| The Accompanying Notes Are An Integral Part of These Financial Statements ## Statement of Functional Expenses ### For the Year Ended December 31, 2023 \| \| Basic Provisions \| Disaster Relief \| Education \| Food/Hunger Relief \| Health Care \| Orphan Care \| Total Program \| Management and General \| Fundraising \| Total Expenses \| \|--------------------------------\|------------------\|-----------------\|-----------\|--------------------\|-------------\|-------------\|---------------\|------------------------\|-------------\|----------------\| \| Grants and other assistance \| $136,356 \| $179,488 \| $1,548,396\| $730,884 \| $758,789 \| $428,328 \| $3,782,241 \| - \| - \| $3,782,241 \| \| Salaries and payroll taxes \| 6,474 \| 5,586 \| 44,736 \| 29,448 \| 23,678 \| 13,385 \| 123,307 \| 78,819 \| 75,032 \| 277,158 \| \| Outside services \| 7,894 \| 4,468 \| 58,816 \| 37,531 \| 19,775 \| 10,706 \| 139,190 \| 8,047 \| 237,814 \| 385,052 \| \| Professional fees \| 1,676 \| 2,206 \| 19,029 \| 8,982 \| 9,349 \| 5,285 \| 46,527 \| 187,146 \| 7,355 \| 241,028 \| \| Travel \| 239 \| 258 \| 1,704 \| 2,799 \| 1,108 \| 1,174 \| 7,282 \| 839 \| 18,973 \| 27,094 \| \| Supplies \| 765 \| - \| 319 \| 10,213 \| 54 \| - \| 11,351 \| 4,829 \| 16,497 \| 32,677 \| \| Utilities and maintenance \| 69 \| 91 \| 939 \| 535 \| 385 \| 218 \| 2,237 \| 3,833 \| 649 \| 6,719 \| \| Printing, copying, publishing, and postage \| 74 \| 52 \| 446 \| 340 \| 252 \| 124 \| 1,288 \| 2,183 \| 5,703 \| 9,174 \| \| Lease expense \| 500 \| - \| - \| 31,075 \| - \| - \| 31,575 \| 55,692 \| - \| 87,267 \| \| Special event venue rental \| - \| - \| - \| - \| - \| - \| - \| - \| 101,500 \| 101,500 \| \| Insurance \| - \| - \| - \| - \| - \| - \| - \| - \| 13,111 \| 13,111 \| \| Advertising and marketing \| 164 \| 216 \| 1,859 \| 878 \| 914 \| 516 \| 4,547 \| 2,273 \| 20,033 \| 26,853 \| \| Fees, fines, and service charges \| 196 \| 192 \| 188 \| 139 \| 294 \| 765 \| 1,774 \| 49,980 \| 6,237 \| 57,991 \| \| Depreciation \| - \| - \| - \| - \| - \| - \| - \| - \| 11,535 \| 11,535 \| \| Other \| - \| - \| - \| 1,853 \| - \| - \| 1,853 \| 27,425 \| 5,147 \| 34,425 \| \| Total expenses by function\| $154,407 \| $192,557 \| $1,676,432\| $854,677 \| $814,598 \| $460,501 \| $4,153,172 \| $445,712 \| $494,940 \| $5,093,825 \| \| Less: expenses included in revenues on the Statement of Activities and Changes in Net Assets for special event services \| - \| - \| - \| - \| - \| - \| - \| - \| (281,072) \| (281,072) \| \| Total \| $154,407 \| $192,557 \| $1,676,432\| $854,677 \| $814,598 \| $460,501 \| $4,153,172 \| $445,712 \| $213,868 \| $4,812,753 \| The Accompanying Notes Are An Integral Part of These Financial Statements CASH FLOWS FROM OPERATING ACTIVITIES Change in net assets $ (432,223) Adjustments to reconcile change in net assets to net cash flows from operating activities: Depreciation 11,535 Amortization of operating lease right of use assets 47,080 Decrease in net contribution receivable, office lease 24,762 Change in operating assets and liabilities: Contribution receivables (22,034) Inventories (33,213) Prepaid expenses (130,754) Funds held with custodial agents (65,474) Accounts payable and accrued liabilities (15,708) Refundable advances 160,298 Funds due to foreign agent organizations 192,331 Operating lease liabilities (46,300) Net cash flows used in operating activities (309,701) CASH FLOWS FROM INVESTING ACTIVITIES Purchases of property and equipment (41,812) DECREASE IN CASH AND CASH EQUIVALENTS (351,513) CASH AND CASH EQUIVALENTS, BEGINNING OF YEAR 1,502,876 CASH AND CASH EQUIVALENTS, END OF YEAR $ 1,151,363 SUPPLEMENTAL INFORMATION Cash paid for amounts included in the measurement of lease liabilities: Operating cash outflows for operating leases $53,845 1. ORGANIZATION Moms Against Poverty (the “Organization”) is a California nonprofit organization which was established in 2006. Moms Against Poverty is a global non-profit organization with the mission to nurture and educate impoverished children to their fullest potential, so that one day they can contribute and lead within their own communities and break the cycle of poverty. The Organization’s work is holistically minded, advancing communities one program at a time toward well-being and self-sufficiency. First, the Organization addresses children’s basic needs, such as food, shelter, and health care. Then, using education and vocational programs, it provides them with the tools and environment they need to thrive and become successful members of their community and the world at large. The Organization’s programs are supported primarily through contributions and grants from individuals, corporations, donor advised funds, and other nonprofit organizations. 2. SIGNIFICANT ACCOUNTING POLICIES Basis of Presentation: The Organization’s Financial Statements have been prepared on the accrual basis of accounting in conformity with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America (“U.S. GAAP”). Revenues are reported as increases in net assets without donor restrictions unless there are donor-imposed purposes and/or time restrictions of the gifted assets. Expenses are reported as decreases in net assets without donor restrictions. Gains or losses on other assets or liabilities are reported as increases or decreases in net assets without donor restrictions unless their use is restricted by explicit donor stipulation or law. Net assets and revenue, expenses, gains, and losses are classified based on the existence, or absence, of donor-imposed restrictions. Accordingly, net assets and changes therein are classified and reported as follows: Net Assets without Donor Restrictions—Net assets available for use in general operations and not subject to donor (or certain grantor) restrictions. Net Asset with Donor Restrictions—Net assets subject to donor-(or certain grantor-) imposed restrictions. Some donor-imposed restrictions are temporary in nature, such as those that will be met by the passage of time or other events specified by the donor. Other donor-imposed restrictions are perpetual in nature, where the donor stipulates those resources be maintained in perpetuity. Donor imposed restrictions are released when a restriction expires, that is, when the stipulated time has elapsed, when the stipulated purpose for which the resource was restricted has been fulfilled, or both. The Organization reports contributions restricted by donors as increases in net assets without donor restrictions if the restrictions expire (that is, when a stipulated time restriction ends or purpose restriction is accomplished) in the reporting period in which the revenue is recognized. All other donor-restricted contributions are reported as increases in net assets with donor restrictions, 2. SIGNIFICANT ACCOUNTING POLICIES (continued) Basis of Presentation (continued): depending on the nature of the restrictions. When a restriction expires, net assets with donor restrictions are reclassified to net assets without donor restrictions and reported in the Statement of Activities and Changes in Net Assets as net assets released from restrictions. Use of Estimates: The preparation of Financial Statements in conformity with U.S. GAAP requires management to make estimates and assumptions that affect the reported amounts of assets and liabilities and disclosure of contingent assets and liabilities at the date of the Financial Statements and the reported amounts of revenues and expenses during the reporting period. Actual results could differ from those estimates. Cash and Cash Equivalents: Cash and cash equivalents consist primarily of cash on deposit and highly liquid financial instruments that are readily convertible into cash and purchased with original maturities of three months or less. Fair Value of Financial Instruments: Unless otherwise indicated, the fair values of all reported assets and liabilities approximate the carrying values of such amounts. Foreign Currency Translation: Foreign assets and liabilities denominated in foreign currencies are translated into U.S dollars, the reporting currency at exchange rates in effect at the Statement of Financial Position date, and revenue and expenses are translated at rates, which approximate those in effect on transaction dates. Net translation gains and losses are included as foreign exchange gain or loss in the Statement of Activities and Changes in Net Assets. Inventories: Inventories, consisting primarily of designer jewelry, accessories, and food pantry items are valued at the lower of cost or net realizable value, determined by the first-in, first out (FIFO) method. Net realizable value is the estimated selling price net of selling costs. Inventories are held for auction sales and/or held for distribution to needy communities (food pantry items). Funds Held with Custodial Agent: Funds held with custodial agent represent cash transferred to bank accounts that are held by an intermediary prior to funds being transferred to the foreign agent organization’s bank account to carry out the various projects in Iran. The accounts are assets of the Organization until such time the funds are sent to the foreign agent organization. 2. SIGNIFICANT ACCOUNTING POLICIES (continued) Property and Equipment: All acquisition of property and equipment more than $1,000 and all expenditures for repair and maintenance, renewals, and betterments that materially prolong the useful lives of assets are capitalized. Property and equipment are stated at cost or, if donated at the approximate fair market value at the time of the date of donation. Depreciation is computed using the straight-line method over the estimated useful lives of the property and equipment of three to five years. Income Taxes: The Organization is exempt from income taxes under the provisions of Internal Revenue Code Section 501(c)(3) and under Section 23701(d) of the California Revenue and Taxation Code. The Organization has been determined by the Internal Revenue Service (IRS) not to be a private foundation within the meaning of Section 509(a) of the Internal Revenue Code and is annually required to file annual federal and state informational returns. To the extent the Organization carries out investment or other activities that are subject to the unrelated business activities, it is subject to federal and state income taxation. There were no such unrelated business activities for the year ended December 31, 2023. The Organization evaluates tax positions taken and recognizes a tax liability if the Organization has taken an uncertain position that more likely than not would not be sustained upon examination by the applicable tax authority. The Organization has reviewed its tax positions for its open tax year and believes that it has appropriate support for the tax positions taken. Therefore, no liability has been recorded. Revenue Recognition: Contributions are recognized as revenue when cash, securities, or unconditional promises to give notifications have been received. Conditional promises to give, that is, those with a measurable performance or other barrier and a right of return, are not recognized until the conditions on which they depend have been met. Any funds received in advance of the conditions being met are accounted for as refundable advances. Contributions received are recorded as with or without donor restrictions depending on the existence and/or nature of any donor-imposed restrictions. Non-cash donations are recorded at the fair value of the gift at the date of the donation. Contributions are recorded at net realizable value if expected to be collected in one year and at fair value using present value techniques if expected to be collected in more than one year. Revenue from exchange transactions: In accordance with Accounting Standards Codification (ASC) 606, the Organization recognizes revenue upon the transfer of goods or services to a customer at an amount that reflects the expected consideration to be received in exchange for those goods or services. The principles in ASC 606 are applied using the following five steps: (i) identify the contract with a customer; (ii) identify the performance obligation(s) in the contract; (iii) determine the transaction price; (iv) allocate the transaction price to the performance obligation(s) in the contract; and (v) recognize 2. SIGNIFICANT ACCOUNTING POLICIES (continued) Revenue Recognition (continued): revenue when (or as) the Organization satisfies its performance obligation(s). The Organization recognizes revenue when control of the promised goods or services are transferred to outside parties in an amount that reflects the consideration. The Organization records the following exchange transaction revenues in its Statement of Activities and Changes in Net Assets for the year ended December 31, 2023. Special event revenue - Contributions may be solicited by special events such as fundraising galas or by “sales” of items. Special event revenue represents ticket sales for the Organization’s fundraising galas, with major galas being held in the spring and fall of the year. The Organization also has several smaller fundraising events throughout the year. Ticket sales are recognized as revenue in the period the event occurs although sponsorship, which includes attendance, is considered a pledge when received with no right of return. The Organization conducts special events in which a portion of the gross proceeds paid by the participant at the event represents payment for the direct cost of the benefits received by the participant at the event, the exchange component, and a portion represents a contribution to the Organization. Unless a verifiable objective means exists to demonstrate otherwise, the fair value of meals and entertainment provided at special events is measured at the actual cost to the Organization. The contribution component is the excess of the gross proceeds over the fair value of the direct donor benefit. The performance obligation is the delivery of the event. The event fee is set by the Organization. Special events revenues and expense were as follow for the year ended December 31, 2023: \| Special event revenue: \| \| \|---------------------------------\|-------\| \| Contributions \| $775,834 \| \| Ticket Sales \| 147,026 \| \| Auction and Other Sales \| 20,316 \| \| Total special events revenue \| 943,176 \| \| Less: Costs of direct benefit to donors \| (281,072) \| \| Total special event revenue, net \| $662,104 \| Total fundraising expenses for the year ended December 31, 2023, was $494,940. Donated Services and In-Kind Contributions: The fair value of donated services is to be recognized as a contribution on the Statement of Activities and Changes in Net Assets if either the services create or enhance non-financial assets or require specialized skills performed by people with those skills and would otherwise be purchased by the Organization. Donated goods are recognized as contributions on the Statement of Activities and Changes in Net Assets at the fair market value of the goods at the time of the contribution. Once the goods are contributed to subrecipients or sold at special events auctions, a contribution or expenditure is recorded as such on the Statement of Activities and Changes in Net Assets. 2. SIGNIFICANT ACCOUNTING POLICIES (continued) Revenue Recognition (continued): The Organization also receives in-kind contributions of below market rate leases. The difference between the market rate and the monthly rental rate over the life of the lease are recorded as an in-kind contribution in the year of the lease inception. See note 11 for further information on lease commitments. Grants: Unconditional grants are recognized when approved by the Board of Directors. Grants payable represent all unconditional grants that have been authorized prior to year-end but remain unpaid as of the Statement of Financial Position date. Grants scheduled for payment in more than one year are discounted to the expected value of future payments. The Organization did not have any unpaid grants as of December 31, 2023. Conditional grants are expensed and considered payable in the period the conditions are substantially satisfied. As of December 31, 2023, the Organization did not have any outstanding conditional grants that have not been recognized as the conditions have not been met. Leases: When management enters new contractual arrangements, the terms of each contract are analyzed to determine if the contract meets the definition of a lease or, alternatively, contains terms that are the equivalent of a lease agreement that requires separate accounting for the lease and nonlease components of the contract. Operating leases are presented under the captions operating lease right of use (ROU) assets and operating lease liabilities on the Statement of Financial position. ROU assets represent the intangible right to use an underlying asset for the lease term and lease liabilities represent the Organization’s obligation to make lease payments arising from the lease. Operating lease ROU assets and liabilities are recognized at lease commencement date based on the present value of lease payment over the lease term. As the Organization’s leases do not provide an implicit rate, management has elected to use an adjustable rate of LIBOR (1 or 3 month) +3% for its leases based on the information available at commencement date in determining the present value of lease payments. The lease terms may include options to extend or terminate the lease. Such options are not included in computing the lease term when, in management’s judgement, it is not reasonably certain that the Organization will exercise an option to extend the lease or decline to terminate the lease. Operating lease expense is recognized on a straight-line basis over the remaining lease term. The Organization’s lease agreements do not contain any material residual value guarantees or material restrictive covenants. The Organization has lease agreements that include both lease and non-lease components, which are generally accounted for separately. For office space leases, the Organization has elected to account for the lease and non-lease components as a single lease component. For arrangements 2. SIGNIFICANT ACCOUNTING POLICIES (continued) Leases: (continued) accounted for as a single lease component, there may be variability in future lease payments as the amount of the non-lease components typically vary between periods. These variable lease payments, which are primarily comprised of common area maintenance, and utilities that are passed on from the lessor in proportion to the space leased (CAM), are recognized in operating expenses in the period in which the obligation for those payments is incurred. The Organization is also typically responsible, under the terms of its real estate operating leases, for reimbursing its proportionate share of certain costs of the lessor including real estate taxes and the lessor’s insurance premium. Functional Allocation of Expenses: The costs of providing programs and other activities have been summarized on a functional basis in the Statement of Activities and Changes in Net Assets. The Statement of Functional Expenses presents the natural classification detail of expenses by function. Accordingly, certain costs have been allocated among the programs and supporting services benefited. Expenses that are direct costs of a single program are charged directly to the program. Certain types of expenses including payroll expenses, professional fees and contract services, and travel and meetings are allocated to multiple programs based on estimates of time and effort determined by management. Advertising: The Organization uses advertising to promote its programs and special events among the audiences it serves. The costs are expensed as incurred. Total advertising expense for the year ended December 31, 2023, was $26,853. 3. LIQUIDITY AND AVAILABILITY OF RESOURCES Financial assets available within one year of the Statement of Financial Position date for general expenditure are as follows: \| Description \| Amount \| \|--------------------------------------------\|--------------\| \| Cash and cash equivalents \| $1,151,363 \| \| Contribution receivables \| 247,310 \| \| Funds held with custodial agents \| 379,788 \| \| Total financial assets at December 31, 2023 \| 1,778,461 \| \| Less: \| \| \| Amounts unavailable for general operating support within one year due to donors-imposed purposes (Note 9) \| 1,299,698 \| \| Total available financial assets \| $478,763 \| 3. LIQUIDITY AND AVAILABILITY OF RESOURCES (continued) The Organization endeavors to structure its financial assets to be available and liquid as its general expenditures, liabilities, and other obligations come due. The Organization receives significant contributions restricted by donors and considers contributions restricted for programs, which are ongoing, major, and central to its annual operations to be available to meet cash needs for general expenditures. The Organization regularly monitors the availability of resources required to meet its operating needs and other contractual commitments. In addition to financial assets available to meet general expenditures over the next 12 months, the Organization operates with a balanced budget, anticipated collecting sufficient revenue to cover general expenditures not covered by donor restricted resources and has a line of credit of $250,000 (Note 7) to draw upon to meet short-term cash needs. 4. CONCENTRATIONS OF CREDIT RISK The Organization maintains its cash and cash equivalents in bank-deposit accounts which, at times, regularly exceed the federally insured limit of $250,000. Any loss incurred or lack of access to such funds could have a significant adverse impact on the Organization’s financial condition, results of operations, and cash flows. The uninsured balances totaled approximately $542,000 on December 31, 2023. The deposits at these financial institutions bear the credit risk associated with institutions. The Organization has not experienced any losses in such accounts, and management believes it is not exposed to any significant credit risk on cash and cash equivalents. Approximately 58% of the Organization’s contributions for 2023 came from two donors. 5. CONTRIBUTION RECEIVABLES Receivables consist of the following on December 31, 2023: \| Description \| Amount \| \|--------------------------------------------------\|------------\| \| Contribution receivables-without donor restrictions \| $122,593 \| \| Contribution receivables-with donor restrictions \| 124,717 \| \| Total contribution receivables \| $247,310 \| Contributions receivable without donor restrictions consist primarily of outstanding pledges and undeposited funds which are payments held with third party processors for contributions received by the processor but not yet deposited to the Organization’s bank account until after year end. As of December 31, 2023, the receivables are expected to be paid in the following year and were considered fully collectible; therefore, no allowance or discount was deemed necessary. 6. PROPERTY AND EQUIPMENT Property and equipment consist of the following at December 31, 2023: \| Description \| Amount \| \|---------------------------\|------------\| \| Furniture and equipment \| $36,694 \| \| Vehicles \| 40,471 \| \| Less: accumulated depreciation \| (37,333) \| \| Total \| $39,832\| Total depreciation expense for the year ended December 31, 2023, was $11,535. 7. LOANS PAYABLE The Organization entered into a line of credit (LOC) agreement under a master revolving note with a bank on August 4, 2017. The LOC agreement was renewed on August 3, 2022 with no expiration. The note has a maximum draw amount of $250,000 with principal due on demand by the bank at any time. The bank is not under obligation to make any advances under this note at any given time. The note carries various covenants that the Organization is required to meet, of which includes that the Organization provide tax returns within 10 days after the end of each filing due date and an annual copy of OFAC license each year, not later than October 15. The Organization is in compliance with these covenants. Advances are subject to a floating annual interest rate that changes based upon various indexes. As of December 31, 2023, the Organization did not carry a balance owed on this LOC. 8. FUNDS DUE TO FOREIGN AGENT ORGANIZATIONS The Organization supports relief programs through grants and funding to other organizations. As of December 31, 2023, the Organization had $485,626 of funds payable to their alliance with the Iran organization (See Note 10) of which milestones were achieved before year end and are payable to the foreign agent organization in accordance with the agreement. All amounts were paid to the agent subsequent to year end. 9. NET ASSETS Certain donated funds are restricted to specific country and project usage. Net assets were released from donor restrictions by incurring expenses satisfying the donor restricted purpose. For the year ended December 31, 2023, the following table summarizes the purpose for which net assets with donor restrictions are available and the related additions and releases. \| Subject to expenditure for specified purpose: \| Beginning ___of Year \| Additions \| Released \| End of Year \| \|---------------------------------------------\|----------------------\|-----------\|----------\|-------------\| \| Basic Provisions \| $2,320 \| $197,215 \| $(125,744) \| $73,791 \| \| Disaster Relief \| 460,036 \| 196,904 \| (318,225) \| 338,715 \| \| Education \| 192,477 \| 1,125,737 \| (1,318,214) \| - \| \| Food \| 368,618 \| 438,506 \| (228,825) \| 578,299 \| \| Health Care \| 90,129 \| 555,409 \| (639,739) \| 5,799 \| \| Orphan Care \| 122,659 \| 351,440 \| (404,360) \| 69,739 \| \| Contribution receivable- office lease \| 258,116 \| 7,405 \| (32,166) \| 233,355 \| Total \| $1,494,355 \| $2,872,616 \| $(3,067,273) \| $1,299,698 \| 10. DOMESTIC AND FOREIGN OPERATION CONDUCTED THROUGH OTHER ENTITIES The Organization gives grants, donations, and other funds to various organizations (other entities) that operate in foreign countries and the United States. During 2023, the countries/geographical regions these organizations operated in were Middle East (Iran, Gaza Strip), Africa (Senegal), Asia (Philippines, Cambodia, Syria), and North America (the United States). Organizations (local non-government organizations) operating in Iran, Cambodia, and Philippines are not registered exempt entities with the U.S. Internal Revenue Service. Operating in multiple foreign locations, with different languages and business customs, through agency organizations makes for a challenging internal control environment. The Organization monitors the agency organizations and their operations with internal staff and volunteers. The Organization generally enters into written agreements with these other entities called “Grant Agreements”, “Memorandums of Understanding”, and “Agency Agreements”. These agreements generally lay out the Organization’s objectives in the applicable country and how the other entity is to spend funds the Organization provides as well as reporting obligations. However, in Senegal, the Organization runs its own operations. The Organization ceased its operations through an agent in Cambodia in the fourth quarter of 2023. 10. DOMESTIC AND FOREIGN OPERATION CONDUCTED THROUGH OTHER ENTITIES (continued) The agreements are, in essence, agency agreements that the foreign and domestic entities will act as the Organization’s agent in administering the grants awarded in their region of operation. Generally, all agencies have agreements with the Organization. Below are funds granted by region/location: \| Region/Location \| Amount \| \|----------------------------------\|------------\| \| Iran \| $3,129,773 \| \| United States \| 378,049 \| \| Senegal \| 131,166 \| \| Cambodia \| 110,053 \| \| Gaza Strip \| 15,000 \| \| Philippines \| 13,200 \| \| Turkey/Syria Earthquake \| 5,000 \| \| Total \| $3,782,241 \| 11. COMMITMENTS AND CONTINGENCIES Foreign Operations: The Organization gives grants, donations, and other funds to various other agent organizations that operate in foreign countries. Some of these entities are non-profit charitable organizations/NGOs registered under the laws of their country jurisdictions and operating as such locally but are not registered exempt entities within the U.S. Internal Revenue Service. Monitoring the use of these grants and other donations in foreign countries is challenging due to distance, remote locations, local languages, government regulations, and currency transactions. The Organization believes it has taken the necessary steps to comply with the applicable regulatory and exemption requirements. The Organization has a license from the Office of Foreign Assets Control of the US Treasury Department (OFAC) to conduct charitable activities in Iran through November 30, 2024. The Organization has applied to OFAC for the renewal of its current license in March 2024. At the issuance date of these financial statements, the renewal license has not been received. In January 2022, the Organization was given permission by the Ministry of the Interior of Senegal to create/act as an authorized foreign association in Senegal to carry out the Organization’s mission to respond to the basic needs of children and orphanages in Senegal. 11. COMMITMENTS AND CONTINGENCIES (continued) Foreign Operations (continued): The Organization’s board of directors have made commitments, contingent upon availability of funds, to donate approximately $4,666,897 to ongoing charitable operations and new projects during 2024. The details of these commitments are contained in the Organization’s 2024 budget as detailed below: \| Region/Location \| Board Designated Commitments \| \|------------------------------------------------------\|------------------------------\| \| Iran \| $4,099,897 \| \| United States \| 460,000 \| \| Senegal \| 57,000 \| \| Philippines \| 25,000 \| \| Gaza Strip and/or Afghanistan Disaster Relief \| 25,000 \| \| Total \| $4,666,897 \| Lease Commitments: The Organization leases office space in Burlingame, California, under a non-cancelable operating lease that expires in February 2031. The lease agreement calls for escalating rent increases. At the lease inception, the rental rate per the lease agreement was determined to be at below market rates and therefore, the difference between the monthly rental rate and the market rate over the term of the lease was present valued using a discount rate of 3% and recorded as an in-kind contribution in the year ended December 31, 2022. The original contribution was recorded as donor restricted. As the time restrictions are met, an amount is reclassified on the Statement of Activities and Changes in Net Assets as net assets released from restriction (See note 9). The contribution receivable related to the lease was $233,355 at December 31, 2023 and is expected to be collected through use of office space as follows: \| Timeframe \| Amount \| \|--------------------------\|------------\| \| Within one year \| $33,132 \| \| In one to five years \| 177,978 \| \| Thereafter \| 49,489 \| \| Total \| 260,599 \| \| Less unamortized discount\| (27,244) \| \| Total contribution receivable-office lease \| $233,355 \| 11. COMMITMENTS AND CONTINGENCIES (continued) Lease Commitments (continued): The Organization also leases a warehouse. This lease would have expired in October 2024. The lessor, however, agreed to an early termination of the lease in June 2024. Adjustments to the right of use liability and right of use asset for this early termination were deemed immaterial for financial statement adjustment. For the year ended December 31, 2023; the components of lease expense included on the Statement of Functional Expenses were as follows: \| Component \| Amount \| \|----------------------------------\|------------\| \| Operating fixed lease expense \| $54,150 \| \| In-kind lease expense \| 32,617 \| \| Variable rent expense \| 500 \| \| Total lease expense \| $87,267 \| Other information related to leases for the year ended December 31, 2023 was as follows: \| Information \| Amount \| \|------------------------------------\|------------\| \| Weighted average remaining lease term \| \| \| Operating leases \| 5.55 years \| \| Weighted average discount rate \| \| \| Operating leases \| 3.78% \| Future minimum lease payments under non-cancellable operating leases as of December 31, 2023, were as follows: \| Year \| Amount \| \|--------\|------------\| \| 2024 \| $49,088 \| \| 2025 \| $22,751 \| \| 2026 \| $23,433 \| \| 2027 \| $24,136 \| \| 2028 \| $24,860 \| \| Thereafter \| $56,572 \| Total future minimum lease payment: $200,840 Less: discount to present value: $(18,888) Total operating lease liabilities: $181,951 11. COMMITMENTS AND CONTINGENCIES (continued) Lease Commitments (continued): Subsequent to year end, the Organization received a contribution of a 5,000 square foot warehouse lease in San Francisco. The two-year lease is at no cost to the Organization and has been recorded as an in-kind donation at the current market value as determined by comparable market rates to similar properties in the same area. 12. CONTRIBUTIONS OF IN-KIND SERVICES AND DONATIONS The Organization received the following contributions of nonfinancial assets for the year ended December 31, 2023: \| Contribution \| Amount \| \|-------------------------------------\|----------\| \| Volunteer Meals \| $1,888 \| \| Printed Materials \| 100 \| \| Food Inventories \| 23,142 \| \| Auction Items \| 54,302 \| \| In Kind Rent \| 7,405 \| \| Total \| $86,837 \| Volunteer meals are donated for volunteer work events by local restaurants and suppliers and are valued at the cost the Organization would pay to provide the meals at the current market value. Donated food inventories are utilized to carry out the Organization’s hunger relief program and were restricted by the donor to be used for this purpose. The value of the food inventories is based on the current average price located on a publicly available website for similar items. Auction items are valued at the fair market value determined by the donor and to maximize fundraising potential. They are adjusted to the actual sales price at the time of sale. In-kind rent is the amortization of the discount on the receivable of below market rent donated for an office lease. See Note 11. 13. RELATED PARTY TRANSACTIONS Amounts received from board members, including both gifts and tickets to fundraising events, totaled $26,075 for the year ended December 31, 2023. Moms Against Poverty received an in-kind donation of jewelry and other goods valued at $50,970 from ShopatMAP, a non-profit organization. Moms Against Poverty and ShopatMap share two common board members. Management has determined that this common leadership does not represent a controlling interest in the related organization. 13. RELATED PARTY TRANSACTIONS (continued) Additionally, Moms Against Poverty received $12,600 in donations from Child International, a non-profit organization, for the year ended December 31, 2023. Moms Against Poverty and Child International share a common board member. Management has determined that this common leadership does not represent a controlling interest in the related organization. 14. SUBSEQUENT EVENTS Management has reviewed subsequent events and transactions that occurred after the Statement of Financial Position date through the date the Financial Statements were available to be issued. Except for a warehouse lease contribution (see note 11), management has determined that there are no unrecognized subsequent events that require additional disclosure.	aa8bfa0b-f9b8-40c7-922f-0dddb4482e64	HuggingFaceFW/finepdfs/tree/main/data/eng_Latn/train	finepdfs	eng_Latn	48,375
Revista murală Aisberg Consiliul Judeţean Braşov Itinerariul metafizic Ana-Maria Susan Un drum mereu absent îl face pe fiul risipitor să caute dorul de ducă Itinerariul metafizic E absent… Fiul risipitor sau dorul de ducă.. Drumul nu e niciodată drept sau ascuns ci mereu rotund. În(-)totdeauna te întorci regăsindu-te Căci nu te-ai pierdut decât atunci când sperai să întârzii fără motiv. Ce idee ciudată… poate eu… un semi-nemărginit decupaj al veşniciei, m-am pierdut, în pata de culoare a tăcerii. Şi ce dacă? Albastrul cercului, albastrul casei mele se prelinge, eu mă renasc în satul de odată. Ating copacii şi simt măduva iubirii lor cum strigă: „îţi mai aduci aminte ziua când ai luat soarele şi mi l-ai pus în suflet?". Eu nu tac, doar drumul tace între două ploi. Culorile ies din curcub(l)eu, iar eu mă fac albastru în(-)finit. Sparg valurile doar uitând de nori, e atât de bine atunci când suntem noi. Vol.IV Nr. /2012. Serie nou 4 ă. Revistă murală. Număr special: închiderea gasteropodică Blaga, – ISSN 1584-2045 Pagina 15 (Bastionul Graft): Traseul de lectură: Jorge Luiz Antonio, Poezia vizuală a lui Daniels David Daniels, 1933	<urn:uuid:cd0e8f1d-c7ad-43af-be62-77d0048e95d1>	HuggingFaceFW/finepdfs/tree/main/data/ron_Latn/train	finepdfs	ron_Latn	1,161
Howden Uptime Smart connectivity for optimization on demand Howden Uptime is a unique and innovative platform for gathering, interpreting and analysing data. This digital platform seamlessly integrates data related to the performance of your rotating equipment. Our systems are designed to gather a wealth of data regarding your rotating equipment. All this data is critical to understanding the behaviour of the products in your process. Through a partnership with Microsoft we have developed a solution which securely manages this data in the cloud, where it is processed using powerful analytics tools and monitored by Howden engineers. What sets Howden applications apart from the rest is that we have used our 160 years of engineering expertise to develop a solution to bring the essential information and advice to your attention. Driving customer advantage from data The system combines active inputs, such as temperatures, pressures and vibration, with reference parameters from manuals, specifications and maintenance reports. When the data is analysed, it provides a unique foundation for maintaining and enhancing operational excellence. System features include: Online monitoring and condition analysis Modern machine learning algorithms powered by world leading IoT platform – ThingWorx – to enable predictive maintenance Real time prognosis and solutions Insight into maintenance planning and scoping Anomaly and wear pattern detection Augmented reality experiences of the rotating equipment displayed on mobile devices and smart eyewear Prescriptive decision making enabling the performance optimization of your equipment How Howden Uptime performance optimization works If your rotating equipment is not already equipped with sensors, the Howden engineers will install a sensors suite and communications modules without any modifications to the existing plant infrastructure. No interfaces or any other site systems are needed, in fact the only requirement is a power supply. The system is suitable for installation in Zone 2 hazardous areas. The data gathered by Howden Uptime is continuously relayed to Howden in-house experts for analysis. As an equipment manufacturer with over 160 years' experience, we can translate the data to provide valuable advice and recommendations for action, transforming your operations into informed decision making to optimize the performance of your equipment and reduce your total cost of ownership. The digital twin The digital twin is at the centre of Howden Uptime. Using physics data on how your equipment operates and responds to the environment, as well as data provided by the sensors fitted in the real world, the digital twin is used to analyse and simulate real world conditions, including how it responds to changes, and how you can improve your operations. The digital twin gives you a safe environment to make changes and quickly analyse the short and long term impact that they would have, prior to actually implementing in real life. Major benefits of using Howden Uptime: Powered by the world leading IoT platform ThingWorx and hosted securely by Microsoft cloud solutions Providing a unified view of the equipment health, anytime and anywhere Implementing maintenance strategy tools to help our customers understand efficient and reliable equipment operation, while reducing operational costs and risks Direct personal connections with Howden OEM specialists Getting ahead of failure and unifying operations through data intelligence and visibility Instant access to the asset documentation including drawings, 3D models, parts lists, inspection records and other historical data The right data for your operation, not all data Why Howden Uptime is right for you You should consider our unique digital solution if your Howden rotating equipment operates as critical asset and its continuous operation is an essential KPI for the overall plant performance. This will enable you to plan maintenance around such critical assets in the least disruptive way, that is synchronised with the overall maintenance cycle of the plant. Having equipment operation strategies powered by the "clairvoyance" of predictive maintenance is the solution to optimizing your operations. We recognise that condition monitoring and Big Data are no longer sufficient and through our OEM expertise, we are enabling smart connected products in your plant and focus on the right data for your operations, to deliver a truly unique digital platform for performance optimization. Expert guidance close at hand Asset documentation Predictive maintenance and informed decision making on equipment performance Securely manage your asset data in the cloud Unified view of asset health Ai powered machine learning and smart analytics Digital twin Direct link to Howden experts Anomaly detection AR HoloLens capability OEM differentiated digital solution that delivers optimized equipment and plant performance Measure Improve Howden Uptime provides the means to comprehensively monitor the performance of your rotating equipment using data from the sensors. It is designed for effortless installation anywhere. We selected standard packages of sensors to provide core data-gathering for critical measurements. Sensors are positioned based on machine type and process and we can recommend equipment specific sensor suites. Where the rotating equipment already benefits from existing sensors and controls, our solution is able to read historical data and connect seamlessly to existing sensing technologies. Analyse Data from the sensors is assessed, in conjunction with the information contained in maintenance reports. This enables us to produce an accurate assessment of the condition of the rotating equipment and provides a detailed and reliable basis on which to make decisions about the timing and scope of inspections and maintenance. By connecting the operating data to the real-time performance and using our in-depth knowledge of compressor technology we create an accurate digital model of its future characteristics. This forms an invaluable guide to predicting the optimum moment for replacing parts, thus improving uptime. Digital calculations also enable the performance mapping of the equipment and corrective actions to bring its operation around the best efficiency point. The value of Howden Uptime far exceeds the data and analysis that it accumulates. It gives you access, via the secure portal, to the most recently updated asset documentation, and to technological developments that will improve the reliability and availability of your equipment. As experts in fan and compressor technology and the original manufacturers of the equipment, we will also use the data to advise on potential improvements to your installation. Revamps and overhauls can thus be planned at the best possible time. This offers an extremely cost-effective way of raising performance and production time to the highest levels. Real-time solutions The online system displays the live status of your asset so that you get a real-time view of critical data for your machine. Sensors are placed at various points in the machine and we will guide you as to where would be the best places. Where ever you are able to access the internet, you will be able to access the real time sensor data and the status of your machine. You can get the master overview of your asset, and then drill down into individual components where more specific sensor data will be displayed. Data is shown live, so you will get the performance data presented as the machine runs. Monitor pressure, temperature, level and vibration changes as they happen. Trend analysis Along with documentation and a real time view of your machine, Howden Uptime also provides operational data over time. This allows you to monitor trends in the performance of the machine and therefore spot potential problems and take action before they become issues. At the heart of your operations Howden people live to improve our products and services and for over 160 years our world has revolved around our customers. This dedication means our air and gas handling equipment adds maximum value to your operations. We have innovation in our hearts and every day we focus on providing you with the best solutions for your vital operations.	<urn:uuid:9303ca17-9c10-4312-aec0-84ffa4798d2c>	HuggingFaceFW/finepdfs/tree/main/data/eng_Latn/train	finepdfs	eng_Latn	8,371
Orthopedagogisch kindcentrum De Elzenggaard Jaargids 2024-2025 \| 1 \| 2 \| 3 \| 4 \| 5 \| 6 \| 7 \| 8 \| 9 \| 10 \| \|---\|---\|---\|---\|---\|---\|---\|---\|---\|----\| \| 11\| 12\| 13\| 14\| 15\| 16\| 17\| 18\| 19\| 20 \| \| 21\| 22\| 23\| 24\| 25\| 26\| 27\| 28\| 29\| 30 \| \| 31\| 32\| 33\| 34\| 35\| 36\| 37\| 38\| 39\| 40 \| \| 41\| 42\| 43\| 44\| 45\| 46\| 47\| 48\| 49\| 50 \| \| 51\| 52\| 53\| 54\| 55\| 56\| 57\| 58\| 59\| 60 \| \| 61\| 62\| 63\| 64\| 65\| 66\| 67\| 68\| 69\| 70 \| \| 71\| 72\| 73\| 74\| 75\| 76\| 77\| 78\| 79\| 80 \| \| 81\| 82\| 83\| 84\| 85\| 86\| 87\| 88\| 89\| 90 \| \| 91\| 92\| 93\| 94\| 95\| 96\| 97\| 98\| 99\| 100\| Beste ouders, In dit informatieboekje vindt u handige informatie, belangrijke data en telefoonnummers en interessante weetjes. We hopen u hiermee te helpen! Heeft u na het lezen van dit boekje nog vragen? Stel ze gerust! Alle begeleiders zijn bereid ze te beantwoorden. Team orthopedagogisch kindcentrum De Elzengaard # Inhoud 1. Algemene informatie 6 - 1.1. Wat biedt De Elzengaard 6 - 1.2. De begeleiding 6 - 1.3. Het zorgplan 7 2. Locaties van De Elzengaard 8 3. Klankbordgroep ouders 9 4. Klachtenregeling 11 5. Praktische informatie 12 - 5.1. Telefonische bereikbaarheid 12 - 5.2. Eet- en drinkmomenten 12 - 5.3. Aan-/afwezigheid gedurende vakantieperiodes 14 - 5.4. Afwezigheid om andere redenen 15 - 5.5. Afwezigheid door ziekte 15 - 5.6. Doorgeven van (kinder)ziekten 16 - 5.7. Beleid bij zieke kinderen 16 - 5.8. Beleid bij een ongeval 16 6. Vakanties en sluitingsdagen 2024-2025 18 - 6.1. Activiteitenrooster 18 7. Breng- en haaltijden 19 8. Contactmomenten 20 8.1. Dagelijkse communicatie 20 8.2. Telefonisch contact 20 8.3. Persoonlijk gesprek 20 8.4. Meedraaien op de groep 21 8.5. Verjaardag van je kind 21 8.6. Ouderhulp 22 9. Aanvullende diensten 23 9.1. Cello Kind, Gezin & Jeugd: meer dan gespecialiseerde dagopvang! 23 9.2. Pedagogische gezinsondersteuning 23 9.3. Kortverblijf opvang 24 9.4. Wonen 24 9.5. Begeleiding bij integratie in reguliere kinderopvang en onderwijs 24 9.6. Zorg in de klas 24 10. Nuttige adressen en links 26 1. Algemene Informatie 1.1. Wat biedt De Elzengaard? De Elzengaard is een orthopedagogisch kindcentrum voor kinderen met een ontwikkelingsachterstand, verstandelijke en/of meervoudige beperking. Het kindcentrum biedt kinderen optimale kansen om zich te ontwikkelen. We volgen het ritme en tempo van uw kind. We kijken per moment wat nodig is om uw kind zich goed te laten voelen en te kunnen ontwikkelen. We slagen daarin nog beter als we goed met u samenwerken. 1.2. De begeleiding De dagelijkse ondersteuning van de kinderen is in handen van deskundige en professionele begeleiders. Daarnaast zijn een logopedist, kinderfysiotherapeut, ergotherapeut, spelbegeleider en een gedragskundige aan De Elzengaard verbonden. Zij werken nauw samen met alle groepen. In ons kindcentrum doorlopen ook stagiairs een kortere of langere stage. - Uw kind krijgt een persoonlijk begeleider. - Deze begeleider is uw eerste aanspreekpunt bij vragen. 1.3. Het zorgplan Samen met de begeleiders, therapeuten en andere betrokkenen bespreekt u wat u belangrijk vindt voor de ontwikkeling van uw kind. We spreken af aan welke ontwikkeldoelen we gaan werken. Die afspraken leggen we vast in een zorgplan. Elk jaar bespreken we het plan en de doelen. Waar nodig stellen we bij. 2. Locaties van De Elzengaard De Elzengaard heeft verschillende locaties De locaties Groote Wielen in Rosmalen, Wilgenbroek in Boxtel en De Meerlaer in Rosmalen maken deel uit van een brede school. Op de verschillende locaties bekijken we steeds hoe we met elkaar kunnen verbinden. Zo kunnen we samen activiteiten ondernemen en feesten vieren. Ook komen kinderen van school helpen op de groep en kinderen van De Elzengaard draaien momenten mee bij de kinderopvang. Samen spelen en van elkaar leren vinden we belangrijk! Één groep van De Elzengaard is gehuisvest in Dagcentrum Eygenweg in 's-Hertogenbosch. Binnen dit dagcentrum bieden we dagbehandeling aan jongeren met een ernstige meervoudige beperking in de puberleeftijd. In deze omgeving kunnen we aandacht geven aan de behoeften van de pubers en hen kennis laten maken met de volwassen dagbesteding. Samen met de deelnemers van Eygenweg ondernemen we regelmatig activiteiten. We stemmen samen met u af in welke groep uw kind het beste past. Omdat uw kind zich ontwikkelt, kan dit betekenen dat na verloop van tijd een overstap naar een andere groep wenselijk is. Als uw kind kan doorstromen naar school, kijkt het Samenwerkingsverband Onderwijs mee naar de juiste vorm van onderwijs. Daarnaast zoeken we in overleg met ouders altijd de samenwerking op met andere organisaties die uw kind en gezin ondersteunen. 3. Klankbordgroep ouders We vinden het belangrijk dat ouders meedenken en advies geven over allerlei onderwerpen! Daarvoor plannen we elke twee maanden een klankbordgroep bijeenkomst. Hebt u zin om hierbij aan te sluiten en mee te denken? Tijdens elke bijeenkomst, of maar eenmalig? Laat u dit dan vooral weten aan begeleiders of de manager. We maken de data ook tijdig via de nieuwsbrief bekend. 10 Jaargids 2024-2025 4. Klachtenregeling Bij Cello streven we naar een zo goed mogelijke kwaliteit van zorg- en dienstverlening. Onze medewerkers geven zoveel mogelijk in overleg met de cliënten en de betrokken ouders/vertegenwoordigers invulling aan die zorg. Toch kan het gebeuren dat u ontevreden bent, een klacht hebt of dat er sprake is van een geschil. We vinden het belangrijk dat u niet blijft rondlopen met uw onvrede. Laat het ons weten, zodat we kunnen werken aan een oplossing. Klachten kunnen vaak een aanzet zijn om tot verbetering te komen van de zorg- en dienstverlening. Wij nemen uw klacht dus altijd serieus. Cello heeft een klachtenregeling waarin duidelijk beschreven staat hoe we met klachten omgaan. En welke mogelijkheden er zijn om uw klacht in te dienen bij de klachtencommissie. Een samenvatting van de klachtenregeling van Cello is verkrijgbaar bij de manager zorg- en dienstverlening van het kindcentrum. Bij een klacht is deze manager uw eerste aanspreekpunt. 5. Praktische informatie 5.1. Telefonische bereikbaarheid De groepsleiding is het best bereikbaar tussen 08.30 en 08.45 uur en tussen 15.30 en 17.00 uur. Telefoonnummers en mailadressen vindt u achterin de jaargids. 5.2. Eet- en drinkmomenten Wij vinden het belangrijk om kinderen gezonde voeding aan te bieden. Daarom krijgen de kinderen bij De Elzengaard: • water (kraanwater) • (vruchten)thee zonder suiker • halfvolle melk of karnemelk 's Middags bieden we kinderen een (gezond) tussendoortje aan, bijvoorbeeld: • maria biscuit • soepstengel • groentesnack Kinderen brengen zelf hun boterhammen en fruit mee. Graag zien we hierbij ook zoveel mogelijk gezonde keuzes. Het is belangrijk dat het eten en drinken op vaste momenten gebeurt. Deze momenten zijn daarom in het groepsprogramma ingepland. Bij de jongere kinderen en kinderen met sondevoeding houden we rekening met hun individuele voedingsschema’s. We eten met elkaar aan tafel. De tafel wordt gedekt, zo mogelijk samen met de kinderen. De pedagogisch medewerkers eten mee aan tafel. Zo hebben ze niet alleen een begeleidende rol, maar geven ze ook het goede voorbeeld in gezonde eetgewoonten. Allergieën of andere individuele afspraken Heeft uw kind allergieën, volgt het een dieet, krijgt het sondevoeding of zijn er andere redenen om af te wijken van het voedingsbeleid, dan is er uiteraard ruimte om individuele afspraken te maken. Deze afspraken leggen we schriftelijk vast. Traktaties en feestjes Af en toe krijgen de kinderen op De Elzengaard snoep of een snack, bijvoorbeeld tijdens vieringen en bij speciale gelegenheden zoals uitstapjes en feestjes. Is uw kind jarig? Dan mag het trakteren. Traktaties mogen feestelijk zijn, maar bij voorkeur in een portiegrootte die past bij de leeftijd. De traktatie vervangt een tussendoortje, maar niet het fruitmoment. 5.3. Aan- en afwezigheid gedurende vakantieperiodes Omdat we weten dat er tijdens schoolvakanties meestal toch wat meer kinderen afwezig zijn, kan het zijn dat het programma dan enigszins aangepast is. We willen er ook dan wel graag voor zorgen dat de groepen goed zijn samengesteld en dat de begeleiding daarop is afgestemd. Daarom vragen we om tijdig (bij voorkeur drie maanden vooraf) aan te geven of uw kind wel of niet aanwezig zal zijn in een vakantieperiode. Omdat wij onze personele planning moeten afstemmen op het aantal kinderen dat komt, kunt u tot een maand voor de vakantie wijzigingen doorgeven! 5.4. Afwezigheid om andere redenen Wij vinden het belangrijk dat uw kind op de afgesproken dagen komt. Als uw kind vaker afwezig is, mist het een deel van de dagbehandeling. Bovendien moeten wij de geboden zorg kunnen verantwoorden aan de gemeenten. In de meeste gevallen financiert de gemeente de zorg. En moeten wij kunnen laten zien dat we de afgesproken zorg ook daadwerkelijk geboden hebben. Daarom doen we een beroep op u om uw kind niet zonder dringende reden thuis te houden. Is thuis blijven echt noodzakelijk, wilt u dit dan tijdig overleggen met de groepsleiding? Dan kunnen we er rekening mee houden. 5.5. Afwezigheid door ziekte Wanneer uw kind ziek is en thuis blijft, wilt u dit dan alvast via de app doorgeven voor 8.30 uur? Groepsleiding weet dit dan meteen bij start van de dag. Daarna kan er altijd nog even telefonisch contact zijn. Als uw kind weer is opgeknapt, meld dit dan even bij de groep. Maakt uw kind gebruik van Vervoersbedrijf Juijn, dan geeft u de ziekmelding zo spoedig mogelijk door. Dit kan telefonisch of online via het reizigersportaal. Voor meer informatie kunt u de brochure vervoer raadplegen. Als uw kind weer beter is, laat dit dan zo snel mogelijk weten aan het vervoersbedrijf, zodat uw kind weer ingepland kan worden. 5.6. Doorgeven van (kinder)ziekten Is uw kind ziek en weet u welke (kinder)ziekte het heeft? Geef dit dan altijd door aan de persoonlijk begeleider. Wij kunnen dan, indien nodig, de juiste maatregelen nemen die zowel voor de kinderen als de begeleiders van De Elzengaard van belang kunnen zijn. - Doen zich buiten de openingsuren van het kindcentrum - noodsituaties voor rond de gezondheid van uw kind? - Neem dan contact op met de bereikbaarheidsdienst van Cello op T +31 88 345 38 00. 5.7. Beleid bij zieke kinderen Zieke kinderen zijn het liefst rustig bij hun ouders thuis. Wordt uw kind ziek op de groep, dan bellen wij u. Bij koorts (vanaf 38,5 graden) vragen we u om uw kind op te komen halen. Wij geven geen paracetamol om de koorts te verlagen en uw kind op De Elzengaard te houden die dag. Koorts heeft namelijk altijd een oorzaak die vaak niet direct aan te tonen is. Wilt u toch dat er een paracetamol gegeven wordt, dan moet dit worden vastgelegd in het zorgplan van uw kind. Heeft uw kind een kinderziekte of is er besmettingsgevaar, dan volgen we de richtlijnen van de GGD. Bij besmettingsgevaar informeren we alle ouders van de desbetreffende groep. 5.8. Beleid bij een ongeval Als er sprake is van een ongeval, zal de groepsleiding eerst handelen en de juiste hulp bieden. Hierna informeren we de ouders zo snel mogelijk. Jaargids 2024-2025 17 6. Vakanties en sluitingsdagen 2024-2025 Sluitingsdagen 2024-2025 \| Informatie volgt later \| Studiedag \| \|------------------------\|-----------\| \| woensdag 25 december 2024 t/m woensdag 1 januari 2025 \| Kerstvakantie \| \| maandag 3 en dinsdag 4 maart 2025 \| Carnaval \| \| maandag 21 april 2025 \| Tweede Paasdag \| \| maandag 5 mei 2025 \| Bevrijdingsdag \| \| donderdag 29 en vrijdag 30 mei 2025 \| Hemelvaart + vrijdag na Hemelvaart \| \| maandag 9 juni 2025 \| Tweede Pinksterdag \| \| Informatie volgt later \| Zomersluiting \| 6.1. Activiteitenrooster Bij De Elzengaard vinden door het jaar heen verschillende bijzondere activiteiten plaats. Elke locatie of groep geeft hier een eigen invulling aan. Omdat dit per groep verschillend is, laten de begeleiders van de groep u weten wanneer de activiteit is en wie daar allemaal bij aanwezig mogen zijn. Het kan gaan om de volgende activiteiten: ouderavond, Sinterklaas, Kerstviering, Carnaval, Paasviering, en eventueel extra activiteiten rondom een thema in het dagprogramma. 7. Breng- en haaltijden Het uitgangspunt is dat ouders hun kind zelf naar De Elzengaard brengen en ook weer zelf ophalen. Bij het wegbrengen en ophalen kunt u kort met de groepsleiding spreken en bijzonderheden doorgeven. Het is ook een mooi moment om te zien hoe uw kind in de groep is en een gelegenheid om andere ouders te ontmoeten. Breng- en haaltijden: brengen : tussen 08.45 - 09.00 uur halen : tussen 15.00 - 15.15 uur (locatie Meerlaer op vrijdag tussen 14.45 -15.00 uur) 8. Contactmomenten 8.1. Dagelijkse communicatie Voor de dagelijkse mededelingen over uw kind gebruiken we bij voorkeur Familienet, de app of e-mail. Ook kunt u zelf inloggen in ‘Caren’, het online cliëntenportaal waarin u als ouder de rapportage van uw kind kunt volgen. Heeft u nog geen inlogcode? Geeft dit dan even bij de groepsleiding aan. Daarnaast ontvangt u door het jaar heen de nieuwsbrief Kleurrijk. Daarin houden we u op de hoogte van de ontwikkelingen binnen De Elzengaard. Bovendien delen we leuke weetjes en momenten. 8.2. Telefonisch contact We verzoeken om gedurende de aanwezigheidsuren van de kinderen zo min mogelijk telefonisch contact op te nemen met de groepsbegeleiding. Zodat zij hun aandacht kunnen richten op de kinderen en de rust en structuur op de groep niet verstoord wordt. In dringende gevallen kunt u natuurlijk de groepsbegeleiding of andere medewerkers, zoals therapeuten, telefonisch bereiken. U kunt ook per e-mail of op de app aangeven als u contact wilt. Dan kiezen we een geschikt tijdstip om terug te bellen. 8.3. Persoonlijk gesprek Wilt u een persoonlijk gesprek met één van de teamleden, dan kunt u hiervoor een afspraak maken. Daarnaast zijn er jaarlijks vastgestelde besprekingen met ouders en alle andere direct betrokkenen van het kind, om het zorgplan te bespreken of te evalueren. 8.4. Meedraaien op de groepen U bent van harte welkom om deel te nemen aan de activiteiten van uw kind. Hierdoor krijgt u beter inzicht in het programma dat uw kind krijgt aangeboden. Voor het maken van een afspraak kunt u contact opnemen met de begeleiders van de groep. 8.5. Verjaardag van uw kind Als uw kind jarig is, kunt u met de groepsbegeleiding een afspraak maken om bij de viering aanwezig te zijn. 8.6. Ouderhulp Wij zijn erg blij met alle hulp bij activiteiten op de groep en/of locatie. Denk bijvoorbeeld aan mee gaan wandelen of ondersteunen bij het zwemmen, voorlezen, muziek maken etc. Wilt u helpen, geef dat dan aan bij de begeleiders. 9. Aanvullende diensten 9.1. Cello Kind, Gezin & Jeugd: meer dan gespecialiseerde dagopvang! Wij vinden het belangrijk dat kinderen zich in hun eigen gezin en omgeving zo gewoon mogelijk kunnen ontwikkelen. Omdat de zorg voor een kind met een ontwikkelingsachterstand of verstandelijke beperking erg intensief kan zijn, biedt Cello behalve de gespecialiseerde ondersteuning bij De Elzengaard nog een aantal andere vormen van ondersteuning aan. 9.2. Pedagogische gezinsondersteuning Met pedagogische ondersteuning ondersteunen we bij de opvoeding: hoe ga je om met je kind en met lastige situaties. Samen bekijken we wat goed gaat, wat niet en welke hulp er nodig is. Het hele gezin wordt erbij betrokken. En het hele gezin heeft er profijt van. Voorbeelden van hulpvragen Een pedagogische gezinsondersteuner kan inspelen op vragen als: - Mijn kind heeft autisme. Hoe kan ik hier het beste mee omgaan? - Mijn kind speelt steeds met hetzelfde speelgoed. Wat kan ik nog meer aanbieden? - Mijn kind heeft veel zorg nodig. Hoe verdeel ik de aandacht met broertjes en zusjes? - Mijn kind luistert niet goed. Wat kan ik hieraan doen? - Mijn kind kan niet alleen spelen en gooit steeds met speelgoed. Hoe ga ik daarmee om? 9.3. Kortverblijf opvang Kortverblijf opvang geeft uw gezin, voor korte of langere duur, een adempauze van de zorg. Zo is weekendopvang of vakantieopvang mogelijk, in kleine groepen. 9.4. Wonen Wanneer de zorg voor uw kind erg ingewikkeld en intensief is, kan het zijn dat de begeleiding van uw kind niet meer (volledig) thuis kan plaatsvinden. Cello heeft verschillende mogelijkheden op het gebied van wonen, variërend van wonen in een beschermde omgeving met allerlei speciale voorzieningen tot wonen in de wijk. 9.5. Begeleiding bij integratie in reguliere kinderopvang en onderwijs Sommige ouders willen hun kind naar een reguliere peuterspeelzaal of kinderopvang laten gaan. Met hulp van Cello is dat vaak mogelijk. Een vaste begeleider kan dan op bepaalde momenten komen helpen en/of de begeleider kan de leidsters van de kinderopvang adviseren hoe ze het beste met uw kind om kunnen gaan. 9.6. Zorg in de Klas Soms hebben kinderen met een verstandelijke beperking of ontwikkelingsachterstand extra begeleiding, verzorging of verpleging nodig om mee te kunnen doen in het onderwijs en daar goed te functioneren. Cello kan ondersteuning op school geven: dat noemen we ‘Zorg in de Klas’. Heeft u vragen over bovenstaande diensten? Dan kunt u contact opnemen met Cello Zorgwijzer, T 088 - 345 11 11 of met Vera van de Ven-Senden, manager zorg- en dienstverlening van het kindcentrum, T 06 - 43 62 07 07 of firstname.lastname@example.org. Jaargids 2024-2025 10. Nuttige adressen en links Orthopedagogisch kindcentrum De Elzengaard Manager zorg- en dienstverlening, Vera van de Ven T 06 - 43 62 07 07, email@example.com Hoofdlocatie Meerlaer St. Jozefstraat 1, 5248 AT Rosmalen, T 088 - 345 25 30 firstname.lastname@example.org groep violet: T 06 - 21 62 58 18, email@example.com groep groen: T 06 - 11 70 15 87, firstname.lastname@example.org groep rood: T 06 - 52 83 35 63, email@example.com groep paars: T 06 - 31 91 63 82, firstname.lastname@example.org groep blauw: T 06 - 43 28 89 60, email@example.com Locatie Groote Wielen Groote Wielenlaan 83, 5247 JA Rosmalen groep geel: T 06 - 29 08 98 15, firstname.lastname@example.org groep roze: T 06 - 13 79 38 57, email@example.com Locatie Eygenweg Van der Eygenweg 1, 5231 PA ‘s-Hertogenbosch groep Lucht: T 06 - 29 49 07 42, firstname.lastname@example.org Locatie Wilgenbroek Doctor de Brouwerlaan 74, 5283 EE Boxtel groep wit: T 06 - 46 09 26 17, email@example.com groep oranje: T 06 - 81 94 80 45, firstname.lastname@example.org Cello Zorgwijzer Postbus 231, 5260 AE Vught / De Ring 14, Vught T 088 - 345 11 11, email@example.com Klachtencommissie Cello t.a.v. de secretaris, Postbus 231, 5260 AE Vught www.schouders.nl (Sch)ouders is een platform van, voor en door ouders van een kind met een lichamelijke- en/of verstandelijke beperking, chronische ziekte en/of ontwikkelingsproblematiek (zorgkinderen). (Sch)ouders richt zich op onderwerpen waar ouders van zorgkinderen mee te maken (kunnen) krijgen op enig moment, ongeacht de soort beperking of aandoening. www.zorgoppas.nl Zorgoppas is speciaal opgericht om vraag en aanbod van ouders met een zorgbehoefend kind en oppaskandidaten bij elkaar te brengen. Zorgoppas werkt samen met ouders, oppaskandidaten, gemeenten en bedrijven. Voor ieder gezin bestaat een geschikte oppas. www.MEE.nl Iedereen wil het liefst een gelukkig en waardevol leven leiden. Een leven waarin je meetelt en meedoet. Dat is niet altijd gemakkelijk. Als je een beperking of chronische ziekte hebt kan het regelen van je dagelijkse leven ingewikkeld zijn. Denk bijvoorbeeld aan het regelen van zorg, geldzaken, opvoeding, een woonplek, dagbesteding, vervoer, werk en onderwijs. Kun je wel een steuntje in je rug gebruiken? Een onafhankelijke cliëntondersteuner van MEE denkt met je mee. Samen vinden jullie een oplossing. De Elzengaard Hoofdlocatie Meerlaer St. Jozefstraat 1, 5248 AT Rosmalen www.cello-zorg.nl	f4d90d92-23a2-470d-99e8-98965414e6bf	HuggingFaceFW/finepdfs/tree/main/data/nld_Latn/train	finepdfs	nld_Latn	19,898
MUNTERMACHER GUT HERMANNSBERG Sekt Blanc de Brut 0,1 l \| 4,50 € - 0,75 l Fl. \| 26,00 € GERMANIA Sekt 0,1 l \| 3,50 € - 0,75 l Fl. \| 20,50 € SCAVI & RAY Prosecco 0,1 l \| 4,00 € - 0,75 l Fl. \| 23,50 € Kir Royal GERMANIA Sekt, Crème de Cassis 0,1 l \| 5,00 € CAMPARI Soda / Orangensaft 4 cl \| 4,00 € MARTINI Bianco / Dry / Rosso 5 cl \| 3,50 € SANDEMANN Sherry medium / dry 5 cl \| 3,50 € APEROL Spritz 0,15 l \| 5,00 € HUGO 0,15 l \| 5,00 € BITTER BEATS BORING Cocktail „Negroni" HENDRICK'S Gin, MARTINI Rosso, CAMPARI 5 cl \| 4,50 € NUR „EIN" GLAS WEIN… GRAUBURGUNDER trocken, Weingut Flick, Rheinhessen, Deutschland Mandeln, leicht nussig, roter Apfel & heimische Früchte sind das Sinnbild für diesen Trinkgenuss Glas 0,2 l \| 4,00 € RIESLING trocken „FRITZFISK", Weingut Dr. Pauly- Bergweiler, Mosel, Deutschland Gelbe Fruchtnoten, grasig, ein kantiger Riesling mit Biss, typischer Moselwein mit angenehmer Säurenote Glas 0,2 l \| 5,50 € - 0,75 l Fl. \| 18,50 € BACCHUS lieblich, Weingut Flick, Rheinhessen, Deutschland Tropische Frucht, Holunder & Muskatblüte in der Nase. Süßes, angenehmes Mundgefühl & eine vitale Säure Glas 0,2 l \| 4,00 € ROTLING halbtrocken „PINKFEIN FÜNF FREUNDE", Weingut Zur Schwane, Franken, Deutschland Kräftige pinke Farbe, saftige Erdbeere am Gaumen & eine erfrischende Fruchtsäure wirken anregend Rebsorten: Bacchus, Domina Glas 0,2 l \| 5,50 € - 0,75 l Fl. \| 19,00 € SPÄTBURGUNDER trocken, Winzergenossenschaft Hügelheim, Baden, Deutschland Schwarzer Pfeffer verleiht ihm leichte Schärfe, unterstützt von Kirsch- und Himbeeraromen Glas 0,2 l \| 4,00 € PRIMITIVO DEL SALENTO trocken, Weingut Gabbia d'Oro, Apulien, Italien Rote Frucht, kraftvoll, dunkel & würzig. Rund & saftig am Gaumen, intensiv- würzig, mit weichen Tanninen Glas 0,2 l \| 5,00 € ASIO OTUS halbtrocken, Kellerei Mondo del Vino, Piemont, Italien Saftiges Bukett von Brombeer- und Himbeerkonfitüre, samtig weich am Gaumen, sensationeller Charakter Rebsorten: Cabernet Sauvignon, Merlot, Syrah Glas 0,2 l \| 6,00 € - 0,75 l Fl. \| 22,00 € CRIANZA trocken „FRATENAL", Bodega Vinispana, Terra Alta, Spanien Ein fruchtig, mineralischer, kräftiger Rotwein. Voller rauchiger Körper, frisch am Gaumen Rebsorten: Tempranillo, Cabernet Sauvignon, Garnacha Glas 0,2 l \| 5,00 € …ODER FALLS ES DOCH LÄNGER WERDEN KÖNNTE SAUVIGNON BLANC trocken „HAUT POITOU", Domaine Marcel Martin, Loire, Frankreich Grüne Farbtöne, Zitrusfrüchte & exotische Aromen in der Nase, frisch & lebhaft 0,75 l Fl. \| 21,50 € RIESLING feinherb „STEINMORGEN", Weingut Heinz Nikolai, Rheingau, Deutschland Pfirsich, Lakritze & Zitrusfrucht. Gehaltvoller Geschmack mit harmonischer Säure. Saftige Süße im Abgang 0,75 l Fl. \| 24,50 € GRÜNER VELTLINER trocken „WILDWUX", Bioweingut Geyerhof, Kremstal, Österreich Grüngelbe Reflexe, Anklang von Limetten, feines Pfeffer, jugendlich frisch & vegan 0,75 l Fl. \| 29,50 € DORNFELDER, Weingut Thorsten Krieger, Pfalz, Deutschland 10 Monate Barrique gereift, dunkle Schokolade, Sauerkirsche & eine reichhaltige, saftige Frucht 0,75 l Fl. \| 19,50 € KREUZ & QUER trocken, Weingut Spiess, Rheinhessen, Deutschland Kräftiger Rotwein mit saftigen Gerbstoffen, Mandeln & Vanille, Aromen von Cassis & Süßkirschen Rebsorten: Cabernet Sauvignon, Merlot, Portugieser, Dornfelder 0,75 l Fl. \| 24,00 € RHODTER KULT trocken, Weingut Thorsten Krieger, Pfalz, Deutschland 12 Monate Barrique. Duftet nach dunklen Beeren, Tabak & Schokolade Rebsorten: Cabernet Sauvignon, Merlot 0,75 l Fl. \| 35,50 € WEINSPRACHE BARRIQUE Kleines Eichenholzfass (Inhalt 225 Liter), das durch Holzaromen den Stil & Charakter des Weines beeinflusst CUVÉE Komposition von verschiedenen Rebsorten oder Jahrgängen GERBSTOFFE Gerbsäure (Tannine), die bei der Maischegärung bei Rotweinen aus den Feststoffen gelöst wird, trägt positiv zur Komplexität bei HISTAMIN Zählt zu den biogenen Aminen, die aus Eiweißbestandteilen (Aminosäuren) der Traube entstehen können SCHWEFEL Konservierungsmittel zum Schutz vor Bakterien, heute durch hygienische Kellertechnik sehr reduziert BETRUNKEN Man ist nicht zu betrunken, solange man auf dem Boden liegen kann, ohne sich festzuhalten SPEISEKARTE GERMANIA KLASSIKER GERMANIA BROTKORB Brotkorb mit frisch gebackenem Sauerteigbrot & frischem Brauhausbaguette, Meersalzbutter, Griebenschmalz & Aioli \| 3,50 € BRAUHAUSSCHMANKERL BRAUHAUSFRIKADELLEN Minifrikadellen, Essiggurke, Westerwälder Sauerteigbrot, Meersalzbutter, Griebenschmalz & Senf \| 6,00 € BIERKNACKER Bierknacker, Essiggurke, Westerwälder Sauerteigbrot, Meersalzbutter, Griebenschmalz & Senf \| 5,50 € KÄSEWÜRFEL Goudawürfel, Essiggurke, Westerwälder Sauerteigbrot, Meersalzbutter, Griebenschmalz & Senf \| 6,00 € KALTE VORSPEISEN LACHSROSE Räucherlachsrose mit Forellenkaviar, Apfel-Sahne-Meerrettich & Reibekuchen \| 13,50 € KALTES ROASTBEEF Scheiben vom kalten Roastbeef mit Bratkartoffeln, Remoulade & Salatgarnitur Normale Portion \| 14,50 € - Kleine Portion \| 10,00 € WESTERWÄLDER BRATENAUFSCHNITT Scheiben vom gebratenen Schweinerücken mit einer frischen Kräutervinaigrette, Westerwälder Sauerteigbrot & Meersalzbutter Normale Portion \| 13,50 € - Kleine Portion \| 9,50 € + RINDERBOUILLON Mit gekochtem Rindfleisch, Pfannkuchen-Streifen & Gemüse, Westerwälder Sauerteigbrot Als Vorspeise \| 7,00 € - Als Hauptgang \| 10,50 € GULASCHSUPPE Mit Westerwälder Sauerteigbrot Als Vorspeise \| 7,00 € - Als Hauptgang \| 10,50 € SALAT GEMISCHTER SALAT Gemischte Blattsalate mit Tomate & Kresse Kleine Portion \| 3,50 € - Große Portion \| 8,50 € +gebratene Hähnchenbruststreifen\| 3,00 € gebratene Hähnchenbruststreifen in Sweet Chili Sauce + Schinken, Käse & gekochtem Ei \| 3,00 € + Ziegenkäse & Honig \| 4,00 € + Rumpsteakstreifen \| 4,00 € + gebratene Garnelen \| 6,00 € Dressing zur Wahl: Balsamico / Joghurt / 1000 Island Zu allen Salaten reichen wir frisches Baguette & Meersalzbutter. FLAMMKUCHEN KLASSISCH „ELSÄSSER ART" Schmand, Speck, Zwiebeln, Lauch \| 8,00 € LACHS & BLATTSPINAT Schmand, Blattspinat, Räucherlachs \| 10,00 € VEGETARISCH Tomatensauce, Zucchini, Paprika, Tomate, Frühlingszwiebeln, Parmesan \| 8,50 € \| 3,00 € + UNSERE BURGER HAMBURGER Brioche Brötchen, 220g Rindfleisch, Spezialsauce, Ketchup, Romanasalat, Tomate, Pommes frites \| 13,50 € + Cheddar Käse \| 1,00 € +Cheddar Käse, Bacon und BBQ Sauce\| 3,00 € + doppelt Rindfleisch (440g) \| 6,00 € HÄHNCHEN BURGER Brioche Brötchen, frische Hähnchenbrust, Currysauce, Romanasalat, Tomate, Pommes frites \| 13,50 € GEMÜSE BURGER Vollkorn Brötchen, gegrillte Aubergine, Zucchini & rote Paprika, Joghurt, Limettensauce, Parmesan, Romanasalat, Tomate, gemischte Blattsalate mit Tomate & Kresse \| 11,50 € HAUPTGERICHTE GERMANIA SCHNITZEL Schweinerückenschnitzel paniert, Pommes frites oder Bratkartoffeln, gemischte Blattsalate mit Tomate & Kresse Normale Portion \| 13,50 € - Kleine Portion \| 9,50 € + Champignonrahmsauce \| 2,00 € + Tomaten-Paprikasauce \| 2,00 € gebratene Champignons, Speck und Zwiebeln\| 3,00 € + geschmorte Zwiebeln und Spiegelei \| 3,00 € BRAUHAUS RUMPSTEAK Rumpsteak, Meerrettich, Kräuterbutter, Bratkartoffeln, frisches Gemüse 200g \| 20,50 € - 300g \| 27,50 € LACHS IN FOLIE 200g Lachsfilet mit Kräuterbutter & frischen Gemüsestreifen in der Folie gegart, Bratkartoffeln, gemischte Blattsalate mit Tomate & Kresse \| 19,50 € RIESENGARNELEN Gegrillte Riesengarnelen, Kräuterbutter, Aioli, frisches Baguette, gemischte Blattsalate mit Tomate & Kresse Vorspeise \| 15,50 € - Hauptgang \| 23,50 € HIMMEL & ÄÄD Gebratene Blutwurst, Kartoffelpüree, Apfelkompott, gebratene Zwiebeln Normale Portion \| 12,50 € - Kleine Portion \| 9,50 € RINDERROULADE „HAUSFRAUEN ART" Geschmorte Rinderroulade, Rotkohl, Apfelkompott, Kartoffelklöße \| 16,50 € GERMANIA PLATTE Kassler, Blutwurst, Mettwurst, Haxenfleisch, Sauerkraut, Kartoffelpüree, Speck-Zwiebel-Schmelze Normale Portion \| 15,50 € - Kleine Portion \| 11,50 € BRAUHAUSHAXE Frische Schweinshaxe mit Sauerkraut & Kartoffelpüree \| 15,50 € CURRYWURST Rheinische Rostbratwurst mit Currysauce & Pommes frites \| 8,50 € BUNTES MARKTGEMÜSE Aubergine, Zucchini, Broccoli, Karotte, Schalotten, Champignons, Bratkartoffeln, Sauce Hollandaise & Parmesan Normale Portion \| 12,50 € - Kleine Portion \| 9,50 € PASTA & MORE RIESENGARNELEN IN HUMMERRAHMSAUCE Bandnudeln, Hummerrahmsauce, gebratene Riesengarnelen Normale Portion \| 14,50 € - Kleine Portion \| 11,50 € LACHS & BLATTSPINAT Bandnudeln, Weißweinsauce, frischer Lachs, Spinat Normale Portion \| 13,50 € - Kleine Portion \| 10,00 € HÄHNCHENBRUST & GEBRATENES GEMÜSE Bandnudeln, gebratene Hähnchenbruststreifen, Zucchini, rote Paprika, Olivenöl Normale Portion \| 12,50 € - Kleine Portion \| 9,50 € RUMPSTEAKSTREIFEN IN PFEFFERRAHMSAUCE Bandnudeln, gebratene Rumpsteak-Streifen, Frühlingszwiebeln, Cognac-Pfefferrahmsauce Normale Portion \| 13,50 € - Kleine Portion \| 10,50 € FRÜHLINGSGEMÜSE & PARMESAN Bandnudeln, gebratene Aubergine, Zucchini, rote Paprika, Frühlingszwiebeln, schwarze Oliven, Parmesan Normale Portion \| 10,50 € - Kleine Portion \| 8,50 € NOCH PLATZ GELASSEN? GRIESSFLAMMERIE Mit Himbeergrütze MILCHREIS Mit Pflaumengröstl TIRAMISU Mit Schokoröllchen Einzeldessert in Kombi mit Espresso \| 3,50 € 3er Kombi Dessert mit Cappuccino \| 7,50 € Einzeldessert \| 2,50 € 3er Kombi Dessert \| 6,50 € STIMMUNGSVOLLE LOCATION IN IDYLLISCHER LAGE In unserer lichtdurchfluteten Halle bringen wir auf 220 qm bis zu 170 Gäste unter. Als „kleines kulturWERKwissen" präsentieren wir hier ein buntes Kleinkunst-Programm: Vom Puppentheater für die Kleinsten über Comedy, Livemusik bis hin zum Seniorentanz ist für jeden etwas dabei. Die stimmungsvolle Architektur aus Backsteinwänden, Stahlkonstruktion und Parkettboden ist eine Hommage an die alte Germania Brauerei und eignet sich auch hervorragend für Hochzeiten und Familienfeiern. SOFTGETRÄNKE SELTERS Mineralwasser Classic / Naturell 0,25 l Fl. \| 2,20 € - 0,75 l Fl. \| 5,20 € PEPSI Cola / PEPSI Cola Light / MIRINDA / SEVEN UP 0,3 l \| 2,50 € THOMAS HENRY Tonic Water 0,2 l Fl. \| 3,00 € SCHWEPPES Bitter Lemon / Ginger Ale 0,2 l Fl. \| 2,50 € FRITZ KOLA & LIMO Kola / Melone 0,2 l Fl. \| 2,60 € BIONADE Holunder / Ingwer-Orange 0,33 l Fl. \| 3,00 € GÜLDENKRON SÄFTE Orangensaft / Rhabarbersaft / Maracujasaft 0,3 l Glas \| 2,80 € - Als Schorle 0,3 l Glas \| 2,60 € Apfelsaft, naturtrüb 100% Fruchtgehalt, Direktsaft 0,3 l Glas \|2,80 €- Als Schorle 0,3 l Glas \| „KIBA" Kirsch- Bananensaft 0,3 l Glas \| 3,50 € 2,60 € GUTES VOM FASS RADEBERGER Pils feinstes Gerstenmalz, viel Hopfen & Stammwürze, charaktervoll, vielschichtig, vollmundig 0,2 l \| 1,80 € - 0,3 l \| 2,50 € JEVER Pils ureigen friesisch-herb im Geschmack, viel Hopfen, dezente Malzsüße 0,2 l \| 1,80 € - 0,3 l \| 2,50 € ALLGÄUER BÜBLE Edelweissbier etwas Banane am Anfang, gut ausbalanciert, fruchtig, zarte Hopfenaromen, angenehm cremig 0,5 l \| 3,80 € - Mit Bananensaft 0,5 l \| 4,50 € PETERS Kölsch hellgelb, klar, dichte Blume, hopfig-herb, sehr weich 0,2 l 1,80 € - 0,3 l 2,50 € HÖVELS Original sehr aromatisch, vollmundig, Malz-, Karamell- und Röstaromen 0,3 l \| 3,00 € UNSER BIERBRETTCHEN Ihr könnt euch nicht entscheiden? Dann fangt doch erst mal so an. Unsere vier verschiedenen Biersorten, perfekt zum Probieren! 4 x 0,1 l \|5,00 € MUSST DU NOCH FAHREN? JEVER Fun alkoholfrei 0,33 l Fl. \| 2,50 € ALLGÄUER BÜBLE Edelweissbier alkoholfrei 0,5 l Fl. \| 3,80 € JEVER FUN Zitrone alkoholfrei 0,33 l Fl. \| 2,50 € GOLDEN MALZ Malzbier 0,33 l Fl. \| 2,50 € ITS TIME FOR „BEERTAILS" KÖLSCH Colada Cocoscreme, Ananassaft, HAVANA CLUB 3 Años, PETERS Kölsch \| 6,50 € WEISSBIER Mojito frische Minze, Limettensaft, Rohrzucker, HAVANA CLUB 3 Años, ALLGÄUER BÜBLE Edelweissbier \| 8,00 € CaiBIERinha PITÚ Cachaça, Rohrzucker, frische Limette, RADEBERGER Pils \| 6,50 € DIE KLASSIKER Tequila Sunrise SIERRA Tequila, Orangensaft, Grenadine \| 6,50 € Caipirinha PITÚ Cachaça, Rohrzucker, frische Limette \| 6,50 € GIN TONIC HENDRICK'S Gin, THOMAS HENRY Tonic \| 6,00 € Cuba Libre / Whiskey Cola / Wodka Lemon \| 5,00 € ASBACH Cola \| 4,50 € UNSER GEHEIMTIPP Star Cocktail „Shirley Temple" Zitronensaft, Grenadine, Zuckersirup, SCHWEPPES Ginger-Ale Alkoholfrei \| 5,00 € - Mit Licor 43 & Vodka\| 6,50 € FÜR GENIESSER Brennerei BIRKENHOF Haselnuss / Alte Marille / Alte Himbeere / Alte Williams-Birne 2 cl \|3,80 € Brennerei BIRKENHOF Bierlikör 2 cl \| 3,00 € SCHNAPS & CO ANDREA DA PONTE Vecchia Grappa di Prosecco 2 cl \| 4,50 € GLENFIDDICH Single Malt Scotch 12y 2 cl \| 4,50 € HENDRICK'S Gin 2 cl \| 5,00 € RAMAZZOTTI Amaro 2 cl \| 3,00 € FERNET Branca 2 cl \| 3,00 € JÄGERMEISTER 2 cl \| 3,00 € MALTESER Aquavit 2 cl \| 3,00 € MOLINARI Sambuca 2 cl \| 3,00 € BAILEYS Original Irish Cream 2 cl \| 3,00 € BIRKENHOF Westerwälder Obstler 2 cl \|3,00 € BIRKENHOF Westerwälder Korn 2 cl \| 2,00 € ZUM WACH BLEIBEN Kaffee Creme \| 2,20 € Cappuccino \| 2,50 € Milchkaffee \| 2,80 € Espresso \| 2,00 € Doppelter Espresso \| 3,50 € Espresso Corretto \| 3,50 € Espresso Macchiato \| 2,20 € Latte Macchiato \| 2,80 € Du bist schon hellwach? Natürlich ist auch alles koffeinfrei verfügbar! HEISSES & SO Heiße Schokolade \| 2,50 € Heiße Schokolade mit Minze \| 3,00 € Kinder-Cappuccino \| 1,50 € Tee, verschiedene Sorten \| 3,00 € Frischer Minztee \| 3,50 €	<urn:uuid:8a6a5fad-c2a3-434c-a54c-b9d9e8fd3ede>	HuggingFaceFW/finepdfs/tree/main/data/deu_Latn/train	finepdfs	deu_Latn	13,397
Territorio zero Consoli a Francavilla Evento nella libreria Ubik Sarà presentato questa sera alle 18, presso la libreria Ubik in via Regina Elena, il libro «Territorio zero» di Angelo Consoli e Livio de Santoli (edito da Minimum Fax). L’evento è organizzato dal Meetup Movimento 5 Stelle di Francavilla. Si discuterà, inevitabilmente, di emissioni zero, di rifiuti zero e cibi a chilometro zero, insomma di un nuovo modo d’intendere la società e il suo sviluppo. Idee non lontane da quelle contenute nei programmi che fin dalle origini caratterizzano gli attivisti del sodalizio fondato da Deppe Grillo. «Territorio zero» fa sapere gli organizzatori – è un libro/manifesto che davanti alla crisi irreversibile della civiltà del petrolio, indica l’uscita di una nuova idea di società in cui l’entropia fisica e sociale (inquinamento, cambiamento climatico, devastazione del territorio, crisi economica, disoccupazione disgregazione sociale) viene progressivamente ridotta a zero». L’attuale crisi strutturale – continua la nota – della seconda rivoluzione industriale travolge non solo l’infrastruttura energetica mondiale ma anche la logistica della grande distribuzione commerciale, la sovranità alimentare, le dinamiche di funzionamento dei mercati finanziari internazionali, e la nostra stessa idea di società. Entra in crisi un modello economico che ha governato il mondo per gli ultimi 200 anni, fondato sull’idea, rivelatasi tragicamente sbagliata, che le fonti fossili fossero inesauribili e le risorse materiali infinite. In questo contesto è necessario interrogarsi sulla esistenza di modelli alternativi validi e rapidamente applicabili in modo uniforme sia nel mondo occidentale che nei paesi in via di sviluppo». Su questo, dunque, si concentra il lavoro di Consoli e de Santoli, secondo i quali la soluzione è da individuare nell’adozione di modelli energetici che sfruttino la termodinamica solare e le capacità delle risorse naturali di rigenerarsi. Metodi definiti ad alta intensità di lavoro e in grado di generare “neo-crescita”, cioè Pil distribuito anziché concentrato in grandi ricchezze. Il lavoro degli autori prende le mosse e armonizza il pensiero di Jeremy Rifkin, Carlo Petrini e Paul Connett. «Il libro – spiegano ancora gli organizzatori – comprende anche una parte monografica con saggi dai suoi ispiratori e anche dall’economista Alessandro Politi, inventore del concetto di “neocre scita”, del blogger e scrittore “Sergio Di Cori Modigliani”, italo argentino e membro per la commissione Kirchner di revisione del debito in Argentina, e Eric Toussaint, professore belga fondatore della Cadim (Commissione per l’annullamento del Debito del Terzo Mondo) e membro delle Commissione del Presidente Correa per la revisione del debito dell’Ecuador; e teorico del concetto di “debito immorale”). La manifestazione, aperta a tutta la cittadinanza, comprenderà, oltre alla presentazione dell’autore Angelo Consoli, video messaggi da parte di Rifkin, Petrini e Connett, e documenti filmati relativi alle attività del professor Toussaint in Ecuador. Ritaglio stampa ad uso esclusivo del destinatario, non riproducibile.	<urn:uuid:4b06cbf4-2da9-4415-8eca-633d1d4ce7f4>	HuggingFaceFW/finepdfs/tree/main/data/ita_Latn/train	finepdfs	ita_Latn	3,141
Verzoeker De heer H. te Almelo Datum verzoek Het schriftelijke verzoek van 15 februari 2009 is op 16 februari 2009 ontvangen op het secretariaat van de Overijsselse Ombudsman. Betreft Het verzoek tot onderzoek betreft de afdeling groen- en woonomgeving van de gemeente Almelo. Het verantwoordelijk bestuursorgaan in deze kwestie is het college van burgemeester en wethouders, hierna (ook) te noemen: de gemeente. Procedure Op 18 augustus 2008 doet verzoeker bij de gemeente een "Melding woon- en leefomgeving". Bij e-mail van 17 november 2008 wijst verzoeker de gemeente erop dat hij nog geen reactie daarop heeft ontvangen. Op 15 februari 2009 wendt verzoeker zich tot de Overijsselse Ombudsman met zijn klacht over de gemeente. Bij brief van 24 februari 2009 vraagt het secretariaat van de Overijsselse Ombudsman bij zowel verzoeker als de gemeente de voor de zaak relevante stukken op. De gevraagde stukken worden eind februari / begin maart 2009, met een aanvulling op 22 april 2009, ontvangen op het secretariaat. De stukken geven de Ombudscommissie, die onderzoek instelt naar de klacht, aanleiding om aanvullende vragen aan de gemeente te stellen. De reactie op de vragen wordt op 20 mei 2009 op het secretariaat ontvangen. Deze reactie wordt aan verzoeker voorgelegd. Bij brief van 17 juni 2009 laat verzoeker weten wat op die reactie zijn antwoord is. Aard van de klacht Verzoeker beklaagt zich erover dat de gemeente Almelo niet tijdig en adequaat heeft gereageerd op zijn melding van 18 augustus 2008. Vereisten van behoorlijkheid Het gevraagde onderzoek heeft betrekking op de volgende normen: * Interne klachtbehandeling OORDEEL OMBUDSCOMMISSIE Dossiernummer 17-2009 * Behandeltermijn * Actieve en adequate informatieverstrekking / Communicatie Ontvankelijkheid Alvorens de Ombudscommissie onderzoek instelt naar een klacht, dient die klacht, ingevolge titel 9:1 van de Algemene wet bestuursrecht (Awb), eerst intern te zijn behandeld door de desbetreffende gemeente. Echter, in het geval waarbij een klacht niet is (h)erkend als klacht door de gemeente waarop de interne klachtbehandeling van toepassing is, terwijl dat wel had moeten gebeuren, acht de Ombudscommissie zich, in navolging van de jurisprudentie van de Nationale ombudsman, bevoegd om direct tot onderzoek over te gaan. In het onderhavige geval, is naar het oordeel van de Ombudscommissie, van die situatie sprake. Het e-mailbericht van verzoeker van 17 november 2008 waarin hij aangeeft dat hij geen reactie heeft ontvangen is een rappel. Een rappel is, naar het oordeel van de Ombudscommissie, gelijk te stellen aan de klacht dat de gemeente niet heeft gereageerd of niet heeft gehandeld zoals door de verzoeker is gevraagd. In onderhavige zaak was het dan ook aan de gemeente om het rappel van verzoeker als klacht te herkennen en deze als zodanig intern te behandelen. Nu de gemeente dat heeft nagelaten, heeft de gemeente de mogelijkheden van de eigen interne klachtprocedure onbenut gelaten en kon de Ombudscommissie de klacht direct in behandeling nemen. Uit het voorgaande volgt dat het verzoek ontvankelijk is. Feiten 1. De melding (per e-mail) van verzoeker aan de gemeente van 18 augustus 2008 betreft de openbare beplanting voor zijn huis. 2. Diezelfde dag antwoordt de gemeente (ook per e-mail) op zijn melding dat deze is doorgestuurd naar een van de medewerkers om te controleren of het bericht voldoet aan de voorwaarden zoals gesteld in het Protocol Elektronisch Berichtenverkeer van de gemeente Almelo. 3. Bij e-mail van 20 augustus 2008 krijgt verzoeker vervolgens van de afdeling Publiekszaken te horen dat de melding in de Melddesk is geplaatst onder nummer 6011 en is doorgegeven aan een met name genoemde ambtenaar van de afdeling groen- en woonomgeving. 4. Bij e-mail van 17 november 2008 laat verzoeker de gemeente weten nog geen enkele reactie te hebben ontvangen na het bericht van 20 augustus 2008. Hij voegt daar aan toe: "Men is wel in de hele wijk het trottoir wezen bijwerken, wat bij mij resulteerde in een opnieuw, deels verhogen, van het trottoir ter plaatse van de hoog liggende wortels. Wat mij betreft wordt het er niet beter op. Graag zou ik met mijn klacht serieus genomen worden. (…)" 5. Op 17 november 2008 bericht afdeling Publiekzaken aan de betrokken ambtenaar van de afdeling groen- en woonomgeving het volgende: "Veel succes met de afhandeling". 6. Bij brief van 6 maart 2008 verzoekt de klachtencoördinator van de gemeente de Ombudscommissie om de gemeente de kans te geven om samen met verzoeker de problemen te verhelpen. Daarbij wordt de informatie verschaft dat er op 2 maart 2009 contact is geweest tussen verzoeker en de betrokken ambtenaar en dat deze laatste een voorstel heeft gedaan waarin verzoeker zich kan vinden. De klachtencoördinator geeft aan zelf met verzoeker te hebben gebeld, dat hij excuses heeft aangeboden voor het niet op correcte wijze oppakken van de meldingen en dat hij uitleg heeft verschaft over wat er is misgegaan. Deze uitleg hield in dat zijn eerste melding, gedaan via het meldingen formulier "openbare ruimte" op correcte wijze in het digitale meldingensysteem is opgenomen maar dat door technische problemen op de buitenlocaties deze melding echter nooit de betrokken ambtenaar heeft bereikt. De betrokken medewerker van de afdeling Publiekszaken heeft de reminder van verzoeker van 17 november 2008 doorgemaild naar de betrokken ambtenaar. Ze heeft die reminder onterecht opgevat als een melding over het niet-tevreden zijn over de uitgevoerde werkzaamheden aan de desbetreffende voetpaden. Volgens de betrokken ambtenaar zijn in december 2008 de boomwortels op gemeentegrond verwijderd. De klachtencoördinator laat verder weten dat verzoeker heeft aangegeven dat hij het jammer vindt dat zijn klacht nu pas goed is opgepakt en dat hij tevreden is over de huidige reactie van de gemeente. 7. Nadat deze reactie van de gemeente door de Ombudscommissie aan verzoeker is voorgelegd, laat verzoeker bij e-mail van 2 april 2009 weten dat hij op 27 februari 2009 door de betrokken ambtenaar werd gebeld. Deze heeft beloofd met een oplossing te komen. Wellicht dat die pas aan het einde van dit jaar kon worden uitgevoerd. Er is hem bericht beloofd, ook over de voortgang van zijn interne bespreking hierover. Tot nu toe is er geen reactie van hem gekomen. Over het gesprek met de klachtencoördinator meldt verzoeker dat deze uiteindelijk toegaf dat er een fout was gemaakt. Op zijn vraag of de zaak als afgedaan kon worden beschouwd, heeft verzoeker geantwoord dat hij op zijn minst een excuusbrief verwacht en een prompte concrete behandeling van zijn ingediende klacht. Tot nu toe heeft hij geen enkele reactie meer ontvangen. 8. Bij brief van 6 mei 2009 vraagt de Ombudscommissie de gemeente te antwoorden op 6 concrete vragen. De brief als bijlage 1 bij dit rapport gevoegd. 9. De schriftelijke reactie van de gemeente, gedateerd 19 mei 2009, volgt op 20 mei 2009. Deze reactie is als bijlage 2 bij dit rapport gevoegd. 10. De reactie van de gemeente van 19 mei 2009 is aan verzoeker voorgelegd. Zijn commentaar op de reactie is van 17 juni 2009 en is als bijlage 3 aan dit rapport gehecht. Reacties op het rapport van bevindingen De hiervoor genoemde feiten en omstandigheden zijn op 23 juni 2009 als rapport van bevindingen aan verzoeker en de gemeente voorgelegd met de vraag of deze goed zijn weergegeven. De gemeente heeft niet inhoudelijk op het rapport gereageerd. Verzoeker heeft op 6 juli 2009 zijn reactie op het rapport meegedeeld. Deze reactie is als bijlage 4 aan dit rapport gehecht. Overwegingen Interne klachtbehandeling In het kader van de externe klachtbehandeling beoordeelt de Ombudscommissie in individuele klachtprocedures of en in hoeverre de interne klachtbehandeling heeft voldaan aan de vereisten van artikel 9:1 van de Algemene wet bestuursrecht (Awb). Daarbij beoordeelt de Commissie onder meer of het bestuursorgaan de klacht heeft (h)erkend en ervoor zorg heeft gedragen dat de interne klachtprocedure is gevolgd. Onder het kopje "Ontvankelijkheid"op pagina 2 heeft de Ombudscommissie reeds aangegeven waarom er naar haar oordeel sprake van is dat in het onderhavige geval klacht(h)erkenning niet heeft plaatsgevonden door de gemeente, terwijl dat wel had gemoeten. De interne klachtprocedure is daardoor niet gevolgd. Dit betekent dat niet aan de wettelijk gestelde vereisten is voldaan. Behandeltermijn Op zijn melding van 18 augustus 2008 heeft verzoeker geen reactie gekregen. Dit wijt de gemeente aan technische storingen in de zomer van 2008, inhoudende dat toen op een aantal buitenlocaties langdurige problemen met de netwerkverbindingen waren. Zo dit al de reden is geweest van het niet reageren op de melding, mag het duidelijk zijn dat dit een probleem is van de gemeente en niet van de burger. Van een professionele organisatie mag worden verwacht dat zij haar systemen op orde heeft en dat als er problemen ontstaan dat er dan in is voorzien dat er geen informatie verloren gaat. Het feit dat de gemeente niet binnen de daarvoor redelijke termijn heeft gereageerd op de melding kan dan ook de gemeente worden verweten. Actieve en adequate informatieverstrekking / Communicatie Wat de Ombudscommissie constateert is dat de gemeente, na de technische storingen, blijkbaar niet extra alert is geweest op een rappel zoals dat van verzoeker van 17 november 2008. Verwacht mag worden dat als een burger verwijst naar een melding waarop niet is gereageerd, welke in de periode van de technische problemen is gedaan, de gemeente op dat moment al uitleg verschaft, excuses aanbiedt en ervoor zorg draagt dat de zaak alsnog met spoed wordt afgehandeld en die afhandeling vervolgens ook daadwerkelijk bewaakt. Dat is een handelwijze die verwacht mag worden van een professionele organisatie die cliëntgerichtheid voorop stelt. Verzoeker echter, heeft ook op het rappel, binnen de daarvoor redelijke termijn, geen (schriftelijke) reactie gekregen. De gemeente schrijft dat de betrokken ambtenaar, "zoals altijd de gang van zaken is bij een dergelijke melding, de collega stratenmakers heeft gevraagd om het probleem op te lossen". De Ombudscommissie vindt deze manier van omgaan met meldingen (en herinneringen daaraan), te vrijblijvend is. Van een ambtenaar mag worden verwacht dat hij naar aanleiding van een melding binnen een redelijke termijn contact opneemt met de melder om te verifiëren of de inhoud van de melding overeenkomt met zijn interpretatie, dat hij vervolgens daarop zijn reactie geeft en dat als er naar aanleiding van de melding bepaalde werkzaamheden zijn verricht, dat hij dan contact opneemt met betrekking tot de vraag of het probleem is verholpen en of er de reactie alle aspecten van het door de melder aangekaarte probleem betreft. Pas als dat het geval is, kan de melding daadwerkelijk als afgedaan worden beschouwd. In februari/maart 2009 heeft alsnog contact tussen de betrokken ambtenaar en verzoeker plaatsgevonden. Echter, verzoeker heeft ook naar aanleiding van dit contact de nodige klachten (behouden). De Commissie concludeert daaruit dat de gemeente geen blijk heeft gegeven van een houding om alsnog zorgvuldig alle door verzoeker aangekaarte zaken af te handelen. Oordeel De Ombudscommissie is van oordeel * Ten aanzien van de klachtbehandeling: dat er sprake is van niet behoorlijk handelen door de gemeente; * Ten aanzien van de behandeltermijn: dat er sprake is van niet behoorlijk handelen door de gemeente; * Ten aanzien van de informatieverstrekking / communicatie: dat er sprake is van niet zorgvuldig handelen door de gemeente. Aanbeveling De Ombudscommissie beveelt de gemeente aan om een voortgangs- en bewakingssysteem van meldingen op te zetten. Aldus vastgesteld door de Overijsselse Ombudscommissie op 27 juli 2009. Mr. A. Lunenborg mw. mr. A.D. van Zeben mw. mr. drs. G. Edelenbos	<urn:uuid:a891bab0-78f5-4a6d-b9c8-b2012c49c37a>	HuggingFaceFW/finepdfs/tree/main/data/nld_Latn/train	finepdfs	nld_Latn	11,876
OGGETTO: Verifica di ineleggibilità o incompatibilità ad assumere la carica di Sindaco. Io sottoscritto ALBERTI PIERO, nato a BRESCIA il 22/12/1958 e residente a FLERO in via QUINZANO n.11 proclamato eletto alla carica di Sindaco nelle recenti consultazioni elettorali amministrative, con la presente DICHIARO che nei miei confronti non sussistono motivi di ineleggibilità o incompatibilità di cui al D.Lgs. 18.08.2000 n. 267. FLERO, li 10/06/2016 Distinti saluti. [Signature]	<urn:uuid:49ffbdf5-e511-4ad5-b502-f9fbdca135f7>	HuggingFaceFW/finepdfs/tree/main/data/ita_Latn/train	finepdfs	ita_Latn	482
Vectors, 11 Mixed Exercise The magnitude of R is N 2 10 2 a ( ) ( ) ( ) Path of 4 6 2 4 S = − −− − i j i j 6 2 = − i j Expressing velocity, b v, in km h 40 ( ) 60 2 6 = × − v i j v 9 3 i j = − Then the speed is: 9 ( ) 2 2 3 90 3 10 + − = = Speed is ( ) 1 9.49 km h 3 s.f. − to the left. b Distance = speed × time = × 6 = 59.1 m 97 4 c This model becomes less accurate as t increases because it ignores friction and air resistance. © Pearson Education Ltd 2017. Copying permitted for purchasing institution only. This material is not copyright free. 1 −1: ∠ BAC = 59.036... − 26.565... = 26.565... = 32.5° (3 s.f.) b a + b = 4 i − 3 j − 3 i + 1.5 j = i − 1.5 j © Pearson Education Ltd 2017. Copying permitted for purchasing institution only. This material is not copyright free. 2 9 d i a unit vector is d Q12 has been replaced in the summer 2020 impression of the book onwards. This is the answer to the updated question. c Since ON is parallel to b, component of a is 0: This is the answer to Q12 from older impressions of the book. © Pearson Education Ltd 2017. Copying permitted for purchasing institution only. This material is not copyright free. 3 Multiplying the second equation by 3: 3q − 15 = −3λ Solving simultaneously: Challenge Solve the equations simultaneously. Using the quadratic formula: © Pearson Education Ltd 2017. Copying permitted for purchasing institution only. This material is not copyright free. 4	<urn:uuid:3ddf25be-998c-445e-a737-c44ee468349f>	HuggingFaceFW/finepdfs/tree/main/data/eng_Latn/train	finepdfs	eng_Latn	1,507
GNU/Linux - Executables Class 14-16 Prasad H. L. April 30, May 2, May 7 of 2008 This document is distributed under GNU FDL. To obtain a full copy of GNU FDL [[click here]]. Review • GNU/Linux Boot • Executable Creation, Load and Execution • Executable Format - Introduction Contents 1 Linux Executable .................................................. 1 2 Make Utility .......................................................... 3 2.1 Introduction ................................................... 3 2.2 makefile ....................................................... 3 3 Summary ............................................................ 4 1 Linux Executable ELF Binary • Executable and Linking Format • Sections – .init, .fini – .data, .bss, .rodata – .text - .dynamic, .dynstr, .dynsym - Loader - ld-linux.so.2 - Syscall points - linux-gate.so.1 - Commands - ldd, nm, objdump, readelf, size, strings. GNU/Linux Loader Tasks of a Loader - load the executable sections to process segments, - find and load the shared libraries needed by a program, - prepare the program to run, and - then run it! Types - ld.so - ld-linux.so GNU/Linux System Call Point - linux-gate.so.1 - Contains entry point for system calls Executable Life Cycle ``` Source Code ↓ Compiler, gcc Assembly Code ↓ Assembler, as Object Code ↓ Linker, ld Library Files (Shared, Static) ↓ Executable Generation ↑ Execution ↓ Process Image ↓ OS ↓ Process ``` 2 Make Utility 2.1 Introduction What is make Necessity - Many stages lead to product - Inverted tree structure - Various branches culminate to final product - Redoing all branches on change at any point is unnecessary - `make` helps automate the above for minimal compilation time 2.2 makefile Definition of make tree Tree Definition The make tree is defined in a file called `Makefile` - Technically a ‘Directed Graph’$^1$ - Defined as a `target` and its `prerequisites` - `Directives` define the way to obtain the node from the dependencies Makefile structure Elements of Makefile - Explicit rule - Implicit rule - Variable definition - Comment $^1$without loops Makefile structure The structure of Makefile The basic block of a rule syntax is as follows: target:prerequisites command - Note that the target is without a tab - The target and prerequisites are separated by a : - The rules are written with an initial tab Automatic variables Useful for writing Makefiles $@ The file name of the target of the rule $% The target member name, when an archive member $< The name of the first prerequisite. $? The names of prerequisites newer than target $^ The names of all prerequisites. $+ Prerequisites just as listed in the makefile $\| Order-only prerequisites. $* The stem with which an implicit rule matches How make knows what to build? What is built? - A target is built if the prerequisites have a timestamp later than the target. - If the prerequisites have a timestamp before the target and if prerequisites are themselves targets then they are first built 3 Summary Summary - GNU/Linux Executable - GNU/Linux Loader - gmake Utility References References [1] man ld-linux, man:/ld-linux [2] info make, info:/make [3] info binutils, info:/binutils	<urn:uuid:66a02835-e539-40f2-b37f-e4e3d9562f4f>	HuggingFaceFW/finepdfs/tree/main/data/eng_Latn/train	finepdfs	eng_Latn	3,273
októberi nyelvi szintfelmérő/belső vizsga eredmények Sikeres szintfelmérő	<urn:uuid:ab2f591a-258c-48f1-a528-22d876629c78>	HuggingFaceFW/finepdfs/tree/main/data/hun_Latn/train	finepdfs	hun_Latn	74
Výroční zpráva 2021 Nadační fond pro zdraví dětí Obsah 1. Úvodní slovo 2. Základní údaje o fondu 3. Zpráva Správní rady o hospodaření v roce 2021 3.1. Informace o přehledu majetku fondu 3.2. Přehled o použití majetku 3.3. Přehled dárců v hodnotě nad 10.000,- Kč (kromě anonymních) 3.4. Přehled o poskytnutých příspěvcích 3.5. Informace o překročení ročních nákladů 3.6. Zhodnocení základních údajů obsažených v účetní závěrce 4. Činnost Správní rady 5. Společenské události v roce 2021 Přílohy 1. Účetní závěrka roku 2021 1. Úvodní slovo Nadační fond pro zdraví dětí byl založen v roce 2007 ve prospěch Ústavu pro péči o matku a dítě v Praze 4 – Podolí. Zakladatelem a hlavním sponzorem nadačního fondu je společnost CENTRAL GROUP. Firma na své náklady rovněž zajišťuje veškeré organizační a administrativní záležitosti související s činností fondu. Díky tomu mohou být veškeré příjmy nadačního fondu v plné míře využity pro naplnění jeho poslání. Za 15 let CENTRAL GROUP přispěl Nadačnímu fondu pro zdraví dětí 20 milionů korun, které byly využity na financování 180 lékařských projektů. Hlavním posláním Nadačního fondu pro zdraví dětí je podpora výzkumu a vzdělávání v oblasti péče o zdraví matek a jejich dětí. K zavádění světových poznatků do praxe u nás přispívá zejména účast českých lékařů na odborných stážích, kongresech a konferencích v zahraničí. Prostředky z veřejných zdrojů jsou pro účely výzkumu a vzdělávání v oblasti zdravotnictví u nás bohužel velmi omezené, protože je finanční podpora ze soukromých zdrojů pro tyto účely mimořádně důležitá. Kromě podpory výzkumu a vzdělávání pak nadační fond také pomáhá při financování potřebného přístrojového vybavení. Nově připravuje i financování zdravotní péče o matky a jejich děti nacházející se v těžké životní situaci, zejména pak z oblasti ohrožených humanitární krizi. doc. MUDr. Jaroslav Feyereisl, CSc. ředitel Ústavu pro péči o matku a dítě „Ústav pro péči o matku a dítě v Praze je jedním z předních gynekologických a perinatologických evropských pracovišť. Vysoké odborné úrovně ve všech oblastech oboru a zejména pak unikátní operace plodu v děloze těhotné ženy bylo dosaženo mnohaletou a usilovnou prací odborných týmů ústavu i přístupem k pokročilým technologiím. Nedílnou součástí tohoto procesu je kontinuální vzdělávání odborníků a prezentace jejich klinické vědecké práce na národní i mezinárodní úrovni, kde patří naši lékaři mezi uznávané odborníky. Odborných úspěchů jsme mohli dosáhnout i díky pomoci Nadačního fondu pro zdraví dětí a jejího nejvýznamnějšího donátora, společnosti CENTRAL GROUP. Bez pomoci nadačního fondu by byly naše úspěchy nemyslitelné. Velmi si vážíme podpory a děkujeme Nadačnímu fondu pro zdraví dětí.“ Mgr. Dušan Kunovský, LL.M. předseda představenstva CENTRAL GROUP a.s. „Naše společnost je zakladatelem a hlavním sponzorem Nadačního fondu pro zdraví dětí a již patnáct let pomáháme dobré věci. Za tu dobu jsme nadačnímu fondu přispěli částkou ve výši 20 milionů korun. Cítíme to jako svou společenskou odpovědnost. Ústav pro péči o matku a dítě je špičkovým odborným pracovištěm a záměrem CENTRAL GROUP je podpora vzdělávání, vědy a výzkumu na té nejvyšší úrovni. Rozvoj medicíny se přece týká každého z nás.“ 2. Základní údaje o fondu Název: Nadační fond pro zdraví dětí Sídlo: Na Strži 65/1702, 140 00 Praha 4 - Nusle IČ: 278 64 511 Zápis: zapsán v nadačním rejstříku, vedeném MěS v Praze, oddíl N, vložka 628 Vznik: 15. 3. 2007 Zřizovatel: CENTRAL GROUP 23. investiční a.s. (dříve CENTRAL GROUP a.s.) Účel nadačního fondu Podpora výzkumu v oblasti péče o zdraví matky a jejího dítěte, podpora související publikační činnosti a vzdělávání včetně financování studijních pobytů odborníků a zavádění světových poznatků v této oblasti do praxe a podpora při financování přístrojového vybavení těch zdravotnických zařízení, která péči o zdraví matky a jejího dítěte zajišťují. Členové statutárních orgánů Nadačního fondu pro zdraví dětí Správní rada: JUDr. Pavlína Fojtíková, Ph.D. – předsedkyně MUDr. Petra Šaňáková – člen Ing. Ladislav Váňa – člen Revizor: Ing. Ivo Zachoval 3. Zpráva Správní rady o hospodaření v roce 2021 3.1. Informace o přehledu majetku fondu NF v roce 2021 nepořídil žádný majetek. 3.2. Přehled o použití majetku Majetek NF v roce 2021 nebyl použit. 3.3. Přehled dárců v hodnotě nad 10.000,- Kč (kromě anonymních) 1. CENTRAL GROUP a.s. Vzhledem k tomu, že příjmy fondu za rok 2020 nedosáhly 1.000.000,- Kč, v souladu se závazkem společnosti CENTRAL GROUP a.s. dle Dohody o další podporě Nadačního fondu pro zdraví dětí CENTRAL GROUP a.s. dorovnal v roce 2021 příjmy příspěvkem ve výši 984.587,- Kč. 2. Window Holding a.s. Společnost Window Holding a.s. poskytla v roce 2021 Nadačnímu fondu pro zdraví dětí dar ve výši 100.000,- Kč na základě Smlouvy o poskytnutí daru. 3. Anonymní dárci Finanční příspěvky různých dárců v celkové výši 36.500,- Kč byly přijaty na bankovní účet Nadačního fondu pro zdraví dětí. 3.4. Přehled o poskytnutých příspěvcích Součet finančních příspěvků, které fond poskytnul za rok 2021, činí celkem 969.286,63 Kč. Veškeré příspěvky jsou smluvně podloženy, žadatelem byl Ústav pro péči o matku a dítě. Nadační příspěvky byly použity takto: 1. 2 ks přístroje pro aerosolovou dezinfekci prostor – DioProtection (Diosol 19) Nadační příspěvek: 239.580,- Kč Příspěvek byl použit v souladu se Smlouvou o poskytnutí nadačního příspěvku ze dne 2.12.2020 a byl řádně vyúčtován. 2. Dokovací stanice pro přesné dávkování léků pro novorozence – rozšíření systému Nadační příspěvek: 313.444,45 Kč Příspěvek byl použit v souladu se Smlouvou o poskytnutí nadačního příspěvku ze dne 2.12.2020 a byl řádně vyúčtován. 3. Ultrazvukový on-line kurz „Imaging in maternal-fetal medicine, Training course“ Ve dnech: 4.1.2021 – 30.9.2021 Počet účastníků: 2 osoby Nadační příspěvek: 58.000,- Kč Příspěvek byl použit v souladu se Smlouvou o poskytnutí nadačního příspěvku ze dne 27.1.2021 a byl řádně vyúčtován. 4. Odborná publikace – studie vlivu extracelulárních vezikul na systémovou zánětlivou odpověď plodu Nadační příspěvek: 68.374,06 Kč Příspěvek byl použit v souladu se Smlouvou o poskytnutí nadačního příspěvku ze dne 24.6.2021 a byl řádně vyúčtován. 5. Kongres 27th EBCOG (on-line) Ve dnech: 2.9.2021 – 4.9.2021 Počet účastníků: 2 osoby Nadační příspěvek: 13.130,31 Kč Příspěvek byl použit v souladu se Smlouvou o poskytnutí nadačního příspěvku ze dne 5.8.2021 a byl řádně vyúčtován. 6. Kurz „Imaging in maternal-fetal medicine“ Ve dnech: 4.1.2021 – 30.9.2021 Počet účastníků: 2 osoby Nadační příspěvek: 170.000,- Kč Příspěvek byl použit v souladu se Smlouvou o poskytnutí nadačního příspěvku ze dne 5.8.2021 a byl řádně vyúčtován. 7. 52. konference gynekologie dětí a dospívajících v Lázních Bělohrad Ve dnech: 14.10.2021 – 16.10.2021 Počet účastníků: 1 osoba Nadační příspěvek: 2.993,- Kč Příspěvek byl použit v souladu se Smlouvou o poskytnutí nadačního příspěvku ze dne 6.10.2021 a byl řádně vyúčtován. 8. On-line kongres ISUOG 2021 Ve dnech: 15.10.2021 – 17.10.2021 Počet účastníků: 2 osoby Nadační příspěvek: 16.500,- Kč Příspěvek byl použit v souladu se Smlouvou o poskytnutí nadačního příspěvku ze dne 6.10.2021 a byl řádně vyúčtován. 9. Roční členský poplatek v odborné mezinárodní společnosti IS AIP (PAS) Počet účastníků: 1 osoba Nadační příspěvek: 2.500,- Kč Příspěvek byl použit v souladu se Smlouvou o poskytnutí nadačního příspěvku ze dne 6.10.2021 a byl řádně vyúčtován. 10. Kongres IS_PAS Brusel Ve dnech: 18.11.2021 – 20.11.2021 Počet účastníků: 2 osoby Nadační příspěvek: 22.613,81 Kč Příspěvek byl použit v souladu se Smlouvou o poskytnutí nadačního příspěvku ze dne 18.11.2021 a byl řádně vyúčtován. 11. Odborná publikace – význam stanovení bakteriální DNA u vysoce rizikových novorozenců Nadační příspěvek: 62.151,- Kč Příspěvek byl použit v souladu se Smlouvou o poskytnutí nadačního příspěvku ze dne 6.12.2021 a byl řádně vyúčtován. 3.5. Informace o překročení ročních nákladů Bylo dodrženo pravidlo stanovené v bodu 6.5 Statutu nadační fondu – roční náklady nebyly v tomto ohledu překročeny. 3.6. Zhodnocení základních údajů obsažených v účetní závěrce Komplexní zhodnocení základních údajů obsažených v účetní závěrce obsahuje Příloha tvořící součást účetní závěrky za rok 2021. 4. Činnost Správní rady Správní rada se sešla v roce 2021 celkem 7x, a to ve dnech 26.1.2021, 27.1.2021, 24.6.2021, 2.8.2021, 5.10.2021, 16.11.2021 a 6.12.2021. 5. Společenské události v roce 2021 Společnost CENTRAL GROUP z důvodu probíhající pandemie COVID-19 a z toho plynoucích omezení v organizování společenských akcí nemohla bohužel v roce 2021 pořádat tradiční charitativní galavečer ve prospěch Nadačního fondu pro zdraví dětí. V Praze dne 6. 6. 2022 JUDr. Pavlína Fojtíková, Ph.D. předsedkyně správní rady Ing. Ladislav Váňa člen správní rady \| Označ. \| AKTIVA \| číslo řádku \| Účetní období \| \|-------\|---------------------------------------------\|------------\|------------------------\| \| \| \| \| stav k prvnímu dni \| k poslednímu dni \| \| B. \| Krátkodobý majetek celkem \| 040 \| +949 \| +1 098 \| \| B. III.\| Krátkodobý finanční majetek celkem \| 071 \| +949 \| +1 098 \| \| 3. \| Peněžní prostředky na účtech \| 074 \| +949 \| +1 098 \| \| \| AKTIVA CELKEM \| 082 \| +949 \| +1 098 \| \| Označ. \| PASIVA \| číslo řádku \| Účetní období \| \|--------\|--------\|------------\|---------------\| \| \| \| \| stav k prvnímu dni \| k poslednímu dni \| \| A. \| Vlastní zdroje celkem \| A.I + . +A.II \| 001 \| +949 \| +1 098 \| \| A. I. \| Jméni celkem \| A.I + . +A.I.x \| 002 \| +500 \| +500 \| \| A. I. 1.\| Vlastní jmění \| účet 901 \| 003 \| +500 \| +500 \| \| A. II. \| Výsledek hospodaření celkem \| A.II + . +A.II.x \| 006 \| +449 \| +598 \| \| A. II. 1.\| Účet výsledku hospodaření \| účet +/-963 \| 007 \| XXXXXXXXXX \| +149 \| \| 2. \| Výsledek hospodaření ve schvalovacím řízení \| účet +/-931 \| 008 \| +449 \| XXXXXXXXXX \| \| 3. \| Nerozdělený zisk, neuhrazená ztráta minulých let \| účet +/-932 \| 009 \| +449 \| \| PASIVA CELKEM A+B 048 +949 +1 098 Okamžik sestaven: 6.6.2022 Právní forma: nadační fond účetní jednotky: Předmět činnosti nebo účel: Podpora výzkumu v oblasti péče o zdraví matky a jejího dítěte, podpora související publikační činnosti a vzdělávání včetně financování studijních pobytů odborníků a zavádění poznatků v této oblasti do praxe a podpora při financování přístrojového vybavení těch přístroj, vybavení, která peči o zdraví matky a jejího dítěte zajišťují. JUDr. Pavlína Fojtiková předseda správní rady Ing. Ladislav Váňa člen správní rady Za správnost odpovídá Andonová \| Označ. \| VÝKAZ ZISKU A ZTRÁTY \| číslo řádku \| Hlavní \| Hospodářská \| Celkem \| \|--------\|----------------------\|------------\|--------\|-------------\|--------\| \| A. \| Náklady \| \| \| \| +972 \| \| A. I. \| Spotřebované nákupy a nakupované služby \| 001 \| +972 \| \| \| \| 6. \| Ostatní služby \| učet 518 \| 008 \| +969 \| +969 \| \| A. V. \| Ostatní náklady \| učet 549 \| 021 \| +3 \| +3 \| \| 22. \| Jiné ostatní náklady \| učet 682 \| 028 \| +3 \| +3 \| \| \| Náklady celkem \| \| 039 \| +972 \| +972 \| \| B. \| Výnosy \| \| \| \| +1 121 \| \| B. II. \| Přijaté příspěvky \| \| \| \| +1 121 \| \| 3. \| Přijaté příspěvky (dary) \| učet 682 \| 045 \| +1 121 \| +1 121 \| \| \| Výnosy celkem \| \| 061 \| +1 121 \| +1 121 \| \| C. \| Výsledek hospodaření před zdaněním \| \| 062 \| +149 \| +149 \| \| D. \| Výsledek hospodaření po zdanění \| \| 063 \| +149 \| +149 \| Okamžik sestavení: 6.6.2022 Právní forma: nadační fond účetní jednotky: Předmět činnosti nebo účel: Podpora výzkumu v oblasti péče o zdraví matky a jejího dítěte, podpora související publikační činnosti a vzdělávání včetně financování studijních pobytů odborníků a zavádění poznatků v této oblasti do praxe a podpora při financování přístrojového vybavení těch přístroj. vybavení, která peči o zdraví matky a jejího dítěte zajišťují. JUDr. Pavlína Fojtiková předseda správní rady Ing. Ladislav Váňa člen správní rady Za správnost odpovídá Tomášková VZP dle 504/2002 Sb. ve znění pro rok 2016 Obchodní firma nebo název účetní jednotky Nadační fond pro zdraví dětí nadační fond Sídlo nebo bydliště účetní jednotky Na Strži 65/1702 Praha 4 140 00 1. OBECNÉ INFORMACE 1.1. Charakteristika a hlavní aktivity Nadační fond pro zdraví dětí ("fond") byl zřízen prostřednictvím zakládací listiny dle ustanovení § 3 zákona č. 227/1997 Sb., o nadacích a nadačních fondech dne 15.3.2007 a je zapsán v Nadačním rejstříku, vedeném Městským soudem v Praze, oddíl N, vložka 628. 1.2. Základní údaje o fondu \| Název: \| Nadační fond pro zdraví dětí \| \|-------------------------\|------------------------------\| \| Právní forma: \| nadační fond \| \| Datum zápisu do NR: \| 15.3.2007 \| \| IČ: \| 278 64 511 \| \| Sídlo fondu: \| Praha 4 – Nusle, Na Strži 65/1702, PSČ 140 00 \| 1.3. Zřizovatel CENTRAL GROUP 23. investiční a.s., IČ: 63999102, se sídlem: Na Strži 65/1702, 140 00 Praha 4 (dříve CENTRAL GROUP a.s.) 1.4. Účel nadačního fondu Podpora výzkumu v oblasti péče o zdraví matky a jejího dítěte, podpora související publikační činnosti a vzdělávání včetně financování studijních pobytů odborníků a zavádění světových poznatků v této oblasti do praxe a podpora při financování přístrojového vybavení těch zdravotnických zařízení, která péči o zdraví matky a jejího dítěte zajišťují. 1.5. Výše majetkového vkladu 500 000,- Kč – splaceno 100% 1.6. Členové orgánů Nadačního fondu pro zdraví dětí Správní rada: - předsedkyně JUDr. Pavlína Fojtiková, Ph.D. - člen MUDr. Petra Šaňáková - člen Ing. Ladislav Váňa Revisor: Ing. Ivo Zachoval 1.7. Okamžik sestavení účetní závěrky Účetní závěrka fondu za rok 2021 je sestavena k rozvahovému dni 31. 12.2021 Účetní závěrka byla sestavena dne 6.6.2022 2. INFORMACE O POUŽITÝCH ÚČETNÍCH METODÁCH, OBECNÝCH ÚČETNÍCH ZÁSADÁCH A ZPŮSOBECH OCEŇOVÁNÍ 2.1. Základní zásady vedení účetnictví Účetnictví je vedeno v souladu s účetními předpisy platnými v České republice. Částky v účetní závěrce a v příloze jsou vyjádřeny v tisících korun českých, není-li uvedeno jinak. 2.2. Zásadní účetní postupy používané společností 2.2.1. Dlouhodobý hmotný a nehmotný majetek Fond nevlastní dlouhodobý hmotný a nehmotný majetek. 2.2.2. Dlouhodobý finanční majetek Fond nevlastní dlouhodobý finanční majetek. 2.2.3. Krátkodobý finanční majetek Krátkodobý finanční majetek tvoří: - peníze; - bankovní účty; 2.2.4. Zásoby Fond nevlastní zásoby. 2.2.5. Stanovení opravných položek a rezerv Fond netvoří opravné položky. 2.2.6. Přepočty cizích měn Fond nepoužil v účetním období přepočet cizích měn. 2.2.7. Naiatý majetek Fond nemá najatý majetek. 2.2.8. Daň z příjmů Fond v účetním období nevyvijel činnost, z které by vznikla daňová povinnost. 2.2.9. Závazky, úvěry a finanční výpomoci Fond nečerpal žádné úvěry. 2.2.10. Časové rozlišení Nenastal důvod pro časové rozlišení. 2.3. Změna účetních metod a postupů V účetním období roku 2021 nedošlo ke změně platných účetních postupů v oblasti účtování a vykazování. 3. DOPLŇUJÍCÍ INFORMACE K ROZVAZE A VÝKAZU ZISKŮ A ZTRÁT 3.1. Dlouhodobý hmotný a nehmotný majetek Ve sledovaném období Fond nevlastní dlouhodobý hmotný a nehmotný majetek. 3.2. Drobný hmotný a nehmotný majetek neuvedený v rozvaze Ve sledovaném období Fond nevlastní drobný hmotný a nehmotný majetek neuvedený v rozvaze. 3.3. Dlouhodobý finanční majetek Ve sledovaném období Fond nevlastní dlouhodobý finanční majetek. 3.4. Zásoby Ve sledovaném období Fond neeviduje zásoby. 3.5. Pohledávky 3.5.1. Dlouhodobé pohledávky Ve sledovaném období Fond neeviduje dlouhodobé pohledávky. 3.5.2. Krátkodobé pohledávky Ve sledovaném období Fond neeviduje krátkodobé pohledávky. 3.6. Krátkodobý finanční majetek Krátkodobý finanční majetek Fondu tvoří: - Peníze-pokladní hotovost k 31.12.2021 je nulová. - Bankovní účty-celkový zůstatek na účtech k 31.12.2021 je 1.097.728,77 Kč. Fond eviduje zůstatky na běžných účtech u ČSOB: - účet 117786943/0300 ve výši 110.085,22 Kč; - účet 117724053/0300 ve výši 13.641,65 Kč; - účet 217347603/0300 ve výši 974.001,90 Kč; 3.7. Opravné položky Ve sledovaném období Fond netvoří opravné položky. 3.8. Vlastní jmění 500 tis. Kč je vytvořeno vkladem ze strany zakladatele CENTRAL GROUP 23. investiční a.s. 3.9. Závazky 3.9.1. Dlouhodobé závazky Ve sledovaném období Fond neeviduje žádné dlouhodobé závazky. 3.9.2. Krátkodobé závazky Ve sledovaném období Fond neeviduje krátkodobé závazky. 3.10. Účtování na účtech časového rozlišení Ve sledovaném období Fond neevidoval položky k časovému rozlišení. 3.11. Dary přijaté Fondu byly v roce 2021 poskytnuty finanční dary od třetích osob v celkové výši 136.850 Kč, z toho: - výtěžek z projektu DMS za rok 2021 ve výši 350 Kč. - finanční příspěvky různých dárců v celkové výši 136.500 Kč byly v roce 2021 přijaty na bankovní účet Nadačního fondu pro zdraví dětí. Vzhledem k tomu, že příjmy fondu v roce 2020 nedosáhly 1.000.000 Kč, v souladu se závazkem společnosti CENTRAL GROUP a.s. dle „Dohody o podpoře Nadačního fondu pro zdraví dětí“ dorovnal CENTRAL GROUP a.s. v roce 2021 příjmy příspěvkem ve výši 984.587 Kč. 3.12. Příspěvky poskytnuté Příspěvky byly poskytnuté v souladu se statutem Nadačního fondu pro zdraví dětí, čerpání příspěvků je podloženo jednotlivými smlouvami, žadatelem o příspěvek byl Ústav pro péči o matku a dítě. Všechny příspěvky v roce 2021 byly poskytnuty převodem z bankovního účtu. Součet finančních příspěvků, které fond vyplatil v roce 2021 činí 969.286,63 Kč. Všechny schválené příspěvky byly řádně vyplaceny z bankovního účtu a smluvně podloženy, žadatelem byl Ústav pro péči o matku a dítě. 3.13. Veřejné sbírky V roce 2021 pokračovalo konání veřejné sbírky schválené Magistrátem hlavního města Prahy pod č.j. S-MHMP/2061772/2015. Sbírka byla prováděna pronájmem telefonní linky (dárcovské SMS – DMS) za účelem financování nákupu přístrojového vybavení souvisejícího s péčí o zdraví matky a jejího dítěte pro Ústav pro péči o matku a dítě, IČ: 00023698, se sídlem: Podolské nábřeží 157, 147 00 Praha 4. V roce 2021 pokračovalo konání veřejné sbírky schválené Magistrátem hlavního města Prahy pod č.j. S-MHMP/1200951/2012 prováděné shromažďováním příspěvků na předem vyhlášeném bankovním účtu za účelem shodujícím se s účelem Nadačního fondu pro zdraví dětí. 3.14. Výsledek hospodaření a daň z příjmů Výsledek hospodaření za rok 2021 bude převeden na účet neuhraněné ztráty, nerozděleného zisku minulých let. V účetním období 2021 neměl Fond žádnou činnost, ze které by vznikla daňová povinnost. Daňové úlevy nebyly využity v účetním období 2021 a nebyly využity ani v předchozím účetním období 2020. 3.15. Významné události mezi rozvahovým dnem a okamžikem sestavení účetní závěrky Mezi rozvahovým dnem a okamžikem sestavení účetní závěrky nenastaly žádné významné události. V Praze dne 6.6.2022 JUDr. Pavlína Fojtiková, Ph.D. předsedkyně správní rady Nadační fond pro zdraví dětí Ing. Ladislav Váha člen správní rady Nadační fond pro zdraví dětí Za správnost odpovídá Andonová	17eb9e33-aa8a-4f89-b1c0-099d9b71bb77	HuggingFaceFW/finepdfs/tree/main/data/ces_Latn/train	finepdfs	ces_Latn	20,014
Nr. Aktuelle deutsche Gremienvertretungen in den Sektionen der IFLA Stand: 06.11.2019 Name der Sektion Englische Mitglied für die Amtszeit 2017 - Mitglied für die Amtszeit 2019 -2023 \| 35 \| Audiovisuelle Medien und Multimedia \| Audiovisual and Multimedia \| Dr. Anna Bohn, ZLB Berlin (1. Amtszeit) \| \| \|---\|---\|---\|---\|---\| \| 23 \| Ausbildung und Schulung \| Education and Training \| \| \| \| 36 \| Auskunftsdienst \| Reference and Information Services \| Michael Leutgen, Zeutschel (1. Amtszeit 2018-2020) \| \| \| 4 \| Behördenbibliotheken \| Government Libraries \| \| \| \| 43 \| Berufliche Fortbildung und Schulung am Arbeitsplatz \| Continuing Professional Development and Workplace Learning Section \| \| Ulrike Lang, SUB Hamburg (1. Amtszeit) \| \| 19 \| Bestandserhaltung und Konservierung \| Preservation and Conservation \| Stefanie Preuss, DNB Leipzig (1. Amtszeit) \| \| \| 12 \| Bibliographie \| Bibliography \| Jochen Rupp, DNB (1. Amtszeit) \| \| \| 28 \| Bibliotheken im Gesundheitswesen und den Biowissenschaften \| Health and Biosciences Libraries \| \| \| \| 3 \| Bibliotheken und wissenschaftliche Dienste für Parlamente \| Library and Research Services for Parliaments Section \| Dr. Christine Wellems, HH Bürgerschaft Hamburg (1. Amtszeit) \| \| \| 9 \| Bibliotheksangebote für Personen mit besonderen Bedürfnissen \| Library Services to People with Special Needs \| Anne Sieberns, Inst.f. Menschenrechte Berlin (2. Amtszeit) \| Lisa Krolak, UNESCO Inst.f. Lebenslanges Lernen (1. Amtszeit) \| \| 20 \| Bibliotheksbau und -einrichtung \| Library Buildings and Equipment \| \| Dr. Dorothea Sommer, BSB München (1. Amtszeit) Dr. Klaus-Ulrich Werner, FU Berlin (2. Amtszeit) \| \| 32 \| Bibliotheksdienste für multikulturelle Bevölkerungsgruppen \| Library Services to Multicultural Populations \| Leslie Kuo, Bibl Museum Naturkunde Berlin (Corresponding member 2017-2019) \| Leslie Kuo, Bibl. Museum Naturkunde Berlin (1. Amtszeit) SECRETARY Catharina Boss, Stadtbibliothek Bremen (Corresponding member 2019-21) \| \| 24 \| Bibliothekstheorie und -forschung \| Library Theory and Research \| \| Stefan Schmunk, Hochschule Darmstadt (1. Amtszeit) \| \| 33 \| Lesekompetenz und Lesen \| Literacy and Reading \| Lisa Krolak, (1. Amtszeit) \| Andrea Krieg, Stadtbibliothek Karlsruhe (1. Amtszeit) \| \| 15 \| Dokumentenlieferung und gemeinsame Ressourcennutzung \| Document Delivery and Resource Sharing \| Nicole Clasen, ZBW Kiel (1. Amtszeit) \| \| \| 14 \| Erwerbung und Bestandsaufbau \| Acquisition and Collection Development \| Dr. Franziska Wein, UB Erfurt (2. Amtszeit) \| \| \| 16 \| Fortlaufende Sammelwerke \| Serials and Other Continuing Resources \| \| \| \| 37 \| Genealogie und Lokalgeschichte \| \| \| \| \| 46 \| Großstadtbibliotheken \| Metropolitan Libraries \| Barbara Lison, Stadtbibliothek Bremen (1. Amtszeit) \| Lucia Werder, Stadtbibliothek Bremen (1. Amtszeit) Dr. Jonas Fansa, ZLB Berlin (1. Amtszeit) \| \| 50 \| Indigene Angelegenheiten \| Indigenous Matters \| \| \| \| 21 \| Informationstechnik \| Information Technology \| Dr. Peter Leinen, DNB Frankfurt (1. Amtszeit) \| \|---\|---\|---\|---\| \| 29 \| Inhaltsanalyse und thematischer Zugang \| Subject Analysis and Access \| Ulrike Junger, DNB Frankfurt (2. Amtszeit), Dr. Andreas O. Kempf, ZBW Kiel (1. Amtszeit) \| \| 48 \| Juristische Bibliotheken \| Law Libraries \| \| \| 13 \| Katalogisierung \| Cataloguing \| Renate Behrens, DNB Frankfurt (1. Amtszeit) \| \| 10 \| Kinder- und Jugendbibliotheken \| Libraries for Children and Young Adults \| Benjamin Scheffler, ZLB Berlin (1. Amtszeit) INFORMATION COORDINATOR \| \| 30 \| Kunstbibliotheken \| Art Libraries \| \| \| 34 \| Management und Marketing \| Management and Marketing \| Barbara Schleihagen, dbv Berlin (1. Amtszeit) \| \| 40 \| Management von Bibliotheksverbänden \| Management of Library Associations \| Hella Klauser, dbv/knb Berlin (1. Amtszeit) SECRETARY \| \| 39 \| Nachrichtenmedien \| News Media \| Anke Winsmann, SuUB Bremen (1. Amtszeit) \| \| 1 \| Nationalbibliotheken \| National Libraries \| Renate Gömpel, DNB Frankfurt (2. Amtszeit) \| \| 7 \| Naturwissenschaftlich-Technische Bibliotheken \| Science and Technology Libraries \| \| \| 8 \| Öffentliche Bibliotheken \| Public Libraries \| \| \| 25 \| Regionale Aktivitäten: Afrika \| Africa \| \| \| 26 \| Regionale Aktivitäten: Asien und Ozeanien \| Asia and Oceania \| \| \| 27 \| Regionale Aktivitäten: Lateinamerika und Karibik \| Latin America and the Caribbean \| \| \| 11 \| Schulbibliotheken und Lehrmittelzentren \| School Libraries and Resource Centers \| \| \| 31 \| Sektion der Bibliotheken für Menschen mit Lese- behinderungen \| Libraries Serving Persons with Print Disabilities \| Christiane Felsmann, Dt. Zentralbücherei f. Blinde Leipzig (1. Amtszeit) \| \| 18 \| Seltene Bücher und Handschriften \| Rare Books and Manuscripts \| Dr. Claudia Bubenik, BSB München (1. Amtszeit) \| \| 5 \| Sozialwissenschaftliche Bibliotheken \| Social Science Libraries \| Heike vom Orde, BR München (1. Amtszeit) \| \| 17 \| Staatliche Information und Amtsdruckschriften \| Government Information and Official Publications \| Dr. Cornelie Butz, Bundesverwaltungsgericht Leipzig (1. Amtszeit) \| \| 22 \| Statistik und Evaluation \| Statistics and Evaluation \| Prof. Dr. Petra Düren, HAW Hamburg (1. Amtszeit) \| \| 2 \| Wissenschaftliche Bibliotheken in Forschung und Lehre \| Academic and Research Libraries \| \|	<urn:uuid:f0820f20-9aa0-43bd-b8e5-2bb593af3c18>	HuggingFaceFW/finepdfs/tree/main/data/deu_Latn/train	finepdfs	deu_Latn	5,259
Inaugurazione 20 aprile venerdì Fluxus. Una rivoluzione creativa 1962-2012 ore 18.00 Wisch Threes–performance di Yoko Ono m.a.x.museo Dream–performance di Yoko Ono ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………...... 20 aprile venerdì Flux for m.a.x. I ore 20.30 Performances con Eric Andersen - Philip Corner - Geoffry Hendricks Cinema Teatro Ben Patterson - Ben Vautier ............................................................................................................................................................. 21 aprile sabato Flux for m.a.x. II ore 18.00 Performances con Eric Andersen - Philip Corner - Geoffry Hendricks SpazioOfficina Ben Patterson - Ben Vautier …………………………………………………………………………………………………………….......... 7 maggio lunedì Fluxus in films and videos ore 20.30 conferenza di Antonio d'Avossa Cinema Teatro presenta Nicoletta Ossanna Cavadini m.a.x.museo in apertura straordinaria dalle ore 21.30 alle 23.30 ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….. Inaugurazione 22 maggio martedì Joseph Beuys: ogni uomo è un artista ore 18.00 Manifesti, multipli e video SpazioOfficina ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 22 maggio martedì Fluxus Concert, an anthology 1962-2012 ore 20.30 Gianni Emilio Simonetti con V.G. Lassandro - G.Tacchini Cinema Teatro m.a.x.museo in apertura straordinaria dalle ore 21.30 alle 23.30 ………………………………………………………………………………………...................................... 23 maggio mercoledì Fluxus in Italia ore 20.30 Presentazione del libro di Caterina Gualco SpazioOfficina con Antonio d'Avossa e Gino Di Maggio ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 30 maggio mercoledì ore 18.00 Barriere foniche Auditorium del silenzio Performance con Philip Corner Università della Svizzera italiana, Accademia di architettura di viale Galli, Chiasso Mendrisio, atelier di primo anno Arch. Riccardo Blumer in collaborazione con il Teatro del Tempo, Mario Pagliarani. Segue aperitivo sulla terrazza del m.a.x.museo in apertura straordinaria dalle 19.00 alle 22.00 ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 1 giugno venerdì Cage Cage Cage Cage Concert ore 20.30 Daniele Lombardi Cinema Teatro ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 14 giugno giovedì ore 20.30 Foyer Cinema Teatro Marcel Duchamp e Fluxus Prof. Arturo Schwarz, modera Nicoletta Ossanna Cavadini Flux for m.a.x. I Performance con Eric Andersen - Philip Corner - Geoffry Hendricks Ben Patterson - Ben Vautier ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….. Performances Flux for m.a.x. I La pratica delle performances e degli eventi assume un peso fondamentale per tutti gli artisti di Fluxus dove musica, gesto, poesia e azione collettiva diventano l'elemento distintivo che caratterizza ancora oggi gli artisti e il movimento. La mostra a Chiasso fornisce quindi anche l'occasione per realizzare un evento storico importantissimo dal punto di vista della memoria del gruppo. Le prime performances saranno realizzate da Eric Andersen,Philip Corner, Geoffry Hendricks, Ben Patterson, Ben Vautier venerdì 20 aprile2012 alle ore 20.30 (Cinema Teatro) e sabato 21 aprile alle ore 18 (SpazioOfficina). Realizzazioni di molte performances di artisti scomparsi saranno realizzate ugualmente come una sorta di omaggio e ricordo alla memoria. Altre performances saranno proposte durante il periodo di apertura della mostra Program for Cinema Teatro, Chiasso George Maciunas In Memoriam Adriano Olivetti (1962 Eric Andersen do and/or don't do something universally (1961) Larry Miller Ecco Io (1968) George Maciunas Lips and Tongues (1962) La Monte Young Composition 1960 #7 Mieko Shiomi Boundary Music (1964) Emmett Williams Counting Song (1962) AY-O Ha He Du Hi Ho (1966) George Brecht Symphony #3 (1962) Yasonao Tone Clapping (1961) Alison Knowles Shuffle (1962) La Monte Young Composition 1960 #6 Bob Watts C/S Trace (1962) La Monte Young Piano Piece for David Tudor #1 (1961) Ben Patterson from Methods and Processes (1962) Takako Saito Bird (2012) Nam June Paik Solo for Violin (1962) Ben Patterson Paper Piece (1962) 21 aprile sabato ore 18.00 SpazioOfficina Flux for m.a.x. II Performance con Eric Andersen - Philip Corner - Geoffry Hendricks Ben Patterson - Ben Vautier …………………………………………………………………………………………………………….......... Performances Flux for m.a.x. II Program for Spazio Officina Larry Miller Ecco Io (1968) George Maciunas Lips and Tongues (1962) La Monte Young Composition 1960 #7 Mieko Shiomi Boundary Music (1964) Emmett Williams Counting Song (1962) AY-O Ha He Du Hi Ho (1966) George Brecht Symphony #3 (1962) Yasonao Tone Clapping (1961) Alison Knowles Shuffle (1962) Tomas Schmit Zyklus (1962) Geoff Hendricks Flux Navy (1979) Ben Patterson Please wash your face (1961) Philip Corner Gong/Ear: A Metal Meditation (2010) Eric Andersen do and/or don't do something universally Dick Higgins Danger Music #2 Ben Patterson Message (2011) Geoff Hendricks Heads and Tails (2000) Nam June Paik Zen for Head (1964) Ben Patterson Lick Piece (1962) Fluxus in films and videos conferenza di Antonio d'Avossa presenta Nicoletta Ossanna Cavadini m.a.x.museo in apertura straordinaria dalle ore 21.30 alle 23.30 ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….. Fluxus in films and videos Antonio d'Avossa (Salerno, 1951). Docente in storia dell'arte contemporanea all'accademia di Brera, Milano. FILMS in discussione e in proiezione The misfits 30 years of fluxus Zefiro torna Fluxfilm Gianni Emilio Simonetti con V.G. Lassandro - G.Tacchini m.a.x.museo in apertura straordinaria dalle ore 21.30 alle 23.30 ………………………………………………………………………………………...................................... Saranno eseguiti i pezzi di: Ayo, George Brecht, Al Hansen, Dick Higgins, Alison Knowles, Takehisa Kosugi, George Maciunas, Walter Marchetti, Nam June Paik, Terry Riley, Tomas Schmit, Mieko Shiomi, Ben Vautier, Robert Watts, La Monte Young Gianni-Emilio Simonetti Vito Gionatan Lassandro, Giulia Tacchini John Cage, Variation IV, 1963 Gianni-Emilio Simonetti, Vito Gionatan Lassandro COORDINAMENTO PERFORMERS ESECUTORI Fluxus in Italia Presentazione del libro di Caterina Gualco con Antonio d'Avossa e Gino Di Maggio ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….. Scheda libro FLUXUS IN ITALIA a cura di Caterina Gualco A cinquant'anni dalla nascita del movimento artistico Fluxus questo libro ne celebra il primo mezzo secolo di storia, tentando di ricostruirne l'attività in Italia: attraverso testi editi e soprattutto inediti dei protagonisti (spesso scritti per l'occasione), foto rare o mai pubblicate prima di performance e eventi, e una fondamentale cronologia che fornisce una prima sistemazione delle numerose esperienze Fluxus in Italia. La copertina, disegnata da Ben Vautier, è una specie di guida alla lettura del libro stesso, nel quale la cronologia degli eventi per aree geografiche mostra quanto Fluxus sia stato presente sul territorio italiano, e contemporaneamente testimonia il nomadismo peculiare degli artisti Fluxus. Il capitolo "I testimoni" raccoglie testi inediti dei partner italiani dell'avventura Fluxus; "Ridare la voce" è una piccola collezione di scritti degli artisti che se ne sono andati, mentre "Siamo ancora vivi" contiene le dichiarazioni degli artisti ancora con noi. L'Archivio delle immagini" presenta circa 200 fotografie di performance ed eventi Fluxus, presentati in Italia – da Bolzano a Catania – dal 1967 a oggi. 30 maggio mercoledì ore 18.00 Barriere foniche Auditorium del silenzio Performance con Philip Corner Università della Svizzera italiana, Accademia di architettura di viale Galli, Chiasso Mendrisio, atelier di primo anno Arch. Riccardo Blumer in collaborazione con il Teatro del Tempo, Mario Pagliarani. ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….. Chiasso – Silenzio Auditorium del silenzio Performance con Philip Corner Università della Svizzera italiana, Accademia di architettura di Mendrisio, atelier di primo anno Arch. Riccardo Blumer in foto Riccardo Blumer L'architetto Riccardo Blumer, docente di uno degli atelier di primo anno coordinati dal Prof. Mario Botta all'Accademia di architettura di Mendrisio (Università della Svizzera italiana), in collaborazione con Mario Pagliarani, ideatore dell'evento Radio CHage 4'33'' che si terrà il 5 settembre 2012, propone con il m.a.x.museo di Chiasso una prova generale dell'istallazione "l'auditorium del Silenzio" progettato e realizzato dagli studenti, il giorno 30 Maggio alle 18,00 con l'eccezionale presenza del compositore americano Philip Corner in concerto. L'auditorium, in via Galli (Chiasso), a ridosso delle barriere foniche autostradali, è un 'istallazione architettonica che propone di accompagnare il concerto 4'33 ideato da Cage con una riflessione sul medesimo tema del silenzio ma da un punto di vista architettonico. Gli studenti installeranno sulle barriere delle costruzioni particolari che trasformeranno il traffico dell'autostrada in un mondo di riflessi amplificato e deformato sia nella velocità che nelle dimensioni. L'immagine, come per il suono nel silenzio, produrrà nuove esperienze con livelli di osservazione inediti, aumentando la sensibilità del mondo invisibile. Il parcheggio di via Galli, che il Comune di Chiasso ha concesso in uso per la manifestazione, si trasformerà provvisoriamente da "non luogo" urbano amputato alla continuità della città dal tracciato autostradale, a frontiera per la ricerca di nuovi valori estetici. Arch. Riccardo Blumer in foto Philip Corner Cage Cage Cage Cage Concert Daniele Lombardi ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….. CAGECAGECAGECAGE 1912 - 2012 DANIELE LOMBARDI pianoforte in foto Daniele Lombardi ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….. Marcel Duchamp e Fluxus Arturo Schwarz è nato ad Alessandria d'Egitto il 3 febbraio 1924. Storico dell'arte, saggista, poeta e conferenziere, è autore di importanti opere sul surrealismo e il dadaismo.	<urn:uuid:8983f161-c930-45c1-8899-cf605a64240c>	HuggingFaceFW/finepdfs/tree/main/data/ita_Latn/train	finepdfs	ita_Latn	10,043
Simtel și PRIME Batteries Technology implementează un proiect de stocare a energiei la Schitul Românesc Prodromu de pe Muntele Athos din Grecia Simtel, grup de inginerie și tehnologie, lider național în domeniul energiei regenerabile, alături de PRIME Batteries Technology, unul dintre cei mai importanți producători de soluții de stocare a energiei din Uniunea Europeană și singurul producător de baterii din România, anunță semnarea unui parteneriat pentru dezvoltarea de tehnologii avansate în domeniul energiei regenerabile. Parteneriatul vizează creșterea eficienței energetice, reducerea costurilor și accelerarea implementării de proiecte sustenabile, atât în România, cât și în Europa. Primul proiect inovator realizat în comun și din surse proprii de către cele două companii românești este un sistem de stocare a energiei alimentat cu energie din panouri fotovoltaice la Schitul Românesc Prodromu, situat pe Muntele Athos, Grecia. „În cadrul Simtel, fiind recunoscuți ca lider de piață în domeniul energiei regenerabile din România, ne concentram în permanență pe inovație și sustenabilitate în toate proiectele noastre. Parteneriatul cu PRIME ne permite să dezvoltăm soluții inovatoare și sustenabile care raspund nevoilor actuale de eficiență energetică și reducere a emisiilor de dioxid de carbon. Prin integrarea celor mai avansate tehnologii în domeniul energiei regenerabile, contribuim la optimizarea costurilor pentru clienții noștri, precum și la creșterea independenței energetice în locații izolate sau dificile din punct de vedere logistic. Suntem dedicăți să oferim soluții fiabile, scalabile și prietenoase cu mediul înconjurător, care sprijina atât companiile și organizațiile, cât și comunitățile locale în tranziția lor către surse de energie verde.” a declarat Mihai Tudor, CEO al Simtel. Muntele Athos este un centru spiritual de referință pentru ortodoxia mondială, găzduind peste 20 de mănăstiri ortodoxe cu o istorie de sute de ani. Situat pe o peninsulă izolată din nordul Greciei, acest loc este recunoscut pentru importanța sa istorică, religioasă și culturală, atrăgând de-a lungul secolelor credincioși din întreaga lume. De-a lungul secolelor, domnițorii români și români au avut un rol esențial în sprijinirea comunităților monahale de pe Muntele Athos, donațiile lor substanțiale contribuind la conservarea tradițiilor ortodoxe și la întreținerea mănăstirilor și schiturilor de pe întreaga peninsulă. „Acest proiect inovator marchează un moment de referință în eforturile noastre comune de a sprijini tranziția către energie curată și sustenabilă în Europa. Prin această colaborare, am reușit să implementăm o soluție de stocare a energiei de ultima generație, care îmbunătățește eficiența energetică și totodată contribuie semnificativ la reducerea emisiilor de carbon. Aceasta realizare subliniază capacitatea noastră de a furniza soluții robuste și eficiente pentru stocarea energiei solare, o componentă esențială pentru atingerea obiectivelor climatice ale... Uniunii Europene.”, a declarat Vicențiu Ciobanu, CEO al PRIME. Proiectul de la schitul românesc Prodromu, marchează prima fază a unei inițiative mai ample. În această etapa, Simtel a integrat bateriile produse de PRIME într-un sistem ce include producția de energie regenerabilă din panouri fotovoltaice cu o putere de 100 kWp și baterii cu o capacitate totală de 512,4 kWh (0,5 MWh). Sistemul utilizează invertoare autonome (off-grid), Victron, furnizate de compania românească, Darcom Energy. Proiectat pentru a permite extinderea capacității de stocare a bateriilor în etapele viitoare, acest microsistem energetic va fi extins în a doua fază prin instalarea suplimentară a 120 kWp de panouri fotovoltaice, operațiune ce va fi realizată de Simtel în luna octombrie a acestui an. Sistemul integrează trei generatoare diesel deja existente, care pot funcționa alternativ sau simultan, oferind astfel flexibilitate și asigurând continuitatea alimentării cu energie atunci când este necesar. Sistemul de energie regenerabilă dezvoltat și implementat de Simtel și PRIME contribuie semnificativ la independența energetică a comunității monahale de la Prodromu, prin eliminarea aproape completă a necesității utilizării generatoarelor diesel. De asemenea, odată finalizată și a doua etapa, sistemul energetic va avea o capacitate totală de 220 kWp în panouri fotovoltaice și va produce aproximativ 308 MWh de energie solară anual, generând economii de aproximativ 60.000 de euro pe an și reducând emisiile de dioxid de carbon cu aproximativ 206 tone pe an.	a8c27e70-ae5f-4843-b70b-9b3cd058222d	HuggingFaceFW/finepdfs/tree/main/data/ron_Latn/train	finepdfs	ron_Latn	4,565
Nota à Sociedade Brasileira As entidades representativas do setor orizícola do Rio Grande do Sul, Estado responsável por mais de 70% da produção de arroz do Brasil, por meio de seus representantes, vêm a público haja vista a situação de calamidade pública que assola os gaúchos, em decorrência das enchentes que atingiram inúmeros municípios do Estado, informar, de plano, pelas razões abaixo, que inexiste risco de desabastecimento de arroz ao mercado consumidor. Verifica-se que, diante da atual conjuntura no Estado do Rio Grande do Sul, é natural que haja apreensão com relação às condições de abastecimento do arroz no Brasil, haja vista os significativos danos causados pelas chuvas torrenciais que ocorrem no Estado que concentra a produção e industrialização do cereal no país. Todavia, conforme dados oficiais, tem-se que 84% da área cultivada no Estado foi colhida antes do início das chuvas, de modo que a projeção da safra 2023/2024 atinge aproximadamente 7.150 mil toneladas, o que representa uma redução de cerca 1,24% em relação ao volume produzido na safra anterior. Assim, percebe-se que a possível diminuição da disponibilidade de arroz em razão das perdas de produtores afetados pelas enchentes que assolam o Estado será, inevitavelmente, compensada pelo incremento da importação e perda de competitividade do arroz brasileiro no mercado externo. Cumpre referir, ainda, que as dificuldades de escoamento da produção enfrentadas em razão da interdição de estradas estaduais e federais, serão, brevemente, superadas em decorrência do empenho de todo o país e da natural reorganização das cadeias produtivas. Reforçamos, desse modo, o entendimento de que a catástrofe climática que assola o Rio Grande do Sul não impõe qualquer ameaça ao abastecimento de arroz à população brasileira, de modo que seguiremos (produtores rurais, cooperativas e indústrias) comprometidos com a missão de garantir a segurança alimentar do Brasil. Federação das Associações de Arrozeiros do Estado do Rio Grande do Sul - Federarroz Federação das Cooperativas de Arroz do Rio Grande do Sul - Fearroz Sindicato das Indústrias de Arroz de Pelotas - Sindapel Sindicato das Indústrias do Arroz do Estado do Rio Grande do Sul - Sindarroz	<urn:uuid:358f9ec6-8c5b-44ed-b84f-20669d18486a>	HuggingFaceFW/finepdfs/tree/main/data/por_Latn/train	finepdfs	por_Latn	2,236
DOMENICA 29 SETTEMBRE 2019 L'anello Dei Colli Euganei in senso antiorario Il percorso si snoda lungo la pista dei Colli Euganei per scoprire i colli da punti di vista ogni volta diversi. Visitare il sito www.fiab-padova.it e la pagina Facebook FiabPadova Descrizione: Ritorniamo sull'Anello dei Colli che è un percorso cicloturistico classico della nostra zona e che richiama ciclisti dall'Italia e dall'estero. Questa volta lo percorreremo in senso antiorario partendo da un punto avanzato del percorso. Bresseo può essere raggiunto in auto (che può essere agevolmente parcheggiata alla partenza) o in bici per chi se la sente. A Vo' Vecchio, per chi vuole, c'è la possibilità di visitare villa Contarini Giovannelli - Venier. (ingresso 5 €) Programma Ritrovo: 8:30 In piazza De Gasperi a Bresseo (nei pressi della chiesa) Partenza: 09:00 puntuale Ritorno: circa 18:30 Pranzo: al sacco Contributo: € 2 per soci; € 5 per non-soci. Da pagare alla partenza Lunghetza - Difficoltà - Dislivello: 65 km - media. Per la lunghezza con percorsi sterrati ma in buono stato - nullo Tipo di bicicletta: city bike robusta, MTB, non adatto a bici di strada Info per questa gita: e-mail: email@example.com, cellulare 338 1812519 Iscrizione obbligatoria: entro giovedì 26 Settembre 2018, mail firstname.lastname@example.org o online qui. N.B. Eventuali variazioni di programma sono sempre da verificare nel nostro sito web fino al giorno prima della gita Note: tutti i partecipanti sono assicurati per l'infortuni e la R.C. verso terzi Regolamento Escursioni e Equipaggiamento Il fatto stesso di partecipare ad una gita organizzata da FIAB Padova implica la conoscenza e l'accettazione del Regolamento Escursioni dell'Associazione accessibile su www.fiab-padova.it. Bicicletta in buona condizione con tutte le caratteristiche richieste del Codice della Strada, in particolare due freni indipendenti, gomme con profilo, campanello. Due camere d'aria di scorta. Casco fortemente consigliato Amici della Bicicletta: Via dei Colli, 108.35143 Padova - cell. 338 1812519 - email@example.com Ritrovo per soci e amici, tutti i mercoledì dalle ore 21:00 alle ore 23:00 Visitare il sito www.fiab-padova.it e la pagina Facebook Fiab Mappa e tracciati GPX Una mappa di massima del percorso è riprodotta qua sotto. Inoltre è scaricabile da Internet al indirizzo https://www.bikemap.net/en/r/5225472/#z11/45.3330818,11.7224121/osm dove può essere scaricato il tracciato GPX. Visitate il sito www.fiab-padova.it e la pagina Facebook FiabPadova	<urn:uuid:56518185-57e8-498f-9c74-0dcbebc0b9af>	HuggingFaceFW/finepdfs/tree/main/data/ita_Latn/train	finepdfs	ita_Latn	2,529
2022 FABRICS ALLUSION FABRICS HORIZON CHALK HORIZON PARCHMENT VISTA CINDER VISTA SNOW HORIZON GRAPHITE HORIZON PEWTER VISTA NORDIC HORIZON LINEN Fabrics are subject to change, please call our sales team to check availability.	<urn:uuid:e7f37eee-a78e-4983-b807-c5f43850b3f9>	HuggingFaceFW/finepdfs/tree/main/data/eng_Latn/train	finepdfs	eng_Latn	235
Assignments Major Purchases As you read through this chapter, work with your spouse to think through your major long-term purchases and how you will use credit. FHE Suggestions Following are a few ideas for Family Home Evening lessons that may be helpful with this chapter: Go to annualcreditreport.com to get your free credit report. Review this report and make sure there are no mistakes. If there are mistakes, work to correct them. While the free credit reports are not as accurate, go to one of the free credit scoring websites, such as www.kreditkarma.com and get a credit score. If you are getting close to buying a home, consider ordering your FICO® score at myfico.com. The FICO score is the most-used credit score in the United States. Discuss with your spouse any current credit challenges. Develop goals and work to reduce your debt and build your emergency fund. Talk about ways you plan to improve or build your credit history. Websites There are a number of resources available on these subjects. The main resource is the BYU Marriot School of Management Personal Finance website at http://personalfinance.byu.edu. The website www.Providentliving.org is another good resource. From the Personal Finance Website, the following chapters from the Advanced Lesson for the Young Married/Single Adult manual may be helpful: Chapter 15: The Home Decision. Also review the Question and Answer PowerPoints Chapter 16. The Auto Decision Food storage: http://providentliving.com Emergency funds: http://smartmoney.com/pf/ Credit cards and credit scores: http://www.myfico.com Home buying: http://smartmoney.com/home/, http://fha.gov Automobile Reports: www.consumerreports.org, www.edmunds.com, www.autosite.com,www.kbb.com Readings Tools Reading 5.1 William E. Berrett, "I Have a Question," Ensign, Oct. 1979, 29. Reading 5.2 Ned Hill, "How to Spot a Ponzi," Marriott School Magazine, Fall 2007, pp. 8-13. Exhibit 5.1 Home Loan Comparison with Prepayment and Refinancing Exhibit 5.2 Maximum Mortgage Payments for LDS	<urn:uuid:675a24f1-3d7f-4a93-8a53-10f69b47129a>	HuggingFaceFW/finepdfs/tree/main/data/eng_Latn/train	finepdfs	eng_Latn	2,055
The Republic of South Korea Diane Elson Rhonda Sharp Reina Ichii Sanjugta Vas Dev Monica Costa ©2009 Contents 6 (This country profile is available online at www.unisa.edu.au/genderbudgets) 1 Background \| Socio-economic indicators \| \| \|---\|---\| \| Population in 2008 \| 48.6 million \| \| Projected population change 2008–50 \| -13% \| \| Percent urban (% of total population) 2008 \| 82% \| \| GDP per capita (PPP $US) 2005 \| $22,029 \| \| Human Development Index 2005 Human Development Index rank 2005 \| 0.921 26th of 177 \| \| Proportion (percent) of population below the Poverty Line ($1 PPP a day) 2004 \| Not available \| Sources:UNDP (2007)Human Development Report 2007/08;Population Reference Bureau, (2008)World Population Data Sheet.Asian Development Bank (2008)Key Indicators for Asia and the Pacific 2008. (See Explanatory Notes for details). The Republic of Korea, commonly known as South Korea, is situated on the south of the Korean peninsula and has been separated politically from North Korea since 1953. With the exception of a small ethnic Chinese minority, the Korean population is ethnically homogenous. Population density is high, with around 480 persons per square kilometre, and highly urbanised (Library of Congress 2005). Population ageing in Korea is progressing at a pace that is unprecedented among neighbouring countries (OECD 2007). The four decades after 1953 were marked by authoritarian rule but, following a widespread mobilisation of civil society, governments since 1988 have been democratically elected. In addition, some of the laws restricting activities of labour unions have been removed; and greater legal protection of speech and press freedom and greater local government autonomy have been introduced (Horowitz 2002). In the 1990s South Korea became widely known as one of the success stories of democratisation (Diamond and Shin 2000; Shin 1999). Under the military regimes of Park Chung Hee (1961‐1979) and Chun Doo Hwan (1980‐87) South Korea achieved rapid economic growth. Rapid growth continued following democratisation and South Korea has been transformed from an agricultural‐based economy into an industrialised and high‐tech modern economy. Researchers have noted that years of rapid economic growth had wiped out absolute poverty (of the type associated with malnutrition) in South Korea by the late 1970s (Konkuk 2007). However, the Asian financial crisis in 1998 led to large‐scale unemployment and new forms of poverty (Song, 2006). South Korea has experienced a significant rise in income inequality since the 1997 crisis. The ratio of the income of the top quintile to the bottom quintile rose from 4.1 in 1997 to 5.7 by 2006 and there has been an increase in the rate of poverty (measured in relative terms) to 14.6% during the mid‐ 2000s. This rate was the sixth highest in the OECD area and well above the OECD average of 10.6% (Jones 2009). Nevertheless, in the postwar period South Korea achieved a substantial increase in levels of living standards. As noted by the World Bank (2006: 1), in the aftermath of World War II Korea's GDP per capita was comparable to levels in the poorer countries in Africa. However, by 2006 its GDP per capita had increased more than 11‐fold to over US$12,000, which is on a par with the middle income economies that have recently joined the European Union. The South KoreanMillennium Development Goal Progress Reportnotes that enrolment and completion rates at both primary and secondary levels are high and infant mortality rates have declined consistently since 2003 due to higher living standards stemming from economic growth, better nutrition for children, improved medical services, and universal health insurance(Republic of Korea, date unspecified). However,the Asian Development Bank (2009: 172) has noted that 'the economy slowed sharply in the second half of 2008' and has been severely affected by the global financial crisis of 2009. 2 The Republic of Korea 2 Gender equality \| Gender equality indicators \| \| \|---\|---\| \| Gender Development Index (GDI) value 2005 Gender Development Index (GDI) rank 2005 \| 0.91 26th of 177 \| \| Gender Empowerment Measure (GEM) value 2007/08 Gender Empowerment Measure (GEM) rank 2007/08 \| 0.51 64th of 177 \| \| Gender Gap Index (GGI) value 2007 Gender Gap Index (GGI) rank 2007 \| 0.640 97th of 128 \| \| Seats in parliament held by women (% of total) 2007 \| 13.4% \| \| Population Sex Ratio (males per 100 females) 2005 \| 100.04 \| \| Maternal Mortality Ratio (per 100,000 live births) 2005 \| 14 \| \| Adult literacy rate, female (aged 15 and older) 2005 Adult literacy rate, male (aged 15 and older) 2005 \| Not available Not available \| \| Gross secondary enrolment: Ratio of female rate to male rate 2005 \| 1 \| \| Gross secondary enrolment: Female ratio (% of the female secondary school age population) 2005 \| 93% \| \| Share of women in wage employment in the non-agricultural sector (% of total employment in the sector) 2005 \| 41.8% \| \| Ratification of CEDAW (year) \| 1978 \| Sources:UNDP (2007)Human Development Report 2007/08;World Economic Forum (2007)The Global Gender Gap Report;UN Statistics Division (2008)Millennium Development Goal Indicators;United Nations Population Division (2008)World Population Prospects.(See Explanatory Notes for details). Traditionally, Korean women were required to follow Confucian virtues of subordination and endurance so that their roles have often been associated with home and child‐care (Choi 1994; Won 1994). Women were severely marginalised by strict rules of patrilineal kinship and inheritance which placed the men in the public sphere and relegated women to the domestic sphere (Chung and Das Gupta 2007). Today, some forms of gender inequality have diminished but other forms are still evident. According to the Korean government's Millennium Development Report, as of 2004 gender parity in educational enrolment up to the secondary school level had been achieved. There has also been a significant decline in the maternal mortality rate, resulting from the expansion in the provision of medical supplies, an improvement in living standards, the introduction of medical insurance and the sharp increase in the proportion of pregnant women who received prenatal care and deliveries in medical facilities (Republic of Korea, date unspecified). A further indicator of progress in gender equality is that South Korea is now the first Asian country to reverse the trend in rising male to female ratios at birth. The decline in the intensity of son preference began amongst the educated professional urban elites and has spread rapidly across the rest of the population. (Chung and Das Gupta 2007). However, inequality persists in the labour market. The share of the female workforce in non‐ agricultural wage employment is just over 40% and, despite efforts by the Korean government to raise women's rate of labour force participation, it rose only by 1.4% from 1995 (when it was 48.4%) to 2004 (when it was 49.8%) (Republic of Korea, date unspecified). 23% of women are employed in manufacturing which is the lowest‐income industrial sector and 17% of Korean women continue to be employed in farming and fishing sectors which are also poorly paid (Chung 1994). Elson, Sharp, Ichii, Vas Dev and Costa 3 Women's participation in parliament has been very low, occupying only 5.9% of seats in the National Assembly in 2000 (Government of South Korea, date unspecified). Cho (2000) has attributed this to the traditional social values and the lack of policies to facilitate women's political participation. A turning point for the advancement of women in parliamentary politics came with the amendment of thePolitical Party Actin March 2004. The new law required a political party to have women as 50% or more of its nominated candidates in the proportional representation system (Republic of Korea, date unspecified). In civil society organisations women have played an active role. During the 1980s a growing nationwide feminist movement emerged (Moon 2002). In 1987 numerous small women's groups were brought together through the establishment of the Korean Women's Associations United (KWAU), an autonomous umbrella organisation (Moon 2002: 489). In 1989 the KWAU participated in the National Federation of National and Democratic Movements (NFNDM) which had the goal of achieving democracy and reunification (Moon 2002: 482). Since the Beijing World Conference on Women in 1995, gender mainstreaming has been the key concept in formulating and implementing gender policy in Korea (Yeong‐Ran Park 2005). The Beijing Conference was the driving force behind the 1995 Framework Act on Women's Development which established the responsibilities of the central and local governments to promote womenʹs rights and gender equality (Republic of Korea, date unspecified). This law states that the aims of women's policies are to (a) promote equality between men and women; (b) expand women's social participation; and (c) increase women's welfare. As a result of this law, both the central and local governments increased their interest in policies concerning women (Kim 2004; Yoon 2002). In 1998 under the administration of Kim Dae‐Jung, a Presidential Commission for Womenwas established under the direct authority of the President. The government set up Women's Focal Points in six ministries: the Ministries of Justice, Labour; Health and Welfare; Agriculture and Forestry; Education and Human Resources; and Government and Home Affairs. The mandate of these Focal Points was to build a cooperative system with other departments to deal with women‐ related policies (Yoon 2002: 67). In 2001, the government extended and reformed the Presidential Commission for Women and established it as the Ministry of Gender Equality. The new Ministry was charged with developing an administrative system for mainstreaming women‐related policies. Central and local governments are now required to report annually to the Ministry of Gender Equality on their plans for, and implementation of, women‐related policies. In terms of policy, the First Basic Plan on Women's Policies was implemented from 1997–2002 and served as a comprehensive national plan for the advancement of women (Kim 2004: 303). The Second Basic Plan (2003– 2007) was launched in 2003. Both plans stemmed from the 1995 Framework Act on Women's Development. A system of gender impact analysis was introduced in 2002 as part of the Second Basic Plan. While progress in gender mainstreaming has been made since Beijing in terms of women's machineries, the legal system and gender policies (Kim 2004: 303), various challenges remain. According to Yoon (2002) gender policies are not being effectively coordinated or managed and there has been no evaluation of the implementation of women‐related policies due to the absence of evaluation standards and the lack of capacity to evaluate. In addition, Kim (2004: 303) claims that: 'Resistance has arisen against policy initiatives for mainstreaming women in decision making positions in the public sector, due to a lack of understanding of the structural aspects of gender inequality, and to the patriarchal culture deeply embedded in Korean society'. The Korean Women's' Associations United has entered into partnership with government since 1995. It has benefited from the public funding for women's organisations made available under the Act on Women's Development. KWAU representatives have been appointed to government posts to strengthen mainstreaming of women's issues, and KWAU members have been elected to the National Assembly (Moon 2002). 4 The Republic of Korea 3 Budgetary context Sources:UNDP (2007)Human Development Report 2007/08;UNESCAP (2008)Statistical Yearbook for Asia and the Pacific;IMF (2007)Government Finance Statistics;Open Budget Initiative (2008).(See Explanatory Notes for details). The National Assembly is vested with the power to deliberate on the national budget, and to oversee the activities of the executive branch (Chull-Shin 2003). However, it has been observed that the end of military rule in 1988 brought no discernible changes in the National Assembly's budget review process (Chull-Shin 2003: 223). The modifications the National Assembly can make to the executive branch's original budget proposal are strictly limited to budgetary reductions. Since the introduction of democracy in 1988, the Assembly has changed the budget proposed by the executive branch of government by only about 1 per cent each year, with the single exception of the budget for the fiscal year 1990. A survey conducted in 2000/1 amongst members of the Assembly's Committee on Budget and Accounts found a widespread view that the legislature was not performing the leading role that many of its members believed it should play. According to Chull-Shin (2003: 224), the lawmakers recognised that the National Assembly exercises little control over the budget, though many think the legislature should be a key player in the budget process. Although not yet extensive, there is some evidence of active consultation with civil society in present-day Korean budgetary policy-making. In this respect, the process of budgetary policy-making appears to be more open than it was under the military government, which did not allow for such consultations (Chull-Shin 2003). A range of reforms to improve the efficiency of the public expenditure system was attempted in the 1980s and 1990s. Nonetheless, the administration taking power in 1998 felt that serious problems still existed in the public expenditure system and launched a series of reform measures for the modernisation of administrative and budgetary processes (Nam and Jones 2003). Elson, Sharp, Ichii, Vas Dev and Costa 5 This led to the introduction of performance-based budgeting in 2003, spearheaded by the Ministry of Planning and Budget which has relied heavily on advice and assistance from the Korean Institute of Public Finance, a public think tank which has been instrumental in developing manuals and running training programs on performance budgeting for line ministry/agency staff. Kim and Park (2007) observe that the Korean case is particularly interesting given the speed with which the government has ushered in a performance management system and the fact that other budgetary reforms of similar magnitude are being pursued concurrently as part of a comprehensive fiscal reform package known as the Four Major Fiscal Reforms. The problems encountered so far are predominantly of a technical nature because Korea is still in the early stages of building a performance indicators, but there are also political and cultural problems (Kim and Park 2007). 4 Gender-responsive budgeting in South Korea In South Korea, two women's NGOs were the pioneers of gender responsive budgeting initiatives. The first attempt at gender budget analysis was made by the Korean Women's Association United. Its focus was the share of government expenditure allocated to gender equality and women‐specific programs. It found that the budget for the Ministry of Gender Equality for 2001 was only 0.003 per cent of the total general account. The addition of women‐targeted programs in seven other ministries and in the Small and Medium Enterprises Department brought the share to approximately 0.28 per cent (Yoon 2002: 68). In 2003, KWAU submitted a petition to the National Assembly for introduction of gender responsive budgeting (Kim 2008). Analysis of seven local government budgets was carried out in 2001 byanother NGO, Korean WomenLink, as part of its work on political empowerment. This work drew attention and interest from women's groups, civil society organisations, local governments, local assemblies and the Ministry of Gender Equality (Yoon 2002: 65‐6). It demonstrated that some of the Korean government's women‐related programs included activities such as sponsoring beauty contests and courses for girls in make‐up, skin care, and etiquette that actually reinforced stereotypical notions of femininity rather than challenging gender stereotypes and empowering women. WomenLink subsequently shifted the focus from analysis to lobbying the government for the introduction of gender responsive budgeting (Ichii & Muramatsu 2008). In 2002 women in parliament took up the issue and the Women's Caucus of the Korean National Assembly adopted a resolution that called for gender sensitive budget formulation (Park date unspecified). In 2003 this was given further impetus by Representative Sim Sang‐Jeung, a Democratic Labour Party parliamentarian with a background of women's movement activities. As a member of the Gender Equality and Family Committee and the Steering Committee within the National Assembly, she submitted a resolution for the introduction of gender budgeting (Kim 2008). She was pivotal in progressing GRB in South Korea through organising seminars and workshops on gender budgeting within the National Assembly as well as mobilising public support through signature gathering campaigns (Kim 2008). In 2006 Sim Sang‐Jeung found herself in the powerful position of holding the casting vote in the National Assembly Steering Committee as it considered legislation to reform government finances. With the votes in the Committee evenly split, she promised to vote for the reform on condition that the legislation included implementation of gender responsive budgeting (Ichii & Muramatsu 2009). As a result, the new Financial Act, passed in the National Assembly in October 2006, included several articles relating to gender budgeting (Articles 16, 26, 34 and 57) (Kim 2008: 17). Article 16 noted that the 'government should evaluate the impact of public expenditure on women and men and try to reflect the results in the national budgetary allocation'. 6 The Republic of Korea The preparation of gender budget statements by government ministries was mentioned in Article 26: 'The government should draw up gender budget statements which analyse the impact of the budget on women and men in advance'.Article 34 specifies that this statement should be included in the Budget Bill submitted to the National Assembly. In addition the government was required by Article 57 to produce a gender balance sheet: 'The government should prepare a report assessing whether the budget benefits women and men equally and remedy gender discrimination'. The Act required gender budget statements to be included as part of the budget statement on expenditure submitted to the National Assembly from 2010 onwards. From 2011 onwards, the Ministry of Strategy and Finance is required to produce a gender budget statement about the revenue side of the budget as well. In preparation, the Ministry of Planning and Budget, through its budget guidelines for 2006‐2007, ordered that every ministry report on budget allocations with the aim of fostering gender equality as well as monitoring the impact of mainstream programs on gender equality (Kim 2008; Ichii & Muramatsu 2009). The government of Korea sought to build its capacity through an information exchange in 2006 with the Government of India and Indian gender responsive budgeting experts. With the support of UNIFEM, a roundtable was held in New Delhi, bringing together members of the Korean Women's Development Institute (KWDI) (which operates under the auspices of the Korean Ministry of Gender Equality) and Government of India officials, including the Ministry of Women and Child Development, plus Indian gender‐responsive budgeting experts (UNIFEM 2006). KWDI has set up a GRB project and has conducted a major program of research and training. In addition, the Korean Institute for Gender Equality Promotion and Education (KIGEPE), under the auspices of the Ministry for Gender Equality, organised a roundtable on 'Gender Mainstreaming and Gender‐ responsive Budgets' in Seoul in April 2008 (Hannan 2008). A project to pilot the gender budget statement was undertaken in 2008, using data from the 2008 budget and the 2009 draft budget. It covered selected projects that are included in the Third Basic Plan for gender equality, as well as some mainstream projects from a number of Ministries which were subject to a gender impact assessment. The statement is designed to show the amount allocated to gender equality projects and their share of total expenditure, and the amount allocated to mainstream projects which have been analysed for their impact on gender equality. Ma (2008) noted some of the dilemmas and difficulties or preparing the statement. These included a lack of understanding of gender issues by officials, a lack of relevant data, and a lack of authority to revise the budget proposals in the light of the analysis. But, as noted by Kim (2008: 24), 'it is impossible for gender budget statements to become perfect at one try'. South Korea has given a legislative basis for procedures to institutionalise GRB and KWDI is embarked on a major program of research and training that should bear fruit in the coming years. Elson, Sharp, Ichii, Vas Dev and Costa 7 References Asian Development Bank (2009) Asian Development Outlook 2009 ADB: Manilla. Choi, E. (1994) 'Status of the family and motherhood for Korean women' in Joyce Gelb and Marian Palley (eds.) Women of Japan and Korea Temple University Press: Philadelphia. Chull‐Shin, D. (2003) 'Democratic governance in South Korea: The perspectives of ordinary citizens and their elected representatives' inJapanese Journal of Political Science,4(2): 215–240. Chung, W. and Das Gupta, M. (2007) 'Why is Son Preference Declining in South Korea? The Role of Development and Public Policy, and the Implications for China and India', World Bank Policy Research Working Paper 4373. World Bank: Washington DC. Chung, J. (1994) 'Women's unequal access to education in South Korea' inComparative Education Review, 38: 487–505. Hannan, C. (2008) 'Mainstreaming gender perspectives in national budgets: An overview'. Paper presented at the roundtable on Gender Mainstreaming and Gender‐responsive Budgets, organized by The Korean Institute for Gender Equality Promotion and Education (KIGEPE) and the Ministry of Gender Equality, Seoul. 25 April. Ichii, R., & Muramatsu, Y. (2008) 'Gender Responsive Budgeting in North‐East Asia: A case of Korean Initiative' inAsiaJosei Kenkyu,17: 81‐86 (in Japanese). Ichii, R., & Muramatsu, Y. (2009) 'Approaches to the implementation of gender responsive budgeting in North‐East Asia: Case studies in Japan, Korea and Taiwan'. Paper presented to the Kitakyusyu Forum on Asian Women. Kitakyusyu, Japan (in Japanese). Jones, R.S (2009) 'Reforming the Tax System in Korea to Promote Economic Growth and Cope With Rapid Population Ageing', OECD Economics Department Working Paper No. 671. OECD: Paris. Available at http://www.olis.oecd.org/olis/2009doc.nsf/linkto/eco‐wkp(2009)12 (accessed 08/05/09) Kim, J.M. and Park, N. (2007) 'Performance budgeting in Korea',OECD Journal on Budgeting,7(4): 1–11. Kim, Y. (2004 ) 'Steps towards a gender policy management system and gender budget analysis by women's NGOs in Korea', in Karen Mokate (ed.)Social Development: Experiences from Asia, Latin America and the Caribbean Inter‐American Development Bank: New York. Kim, Y‐O (2008) ʹInstitutionalizing gender budgeting in Koreaʹ,Gender Studies and Policy Review,1: 13‐24. Konuk, J.K. (2007) 'The welfare state in South Korea: Where it stands and where it is headed', Fachhochschule Wiesbaden, Fachbereich Sozialwesen, 26th June. Available at http://www2.sozialwesen.fhwiesbaden.de/fb11/gast/Welfare_State_South_Korea.pdf (accessed 08/05/09) Library of Congress (2005) Country Profile: South Korea. Library of Congress – Federal Research Division. Available at http://lcweb2.loc.gov/frd/cs/profiles/South_Korea.pdf (accessed 12/09/08). Ma, K‐H (2008) ʹAssessment on 2009 pilot project to make gender budgeting statement: The gap between ideals and realityʹ. Paper presented at the conference on Institutionalising Gender Budgeting: Achievements and Challenges, Seoul, Republic of Korea, 22‐23 October 2008. Available at: http://gb.kwdi.re.kr/eng/International08.html (accessed 30/06/2009). Moon, S. (2002) 'Carving out space: Civil society and the womenʹs movement in South Korea' TheJournal of Asian Studies,61(2): 473‐500. Nam, Y. and Jones, R.S. (2003) 'Reforming the Public Expenditure System in Korea' OECD Working Paper No. 377 OECD Economics Department. Available at: http://www.olis.oecd.org/olis/2003doc.nsf/linkto/eco‐wkp%282003%2931 (accessed 25/09/09). Park, Y. (date unspecified) 'Introduction to gender responsive budgeting'.PowerPointPresentation available at: http://www.unescobkk.org/fileadmin/user_upload/appeal/gender/GENIA_Meeting_2008/Introduct ion_to_Gender_responsive_budgeting__by_Dr._Yeongran_Park.ppt. (accessed 25/09/2009). 8 The Republic of Korea Republic of Korea (1991)Statistical Yearbook: Higher Education Statistics. Korean Government Publications: Seoul. Republic of Korea (date unspecified) Millennium development goals progress report. Available at: http://planipolis.iiep.unesco.org/upload/Korea%20R/Korea%20R%20MDG%20Progress%20report.p df (accessed 18/03/09). Song, J. (2006) 'Family breakdown and invisible homeless women: Neoliberal governance during the Asian debt crisis in South Korea, 1997 – 2001', Positions Vol. 14(1): 37–65. UNIFEM (2006) 'UNIFEM facilitates round table with South Korean and Indian government representatives on GRB'. Gender Responsive Budgeting Website, http://www.gender‐ budgets.org/content/view/476/1/ (accessed 8/05/09) Won, C.K. (1994) 'Overcoming Confucian barriers: Changing educational opportunities for women in Korea' in Joyce Gelb and Marian Palley (eds.)Women of Japan and Korea, Temple University Press: Philadelphia. World Bank (2006) Korea as a knowledge economy, evolutionary process and lessons learned. World Bank: Washington DC. Yeong‐Ran Park (2005) 'Gender dimensions of family policy in Korea'. Prepared for Canada‐Korea Social Policy Symposium II, January 27‐28. Yoon, J‐S (2002) 'Korea: Raising questions about women‐related policies', in Budlender, D. and Hewitt, G. (eds.)Gender Budgets Make More Cents: Country Studies and Good Practice.Commonwealth Secretariat: London, pp 65‐8. Links to electronic resources for South Korea The Ministry of Strategy and Finance http://english.mofe.go.kr/news/foreignpress_view.php?sect=news_foreign&sn=2268 Ministry of Gender Equality http://english.mogef.go.kr/index.html Asian Development Bank http://www.adb.org/Korea/default.asp World Bank www.worldbank.org/kr OECD http://www.oecd.org/country/0,3377,en_33873108_33873555_1_1_1_1_1,00.html Korean Women's Development Institute, Gender Budget Research Centre http://gb.kwdi.re.kr Elson, Sharp, Ichii, Vas Dev and Costa 9	<urn:uuid:93e0db96-f461-43d4-a8bf-0a588873c710>	HuggingFaceFW/finepdfs/tree/main/data/eng_Latn/train	finepdfs	eng_Latn	27,432
Convención Nacional Constituyente REFORMA DE TEXTO CONSTITUCIONAL LA HONORABLE CONVENCION NACIONAL CONSTITUYENTE S A N C I O N A Refórmase el artículo 63 de la Constitución Nacional que en una de sus partes quedará redactado de la siguiente manera: Artículo nº .... - El Congreso podrá pedir informes por escrito al poder Ejecutivo sobre cualquier asunto vinculado directa o indirectamente con el interés público. El pedido de informes deberá ser aprobado por el voto afirmativo de la tercera parte de sus miembros y el Poder Ejecutivo lo deberá constestar en un término no mayor de veinte días. [Signatures] Convención Nacional Constituyente FUNDAMENTOS La facultad parlamentaria de interpelar a los ministros, supone otra no menos importante que consiste en pedir informes escritos al Poder Ejecutivo sobre cualquier asunto vinculado directa o indirectamente con las atribuciones del Congreso, sea en ejercicio de su función legislativa o de sus facultades de contralor. Biscaretti ha distinguido los pedido de informes de las interpelaciones: "Las preguntas surgidas en Inglaterra, donde todavía se emplean con frecuencia (eficaces) consisten en solicitar aclaraciones al gobierno, para saber si un hecho es cierto, si el gobierno ha adoptado o va a adoptar medidas en orden a determinadas cuestiones". En cambio, "las interpelaciones (de origen francés) difieren de las anteriores en cuanto que la petición de aclaración se refieren específicamente a la conducta o intención de un ministro o de todo el gabinete, y mira por tanto, a determinar un auténtico debate sobre la orientación política perseguida (Biscaretti di Ruffia, Paolo). El régimen constitucional de nuestro país "unicamente" ha establecido los pedidos de informes, decuidando consecuentemente a la interpelación, a las votaciones de desconfianza y a cualquier tipo de "censura parlamentaria". "Con todo, aquellos no son nada desdichables". Sería conveniente estipular el término dentro del cual el Poder Ejecutivo deba responder estos pedidos de informes, ya que la experiencia institucional argentina demuestra que, al no existir un plazo, el gobierno lo contesta si quiere y cuando quiere. Por lo demás, y a fin de hacer más transparente la gestión de gobierno, sería conveniente establecer que la aprobación de un pedido de informes por parte de alguna de las cámaras, deba reunir un porcentaje menor de votos que el que se requiere para aprobar una ley. [Signatures]	<urn:uuid:cf2684fc-95b4-4c22-a46c-e31ea7abed73>	HuggingFaceFW/finepdfs/tree/main/data/spa_Latn/train	finepdfs	spa_Latn	2,455
La novísima Ley de Régimen local dedica uno de sus capítulos, el III del Título quinto del Libro tercero, a establecer y regular la responsabilidad de las Entidades, Organismos, Autoridades y funcionarios de Administración local. Se sientan concretamente estos principios: 1.º Las Autoridades y funcionarios estarán sujetos a responsabilidad civil, penal y administrativa por actos u omisiones en el ejercicio de su función, y 2.º las Entidades locales responderán civilmente, en forma directa o subsidiaria, de los perjuicios y daños que al derecho de los particulares irrogue la actuación de sus órganos de gobierno o la de sus funcionarios o agentes, en la esfera de sus atribuciones respectivas. Hemos querido resaltar aquellas palabras que especifican claramente que los actos u omisiones generadores de responsabilidad han de ser realizados u omitidos por las Autoridades, órganos de gobierno o funcionarios locales. Porque... no siempre ha sido así. Cuando leíamos este capítulo de la Ley, que—dicho sea en honor a la verdad—nos parece uno de los mejor logrados de ella, recordamos un precedente de responsabilidad que, por su rareza, queremos traer a esta pequeña historia. Allá por la primavera del año 1256, Alfonso X el Sabio encargó a un grupo de juristas—y seguimos en el relato la opinión más compartida—la redacción de una Enciclopedia legal que, andando el tiempo, se dio en llamar el Código de las Siete Partidas. Según los más, la redacción fue iniciada el 23 de junio de 1256, víspera de San Juan Bautista, y terminó el 28 de agosto de 1265. Los elogios que desde entonces le han sido tributados al inmortal Código ocuparían centenares de libros. Nicolás Antonio, Rafael Floranes, Marina, Gómez de la Serna, don José de Vargas en el discurso que premió la Real Academia, todos, en fin, antiguos y modernos, han cantado las excelencias de la obra en sus aspectos literario, científico y legislativo. Parece que, bajo la dirección personal del Monarca, la redactaron, entre otros, Jácome Ruiz—Jacobo el de las Leyes—, italiano de origen, ayo del Rey, eminente procesalista; Fernando Martínez de Zamora, Obispo electo de Oviedo, y el Maestro Roldán. ¿Cuál de ellos sería el que redactó la Ley IV, del Título VII de la Partida Quinta? Obligaba, sencillamente, a los Concejos a indemnizar al Mercader robado, en el caso de no encontrarse los robadores, o en el de ser éstos insolventes. Nos parece de interés transcribir el texto legal. Dice así: «LEY IV.—Como los Mercadores, e sus cosas, deuen ser guardados Las tierras, e los lugares, en que vsan los mercadores a leuar sus mercadurias, son por ende más ricas, e más abondadas, e mejor pobladas: e por esta razón deue plazer a todos con éllo. Onde mandamos, que todos los que vinieren a las ferias de nuestros Reynos, también Christianos, como Judios, e Moros, e otrosi los que vinieren en otra sazón qualquier a nuestro Señorío, maguer non vengan a ferias, que sean saluos, e seguros sus cuerpos, e sus aueres, e sus mercadurias, e todas sus cosas, tambien en mar como en tierras; en viniendo a nuestro Señorío, e estando y, en yéndose de nuestra tierra. E defendemos, que ninguno non sea osado, de les fazer fuerça, nin tuerto, nin mal ninguno. E si por auentura alguno fiziesse contra ésto, robando alguno dellos los que traxesse, o tomandogelo por fuerça; si el robo, o la fuerça pudiese ser pruado, por pruevas, o por señales ciertas, maguer el mercader non prouasse, quales eran las cosas que le robaron, nin quantas: el Juez de aquel lugar, do acaesciesse el robo, deue rescibir la jura del, catando primeramente, que ome es, e que mercaderias suele vsar a traer. E esto catando, apreciando la quantía, sobre las cosas que le da la jura, deuele fazer entregar de los bienes de los robadores, todo quanto jurase que le robaron, con los daños, e los menoscabos quel vinieron por razón de aquella fuerça quel fizieron; faziendo de los robadores aquella justicia, que el derecho manda. E si los robadores non pudieren ser fallados, nin los bienes dellos non cumplieren a fazer la emienda, el Concejo, o el Señor, so cuyo Señorio es el lugar do fué hecho el robo, gelo deuen pechar de lo suyo.» Unas preguntas para terminar: ¿Cuántas veces se aplicaría esta Ley? ¿Habría hoy hacienda local capaz de aguantar las consecuencias de una Ley que les hiciera responsables de los robos y daños a los mercaderes? La fantasía del lector puede hacer sabrosas conjeturas sobre las repercusiones que una Ley análoga tendría en nuestros tiempos y sobre el valor del juramento en el siglo XIII en relación con las hoy llamadas «declaraciones juradas». Sería de gran interés un examen de archivos, que aclara si esta Ley se aplicó, o si, como tantas otras, no tuvo más trascendencia que fijar en caracteres de imprenta lo que allá por los años de 1260 pensaban Jacobo el de las Leyes, el Obispo Martínez o el Maestro Roldán. LOS TRANSPORTES URBANOS Preocupa estos días a nuestras ciudades el problema de los transportes urbanos: la extensión espacial de los núcleos poblados, la actividad individual dispersa en varios lugares y las complejidades que el progreso trae a la vida diaria, obligan a una movilidad constante, que no puede ser atendida con los solos medios que el hombre aislado puede proporcionarse. Precisa hoy el habitante de la ciudad, contar con elementos de transporte que hagan posibles sus constantes desplazamientos. La rapidez, la baratuta y la comodidad, son las tres cualidades que han de concurrir para que un sistema de transportes responda a las exigencias modernas. El triunfo sobre el espacio que no otra cosa es atinar con un buen sistema de transporte de masas, es elemento imprescindible en la ciudad de nuestros días. Alrededor de los medios de comunicación se mueve una de las evoluciones más importantes de la historia de la cultura de la humanidad. Desde la forma más imperfecta y primitiva—el transporte por el hombre, convertido en porteador—, con el avance inmediato al empleo de la bestia de carga, primero, y de tiro, después, hasta los modernos aviones-taxis, ha pasado el mundo un largo y penoso proceso evolutivo, siempre, al final, superado por las necesidades. Cuando se piensa, sin alejarse mucho en el tiempo, cómo en 1787—hace apenas siglo y medio—viajó por la Rusia Blanca y Ucrania, la Zarina, se comprende cuánto ha tenido que avanzar la humanidad para llegar a las realidades presentes. En aquel entonces, hizo el viaje empleando 50.000 caballos, con relevos frecuentes en paradas, en cada una de las cuales había un repuesto de 500; desde el anochecer se hallaba alumbrado el camino con hogueras y fogariles. Por cierto que para verse con la Emperatriz, se desplazó el Rey de Polonia, quien, atravesando el Vístula a pie por encima del hielo, y roto éste, se sumergió hasta medio cuerpo en el agua «sin ninguna mala resulta», según dicen los papeles de la época. Compárese ahora este hecho con el tráfico actual en cualquier gran ciudad; con el de Londres, por ejemplo. Las últimas cifras publicadas ponen de relieve que diariamente utilizan los distintos medios de transporte en la región londinense, once millones de viajeros, y que, entre las cinco y las seis de la tarde, más de quinientas mil personas viajan en ellos. La mayor intensidad se produce entre las cinco y treinta y las seis y cuarenta y cinco, con una media de ciento cincuenta mil viajeros. Los medios utilizados son: ferrocarriles de superficie y subterráneos, autobuses y tranvías. En las cifras dadas no se computa la población transportada en taxis y la que se vale de sus propios medios. En Nueva York, a los medios indicados, se añade el ferrocarril elevado, de una capacidad y rapidez extraordinarias. Si se contrastan éstos datos con los de hace siglo y medio, y aún con los de nuestras ciudades, se verá la razón de que el problema, en España, sea de viva actualidad. Casi ninguna de ellas —podría afirmarse que ninguna— lo tiene resuelto. Madrid, Barcelona, Bilbao, la mayor parte de las grandes ciudades, realizan esfuerzos inauditos para darle solución, luchando con dos dificultades casi insuperables: el creciente aumento de la necesidad de transportes y la imposibilidad de facilitarlo a precios accesibles a las clases media y obrera. Sólo una voluntad enérgica, decidida y constante, tal vez, un estudio conjunto de necesidades y soluciones para el grupo de grandes ciudades españolas, nos pondría en camino de realizarlo. La iniciativa privada, atraída por mejores y menos dificultosas inversiones, o la acción individual de los Ayuntamientos, es dudoso que pueda aprontar el remedio cómodo, rápido y barato que la necesidad exige. ACUSACIÓN SINGULAR CONTRA UN CORREGIDOR EN EL SIGLO XVII Sabido es que durante varios cientos de años la organización municipal española giró alrededor de la figura del Corregidor. Fernando Albi, tan admirado como admirable tratadista de cosas municipales, tiene publicado un estudio magnífico sobre la institución: «El Corregidor en el Municipio español bajo la Monarquía absoluta.» Uno de los capítulos más interesantes de la obra es el VII, dedicado al Juicio de Residencia, que inicia con estas palabras: «La amplitud de los poderes concedidos al Corregidor debían ir acompañados, necesariamente, de un fuerte contrapeso que evitase la posibilidad de abusos y extralimitaciones. Para ello existía el denominado Juicio de Residencia, llamado así porque, terminado el ejercicio de un cargo, obligaba a su titular a continuar residiendo en el territorio en que ejerció jurisdicción durante un período de tiempo determinado, a resultas de las responsabilidades que pudieran sobrevenirle como consecuencia de su gestión.» El verdadero alcance y finalidad del Juicio de Residencia se percibe en las palabras de Monterroso, que cita Albi. Su objeto, según él, se encamina a «saber las cosas que mal han hecho los Jueces en la República a donde han sido Jueces... para que sean castigados, como conviene a su servicio (del Rey) y a la Administración de su Real Justicia, o sean por ello gratificados como buenos Jueces, que hicieron lo que debían...». El proceso residencial se integraba en un conjunto de actuaciones, que los tratadistas resumen así: 1.º Pesquisa secreta. 2.º Fiscalización económica. 3.º Capítulos o acción popular; y 4.º Querellas y demandas particulares. Quien quiera conocer cómo se tomaba cuenta a los Corregidores y deleitarse con los comentarios de Albi, debe acudir a tan brillante exposición. A nuestro fin nos basta por hoy con relatar un sucedido minúsculo—esta es una pequeña historia—, pero aleccionador. Como que nos enseña hasta dónde llegaba en aquel entonces el celo para investigar y acusar sobre la actuación de los Corregidores. Nos lo cuenta Castillo de Bobadilla. Al opinar sobre las cosas que no deben motivar cargo, señala el ocurrido a un Corregidor de Badajoz, al que se formó Juicio de Residencia al cesar en su función, haciéndosele cargo porque, visitando la fruta en la plaza, comió un higo. Fué el caso al Real Consejo de Castilla, y el Presidente del Consejo, cuando vió este cargo, dijo: que si era de los higos Doñigales, que allí llaman, y son muy buenos, disculpado está. Porque, como escribe Castillo de Bobadilla, «esto de no hacer cargos ni condenaciones por cosas menudas, procede con más razón en favor de los Jueces que tuvieron limpias las manos, hicieron honradamente sus oficios y procedieron bien en lo sustancial de ellos». RAFAEL RODRÍGUEZ-MOÑINO	<urn:uuid:de0d920f-b45c-49ee-9b3c-2dd5d0cdcbe9>	HuggingFaceFW/finepdfs/tree/main/data/spa_Latn/train	finepdfs	spa_Latn	11,473
Matériel préconisé Nous travaillerons sur des formats de 30x40cm environ. 1 plaque de plexiglas de L 50cm x l 40cm x épaisseur 5mm ou bois vernis Papier bloc ou feuilles MONTVAL 300gr grain fin Crayon, règle, cutter 1 bloc à croquis ou feuilles 1 vieille serviette de toilette 1 rouleau essuie-tout 3 récipients assez grands style pot de confiture 1 palette jetables scotch à masquer Au moins 1 pinceau synthétique moyen et 5 à 6 pinceaux petits gris par exemple : 1 RAPHAEL petit gris 803 n° 2/0 IDEAL ESCODA 1 trainard (Raphael série 88/026 ) VERSATIL N° 14 ET 10 Extra fines en tube par exemple : 1 JAUNE : jaune auréoline n° 016 WINSOR & NEWTON 1 MARRON : terre de sienne brûlée n° 074 WINSOR & NEWTON 2 ROUGE o rose permanent n° 502 WINSOR & NEWTON o rouge n° 545 WINSOR & NEWTON 2 BLEU o bleu WINSOR & NEWTON tendance verte n° 707 o bleu WINSOR & NEWTON tendance rouge n° 709 Facultatif Violet de Winsor n° 733 Vert de Winsor nuance bleu n° 719 On peut se procurer tout ce matériel à : DENIS BEAUX ARTS www.denisbeauxarts.com Matériel Pinceaux Couleurs Informations pratiques Le stage se déroule dans mon atelier à MOUREZE A l'entrée immédiate du village au niveau du parking et de l'office de tourisme prendre le 1er chemin sur la gauche (chemin privé « chemin de Balaurède » . C'est une impasse , le suivre jusqu'au bout .) Les horaires sont de 9h à 17h30. Le repas de midi est commun , prévoir le panier pique nique … … un frigo et une gazinière seront à votre disposition Si vous avez besoin d'informations supplémentaires ou pour votre hébergement merci de me contacter. Merci et à très bientôt pour se jeter à l'eau… Dans un travail rempli de surprise.	<urn:uuid:c031f8dd-7d78-42d8-99e6-556f9347e1e1>	HuggingFaceFW/finepdfs/tree/main/data/fra_Latn/train	finepdfs	fra_Latn	1,706
Circuit Court of Illinois Sixth Judicial Circuit Administrative Order 08-4 Subject: Receipt of monies by the Clerk of the Circuit Court in Traffic and Conservation Cases Where No Signed Plea of Guilty or Demand for Trial received 1. Pursuant to Supreme Court Rule 529, the clerk of the circuit court is authorized to accept a plea of guilty and payment of fines, penalties, and costs for traffic and conservation cases for which no court appearance is required as provided in Supreme Court Rule 551. 2. The clerk is further authorized by Supreme Court Rule 554 to substitute bail on traffic and conservation offenses. In instances where the clerk receives a payment on behalf of a defendant where no plea of guilty has been entered, no signed plea of guilty is attached, or no other direction such as a request for substitution, has been provided by the defendant, upon the receipt of such a payment, it is hereby ordered that the clerk of the court shall: a. Identify the appropriate traffic or conservation case for which the payment was submitted; b. If there has been no judgment entered against the defendant in the case, post the payment as bail in the case; c. If the payment is equal to or exceeds the bail for the case, substitute the original bail posted, such as a driver’s license or bond certificate, with the payment as provided by Rule 554, and d. Return a receipt to the defendant for the amount of bail posted, and where a substitution of the original bail has been made, any driver’s license or bond certificate previously posted. 3. It is further ordered that, if no court appearance is required as provided in Supreme Court Rule 551 and the appearance date for the case is on or prior to the day of posting, the case shall be set for hearing on the next available court date for an entry of an ex parte judgment pursuant to Supreme Court Rule 556, otherwise no further action is required by the clerk. 4. If the clerk is unable to identify a case for the defendant, the payment shall be returned to the sender at the return address. If no return address has been provided, the clerk shall deposit the payment as a miscellaneous payment to be turned over to the state as unclaimed state property as provided by law, unless otherwise ordered by the court. Date: November 17, 2008 Effective: December 1, 2008 Chief Circuit Judge Sixth Judicial Circuit CIRCUIT COURT OF ILLINOIS SIXTH JUDICIAL CIRCUIT CIRCUIT ADMINISTRATIVE ORDER 08-3 SUBJECT: Appointment of Presiding Judge, DeWitt County Pursuant to Rule 1.3(a) of the Rules of Practice of the Circuit Court, Sixth Judicial Circuit, Administrative Orders 08-2 appointing Chief Judge John P. Shonkwiler, Acting Presiding Judge, DeWitt County, is vacated as of 2:59 p.m., September 30, 2008 and Circuit Judge Garry W. Bryan is hereby appointed Presiding Judge, DeWitt County, effective 3:00 p.m., October 1, 2008. ENTER: October 1, 2008 John P. Shonkwiler Chief Judge Sixth Judicial Circuit October 1, 2008 TO: PRESIDING JUDGES, SIXTH JUDICIAL CIRCUIT FROM: JOHN P. SHONKWILER RE: ADMINISTRATIVE ORDER 08-3 Please find enclosed Administrative Order 08-3 appointing Judge Garry W. Bryan Presiding Judge in DeWitt County. Very truly yours, JOHN P. SHONKWILER Chief Judge JPS:jb Enclosure October 1, 2008 TO: CIRCUIT CLERKS, SIXTH JUDICIAL CIRCUIT FROM: JOHN P. SHONKWILER RE: ADMINISTRATIVE ORDER 08-3 Please find enclosed Administrative Order 08-3 regarding the appointment of Circuit Judge Garry W. Bryan as Presiding Judge in DeWitt County. Would you please remove the prior index and insert the enclosed index into your Administrative Order folder. Very truly yours, [Signature] JOHN P. SHONKWILER Chief Judge JPS:jb Enclosure Cc: Roger Holland, Champaign County Court Administrator Michelle Faulkner, Macon County Administrative Assistant CIRCUIT COURT OF ILLINOIS SIXTH JUDICIAL CIRCUIT CIRCUIT ADMINISTRATIVE ORDER 08-2 SUBJECT: Appointment of Temporary Presiding Judge, DeWitt County 1. Pursuant to Rule 1.3(a) of the Rules of Practice of the Circuit Court, Sixth Judicial Circuit, Administrative Orders 94-1 appointing Circuit Judge Stephen H. Peters, Presiding Judge, DeWitt County, is vacated as of 12:00 p.m., July 31, 2008 and Chief Judge John P. Shonkwiler is appointed temporary Presiding Judge, DeWitt County, effective 12:01 a.m., August 1, 2008 pending appointment of Resident Circuit Judge, DeWitt County, by the Supreme Court. ENTER: July 11, 2008 John P. Shonkwiler Chief Judge Sixth Judicial Circuit July 11, 2008 TO: PRESIDING JUDGES, SIXTH JUDICIAL CIRCUIT CIRCUIT CLERKS, SIXTH JUDICIAL CIRCUIT FROM: JOHN P. SHONKWILER RE: ADMINISTRATIVE ORDER 08-2 Please find enclosed Administrative Orders 08-2 together with an Index to be added to the Sixth Judicial Circuit Administrative Order File. Very truly yours, JOHN P. SHONKWILER Chief Judge JPS:jb Enclosure April 10, 2008 The Honorable Thomas J. Difanis Champaign County Courthouse 101 E. Main Street Urbana, IL 61801 Dear Judge: Please find enclosed the Macon County Administrative Order No. 2008-3 Circuit Court Confidentiality Policy for the minute clerks. Very truly yours, JOHN P. SHONKWILER Chief Judge ENCLOSURE JPS:jb CIRCUIT COURT OF ILLINOIS SIXTH JUDICIAL CIRCUIT CIRCUIT ADMINISTRATIVE ORDER 08-1 SUBJECT: Appointment of Presiding Judge, Macon County, and Acting Chief Judge, Sixth Judicial Circuit 1. Pursuant to Rule 1.3(a) of the Rules of Practice of the Circuit Court, Sixth Judicial Circuit, Administrative Orders 94-8 appointing Circuit Judge John K. Greanias Presiding Judge, Macon County, is vacated as of 12:00 p.m., July 21, 2008 and Circuit Judge Theodore E. Paine is appointed Presiding Judge, Macon County, effective 12:01 a.m., July 22, 2008. 2. Pursuant to Rule 1.2(b) of the Rules of Practice of the Circuit Court, Sixth Judicial Circuit, Administrative Order 00-1 appointing Circuit Judge John K. Greanias as Acting Chief Judge, Sixth Judicial Circuit, is vacated as of 12:00 p.m., July 21, 2008 and Circuit Judge Dan L. Flannell is appointed Acting Chief Judge, Sixth Judicial Circuit, effective 12:01 a.m., July 22, 2008. ENTER: May 7, 2008 John P. Shonkwiler Chief Judge Sixth Judicial Circuit May 7, 2008 TO: PRESIDING JUDGES, SIXTH JUDICIAL CIRCUIT FROM: JOHN P. SHONKWILER RE: ADMINISTRATIVE ORDER 08-1 Please find enclosed Administrative Orders 08-1 together with an Index to be added to the Sixth Judicial Circuit Administrative Order File. Very truly yours, JOHN P. SHONKWILER Chief Judge JPS;jb Enclosure	<urn:uuid:8f8fdd71-e2bc-479b-a0b2-88c32b1b5a17>	HuggingFaceFW/finepdfs/tree/main/data/eng_Latn/train	finepdfs	eng_Latn	6,574
Discussion on Workgroups What is a Workgroup? [x] A group of employees by type that share the same HR characteristics including compensation, FLSA Status, and work week policies. [x] North Dakota Time and Labor has several Workgroups defined based the above policies. Workgroups How are Workgroups used in Time and Labor? [x] The Time Administration batch process uses the Workgroup definitions to process employee payable time. [x] It is important to ensure the correct Workgroup is set for each employee because it impacts the payable time which will affect their pay. Workgroups Where are Workgroups assigned in Time and Labor? Workgroups are assigned to an employees Time Reporter Data within the Job Data > Employment Data page. Workgroups The Workgroup is a required field on Time Reporter Data page. Workgroups How do I ensure I am selecting the correct Workgroup? [x] Select based on your agencies policies. The workgroups are defined by FLSA status and work week. NOTE: The yellow highlighted section lists the primary workgroups.	<urn:uuid:e6b8f8a4-0766-48fd-8f81-cd145fed74dd>	HuggingFaceFW/finepdfs/tree/main/data/eng_Latn/train	finepdfs	eng_Latn	1,054
* * * FORMATO EUROPEOPER IL CURRICULUMVITAE INFORMAZIONI PERSONALI Nome Indirizzo Telefono Fax E-mail Nazionalità Data di nascita ESPERIENZA LAVORATIVA * Date (da – a) Nome e indirizzo del datore di lavoro * Tipo di azienda o settore * Tipo di impiego Principali mansioni e responsabilità * Date (da – a) * Nome e indirizzo del datore di lavoro * Tipo di azienda o settore * Tipo di impiego Principali mansioni e responsabilità * Date (da – a) * Nome e indirizzo del datore di lavoro * Tipo di azienda o settore * Tipo di impiego Principali mansioni e responsabilità * BIANCAT MICHELE Italiana DAL 01/12/2019 AD OGGI COMUNE DI PORDENONE Pubblica Ammnistrazione – Ente Locale FUNZIONARIO AMMINISTRATIVO C ONTABILE – C AT. D - Tempo indeterminato Assegnato ai Servizi Amministrativi del Servizio Sociale dei Comuni Noncello - Settore IV – Servizi alla Persona e alla Comunità – Dal 16/08/2022 incaricato di P.O. dell'unità operativa complessa "Amministrazione Finanziaria" DAL 01/10/2019 AL 30/11/2019 UNIONE TERRITORIALE INTERCOMUNALE DEL GEMONESE Pubblica Ammnistrazione – Ente Locale FUNZIONARIO AMMINSTRATIVO C ONTABILE – C AT. D - Tempo indeterminato Funzionario contabile assegnato al Servizio Economico e Finanziario dell'Unione. Il rapporto di lavoro è proseguito in convenzione ex art. 7 del CCRL 23.11.2004 per 9 ore settimanali fino a marzo 2020. Dal gennaio 2020 mi è stato attribuito l'incarico di Posizione Organizzativa dell'Area Finanziaria. DAL 31/12/2008 AL 30/09/2019 Comune di Aviano Pubblica Ammnistrazione – Ente Locale Impiegato amministrativo contabile Cat. C – Tempo indeterminato. Assegnato al servizio Economico e Finanziario mi occupo principalmente della fase della spesa (registrazione di fatture, impegni di spesa, emissione mandati di pagamento), della tenuta dell'inventario dei beni mobili, della verifica dei residui passivi per la formazione del conto consuntivo. Assegnato anche all'unità operativa informatica mi occupo di ICT ed in particolare della gestione della rete aziendale, della configurazione e gestione dei server e dei client, dell'approvvigionamento e manutenzione delle attrezzature, all'attività di elp desk agli utenti sui principali software applicativi in uso. Referente per il comune della gestione della convenzione per i Servizi Informativi Regionali con la Regione FVG ed Insiel. Gestione degli impianti e delle * Date (da – a) * Nome e indirizzo del datore di lavoro * Tipo di azienda o settore * Tipo di impiego * Principali mansioni e responsabilità * Date (da – a) * Nome e indirizzo del datore di lavoro * Tipo di azienda o settore * Tipo di impiego * Principali mansioni e responsabilità * Date (da – a) * Nome e indirizzo del datore di lavoro * Tipo di azienda o settore * Tipo di impiego * Principali mansioni e responsabilità * Date (da – a) * Nome e indirizzo del datore di lavoro * Tipo di azienda o settore * Tipo di impiego * Principali mansioni e responsabilità ISTRUZIONE E FORMAZIONE * Data * Nome e tipo di istituto di istruzione o formazione * Principali materie / abilità professionali oggetto dello studio * Qualifica conseguita * Livello nella classificazione nazionale (se pertinente ) * Data * Nome e tipo di istituto di istruzione o formazione * Principali materie / abilità professionali oggetto dello studio * Qualifica conseguita * Livello nella classificazione nazionale (se pertinente ) linee di telefonia fissa della sede principale e delle sedi periferiche. DAL 01/12/2001 AL 30/12/2008 Comune di Azzano Decimo Pubblica Amministrazione – Ente Locale Impiegato amministrativo – informatico - Cat. C Tempo indeterminato Assegnato al servizio Affari Generali inizialmente con funzioni amministrative, in seguito alla frequenza a specifici corsi, adibito principalmente alla gestione del sistema informatico comunale, con particolare riguardo alla gestione della rete, della configurazione e gestione dei server e dei client, dell'approvvigionamento e manutenzione delle attrezzature, all'attività di help desk agli utenti sui principali software applicativi in uso. DAL 01/11/1999 AL 30/12/2001 Comune di Azzano Decimo Pubblica Amministrazione – Ente Locale Collaboratore amministrativo – Cat. B (ex 5^ q.f.) Tempo indeterminato Assegnato al servizio Affari Generali. DAL 17/06/1999 al 31/10/1999 Comune di Azzano Decimo Pubblica Ammnistrazione – Ente Locale Collaboratore amministrativo – terminalista - Cat. B (ex 5^ q.f.) – Tempo determinato Assegnato al servizio Affari Generali. DAL 10/1994 AL 06/1999 Assicurazione Generali – Agenzia di Pordenone Assicurazione Libero Collaboratore Produttore libero e collaboratore dell'Agenzia di Pordenone con l'incarico di Sub-Agente per la zona di Aviano. Gestione del portafoglio clienti della subagenzia. 1997 Facoltà di Scienze Politiche dell'Università degli studi di Trieste Diritto, economia, statistica. Diploma di Laurea in Scienze Politiche Laurea vecchio ordinamento 1984 Liceo Classico Don Bosco Pordenone Diploma di Maturità Classica Diploma di scuola secondaria superiore CAPACITÀ E COMPETENZE PERSONALI Acquisite nel corso della vita e della carriera ma non necessariamente riconosciute da certificati e diplomi ufficiali. MADRELINGUA ALTRE LINGUA * Capacità di lettura * Capacità di scrittura * Capacità di espressione orale CAPACITÀ E COMPETENZE TECNICHE Con computer, attrezzature specifiche, macchinari, ecc. P ATENTE O PATENTI ULTERIORI INFORMAZIONI ALLEGATI Pordenone, 26/08/2022 ITALIANO INGLESE ELEMENTARE ELEMENTARE ELEMENTARE IN POSSESSO DELLA PATENTE EUROPEA DEL COMPUTER (ECDL CORE) DAL 2000. BUONA CONOSCENZA DI SISTEMI OPERATIVI WINDOWS (CLIENT E SERVER), BUONA CONOSCENZA DI WINDOWS SERVER (2008 E 2012) E DI ACTIVE DIRECTORY PER LA GESTIONE DELLA RETE, OTTIMA CONOSCENZA DEGLI APPLICATIVI OFFICE IN PARTICOLARE DI WORD ED EXCEL. Patente B Dal Gennaio 1990 al gennaio 1991 ho svolto il Servizio Civile sostitutivo presso la sede di Trieste dell'Unione Italiana Ciechi, con varie mansioni tra le quali: supporto al personale amministrativo dell'Associazione, servizi di accompagnamento a non vedenti. F.to Michele Biancat Elenco firmatari ATTO SOTTOSCRITTO DIGITALMENTE AI SENSI DEL D.P.R. 445/2000 E DEL D.LGS. 82/2005 E SUCCESSIVE MODIFICHE E INTEGRAZIONI Questo documento è stato firmato da: NOME: DI MARZO ROSSELLA CODICE FISCALE: *********** DATA FIRMA: 06/07/2023 13:10:53 Atto n. 1771 del 06/07/2023	<urn:uuid:ec554fa8-ee0f-4d5e-9552-2e3b5a0423ad>	HuggingFaceFW/finepdfs/tree/main/data/ita_Latn/train	finepdfs	ita_Latn	6,544
Matériau Propriétés et avantages Domaines d'utilisation Conditionnement Teinte Stockage Conditions de mise en œuvre Fiche produit WestWood Wepox 194 (A+B) Enduit d'imprégnation pour supports huileux En bref Wepox 194 (A+B) est un enduit d'imprégnation préchargé à base de résine époxy haut de gamme. Il est utilisé en bouche-pores sur les supports minéraux huileux et humides avant d'appliquer les produits d'étanchement et les revêtements WestWood. Résine d'imprégnation bicomposante, préchargée, à base de résine époxy. - Garnit et obture les pores - Résiste à l'hydrolyse et aux substances alcalines - Excellentes propriétés d'adhérence Wepox 194 (A+B) est utilisé pour apprêter/obturer les supports minéraux huileux et humides (maximum de 5%m d'humidité résiduelle). Ce produit est livré en plusieurs bidons (résine de base et durcisseur séparés). 17,80 kg Wepox 194 A composant de base 2,20 kg Wepox 194 B durcisseur 20,00 kg Wepox 194 (A+B) est gris clair. Stocker les produits dans leur emballage d'origine hermétiquement fermé, dans un endroit frais, sec et à l'abri du gel. Avant ouverture, ils se conservent au moins 6 mois. Éviter, également sur le chantier, d'exposer les récipients au rayonnement direct du soleil. Refermer hermétiquement les récipients après y avoir prélevé une partie du produit. Températures Ce produit peut être utilisé dans les plages de température suivantes : * Pendant la mise en œuvre et le durcissement, la température du support doit être au moins supérieure de 3 °C au point de rosée. Humidité WestWood Kunststofftechnik AG · Schürmatt 10 · CH-8964 Rudolfstetten · Suisse Page Tél. : + 41 56 649 24 24 · Fax : + 41 56 649 24 29 · email@example.com · www.westwood-ch.com 1 de 4 Temps de réaction Quantités nécessaires Caractéristiques techniques Mise en œuvre Fiche produit WestWood Wepox 194 (A+B) Enduit d'imprégnation pour supports huileux L'humidité relative de l'air doit être inférieure à 80%. Le support à apprêter ne doit pas présenter une humidité résiduelle supérieure à 5,0 %m. Toute apparition d'humidité doit être évitée dans la surface jusqu'à son durcissement. Les temps de réaction diminuent lorsque les températures augmentent et inversement. Wepox 194 (A+B) est généralement appliqué en 2 couches. En fonction du support, la quantité nécessaire par passe est de : Appareils/outils d'application Mélange du produit : - Mélangeur à 2 hélices Application du produit : - Raclette en caoutchouc, rouleau laine, truelle - Pinceau (uniquement pour les endroits inaccessibles au rouleau) - Brosse (en cas de contamination huileuse importante) Support à traiter Utiliser toujours l'enduit d'imprégnation exclusivement sur support préparé ou grenaillé et présentant une rugosité suffisante (au moins 0,5 mm). L'enduit d'imprégnation doit être appliqué immédiatement après le grenaillage au risque sinon que des remontées huileuses entravent l'adhérence. Des opérations de préparation intensive du support seront nécessaires, par ex., pour le béton cellulaire, le béton essoré sous vide ou les surfaces en béton extrêmement lisses ou très compactes. Vous trouverez des informations sur la préparation correcte du support dans le guide de travail correspondant. En fonction du support, plusieurs passes/couches peuvent être nécessaires. WestWood Kunststofftechnik AG · Schürmatt 10 · CH-8964 Rudolfstetten · Suisse Page 2 de 4 Tél. : + 41 56 649 24 24 · Fax : + 41 56 649 24 29 · firstname.lastname@example.org · www.westwood-ch.com Remarques importantes Fiche produit WestWood Wepox 194 (A+B) Enduit d'imprégnation pour supports huileux Mélange Brasser lentement Wepox 194 A avec le mélangeur allumé pendant 1 minute, puis ajouter Wepox 194 B. Mélanger lentement Wepox 194 A et B pendant 3 minutes avec le mélangeur jusqu'à obtenir un appareil homogène. Transvaser cet appareil et brasser de nouveau soigneusement en évitant d'incorporer de l'air. Application 1 re couche Wepox 194 (A+B) est appliqué avec une raclette en caoutchouc ou un rouleau laine en film régulier exempt de pores. L'enduit d'imprégnation n'est pas sablé. Exception : en cas de contamination huileuse importante, l'enduit est appliqué à la brosse afin d'assurer une bonne pénétration, puis du sable siliceux est répandu sur la surface. Une deuxième couche est nécessaire si l'obturation des pores qu'offre la première est insuffisante. 2 e couche Dès que la 1 re couche est praticable (au bout de 14-18 h), la 2 e couche doit être mise en œuvre immédiatement (dans un délai de 24 h) afin de garantir une adhérence intermédiaire satisfaisante. Il est indispensable de veiller à l'absence de pores dans l'enduit, car ils entravent l'effet barrière de Wepox 194 (A+B). En cas de passage du système Wepox 194 à des produits Wecryl ou WeTraffic, il est impératif de répandre en excès du sable siliceux (grain 0,40,8 mm) séché au feu sur la 2 e couche de Wepox 194 (et seulement la 2 e couche !). L'enduit d'imprégnation ne doit pas être sablé en excès s'il est suivi par l'application d'un revêtement autolissant Wepox. Il est recommandé, avant de mettre en œuvre un revêtement en résine de coulée, d'appliquer un enduit gratté afin d'éviter la formation de pores. Le matériau doit toujours être protégé de tout contact avec l'eau jusqu'à son durcissement ou jusqu'à 24 h après application (à 20 °C). Le contact avec l'eau (même la rosée ou le condensat) peut provoquer des décolorations blanchâtres à ce stade. Lors de la formation de carbamate, la surface peut être collante et l'adhérence avec les couches suivantes peut être affectée. Nettoyage En cas d'interruption dans le travail et une fois la mise en œuvre achevée, les outils doivent être soigneusement nettoyés avec le nettoyant Weplus dans un délai correspondant à la durée de vie en pot. Cette opération peut s'effectuer au pinceau. Attendre l'évaporation complète du nettoyant avant WestWood Kunststofftechnik AG · Schürmatt 10 · CH-8964 Rudolfstetten · Suisse Page 3 de 4 Tél. : + 41 56 649 24 24 · Fax : + 41 56 649 24 29 · email@example.com · www.westwood-ch.com Risques et conseils de sécurité Remarques générales Fiche produit WestWood Wepox 194 (A+B) Enduit d'imprégnation pour supports huileux de réutiliser les outils. Se contenter de les plonger dans le nettoyant ne suffit pas pour empêcher le matériau de durcir. Merci de respecter les fiches de données de sécurité correspondant aux produits utilisés. Les informations ci-dessus, en particulier celles relatives à la mise en œuvre des produits, reposent sur des travaux poussés de développement ainsi que de longues années d'expérience. Elles sont formulées en toute bonne foi. La grande diversité des contraintes et des conditions liées à chaque ouvrage nécessite toutefois que la personne chargée de la mise en œuvre contrôle et teste le produit adéquat au cas par cas. Seule la version actuelle du présent document est valable. Sous réserve de modification servant le progrès technique ou l'amélioration de nos produits. Version du : 19.03.2020 Version 1.0 WWCH WestWood Kunststofftechnik AG · Schürmatt 10 · CH-8964 Rudolfstetten · Suisse Page Tél. : + 41 56 649 24 24 · Fax : + 41 56 649 24 29 · firstname.lastname@example.org · www.westwood-ch.com 4 de 4	<urn:uuid:afef455f-021e-459e-a658-95c0edc118d5>	HuggingFaceFW/finepdfs/tree/main/data/fra_Latn/train	finepdfs	fra_Latn	7,465
Direct Debit Cancellation Authority QPCU Limited T/A QBANK ABN 79 087 651 036 AFSL No. 241413 Level 1, 231 North Quay, Brisbane Qld 4000. PO Box 13003, George Street Qld 4003. Phone: 13 77 28 Fax: 3236 2194. Email: firstname.lastname@example.org Website: qbank.com.au Please Note: Direct debits can only be cancelled by QBANK using this form if you have provided the third party with your BSB and membership number. If you have provided credit card details, the payment can only be cancelled by contacting the third party, not by completing this form. Membership No. Surname Given Name Address Telephone: (Work) (Home) (Mobile) Email Member Details I/We acknowledge that I/we have read and understood QBANK’s General Information Terms & Conditions Booklet including the QBANK Privacy Notice, and agree and consent to the collection, use and disclosure of personal information in this document for the purpose of this authority. This Notice must be read by each individual who signs this authority, including any nominated account signatory. By signing this authority you agree to the terms and conditions outlined in this document. Primary Member Signature Date Secondary Member Signature Date Authority Office Use Only Taken by Date Remitter no. Loaded by Date Please cancel my/our direct debit currently payable to from my/our S account effective as at (date) Direct Debit Details Postcode / /	<urn:uuid:5d6a1d47-6eec-48f1-9daa-88d60f88c9e4>	HuggingFaceFW/finepdfs/tree/main/data/eng_Latn/train	finepdfs	eng_Latn	1,435
Evolution™ Series Inverter/Charger Pure Sine Wave Models: EVO-1212F EVO-1212F-HW EVO-1224F EVO-1224F-HW Owner's Manual Please read this manual BEFORE operating. Firmware: Rev 0.78 SECTION 1.1 Safety Instructions ................................................................. 3 SECTION 1.2 Definitions ........................................................................... 9 SECTION 1.3 General Information – Inverter Related ............................... 12 SECTION 1.4 General Information – Battery Related ................................. 16 SECTION 2 Components & Layout .......................................................... 30 SECTION 3 Installation ............................................................................ 35 SECTION 4 General Description & Principles of Operation ..................... 76 SECTION 5 Battery Charging in Evolution™ Series ............................... 89 SECTION 6 Operation, Protections & Troubleshooting .......................... 117 SECTION 7 Specifications ...................................................................... 127 SECTION 8 Warranty ............................................................................... 130 Disclaimer of Liability UNLESS SPECIFICALLY AGREED TO IN WRITING, SAMLEX AMERICA INC.: 1. MAKES NO WARRANTY AS TO THE ACCURACY, SUFFICIENCY OR SUITABILITY OF ANY TECHNICAL OR OTHER INFORMATION PROVIDED IN ITS MANUALS OR OTHER DOCUMENTATION. 2. ASSUMES NO RESPONSIBILITY OR LIABILITY FOR LOSSES, DAMAGES, COSTS OR EXPENSES, WHETHER SPECIAL, DIRECT, INDIRECT, CONSEQUENTIAL OR INCIDENTAL, WHICH MIGHT ARISE OUT OF THE USE OF SUCH INFORMATION. THE USE OF ANY SUCH INFORMATION WILL BE ENTIRELY AT THE USER'S RISK. Samlex America reserves the right to revise this document and to periodically make changes to the content hereof without obligation or organization of such revisions or changes. Copyright Notice/Notice of Copyright Copyright © 2019 by Samlex America Inc. All rights reserved. Permission to copy, distribute and/or modify this document is prohibited without express written permission by Samlex America Inc. SECTION 1.1 \| Safety Instructions 1.1 IMPORTANT SAFETY INSTRUCTIONS SAVE THESE INSTRUCTIONS. THIS MANUAL CONTAINS IMPORTANT INSTRUCTIONS FOR MODELS: EVO-1212F, EVO-1212F-HW, EVO-1224F AND EVO-1224F-HW THAT SHALL BE FOLLOWED DURING INSTALLATION & MAINTENANCE OF THE INVERTER/CHARGER. THE FOLLOWING SYMBOLS WILL BE USED IN THIS MANUAL TO HIGHLIGHT SAFETY AND IMPORTANT INFORMATION: ⚠️ WARNING! Indicates possibility of physical harm to the user in case of non-compliance. ⚠️ CAUTION! Indicates possibility of damage to the equipment in case of non-compliance. ℹ️ INFO Indicates useful supplemental information. ⚠️ MISE EN GARDE! Il y a une possibilité de faire du mal physique à l'utilisateur si les consignes de sécurités sont pas suivies. ⚠️ ATTENTION! Il y a une risque de faire des dégâts à l'équipement si l'utilisateur ne suit pas les instructions. Please read these instructions BEFORE installing or operating the unit to prevent personal injury or damage to the unit. ⚠️ WARNING! / ⚠️ CAUTION! 1. WARNING! To reduce risk of explosion, do not install in machinery space or in area in which ignition-protected equipment is required to be used. 2. CAUTION! (a) To prevent damage due to excessive vibration / shock, use on marine vessels with lengths more than 65 ft. (19.8M). (b) This unit is NOT designed for weather-deck installation. To reduce risk of electrical shock, do not expose to rain or spray. 3.1 CAUTION! EVO™ Inverter/Charger with fully automatic charging circuit charges properly rated 12V / 24V Lead Acid, Nickel Zinc (Ni-Zn) and Lithium Ion Batteries. When EVO™ Inverter/Charger is in Charge Mode, Blue LED marked “ON” will be blinking. 3.2 WARNING! Lithium Ion Battery Hazard. Option is available to use 12V / 24V nominal Lithium Ion batteries. The user/installer should ensure that charging voltages, currents and profiles are programmed appropriately to meet all operating and safety requirements of the battery being used. Make sure that the Lithium Ion Battery includes Battery Management System (BMS) with built-in safety protocols. Follow the instructions specified by the Lithium Ion Battery manufacturer. When the EVO™ Inverter/Charger is in Charge Mode, Blue LED marked “ON” will be blinking. 4. CAUTION! For indoors use only. 5. WARNING! Hot Surfaces! To prevent burns, do not touch! 6. CAUTION! The AC input / output wiring terminals are intended for field connection using Copper conductors that are to be sized based on 75°C. See Table 1.1.1 for sizing of conductors for AC_INPUT circuits and Table 1.1.2 for sizing of conductors for AC_OUTPUT circuits. 7. WARNING! Over current protection (AC Breakers) for the AC input / output circuits has NOT been provided for EVO-1212F-HW and EVO-1224F-HW and has to be provided by the installer / user. See guidelines at Table 1.1.1 for sizing of breakers for AC_INPUT circuits and Table 1.1.2 for sizing of breakers for AC_OUTPUT circuits. National and Local Electrical Codes will supersede these guidelines. 8. CAUTION! The battery terminals are intended for field connection of battery side cables using Copper conductors that are sized based on 90°C. See Table 1.1.3 for recommended sizes of battery side cables for installation in free air and conduit respectively. 9. WARNING! Over current protection (fuse) for battery and External Charger circuits has NOT been provided and has to be provided by the installer / user. See guidelines at Table 1.1.3 for recommended sizes for installation in free air and conduit respectively. National and Local Electrical Codes will supersede these guidelines. 10. Tightening torques to be applied to the wiring terminals are given in Table 1.1.4. 11. This unit has been provided with integral protections against overloads. 12. WARNING! To reduce risk of electric shock and fire: - Installation should be carried out by certified installer and as per Local and National Electrical Codes. - Do not connect to circuit operating at more than 150 Volts to Ground. - Do not connect to AC Load Center (Circuit Breaker Panel) having Multi-wire Branch Circuits connected. - Both AC and DC voltage sources are terminated inside this equipment. Each circuit must be individually disconnected before servicing. - Do not remove cover. No user serviceable part inside. Refer servicing to qualified servicing personnel. - Do not mount in zero clearance compartment. - Do not cover or obstruct ventilation openings. - Fuse(s) should be replaced with the same type and rating as of the original installed fuse(s). 13. WARNING! Risk of electric shock. Use only those GFCIs that are listed at Table 1.1.5. Other types may fail to operate properly when connected to this unit. 14. GROUNDING: The Grounding symbol shown below is used for identifying only the field wiring equipment-grounding terminal. However, this symbol is usable with the circle omitted for identifying various points within the unit that are bonded to Ground. ![Grounding Symbol](image) 15. WARNING! Precautions When Working With Batteries. Lead Acid Batteries - Batteries contain very corrosive diluted Sulphuric Acid as electrolyte. Precautions should be taken to prevent contact with skin, eyes or clothing. Wear eye protection. - Batteries generate Hydrogen and Oxygen during charging resulting in evolution of explosive gas mixture. Care should be taken to ventilate the battery area and follow the battery manufacturer's recommendations. • Never smoke or allow a spark or flame near the batteries. • Use caution to reduce the risk of dropping a metal tool on the battery. It could spark or short circuit the battery or other electrical parts and could cause an explosion. Always use insulated tools. • Remove metal items like rings, bracelets and watches when working with batteries. Batteries can produce a short circuit current high enough to weld a ring or the like to metal and thus cause a severe burn. • If you need to remove a battery, always remove the Ground terminal from the battery first. Make sure that all the accessories are off so that you do not cause a spark. Lithium Ion Batteries • Ensure that the battery includes Battery Management System (BMS) with built-in safety protocol. • Ensure that voltage, current and charging profile settings of the charger are correct • Ensure that the Battery Management System (BMS) of the battery is able to provide contact closure signal to the EVO™ Inverter/Charger under conditions of (i) over voltage / over heating (to stop charging) and (ii) deep discharge (to stop inverting) [Refer to Section 5.11.2]. --- MISE EN GARDE! / ATTENTION! 1. MISE EN GARDE! Pour réduire les risques d’explosion, ne pas installer dans les locaux de machines ou dans la zone où l’équipement protégé contre les incendies doit être utilisé. 2. ATTENTION! Cet appareil est conçu pour une installation PAS Météo-pont. Pour réduire les risques de choc électrique, ne pas exposer à la pluie ou à la neige. 3.1 ATTENTION! L’onduleur / chargeur EVO™ avec circuit de charge entièrement automatique charge des batteries plomb-acide, nickel-zinc (Ni-Zn) et Lithium-Ion 12V / 24V correctement dimensionnées. Lorsque l’onduleur / chargeur EVO™ est en mode de charge, la DEL bleue marquée « ON » clignote. 3.2 ATTENTION! Danger pour la batterie lithium-ion. L’option est disponible pour utiliser des batteries au lithium de 12V / 24V. L’utilisateur / installateur doit s’assurer que les tensions de charge, les courants et les profils sont programmés de façon appropriée pour répondre à toutes les exigences de fonctionnement et de sécurité de la batterie utilisée. L’onduleur / chargeur EVO™ est alors en mode de charge, le voyant bleue marqué “ON” clignote. 4. ATTENTION! Pour éviter les dommages dus à des vibrations excessives / choc, ne pas utiliser sur les navires plus petits avec des longueurs de moins de 65 pi. (19,8). 5. MISE EN GARDE! Surfaces chaudes! Pour éviter les brûlures, ne touchez pas. 6. ATTENTION! Les bornes de câblage entrée / sortie CA sont prévus pour un raccordement sur le terrain avec des conducteurs de cuivre qui doivent être dimensionnés en fonction de 75 ° C. Voir le tableau 1.1.2 et pour le dimensionnement des conducteurs pour les circuits d’entrée CA et le tableau 1.2 pour le dimensionnement des conducteurs pour les circuits de sortie AC. 7. MISE EN GARDE! Protection contre les surintensités (AC Les disjoncteurs) pour l’AC circuits d’entrée / de sortie n’a pas été fournie pour EVO-1212F-HW / 1224F-HW et doit être fournie par l’installateur/utilisateur. Voir les lignes directrices à tableau 1.1.1 pour le dimensionnement des disjoncteurs pour les circuits d’entrée CA et le tableau 1.1.2 pour le dimensionnement des disjoncteurs pour les circuits de sortie AC. Codes électriques nationaux et locaux remplaceront ces lignes directrices. 8. ATTENTION! Les bornes de la batterie sont destinés pour le champ Connexion à l’aide de conducteurs de cuivre qui sont dimensionnés en fonction de 90°C. Voir les tableau 1.1.3 pour les tailles recommandées pour l’installation à l’air libre et conduit respectivement. 9. MISE EN GARDE! Protection contre les surintensités (fusible) pour la batterie et les circuits chargeur externe n’a pas été fournis et a fourni à l’installateur / utilisateur. Voir les lignes directrices à tableau 1.1.3 pour les tailles recommandées pour l’installation à l’air libre et conduit respectivement. Codes électriques nationaux et locaux remplaceront ces lignes directrices. 10. Couples de serrage pour être appliqués sur les bornes de câblage sont donnés dans le tableau 1.1.4. 11. Cet appareil a été fourni avec des protections intégrées contre les surcharges. 12. MISE EN GARDE! Pour réduire les risques de choc électrique et d’incendie: - L’installation doit être effectuée par un installateur certifié et selon les codes électriques locaux et nationaux - Ne pas se connecter au circuit fonctionnant à plus de 150 volts à la terre - Ne pas se connecter au Centre de charge AC (Circuit de panneau de disjoncteurs) ayant Direction Multi-fil circuits reliés - Les deux sources de tension AC et DC sont terminées à l’intérieur de cet équipement. Chaque circuit doit être déconnecté individuellement avant l’entretien - Ne pas retirer le couvercle. Aucune partie réparable par l’utilisateur à l’intérieur. Faites appel à un installateur qualifié - Ne pas monter dans zéro compartiment de jeu - Ne pas couvrir ou obstruer les ouvertures de ventilation. - Fusible (s) doit être remplacé par le même type de fusible du fusible installé d’origine (s) 13. MISE EN GARDE! Risque de choc électrique. N’utilisez que les GFCIs qui sont indiqués au tableau 1.1.5. D’autres types peuvent ne pas fonctionner correctement lorsqu’il est connecté à cet appareil. 14. MISE À LA TERRE: Le symbole de mise à la terre ci-dessous est utilisé pour identifier uniquement l’équipement terminal de terre-câblage. Toutefois, ce symbole est utilisable avec le cercle omis pour identifier divers points de l’unité qui sont liés à la masse. ![Grounding Symbol](image) 15. MISE EN GARDE! Précautions lorsque vous travaillez avec des piles. Batteries au plomb - Les batteries contiennent de très corrosif de l’acide sulfurique dilué comme électrolyte. Des précautions doivent être prises pour éviter tout contact avec la peau, les yeux ou les vêtements. Porter des lunettes de protection. - Générer de l’hydrogène des batteries et de l’oxygène au cours de la charge résultant de l’évolution du mélange de gaz explosifs. Il faut prendre soin de bien aérer la zone de la batterie et de suivre les recommandations du fabricant. - Ne jamais fumer ou permettre qu’une étincelle ou une flamme à proximité des batteries. - Procédez avec précaution pour réduire le risque de chute d’un outil métallique sur la batterie. Il pourrait déclencher ou court-circuit de la batterie ou d’autres pièces électriques et pourraient provoquer une explosion. Toujours utiliser des outils isolés. SECTION 1.1 \| Safety Instructions - Retirer les objets métalliques tels que bagues, bracelets et montres lors de travaux avec des batteries. Les batteries peuvent produire un courant de court-circuit suffisamment haut pour souder un anneau ou similaires à métal et donc provoquer des brûlures sévères. - Si vous avez besoin de retirer la batterie, retirez toujours la borne de masse de la batterie en premier. S’assurer que tous les accessoires sont off afin de ne pas provoquer une étincelle. Les batteries au lithium-ion - S’assurer que la batterie comprend Battery Management System (BMS) avec protocole de sécurité intégré. - S’assurer que la tension, le courant et les paramètres de profil de charge le chargeur sont corrects - S’assurer que le système de gestion de la batterie (BMS) de la batterie est en mesure de fournir de la fermeture du contact signal à l’onduleur/chargeur EVO™ dans des conditions de (i) surtension / plus de chauffage (d’arrêter le chargement) et (ii) une décharge profonde (pour arrêter l’inversion) [Se reporter à la Section 5.11.2]. TABLE 1.1.1 SIZING OF AC INPUT WIRING AND BREAKERS (Refer to Section 3.8.1, Table 3.2 for more details) \| Model No. (Rated Output Power in Inverter Mode) (Column 1) \| Current Rating of AC Input Breaker (15, Fig 2.1) (Column 2) \| NEC Ampacity = 125% of Column 2 (Column 3) \| Conductor Size Based on NEC Ampacity at Column 5 (Column 4) \| Size of Breaker Based on Column 4 (Column 5) \| \|-----------------------------------------------------------\|-------------------------------------------------------------\|------------------------------------------\|---------------------------------------------------------------\|-----------------------------------------------\| \| EVO-1212F (1200VA, 10A) \| 20A \| 25A \| AWG# 12 \| 20A \| \| EVO-1212F-HW (1200VA, 10A) \| 20A \| 25A \| AWG# 12 \| 20A \| \| EVO-1224F (1200VA, 10A) \| 20A \| 25A \| AWG# 12 \| 20A \| \| EVO-1224F-HW (1200VA, 10A) \| 20A \| 25A \| AWG# 12 \| 20A \| Table 1.1.2 AC OUTPUT WIRING AND BREAKERS (Refer to Section 3.9.2, Table 3.3 for more details) \| Model No. (Rated Power in Inverter Mode) (Column 1) \| Rated AC Output Current in Inverter Mode (Column 2) \| NEC Ampacity = 125% of Column 2 (Column 3) \| Wire Size based on NEC Ampacity at Column 3 and 75°C Copper Conductor in Conduit (Column 4) \| Breaker Size (Based on NEC Ampacity at Column 3) (Column 5) \| \|-----------------------------------------------------\|-----------------------------------------------------\|------------------------------------------\|---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------\|---------------------------------------------------------------\| \| EVO-1212F (1200VA) \| 10A \| 12.5A \| AWG# 14 \| 15A \| \| EVO-1212F-HW (1200VA) \| 10A \| 12.5A \| AWG# 14 \| 15A \| \| EVO-1224F (1200VA) \| 10A \| 12.5A \| AWG# 14 \| 15A \| \| EVO-1224F-HW (1200VA) \| 10A \| 12.5A \| AWG# 14 \| 15A \| ### TABLE 1.1.3 SIZING OF BATTERY SIDE CABLES AND EXTERNAL BATTERY SIDE FUSES (Refer to Section 3.5.5, Table 3.1 for more details) \| Model No. (Column 1) \| Rated Continuous DC Input Current (Column 2) \| NEC Ampacity = 125% of Rated DC Input Current at Column 2 (Column 3) \| 90°C Copper Conductor. Size Based on NEC Ampacity at Column (3) or 2% Voltage Drop, whichever is Thicker \| \|----------------------\|---------------------------------------------\|---------------------------------------------------------------------\|--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------\| \| \| \| Cable Running Distance between the Unit and the Battery (Cable Routing In Free Air) \| Cable Running Distance between the Unit and the Battery (Cable Routing In Raceway) \| External Fuse Based on NEC Ampacity at Column (3) (Column 9) \| \| EVO-1212F \| 152 \| AWG #2 \| AWG #2/0 \| 200A \| \| EVO-1212F-HW \| \| AWG #6 \| AWG #4 \| 100A \| \| EVO-1224F \| 76 \| AWG #6 \| AWG #3 \| 100A \| \| EVO-1224F-HW \| \| AWG #6 (2% voltage drop is thicker) \| AWG #2 (2% voltage drop is thicker) \| 70A \| \| External Charger \| 50A \| 63A \| AWG #6 (2% voltage drop is thicker) \| 70A \| ### TABLE 1.1.4 TIGHTENING TORQUES \| Battery Input Connectors \| External Charger Input Connectors \| AC Input and Output Connectors \| \|--------------------------\|-----------------------------------\|---------------------------------\| \| 70 kgf.cm (5.0 lbf.ft) \| 35 kgf.cm (2.5 lbf.ft) \| 7 to 12 kgf.cm (0.5 to 0.9 lbf.ft) \| ### TABLE 1.1.5 USE OF SPECIFIED GROUND FAULT CIRCUIT INTERRUPTER (GFCI) FOR DISTRIBUTION OF AC OUTPUT POWER IN RECREATION VEHICLES \| Manufacturer of GFCI \| Manufacturers’ Model No. \| Description \| \|----------------------\|--------------------------\|------------------------------\| \| Jiaxing Shouxin Electric Technology Co. Ltd \| TS-15, TS-20 \| NEMA5-20, Duplex, 20A NEMA5-15, Duplex, 15A \| The following definitions are used in this manual for explaining various electrical concepts, specifications and operations: Peak Value: It is the maximum value of electrical parameter like voltage / current. RMS (Root Mean Square) Value: It is a statistical average value of a quantity that varies in value with respect to time. For example, a pure sine wave that alternates between peak values of Positive 169.68V and Negative 169.68V has an RMS value of 120 VAC. Also, for a pure sine wave, the RMS value = Peak value ÷ 1.414. Voltage (V), Volts: It is denoted by “V” and the unit is “Volts”. It is the electrical force that drives electrical current (I) when connected to a load. It can be DC (Direct Current – flow in one direction only) or AC (Alternating Current – direction of flow changes periodically). The AC value shown in the specifications is the RMS (Root Mean Square) value. Current (I), Amps, A: It is denoted by “I” and the unit is Amperes – shown as “A”. It is the flow of electrons through a conductor when a voltage (V) is applied across it. Frequency (F), Hz: It is a measure of the number of occurrences of a repeating event per unit time. For example, cycles per second (or Hertz) in a sinusoidal voltage. Efficiency, ($\eta$): This is the ratio of Power Output ÷ Power Input. Phase Angle, ($\varphi$): It is denoted by “$\varphi$” and specifies the angle in degrees by which the current vector leads or lags the voltage vector in a sinusoidal voltage. In a purely inductive load, the current vector lags the voltage vector by Phase Angle $(\varphi) = 90^\circ$. In a purely capacitive load, the current vector leads the voltage vector by Phase Angle, $(\varphi) = 90^\circ$. In a purely resistive load, the current vector is in phase with the voltage vector and hence, the Phase Angle, $(\varphi) = 0^\circ$. In a load consisting of a combination of resistances, inductances and capacitances, the Phase Angle $(\varphi)$ of the net current vector will be $> 0^\circ < 90^\circ$ and may lag or lead the voltage vector. Resistance (R), Ohm, $\Omega$: It is the property of a conductor that opposes the flow of current when a voltage is applied across it. In a resistance, the current is in phase with the voltage. It is denoted by “R” and its unit is “Ohm” - also denoted as “$\Omega$”. Inductive Reactance ($X_L$), Capacitive Reactance ($X_C$) and Reactance ($X$): Reactance is the opposition of a circuit element to a change of electric current or voltage due to that element’s inductance or capacitance. Inductive Reactance ($X_L$) is the property of a coil of wire in resisting any change of electric current through the coil. It is proportional to frequency and inductance and causes the current vector to lag the voltage vector by Phase Angle $(\varphi) = 90^\circ$. Capacitive reactance ($X_C$) is the property of capacitive elements to oppose changes in voltage. $X_C$ is inversely proportional to the frequency and capacitance and causes the current vector to lead the voltage vector by Phase Angle $(\varphi) = 90^\circ$. The unit of both $X_L$ and $X_C$ is “Ohm” - also denoted as “$\Omega$”. The effects of inductive reactance $X_L$ to cause the current to lag the voltage by 90° and that of the capacitive reactance $X_C$ to cause the current to lead the voltage by 90° are exactly opposite and the net effect is a tendency to cancel each other. Hence, in a circuit containing both inductances and capacitances, the net Reactance ($X$) will be equal to the difference between the values of the inductive and capacitive reactances. The net Reactance ($X$) will be inductive if $X_L > X_C$ and capacitive if $X_C > X_L$. SECTION 1.2 \| Definitions Impedance, $Z$: It is the vectorial sum of Resistance and Reactance vectors in a circuit. Active Power (P), Watts: It is denoted as “$P$” and the unit is “Watt”. It is the power that is consumed in the resistive elements of the load. A load will require additional Reactive Power for powering the inductive and capacitive elements. The effective power required would be the Apparent Power that is a vectorial sum of the Active and Reactive Powers. Reactive Power (Q), VAR: Is denoted as “$Q$” and the unit is VAR. Over a cycle, this power is alternatively stored and returned by the inductive and capacitive elements of the load. It is not consumed by the inductive and capacitive elements in the load but a certain value travels from the AC source to these elements in the (+) half cycle of the sinusoidal voltage (Positive value) and the same value is returned back to the AC source in the (-) half cycle of the sinusoidal voltage (Negative value). Hence, when averaged over a span of one cycle, the net value of this power is 0. However, on an instantaneous basis, this power has to be provided by the AC source. Hence, the inverter, AC wiring and over current protection devices have to be sized based on the combined effect of the Active and Reactive Powers that is called the Apparent Power. Apparent Power (S), VA: This power, denoted by “$S$”, is the vectorial sum of the Active Power in Watts and the Reactive Power in “VAR”. In magnitude, it is equal to the RMS value of voltage “$V$” X the RMS value of current “$A$”. The Unit is VA. Please note that Apparent Power VA is more than the Active Power in Watts. Hence, the inverter, AC wiring and over current protection devices have to be sized based on the Apparent Power. Maximum Continuous Running AC Power Rating: This rating may be specified as “Active Power” in Watts (W) or “Apparent Power” in Volt Amps (VA). It is normally specified in “Active Power (P)” in Watts for Resistive type of loads that have Power Factor =1. Reactive types of loads will draw higher value of “Apparent Power” that is the sum of “Active and Reactive Powers”. Thus, AC power source should be sized based on the higher “Apparent Power” Rating in (VA) for all Reactive Types of AC loads. If the AC power source is sized based on the lower “Active Power” Rating in Watts (W), the AC power source may be subjected to overload conditions when powering Reactive Type of loads. Starting Surge Power Rating: Certain loads require considerably higher Starting Surge Power for short duration (lasting from tens of millisecs to few seconds) as compared to their Maximum Continuous Running Power Rating. Some examples of such loads are given below: - Electric Motors: At the moment when an electric motor is powered ON, the rotor is stationary (equivalent to being “Locked”), there is no “Back EMF” and the windings draw a very heavy starting current (Amperes) called “Locked Rotor Amperes” (LRA) due to low DC resistance of the windings. For example, in motor driven loads like Air-conditioning and Refrigeration Compressors and in Well Pumps (using Pressure Tank), LRA may be as high as 10 times its rated Full Load Amps (FLA) / Maximum Continuous Running Power Rating. The value and duration of LRA of the motor depends upon the winding design of the motor and the inertia / resistance to movement of mechanical load being driven by the motor. As the motor speed rises to its rated RPM, “Back EMF” proportional to the RPM is generated in the windings and the current draw reduces proportionately till it draws the running FLA / Maximum Continuous Running Power Rating at the rated RPM. - Transformers (e.g. Isolation Transformers, Step-up / Step-down Transformers, Power Transformer in Microwave Oven etc.): At the moment when AC power is supplied to a transformer, the transformer draws very heavy “Magnetization Inrush Current” for a few millisecs that can reach up to 10 times the Maximum Continuous Rating of the Transformer. Devices like Infrared Quartz Halogen Heaters (also used in Laser Printers) / Quartz Halogen Lights / Incandescent Light Bulbs using Tungsten heating elements: Tungsten has a very high Positive Temperature Coefficient of Resistance i.e. it has lower resistance when cold and higher resistance when hot. As Tungsten heating element will be cold at the time of powering ON, its resistance will be low and hence, the device will draw very heavy Starting Surge Current with consequent very heavy Starting Surge Power with a value of up to 8 times the Maximum Continuous Running AC Power. AC to DC Switched Mode Power Supplies (SMPS): This type of power supply is used as stand-alone power supply or as front end in all electronic devices powered from Utility / Grid e.g. in audio/video/computing devices and battery chargers (Please see Section 4 for more details on SMPS). When this power supply is switched ON, its internal input side capacitors start charging resulting in very high Inrush Current for a few millisecs (Please see Fig 4.1). This inrush current / power may reach up to 15 times the Continuous Maximum Running Power Rating. The inrush current / power will, however, be limited by the Starting Surge Power Rating of the AC source. Power Factor, (PF): It is denoted by “PF” and is equal to the ratio of the Active Power (P) in Watts to the Apparent Power (S) in VA. The maximum value is 1 for resistive types of loads where the Active Power (P) in Watts = the Apparent Power (S) in VA. It is 0 for purely inductive or purely capacitive loads. Practically, the loads will be a combination of resistive, inductive and capacitive elements and hence, its value will be > 0 <1. Normally it ranges from 0.5 to 0.8. Load: Electrical appliance or device to which an electrical voltage is fed. Linear Load: A load that draws sinusoidal current when a sinusoidal voltage is fed to it. Examples are, incandescent lamp, heater, electric motor, etc. Non-Linear Load: A load that does not draw a sinusoidal current when a sinusoidal voltage is fed to it. For example, non-power factor corrected Switched Mode Power Supplies (SMPS) used in computers, audio video equipment, battery chargers, etc. Resistive Load: A device or appliance that consists of pure resistance (like filament lamps, cook tops, toaster, coffee maker etc.) and draws only Active Power (Watts) from the inverter. The inverter can be sized based on the Active Power rating (Watts) of the Resistive Load without creating overload (except for resistive loads with Tungsten based heating element like filament lamps, Quartz/Halogen lamps and Quartz / Halogen Infrared heaters. These require higher starting surge power due to lower resistance value when the heating elements are cold). Reactive Load: A device or appliance that consists of a combination of resistive, inductive and capacitive elements (like motor driven tools, refrigeration compressors, microwaves, computers, audio/ video etc.). The Power Factor (PF) of this type of load is < 1 e.g. AC Motors (PF = 0.4 to 0.8), AC to DC Switch Mode Power Supplies (PF = 0.5 to 0.6), Transformers (PF = 0.8) etc. These devices require Apparent Power (VA) from the inverter to operate. The Apparent Power is a vectorial sum of Active Power (Watts) and Reactive Power (VAR). The inverter has to be sized based on the higher Apparent Power (VA) and also based on the Starting Surge Power. 1.3 GENERAL INFORMATION - INVERTER RELATED General information related to operation and sizing of inverters is given in succeeding sub-sections. 1.3.1 AC Voltage Waveforms The 120V output waveform of the Evolution™ series inverters is a Pure Sine Wave like the waveform of Utility / Grid power. Please see Sine Waveform represented in the Fig. 1.3.1 that also shows equivalent Modified Waveform for comparison. In a Sine Wave, the voltage rises and falls smoothly with a smoothly changing phase angle and also changes its polarity instantly when it crosses 0 Volts. In a Modified Sine Wave, the voltage rises and falls abruptly, the phase angle also changes abruptly and it sits at 0V for some time before changing its polarity. Thus, any device that uses a control circuitry that senses the phase (for voltage / speed control) or instantaneous zero voltage crossing (for timing control) will not work properly from a voltage that has a Modified Sine Waveform. Also, as the Modified Sine Wave is a form of Square Wave, it is comprised of multiple Sine Waves of odd harmonics (multiples) of the fundamental frequency of the Modified Sine Wave. For example, a 60 Hz Modified Sine Wave will consist of Sine Waves with odd harmonic frequencies of 3rd (180 Hz), 5th (300 Hz), 7th (420 Hz) and so on. The high frequency harmonic content in a Modified Sine Wave produces enhanced radio interference, higher heating effect in inductive loads like microwaves and motor driven devices like hand tools, refrigeration / air-conditioning compressors, pumps etc. The higher frequency harmonics also produce overloading effect in low frequency capacitors due to lowering of their capacitive reactance by the higher harmonic frequencies. These capacitors are used in ballasts for fluorescent lighting for Power Factor improvement and in single-phase induction motors as start and run capacitors. Thus, Modified and Square Wave Inverters may shut down due to overload when powering these devices. 1.3.2 Advantages of Pure Sine Wave Inverters • The output waveform is a Sine Wave with very low harmonic distortion and cleaner power like Grid / Utility supplied electricity. • Inductive loads like microwaves, motors, transformers etc. run faster, quieter and cooler. • More suitable for powering fluorescent lighting fixtures containing Power Factor Improvement Capacitors and single phase motors containing Start and Run Capacitors. • Reduces audible and electrical noise in fans, fluorescent lights, audio amplifiers, TV, fax and answering machines. • Does not contribute to the possibility of crashes in computers, weird print outs and glitches in monitors. Some examples of devices that may not work properly with Modified Sine Wave and may also get damaged are given below: • Laser printers, photocopiers, and magneto-optical hard drives. • Built-in clocks in devices such as clock radios, alarm clocks, coffee makers, bread-makers, VCR, microwave ovens etc. may not keep time correctly. • Output voltage control devices like dimmers, ceiling fan / motor speed control may not work properly (dimming / speed control may not function). • Sewing machines with speed / microprocessor control. • Transformer-less capacitive input powered devices like (i) Razors, flashlights, night-lights, smoke detectors etc. (ii) Some re-chargers for battery packs used in hand power tools. These may get damaged. Please check with the manufacturer of these types of devices for suitability. • Devices that use radio frequency signals carried by the AC distribution wiring. • Some new furnaces with microprocessor control / Oil burner primary controls. • High intensity discharge (HID) lamps like Metal Halide lamps. These may get damaged. Please check with the manufacturer of these types of devices for suitability. • Some fluorescent lamps / light fixtures that have Power Factor Correction Capacitors. The inverter may shut down indicating overload. • Induction Cooktops. 1.3.3 Power Rating of Inverters INFO For proper understanding of explanations given below, please refer to definitions of Active / Reactive / Apparent / Continuous / Surge Powers, Power Factor, and Resistive / Reactive Loads at Section 1.2 under “DEFINITIONS” The power rating of inverters is specified as follows: - Maximum Continuous Running Power Rating - Starting Surge Power Rating Please read details of the above two types of power ratings in Section 1.2 under “DEFINITIONS” The manufacturers’ specification for power rating of AC appliances and devices indicates only the Maximum Continuous Running Power Rating. The Starting Surge Power required by some specific types of devices as explained above has to be determined by actual testing or by checking with the manufacturer. This may not be possible in all cases and hence, can be guessed at best, based on some general Rules of Thumb. Table 1.3.1 provides a list of some common AC appliances / devices that require high Starting Surge Power. An “Inverter Sizing Factor” has been recommended against each which is a Multiplication Factor to be applied to the Maximum Continuous Running Power Rating (Active Power Rating in Watts) of the AC appliance / device to arrive at the Maximum Continuous Running Power Rating of the inverter (Multiply the Maximum Continuous Running Power Rating (Active Power Rating in Watts) of the appliance / device by recommended Sizing Factor to arrive at the Maximum Continuous Running Power Rating of the inverter. \| Type of Device or Appliance \| Inverter Sizing Factor (See Note 1) \| \|-----------------------------------------------------------------\|-------------------------------------\| \| Air Conditioner / Refrigerator / Freezer (Compressor based) \| 5 \| \| Air Compressor \| 4 \| \| Sump Pump / Well Pump / Submersible Pump \| 3 \| \| Dishwasher / Clothes Washer \| 3 \| \| Microwave (where rated output power is the Cooking Power) \| 2 \| \| Furnace Fan \| 3 \| \| Industrial Motor \| 3 \| \| Portable Kerosene / Diesel Fuel Heater \| 3 \| \| Circular Saw / Bench Grinder \| 3 \| \| Incandescent / Halogen / Quartz Lamps \| 3 \| \| Ceramic / Positive Temperature Coefficient (PTC) type of heaters\| 5 \| \| Laser Printer / Other Devices using Infrared, Quartz Halogen Heaters \| 4 \| \| Switch Mode Power Supplies (SMPS): no Power Factor correction \| 2 \| \| Photographic Strobe / Flash Lights \| 4 (See Note 2) \| NOTES FOR TABLE 1.3.1: 1 Multiply the Maximum Continuous Power Rating (Active Power Rating in Watts) of the appliance / device by the recommended sizing factor to arrive at the Maximum Continuous Running Power Rating of the Inverter. 2 For photographic strobe / flash unit, the Surge Power of the inverter should be > 4 times the Watt Sec rating of photographic strobe / flash unit. 1.3.4 Electro-Magnetic Interference (EMI) and FCC Compliance These inverters contain internal switching devices that generate conducted and radiated electromagnetic interference (EMI). The EMI is unintentional and cannot be entirely eliminated. The magnitude of EMI is, however, limited by circuit design to acceptable levels as per limits laid down in North American FCC Standard FCC Part 15(B), Class A. These limits are designed to provide reasonable protection against harmful interference when the equipment is operated in a residential environment. These inverters can conduct and radiate radio frequency energy and, if not installed and used in accordance with the instruction manual, may cause harmful interference to radio communications. The effects of EMI will also depend upon a number of factors external to the inverter like proximity of the inverter to the EMI receptors, types and quality of connecting wires and cables etc. EMI due to factors external to the inverter may be reduced as follows: - Ensure that the inverter is firmly grounded to the Ground System of the building or the vehicle. - Locate the inverter as far away from the EMI receptors like radio, audio and video devices as possible. - Keep the DC side wires between the battery and the inverter as short as possible. - Do NOT keep the battery wires far apart. Keep them taped together to reduce their inductance and induced voltages. This reduces ripple in the battery wires and improves performance and efficiency. - Shield the DC side wires with metal sheathing / copper foil / braiding. - Use coaxial shielded cable for all antenna inputs (instead of 300 ohm twin leads). - Use high quality shielded cables to attach audio and video devices to one another. - Limit operation of other high power loads when operating audio / video equipment. 1.3.5 Characteristics of Switch Mode Power Supplies (SMPS) Switch Mode Power Supplies (SMPS) are extensively used to convert the incoming AC power into various voltages like 3.3V, 5V, 12V, 24V etc. that are used to power various devices and circuits used in electronic equipment like battery chargers, computers, audio and video devices, radios etc. These power supplies use large capacitors in their input section for filtration. When the power supply is first turned on, there is a very large inrush current drawn by the power supply as the input capacitors are charged (The capacitors act almost like a short circuit at the instant the power is turned on). The inrush current at turn-on is several to tens of times larger than the rated RMS input current and lasts for a few milliseconds. An example of the input voltage versus input current waveforms is given in Fig. 1.3.2. It will be seen that the initial input current pulse just after turn-on is > 15 times larger than the steady state RMS current. The inrush dissipates in around 2 or 3 cycles i.e. in around 33 to 50 milliseconds for 60 Hz sine wave. Further, due to the presence of high value of input filter capacitors, the current drawn by an SMPS (With no Power Factor correction) is not sinusoidal but non-linear as shown in Fig 1.3.3. The steady state input current of SMPS is a train of non-linear pulses instead of a sinusoidal wave. These pulses are two to four milliseconds duration each with a very high Crest Factor of around 3. Crest Factor is defined by the following equation: $ \text{CREST FACTOR} = \frac{\text{PEAK VALUE}}{\text{RMS VALUE}} $ Many SMPS units incorporate “Inrush Current Limiting”. The most common method is the NTC (Negative Temperature Coefficient) resistor. The NTC resistor has a high resistance when cold and a low resistance when hot. The NTC resistor is placed in series with the input to the power supply. The higher cold resistance limits the input current as the input capacitors charge up. The input current heats up the NTC and the resistance drops during normal operation. However, if the power supply is quickly turned OFF and back ON, the NTC resistor will be hot so its low resistance state will not prevent an inrush current event. The inverter should, therefore, be sized adequately to withstand the high inrush current and the high Crest Factor of the current drawn by the SMPS. Normally, inverters have short duration Surge Power Rating of 2 times their Maximum Continuous Power Rating. Hence, it is recommended that for purposes of sizing the inverter, to accommodate Crest Factor of 3, the Maximum Continuous Power Rating of the inverter should be > 2 times the Maximum Continuous Rated Power of the SMPS. For example, an SMPS rated at 100 Watts should be powered from an inverter that has Maximum Continuous Power Rating of > 200 Watts. SECTION 1.3 \| General Information – Inverter Related NOTE: Voltage and Current scales are different Fig 1.3.2 Inrush current in an SMPS NOTE: Voltage and Current scales are different Fig 1.3.3 High Crest Factor of current drawn by SMPS SECTION 1.4 \| General Information – Battery Related INFO For complete information on Lead Acid Batteries and Charging Process, please visit www.samlexamerica.com > Support > White Papers > White Paper – Batteries, Chargers and Alternators 1.4.1 Lead Acid Battery – Basic Description And Electro-Chemical Reactions 184.108.40.206 A Lead Acid battery consists of a number of 2 V nominal cells (actual voltage of the cell is around 2.105 V) that are connected in series e.g. a 12 V nominal battery will have six, 2 V nominal cells in series (actual approximate voltage of the 6 cells will be $2.105 \times 6 = 12.63$ V). Each 2 V nominal cell in this battery consists of an independent enclosed compartment that has Positive and Negative Plates (also called Electrodes) dipped in electrolyte that is composed of diluted Sulphuric Acid. 220.127.116.11 A fully charged Lead Acid Battery comprises of (i) Positive Plates: Lead Dioxide (PbO₂), (ii) Negative Plates: Sponge Lead (Pb) and (iii) Electrolyte: Mixture of 65% water and 35% Sulfuric Acid (H₂SO₄) with Specific Gravity = 1.265 at Standard Room Temperature of 77°F / 25°C (Fully charged condition). During discharging, electro-chemical reactions lead to: (i) At Positive Plates: Conversion of Lead Dioxide (PbO₂) to soft Lead Sulfate (PbSO₄) crystals, (ii) At Negative Plates: Conversion of Sponge Lead (Pb) to soft Lead Sulfate (PbSO₄) crystals and (iii) In Electrolyte: Conversion of portion of Sulfuric Acid (H₂SO₄) to water leading to reduction in Specific Gravity (1.120 for fully discharged condition). 1.4.2 Types Of Lead Acid Batteries 18.104.22.168 Sealed Lead Acid (SLA) Or Valve Regulated Lead Acid (VRLA) Batteries: These can either be Gel Cell or AGM (Absorbed Glass Mat). In a Gel Cell battery, the electrolyte is in the form of a gel. In AGM (Absorbed Glass Mat) battery, the electrolyte is soaked in Glass Mat. In both these types, the electrolyte is immobile. There are no refill caps and the battery is totally sealed. Hydrogen and Oxygen released during the charging process is not allowed to escape and is recombined inside the battery through use of Recombinant Catalyst (s). Hence, there is no water loss and the batteries are maintenance free. These batteries have safety valves on each cell to release excessive pressure that may be built up inside the cell. The Gel Cell is the least affected by temperature extremes, storage at low state of charge and has a low rate of self-discharge. An AGM battery will handle overcharging slightly better than the Gel Cell. 22.214.171.124 Non Sealed (Vented / Flooded / Wet Cell) Lead acid Batteries: In these batteries, each individual cell compartment has a refill cap that is used to top up the cell with distilled water and to measure the specific gravity of the electrolyte using a hydrometer. When fully charged, each individual cell has a voltage of approximately 2.105 V and electrolyte specific gravity of 1.265. As the cell discharges, its voltage and specific gravity drop. Thus, a healthy, fully charged, 12 V nominal battery with each of the 6 cells fully charged to 2.105 V will measure a standing voltage of 12.63 V at Standard Room Temperature of 77°F / 25°C. Also, in a healthy battery, all the individual cells will have the same voltage and same specific gravity. If there is a substantial difference in the voltages (0.2 V or higher) and specific gravities of the individual cells (0.015 or more), the cells will have to be “equalized” (Refer to Sections 126.96.36.199 and 1.4.4 regarding further details on equalization). 188.8.131.52 SLI (Starting, Lighting, and Ignition) Batteries: Everybody is familiar with the SLI batteries that are used for automotive starting, lighting, ignition and powering vehicular accessories. SLI batteries are designed to produce high current in short bursts for cranking. This current is also called also called “Cranking Amps”. SLI batteries use lots of thin plates to maximize the surface area of the plates for providing very large Cranking Amps. This allows very high starting current but causes the plates to warp when the battery is cycled. Vehicle starting typically discharges 1%-3% of a healthy SLI battery’s capacity. The automotive SLI battery is not designed for repeated deep discharge where up to 80 % of the battery capacity is discharged and then recharged. If an SLI battery is used for this type of deep discharge application, its useful service life will be drastically reduced. This type of battery is not recommended for the storage of energy for inverter backup applications. 184.108.40.206 Deep Cycle Lead Acid Batteries: These batteries are designed with thick-plate electrodes to serve as primary power sources, to have a constant discharge rate, to have the capability to be deeply discharged up to 80 % capacity and to repeatedly accept recharging. They are marketed for use in recreation vehicles (RV), boats and electric golf carts – so they may be referred to as RV batteries, marine batteries or golf cart batteries. 1.4.3 Battery Charging Stages: General descriptions of 4 stages of battery charging are given at Sections 220.127.116.11 to 18.104.22.168 below. Depending upon the type of battery and its application, different Charging Profiles can be created using appropriate charging stages. NOTE: 7 types of Charging Profiles are available in EVO through programming parameter “CHARGING PROFILE”. Refer to Section 5.6 for details. 22.214.171.124 Stage 1 - Constant Current Bulk Charge Stage: In the first stage, known as the Bulk Charge Stage, the charger delivers a constant, maximum charging current that can be safely handled as specified by the battery manufacturer. The value of the Bulk Charge Current depends upon the total Ampere Hour (Ah) capacity of the battery or bank of batteries. A battery should never be charged at very high charging current as very high rate of charging will not return the full 100% capacity as the Gassing Voltage rises with higher charging current due to “Peukert Effect”. Also, very high charging current produces higher temperature in the active material of the plates resulting in loss of cohesion and shedding of the active material that settles on the bottom of the plates. Shedding of the active material results in loss of capacity. If the quantity of the shedded active material at the bottom of the plates rises, it may short the cells. As a general thumb rule, the Bulk Charging Current should be limited to 10% to 13% of the Ah capacity of the battery (20 Hour discharge rate). Higher charging current may be used if permitted by the battery manufacturer. This current is delivered to the batteries until the battery voltage approaches its Gassing Voltage of around 2.4 V per cell at 77°F / 25°C or 14.4 V for a 12 V battery and 28.8 volts for a 24 volt battery. The Bulk Charge Stage restores about 75% of the battery’s capacity. The Gassing Voltage is the voltage at which the electrolyte in the battery begins to break down into Hydrogen and Oxygen gases. Under normal circumstances, a battery should not be charged at a voltage above its Gassing Voltage (except during Equalization Stage) since this will cause the battery to lose electrolyte and dry out over time. Once the Gassing Voltage is approached, the charger transfers to the next stage, known as the Absorption Stage. INFO As the Bulk Charge Stage is a constant current stage, the charger does not control the voltage and the voltage seen at the output terminals of the charger will be the actual battery voltage (this will rise slowly towards the Gassing Voltage under the influence of the constant charging current). 126.96.36.199 Stage 2 - Constant Voltage Absorption Stage During the Absorption Stage, the charger changes from constant current to constant voltage charging. The charging voltage is held constant near the Gassing Voltage to ensure that the battery is further charged to the full capacity without overcharging. The Absorption Stage feeds additional 40% of the capacity that adds up to a total charged capacity of around 115% to take care of around 15% loss of charging efficiency. As the output voltage of the charger is held constant, the battery absorbs the charge slowly and the current reduces gradually till all of the soft Lead Sulfate (PbSO₄) crystals have been converted to Lead Dioxide (PbO₂) on the Positive Plates and Sponge Lead (Pb) on the Negative Plates. The time the charger is held in the Absorption Stage before it transitions to the next Float Stage is determined in one or more of the following conditions: a) By a fixed timer (e.g. 4 to 8 Hours). This may result in overcharging of almost fully charged batteries. b) When charge current drops to specified threshold: Switching over to the Float Stage when the charge current drops below a certain threshold (e.g. 10% of the charger Bulk Charge Current). This may result in overcharging and locking in the Absorption Stage if the battery is feeding an external load that has a value > the specified threshold. c) Using Adaptive Charging Algorithm: This ensures that the battery is completely charged in a safe manner for longer battery life (Suitable for battery that does not have load connected to it). In this algorithm, the time the battery remains in Absorption and Equalization Stages is automatically made proportional to the time the battery remains in the Bulk Charge Stage. A battery that is deeply discharged will remain in Bulk Stage for a longer duration and will require longer time in the Absorption and Equalization Stages for complete charging. On the other hand, a battery that is almost completely charged will remain in the Bulk Stage for a shorter duration and consequently, will remain in Absorption and Equalization stages for a shorter duration. This will prevent overcharging / boiling of the battery. EVO Series has 2 programmable options to use this Adaptive Charging Algorithm – (i) 3-Stage Adaptive (Table 5.2, Srl. 1) & (ii) 4-Stage Adaptive for Equalization (Section 5.8). 188.8.131.52 Stage 3 - Constant Voltage Float Stage: The Float Stage is a maintenance stage in which the output voltage is reduced to a constant lower level, typically about 13.5 V for a 12 V battery and 27 V for a 24V battery to maintain the battery’s charge without losing electrolyte through gassing and also, to compensate for self discharge. Self discharge of Lead Acid Battery is the electrical Ampere Hour (Ah) capacity that is lost when the battery is not being charged and there is no load connected to it. i.e. sits idle in storage. Self-discharge is caused by electro-chemical processes within the battery and is equivalent to application of a small electrical load. For example, Lead Acid battery stored at 30°C / 86°F would self-discharge at around 1% of remaining capacity every day. Self-discharge increases with increase in temperature. Self-discharge of the battery under long term storage will create condition equivalent to under charging and consequently, lead to “sulfation” as explained at Section 184.108.40.206. 220.127.116.11 Stage 4 - Constant Voltage Equalization Stage: This stage is normally initiated manually because it is not required every time the battery is recharged (In EVO, it is carried out manually through programming parameter “EQUALIZE-4-STAGES” [See Section 18.104.22.168 in EVO-RC-PLUS Remote Control Manual]). Normally, only vented / wet cell / flooded batteries are equalized. Some sealed AGM batteries may be equalized if recommended by the manufacturer (e.g. Life Line brand of sealed, AGM batteries). Equalization Stage is normally activated after completion of the Bulk and Absorption Stages. During the Equalization Stage, the battery is intentionally charged at a constant voltage at a value above the Gassing Voltage which is normally in the region of 2.5 to 2.7 V per cell at 25° C / 77° F (e.g. 15 to 16 V for 12 V batteries and 30 to 32 V for 24 V batteries). The time the battery remains in this stage is determined as follows: - By a fixed timer (e.g. 4 to 8 Hours): This may result in overcharging of almost fully charged batteries - Using an automatic Adaptive Charging Algorithm: This ensures that the battery is equalized in a safe manner for longer battery life. EVO Inverter Charger Series uses this Adaptive Charging Algorithm for Equalization. [Refer to Section 22.214.171.124 (c) for details.] Recommendations of the battery manufacturer are to be followed for equalizing the batteries as the equalization voltage, current, time and frequency will depend upon the specific design of the battery. As a guide, a heavily used flooded battery may need to be equalized once per month and a battery in light duty service, every two to four months. The Equalization Charge Current should be a relatively low current of around 2% to 10% of the Ah capacity of the battery. Such a low current prevents an overcharge condition that results in excessive gassing and excessive loss of water. 1.4.4 Why Flooded / Wet Cell Lead Acid Batteries Are Equalized? For proper health and long life of a Lead Acid battery, it is required to undergo an Equalization Stage (described at Section 126.96.36.199 above) during the charging process to prevent / reduce the following undesirable effects: 188.8.131.52 Sulfation: Section 184.108.40.206 above gives details of basic electrochemical reactions during charging and discharging. If the charging process is not complete due to the inability of the charger to provide the required voltage levels or if the battery is left uncharged for a long duration of time, the soft Lead Sulfate (PbSO$_4$) crystals on the Positive and Negative plates that are formed during discharging / self discharge are not fully converted back to Lead Dioxide (PbO$_2$) on the Positive plate and Sponge Lead on the Negative plate and get hardened and are difficult to dislodge through normal charging. These crystals are less-conducting and hence, introduce increased internal resistance in the battery. This increased internal resistance introduces internal voltage drop during charging and discharging. Voltage drop during charging results in overheating and undercharging and formation of more Lead Sulfate (PbSO$_4$) crystals. Voltage drop on discharging results in overheating and excessive voltage drop in the terminal voltage of the battery. Overall, this results in poor performance of the battery. To dislodge these hardened Lead Sulfate crystals, some chargers are designed to detect a sulfated condition at the start of the charging process and go through an initial De-sulfation Mode that sends high frequency, high voltage pulses at the natural oscillation frequency of the crystals to dislodge the hardened crystals. Sulfation may also be reduced partially by the stirring / mixing action of the electrolyte due to gassing and bubbling because of intentional overcharging during the Equalization Stage. 220.127.116.11 Electrolyte Stratification: Electrolyte stratification can occur in all types of flooded batteries. As the battery is discharged and charged, the concentration of Sulfuric Acid becomes higher at the bottom of the cell and lower at the top of the cell. The low acid concentration reduces capacity at the top of the plates, and the high acid concentration accelerates corrosion at the bottom of the plates and shortens battery life. Stratification can be minimized by the Equalization Stage by raising the charging voltage so that the increased gassing and bubbling agitates / stirs the electrolyte and ensures that the electrolyte has uniform concentration from top to bottom. The stirring action also helps to break up any Lead Sulfate crystals, which may remain after normal charging. 18.104.22.168 Unequal charging of cells: During normal charging, temperature and chemical imbalances prevent some cells from reaching full charge. As a battery is discharged, the cells with lower voltage will be drained further than the cells at higher voltage. When recharged, the cells with the higher voltage will be fully charged before the cells with the lower voltage. The more a battery is cycled, the more cell voltage separation takes place. In a healthy battery, all the individual cells will have the same voltage and same specific gravity. If there is a substantial difference in the cell voltages (0.2 V or more) and in the specific gravities (0.015 or more) of the individual cells, the cells will require equalization. Equalizing batteries helps to bring all the cells of a battery to the same voltage. During the Equalization Stage, fully charged cells will dissipate the charging energy by gassing while incompletely charged cells continue to charge. 1.4.5 Temperature Compensation To Prevent Over And Under Charging 22.214.171.124.1 Electrochemical reactions during charging / discharging of Lead Acid / Nickel Zinc (Ni-Zn) Batteries are affected by changes in the temperature of the electrolyte. These type of batteries have a Negative Temperature Coefficient of Voltage i.e. the battery charging / discharging voltages will fall due to rise in electrolyte temperature and will rise due to fall in electrolyte temperature. Battery manufacturers, therefore, specify battery voltages and capacity at Standard Room Temperature of 77° F / 25° C. The Negative Temperature Coefficient is normally within a range of -3 to -5mV/ °C/Cell or (i) -18 to -30mV/ °C for a 6-cell, 12V battery or (ii) -36 to -60mV/ °C for 12-cell, 24V battery. 126.96.36.199.2 Lithium Ion charging voltages are not affected by temperature and hence, do not require temperature compensation. 188.8.131.52 Rise / fall in the temperature of the electrolyte with respect to the Standard Room Temperature of 77° F / 25° C will require temperature compensation. Charging voltages will be required to be reduced at higher electrolyte temperature and increased at lower electrolyte temperature with respect to the Standard Room Temperature of 77° F / 25° C. If charging voltages are not temperature compensated, the battery will boil / be overcharged during higher temperatures and under charged during lower temperatures. This will result in reduced battery life / damage to the battery. It is, therefore, desirable that a temperature compensated battery charger is used if the Room Temperature swings more than 7° F / 5°C. Temperature compensated battery chargers are provided with either internal or external Temperature Sensor. 184.108.40.206 Effects of Over Charging: Over charging will lead to excessive amount of decomposition of water into Hydrogen and Oxygen and generation of excessive heat. As the battery electrolyte temperature rises, the battery charging voltage is required to be reduced. However, the charger voltage will not reduce in a charger that has no temperature compensation. This condition will drive more current and, therefore, heating up the electrolyte even further. This is called “thermal runaway” and may damage the battery within a few hours: - Flooded battery will lose water / shed pasted material. - Sealed battery will see rise in internal pressure as the rate of generation of Hydrogen and Oxygen will be more than the designed rate of recombination provided by the Recombinant Catalyst. The battery casing will bulge excessively and the pressure release valves may open. 220.127.116.11 Effects of Under Charging – Sulfation: Refer to Section 18.104.22.168 for details. 1.4.6 Self Discharge Of Lead Acid Batteries: 22.214.171.124 Self discharge of Lead Acid Battery is the electrical Ampere Hour (Ah) capacity that is lost when the battery is not being charged and there is no load connected to it i.e. it sits idle in storage. Self-discharge is caused by electro-chemical processes within the battery and is equivalent to application of a small electrical load. For example, Lead Acid battery stored at 30°C / 86°F would self-discharge at around 1% of remaining capacity every day. Self-discharge increases with increase in temperature. Self-discharge of the battery under long term storage will create condition equivalent to under charging and consequently, lead to sulfation as explained at Sections 126.96.36.199 above. To prevent this, the battery should be “Float Charged” as explained in Section 188.8.131.52. 184.108.40.206 Float Charging of Batteries under Long Term Storage: In order to prevent sulfation due to under charging as a result of self-discharge, Lead Acid Battery under long term storage should be first fully charged and then left under continuous charge using a suitable “Float Charger” that will Float Charge the battery and provide low value of “Float Charge Current” of around 0.1% of the Ah capacity of the battery to compensate for self discharge. Samlex Model SC-05 and SC-10 SunCharger Solar Panels may be used. These are designed to provide this “Float Charge Current” and thus, prevent sulfation. 1.4.7 Rated Capacity Specified in Ampere-hour (Ah) Battery capacity “C” is specified in Ampere-hours (Ah). An Ampere is the unit of measurement for electrical current and is defined as a Coulomb of charge passing through an electrical conductor in one second. The Capacity “C” in Ah relates to the ability of the battery to provide a constant specified value of discharge current (also called “C-rate” - see Section 1.4.10) over a specified time in hours before the battery reaches a specified discharged terminal voltage (Also called “End Point Voltage”) at a specified temperature of the electrolyte. As a benchmark, the automotive battery industry rates batteries at a discharge current or C-rate of C/20 Amperes corresponding to 20 Hour discharge period. The rated capacity “C” in Ah in this case will be the number of Amperes of current the battery can deliver for 20 Hours at 80°F (26.7°C) till the voltage drops to 1.75V / Cell. i.e. 10.5V for 12V battery or 21V for 24V battery. For example, a 100 Ah battery will deliver 5A for 20 Hours. ### 1.4.8 Rated Capacity Specified in Reserve Capacity (RC) Battery capacity may also be expressed as Reserve Capacity (RC) in minutes typically for automotive SLI (Starting, Lighting and Ignition) batteries. It is the time in minutes a vehicle can be driven after the charging system fails. This is roughly equivalent to the conditions after the alternator fails while the vehicle is being driven at night with the headlights on. The battery alone must supply current to the headlights and the computer/ignition system. The assumed battery load is a constant discharge current of 25A. Reserve capacity is the time in minutes for which the battery can deliver 25 Amperes at 80°F (26.7°C) till the voltage drops to 1.75V / Cell i.e. 10.5V for 12V battery or 21V for 24V battery. Approximate relationship between the two units is: Capacity “C” in Ah = Reserve Capacity in RC minutes x 0.6 ### 1.4.9 Typical Battery Sizes Table 1.4.1 shows details of some popular battery sizes: \| TABLE 1.4.1 POPULAR BATTERY SIZES \| \|-----------------------------------\| \| *BCI Group \| Battery Voltage, V \| Battery Capacity, Ah \| \| 27 / 31 \| 12 \| 105 \| \| 4D \| 12 \| 160 \| \| 8D \| 12 \| 225 \| \| GC2 \| 6 \| 220 \| * Battery Council International; ** Golf Cart ### 1.4.10 C-rate of Charge / Discharge #### 220.127.116.11 The rate of charge / discharge of a battery is normally expressed in “C-rate” which is a multiple of the numerical value of the battery’s Ampere Hour (Ah) Capacity (C) (See Section 1.4.7 for information on Ampere Hour Capacity). Few examples of C-rates (2C, 1C, 0.2C etc.) for 100Ah capacity battery (C=100 Ah) are given below: - $2C = (2 \times 100) A = 200A$ (As the battery capacity is 100 Ah, the battery will be completely discharged in 0.5 Hrs.) - $1C = (1 \times 100) A = 100A$ (As the battery capacity is 100 Ah, the battery will be completely discharged in 1 Hr.) - $0.2C$ (or $C/5$) $= (0.2 \times 100) A = 20A$ (As the battery capacity is 100 Ah, the battery will be completely discharged in 5 Hrs.) #### 18.104.22.168 Example for Determining C-rate of Charge for Particular Value of Charge Current: - Determine the Ah capacity (C) of the battery – say 100 Ah ($C=100$ Ah) - Determine the value of charge current – say 10 Amperes - C-rate of charge at 10A = Multiple of numerical value Ampere Hour Capacity (C) $= (10 \div 100) C = 1/10 C$ or $0.1C$ #### 22.214.171.124 Example for Determining C-rate of Discharge for Particular Value of Discharge Current: - Determine the Ah capacity (C) of the battery – say 100 Ah ($C=100$) - Determine the value of discharge current – say 20 Amperes - C-rate of discharge at 20A = Multiple of numerical value of Ah Capacity (C) $= (20 \div 100) C = 1/5 C$ 126.96.36.199 Table 1.4.2 gives some examples of typical C-rates of Discharge and applications: \| TABLE 1.4.2 TYPICAL “C-rates” OF DISCHARGE \| \|--------------------------------------------\| \| C-rate of Discharge (Column 1) \| Examples of C-rate of Discharge for 100 Ah capacity battery (Column 2) \| \| 2C \| 200A \| \| 1C \| 100A \| \| C/5 or 0.2C (Inverter application) \| 20A \| \| C/8 or 0.125C (UPS application) \| 12.5A \| \| C/10 or 0.1C (Telecom application) \| 10A \| \| C/20 or 0.05C (Automotive application) \| 5A \| \| C/100 or 0.01C \| 1A \| 1.4.11 Charge / Discharge Curves to Determine State of Charge of Lead Acid Battery Based on its Terminal Voltage and C-rates of Charge / Discharge 188.8.131.52 Fig 1.4.1 shows examples of State of Charge / Discharge Curves for different C-rates for typical 12V / 24V Lead Acid Battery at 80°F / 26.7°C. These curves are used to determine the State of Charge / Discharge of the battery based on its terminal voltage. The Y-Axis shows the terminal voltage of the battery. The X-Axis shows % State of Charge. % State of Discharge can be converted to % State of Charge using formula: - % State of Charge = (100% - % State of Discharge) e.g. 80% State of Discharge = 100% - 80% = 20% State of Charge 184.108.40.206 Example of Determining State of Charge (using Fig 1.4.1) when Charging 12V, 100Ah Battery at C-rate of 0.1C or C/10 or 10A: Refer to Charge Curve marked C/10 of the upper 4 curves marked “CHARGE”. States of Charge at different battery terminal voltages will be: (a) At 5.3V = 100% charged; (b) At 14.3V = 90% charged; (c) At 13.5V = 70% charged; (d) At 12.5V = 15% charged 220.127.116.11 Example of Determining State of Discharge (using Fig 1.4.1) when Discharging 12V, 100Ah Battery at C-rate of 0.33C or C/3 or 33.3A: Refer to Charge Curve marked C/3 of the lower 4 curves marked “DISCHARGE”. States of Discharge at different battery terminal voltages will be: [a] At 9.5V = 100% discharged (0% charged); [b] At 10.4V = 80% discharged (20% charged); [c] At 11.5V = 28% discharged (72% charged) and [d] 11.75V = 0% discharged (100% charged) 1.4.12 Reduction in Usable Capacity at Higher Discharge Rates – Typical in Inverter Application As stated earlier, the Ah capacity of automotive battery is normally applicable at a C-rate of C/20 (or, 0.05C). As the discharge rate is increased as in cases where the inverters are driving higher capacity loads, the usable Ah capacity reduces due to “Peukert Effect”. This relationship is not linear but is more or less according to the Table 1.4.3. \| TABLE 1.4.3 BATTERY CAPACITY VERSUS RATE OF DISCHARGE – C-rate \| \|---------------------------------------------------------------\| \| C-rate Discharge Current \| Usable Capacity (%) \| \| C/20 or, 0.05C \| 100% \| \| C/10 or, 0.10C \| 87% \| \| C/8 or, 0.125C \| 83% \| \| C/6 or, 0.17C \| 75% \| \| C/5 or, 0.20C \| 70% \| \| C/3 or, 0.34C \| 60% \| \| C/2 or, 0.50C \| 50% \| \| 1C \| 40% \| Table 1.4.3 shows that a 100 Ah capacity battery will deliver 100% (i.e. full 100 Ah) capacity if it is slowly discharged over 20 Hours at the rate of 5 Amperes (50W output for a 12V inverter and 100W output for a 24V inverter). However, if it is discharged at a rate of 50 Amperes (500W output for a 12V inverter and 1000W output for a 24V inverter) then theoretically, it should provide 100 Ah ÷ 50 = 2 Hours. However, Table 1.4.3 above shows that for 2 Hours discharge rate, the capacity is reduced to 50% i.e. 50 Ah. Therefore, at 50 Ampere discharge rate (500W output for a 12V inverter and 1000W output for a 24V inverter) the battery will actually last for 50 Ah ÷ 50 Amperes = 1 Hour. ### 1.4.13 State of Charge (SOC) of a Battery – Based on “Standing Voltage” The “Standing Voltage” of a battery under open circuit conditions (no charger or load connected to it) can approximately indicate the State of Charge (SOC) of the battery. The “Standing Voltage” is measured after disconnecting any charging device(s) and the battery load(s) and letting the battery “stand” idle for 3 to 8 hours before the voltage measurement is taken. Table 1.4.4 shows the State of Charge versus Standing Voltage for a typical 12V/24V battery system at 80°F (26.7°C). \| Percentage of Full Charge \| Standing Voltage of Individual Cells \| Standing Voltage of 12V Battery \| Standing Voltage of 24V Battery \| \|---------------------------\|--------------------------------------\|---------------------------------\|---------------------------------\| \| 100% \| 2.105V \| 12.63V \| 25.26V \| \| 90% \| 2.10V \| 12.6V \| 25.20V \| \| 80% \| 2.08V \| 12.5V \| 25.00V \| \| 70% \| 2.05V \| 12.3V \| 24.60V \| \| 60% \| 2.03V \| 12.2V \| 24.40V \| \| 50% \| 2.02V \| 12.1V \| 24.20V \| \| 40% \| 2.00V \| 12.0V \| 24.00V \| \| 30% \| 1.97V \| 11.8V \| 23.60V \| \| 20% \| 1.95V \| 11.7V \| 23.40V \| \| 10% \| 1.93V \| 11.6V \| 23.20V \| \| 0% \| = / < 1.93V \| = / < 11.6V \| = / < 23.20V \| Check the individual cell voltages / specific gravity. If the inter-cell voltage difference is more than a 0.2V, or the specific gravity difference is 0.015 or more, the cells will require equalization. Refer to Section 18.104.22.168 and 1.4.4 regarding details on equalization). Please note that only non-sealed / vented / flooded / wet cell batteries are equalized. Do not equalize sealed / VRLA type of AGM or Gel Cell Batteries. ### 1.4.14 State of Discharge of a Loaded Battery – Low Battery / DC Input Voltage Alarm and Shutdown in Inverters Most inverter hardware estimate the State of Discharge of the loaded battery by measuring the voltage at the inverter’s DC input terminals [considering that the DC input cables are thick enough to allow a negligible voltage drop between the battery and the inverter]. Inverters are provided with a buzzer alarm to warn that the loaded battery has been deeply discharged to around 80% of the rated capacity. Normally, the buzzer alarm is triggered when the voltage at the DC input terminals of the inverter has dropped to around 10.5V for a 12V battery or 21V for 24V battery at C-rate discharge current of C/5 Amps and electrolyte temp. of 80°F. The inverter is shut down if the terminal voltage at C/5 discharge current falls further to 10V for 12V battery or 20V for 24V battery. The State of Discharge of a battery is estimated based on the measured terminal voltage of the battery. The terminal voltage of the battery is dependent upon the following: - Temperature of the battery electrolyte: Temperature of the electrolyte affects the electrochemical reactions inside the battery and produces a Negative Voltage Coefficient – during charging / discharging, the terminal voltage drops with rise in temperature and rises with drop in temperature. - The amount of discharging current or “C-rate”: A battery has non linear internal resistance and hence, as the discharge current increases, the battery terminal voltage decreases non-linearly. The discharge curves in Fig. 1.4.1 show the % State of Charge versus the terminal voltage of typical Flooded Lead Acid Battery under different charge /discharge currents, i.e. “C-rates” and fixed temperature of 80°F. (Please note that the X-Axis of the curves shows the % of State of Charge. The % of State of Discharge will be 100% - % State of Charge). ### 22.214.171.124 Low DC Input Voltage Alarm in Inverters As stated earlier at Section 1.4.14, the buzzer alarm is triggered when the voltage at the DC input terminals of the inverter has dropped to around 10.5V for a 12V battery or 21V for 24V battery at C-rate discharge current of C/5 Amps. Please note that the terminal voltage relative to a particular State of Discharge decreases with the rise in the value of the discharge current. For example, terminal voltages for a State of Discharge of 80% (State of Charge of 20%) for various discharge currents will be as given at Table 1.4.5 (Refer to Fig. 1.4.1 for parameters and values shown in Table 1.4.5): \| Discharge Current: C-rate \| Terminal Voltage at 80% State of Discharge (20% SOC) \| Terminal Voltage When Completely Discharged (0% SOC) \| \|---------------------------\|------------------------------------------------------\|-----------------------------------------------------\| \| \| 12V \| 24V \| 12V \| 24V \| \| C/3 A \| 10.45V \| 20.9V \| 09.50V \| 19.0V \| \| C/5 A \| 10.90V \| 21.8V \| 10.30V \| 20.6V \| \| C/10 A \| 11.50V \| 23.0V \| 11.00V \| 22.0V \| \| C/20 A \| 11.85V \| 23.7V \| 11.50V \| 23.0V \| \| C/100 A \| 12.15V \| 24.3V \| 11.75V \| 23.5V \| In the example given above, the 10.5V / 21.0V Low Battery / DC Input Alarm would trigger at around 80% discharged state (20% SOC) when the C-rate discharge current is C/5 Amps. However, for lower C-rate discharge current of C/10 Amps and lower, the battery will be almost completely discharged when the alarm is sounded. Hence, if the C-rate discharge current is lower than C/5 Amps, the battery may have completely discharged by the time the Low DC Input Alarm is sounded. In view of the above, it may be seen that a fixed Low DC Input Voltage Alarm is not useful. Temperature of the battery further complicates the situation. All the above analysis is based on battery electrolyte temperature of 80°F. The battery capacity varies with temperature. Battery capacity is also a function of age and charging history. Older batteries have lower capacity because of shedding of active materials, sulfation, corrosion, increasing number of charge / discharge cycles etc. Hence, the State of Discharge of a battery under load cannot be estimated accurately. However, the low DC input voltage alarm function is designed to protect the inverter from excessive current drawn at the lower voltage. 126.96.36.199 Low DC Input Voltage Shutdown in Inverters As explained above at Section 1.4.14, at around 80% State of Discharge of the battery at C-rate discharge current of around C/5 Amps, the Low DC Input Voltage Alarm is sounded at around 10.5V for a 12V battery or, at around 21V for 24V battery to warn the user to disconnect the battery to prevent further draining of the battery. If the load is not disconnected at this stage, the batteries will be drained further to a lower voltage and to a completely discharged condition that is harmful for the battery and for the inverter. Inverters are normally provided with a protection to shut down the output of the inverter if the DC voltage at the input terminals of the inverter drops below a threshold of around 10V for a 12V battery or, 20V for 24V battery. Referring to the Discharge Curves given in Fig 1.4.1, the State of Discharge for various C-rate discharge currents for battery voltage of 10V / 20V is as follows: (Please note that the X-Axis of the curves shows the % of State of Charge. The % of State of Discharge will be 100% - % State of Charge): - 85% State of Discharge (15% State of Charge) at very high C-rate discharge current of C/3 Amps. - 100% State of Discharge (0 % State of Charge) at high C-rate discharge current of C/5 Amps. - 100% discharged (0% State of charge) at lower C-rate Discharge current of C/10 Amps. It is seen that at DC input voltage of 10V / 20V, the battery is completely discharged for C-rate discharge current of C/5 and lower. In view of the above, it may be seen that a fixed Low DC Input Voltage Shutdown is not useful. Temperature of the battery further complicates the situation. All the above analysis is based on battery electrolyte temperature of 80°F. The battery capacity varies with temperature. Battery capacity is also a function of age and charging history. Older batteries have lower capacity because of shedding of active materials, sulfation, corrosion, increasing number of charge / discharge cycles etc. Hence, the State of Discharge of a battery under load cannot be estimated accurately. However, the low DC input voltage shut-down function is designed to protect the inverter from excessive current drawn at the lower voltage. 1.4.15 Depth of Discharge of Battery and Battery Life The more deeply a battery is discharged on each cycle, the shorter the battery life. Using more batteries than the minimum required will result in longer life for the battery bank. A typical cycle life chart is given in the Table 1.4.6 below: \| Depth of Discharge % of Ah Capacity \| Cycle Life of Group 27 /31 \| Cycle Life of Group 8D \| Cycle Life of Group GC2 \| \|-------------------------------------\|-----------------------------\|------------------------\|-------------------------\| \| 10 \| 1000 \| 1500 \| 3800 \| \| 50 \| 320 \| 480 \| 1100 \| \| 80 \| 200 \| 300 \| 675 \| \| 100 \| 150 \| 225 \| 550 \| NOTE: It is recommended that the depth of discharge should be limited to 50%. 1.4.16 Series and Parallel Connection of Batteries Refer to details at Section 3.4. 1.4.17 Sizing the Inverter Battery Bank One of the most frequently asked questions is, “how long will the batteries last?” This question cannot be answered without knowing the size of the battery system and the load on the inverter. Usually this question is turned around to ask “How long do you want your load to run?”, and then specific calculation can be done to determine the proper battery bank size. There are a few basic formulae and estimation rules that are used: 1. Active Power in Watts (W) = Voltage in Volts (V) x Current in Amperes (A) x Power Factor 2. For an inverter running from a 12V battery system, the approximate DC current required from the 12V batteries is the AC power delivered by the inverter to the load in Watts (W) divided by 10 & for an inverter running from a 24V battery system, the approximate DC current required from the 24V batteries is the AC power delivered by the inverter to the load in Watts (W) divided by 20. 3. Energy required from the battery = DC current to be delivered (A) x Time in Hours (H). The first step is to estimate the total AC watts (W) of load(s) and for how long the load(s) will operate in hours (H). The AC watts are normally indicated in the electrical nameplate for each appliance or equipment. In case AC watts (W) are not indicated, Formula 1 given above may be used to calculate the AC watts. The next step is to estimate the DC current in Amperes (A) from the AC watts as per Formula 2 above. An example of this calculation for a 12V inverter is given below: Let us say that the total AC Watts delivered by the inverter = 1000W. Then, using Formula 2 above, the approximate DC current to be delivered by the 12V batteries = 1000W ÷ 10 = 100 Amperes, or by 24V batteries = 1000W ÷ 20 = 50A. Next, the energy required by the load in Ampere Hours (Ah) is determined. For example, if the load is to operate for 3 hours then as per Formula 3 above, the energy to be delivered by the 12V batteries = 100 Amperes × 3 Hours = 300 Ampere Hours (Ah), or by the 24V batteries = 50A x 3 Hrs = 150 Ah. Now, the capacity of the batteries is determined based on the run time and the usable capacity. From Table 1.4.3 “Battery Capacity versus Rate of Discharge”, the usable capacity at 3 Hour discharge rate (C/3) is 60%. Hence, the actual capacity of the 12V batteries to deliver 300 Ah will be equal to: $300 \text{ Ah} ÷ 0.6 = 500 \text{ Ah}$, and the actual capacity of the 24V battery to deliver 150 Ah will be equal to $150 \text{ Ah} ÷ 0.6 = 250 \text{ Ah}$. And finally, the actual desired rated capacity of the batteries is determined based on the fact that normally only 80% of the capacity will be available with respect to the rated capacity due to non availability of ideal and optimum operating and charging conditions. So the final requirements will be equal to: FOR 12V BATTERY: $500 \text{ Ah} ÷ 0.8 = 625 \text{ Ah}$ (note that the actual energy required by the load was 300 Ah). FOR 24V BATTERY: $250 \text{ Ah} ÷ 0.8 = 312.5 \text{ Ah}$ (Note that the actual energy required was 150 Ah). It will be seen from the above that the final rated capacity of the batteries is almost 2 times the energy required by the load in Ah. Thus, as a Rule of Thumb, the Ah capacity of the batteries should be twice the energy required by the load in Ah. 1.14.18 Charging Batteries Batteries can be charged by using good quality AC powered battery charger or from alternative energy sources like solar panels, wind or hydro systems. Make sure an appropriate Battery Charge Controller is used. It is recommended that batteries may be charged at 10% to 20% of their Ah capacity (Ah capacity based on 20 Hr Discharge Rate). Based on the application, batteries may be charged using 2-Stage / 3-Stage / 4-Stage Charging Profiles as follows: - Float Application Charging (2-Stage) Stage 1 (Bulk Stage at constant current) → Stage 2 (Absorption Stage at constant voltage. May also be called Float Stage in some applications). - Normal Charging (3-Stages) Stage 1 (Bulk Stage at constant current) → Stage 2 (Absorption Stage at constant voltage) → Stage 3 (Float Stage at constant voltage) - Equalization Charging (4-Stages) Stage 1 (Bulk Stage at constant current) → Stage 2 (Absorption Stage at constant voltage) → Stage 3 (Equalization Stage at constant voltage) → Stage 4 (Float Stage at constant voltage) Please refer to Section 5 for details of charging algorithm used in the Battery Charger Section of EVO™ Series Inverter/Charger. 2. LAYOUT 2.1 LAYOUT OF EVO-1212F AND EVO1224F – FRONT VIEW Fig 2.1 Layout of Front side EVO-1212F / EVO-1224F Legend for Fig 2.1 1. Battery Positive (+) Input Connector (marked “BATTERY POSITIVE”): Stud and Nut, M8 (Pitch 1.25 mm) - 1a Red Protective Cover for Battery Positive (+) Input Connector – mounted using 2 pcs of M3 (Pitch 0.5 mm) x 10 mm long screws 2. Battery Negative (-) Input Connector (marked “BATTERY NEGATIVE”): Stud and Nut, M8 (Pitch 1.25) - 2a Black Protective Cover for Battery Negative (-) Input Connector – mounted using 2 pcs of M3 (Pitch 0.5 mm) x 10 mm long screws 3. External Charge Controller Positive (+) Input Connector (marked “+ EXT. charger”): Stud and Thumb Nut, M6 (Pitch 1 mm) 4. External Charge Controller Negative (-) Input Connector (marked “– EXT. charger”): Stud and Thumb Nut, M6 (Pitch 1 mm) 5. DC Side Ground Connector (marked “±”): Hole Diameter 6.5 mm for AWG #4 to #6; Set screw M6 (Pitch 0.75 mm) 6. RJ-45 Jack marked “Battery Temp. Sensor” (Pinout at 19) is used for 2 functions as follows: a) Connecting Battery Temperature Sensor “EVO-BCTS” [Fig 2.5(a)] for temperature compensation when Parameter “BATTERY TYPE” is set for option “0=Lead Acid”, or b) Connecting potential free contact switching signal from Lithium Ion Battery Management System (BMS) to stop charging/stop inverting (See Sections 3.16 & 5.11.2) 7. RJ-45 Jack (marked “Remote Control”) for “EVO-RC Plus” Remote Control 8. RJ-45 Jack (marked “COMM”) - for future use. 9. Male AC Power Inlet Plug – Rating 20A (IEC60320 C-20). Will require 20A rated Female Socket Connector (IEC 60320 C-19). For convenience, the connector has been supplied with the unit (See Section 2.6 – “Contents of Package”) 10. NEMA5-15R Duplex GFCI Outlets for 120 VAC output [See Section 188.8.131.52 for details]. - 10a. Test Button - 10b. GFCI Reset Button - 10c. Red LED: GFCI Life End Alarm - 10d. Green LED: GFCI ON 11. ON/OFF Push Button 12. Blue LED: ON 13. Red LED: “Fault” 14. AC output Breaker, 15A 15. AC Input Breaker, 20A 16. Connector (marked “Remote On/Off”) for On/Off Control through external +12V signal (9 – 15V, < 10mA): Screw M2.5; Wire size AWG#30 to AWG#12. Refer to Section 6.2 for details. - CAUTION! Observe correct polarity – Upper terminal is Negative and Lower terminal is Positive 17. Air inlet vents for 2 variable speed, temperature controlled cooling fans. 18. Removable top cover: Fixed with 8 screws – M4 (Pitch 0.7mm) x 4 mm 19. Pinout for RJ-45 Jack marked “Battery Temp. Sensor”(6, Fig 2.1) 2.2 LAYOUT OF EVO-1212F / 1212F-HW AND EVO-1224F / 1224F-HW – BACK VIEW Fig 2.2 Layout of Back Side - EVO-1212F / 1212F-HW and EVO-1224F / 1224F-HW Legend for Fig 2.2 1. Air outlet vents for 2 variable speed, temperature controlled cooling fans (fans are not shown). 2.3 LAYOUT OF EVO-1212F-HW AND EVO-1224F-HW – FRONT VIEW Fig 2.3 Hardwired AC Input and output connections: EVO-1212F-HW and EVO-1224F-HW LEGEND for Fig 2.3 1. Battery Positive (+) Input Connector (marked "BATTERY POSITIVE"): Stud and Nut, M8 (Pitch 1.25mm) - 1a Red Protective Cover for Battery Positive (+) Input Connector – mounted using 2 pcs of M3 (Pitch 0.5mm) x 10mm long screws 2. Battery Negative (-) Input Connector (marked "BATTERY NEGATIVE"): Stud and Nut, M8 (Pitch 1.25) - 2a Black Protective Cover for Battery Negative (-) Input Connector - mounted using 2 pcs of M3 (Pitch 0.5mm) x 10mm long screws 3. External Charge Controller Positive (+) Input Connector (marked "+ EXT. charger"): Stud and Thumb Nut, M6 (Pitch 1mm) 4. External Charge Controller Negative (-) Input Connector (marked "- EXT. charger"): Stud and Thumb Nut, M6 (Pitch 1 mm) 5. DC Side Ground Connector (marked "±"): Hole Diameter 6.5mm for AWG #4 to #6, Set screw M6 (Pitch 0.75mm) 6. RJ-45 Jack marked "Battery Temp. Sensor" (Pinout at 19) is used for 2 functions as follows: a) Connecting Battery Temperature Sensor "EVO-BCTS" [Fig 2.5(a)] for temperature compensation when Parameter "BATTERY TYPE" is set to option "Li-Ion Acid" b) Connecting potential free contact switching signal from Lithium Ion Battery Management System (BMS) to stop charging/ stop inverting [See Sections 3.16 & 5.11.2] 7. RJ-45 Jack (marked "Remote Control") for “EVO-RC Plus” Remote Control 8. RJ-45 Jack (marked "COMM") - for future use 9. Blank 10. Blank 11. ON/Off Push Button 12. Blue LED "ON" 13. Red LED "Fault" 14. Blank 15. Blank 16. Connector (marked "Remote On/Off") for On/Off Control through external +12V signal (9 – 15V, < 10mA): Screw M2.5; Wire size AWG#30 to AWG#12 - CAUTION! Observe correct polarity - Upper terminal is Negative and Lower terminal is Positive 17. Air inlet vents for 2 variable speed, temperature controlled cooling fans. 18. Removable top cover: Fixed with 8 screws – M4 (Pitch 0.7mm) x 4mm 19(a). Pocket with Terminal Block for hard wiring 19(b). Plate to cover Pocket 19(a). Uses 4 mounting screws M3 (Pitch 0.5mm) x 6mm long (not shown). The plate has 2 holes (27.8 mm /13/32” dia.) for ¾” Trade Size Fitting for conduit / cable entry 20. Terminal Block for AC Input and AC output Connections: Terminal Hole: 3.5 mm x 3.0 mm for up to AWG#10; Set Screw M3 (0.5mm Pitch) x 6 mm long 21. INPUT L 22. INPUT N 23. INPUT GND 24. OUTPUT L 25. OUTPUT N 26. OUTPUT GND 27. Insulated Male / Female Quick Disconnect for disconnecting Output Neutral to Chassis Ground bond in Inverter Mode (Please see Sections 4.5.1 to 4.5.3 and Fig 3.12(a) and 3.12(b) 28. AC Input and Output Ground connection to metal chassis: Stud and Nut; M4 (Pitch 0.7mm) 2.4 REMOTE CONTROL EVO-RC-PLUS Fig 2.4(a) Optional Remote Control EVO-RC-PLUS LEGEND for Fig 2.3 1. LCD Screen: - 4 rows of 20 characters each - Blue screen with white characters 2. ON/OFF Key 3. Blue LED “Status” 4. Red LED “Fault” 5. Navigation Key “Back” 6. Navigation Key “Up” 7. Navigation Key “Down” 8. Navigation Key “Enter” 9. SD Card Slot – FAT16/32 format, up to 16 GB 10. RJ-45 Jack 11. RJ-12 Jack 12. RJ-45 Data Cable (Straight Wired), 10 m / 33 ft [Fig 2.4(b)] INFO Refer to more details under Section 1 of EVO-RC-PLUS Remote Control Manual. Fig 2.4(b) Cable for Remote Control 2.5 BATTERY TEMPERATURE SENSOR EVO-BCTS [FIG 2.5(a)] Temperature Sensor [Negative Temperature Coefficient (NTC) resistor]: Mounting hole: 10mm/0.39” suitable for 3/8” or 5/16” battery studs 1. RJ-45 Plug: Pins 1 to 4 → + NTC ; Pins 5 to 8 → – NTC (See pinout of mating RJ-45 Jack at 19, Fig 2.1) 2. 5 meter/16.5 ft cable Note: Mount the sensor on the Positive or Negative terminal stud on the battery as shown in Fig 2.5(b) --- LEGEND for Fig. 2.5(a) 1. Temperature Sensor with Ring Terminal: Mounting hole: 10mm/0.39” suitable for 3/8” or 5/16” battery studs 2. RJ-45 Plug: Plug this into the RJ-45 Jack marked “Battery Temp. Sensor” (6, Fig 2.1). See pinout of mating RJ-45 at Fig 3.13. 3. 5 meter/16.5 ft cable --- ### 2.6 CONTENTS OF PACKAGE - Inverter/Charger - Temperature Sensor EVO-BCTS [Fig 2.5(a)] - DC Terminal Covers (1a, 1b: Fig 2.1) (Fitted on the unit with 2 screws each) - Mating Connector for Remote On/Off Control* (16: Fig 2.1) - IEC 60320 C-19, Socket Connector[Mating connector for male AC Power Inlet Plug (9, Fig 2.1) - Wire End Terminals for AC Wiring (Fig 3.11) for EVO-1212F-HW/ EVO-1224-HW \| Model \| AWG#12 (for input wiring) \| AWG #14 (for output wiring) \| \|------------------------\|----------------------------\|-----------------------------\| \| EVO-1212F-HW and EVO-2224-HW \| 4 \| 4 \| - Owner’s Manual - Quick Start Guide 3.1 SAFETY OF INSTALLATION WARNING! Please ensure safety instructions given under Section 1 are strictly followed. MISE EN GARDE Se il vous plaît assurer consignes de sécurité fournies à la section 1 sont strictement suivies. 3.2 OVERALL DIMENSIONS The overall dimensions and the location of the mounting holes are shown in Fig. 3.1. 3.3 MOUNTING OF THE UNIT In order to meet the regulatory safety requirements, the mounting has to satisfy the following requirements: - Mount on a non-combustible material - The mounting surface should be able to support a weight of at least 60 Kg / 132 lbs. Use 4 pcs of 1/4” or M6 mounting bolts and lock washers Cooling: The unit has openings on the front, bottom and back for cooling and ventilation. Ensure that these openings are not blocked or restricted. Install in cool, dry and well ventilated area. CAUTION! Ensure there is OVER 200 mm clear space surrounding the inverter for ventilation. ATTENTION! Assurer qu’il y a PLUS QUE 200 mm d’espace DÉGAGÉ entourant l’onduleur pour faciliter la ventilation. Mounting Orientation: - Mounting Arrangement 1: Mount horizontally on a horizontal surface (e.g. table top or a shelf). Please see Fig. 3.2. ![Fig 3.2 Mounting Arrangement No.1: Horizontally On Horizontal Surface](image-url) • Mounting Arrangement No. 2: Mount horizontally on a vertical surface (like a wall). Please see Fig. 3.3. ![Fig 3.3 Mounting Arrangement 2: On Vertical Surface](image) • Mounting Arrangement No. 3: Mount vertically on a vertical surface, see Fig. 3.4. Protect against possibility of small objects or water entering the ventilation openings on the top. (If necessary, install a suitable sloping guard at least 200mm from the top surface). Also, ensure there is no combustible material directly under the unit. ![Fig 3.4 Mounting Arrangement 3: On Vertical Surface](image) 3.4 INSTALLING BATTERIES - SERIES AND PARALLEL CONNECTION Batteries are normally available in voltages of 2V, 6V and 12V and with different Ah capacities. A number of individual batteries can be connected in series and in parallel to form a bank of batteries with the desired increased voltage and capacity. 3.4.1 Series Connection Fig 3.5 Series Connection When two or more batteries are connected in series, their voltages add up but their Ah capacity remains the same. Fig. 3.5 shows 4 pieces of 6V, 200 Ah batteries connected in series to form a battery bank of 24V with a capacity of 200 Ah. The Positive terminal of battery 4 becomes the Positive terminal of the 24V bank. The Negative terminal of battery 4 is connected to the Positive terminal of battery 3. The Negative terminal of battery 3 is connected to the Positive terminal of battery 2. The Negative terminal of battery 2 is connected to the Positive terminal of battery 1. The Negative terminal of battery 1 becomes the Negative terminal of the 24V battery bank. 3.4.2 Parallel Connection Fig 3.6 Parallel Connection When two or more batteries are connected in parallel, their voltage remains the same but their Ah capacities add up. Fig. 3.6 above shows 4 pieces of 12V, 100 Ah batteries connected in parallel to form a battery bank of 12V with a capacity of 400 Ah. The four Positive terminals of batteries 1 to 4 are paralleled (connected together) and this common Positive connection becomes the Positive terminal of the 12V bank. Similarly, the four Negative terminals of batteries 1 to 4 are paralleled (connected together) and this common Negative connection becomes the Negative terminal of the 12V battery bank. 3.4.3 Series – Parallel Connection Figure 3.7 shows a series – parallel connection consisting of four 6V, 200 Ah batteries to form a 12V, 400 Ah battery bank. Two 6V, 200 Ah batteries, Batteries 1 and 2 are connected in series to form a 12V, 200 Ah battery (String 1). Similarly, two 6V, 200 Ah batteries, Batteries 3 and 4 are connected in series to form a 12V, 200 Ah battery (String 2). These two 12V, 200 Ah Strings 1 and 2 are connected in parallel to form a 12V, 400 Ah bank. 3.4.4 Wiring Order in Parallel Connection of Batteries CAUTION! When 2 or more batteries / battery strings are connected in parallel and are then connected to inverter/charger (See Figs 3.6 and 3.7), attention should be paid to the manner in which the inverter/charger is connected to the battery bank. Please ensure that if the Positive output cable of the inverter/charger (Cable “A”) is connected to the Positive battery post of the first battery (Battery 1 in Fig 3.6) or to the Positive battery post of the first battery string (Battery 1 of String 1 in Fig. 3.7), then the Negative output cable of the inverter/charger (Cable “B”) should be connected to the Negative battery post of the last battery (Battery 4 as in Fig. 3.6) or to the Negative Post of the last battery string (Battery 4 of Battery String 2 as in Fig. 3.7). This connection ensures the following: - The resistances of the interconnecting cables will be balanced. - All the individual batteries / battery strings will see the same series resistance. - All the individual batteries will charge/discharge at the same charging/discharging current and thus, will be charged/discharged to the same state at the same time. - None of the batteries will see an overcharge/overdischarge condition. If the Positive output cable of the inverter/charger (Cable “A”) is connected to the Positive battery post of the first battery (Battery 1 in Fig. 3.6) or to the Positive battery post of the first battery string (Battery 1 of String 1 in Fig. 3.7), and the Negative output cable of the inverter/charger (Cable “B”) is connected to the Negative battery post of the first battery (Battery 1 as in Fig. 3.6) or to the Negative Post of the first battery... string (Battery 1 of Battery String 1 as in Fig 3.7), the following abnormal conditions will result: - The resistances of the connecting cables will not be balanced. - The individual batteries will see different series resistances. - All the individual batteries will be charged/discharged at different charging/discharging current and thus, will reach fully charged/discharged state at different times. - The battery with lower series resistance will take shorter time to charge/discharge as compared to the battery which sees higher series resistance and hence, will experience over charging/over discharging and its life will be reduced. ATTENTION!** Quand il y a 2 batteries/fils de batterie ou plus qui sont liés en parallèle et branché à la fois, à un chargeur (Voir Figs. 3.6 et 3.7), il faut faire attention à la manière dont le chargeur est branché à la banque de batterie. Veuillez assurer que le câble positif de sortie du chargeur de batterie (Câble A) est lié à la borne positive de la première batterie (La batterie 1 dans la Fig. 3.6) ou à la borne positive de batterie qui est liée au premier fil (Le fil 1 et la batterie 1, Fig 3.7), et puis le câble négatif de sortie du chargeur de batterie (Câble B) est lié à la borne négative de la dernière batterie (La Batterie 4 dans la Fig. 3.6) ou à la borne négative de batterie qui est liée au dernier fil (Le fil 2 et La batterie 4 dans la Fig. 3.7). Cette connexion assure la suivante: - Les résistances des câbles interconnectés seront équilibrées - Tous les batteries/fils de batterie dans la série auront la même résistance - Toutes les batteries individuelles vont recharger au même courant, ainsi elles seront rechargées à l’état pareille, au même temps - Aucune des batteries auront une condition de surcharge. Si le câble positif de sortie du chargeur de batterie (Câble A) est lié à la borne positive de la première batterie (La batterie 1 dans la Fig. 3.6) ou à la borne positive de batterie qui est liée au premier fil (Le fil 1 et La Batterie 1, Fig 3.7), et puis le câble négatif de sortie du chargeur de batterie (Câble B) est lié à la borne négative de la première batterie (La batterie 1 dans la Fig. 3.6) ou à la borne négative de batterie qui est liée au premier fil (Le fil 1 de La Batterie 1 dans la Fig. 3.7), les conditions anormales résulteront: - Les résistances des câbles interconnectés seront pas équilibrées - Tous les batteries/fils de batterie dans la série n’auront pas la même résistance - Toutes les batteries individuelles vont recharger à des courants différentes, ainsi elles atteindront un état de rechargement complet mais en décalage. - La batterie ayant le moins de résistance dans la série prendrait moins de temps pour être rechargée comparé aux autres batteries. Alors elle serait surchargée et, en conséquence aurait une vie plus courte. 3.5 DC SIDE CONNECTIONS Fig 3.8 D.C Side Connections LEGEND for Fig 3.8 1. Battery Positive (+) Input Connector (marked “BATTERY POSITIVE”): Stud and Nut, M8 (Pitch 1.25 mm) (RED Protection Cover 1(a) is removed) 1a. RED Protection Cover For Battery Positive (+) Input Connector 2. Battery Negative (-) Input Connector (marked “BATTERY NEGATIVE”): Stud and Nut, M8 (Pitch 1.25 mm) (Black Protection Cover 2(a) is removed) 2a. Black Protection Cover for Battery Negative (-) Input Connector 3. External Charger (+) Input Connector (marked “+ EXT. charger”): Stud and Nut, M6 (Pitch 1 mm) 4. External Charger (-) Input Connector (marked “- EXT. charger”): Stud and Nut, M6 (Pitch 1 mm) 5. DC Side Grounding Connector (marked “±”) Hole Dia 6.5 mm for up to 25 mm² (AWG #4). Set Screw M-8. This is internally connected to the metal chassis of the unit 6. RJ-45 Jack (marked “Battery Temp. Sensor”) is used for 2 functions as follows: a. For input from Temperature Sensor “EVO-BCTS” for temperature compensation when Battery Type 0 = Lead Acid is selected or, b. For input for contact closure / opening signal from the Battery Management System (BMS) to Pins 4 and 5 of the Jack when Battery Type 1 = Lithium is selected. When pins 4 and 5 are shorted due to contact closure, charging will stop in “Charging” Mode and inverting will stop in “Inverting” Mode 3.5.0 Making DC Side Connections The following DC side connections are required to be made (see Fig 3.8): • Deep cycle batteries are connected to the battery input terminals (1) and (2). The terminals are provided with protective covers – RED for Positive and BLACK for Negative. Fit these covers once connections have been made. For general details on sizing and charging of batteries, please refer to Section 1.4 under "General Information-Lead Acid Batteries". • Use appropriate external fuse (Refer to Table 3.1) within 7” of battery Positive terminal. • External charging source, if any, is connected to the connectors (3) and (4) as shown above. The maximum capacity of the external charging source is 50A. • Battery Temperature Sensor EVO-BCTS is connected to the RJ-45 Jack (6). See Fig 2.5 (a) and 2.5 (b) for details. • DC Side Grounding Connector (5) is connected to the Earth ground / vehicle chassis ground as follows using minimum AWG #6 wire size: (i) to the Bus Bar “G-B” of the DC Electrical Panel (Fig 3.12) (ii) to the Bus Bar “G-B” of the Grid Electrical Panel (Fig 3.13) (iii) to the RV chassis ground in RV (Figs 3.14A and 3.14B) 3.5.1 Preventing DC Input Over Voltage It is to be ensured that the DC input voltage of this unit does not exceed 17 VDC for the 12V battery version EVO-1212F / EVO-1212F-HW, and 34 VDC for the 24V battery versions EVO-1224F and EVO-1224F-HW to prevent permanent damage to the unit. 3.5.2 Preventing Reverse Polarity On The Input Side CAUTION! When making battery connections on the input side, make sure that the polarity of battery connections is correct (Connect the Positive of the battery to the Positive terminal of the unit and the Negative of the battery to the Negative terminal of the unit). If the input is connected in reverse polarity, external DC fuse in the input side will blow and may also cause permanent damage to the inverter. Damage caused by reverse polarity is not covered by warranty. ATTENTION! Au moment de faire les connexions de la batterie sur le côté entrée, assurez-vous que la polarité des connexions de la batterie est correcte (Connecter la borne positive de la batterie à la borne positive de l’unité et la valeur négative de la batterie à la borne négative de l’appareil). Si l’entrée est reliée à l’inversion de polarité, DC externe fusible dans le côté d’entrée fera fondre et peut également causer des dommages permanents à l’onduleur. Dommages causés par l’inversion de polarité n’est pas couvert par la garantie. 3.5.3 Connection From Batteries / External Charge Controller To The DC Input Side – Sizing of Cables And Fuses WARNING! The input section of the inverter has large value capacitors connected across the input terminals. As soon as the DC input connection loop (Battery (+) terminal → Fuse → Positive input terminal of EVO™ → Negative input terminal of the EVO™ → Battery (−) terminal) is completed, these capacitors will start charging and the unit will momentarily draw very heavy current that will produce sparking on the last contact in the input loop even when the unit is in powered down condition. Ensure that the fuse is inserted only after all the connections in the loop have been completed so that sparking is limited to the fuse area. SECTION 3 \| Installation MISE EN GARDE! La section d’entrée de l’onduleur possède une grande valeur condensateurs connectés à travers les bornes d’entrée. Dès que la connexion d’entrée CC (boucle de la batterie (+) → le fusible → la borne d’entrée positive d’EVO → borne d’entrée négative de l’EVO → la batterie (−) est terminée, ces condensateurs va démarrer la charge et l’appareil se tirer momentanément actuelle très lourd qui va produire des étincelles sur le dernier contact de la boucle d’entrée même lorsque l’appareil est en état hors tension. Assurez que le fusible est insérer seulement après que toutes les connexions sont faites dans le boucle pour que des étincelles se produisent seulement à l’endroit du fusible. Flow of electric current in a conductor is opposed by the resistance of the conductor. The resistance of the conductor is directly proportional to the length of the conductor and inversely proportional to its cross-section (thickness). The resistance in the conductor produces undesirable effects of voltage drop and heating. The size (thickness / cross-section) of the conductors is designated by AWG (American Wire Gauge). Conductors thicker than AWG #4/0 are sized in MCM/kcmil. Conductors are protected with insulating material rated for specific temperature e.g. 90°C/194°F. As current flow produces heat that affects insulation, there is a maximum permissible value of current (called “Ampacity”) for each size of conductor based on temperature rating of its insulation. The insulating material of the cables will also be affected by the elevated operating temperature of the terminals to which these are connected. Ampacity of cables is based on UL-1741 and the National Electrical Code (NEC)-2014. Please see details given under “Notes for Table 3.1”. The DC input circuit is required to handle very large DC currents and hence, the size of the cables and connectors should be selected to ensure minimum voltage drop between the battery and the inverter. Thinner cables and loose connections will result in poor inverter performance and will produce abnormal heating leading to risk of insulation melt down and fire. Normally, the thickness of the cable should be such that the voltage drop due to the current & the resistance of the length of the cable should be less than 2%. Use oil resistant, multi-stranded copper wire cables rated at 90° C minimum. Do not use aluminum cable as it has higher resistance per unit length. Cables can be bought at a marine / welding supply store. Effects of low voltage on common electrical loads are given below: • Lighting circuits - incandescent and Quartz Halogen: A 5% voltage drop causes an approximate 10% loss in light output. This is because the bulb not only receives less power, but the cooler filament drops from white-hot towards red-hot, emitting much less visible light. • Lighting circuits - fluorescent: Voltage drop causes a nearly proportional drop in light output. • AC induction motors - These are commonly found in power tools, appliances, well pumps etc. They exhibit very high surge demands when starting. Significant voltage drop in these circuits may cause failure to start and possible motor damage. • PV battery charging circuits - These are critical because voltage drop can cause a disproportionate loss of charge current to charge a battery. A voltage drop greater than 5% can reduce charge current to the battery by a much greater percentage. 3.5.4 Fuse Protection In The Battery Circuit A battery is an unlimited source of current. Under short circuit conditions, a battery can supply thousands of Amperes of current. If there is a short circuit along the length of the cables that connects the battery to the inverter, thousands of Amperes of current can flow from the battery to the point of shorting and that section of the cable will become red-hot, the insulation will melt and the cable will ultimately break. This interruption of very high current will generate a hazardous, high temperature, high-energy arc with accompanying high-pressure wave that may cause fire, damage nearby objects and cause injury. To prevent occurrence of hazardous conditions under short circuit conditions, the fuse used in the battery circuit should limit the current (should be “Current Limiting Type”), blow in a very short time (should be Fast Blow Type) and at the same time, quench the arc in a safe manner. For this purpose, UL Class T fuse or equivalent should be used (As per UL Standard 248-15). This special purpose current limiting, very fast acting fuse will blow in less than 8 ms under short circuit conditions. Appropriate capacity of the above Class T fuse or equivalent should be installed within 7” of the battery Plus (+) Terminal (Please see Table 3.1 for fuse sizing). Marine Rated Battery Fuses, MRBF-xxx Series made by Cooper Bussmann may also be used. These fuses comply with ISO 8820-6 for road vehicles. WARNING! It is mandatory to use appropriately sized external fuse in the battery and External Charger Circuits. If external fuse is not used and reverse polarity connection is made by oversight, the input section of the unit will be damaged/burnt. Warranty will be voided in such a situation. MISE EN GARDE! Il est obligatoire d’utiliser un fusible externe de taille appropriée à la batterie et les circuits chargeur externe. Si le fusible externe est pas utilisé et les inversions de polarité est faite par la surveillance, la section d’entrée de l’unité est endommagée / brûlé. La garantie sera annulée dans une telle situation. 3.5.5 DC Input Connection for Battery Battery is connected to terminals 1, 2 shown in Fig 3.8. The terminal consists of M10 Stud & Nut. Tightening torque for the nut is 70 kgf.cm (5 lbf.ft). Sizes of cables and fuses are shown in Table 3.1. Sizing is based on safety considerations specified in UL-1741 and NEC-2014. See details under “Notes for Table 3.1”. 3.5.6 DC Input Connection for External Solar Charge Controller External charger is connected to terminals consisting of M12 Stud with Thumb Nut (3, 4 in Fig. 5.8). External charger is connected to terminals consisting of M6 Stud (Pitch 1 mm) with Thumb Nut (3, 4 in Fig. 3.8). - Max current fed through these terminals should be < 50A - Use wire size given in Table 3.1. - Tightening torque for the Thumb Nut is 35 kgf.cm (2.5 lbf.ft) - Use 70A fuse in series with the Positive wire to protect against short circuit along the length of the connecting wires. Fuse should be close to the Positive Input Terminal 3. - Please refer to Section 5.4 for details of charging using external solar charge controller. ### TABLE 3.1 SIZING OF BATTERY SIDE CABLES AND EXTERNAL BATTERY SIDE FUSES \| Model No. (Column 1) \| Rated Continuous DC Input Current (See Note 1) (Column 2) \| NEC Ampacity = 125% of Rated DC Input Current at Column 2 (See Note 2) (Column 3) \| 90°C Copper Conductor. Size Based on NEC Ampacity at Column (3) or 2% Voltage Drop, whichever is Thicker (See Note 3) \| \|----------------------\|----------------------------------------------------------\|---------------------------------------------------------------------------------\|------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------\| \| \| \| Cable Running Distance between the Unit and the Battery (Cable Routing In Free Air) \| Cable Running Distance between the Unit and the Battery (Cable Routing In Raceway) \| \| \| \| Up to 5 ft. (Column 4) \| Up to 10 ft. (Column 5) \| Up to 5 ft. (Column 6) \| Up to 10 ft. (Column 7) \| External Fuse Based on NEC Ampacity at Column (3) (See Note 4) (Column 8) \| \| EVO-1212F \| 152 \| AWG #2 \| AWG #2/0 \| AWG #2/0 \| AWG #2/0 \| 200A \| \| EVO-1212F-HW \| \| AWG#6 \| AWG#4 \| AWG#3 \| AWG#3 \| 100A \| \| EVO-1224F \| 76 \| AWG #6 (2% voltage drop is thicker) \| AWG #2 (2% voltage drop is thicker) \| AWG #6 (2% voltage drop is thicker) \| AWG #2 (2% voltage drop is thicker) \| 70A \| \| EVO-1224F-HW \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| External Charger \| 50A \| 63A \| AWG #6 (2% voltage drop is thicker) \| AWG #2 (2% voltage drop is thicker) \| AWG #6 (2% voltage drop is thicker) \| 70A \| NOTES FOR TABLE 3.1 - SIZING OF BATTERY SIDE CABLES AND EXTERNAL BATTERY SIDE FUSES 1) Column 2 indicates the Rated Continuous DC Input Current drawn from the battery in Inverter Mode 2) Column 3 indicates NEC Ampacity based on which cable conductor sizes (Columns 4 to 7) are determined. NEC Ampacity is not less than 125% of the Rated Continuous DC Input Current (Column 2) - Refer to NEC-2014 (National Electrical Code) - Section 215.2(A)(1)(a) for Feeder Circuits. 3) Columns 4 to 7 indicate cable conductor size that is based on the following 2 considerations. Thicker conductor out of the following 2 considerations has been chosen: a) As per guidelines in NEC-2014 (National Electrical Code) - Ampacity Table 310.15(B)(16) for Raceway and Ampacity Table 310.15(B)(17) for Free Air. Conductor size is based on (i) NEC Ampacity specified at Column 3, (ii) Copper conductor with temperature rating of 90°C and (iii) Ambient temperature of 30°C / 86°F b) Voltage drop across the length of cables has been limited to 2% of 12V / 24V. Voltage drop has been calculated by multiplying the Rated DC Input Current (Column 2) and the resistance of the total length of Copper conductor (the total length of conductor has been taken as 2 times the running distance between the unit and the battery to cover 2 lengths of Positive and Negative cable conductors). 4) Column 8 indicates the size of external fuse in the battery circuit. It is mandatory to install this fuse within 7” of the battery Positive terminal to protect the internal DC Input Section of the unit and also to protect the battery cables against short circuit. Ampere rating of the fuse is based on the following considerations: a) The Ampere rating of the fuse is not less than NEC Ampacity of 125% of the Rated Continuous DC Input Current (Column 3) - Refer to NEC-2014 (National Electrical Code) - Section 215.3 b) Standard Ampere Rating of Fuse equal to the above NEC Ampacity of 125% of the Rated DC Input Current has been used - Refer to NEC-2014 (National Electrical Code) - Section 240.6(A) c) Where Standard Fuse Rating does not match the required Ampacity of 125% of the Rated Continuous DC Input Current (Column 3), the next higher Standard Rating of the fuse has been used - Refer to NEC-2014 (National Electrical Code) - Section 240.4(B) d) Type of fuse: Fast-acting, Current Limiting, UL Class T (UL Standard 248-15) or equivalent 3.5.7 Using Proper DC Cable Termination The battery end and the inverter end of the wires should have proper terminal lugs that will ensure a firm and tight connection. Choose lugs to fit the wire size and the stud sizes on the inverter and battery ends. Tightening torques to be applied to the wiring terminals are given in Table below: \| TIGHTENING TORQUES \| \|-------------------------------------\| \| Battery Input Connectors \| External Charger Input Connectors \| AC Input and Output Connectors \| \| 70 kgf.cm (5.0 lbf.ft) \| 35 kgf.cm (2.5 lbf.ft) \| 7 to 12 kgf.cm (0.5 to 0.9 lbf.ft) \| 3.5.8 Reducing RF Interference To reduce the effect of radiated interference, shield the wires with sheathing / copper foil / braiding. For details, refer to Limiting Electro-Magnetic Interference” at Section 1.3.4. 3.5.9 Taping Battery Wires Together To Reduce Inductance Do not keep the battery wires far apart. Keep them taped together to reduce their inductance. Reduced inductance of the battery wires helps to reduce induced voltages. This reduces ripple in the battery wires and improves performance and efficiency. For details, refer to Limiting Electro-Magnetic Interference” at Section 1.3.4. 3.6 AC INPUT AND OUTPUT - LAYOUT AND CONNECTION ARRANGEMENT 3.6.1 AC Input and Output Connections for EVO-1212F and EVO-1224F 184.108.40.206 AC Input Connection: Grid AC input is fed through 20A AC Inlet Plug Connector – IEC60320 C-20 (9, Fig 3.9.1). Use NEMA 20A-125 VAC detachable Power Cord (NEMAS-20 Plug for connecting to the 120VAC Outlet and IEC60320 C-19 Socket Connector on the other end for connection to the Inlet Plug Connector (9, Fig 3.9.1)). For convenience, IEC60320 C-19 socket connector has been provided. (See Section 2.6 - Contents of Package). LEGEND for Fig 3.9.1 9. 20A AC Inlet Connector – IEC60320 C-20 for connecting detachable AC power cord for 120 VAC input from Grid 10. NEMA5-15 Duplex GFCI Outlets for 120 VAC output • 10a. GFCI Test Button • 10b. GFCI Reset Button • 10c. Red LED: GFCI Life and End Alarm • 10d. Green LED: GFCI ON 14. AC output Breaker, 15A 15. AC Input Breaker, 20A Fig 3.9.1 AC Input and Output Connections – EVO-1212F and EVO-1224F 220.127.116.11 AC Output Connection Through Ground Fault Circuit Interrupter (GFCI) An unintentional electric path between a source of current and a grounded surface is referred to as a “Ground Fault”. Ground faults occur when current is leaking somewhere. In effect, electricity is escaping to the ground. How it leaks is very important. If your body provides a path to the ground for this leakage (dry human body has a low resistance of only around 1 K Ohm), you could be injured, burned, severely shocked or electrocuted. A Ground Fault Circuit Interrupter (GFCI) protects people from electric shock by detecting leakage and cutting off the AC source. The leakage detection circuit compares the current sent to the load and returned back from the load. If the returned current is less by 5 to 6 mA due to leakage, the GFCI trips. The GFCI also trips if it sees Neutral to Ground bond on the load side of the GFCI. The AC output of EVO-1212F and EVO-1224F is available through a NEMA5-15R GFCI Duplex Receptacle (10 in Figs 2.1 and 3.9.1). The Neutral slot of this receptacle (longer rectangular slot) is internally bonded to the metal chassis of the inverter. Self Monitoring GFCI: The GFCI is “Self Monitoring Type” as per UL Standard Ul-943. As soon as the Inverter is switched ON and 120 VAC is available on the internal Line Side of the GFCI, Red LED marked “Life End Alarm” (10c in Figs 2.1 and 3.9.1) will flash once and then will remain OFF. The Green LED (10d in Figs 2.1 and 3.9.1) will switch ON indicating that AC power is available at the Load Side outlets. As soon as the Inverter is switched OFF and 120 VAC is removed from the internal Line Side of the GFCI, Red LED marked “Life End Alarm” (10c in Figs 2.1 and 3.9.1) will flash once and then will remain OFF. The Green LED (10d in Figs 2.1 and 3.9.1) will switch OFF indicating that AC power is NOT available at the Load Side outlets. The Self Monitoring Function inside the GFCI will monitor proper operation of ground fault protection circuitry every 1 to 10 minutes. If defect in the ground fault protection circuit is detected, the Red LED marked “Life End Alarm” (10c in Figs 2.1 and 3.9.1) will remain ON and the GFCI will have to be replaced. Monthly Testing of GFCI: Test the operation of the GFCI monthly as follows: - Switch ON the inverter. As soon as 120 VAC output from the inverter is available on the internal Line Side of the GFCI, Red LED marked “Life End Alarm” (10c in Figs 2.1 and 3.9.1) will flash once within 5 sec and then will remain OFF. The Green LED (10d in Figs 2.1 and 3.9.1) will switch ON indicating that AC power is available at the Load Side outlets. - Plug a test lamp into the outlet and switch ON the test lamp. - Press the “Test Button” (10a in Figs 2.1 and 3.9.1). The “Reset Button” (10b in Figs 2.1 and 3.9.1) will pop out. The GFCI will be forced to trip and cut off AC power to the load side outlets. Green LED (10d in Figs 2.1 and 3.9.1) will switch OFF. The test lamp will also switch OFF. - Press the “Reset Button” (10b in Figs 2.1 and 3.9.1). The GFCI will reset and AC power to the load side outlets will be restored. Green LED (10d in Figs 2.1 and 3.9.1) will switch ON. The test lamp will also switch ON. - If the above Test / Reset operation cannot be carried out, replace the GFCI. GFCI Tripping and Reset: If there is a leakage of 5 to 6mA due to ground fault on the load side or, there is a Neutral to Ground bond on the load side, the GFCI will trip and the “Reset Button” (10b in Figs 2.1 and 3.9.1) will pop out. AC power to the load side outlets will be cut off. Green LED (10d in Figs 2.1 and 3.9.1) will switch OFF. Remove the ground fault in the load circuit. Press the “Reset Button” (10b in Figs 2.1 and 3.9.1). The GFCI will reset and AC power to the load side outlets will be restored. Green LED (10d in Figs 2.1 and 3.9.1) will switch ON. INFO For the Reset Button (10b in Figs 2.1 and 3.9.1) to operate, the Inverter has to be in ON condition so that AC power is available to the internal Line Side of the GFCI. CAUTION! 1. Do not feed the output from the GFCI receptacle to a Panel Board / Load Center where the Neutral is bonded to the Earth Ground. This will trip the GFCI. 2. If an extension cord is used, please ensure that the cord is 2-Pole Grounding Type (3 pin). ATTENTION! 1. N'alimentent pas la sortie de la prise GFCI à un Panel de sélection / Charger Centre où la position neutre est lié à la terre. Ce qui déclenche le disjoncteur. 2. Si une rallonge est utilisée, veuillez vous assurer que le cordon est mise à la terre à 2 pôles (3 broches) 3.6.2 AC Input and Output Connections and Layout Arrangement for EVO-1212F-HW and EVO-1224F-HW AC input and output connections for EVO-1212F-HW and EVO-1224F-HW are shown in Figs 3.9.2(a) and 3.9.2(b) below. (Extracted from the layout at Fig 2.3). Fig 3.9.2(a) Pocket for AC Input and Output Connections for EVO-1212F-HW and EVO1224F-HW Fig 3.9.2(b) Cover Plate for Pocket for AC input and Output Connections LEGEND for Figs 3.9.1(a) and 3.9.1(b) 19(a). Pocket for AC Input/Output Terminals 19(b). Plate to cover pocket 19(a) - The plate is held with 4 mounting screws - M3 (Pitch 0.5 mm) x 6 mm. The plate has 2 holes (27.8 mm/ 1 3/32" diameter) for 3/4" Trade Size Fitting for cable or conduit entry. 20. AC Input/Output Terminal Block - Terminal hole: 3.5 mm x 3.0 mm for up to AWG #10 - Set Screw: M3 (Pitch 0.5 mm) 21. "INPUT L" - For connecting Line Conductor of AC input wiring 22. "INPUT N" - For connecting Neutral Conductor of AC input wiring 23. "INPUT GND" - For connecting Earth Ground Conductor of AC input wiring 24. "OUTPUT L" - For connecting Line Conductor of output wiring to Electrical Panelboard 25. "OUTPUT N" - For connecting Neutral Conductor of output wiring to Electrical Panelboard 26. "OUTPUT GND" - For connecting Earth Ground Conductor of output wiring to Electrical Panelboard 27. Male/Female Insulated Quick Disconnect for disabling Output Neutral to chassis Ground bond in Inverter Mode (Please see Sections 4.4.1 / 4.4.2 and Fig 4.1) 28. AC input and output Ground connection to metal chassis - Stud and Nut, M4 (Pitch 0.7 mm) 3.6.3 System Grounding and Output Neutral to Chassis Ground Bond Switching WARNING! - In “Inverting Mode” (default condition), the Neutral of the AC output of the unit gets bonded to the metal chassis of the unit through the internal “Neutral to Chassis Switching Relay” [Relay RY2 in Fig 4.1]. - In “Charging Mode”, the internal “Output Neutral to Chassis Switching Relay - RY2” disconnects the Neutral of the AC output connection from the chassis of the unit. The Neutral of the AC output connection of the unit will get bonded to the Earth Ground through the Neutral to Earth Ground bond in the AC Breaker Panel/Load Center supplying Grid power / AC output connections of the generator. - Disabling Neutral to Ground Bond: In some applications, the Output Neutral may be required to remain isolated from chassis/Ground at all times. For this, automatic Output Neutral to chassis Ground bond can be disabled by disconnecting the Insulated Male/Female Quick Disconnect [27, Fig 3.9.2(a)] located in the AC Wiring Compartment in EVO-1212F-HW/1224F-HW. In EVO-1212F/1224F, this Insulated Male/Female Quick Disconnect is accessible after opening the top cover of the unit. - System grounding, as required by National / Local Electrical Codes / Standards, is the responsibility of the user / system installer. For further details please refer to Sections 4.4.1/ 4.4.2 and Fig 4.1. MISE EN GARDE! - En état de défaut, le neutre de la sortie CA de l’unité dans le “Mode de l’onduleur / décharge” obtient lié au châssis métallique de l’unité à travers la interne “Neutre à châssis relais de commutation” (RY2 Relais de la figure 4.1) - Dans “Mode de chargement”, l’interne “Neutre à châssis relais de commutation - RY2” déconnecte le neutre de la connexion de sortie AC du châssis de l’unité. Le neutre de la connexion de sortie CA de l’unité va obtenir lié à la terre des masses à travers le neutre à la terre liaison au sol dans le centre de panneau de disjoncteurs AC / charge alimenter Grille / connexions de sortie CA du générateur. - Désactivation du lien neutre à mise à terre: Dans certaines applications, il est nécessaire que la sortie neutre soit isolée du châssis/mise à terre à tout moment. Pour cela, la production automatique de la position neutre à la masse du châssis bon peut être désactivé en déconnectant le mâle/femelle isolée [Déconnexion rapide, 27 Fig 3.9.2(a)] situé dans le compartiment de câblage AC dans EVO-1212F-HW/1224F-HW. Dans EVO-1212F/1224F, ce mâle/femelle isolée est accessible à déconnexion rapide après l’ouverture du capot de l’unité. - Mise à la terre du système, tel que requis par la National / codes électriques locaux / normes, est de la responsabilité de l’installateur utilisateur / système. ### 3.6.4 AC Input Considerations – Voltage And Frequency The EVO™ unit is designed to accept 120 VAC, 60 Hz single phase AC power from Grid or from good quality Generator with stable 120 VAC / 60 Hz output. These 120V versions come preset for 60 Hz operation. ### 3.6.5 Preventing Paralleling of the AC Output WARNING! The AC output of the unit cannot be synchronized with another AC source and hence, it is not suitable for paralleling on the output side. The AC output of the unit should never be connected directly to an electrical breaker panel / load center which is also fed from another AC source. Such a connection may result in parallel operation of different power sources and AC power from the other AC source will be fed back into the unit which will instantly damage the output section of the unit and may also pose a fire and safety hazard. If an electrical breaker panel / load center is fed from this unit and this panel is also required to be powered from additional alternate AC source, the AC power from the additional AC source should first be fed to a suitable Manual/Automatic Transfer Switch and the output of the transfer switch should be connected to the electrical breaker panel / load center. To prevent possibility of paralleling and severe damage to the inverter, never use a simple jumper cable with a male plug on both ends to connect the AC output of the inverter to a handy wall receptacle in the home / RV. MISE EN GARDE! La sortie de courant alternatif de l’unité ne peut pas être synchronisée avec une autre source de courant alternatif et, par conséquent, il ne convient pas pour mise en parallèle du côté de la sortie. La sortie AC de l’unité ne doit jamais être connecté directement à un panneau central / de charge disjoncteur électrique qui est également alimenté par une autre source de courant alternatif. Une telle connexion peut entraîner un fonctionnement parallèle de différentes sources d’énergie et la puissance AC de l’autre source de courant alternatif est réinjecté dans l’unité qui va instantanément endommager la section de sortie de l’unité et peuvent aussi poser un risque d’incendie et de sécurité. Si un centre panneau de disjoncteur électrique / charge est alimentée à partir de cette unité et ce panneau est également nécessaire pour être alimenté à partir de suppléant supplémentaire source de courant alternatif, l’alimentation de la source de courant alternatif supplémentaire doit d’abord être introduit dans un manuel approprié / commutateur de transfert automatique et le sortie du commutateur de transfert doit être relié au centre panneau / de la charge électrique du disjoncteur. Pour éviter possibilité de mise en parallèle et de graves dommages à l’onduleur, ne jamais utiliser un câble de raccordement simple avec une fiche mâle sur les deux extrémités pour raccorder la sortie AC de l’onduleur à une prise murale à portée de main à la maison / RV. 3.6.6 Connecting to Multi-wire Branch Circuits Do not directly connect the hot side of the 120 VAC of the unit to the two Hot Legs of the 120 / 240 VAC Breaker Panel / Load Center where Multi-wire (common Neutral) Branch Circuit wiring method is used for distribution of AC power. This may lead to overloading / overheating of the neutral conductor and is a risk of fire. A split phase transformer (Isolated or Auto-transformer) of suitable VA rating (25% more than the VA rating of the unit) with Primary of 120 VAC and Secondary of 120 / 240 VAC (Two 120 VAC split phases 180 degrees apart) should be used. The Hot and Neutral of the 120 VAC output of the inverter should be fed to the Primary of this transformer and the 2 Hot outputs (120 VAC split phases) and the Neutral from the Secondary of this transformer should be connected to the Electrical Breaker Panel / Load Center. Please see details on-line under White Paper titled “120 / 240 VAC Single Split Phase System and Multi-wire Branch Circuits” at: www.samlexamerica.com (Home > Support > White Papers). 3.7 AC INPUT & OUTPUT WIRING SUPPLY CONNECTIONS 3.7.1 AC Input/Output Supply Connections for EVO-1212F and EVO-1224F 120 VAC input is fed through Male AC Power Inlet Plug – Rating 20A (IEC 60320 C-20) (9, Fig 2.1). Mating Female Socket Connector rated for 20A (IEC 60320 C-19) will be required. For convenience, this Connector has been supplied with the unit (See Section 2.6 - “Contents of Package”). The AC input connector is protected against over-current by 20A Circuit Breaker (15, Fig 2.1). 120 VAC output is supplied through NEMA5-15 Duplex GFCI Outlets (10, Fig 2.1). The outlets are protected against over current by 15A Circuit Breaker (14, Fig 2.1). 3.7.2 AC Input / Output Supply Connections – EVO-1212F-HW / EVO-1224F-HW WARNING! Please ensure that when using the hard-wired version EVO-1212F/1224F-HW, the AC input is connected to the AC input terminals and not to the AC output terminals and that this connection is made only when the unit is in off condition. Please note that when the unit is powered on, a Self Test is carried out which includes a check if the AC input conductors have been erroneously connected to the AC output terminals instead of AC input terminals. If this wrong connection is detected, (voltage > 10 VAC is seen on terminals OUTPUT L & OUTPUT N at the time of switching on of the unit), the unit will not be powered on and a message “Output Fault” will be displayed. This protection against error in connection of the AC input wiring is active only when this wrong connection is made when the unit is in off condition and is switched on subsequently. If the AC input is erroneously connected / fed to the AC output connections when the unit is ON condition, the above protection will not work and the Inverter Section will be burnt instantaneously and may become a fire hazard. MISE EN GARDE! Veuillez vous assurer que lors de l'utilisation de la version filaire EVO-1212F/1224F-HW, l'entrée CA est connecté à l'entrée aux bornes et non pas à l'AC bornes de sortie et que cette connexion est effectuée uniquement lorsque l'appareil est en position d'arrêt. Lorsque l'unité est sous tension, un test automatique est effectué qui inclut une vérification si l'entrée CA par erreur ont été conducteurs connectés à l'AC les terminaux de sortie au lieu d'AC les bornes d'entrée. Si cette erreur est détectée, (tension > ; 10 VAC est perçu sur les bornes OUTPUT L & ; SORTIE N au moment de la mise en marche de l'unité), l'appareil ne sera pas mis sous tension et un message "Défaut de sortie" s'affiche. Cette protection contre l'erreur lors de la connexion de l'entrée CA câblage est actif seulement quand cette mauvaise connexion est établie lorsque l'appareil est en position d'arrêt et est activée par la suite. Si l'entrée CA est connecté par erreur / nourri à l'AC de sortie lorsque l'appareil est en état, la protection ci-dessus ne fonctionnera pas et la Section de l'onduleur sera brûlé instantanément et peut devenir un risque d'incendie. The AC input and output supply connections are located in a pocket protected by a cover with a removable front plate [19(a), Fig 3.9.2(a) and 19(b), Fig 3.9.2(b)]. Two 27.8 mm / 13/32” diameter holes [19(b), Fig 3.9.2(b)] have been provided for cable / conduit entry. Remove the caps covering the holes and install appropriate ¾” Trade Size Fitting for routing the AC input and output wires/conduits. Screw down type of terminal block [20, Fig 3.9.2(a)] is used for connecting the wires. The hole size for wire entry is 3.5 x 3 mm and set screw size is M3. It can accommodate conductors with solid or multi-stranded wire size range of up to AWG #10. Strip adequate insulation from the end of the wire (Fig. 3.11). Avoid nicking the wire when stripping the insulation. Wire End Terminals have been provided (see Section 2.6, "Contents of Package") for firm connection under the set screw. Insert the bare end of the wire into the barrel portion of the Wire End Terminal & crimp barrel portion using suitable crimping tool (Fig 3.11). Use #12 AWG terminals for AWG #12 wiring for AC input and AWG #14 terminals for AWG #14 wiring for AC output. Insert the terminated end of the wire fully into the terminal slot till it stops. Tighten the screw firmly. Tightening torque for the screws – 7 to 12 Kgfcm / 0.5 to 0.9 lbfft. ![Stripped Wire End Terminal on AC Wiring](image) Fig 3.11 Stripped Wire End Terminal on AC Wiring ### 3.8 SIZING OF WIRING AND BREAKERS - AC INPUT SIDE WARNING! For EVO-1212F-HW/ 1224F-HW, AC Breaker for the AC input circuits has NOT been provided internally. This has to be provided externally by the installer / user based on guidelines given below. Please note that guidelines given below on wire sizing and over-current protection will be superseded by the applicable National / Local Electrical Codes. MISE EN GARDE! Pour EVO-1212F-HW/ 1224F-HW, Breaker AC pour les circuits d'entrée AC ont pas été fournis en interne. Cela doit être fournie en externe par l'installateur / utilisateur en fonction des directives données ci-dessous. Se il vous plaît noter que les directives ci-dessous sur dimensionnement des câbles et protection contre les surintensités seront remplacées par les nationaux / codes électriques locaux applicables. #### 3.8.1 Table for Wire and Breaker Sizing - AC Input Side Table 3.2 provides details of wire and breaker sizing for the AC input side. AC input side wiring and breaker sizes depend upon the maximum continuous AC input current under various operating conditions described in the succeeding paragraphs. - When Grid input is available and the unit is operating in Charging / Pass Through Mode, the AC Input Current will be determined as follows: - AC Input Current will be equal to the sum of the AC Side Battery Charging Current and the Pass Through current. • The AC Input current in Charging / Pass Through Mode will be restricted by the breaker in the AC Input Branch Circuit that is feeding the unit. The AC Input Current drawn by the unit can be programmed to the desired "GRID MAX CURRENT" to match the Amp rating of breaker in the AC Input Branch Circuit. Optional Remote Control EVO-RC-PLUS is required to change this limit [See EVO-RC-PLUS Manual: (i) Fig 4.3, Screen 2 (ii) Table 4.4 Screen 2 and (ii) Section 18.104.22.168]. The "GRID MAX CURRENT" set at 20A (Default Setting). ### TABLE 3.2 SIZING OF AC INPUT WIRING AND BREAKERS \| Model No. (Rated Output Power in Inverter Mode) \| Current Rating of AC Input Breaker (15, Fig 2.1) (See Note 2) \| NEC Ampacity = 125% of Column 2 (See Note 3) \| Conductor Size Based on NEC Ampacity at Column 3 (See Note 4) \| Size of Breaker based on Column 4 (See Note 5) \| \|-------------------------------------------------\|---------------------------------------------------------------\|---------------------------------------------\|---------------------------------------------------------------\|--------------------------------------------------\| \| EVO-1212F (1200VA, 10A) \| 20A \| 25A \| AWG #12 \| 20A \| \| EVO-1212F-HW (1200VA, 10A) \| 20A \| 25A \| AWG #12 \| 20A \| \| EVO-1224F (1200VA, 10A) \| 20A \| 25A \| AWG #12 \| 20A \| \| EVO-1224F-HW (1200VA, 10A) \| 20A \| 25A \| AWG #12 \| 20A \| ### NOTES FOR TABLE 3.2 - SIZING OF GRID AND BREAKERS 1. Column 1 indicates the Model No. & output power (VA) & current (A) in Inverter Mode. 2. Column 2 indicates the Maximum AC Input Current of 20A which is equal to 20A rating of AC input breaker (15, Flg 2.1) 3. Column 3 indicates NEC Ampacity based on which the wiring conductor size (Column 4) is determined. This NEC Ampacity is not less than 125% of the maximum input current (Column 2) - Refer to NEC-2014 (National Electrical Code) - Section 210.19(A)(1)(a) regarding minimum Ampacity and size of Branch Circuit Conductors. 4. a. For EVO-1212F-HW and EVO-1224F-HW: Column 4 indicates the wiring conductor size that has been determined based on NEC-2014 (National Electrical Code) - Ampacity Table 310.15(B)(16) for Raceway for EVO-1212F and EVO-1224F-HW. This conductor size is based on (i) NEC Ampacity (Column 3); (ii) conductor temperature of 75°C / 167°F and (iii) ambient temperature of 30°C / 86°F. b. For EVO-1212F and EVO-1224F: Power may also be supplied through NEMA rated 20A-125V detachable Power Cord (3 conductors, AWG #12) for free air - Ampacity Table 310.15(B)(17) 5. Column 5 indicates the Amp rating of AC input breaker. EVO-1212F/EVO-1224F have built-in 20A breaker (15, Fig 2.1). External 20A AC input breaker is required to be installed for EVO-1212F-HW/1224F-HW. The Amp rating of this breaker is based on the following considerations: a. The Amp rating of the fuse has to be ≤ the Ampacity of wire size at Column 4. 20A rating has been selected based on Column 2. b. Closest Standard Ampere Rating of Breaker (20A) has been used - Refer to NEC-2014 (National Electrical Code) - Section 240.6(A) regarding over current protection c. Type of external AC input breaker (for EVO-1212F-HW / 1224F-HW): Standard circuit breaker for 120 VAC Load Center/Breaker Panel/Panel Board 3.9 SIZING OF AC OUTPUT WIRING AND BREAKERS 3.9.1 EVO-1212F and EVO-1224F 120 VAC output is supplied through NEMA5-15 Duplex GFCI Outlets (15, Fig 2.1). The outlets are protected against over current through 15A Circuit Breaker (14, Fig 2.1). Use power cord with NEMA5-15 plug and conductor size AWG #14. 3.9.2 EVO-1212F-HW and EVO-1224F-HW WARNING! For EVO-1212F-HW and EVO-1224F-HW, AC Breakers for the AC output circuits have NOT been provided internally. These have to be provided externally by the installer / user based on guidelines given below. Please note that guidelines given below on wire sizing and over-current protection will be superseded by the applicable National / Local Electrical Codes. MISE EN GARDE! Pour EVO-1212F-HW and EVO-1224F-HW breakers AC pour les circuits d’entrée AC ont pas été fournis en interne. Ceux-ci doivent être fournies à l’extérieur par l’installateur / utilisateur sur la base des directives données ci-dessous. Se il vous plaît noter que les directives ci-dessous sur dimensionnement des câbles et protection contre les surintensités seront remplacées par les nationaux / codes électriques locaux applicables. Table 3.3 provides details of wire and breaker sizing for the AC output side for EVO-1212F-HW and EVO-1224F-HW. AC wiring and breaker sizes on the AC output side are required to be determined by the Rated Load Current when operating in Inverter Mode (Column 1). \| TABLE 3.3 SIZING OF AC OUTPUT WIRING AND BREAKERS \| \|---------------------------------------------------\| \| Model No. and Rated Output Power in Inverter Mode \| Rated AC Output Current in Inverter Mode (See Note 2) \| NEC Ampacity = 125% of Column 2 (See Note 3) \| Conductor Size based on NEC Ampacity at Column 3 (See Note 4) \| Size of Breaker \| \| (Column 1) \| (Column 2) \| (Column 3) \| (Column 4) \| (Column 5) \| \| EVO-1212F-HW (1200VA) \| 10A \| 12.5A \| AWG #14 \| 15A \| \| EVO-1224F-HW (1200VA) \| 10A \| 12.5A \| AWG #14 \| 15A \| NOTES FOR TABLE 3.3 - AC OUTPUT WIRING AND BREAKERS 1) Column 1 indicates Model No and Output Power (VA) 2) Column 2 indicates the Rated AC Output Current in Inverter Mode 3) Column 3 indicates NEC Ampacity based on which the output-wiring conductor is sized. This NEC Ampacity is not less than 125% of the Rated Output Current in Inverter Mode (Column 2). - Refer to NEC-2014 (National Electrical Code) - Section 215.2(A)(1)(a) regarding Feeder Circuit Conductors. PLEASE NOTE that when the unit is operating in Inverter Mode, it is considered to be an AC source that is feeding power to the Load Center / Breaker Panel on the load side. Hence, the AC output circuit of the unit is considered to be a Feeder Circuit for purposes of NEC-2014. 4) Column 4 indicates conductor size for the output side wiring. The size is based on NEC-2014 (National Electrical Code) - Ampacity Table 310.15(B)(16) for Raceway. Conductor size is based on (i) NEC Ampacity (Column 3), (ii) conductor temperature of 75°C and (iii) ambient temperature of 30°C / 86°F. 5) Column 5 indicates the Amp rating of breaker. Following should be considered: a) Ampere rating should not be less than NEC Ampacity (Column 3) - Refer to NEC-2014 (National Electrical Code) - Section 215.3 regarding over-current protection of Feeder Circuit Conductors b) Closest Standard Breaker Ampere Rating of 15A has been used - Refer to NEC-2014 (National Electrical Code) - Section 240.6(A) regarding Standard Ampere Ratings c) As Standard Breaker Rating does not match the required NEC Ampacity at Column 3 (12.5A), the next higher Standard Ampere Rating of the breaker (15A) has been used - Refer to NEC-2014 (National Electrical Code) - Section 240.4(B) regarding over current devices rated 800 Amps or less d) Type of breaker: Standard circuit breaker for 120 VAC Load Center /Breaker Panel e) EVO-1212F and EVO-1224F use built-in Breaker (14, Fig 2.1). External 15A Breaker is required to be used for EVO-1212F-HW / 1224F-HW. 3.10 GFCI PROTECTION FOR VEHICLE APPLICATION When EVO-1212F-HW and EVO-1224-HW are installed in vehicles, ensure that Ground Fault Circuit Interrupter(s) are installed in the vehicle wiring system to protect all branch circuits. Details of tested and approved GFCI’s are given in Table 1.5. EVO-1212F and EVO-1224F have built-in GFCI outlet. 3.11 GROUNDING TO EARTH OR TO OTHER DESIGNATED GROUND INFO Please read following on-line White Papers for complete understanding of Grounding at www.samlexamerica.com (Home > Support > White Papers): • “Grounded Electrical Power Distribution” • “Grounding System and Lightning / Ground Fault Protection” SECTION 3 \| Installation Grounding means connecting (bonding) to Earth Ground or to the other designated Ground. For example, in a motorhome / caravan, the metal frame of the motorhome / caravan is normally designated as the Negative DC Ground / RV Ground. Similarly, all metal portions of boats and marine craft are bonded together and called Boat Ground. Grounding is required for (i) protection against damage due to lightning strike and (ii) protection against electric shock due to “Ground Fault”. In case of EVO™, “Ground Fault” may occur due to inadvertent contact between an energized ungrounded current carrying conductor and exposed metal surface resulting in voltage getting fed to (i) the metal chassis of the EVO™ or (ii) to the metal chassis of the devices connected to EVO™ or (iii) to the metal frame/ chassis in an RV / motorhome / caravan. When this energized exposed surface is touched, the voltage will drive current through the body to Earth Ground producing electric shock. When properly grounded to Earth Ground (or Frame / Chassis Ground in motorhome or caravan), the Leakage Current Protection Device (like RCD, GFCI etc.) or Over Current Protection Device (like Circuit Breaker or Fuse) will trip and interrupt the circuit feeding power from the AC source (EVO™ / AC Input) or the DC source (12V / 24V battery). Proper grounding will ensure that all exposed metal surfaces will have equal potential and will be bonded to (i) a single common Earth Ground point i.e. the Ground Rod / buried metallic water / gas pipe at the premises or (ii) the Frame / Chassis Ground in a motorhome / caravan. 3.12 GROUNDING ARRANGEMENT Internally, EVO™ consists of DC and AC Section that are isolated through a transformer (See these sections in Figs 3.12 and 3.13). Both these sections are required to be grounded appropriately. For wiring details for appropriate grounding, refer to Figs 3.12 and 3.13, and associated explanation under Section 3.13 and 3.14. When using a generator instead of Grid, please ensure that the Neutral of the generator is bonded to the metal frame of the generator and the metal frame of the generator is bonded to Earth Ground through the Grounding Electrode (GE) i.e. the Ground Rod. Refer to Section 3.14.1 for additional details. 3.13 DC SIDE GROUNDING Please refer to Figs 3.12 and 3.13. DC side grounding involves bonding of the metal frame/chassis of EVO™, the metal chassis of the DC Electrical Panel and the Battery Negative Terminal to Earth Ground in shore based installation (Fig 3.12) or to the metal frame / “Chassis #” of the motorhome / caravan (Fig 3.13). This ensures that in case of a ground fault in the +12V / +24V circuit, the fuse in the +Battery line blows to clear the fault. This fuse in the +Battery line has Ampere capacity matching the rated DC input current of the EVO™ in Inverter Mode. The wire size used for DC side grounding should be minimum AWG #6 or of the same size as the battery cable, whichever is thicker (Battery cable size should have minimum Ampacity ≥ the Ampere rating of this battery fuse depending upon the model of the EVO™ being used). This recommendation on sizing of the DC Side Grounding Wire will be superseded by the National / Local Electrical Codes. SECTION 3 \| Installation CAUTION! As per American Boat and Yacht Council (ABYC) Standard E-11 for AC and DC Electrical Systems on Boats, the size of DC side grounding wire shall not be smaller than one size under that required for current carrying conductors supplying the device. Hence, for application on EVOTM on boat / yacht, the size of the DC side grounding conductor should be of the same or one size smaller than the size of battery cable specified in Table 3.1. ATTENTION! Selon le « American Boat and Yacht Council » (ABYC) la norme E-11 pour le système électrique CA et CC des bateaux, la taille du fil de mise à la terre du côté CC ne doit pas être inférieure à un format sous celle requise pour les conducteurs tenant le courant pour alimenter l’appareil. Par conséquent, pour l’application EVO™ sur le bateau / yacht, la taille du conducteur de mise a terre côté CC devrait être de la même ou strictement une taille plus petite que la taille du câble de batterie indiqué dans le tableau 3.1. INFO As described at Section 3.14, the metal frame / chassis of the EVOTM [Figs 3.12 and 3.13] is bonded to the Earth Ground "GE" (Ground Rod) for AC side grounding. It may be argued that if the metal frame / chassis of EVOTM is already bonded to Main Earth Ground "GE" for AC side grounding, why is it necessary to provide additional DC side grounding wiring? [Wiring that bonds DC Grounding Terminals "5", "G-B" and GE in Figs 3.12 and 3.13]. If separate thicker grounding wire of the same size as the battery cable was not provided for the DC side grounding and there was a ground fault in the battery circuit, very large DC fault current from Battery+ would flow through the smaller size AC grounding wires to the Battery Negative through Earth Ground. These smaller size AC side grounding wires would be damaged due to very high DC side fault current (100A to 200A depending on the Model of the EVOTM being used). A DC Side Grounding Connector (5) (5 in Figs 2.1 and 3.8) is provided for connecting to the System Ground. The connector can accept wire sizes AWG # 4–6. The set screw size is M6. A DC Distribution Panel, as shown in Figs 3.12 and 3.13, is normally provided to connect the batteries and distribute DC power to the inverter and to the other DC loads. The Negative of the battery is connected to the Neg (-) Bus of the DC Electrical Panel which, in turn, is connected to its Grounding Bus Bar (G-B). Grounding Bus Bar G-B of the DC Electrical Panel is further bonded to the Grounding Bus Bar "G-B" of the Grid Electrical Panel and then to the Grounding Electrode (GE), also called Ground Rod. Hence, the Battery Negative, the chassis of the DC Electrical Panel and the metal chassis of the EVOTM will all be bonded to the Earth Ground. Connect the DC Grounding Terminal (5) [5 in Figs 2.1 and 3.8], to the Grounding Bus Bar (G-B) in the DC Electrical Panel using AWG #6 insulated stranded copper wire. Similarly, use AWG #6 wire to connect the Grounding Bus Bar "G-B" in the DC Electrical Panel to the Grounding Bus Bar "G-B" in the Grid Electrical Panel. For application of EVO™ on a boat, the size of this wire should be of the same size or one size smaller than the battery Negative wire (See CAUTION! above). The connections must be tight against bare metal. Use star washers to penetrate paint and corrosion. As the Equipment Grounding Bus Bar ("G-B") in the DC Electrical Panel is bonded to the Grounding Electrode (GE) through Grounding Bus Bar "G-B" in the Grid Electrical Panel, the metal chassis of the EVO™ will be bonded to Earth Ground for protection against Ground fault on the DC side of EVO™. ### 3.14 AC SIDE GROUNDING #### 3.14.1 AC Side Grounding Requirements for Generators Small portable generators supplied with receptacles will often have the Neutral conductor bonded to the generator frame. The frame of portable generator is normally isolated from the Earth Ground. Larger generators typically do not have the Neutral grounded to the frame. It is to be ensured that in these generators, the Neutral should be connected to the metal frame of the generator. WARNING! If a Generator is used to feed AC input, it is to be ensured that the Neutral of the Generator output is bonded to the metal frame of the Generator. MISE EN GARDE! Si un générateur est utilisé pour envoyer de l'entrée CA, c'est de s'assurer que la position neutre de la sortie du générateur est lié à la structure métallique du générateur. #### 3.14.2 AC Side Grounding of Typical Shore Based Installation ##### 22.214.171.124 EVO-1212F and EVO-1224F: AC Side Grounding of Typical Shore Based Installation Refer to the Installation Diagram for Typical Shore Based Installation for EVO-1212F and EVO-1224F at Fig 3.12. a) AC Input Grounding: The metal chassis of EVO™ gets bonded to the Grounding Electrode (GE) / Ground Rod of the premises as follows: - The metal chassis of EVO™ is connected to the Grounding Pin (G) of the AC Power Inlet Plug (9) - The Grounding Pin (G) of the AC Power Inlet Plug (9) gets connected to the Grounding Bus Bar (G-B) in the Grid Electrical Panel through the grounding wire of AC input connection - The Grounding Bus Bar (G-B) in the Grid Electrical Panel is bonded to Earth Ground through the Grounding Electrode (GE) / “Ground Rod” of the premises. b) AC Output Grounding: The metal chassis of the AC load(s) get connected to the Grounding Electrode (GE) / Ground Rod of the premises as follows: - The metal chassis of the AC load(s) is connected to the Grounding socket (G) of the GFCI outlet (10) in EVO™ through the Grounding Conductor of the load connection - Grounding socket (G) of GFCI outlet “10” in EVO™ is connected to the metal chassis of EVO™. - The metal chassis of EVO™ is connected to the Grounding Pin (G) of the AC Power Inlet Plug (9) - The grounding Pin (G) of the AC Power Inlet (9) gets connected to the Grounding Bus Bar (G-B) in the Grid Electrical Panel through the grounding wire of AC input connection - The Grounding Bus Bar (G-B) in the Grid Electrical Panel is bonded to Earth Ground through the Grounding Electrode (GE) / “Ground Rod” of the premises ### 126.96.36.199 EVO-1212F-HW and EVO-1224F-HW: AC Side Grounding of Typical Shore Based Installation Refer to the Installation Diagram for Typical Shore Based Installation for EVO-1212F-HW and EVO-1224F-HW at Fig 3.13 a) AC Input Grounding: The metal chassis of EVO™ gets bonded to the Grounding Electrode (GE) / “Ground Rod” of the premises as follows: - The metal chassis of EVO™ is connected to the “INPUT GND” Terminal (23) of the AC Input / Output Terminal Block (20) in EVO™ - The “INPUT GND” Terminal (23) of the AC Input / Output Terminal Block (20) in EVO™ gets connected to the Grounding Bus Bar (G-B) in the Grid Electrical Panel through the grounding wire of AC input connection - The Grounding Bus Bar (G-B) in the Grid Electrical Panel is bonded to Earth Ground through the Grounding Electrode (GE) / “Ground Rod” of the premises b) AC Output Grounding: The metal chassis of the AC load(s) gets connected to the Grounding Electrode (GE) / “Ground Rod” of the premises as follows: - The metal chassis of the AC load(s) is connected to the Grounding Bus Bar (G-B) of the Electrical Sub Panel for EVO™ Output - Grounding Bus Bar (G-B) of the Electrical Sub Panel for EVO™ Output is connected to metal chassis of EVO™ through the “OUTPUT GND” Terminal (26) of the AC Input / Output Terminal Block (20) in EVO™. - The metal chassis of EVO™ is connected to the “INPUT GND” Terminal (23) of the AC Input / Output Terminal Block (20) in EVO™ - The “INPUT GND” Terminal (23) of the AC Input / Output Terminal Block (20) in EVO™ gets connected to the Grounding Bus Bar (G-B) in the Grid Electrical Panel through the grounding wire of AC input connection - The Grounding Bus Bar (G-B) in the Grid Electrical Panel is bonded to Earth Ground through the Grounding Electrode (GE) / “Ground Rod” of the premises ### 3.14.3 AC Side Grounding of Typical RV / Mobile Installation #### 188.8.131.52 EVO-1212F and EVO-1224F: AC Side Grounding of Typical RV / Mobile Installation Refer to the Installation Diagram for Typical RV / Mobile Installation for EVO-1212F and EVO-1224F at Fig 3.14. SECTION 3 \| Installation a) AC Input Grounding: The metal chassis of EVO™ gets bonded to (i) the RV / Vehicle Chassis Ground when not connected to Grid Power and (ii) to the Grounding Electrode (GE) / Ground Rod of the Grid Power System of the premises when connected to Grid Power through the Grid Power Supply Cord as follows: - The metal chassis of EVO™ is connected to the Grounding Pin (G) of the AC Power Inlet Plug (9) - The Grounding Pin (G) of the AC Power Inlet Plug (9) gets connected to the Grounding Bus Bar (G-B) in the Electrical Panel of the RV / vehicle through the grounding wire of AC input connection. - The Grounding Bus Bar (G-B) in the Electrical Panel of the RV / vehicle is bonded to the RV / Vehicle Chassis Ground. When the RV / vehicle is connected to the Grid through the Grid Power Inlet and Cord, the RV / Vehicle Chassis Ground gets bonded to the Earth Ground of the premises through the Grounding Electrode (GE) / “Ground Rod” of the premises of the Grid Power System supplying the RV / Vehicle. b) AC Output Grounding: The metal chassis of AC load(s) gets bonded to (i) the RV / Vehicle Chassis Ground when not connected to Grid Power and (ii) to the Grounding Electrode (GE) / Ground Rod of the Grid Power System of the premises when connected to Grid Power through the Grid Power Supply Cord as follows: - The metal chassis of the AC load(s) is connected to the Grounding socket (G) of the GFCI outlet (10) in EVO™ through the Grounding Conductor of the load connection - Grounding socket (G) of GFCI outlet “10” in EVO™ is connected to the metal chassis of EVO™. - The metal chassis of EVO™ is connected to the Grounding Pin (G) of the AC Power Inlet Plug (9) - The grounding Pin (G) of the AC Power Inlet (9) gets connected to the Grounding Bus Bar (G-B) in the Electrical Panel of the RV / vehicle through the grounding wire of AC input connection. - The Grounding Bus Bar (G-B) in the Electrical Panel of the RV / vehicle is bonded to the RV / Vehicle Chassis Ground. When the RV / vehicle is connected to the Grid through the Grid Power Inlet and Cord, the RV / Vehicle Chassis Ground gets bonded to the Earth Ground of the premises through the Grounding Electrode (GE) / “Ground Rod” of the premises of the Grid Power System supplying the RV / Vehicle 184.108.40.206 EVO-1212F-HW and EVO-1224F-HW: Refer to the Installation Diagram for Typical RV / Mobile Installation for EVO-1212F-HW and EVO-1224F-HW at Fig 3.15. a) AC Input Grounding: The metal chassis of EVO™ gets bonded to (i) the RV / Vehicle Chassis Ground when not connected to Grid Power and (ii) to the Grounding Electrode (GE) / Ground Rod of the Grid Power System of the premises when connected to Grid Power through the Grid Power Supply Cord as follows: - The metal chassis of EVO™ is connected to the “INPUT GND” Terminal (23) of the AC Input / Output Terminal Block (20) in EVO™ - The “INPUT GND” Terminal (23) of the AC Input / Output Terminal Block (20) in EVO™ gets connected to the Grounding Bus Bar (G-B) in the Electrical Panel of the RV through the grounding wire of AC input connection - The Grounding Bus Bar (G-B) in the Electrical Panel of the RV / vehicle is bonded to the RV / Vehicle Chassis Ground. When the RV / vehicle is connected to the Grid through the Grid Power Inlet and Cord, the RV / Vehicle Chassis Ground gets bonded to the Earth Ground of the premises through the Grounding Electrode (GE) / “Ground Rod” of the premises of the Grid Power System supplying the RV / Vehicle b) AC Output Grounding: The metal chassis of the AC load(s) gets bonded to (i) the RV / Vehicle Chassis Ground when not connected to Grid Power and (ii) to the Grounding Electrode (GE) / Ground Rod of the Grid Power System of the premises when connected to Grid Power through the Grid Power Supply Cord as follows: The metal chassis of the AC load(s) is connected to the Grounding Bus Bar (G-B) of the Electrical Sub Panel for EVO™ Output. Grounding Bus Bar (G-B) of the Electrical Sub Panel for EVO™ Output is connected to metal chassis of EVO™ through the “OUTPUT GND” Terminal (25) of the AC Input / Output Terminal Block (20) in EVO™. The metal chassis of EVO™ is connected to the “GRID GND” Terminal (22) of the AC Input / Output Terminal Block (20) in EVO™. The “INPUT GND” Terminal (23) of the AC Input / Output Terminal Block (20) in EVO™ gets connected to the Grounding Bus Bar (G-B) in the Electrical Panel of the RV / vehicle through the grounding wire of AC input connection. The Grounding Bus Bar (G-B) in the Electrical Panel of the RV / vehicle is bonded to the RV / Vehicle Chassis Ground. When the RV / vehicle is connected to the Grid through the Grid Power Inlet and Cord, the RV / Vehicle Chassis Ground gets bonded to the Earth Ground of the premises through the Grounding Electrode (GE) / “Ground Rod” of the premises of the Grid Power System supplying the RV / Vehicle. Thus, in keeping with the NEC requirements, the AC Grounds of EVO™ and the Grid Electrical Panel will be bonded to the Earth Ground only at one single point at the Grid Electrical Panel feeding the EVO™. ### 3.14.4 Switching Of Bonding Of Output Neutral To Chassis Ground As required by NEC and UL Standard 458, automatic switching of bonding between the Output Neutral and Chassis Ground has been provided in EVO™ through “Output Neutral and Chassis Ground Bond Switching Relay” (RY2 in Fig 4.1). Switching is carried as follows: - When operating as an inverter, the current carrying conductor of the Inverter Section that is connected to the Output Neutral terminal of the EVO™ is bonded to the metal chassis of EVO™ by the “Output Neutral to Chassis Ground Bond Switching Relay” (RY2 in Fig 4.1). As the metal chassis of EVO™ is in turn bonded to the Earth Ground (in shore installations) or RV Ground (chassis of the RV) or to the Boat Ground (DC Negative Grounding Bus Bar and the Main AC Grounding Bus Bar are tied together in a boat and this is called the “Boat Ground”), this current carrying conductor of the Inverter Section (connected to the Output Neutral Terminal) will become the Grounded Conductor (GC) or the Neutral of the Inverter Section. - When in Charging Mode, the Neutral conductor of the Grid power will be connected to the Output Neutral terminal of EVO™. At the same time, the “Output Neutral to Chassis Ground Bond Switching Relay” (RY2 in Fig 4.1) will unbond (disconnect) the Output Neutral connector of EVO™ from the metal chassis of EVO™. This will ensure that the Grounded Conductor (GC) i.e. the Neutral of the Grid power is bonded to the Earth Ground at one single point at the location of the AC Power Distribution System of the Marina / RV Park / Shore Power. - Disabling Neutral to Ground Bond: In some applications, the Output Neutral of EVO™ may be required to remain isolated from the chassis/Ground at all times. For this, automatic Output Neutral to Chassis Ground bond can be disabled by disconnecting the Insulated Male/Female Quick Disconnect located in the AC wiring compartment. [Please see (i) 27, Fig 3.9.2(a) and (ii) "27" in Figs 4.1]. Please read the following on-line White Papers for more details at www.samlexamerica.com (Home > Support > White Papers): - “Neutral to Ground Switching in RV and Marine Applications” 3.15 BATTERY TEMPERATURE SENSOR FOR LEAD ACID BATTERIES Lead Acid Battery charging voltages are required to be compensated based on the temperature of the battery cells. Hence, Battery Temperature Sensor Model EVO-BCTS has been provided. Please see constructional and fitment details at [Fig 2.5(a)] and [Fig 2.5(b)] respectively. The sensor head contains a Negative Temperature Coefficient (NTC) Resistor with 2 output wires: “NTC+” is connected to Pin 4 of the RJ-45 Plug and “NTC−” is connected to Pin 5 of the RJ-45 Plug. The RJ-45 Plug is required to be connected to the RJ-45 Jack (6, Fig 2.1). The Temperature Sensor is used to ensure optimum charging of Lead Acid Batteries by modifying the charging voltages based on the battery temperature. In addition to compensating Absorption, Float and Equalization voltages, the voltage thresholds of parameters “LOW VOLTAGE ALARM”, “BATTERY LOW VOLTAGE”, “RESET VOLTAGE”, “BATTERY OVER VOLTAGE” and “RESET TO BULK” are also temperature compensated. Temperature compensation will be carried out over temperature range of -20°C to +60°C. Table 6.2 shows the programmable range. Default setting for the Temperature Coefficient of Voltage is -4mV/°C/Cell. 3.16 INSTALLING CONTROL INPUT WIRING FROM LITHIUM BATTERY MANAGEMENT SYSTEM (BMS) TO ENABLE/ DISABLE CHARGING OR INVERTING The Battery Charger Section is designed to charge Lead Acid, Nickel-Zinc (Ni-Zn) or Lithium Ion Batteries. Lead Acid Battery charging voltages are required to be compensated based on the temperature of the battery cells. Hence, Battery Temperature Sensor is required to be connected to the RJ-45 Jack (6, Fig 2.1) as explained at Section 3.15. Charging voltages of Lithium Battery are not affected by temperature and hence, Battery Temperature Sensor is not required to be used. For charging Lithium Ion Battery, programming parameter “BATTERY TYPE” has to be changed from Setting 0=Lead Acid (Default setting) to Setting 1=Lithium. This programming change is carried out using optional Remote Control EVO-RC-Plus. Please refer to the following Sections of EVO-RC-PLUS Manual: - Screen 22 in Fig 4.2 and Table 4.3 - Section 220.127.116.11.1 Pins 4 and 5 of the RJ-45 Jack marked “Battery Temp. Sensor” (6 and 19, Fig 2.1) are required to be connected to the Normally Open Contacts of relay in the Battery Management System (BMS) of the Lithium Battery for “Stop Charging or “Stop Inverting” signals. (See details at Section 18.104.22.168.2 of EVO-RC-PLUS Remote Control Manual). The BMS will close the Relay contacts as follows: - To “Stop Charging”: Due to (i) overvoltage of individual cell / overall battery pack, or (ii) over temperature of individual cell or overall battery pack - To “Stop Inverting”: Due to deep discharge to the level of Low Battery Cut Off Voltage When the Relay contacts in the BMS close, Pins 4 and 5 of RJ-45 Jack will be shorted. The following actions will be activated: • EVO in Charging Mode: The charging will stop (charging current will be reduced to 0A). The 2nd Line of the Charging Mode Screens shown in the Menu Map for Charging Mode Screens (Fig 3.7 in EVO-RC Plus Manual) will show “Charger Off by BMS” as shown in example below for Screen No. 1 Screen No. 1 ``` EVO-1212F Charging Charger Off by BMS Battery 12.00V 0.0A External 0.0A ``` • EVO in Inverting Mode: Inverting will stop. EVO™ will go to Standby Mode. The right half of the 1st Line of the Standby Mode Screens shown in the Menu Map for Standby Mode Screens (Fig 3.8 in EVO-RC Plus Manual) will show “Inv stop by BMS” in 2 consecutive displays - first “Inv stop” and then “by BMS” as shown in example below: Screen No. 1 For 2 sec ``` EVO-1212F Inv stop AC Output: 0.00V <0.10A 00.00Hz ``` Screen No. 1 For 2 sec ``` EVO-1212F by BMS AC Output: 0.00V <0.10A 00.00Hz ``` 3.17 SHORE BASED INSTALLATION 3.17.1 Typical Shore Based Installation Fig. 3.12 illustrates a typical shore based installation for EVO-1212F / EVO-1224F. Fig 3.13 illustrates typical shore based installation for EVO-1212F-HW / EVO-1224-HW. - Battery is connected to the DC input connections through DC Electrical Panel with an appropriate fuse to protect the DC input cables against short circuit - Battery Charger Temperature Sensor Model EVO-BCTS is installed on the Positive or Negative post of the battery and connected to the RJ-45 Jack for the Temperature Sensor - Supplementary battery charging is being carried out through a solar array and a Charge Controller connected to the DC input provided for external charge controller. - AC input to the EVO™ is fed from the Grid. Alternatively, AC input may be fed from a generator. - AC output from the EVO™ is fed to the AC Electrical Sub-Panel for EVO™ WARNING! In case generator is used to feed AC input to the EVO, the following should be ensured: - Ensure that the Neutral of the generator is bonded to the chassis of the generator. Please see Section 3.14.1 for details. - If the Generator is a 120VAC / 240VAC Split Single Phase with 120 VAC phase fed to the EVO™, then both 120 VAC Split Phases of the generator should be equally loaded (balanced) to prevent deterioration of regulation of generator’s output voltage / frequency. Poor regulation of generator output voltage / frequency may lead to interruption of charging / AC pass through in the EVO™ (EVO will transfer to Inverting Mode). MISE EN GARDE! En cas générateur est utilisé pour l’alimentation d’entrée AC à l’EVO, les dispositions suivantes devraient être prises : - S’assurer que le neutre du générateur est fixé sur le châssis du générateur. Veuillez voir la section 3.14.1 pour plus de détails. - Si le générateur est un 120 VAC / 240 VAC monophasé avec Split 120VCA alimenté phase à l’EVO, puis les deux phases de 120 V C.A. Split le générateur devrait être tout aussi chargé (équilibré) afin de prévenir la détérioration du règlement de générateur’s fréquence/tension de sortie. Une mauvaise régulation de tension / fréquence de sortie du générateur peut conduire à l’interruption de la charge / AC passer à travers dans l’EVO™ (EVO va transférer à l’inversion de mode). Fig 3.12 Installation Diagram for Typical Shore Based Installation for EVO-1212F and EVO-1224F SECTION 3 \| Installation LEGEND FOR FIG 3.12 NOTE: For sizing of wiring and fuses, refer to the following: a) DC side wiring: Table 3.1 b) AC side wiring: Table 3.2 for AC input adn Table 3.3 for AC output L. Line Terminal L-B. Line Bus Bar N. Neutral Terminal N-G. Neutral to Ground Bond N-B. Neutral Bus Bar G-B. Grounding Bus Bar SBJ. System Bounding Jumper J1, 2, 4, 7, 9 Male Tab Terminals on internal Circuit Board RY2. Relay for Neutral to Ground Bond Switching (Section 4.4.2) BCTS. Battery Charger Temperature Sensor EVO-BCTS [Fig 2.5(a)] 1. Battery Positive Input Connector (1, Figs 2.1 / 3.8) 2. Battery Negative Input Connector (2, Figs 2.1 / 3.8) 3. Positive Input Connector for External Charge Controller (3, Figs 2.1 / 3.8) 4. Negative Input Connector for External Charge Controller (4, Figs 2.1 / 3.8) 5. DC Side Grounding Terminal on EVO™ (5, Fig 2.1) 6. RJ-45 Jack for Temperature Sensor (6, Fig 2.1) GE. Grounding Electrode. Also called "Ground Rod" 9. 20A Inlet Plug Connector IEC 60320 C20 ((9, Fig 2.1) 10. NEMA5-15 Duplex GFCI Outlets (10, Fig 2.1) 14. 15A Built-in Breaker for AC output (14, Fig 2.1) 15. 20A Built-in Breaker for AC input (15, Fig 2.1) 27. Quick Disconnect to disconnect Neutral to Ground bond (27, Fig 3.9.2) Circuit breaker Fuse A 120 VAC Leg, Phase A B 120 VAC Leg, Phase B (180° out of phase with Phase A Leg) WARNING! In case a Generator is used to feed AC input, please ensure that the Neutral conductor of the Generator is bonded to the chassis / frame of the Generator. Please refer to Section 3.14.1 for details. MISE EN GARDE! En cas d’un générateur est utilisé pour envoyer de l’entrée CA, veuillez vous assurer que le conducteur neutre de la génératrice est collé sur le châssis / cadre de la génératrice. Veuillez vous reporter à la section 3.14.1 pour plus de détails. Fig 3.13 Installation Diagram for Typical Shore Based Installation for EVO-1212F-HW and EVO-1224F-HW LEGEND FOR FIG 3.13 NOTE: For sizing of wiring and fuses, refer to the following: a) DC side wiring: Table 3.1 b) AC side wiring: Table 3.2 for AC input and Table 3.3 for AC output L. Line Terminal L-B. Line Bus Bar N. Neutral Terminal N-G. Neutral to Ground Bond N-B. Neutral Bus Bar G-B. Grounding Bus Bar SBJ. System Bounding Jumper J1, 2, 4, 7, 9 Male Tab Terminals on internal Circuit Board RY2. Relay for Neutral to Ground Bond Switching (Section 4.4.2) BCTS. Battery Charger Temperature Sensor EVO-BCTS [Fig 2.5(a)] 1. Battery Positive Input Connector (1, Figs 2.1 / 3.8) 2. Battery Negative Input Connector (2, Figs 2.1 / 3.8) 3. Positive Input Connector for External Charge Controller (3, Figs 2.1 / 3.8) 4. Negative Input Connector for External Charge Controller (4, Figs 2.1 / 3.8) 5. DC Side Grounding Terminal on EVO™ (5, Fig 2.1) 6. RJ-45 Jack for Temperature Sensor (6, Fig 2.1) GE. Grounding Electrode. Also called “Ground Rod” 20. AC Input / Output Terminal Block 21. INPUT L 22. INPUT N 23. INPUT GND 24. OUTPUT L 25. OUTPUT N 26. OUTPUT GND 27. Quick Disconnect to disconnect Neutral to Ground bond Circuit breaker Fuse A 120 VAC Leg, Phase A B 120 VAC Leg, Phase B (180° out of phase with Phase A Leg) WARNING! In case a Generator is used to feed AC input, please ensure that the Neutral conductor of the Generator is bonded to the chassis / frame of the Generator. Please refer to Section 3.14.2 for details. MISE EN GARDE! En cas d’un générateur est utilisé pour envoyer de l’entrée CA, veuillez vous assurer que le conducteur neutre de la génératrice est collé sur le châssis / cadre de la génératrice. Veuillez vous reporter à la section 3.14.2 pour plus de détails. 3.18 MOBILE INSTALLATION - GENERAL INFORMATION 3.18.1 GFCI Protection for Vehicle Application When EVO-1212F-HW / EVO-1224F-HW is installed in vehicles, it is to be ensured that Ground Fault Circuit Interrupter(s) [GFCI] are installed in the vehicle wiring system to protect all branch circuits. EVO-1212F and EVO-1224F come with Duplex GFCI, NEMA5-15 outlet. WARNING! Please ensure that when using hard-wired versions EVO-1212F-HW, Ground Fault Circuit Interrupter(s) [GFCI] are installed in the vehicle wiring system to protect all branch circuits. GFCIs listed in Table 1.5 have been tested to operate satisfactorily and are acceptable. MISE EN GARDE! Veuillez vous assurer que lors de l'utilisation de versions câblées EVO-1212F-HW, Disjoncteur(s) [FUITE] sont installés dans le système de câblage du véhicule pour protéger tous les circuits de dérivation. Des disjoncteurs de terre ci-dessous ont été testé. Leur fonctionnement est acceptable, Table 1.5. 3.18.2 Requirement of Deep Cycle, Auxiliary Battery and Battery Isolator for Powering Inverters in Mobile Installations Basic information on Lead Acid Batteries is given in Section 1.4 under "General Information - Lead Acid batteries". For details, read on-line White Paper titled “Batteries, Chargers & Alternator” at: www.samlexamerica.com (Home > Support > White Papers). An RV / vehicle has Starter, Lighting and Ignition (SLI) battery. As explained in White Paper titled “Batteries, Chargers and Alternators”, SLI batteries are designed to produce high power in short bursts for cranking. SLI batteries use lots of thin plates to maximize the surface area of the plates for providing very large bursts of current (also specified as Cranking Amps). This allows very high starting current but causes the plates to warp when the battery is cycled. Vehicle starting typically discharges 1%–3% of a healthy SLI battery’s capacity. The automotive SLI battery is not designed for repeated deep discharge where up to 80% of the battery capacity is discharged and then recharged. If an SLI battery is used for this type of deep discharge application, its useful service life will be drastically reduced. Hence, this type of battery is not recommended for the storage of energy for inverter applications. A second deep cycle auxiliary battery must be installed in the RV for powering the EVO™ (Deep cycle, auxiliary battery is shown in Figs 3.14 and 3.15). When the second auxiliary deep cycle battery is used, a Battery Isolator is required that will allow parallel connection of the two batteries for charging when the alternator is ON and disconnecting the parallel connection when the alternator is stopped (Isolator is shown in Figs 3.14 and 3.15). The capacity of the Battery Isolator should be as follows: SECTION 3 \| Installation - For EVO-1212F / EVO-1212F-HW: The maximum continuous DC current required is 152A. The capacity of the Battery Isolator should be more than 152A or more than the capacity of the alternator, whichever is higher. - For EVO-1224F / EVO-1224-HW: The maximum continuous DC current required is 76A. The capacity of the Battery Isolator should be more than 76A or more than the capacity of the alternator, whichever is higher. ### 3.18.3 Requirement to Keep the Neutral Conductor of Shore Power Isolated From the Chassis Ground of the RV As explained in on-line White Paper titled “Grounded Electrical Power Distribution System” at www.samlexamerica.com (Home > Support > White Papers), in the RV, the Neutral Bus Bar is NOT bonded to the Chassis of the RV. In the RV, the Neutral is floating with respect to the chassis of the RV. This is necessary for safety because if the Neutral was bonded to the chassis of the RV and if the Neutral and the Hot got reversed by mistake, the chassis of the RV will be at 120 VAC with respect to the Earth Ground. If a person standing on the Earth Ground touches the chassis of the RV, he will be fed with 120 VAC and will receive electrical shock! ### 3.18.4 Typical Mobile Installation Fig 3.14 illustrates typical RV installation for EVO-1212F / EVO-1224F using 30A, 120VAC, Single Phase Service Inlet. Fig 3.15 illustrates typical RV installation for hard-wired versions EVO-1212F / EVO-1224-HW using 30A, 120VAC Single Phase Service Inlet: - Auxiliary Battery is connected to the DC input connections through an appropriate fuse to protect the DC input cables against short circuit. - When AC input from the Grid is not available, the Auxiliary battery will be charged by the alternator through the Battery Isolator. - Battery Charger Temperature Sensor Model BCTS-EVO is installed on the Positive or Negative post of the auxiliary battery and connected to the RJ-45 Jack for the Temperature Sensor. - Supplementary battery charging is being carried out through a solar array and a Charge Controller connected to the DC input provided for external battery charger. - AC input to the EVO™ is fed from the Electrical Panel of the RV (through suitable breaker). - If the RV has a 50A Service, 120VAC Single Phase input to the EVO™ can be fed from either of the 2 Split Phase Legs of the 50A RV Panel (through suitable breaker). - AC output from the EVO™ is fed to the Electrical Sub-Panel for EVO™ (Use 120V version and NOT 120/240 Split Phase version of the Electrical Sub-panel) Fig 3.14 Installation Diagram for Typical RV / Mobile Installation for EVO-1212F and EVO-1224F SECTION 3 \| Installation LEGEND FOR FIG 3.14 NOTE: For sizing of wiring and fuses, refer to the following: a) DC side wiring: Table 3.1 b) AC side wiring: Table 3.2 L. Line Terminal L-B. Line Bus Bar N. Neutral Terminal N-G. Neutral to Ground Bond N-B. Neutral Bus Bar G-B. Grounding Bus Bar SBJ. System Bounding Jumper J1, 2, 4, 7, 9 Male Tab Terminals on internal Circuit Board RY2. Relay for Neutral to Ground Bond Switching (Section 4.4.2) BCTS. Battery Charger Temperature Sensor EVO-BCTS [Fig 2.5(a)] 1. Battery Positive Input Connector (1, Figs 2.1 / 3.8) 2. Battery Negative Input Connector (2, Figs 2.1 / 3.8) 3. Positive Input Connector for External Charge Controller (3, Figs 2.1 / 3.8) 4. Negative Input Connector for External Charge Controller (4, Figs 2.1 / 3.8) 5. DC Side Grounding Terminal on EVO™ (5, Figs 2.1/ 3.8) 6. RJ-45 Jack for Temperature Sensor (6, Fig 2.1) GE. Grounding Electrode. Also called "Ground Rod" 9. 20A Inlet Plug Connector IEC 60320 C20 (9, Fig 2.1) 10. NEMA5-15 Duplex GFCI Outlets (10, Fig 2.1) 14. 15A Built-in Breaker for AC output (14, Fig 2.1) 15. 20A Built-in Breaker for AC input (15, Fig 2.1) 27. "Quick Disconnect" to disconnect Neutral to Ground bond (27, Fig 3.9.2) Circuit breaker Fuse A [ ] 120 VAC Leg, Phase A B [ ] 120 VAC Leg, Phase B (180° out of phase with Phase A Leg) WARNING! In case a Generator is used to feed AC input, please ensure that the Neutral conductor of the Generator is bonded to the chassis / frame of the Generator. Please refer to Section 3.14.1 for details. MISE EN GARDE! En cas d’un générateur est utilisé pour envoyer de l’entrée CA, veuillez vous assurer que le conducteur neutre de la génératrice est collé sur le châssis / cadre de la génératrice. Veuillez vous reporter à la section 3.14.1 pour plus de détails. Fig 3.15 Installation Diagram for Typical RV / Mobile Installation for EVO-1212F-HW and EVO-1224F-HW SECTION 3 \| Installation LEGEND FOR FIG 3.15 NOTE: For sizing of wiring and fuses, refer to the following: a) DC side wiring: Table 3.1 b) AC side wiring: Table 3.2 for AC input and Table 4.3 for AC output L. Line Terminal L-B. Line Bus Bar N. Neutral Terminal N-G. Neutral to Ground Bond N-B. Neutral Bus Bar G-B. Grounding Bus Bar SBJ. System Bounding Jumper J1, 2, 4, 7, 9 Male Tab Terminals on internal Circuit Board RY2. Relay for Neutral to Ground Bond Switching (Section 4.4.2) BCTS. Battery Charger Temperature Sensor EVO-BCTS [Fig 2.5(a)] 1. Battery Positive Input Connector (1, Figs 2.1 / 3.8) 2. Battery Negative Input Connector (2, Figs 2.1 / 3.8) 3. Positive Input Connector for External Charge Controller (3, Figs 2.1 / 3.8) 4. Negative Input Connector for External Charge Controller (4, Figs 2.1 / 3.8) 5. DC Side Grounding Terminal on EVO™ (5, Figs 2.1/ 3.8) 6. RJ-45 Jack for Temperature Sensor (6, Fig 2.1) GE. Grounding Electrode. Also called "Ground Rod" 20. AC Input / Output Terminal Block 21. INPUT L 22. INPUT N 23. INPUT GND 24. OUTPUT L 25. OUTPUT N 26. OUTPUT GND 27. Quick Disconnect to disconnect Neutral to Ground bond Circuit breaker Fuse A 120 VAC Leg, Phase A B 120 VAC Leg, Phase B (180° out of phase with Phase A Leg) WARNING! In case a Generator is used to feed AC input, please ensure that the Neutral conductor of the Generator is bonded to the chassis / frame of the Generator. Please refer to Section 3.14.2 for details. MISE EN GARDE! En cas d'un générateur est utilisé pour envoyer de l'entrée CA, veuillez vous assurer que le conducteur neutre de la génératrice est collé sur le châssis / cadre de la génératrice. Veuillez vous reporter à la section 3.14.2 pour plus de détails. 4.1 GENERAL DESCRIPTION EVO Series is a Low Frequency Type, Pure Sine Wave, Single Phase Inverter-Charger with a built-in Transfer Relay. It uses high performance, 100MHz SP (Digital Signal Processing) type of micro-controller and Pulse Width Modulation (PWM) control. It is Bi-Directional i.e. it uses a common Converter Section consisting of Low Frequency Isolation Transformer and Mosfet based H-Bridge that can work in two directions as follows: 1) AC to DC Charging Mode: The common Converter Section is used to convert external AC input power to DC output power to charge the batteries and at the same time, pass through the AC input power to the AC loads. 2) DC to AC Inverting Mode: The common Converter Section is used to convert DC input power from the batteries to AC output power to feed the AC loads. The above Bi-Directional implementation allows the same power components to be used in both directions resulting in high-energy transfer efficiency with fewer components and higher reliability. INFO Please note that as the unit is Bi-Directional with a common Converter Section as explained above, it cannot work as inverter and charger at the same time. 4.2 COMPONENTS OF THE SYSTEM It consists of 3 Sections – Inverter Section, Battery Charger Section and AC Input/Transfer Relay Section. The unit is fed with the following inputs: - 120 VAC, 60 Hz, Single Phase AC input - DC Battery Source consisting of 12V/24V battery bank. - 4 versions of EVO are available. 2 versions for 12 VDC battery input (EVO-2212F and EVO-1212F-HW) & 2 for 24 VDC battery input (EVO-1224F and EVO-1224F-HW) - Additional external charging source: Solar Charge Controller of up to 50A capacity. The output of the external Solar Charge Controller is routed through this unit and operates in parallel with the internal charger. The current delivered by the external charge controller is measured in real time. The internal charging current is controlled to ensure that the combined current fed to the battery does not exceed the programmed value of parameter "BULK CURRENT". This improves the life of the battery. Please see Section 5.4 for more details. 4.3 INVERTER SECTION The Inverter Section is a heavy-duty, continuous rated, DSP micro-controller based inverter generating a Pure Sine Wave output of 120 VAC, 60 Hz from the DC Battery Source. It is able to supply AC power to various types of AC loads such as resistive loads (heaters, incandescent lamps etc) or reactive loads (motors, air conditioners, refrigerators, vacuum cleaners, fans, pumps, Switched Mode Power Supplies (SMPS) used in audio/video equipment and computers, etc.). 4.3.1 Principle of working of Inverter Section Low DC voltage from the DC Battery Source is inverted to AC voltage in two steps. Low DC voltage from the DC Battery Source is first converted to low frequency (60 Hz), low voltage synthesized sine wave AC using Mosfet based H-bridge configuration and high frequency (30 KHz) PWM (Pulse Width Modulation) technique. The low frequency, low voltage synthesized sine wave is then stepped up to 120 VAC pure sine wave voltage using a low frequency Isolation Transformer and filtration circuit to remove 30 KHz PWM frequency component. This type of DC to AC inversion is called Hybrid Type – a combination of low and high frequency implementation. Distinctive features of the Inverter Section are given below: Soft Start: The inverter design incorporates “Soft Start” feature with the following advantages and protections: - When the unit powers up, it starts in Inverting Mode first. The output voltage ramps up gradually from around 48 VAC to 120 VAC in around 200 ms. This reduces otherwise very high starting inrush current drawn by AC loads like Switched Mode Power Supplies (SMPS) and motor driven loads like fans, pumps, compressors etc. This will result in lower motor inrush current (which typically can be up to 650% of the full load current of the motor), which means lesser mechanical stresses, wear and tear and increased lifetime of the motor, coupling and fan. Additionally, the impact on the load side components is greatly reduced, meaning less likelihood of causing problematic voltage drops during starting. Power Surge – Up to 300%: - The inverter is able to deliver very high surge power / current of up to 300% for 1 ms followed by 200% for 100 ms. This range of high instantaneous power is delivered at the rated voltage and hence, it is able to provide very high starting torque for difficult motor driven loads like compressors and pumps that require higher Locked Rotor Current during startup. - If the power drawn by the load exceeds the above surge ratings, the inverter protects itself by limiting the load current to 300% / 200% which results in reduction of output voltage and consequent reduction in load current. The output voltage recovers automatically when power drawn by the load drops below the above surge limits. Power Boost up to 150%: Higher percentage of rated power can be provided for limited time periods as follows: - 150% for 30 sec - 140% for 1 min - 120% for 10 min - 110% for 30 min ### 4.4 TRANSFER RELAY SECTION Transfer Relay Section is used to either feed AC input power from external AC input source (e.g. Grid/Generator) to the Battery Charger Section and at the same time, pass through the AC power from the external AC input power source to the load (As long as the external AC input power is available and is within the programmed limits of voltage and frequency) or to transfer the load to the Inverter Section (In case of loss of the external AC input power source or if this source is not within the programmed limits of voltage and frequency). Typical transfer time is 16 milliseconds from the AC input source to Inverter and < 1ms from Inverter to the AC input source. Heavy duty 40A, Transfer Relay [RY1, Fig 4.1] is used for reliable transfer of power. #### 4.4.1 AC Transfer and Output Neutral To Chassis Ground Bond Switching As required by NEC and UL Standard 458, automatic switching of bonding between the Output Neutral and Chassis Ground has been provided in EVO through “Output Neutral to Chassis Ground Bond Switching Relay” [RY2 in Fig. 4.1]. Switching of bonding is carried out as follows: SECTION 4 \| General Description & Principles of Operation (a) When operating as an inverter, the current carrying conductor of the Inverter Section that is connected to the Output Neutral terminal of EVO is bonded to the metal chassis of EVO by the “Output Neutral to Chassis Ground Bond Switching Relay” [RY2 in Fig 4.1]. As the metal chassis of EVO is in turn bonded to the Earth Ground (in shore installations) or to the RV Ground (chassis of the RV) or to the Boat Ground (DC Negative Grounding Bus Bar and the Main AC Grounding Bus Bar are tied together in a boat and this is called the “Boat Ground”), this current carrying conductor of the Inverter Section (connected to the output terminal) will become the Grounded Conductor (GC) or the Neutral of the Inverter Section. (b) When in Charging Mode, the Neutral conductor of the AC input source will be connected to the Output Neutral terminal of EVO. At the same time, the “Output Neutral to Chassis Ground Bond Switching Relay” [RY2 in Fig 4.1] will unbind (disconnect) the Output Neutral connector of EVO from the metal chassis of EVO. This will ensure that the Grounded Conductor (GC) i.e., the Neutral of the AC input power source is bonded to the Earth Ground at one single point at the location of the AC Power Distribution System of the Marina/RV Park/Shore Power. (c) Disabling Neutral to Ground Bond: In some applications, the Output Neutral of EVO may be required to remain isolated from the chassis/Ground at all times. For this, automatic Output Neutral to Ground bond can be disabled by disconnecting the Male/Female Quick Disconnect located in the AC wiring compartment. [Please see (i) 27, Fig 3.9.2(a) and (ii) 27 in Figs 4.1] Please read the following on-line White Papers for more details at www.samlexamerica.com (Home > Support > White Papers): - “Neutral to Ground Switching in RV and Marine Applications” 4.4.2 Operation of Transfer Relay and Output Neutral to Chassis Ground Bond Switching Relay Refer to Schematic at Fig 4.1. The Bi-directional Transformer is used as follows: - Feeds AC output from the Inverter Section when Grid power is not available. - Feeds Grid / Generator power to the Battery Charger Section when Grid / Generator input is available. Switching of Hot Output (OUTPUT LINE) - 40A* rated SPDT Relay RY1 (Fig 4.1) is used to switch the Hot Output Connector (OUTPUT L) to either the Inverter Section or to Grid / Generator. (* Refer to Note 2 under Legend for Fig 4.1) - When Grid / Generator input Power is available, Relay RY1 (Fig 4.1) will be energized and contact 4 switches over to contact 5. The Bidirectional Transformer works as a battery Charger. The Hot AC input from Grid / Generator (INPUT L) is fed to the Hot input of the Bi-directional Transformer for battery charging and at the same time, it is passed through to the Hot Out (OUTPUT L) for powering the AC loads. - When Grid / Generator power fails, Relay RY1 (Fig 4.1) will be de-energized and contact 4 switches back to contact 3. Output from the Inverter Section is fed to the Bi-directional Transformer and onwards to the Hot Out (OUTPUT L) for powering the AC loads. Switching of Bonding of Output Neutral to Chassis Ground - 40A* rated SPDT Relay RY2 (Fig 4.1) is used to switch the bonding of the Output Neutral Connector (OUTPUT N) to the chassis of the unit. (Refer to Note 2 under Legend for Fig 4.1) - When Grid / Generator input power is available, Relay RY2 (Fig 4.1) will be energized and contact 4 switches over to contact 5. Neutral input from Grid (GRID N) is fed to the Neutral input of the Bi-directional Transformer for battery charging and at the same time, it is passed through to the Output Neutral (OUTPUT N) for powering the AC loads. Please note that in this condition, the Output Neutral (OUTPUT N) is isolated from the chassis of the unit. - When Grid / Generator input power fails, Relay RY2 (Fig 4.1) will be de-energized and contact 4 switches back to contact 3. Neutral output from the Inverter Section is fed the Neutral of the Bi-directional Transformer and onwards to the output Neutral (OUTPUT N) for powering the AC loads. At the same time, the output Neutral (OUTPUT N) gets bonded to the metal chassis of the unit through the mated contacts of the Insulated Male / Female Quick Disconnect (27, Fig 4.1) located in the AC Wiring Compartment [27, Fig 3.9.2(a)] in EVO-1212F-HW / 1224F-HW. In EVO-1212F / 1224F, the Insulated Male / Female Quick Disconnect is accessible after opening the top cover of the unit. SECTION 4 \| General Description & Principles of Operation Fig 4.1 Operation of Transfer Relay and Switching of Bond Between Output Neutral and Metal Chassis Ground LEGEND for Fig 4.1 \| RY1 \| Transfer Relay (40A - See Note 2 below) (Shown in de-energized state). Transfers the Line Conductor of the AC load to either the Line Conductor of the input from Grid / Generator or to the Line Conductor of the Inverter Section. \| \|-------\|--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------\| \| RY2 \| Relay (40A - See Note 2 below) for Neutral to Ground bond Switching \| \| 4, 3 \| Normally Closed Contacts (Shown in de-energized state) \| \| 4, 5 \| Normally Open Contacts (Shown in de-energized state) \| \| 27 \| Insulated Male / Female Quick Disconnect [27, Fig 3.9.2(a)] for disconnecting Output Neutral to Chassis Ground bond in Inverting Mode (Default - connected) \| NOTES: 1. Relays are de-energized in Inverting Mode and are energized in Charging Mode. 2. Although relays RY1, RY2 are rated for 40A, AC input current and output pass through current in charging mode are limited to 20A & 15A respectively by the 20A input breaker and 15A output breaker. 22.214.171.124 Synchronized Transfer of Power 126.96.36.199.1 General information When the frequency and phase of output voltages of two AC power sources are the same (in sync), the two AC sources are considered to be “synchronized”. Critical AC loads require un-interruptible AC input power. It is, therefore, necessary that when the primary AC input power is interrupted / fails, the load should be transferred to the backup AC source “very quickly” within the “holdup time” of the load(s). When AC power feeding motors or inductive loads like transformers etc. is interrupted / fails, residual voltage is induced in the load due to “generator effect” created by a rotating motor or by the stored energy released from the inductive loads like transformer’s windings or core. The induced residual voltage in the load has the same frequency and phase as the voltage of AC input power when it failed and, this voltage does not dissipate immediately but within a few seconds. This induced residual voltage in the load can cause extremely high inrush currents to occur when such loads are “very quickly” transferred to a “non-synchronized” source of backup AC power (the loads are transferred to the “non-synchronized” backup source before the residual voltage in the load(s) has dissipated). The resulting effect, frequently described as “bumping” can initiate nuisance tripping of circuit protective devices or in extreme cases, cause mechanical damage to motor shaft and couplings. To prevent this abnormal operating condition when the load is transferred between the primary and backup AC sources “very quickly (normally within around 16 ms)”, it is to be ensured that the voltage of the backup AC power source is always kept “synchronized” with the voltage of the primary AC power source. Synchronization control logic used in a backup AC source is required to be based on the frequency stability characteristics of the primary AC source which can be Grid or Generator. The frequency of Grid voltage is very stable. On the other hand, the frequency of Generator voltage (except Inverter Generators) may vary considerably depending upon the performance of its Speed Governor that compensates for the drop in RPM / frequency when electrical load is switched on / increased or, rise in RPM / frequency when electrical load is decreased / switched off. 188.8.131.52.2 Synchronization Algorithm Options When operating as an Inverter Charger, the EVO is designed to accept external AC input power through AC Power Inlet (9, Fig 2.1) in EVO-1212F/1224F and through AC Input Terminals (21,22,23 in Fig 2.3) in EVO-1212F-HW/1224F-HW. The frequency and phase of the internal backup Inverter Section are always kept synchronized with the AC input source. This facilitates “extremely fast” transfer time of up to 16 ms. Also, transfer from the Inverter Section to the AC input source and vice versa takes place at zero crossing of the voltage waveform – this ensures (i) negligible arcing / erosion of Transfer Relay contacts and (ii) negligible Electromagnetic Interference (EMI) associated with arcing. Programming parameters “SYNCHRONIZATION” has been provided with two synchronization algorithm options each: (i) 0= Fine, or (ii) 1= Coarse as shown in TABLE 4.1. Option “0 =Fine” is recommended for AC input power source that has more stable output frequency like Grid / Inverter Generator. Option “1= Coarse” is recommended for AC input power source with less stable output frequency like Generator. ### TABLE 4.1 SYNCHRONIZATION ALGORITHM OPTIONS ON AC INPUT CONNECTIONS \| AC Input Connection \| Synchronization Algorithm Options \| \|---------------------\|----------------------------------\| \| \| AC Input Source is Grid or Inverter Generator \| AC Input Source is Generator \| \| \| Programming Parameter \| Option \| Programming Parameter \| Recommended Option \| \| EVO-1212F/ 1224F AC Inlet (9, Fig 2.1) \| SYNCHRONIZATION (See NOTE 1) \| 0=Fine (Default) \| SYNCHRONIZATION (See NOTE 1) \| Change to Option "1=Coarse" \| NOTES:* 1. For programming details for parameter “SYNCHRONIZATION”, please refer to Section 184.108.40.206 in EVO-RC-PLUS Remote Control Manual #### 220.127.116.11.3 Transfer From Inverter Section to AC Input Source When power from AC input source is made available, its voltage and frequency are monitored for 2 sec to check if these are within the programmed limits. If yes, the output voltage of the Inverter Section is synchronized with the AC input source. This synchronization process takes few seconds. Once synchronization is completed, the load is transferred instantly (within 1 ms) to the AC input source at Zero Crossing of the voltage waveform for safer transfer and for better protection of Transfer Relay contacts. The unit now operates in “Charging Mode” with the AC power from the AC input source charging the batteries as well as providing power to the AC loads. #### 18.104.22.168.4 Transfer From AC Input Source to Inverter Section When the unit is operating in “Charging Mode” with the AC input source charging the batteries as well as providing power to the AC loads, the phase and frequency of the AC input source are tracked continuously. In case AC input source fails or is disconnected, the inverter will be forced to transfer at voltage which is at the same phase and frequency at which the AC input source had been disconnected. Load will be transferred to the inverter within 16ms at zero crossing. The unit will now work in “Inverting Mode” and the batteries will start discharging. ### 4.5 BATTERY CHARGER SECTION The Battery Charger Section of these units provide 2/3/4 stage charging with 7 programmable charging profiles as detailed at Section 5.6. The same Isolation Transformer and the H-Bridge configuration of the Inverter Section are used to work in the reverse direction, i.e. the AC input is stepped down and rectified to the programmed DC battery charging voltage using Pulse Width Modulation (PWM) Control. That is why it is called a Bi-directional device. Further, the charging voltages and currents are programmable to take care of a wide range of battery types like Lead Acid, Nickel-Zinc (Ni-Zn) & Lithium Ion. Important battery charging features are as follows: - Adaptive Charging Control for 2 Charging Profiles out of the 7 profiles - Dynamic Input Power Diversion Control - Parallel charging through External Charge Controller SECTION 4 \| General Description & Principles of Operation - Temperature compensated charging - Programmable Charging Profiles for Lead Acid, Nickel-Zinc (Ni-Zn) and Lithium Batteries Please see details under Section 5 titled “Battery Charging in Evolution™ Series”. 4.6 MODES OF OPERATION 4.6.1 Charging Mode As long as the external AC input power is available and is within the programmed limits of voltage and frequency, it is passed through to the AC load through the Transfer Relay Section. At the same time, the Battery Charger Section converts the external AC input power from the Grid/Generator to DC power to charge the DC Battery Source. 4.6.2 Inverting Mode If at any instant, the external AC input power is interrupted or is not within the programmed limits of voltage and frequency, the Transfer Relay is de-energized and the load is transferred to the Inverter Section and internal battery charging is terminated. This is called the Inverting Mode. 4.6.3 Power Saving Mode Power Saving Mode related to inverters is a function designed to conserve battery power when the inverter is in ON condition and no AC loads are connected to it or, AC loads are connected to it but have been switched OFF. This condition is also called “No Load Condition”. When an inverter is operating under “No Load Condition”, it will consume a small amount of input power from the battery to keep all internal circuits alive and be ready to deliver the full rated output voltage and power to the load once the load is switched ON. This input power drawn from the battery when no load is being supplied by the inverter is called the “No Load Power Draw” (also called “Idle Power” or “Self Power Consumption”). This “No Load Power Draw” is proportional to the size of the inverter e.g. a 150 Watt inverter may have “No Load Power Draw” of around 6W and a 3000W may have “No Load Power Draw” of around 30W. This power is wasted and drains the battery unnecessarily. It is, therefore, desirable to reduce the “No Load Power Draw” to the minimum. The “No Load Power Draw” of EVO-1212F/1212F-HW/1224F/1224F-HW in the Normal Operating Mode is around 20W. The EVO has an optional programmable operating mode called “Power Saving Mode” that is designed to reduce this “No Load Power Draw” to less than 8W during conditions where the Inverter Section is ON but is not supplying any load [Applicable only when the unit is operating in “Inverting Mode”]. Enabling / disabling of “Power Saving Mode” is carried out using optional Remote Control Model EVO-RC-PLUS. The EVO is shipped with the “Power Saving Mode” option in “Disabled” condition [Programming Parameter “POWER.SAVING” is set at “0=Disabled” in the Default condition – See Section 22.214.171.124 of the EVO-RC-PLUS Remote Control Manual]. When “Power Saving Mode” is enabled, the Inverter Section will NOT provide full rated output voltage of 120 VAC of Normal Operating Mode but pulsing output voltage consisting of 3, 60 Hz cycles of “reduced 48Vrms load search voltage” every 0.5 sec. This output voltage is used to “search” if a load is being powered and also to measure the power drawn by this load [The power drawn by the load will be initially measured based on pulsing output voltage]. consisting of 3, 60 Hz cycles of “reduced 48VAC load search voltage” every 0.5 sec and from there, the power will be calculated based on the rated output voltage of 120VAC for the Normal Operating Mode]. Operation of the “Power Saving Mode” is controlled through the following programming parameters: - 126.96.36.199 Parameter “ENTER POINT” [See Section 188.8.131.52 in the EVO-RC-PLUS Remote Control Manual] This parameter determines the threshold of power drawn by the load at which the EVO will exit the Normal Operating Mode (full 120VAC output voltage; No Load Power Draw from the battery will be 25-30W) and “enter” Power Saving Mode (output voltage consisting of 3, 60 Hz cycles of “reduced 48VAC load search voltage” every 0.5 sec; No Load Power Draw from the battery will be < 8W). The programmable range of this parameter is 4-50Watts; Default value is 6W. Whenever the Inverter Section is switched ON with “Power Saving Mode” in enabled condition, it will initially start in Normal Operating Mode [Full 120VAC output voltage; No Load Power Draw from the battery will be 20W]. It then measures the power drawn by the load, if any, based on Normal Operating Voltage of 120VAC. If the power drawn by the load is ≤ the programmed power value of “Enter Point”, the Inverter Section will enter “Power Saving Mode” (pulsing output voltage consisting of 3, 60 Hz cycles of “reduced 48Vrms load search voltage” every 0.5 sec). It is, therefore, important to first determine the running power consumption of your load in Watts and then, ensure that the programmed value of parameter “ENTER POINT” is > the running power of the load. If the running power of the load is < the programmed value of parameter “ENTER POINT”, the load may turn ON initially due to higher initial startup surge power but will turn OFF when it starts drawing lower running power that is < the programmed value of parameter “ENTER POINT”. (NOTE: The initial startup surge power of AC loads may be up to 10 times higher than their “running power” depending upon the type of AC load). - 184.108.40.206 Parameter “WAKE UP POINT” [See Section 220.127.116.11 in the EVO-RC-PLUS Remote Control Manual]: Once the inverter enters “Power Saving Mode” as described at Section 18.104.22.168 above [Output voltage consisting of 3, 60 Hz cycles of “reduced 48VAC load search voltage” every 0.5 sec; Power draw from the battery will be < 8W], it will continue to remain in this mode till the time the power drawn by the load is ≥ than the programmed threshold of Parameter “WAKE UP POINT” [Programmable range is 4-50Watts; Default is 7W]. When the power drawn by the load ≥ the programmed threshold of Parameter “WAKE UP POINT”, the EVO will wake up and change to the Normal Operating Mode (full 120VAC output voltage; No Load Power Draw from the battery will be 20W). INFO Power Saving Mode should be disabled for the following loads: - Low power loads that draw less than 5W e.g. digital clocks, satellite receivers, phones / answering machines etc. - Audio / video / computing devices that consume normal operating power > 50 W but draw less than 5W on entering Sleep Mode when switched off or , when no activity is seen for a specified time. - Some devices like small fluorescent lights, refrigerators, microwaves, computers and other sophisticated electronics may not be detected when scanned by the output voltage characteristics of the Power Saving Mode [Output voltage consisting of 3, 60 Hz cycles of “reduced 48VAC load search voltage” every 0.5 sec]. These devices have power supplies in their front end that do not present a load until the full 120VAC line voltage is available. 4.6.4 Power Saving Mode - Transfer Characteristics - Transfer from AC Input Source to Inverter: If qualified AC input power is available (its voltage and frequency are within the programmed range), the Transfer Relay remains energized and the AC input power is passed through to the load and at the same time, the unit operates as a battery charger. If AC input power fails or is not qualified (its voltage and frequency are not within the programmed range), the Transfer Relay is de-energized and the load is transferred to the inverter. When this transfer takes place, the inverter initially operates in Normal Mode. If the AC load was greater than the programmed value of “Wake-up Point”, the inverter continues in Normal Mode. However, if it sees a load less than the programmed value of “Enter Point” for around 5 sec, it enters Power Saving Mode. - Transfer from Inverter to AC Input Source: As soon as qualified AC input power is available, the inverter will exit Power Saving Mode and will switch over to Normal Mode. This switch over is necessary for synchronizing the AC output of the inverter with the AC input before transfer (Synchronization can not be carried out with pulsing wave form during Power Saving Mode). After synchronization is completed, the load is transferred to the AC Input Source at zero crossing of the voltage waveform. 4.6.5 Normal (Off-Line), On-Line and Charger Only Modes EVO has 3 modes of operation as follows that can be programmed through programming parameter “MODE” [For details, see Section 22.214.171.124 in the EVO-RC-PLUS Remote Control Manual] i. Option “0=Normal” (Default). Also called Off-Line Mode. See details at Section 126.96.36.199 below ii. Option “1=On-Line”. See details at Section 188.8.131.52 below iii. Option “2=Charger Only”. See Section 184.108.40.206 below 220.127.116.11 Option “0=Normal” (Default). This option is also called “Off-Line UPS Mode” (UPS stands for Uninterruptible Power Supply). In this mode, AC input source is the PRIMARY source of AC power and the batteries / Inverter Section of EVO is the BACK-UP source of DC-AC power. If qualified AC input (within the programmed voltage and frequency limits) is available, the EVO will operate in “Charging Mode” and qualified AC input will be passed through to the AC output and at the same time, the Internal AC Charger will start charging the batteries. If an external Solar Charge Controller is also connected to the External Charging Terminals (3, 4 in Fig 2.1), the internal AC Charger of EVO will limit the charging current as follows: \[ \text{Value of charging current produced by EVO Charging Section} = \frac{\text{(Programmed value of charging current set by parameter "BULK CURRENT" (See Section 18.104.22.168 of EVO-RC-PLUS Remote Control Manual)) minus (Value of current fed from the external solar charge controller)}}{} \] When AC input fails or, is not within the programmed values of voltage and frequency, the unit will change over to “Inverting Mode” and the AC Output will be fed from the internal Inverter Section of EVO. When the AC input is restored, the EVO will revert back to “Charging Mode” to charge the batteries and at the same time, pass through the AC input to the AC output. 22.214.171.124 Option “1= On-Line”: This option is also called “On-Line UPS Mode” (UPS stands for Un-interruptible Power Supply). In this mode, the Inverter Section of the EVO is the PRIMARY DC-AC source of power. The AC input source is the BACK-UP source of AC power. In this mode, even if qualified AC input is available (within the programmed voltage and frequency limits), the EVO will still operate in “Inverting Mode” and AC output will be provided by the Inverter Section as long as the batteries are in charged condition above the specified programmed value of low battery voltage that is set through programmable parameter “LOW VOLT ALARM” [See Section 126.96.36.199 of EVO-RC-PLUS Remote Control Manual]. When the battery discharges to the programmed voltage threshold of “LOW VOLT ALARM”, or lower and remains at this threshold, or below for a sustained programmed time period set by programmable parameter “GS DETECT TIME” [See Section 188.8.131.52 of EVO-RC-PLUS Remote Control Manual], the EVO will change over to “Charging Mode”. On changing over to “Charging Mode”, qualified AC input will be passed through to the AC Output and at the same time, the Internal AC Charger will start charging the battery. If an external Solar Charge Controller is also connected to the External Charging Terminals (3, 4 in Fig 2.1), the internal AC Charger will limit the charging current as follows: \[ \text{Value of charging current produced by EVO Charging Section} = \frac{\text{Programmed value of charging current set by parameter "BULK CURRENT" [See Section 184.108.40.206 of EVO-RC-PLUS Remote Control Manual] minus (Value of current fed from the external solar charge controller)}} \] Under the following 2 conditions, “Charging Mode” will be terminated, and the EVO will switch back to “Inverting Mode”. Switching from “Charging Mode” back to “Inverting Mode” has 2 options under programming parameter “ONLINE OPTION” [See Section 220.127.116.11 of EVO-RC-PLUS Remote Control Manual]: i. When Parameter “ONLINE OPTION” is set at option “0= Option 1” [See Section 18.104.22.168 of EVO-RC-PLUS Remote Control Manual]: EVO™ will switch back from “Charging Mode” to “Inverting Mode” after completion of 3-Stage/ 2-Stage charging profile programmed through parameter “CHARGING PROFILE” [See Section 22.214.171.124 in the EVO-RC-PLUS Remote Control Manual]. ii. When Parameter “ONLINE OPTION” is set at option “1= Option 2” [See Section 126.96.36.199 in the EVO-RC-PLUS Remote Control Manual]: EVO™ will switch back from “Charging Mode” to “Inverting Mode” when the batteries have charged to the voltage threshold set by parameter “RESET VOLTAGE” [See Section 188.8.131.52 in the EVO-RC-PLUS Remote Control Manual] and have remained at this threshold or higher for time period set by parameter “GEN OFF DELAY” [See Section 184.108.40.206 in the EVO-RC-PLUS Remote Control Manual]. Online Mode is suitable for installations where both Grid and Photovoltaic (PV) Solar Battery Charging System are available. It is also desirable in areas where Grid / Utility Energy Rates are very high and use of supplementary battery based photovoltaic power system is more cost effective. 220.127.116.11 Option “2=Charger Only”. In Off-grid DC powered homes, for efficiency consideration, all lighting and other loads / appliances are normally powered from batteries that are primarily charged through solar / wind power. Generator backup is used for powering AC to DC battery charger for charging the batteries during extended periods of cloudy / no wind conditions. To meet this requirement, the EVO™ can be programmed to operate as a battery charger ONLY i.e. when AC input power is available within the programmed limits of voltage and frequency, charging will take place and AC input will be passed through to the load(s). The unit will NOT transfer to Inverting Mode if AC input fails or is outside the programmed limits of voltage and frequency [For details, see Section 18.104.22.168.3 of EVO-RC-PLUS Remote Control Manual]. 4.7 TEMPERATURE SENSOR FOR BATTERY CHARGING Battery Temperature Sensor Model EVO-BCTS [Fig 2.5(a)] has been provided to ensure optimum charging of Lead Acid/ Nickel-Zinc (Ni-Zn) batteries by modifying the charging voltages based on temperature if the battery sees very wide temperature swings. See Section 5.5 for details. Temperature compensation can be programmed with the help of optional Remote Control EVO-RC [See Section 22.214.171.124 of EVO-RC-PLUS Remote Control Manual]. Range is -3 to -4 mv/ °C/cell (Default is -4 mv/ °C/cell). Without temperature compensation, the battery life is likely to be drastically reduced because the battery will be undercharged during cold conditions (will build up sulfation) or will be overcharged during hot conditions (will boil and lose excessive water). See Section 1.4.5 for more details on temperature compensation. CAUTION! 1. Lithium Ion Battery charging does not require temperature compensation. Hence, do not use EVO-BCTS Temperature Sensor when charging Lithium Ion Batteries. 2. Automatic temperature compensation using EVO-BCTS Temperature Sensor is designed for Lead Acid Batteries based on programming parameter "COMPENSATE" [See Section 126.96.36.199 in EVO-RC-PLUS Remote Control Manual]. When charging Nickel-Zinc (Ni-Zn) batteries, ensure that the value of programming parameter "COMPENSATE" is set based on approximate linear compensation for the particular Ni-Zn battery. ATTENTION! 1. Le chargement au lithium-ion ne nécessite pas de compensation de température. Par conséquent, n’utilisez pas le capteur de température EVO-BCTS lors du chargement de batteries au lithium-ion. 2. La compensation automatique de température à l’aide du capteur de température EVO-BCTS est conçue pour les batteries au plomb selon le paramètre de programmation "COMPENSATE" [voir la section 188.8.131.52 du manuel de la télécommande EVO-RC-PLUS]. Lors de la charge en nickel-zinc (Ni-Zn) batteries, assurez-vous que la valeur du paramètre de programmation "COMPENSATE" est définie sur la base d’une compensation linéaire approximative pour la batterie Ni-Zn concernée. 4.8 PARALLEL OPERATION WITH EXTERNAL SOLAR CHARGE CONTROLLER The Battery Charger Section is able to operate in parallel with external Solar Charge Controller with a charging capacity of up to 50 A. The output of the external charging source is routed through this unit and operates in parallel with the internal charger. The internal charging current is controlled to ensure that the combined current fed to the battery does not exceed the programmed value of parameter “BULK CURRENT” [See Section 184.108.40.206 in the EVO-RC-PLUS Remote Control Manual]. This improves the life of the battery. Please see Section 5.4 for more details. 4.9 COOLING AND OVER TEMPERATURE PROTECTION 4.9.1 Cooling Fans The unit is cooled by convection and by forced air cooling using 2 variable speed cooling fans. Temperature is sensed at the Power Transformer and H-Bridge Power Mosfets / Heat Sink. The fans will be switched ON at specified temperatures measured at the above sense points. The speed of the fans is increased as the temperature rises. 4.9.2 Over Temperature Protection [Refer to Fault Messages and Troubleshooting Guide at Table 7.1 of EVO-RC-PLUS Remote Control Manual]. The unit goes to Fault Mode and shuts down due to over temperature sensed at the Main Power Transformer and the Heat Sink for the Power Mosfets: Fault messages and temperature thresholds for shut down and auto-reset are as follows: - “Transformer over heat!” : Shut down at 150°C and auto-reset at 80°C - “Heat sink over heat!” : Shut down at 100°C and auto-reset at 60°C 4.9.3 Automatic Reduction Of Charging Current In Higher Ambient Temperatures In order to protect against over temperature shut down when operating in higher ambient temperatures of 50C to 60C, the BULK CURRENT setting [See Section 220.127.116.11 in the EVO-RC-PLUS Remote Control Manual] is automatically reduced as follows based on temperature sensed at the Power Transformer and at the Heat Sink for the Power Mosfets: • Power Transformer: In case the temperature is >130°C, the BULK CURRENT setting is automatically reduced by 0.2% every 20 sec • Heat Sink: In case the temperature is >90°C, the BULK CURRENT is automatically reduced by 0.2% every 20 sec ### 4.10 OPTIONAL REMOTE CONTROL EVO-RC FOR PROGRAMMING OF MODES OF OPERATION AND PARAMETERS Optional Remote Control Model EVO-RC-PLUS [Fig 2.4(a)] will be required for more advanced control and monitoring. Please see separate Owner’s Manual for EVO-RC-PLUS. The Remote Control comes with 10M / 33 ft., RJ-45 Data Cable. The Remote plugs into RJ-45 Jack on the front panel of the unit (7, Fig 2.1). It has provision for Data Logging using SD Card of up to 16 GB (FAT16 / FAT32). It also has its own Real Time Clock and Super Capacitor Type of Internal Battery. The Remote Control will be required for Firmware upgrade through the SD Card. Detailed messaging is available through its LCD display and LEDs. This remote will also be required for programming of various parameters to suit specific requirements. Each programmable parameter has a Default Value. This unit has been shipped with the various parameters set at the Default Values. Programmable and Default values are shown in Tables 6.2 to 6.6. ### SECTION 5 \| Battery Charging in Evolution™ Series #### 5.1 PRINCIPLES OF OPERATION OF BATTERY CHARGING SECTION INFO For background information on batteries and charging process, please read Section 1.4, “General Information - Battery Related”. All battery charging voltages are specified at battery temperature of 25 C / 77 F. #### 5.1.1 General Information EVO Series is a Low Frequency Type, Pure Sine Wave, Single Phase Inverter-Charger with a built-in Transfer Relay. It uses high performance, 100MHz SP (Digital Signal Processing) type of micro-controller and Pulse Width Modulation (PWM) control. It is Bi-Directional i.e. it uses a common Converter Section consisting of Low Frequency Isolation Transformer and Mosfet based H-Bridge that can work in two directions as follows: 1) AC to DC Charging Mode: The common Converter Section is used to convert external AC input power to DC output power to charge the batteries and at the same time, pass through the AC input power to the AC loads 2) DC to AC Inverting Mode: The common Converter Section is used to convert DC input power from the batteries to AC output power to feed the AC loads Please note that as the unit is Bi-Directional with a common Converter Section as explained above, it cannot work as inverter and charger at the same time. During “Charging Mode”, the internal Transfer Relay is energized when AC input power from Grid / Generator is within the programmed limits of voltage and frequency and the following actions are initiated: - AC input power is fed to the Common Converter Section for conversion to DC voltage to charge the batteries - AC input power is simultaneously passed through to the AC loads 5.1.2 Basics of PWM (Pulse Width Modulation) Based Charging Process 18.104.22.168 AC input power is fed to the Primary Winding of the Isolation Transformer. The voltage on the Secondary of the isolation Transformer is stepped down and fed to input of H-Bridge Converter that uses four N-Channel Mosfet Switches. The output of the H-Bridge is fed to the battery / battery bank. PWM (Pulse Width Modulation) technique is used for the charging process. PWM frequency is 30 kHz. 22.214.171.124 The two High-Side Mosfet Switches of the H-Bridge are kept OFF and their Body Diodes are used for full-wave rectification of the stepped down AC input voltage. The average / mean value of battery charging current will vary between 0A and a Positive peak value in the form of DC Wave resembling sine wave. The charging current displayed by the EVO-RC Remote Control will be the average / mean value of the above DC Wave. 126.96.36.199 The two Low-Side Mosfet Switches of the H-Bridge are switched ON / OFF together at PWM frequency of 30 kHz with variable “Duty Cycle” proportional to the desired value of charging current. When the two Low-Side Mosfets are ON for period determined by the “Duty Cycle” set by the micro-controller, the Secondary Winding will be short circuited and magnetic field proportional to the short circuit current will be created by the winding. When the two Low-Side Mosfet Switches are switched OFF, short circuit of the winding is removed resulting in collapse of the magnetic field and generation of induced voltage pulses at PWM frequency of 30 kHz with a value = - L di/dt where “L” is the Inductance of the winding and “di/dt” is the rate of decay of Short Circuit Current. Thus, higher Duty Cycle will produce induced pulses with higher voltage. When the voltage of the induced pulses is > the battery voltage, charging current pulses will be produced. The value of charging current pulses will be proportional to the difference of voltage between the voltage of the induced pulses and the battery voltage. 188.8.131.52 During the Bulk Stage of charging (Section 184.108.40.206), the average / mean charging current set by programming parameter “BULK CURRENT” (See section 220.127.116.11 of EVO-RC-PLUS Remote Control Manual) is held constant by controlling the “Duty Cycle” of the 30 kHz induced pulses. When charging starts, the charging current is NOT increased to the programmed value of parameter BULK CURRENT immediately but is gradually ramped up to this value. 18.104.22.168 During Absorption Stage (Section 5.7.2), Float Stage (5.7.3) and Equalization Stage (22.214.171.124), the battery voltage is held constant indirectly by controlling the “Duty Cycle” of the 30 kHz induced pulses. For example, if the battery voltage increases above the value set by parameters ABSORP VOLTAGE / FLOATING VOLTAGE / EQUALIZE VOLTAGE, the PWM “Duty Cycle” is reduced that leads to lower short circuit current of the Secondary Winding. This will reduce the voltage of the induced pulses and consequently, reduce the value of the charging current pulses. Reduced value of charging current pulses will reduce the battery voltage back to the value set by ABSORP VOLTAGE / FLOATING VOLTAGE / EQUALIZE VOLTAGE. 126.96.36.199 Battery Charging Profiles 7 programmable types of 2/3/4 Stage Charging Profiles are available. Please see details under Section 5.6 5.2 DYNAMIC AC INPUT CURRENT DIVERSION CONTROL BETWEEN AC PASS THROUGH CURRENT AND BATTERY CHARGING CURRENT EVO Models have very powerful Battery Charger Section that will require very high AC input current from the AC input source (See Table 5.1). \| TABLE 5.1 CHARGING CURRENTS AND PASS THROUGH LOAD CURRENTS \| \|------------------------------------------------------------\| \| \| Rated Charging Current \| Maximum Pass Through Load Power and Current \| \| \| Max. DC Side Charging Current \| Equivalent AC Side Charging Current \| Pass Through Power \| Pass Through Amps \| \| EVO-1212F & EVO-1212F-HW \| 60A \| 11.2A \| 1200 VA \| 10A \| \| EVO-1224F & EVO-1224F-HW \| 40A \| 11.2A \| 1200 VA \| 10A \| When batteries are being charged at or near the maximum value of charging current (See TABLE 5.1) and the pass through load current increases, the AC input supply circuit breaker may trip if the combined value of the AC side charging current (equivalent to the DC side charging current) and the pass through load current exceeds the AC input supply circuit breaker capacity. This situation is prevented by “Dynamic AC Input Current Diversion Control between AC Pass through Current and Battery Charging Current”. This is accomplished through appropriate setting of programmable parameters “GRID MAX CURRENT”. Optional Remote Control Model EVO-RC-PLUS will be required for the above setting [Please refer to Section 188.8.131.52 of the EVO-RC-PLUS Remote Control Manual]. “GRID MAX CURRENT” (Default = 20A) should be set equal to the Ampere rating of the external AC input supply breakers. During Battery Charging Mode, if the AC pass through load current is increased resulting in the net AC input current increasing by 1A more than the programmed “GRID MAX CURRENT” for 1 sec, the EVO will automatically reduce the charging current to ensure that the equivalent AC Side Charging Current + Pass Through Load Current is not more than the set value of “GRID MAX”. INFO As explained above, if the net AC input current is 1A more than the value of GRID MAX CURRENT for 1 sec, the AC side charging current is clawed back to ensure that GRID MAX CURRENT value is not exceeded. If the value of pass through load current increases to a value of 1A more than the programmed value of GRID MAX CURRENT for 5 sec, input over current protection will be activated based on option to either transfer to Inverting Mode or to shut down in FAULT MODE [Refer to details of these 2 options under parameter “INPUT OC PROTECT” at Section 184.108.40.206 in the EVO-RC-PLUS Owner’s Manual]. SECTION 5 \| Battery Charging in Evolution™ Series EXAMPLE: 1) Assume EVO-1212F is connected to the Grid input with Grid input supply circuit breaker capacity of 20A. Parameter settings are as follows: a) “GRID MAX CURRENT” setting = the Default value of 20A. b) “BULK CURRENT” setting = 60A (DC). When charging at 60A on the DC side, the corresponding AC side input current will be 11.2A (Based on Conversion Factor of 1A DC side charging current = 0.19A AC side charging current). 2) Assume that the AC pass-through load current is 5A. The total AC input current will be 16.2A i.e. 5A AC pass-through load current + 11.2A AC input side current corresponding to 60A DC side charging current [see 1(b) above]. Under this condition, the EVO will operate normally because the net AC input current of 16.2A will be below 20A Default setting for parameter “GRID MAX CURRENT”. 3) If now, the AC pass-through load current is increased to 15A for more than 5 sec, the total AC input current will be 26.2A i.e. 15A pass through load current + 11.2A AC side charging current corresponding to 60A DC side charging current [see 1(b) above]. As the total AC input current will be 6.2A more than the “GRID MAX CURRENT” for more than 1 sec, the AC input side charging current will be clawed back from 11.2A to 8.8A within less than 5 sec so that the total AC input current is limited to 20A. At reduced AC side charging current of 8.8A, the corresponding DC side charging current will be 46.3 A DC (Based on Conversion Factor of 1A DC side charging current = 0.19A AC side charging current). 4) If now, the AC pass-through load current is increased to 22A for more than 5 sec, the total AC input current will be 30.8A (22A pass through load current + 8.8A AC side charging current corresponding to 46.3A DC side charging current). The AC side charging current will be automatically reduced from 8.8A (corresponding to 46.3A DC side charging current) to 0A (corresponding to 0A DC side charging current). However, now the AC input current will be still be 22A i.e. 2A more than the “GRID MAX” current setting of 20A for more than 5 sec. After 5 sec of operation under this condition, the EVO will operate as follows based the option selected through parameter “INPUT OC PROTECT” [See details of this parameter under Section 220.127.116.11 in EVO-RC-PLUS Owner’s Manual] o Parameter “INPUT OC PROTECT” set in the Default option “0=Inverter”: The EVO will switch over to Inverter Mode to ensure that 22A AC load is maintained. If subsequently, the load reduces to 1A less than the 20A setting of GRID MAX CURRENT for 5 sec, the EVO will switch back to Charging Mode. o Parameter “INPUT OC PROTECT” set for option “1= Shutdown”: EVO will be shut down. - There will be no AC output because the Transfer Relay will be de-energized, charging will be stopped and PWM drive to the Inverter Section will be switched off. - Fault message “Input over current” will be displayed on the LCD screen, Blue LED marked “Status” will be switched off and Red LED marked “Fault” will be switched on. - The unit will be latched in OFF condition and will require manual reset by powering off the unit, waiting for 1 min and then powering on again. 5.3 AUTOMATIC REDUCTION OF CHARGING CURRENT IN HIGHER AMBIENT TEMPERATURES In order to protect against over temperature shut down when operating in higher ambient temperatures of around 50C to 60C, the BULK CURRENT setting [See section 18.104.22.168 of EVO-RC-PLUS Remote Control Manual] is automatically reduced as follows based on temperature sensed at the Power Transformer and at the Heat Sink for the Power Mosfets: 5.4 PARALLEL CHARGING USING EXTERNAL SOLAR CHARGER The batteries feeding the EVO™ can also be charged using appropriately sized external solar charging system. The output of the solar panels will feed to an appropriately sized external Solar Charge Controller. Output of the external Solar Charge Controller is fed to the input terminals marked “EXT Charger” (3,4 in Fig 2.1). Maximum charging current on these terminals is to be limited to 50A. This limit should not be exceeded! The charging current received from the external Solar Charge Controller is directly fed to the battery terminals (1,2 in Fig 2.1) through a series connected Hall-effect Current Sensing IC with integrated shunt. The value of this current is displayed as “BATT EXT” on the optional Remote Control EVO-RC-PLUS. Refer to following display screens from EVO-RC-PLUS Remote Control Manual: - During Inverting Mode: Screen No.5 in Fig 3.2(a) under Section 22.214.171.124 of EVO-RC-PLUS Remote Control Manual - During Charging Mode: Screen No.1 in Fig 3.3(a) of EVO-RC-PLUS Remote Control Manual - During Power Save Mode: Screen No.5 in Fig 3.4(a) of EVO-RC-PLUS Remote Control Manual When AC input is available within the programmed window of AC input voltage and frequency, the batteries will be charged based on the following options selected through programming parameter “EXT. CHARGER”: i) Programming Parameter “EXT. CHARGER” set at Default Option “0 = Affect” (Section 126.96.36.199 of Remote-Control Manual EVO-RC-PLUS): This is the default setting. Under this setting, the total charging current will be as follows: - Total Charging Current = Charging current from internal AC charger PLUS adjusted charging current from the External Solar Charge Controller - Adjusted Charging current from the Internal AC Charger = Programmed value of Parameter “BULK CURRENT” (Section 188.8.131.52 of Remote-Control Manual for EVO-RC-PLUS) MINUS value of charging current from the External Solar Charge Controller ii) Programming Parameter “EXT CHARGER” set at Option “0 = Not affect” (Section 184.108.40.206 of Remote Control Manual EVO-RC-PLUS): - Total Charging Current = Charging current from internal AC charger PLUS charging current from the External Solar Charge Controller - Charging current from internal AC Charger = Full programmed value of Parameter “BULK CURRENT” (Section 220.127.116.11 of Remote Control Manual for EVO-RC-PLUS) The subsequent explanation is for Programming Parameter “EXT. CHARGER” set at Default Option "0 = Affect" The net Bulk Charging Current fed to the battery bank will, thus, be as follows: - Net Bulk Charging Current fed to the battery bank= Adjusted Bulk Charging Current from the internal Battery Charging Section + Current available from the external Solar Charge Controller Normally, Lead Acid batteries should not be charged at very high Bulk Charging Current as this will damage the batteries due to overheating and cell degradation. Normal Bulk Charging Current is in the range of 10% to 20% of the Ah capacity of the battery bank at C/20 Discharge Rate. Check with the battery manufacturer regarding recommended Bulk Charging Current for your battery bank. This value of “Bulk Charging Current” should be programmed as “BULK CURRENT” using the optional Remote Control EVO-RC-PLUS [Refer to Section 18.104.22.168 in the Owner’s Manual for EVO-RC-PLUS Remote Controll]. The measured value of the charging current received from the external Solar Charge Controller is monitored by the control circuitry of the internal Battery Charging Section. The amount of Bulk Charging Current produced by the internal Battery Charging Section is adjusted in real time to satisfy the following condition: - Internal Bulk Charging Current = Programmed Value of “Bulk Current” – External Charging Current For example, if the “Bulk Current” in the EVO™ is programmed at say 40A and the external Solar Charge Controller is generating 15A, the internal Battery Charging Section will reduce its current from 40A to 25A so that the net charging current is equal to the programmed value of 40A. In other Inverter Chargers where this design feature is not available and the Bulk Charging Current of the internal Battery Charger Section is fixed, the batteries are likely to be charged at high Bulk Charging Current = Fixed value of Bulk Charging Current from the internal Battery Charging Section + Current available from the External Charge Controller. CAUTION! Ensure that charging voltage related parameters of EVO™ like (i) ABSORP VOLTAGE, (ii) EQUALIZE VOLTAGE, (iii) FLOAT VOLTAGE and (iv) Temperature Compensation (COMPENSATE) are set / programmed to match the programmed parameters of the external charge controller. [Please refer to (i) Table 6.2, Section 6 and (ii) Sections 22.214.171.124 to 126.96.36.199 of the EVO-RC-PLUS Remote Control Manual]. ATTENTION! S’assurer que la charge de tension, les paramètres connexes d’EVO™ comme (i) La tension d’absorption, (ii) EQUALIZE VOLTAGE, (iii) Tension d’égaliser et (iv) La compensation de température (COMPENSATE) est réglée / programmée pour correspondre aux paramètres programmés du contrôleur de charge externe. [Veuillez consulter (i) le tableau 6.2, section 6 et (ii) les sections 188.8.131.52 à 184.108.40.206 du manuel d’utilisation de la télécommande EVO-RC-PLUS]. 5.5 BATTERY TEMPERATURE COMPENSATION USING TEMPERATURE SENSOR: MODEL NO. EVO-BCTS 5.5.1 General Description – Battery Temperature Compensation Please refer to Section 1.4.5 for general information on temperature compensation of battery charging voltages. Battery Temperature Sensor Model EVO-BCTS [Fig 2.5(a)] has been provided to ensure optimum charging of Lead Acid and Nickel Zinc (Ni-Zn) Batteries by negative temperature compensation of the charging voltages based on the battery electrolyte temperature. The charging voltage is reduced when electrolyte temperature rises above the reference temperature of 25°C / 77°F and increased when electrolyte temperature falls below the reference temperature of 25°C / 77°F. INFO Charging voltages of Lithium Ion Battery are not affected by temperature and hence, Battery Temperature Sensor Model EVO-BCTS is not required to be used when Lithium Ion batteries are used. Automatic temperature compensation will be carried out over temperature range of -20°C to +60°C based on the programmed value of the negative “Temperature Coefficient of Battery Charging Voltage”. In EVO, this parameter is called “COMPENSATE” and is specified in “mV/Cell”. For programming details of this parameter, please refer to the following Sections of EVO-RC-PLUS Remote Manual: - Parameter Setup Menu Map at Fig 4.2: Screen 5 - Programming range and defaults: Screen No. 5 of Table 4.3 - Programming procedure: Section 220.127.116.11 In addition to compensating Absorption, Float and Equalization voltages, the voltage thresholds of parameters “LOW VOLTAGE ALARM”, “BATTERY LOW VOLTAGE”, “RESET VOLTAGE”, “BATTERY OVER VOLTAGE” and “RESET TO BULK” are also temperature compensated. 5.5.2 Constructional Details of Battery Temperature Sensor Model EVO-BCTS and Installation The Temperature Sensor consists of 5 meters / 16.5 ft cable with Temperature Sensor Head for the battery end [1 in Fig 2.5(a)] and RJ-45 Plug [2 in Fig 2.5(a)] for EVO end. Temperature Sensor Head [1 in Fig 2.5(a)]: The Temperature Sensor Head is installed on the Positive / Negative battery Stud [Fig 2.5(b)] to monitor the temperature of the battery electrolyte. The Sensor Head contains an embedded Negative Temperature Coefficient (NTC) Resistor with 2 internal terminals “NTC+” and “NTC -”. Internal terminal “NTC+” is wired to Pin 4 of the RJ-45 Plug [2 in Fig 2.5(a)] and internal terminal “NTC -” is wired to Pin 5 of the RJ-45 Plug. RJ-45 Plug [2 in Fig 2.5(a)]: The RJ-45 Plug is required to be plugged into the RJ-45 Jack marked “Battery Temp Sensor” on the front panel of EVO (6 in Fig 2.1). Pinout of this RJ-45 Jack is shown in Fig 5.0. SECTION 5 \| Battery Charging in Evolution™ Series RJ-45 Jack on the Front Panel of EVO™ (6, Fig 2.1) for Connecting Battery Temperature Sensor Pinout of this RJ-45 Jack [marked “Battery Temp Sensor” on the front panel of EVO (6 in Fig 2.1)] is shown at Fig 5.0 below (also shown at Fig 3.13): Fig 5.0 Pinout of RJ-45 Jack marked “Battery Temp Sensor” on the front panel of EVO (6 in Fig 2.1). 5.6 CHARGING PROFILES Please refer to Section 1.4.3 regarding general information on 4 stages of battery charging. Depending upon the type of batteries to be charged and its application, 2/3/4 charging stages may be used based on the appropriate Charging Profile. When AC input within the programmed window of voltage and frequency is available, EVO will operate as a battery charger. Option is available for 7 charging profiles as follows: - 6 options for the following 3-Stage / 2-Stage charging profiles through programming parameter “CHARGING PROFILE” designed to cover various charging requirements for Lead Acid, Nickel-Zinc (Ni-Zn) and Lithium Ion Batteries. - 0 = 3 Stage Adaptive (Default) - 1 = 3 Stage Type 1 - 2 = 3 Stage Type 2 - 3 = 2 Stage Type 1 - 4 = 2 Stage Type 2 - 5 = 2 Stage Type 3 Refer to the following for more details: - Section 5.7 for description and charging curves for 3-Stage Charging Profiles - Section 5.10 for description and charging curves for 2-Stage Charging Profiles - Programming procedure at Section 18.104.22.168 in the EVO-RC-PLUS Remote Control Manual - 1 option for 4-Stage Adaptive Charging Profile for Equalization for Lead Acid Batteries Refer to the following for more details: - Section 5.8 for description and charging profiles - Programming procedure at Section 22.214.171.124 in the EVO-RC-PLUS Remote Control Manual The Battery Management System (BMS) that comes with the type of Lithium Battery being used may need to have control over charging and discharging of the battery. For this, Pins 4 and 5 of the Temperature Sensor Jack (6, Fig 2.1; Pinout at Fig 5.0) may be used to feed potential free contact closing signal from the BMS to “Stop Charging” or “Stop Inverting”. Refer to Section 5.11.2 for details. ATTENTION! Le système de gestion de la batterie (BMS) qui vient avec le type de batterie au lithium utilisé aura besoin d'avoir le contrôle de charge et décharge de la batterie. Pour cela, les broches 4 et 5 du capteur de température (6, Fig. 2.1; Pinout à la Fig. 5.0) peut être utilisé pour l'alimentation contact libre de signal de fermeture de la BMS à "arrêter la charge" ou "arrêter d'inverser". Se reporter à la Section 5.11.2 pour plus de détails. ### 5.7 3-STAGE CHARGING PROFILE - DETAILED EXPLANATION Refer to 3 types of 3-Stage Charging Profile options at Srls. 1 to 3 in TABLE 5.2. Fig. 5.1 shows the voltage and current charging curves with respect to time and different charging stages associated with these profiles. INFO 4-Stage Adaptive Charging Profile for Equalization is also available and can be activated at any time during charging taking place under these 3-stage profiles. Procedure to activate 4-Stage Adaptive Charging Profile for Equalization is described under programming parameter “EQUALIZE-4 STAGES” at Section 126.96.36.199 in the EVO-RC-PLUS Remote Control Manual. ## TABLE 5.2 3 TYPES OF CHARGING PROFILE OPTIONS FOR 3-STAGE CHARGING \| Srl No. \| Options under Programming Parameter “CHARGING PROFILE” (See Section 188.8.131.52 in EVO-RC-PLUS Remote Control Manual) \| Charging Stages \| Battery Type \| \|---------\|---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------\|-----------------\|--------------\| \| 1 \| NOTES: 1. This is the default, 3-Stage Adaptive Type of Charging Profile with Adaptive Time Algorithm for Absorption Stage \| 1. Stage 1 – Bulk Stage (See Section 184.108.40.206 for details) - Charge at constant current (CC) = the programmed value of parameter “BULK CURRENT”. (Default value is 20A. For details of programming range & procedure, refer to Section 220.127.116.11 of EVO-RC-PLUS Remote Control Manual) - Transition to Absorption Stage when voltage rises to the set value for programming parameter “ABSORP VOLTAGE”. (Default value is 14.4V for EVO-1212F/1212F-HW and 28.8V for EVO-1224F/1224F-HW. For details of programming range & procedure, refer to Section 18.104.22.168 of EVO-RC-PLUS Remote Control Manual) - Adaptive Time Algorithm: Time in Absorption Stage is computed automatically based on time in Bulk Stage (See Section 5.7.2 for details). - Transition to Float Stage thereafter 2. Stage 2 - Absorption Stage (See Section 5.7.2 for details) - Charge at constant voltage (CV) = the programmed value for parameter “ABSORP VOLTAGE”. (Default value is 14.4V for EVO-1212F/1212F-HW and 28.8V for EVO-1224F/1224F-HW. For details of programming range & procedure, refer to Section 22.214.171.124 of EVO-RC-PLUS Remote Control Manual) - Adaptive Time Algorithm: Time in Absorption Stage is computed automatically based on time in Bulk Stage (See Section 5.7.2 for details). - Transition to Float Stage thereafter 3. Stage 3 - Float Stage (See Section 5.7.3 for details) - Charge at constant voltage (CV) = the programmed value of parameter “FLOAT VOLTAGE”. (Default value is 13.5V for EVO-1212F/1212F-HW and 27.0V for EVO-1224F/1224F-HW. For details of programming range & procedure, refer to Section 126.96.36.199 of EVO-RC-PLUS Remote Control Manual) - Reset to Bulk Stage under the following conditions: i. If the AC input is disconnected and is reconnected. ii. If battery voltage falls to the programmed value of parameter “RESET TO BULK”. (Default value is 12.0V for EVO-1212F/1212F-HW and 24.0V for EVO-1224F/1224F-HW. For details of programming range & procedure, refer to Section 188.8.131.52 of EVO-RC-PLUS Remote Control Manual) iii. If the charger remains in the Float Stage for 10 days \| – Lead Acid: Flooded and sealed – AGM/Gel Cell – Ensure that there are no other DC load(s) on the batteries. Load(s) on the battery may drain full or part of the charging current and will upset the “Adaptive Time Algorithm” for Absorption Stage time \| \| 2 \| 1 = 3 Stage Type 1 \| 1. Stage 1 – Bulk Stage (See Section 184.108.40.206 for details) - Charge at constant current (CC) = the programmed value of parameter “BULK CURRENT”. (Default value is 20A. For details of programming range & procedure, refer to Section 220.127.116.11 of EVO-RC-PLUS Remote Control Manual) - Transition to Absorption Stage when voltage rises to the set value for programming parameter “ABSORP VOLTAGE”. (Default value is 14.4V for EVO-1212F/1212F-HW and 28.8V for EVO-1224F/1224F-HW. For details of programming range & procedure, refer to Section 18.104.22.168 of EVO-RC-PLUS Remote Control Manual) - Adaptive Time Algorithm: Time in Absorption Stage is computed automatically based on time in Bulk Stage (See Section 5.7.2 for details). - Transition to Float Stage thereafter 2. Stage 2 - Absorption Stage (See Section 5.7.2 for details) - Charge at constant voltage (CV) = the programmed value for parameter “ABSORP VOLTAGE”. (Default value is 14.4V for EVO-1212F/1212F-HW and 28.8V for EVO-1224F/1224F-HW. For details of programming range & procedure, refer to Section 22.214.171.124 of EVO-RC-PLUS Remote Control Manual) - Remain in Absorption Stage for time duration = programmed value of parameter “ABSORP TIME”. (Default value is 60 min. For details of programming range & procedure, refer to Section 126.96.36.199 of EVO-RC-PLUS Remote Control Manual) - Transition to Float Stage thereafter \| – Lead Acid: Flooded and sealed – AGM/Gel Cell – Lithium (See Section 5.11 for details) \| ### Stage 3 – Float Stage (See Section 5.7.3 for details) - Charge at constant voltage (CV) = the programmed value of parameter “FLOAT VOLTAGE”. Default value is 13.5V for EVO-1212F/1212F-HW and 27.0V for EVO-1224F/1224F-HW. For details of programming range & procedure, refer to Section 188.8.131.52 of EVO-RC-PLUS Remote Control Manual. - Reset to Bulk Stage under the following conditions: - If the AC input is disconnected and is reconnected. - If battery voltage falls to the programmed value of parameter “RESET TO BULK”. Default value is 12.0V for EVO-1212F/1212F-HW and 24.0V for EVO-1224F/1224F-HW. For details of programming range & procedure, refer to Section 184.108.40.206 of EVO-RC-PLUS Remote Control Manual. - If the charger remains in the Float Stage for 10 days ### Stage 1 – Bulk Stage (See Section 220.127.116.11 for details) - Charge at constant current (CC) = the programmed value of parameter “BULK CURRENT”. Default value is 20A. For details of programming range & procedure, refer to Section 18.104.22.168 of EVO-RC-PLUS Remote Control Manual. - Transition to Absorption Stage when voltage rises to the set value for programming parameter “ABSORP VOLTAGE” Default value is 13.6V for EVO-1212F/1212F-HW and 28.8V for EVO-1224F/1224F-HW. For details of programming range & procedure, refer to Section 22.214.171.124 of EVO-RC-PLUS Remote Control Manual. ### Stage 2 – Absorption Stage (See Section 5.7.2 for details) - Charge at constant voltage (CV) = the programmed value for parameter “ABSORP VOLTAGE”. Default value is 13.6V for EVO-1212F/1212F-HW and 28.8V for EVO-1224F/1224F-HW. For details of programming range & procedure, refer to Section 126.96.36.199 of EVO-RC-PLUS Remote Control Manual. - Remain in Absorption Stage till the current reduces to value = the programmed value of parameter “ABSORP EXIT AMPS”. Default value is 4A. For details of programming range & procedure, refer to Section 188.8.131.52 of EVO-RC-PLUS Remote Control Manual. - Transition to Float Stage thereafter. ### Stage 3 – Float Stage (See Section 5.7.3 for details) - Charge at constant voltage (CV) = the programmed value of parameter “FLOAT VOLTAGE”. Default value is 13.5V for EVO-1212F/1212F-HW and 27.0V for EVO-1224F/1224F-HW. For details of programming range & procedure, refer to Section 184.108.40.206 of EVO-RC-PLUS Remote Control Manual. - Reset to Bulk Stage under the following conditions: - If the AC input is disconnected and is reconnected. - If battery voltage falls to the programmed value of parameter “RESET TO BULK”. Default value is 12.0V for EVO-1212F/1212F-HW and 24.0V for EVO-1224F/1224F-HW. For details of programming range & procedure, refer to Section 220.127.116.11 of EVO-RC-PLUS Remote Control Manual. - If the charger remains in the Float Stage for 10 days --- 18.104.22.168 STAGE 1 – Bulk Charge Stage Refer to Fig 5.1 and Srl No. 1 of TABLE 5.2 During the 1st Bulk Charge Stage, the Duty Cycle of the boosted high frequency PWM voltage pulses (Section 5.1.2) is adjusted continuously to charge the battery at constant current (CC) = the programmed value of parameter “BULK CURRENT” designated as “I0” Default value is 20A. For details of programming range & procedure for parameter “BULK CURRENT”, refer to Section 22.214.171.124 of EVO-RC-PLUS Remote Control Manual. NOTE: The current will slowly ramp up to the programmed value of “BULK CURRENT” This current is delivered to the batteries until the battery voltage approaches its Gassing Voltage i.e. Absorption Voltage which is typically around 14.4 volts for 12 volt batteries and 28.8 volts for 24 volt batteries. The desired value can be programmed using the optional Remote Control EVO-RC-PLUS [Refer to parameter “ABSORP VOLTAGE” in Table 6.2 and at Section 126.96.36.199 of EVO-RC-PLUS manual]. The Bulk Charge Stage restores about 75% of the battery’s charge. The Gassing Voltage is the voltage at which the electrolyte in the battery begins to break down into Hydrogen and Oxygen gases. Under normal circumstances, a battery should not be charged at a voltage above its Gassing Voltage since this will cause the battery to lose electrolyte and dry out over time. This stage is displayed as "X-Bulk Stage" in the 2nd line of the Charging Mode screens in the Remote Control EVO-RC-PLUS. Refer to the display screens shown in Fig 3.3(a) under Section 188.8.131.52 of EVO-RC-PLUS Remote Control Manual. Character "X" denotes code for the Charging Profile that is active. (For details of codes, please see Table 3.2 under Section 184.108.40.206 of EVO-RC-PLUS Remote Control Manual). The value of the "BULK CURRENT" ("Io") depends upon the total Ampere Hour (Ah) capacity of the battery or bank of batteries. A battery should never be charged at very high charging current as very high rate of charging will not return the full 100 percent capacity as the Gassing Voltage rises with higher charging current. As a general Rule of Thumb, the BULK CURRENT "Io" for Lead Acid Batteries should be limited to 10% to 20% of the Ah capacity of the battery [Ah capacity at C-rate of discharge = C/20 (or, 0.05C)]. Higher charging current may be used for Lead Acid Batteries if permitted by the battery manufacturer. Lithium Ion & Nickel Zinc batteries may be charged at higher rates of up to 50% to 100% of their Ah capacity. Programming range and Default values of "BULK CURRENT" ("Io") are shown in Table 6.2 and also at Table 4.3 under Section 4.4.1 of EVO-RC-PLUS Remote Control Manual. The units are shipped with the "BULK CURRENT" set at the Default Value of 20A. For programming information for this parameter, please refer to Section 220.127.116.11 of EVO-RC-PLUS Remote Control Manual. When the unit enters Charging Mode, it starts working as a battery charger and the charger will ramp up to full programmed "BULK CURRENT" until the charger reaches the programmed threshold of "ABSORP VOLTAGE". NOTE: The charging current will slowly ramp up to the programmed value of BULK CURRENT. For Adaptive Charging Profile Option "0=3 Stage Type 0" (See Srl. No. 1 in Table 5.2), a software timer will measure the time taken from the instant the unit enters the Bulk Charging Stage until the instant the battery voltage reaches 0.3V below the programmed "ABSORP VOLTAGE", then registers this time as Bulk Charge Time "To" and computes Absorption Time "T1" as 10 times the Bulk Charge Time "To" in the internal "T1 Timer" i.e. T1 = To x 10 (Minimum value of "T1" is 1 Hr and max value is 12 Hrs). The "T1 Timer" is used to determine the time the charging will take place in the next Absorption Stage (Section 5.7.2). ### 18.104.22.168 Automatic Adjustments of Internal AC Charger Current When External Solar Charge Controller is Also Charging in Parallel Please note that if an external Solar Charge Controller is also used to charge the batteries at the same time in parallel with the internal AC charger of the unit, the charging current of the internal AC charger will be controlled so that the total charging current of the external Solar Charge Controller and the internal charger is = the programmed "BULK CURRENT" ("Io"). For example, if the programmed "BULK CURRENT" ("Io") is say 40A and the charging current of the external Solar Charge Controller is 30A, the internal AC charger will output only 10A (Programmed setting of 40A – external charging current of 30A = 10A). Similarly, if the programmed setting is say 30A and the current supplied by the external Solar Charge Controller is say 50A, the internal AC charger will NOT provide any charging current. Please refer to Section 5.4 for more details. ### 5.7.2 STAGE 2 – Absorption Stage During the Absorption Stage, the Duty Cycle of the boosted high frequency PWM voltage pulses (Section 5.1.2) is adjusted continuously to keep the battery at constant voltage (CV) = the programmed value of parameter "ABSORP VOLTAGE" to ensure that the battery is further charged to the full capacity without overcharging. Programming range and Default values of "ABSORP VOLTAGE" are shown in Table 6.2. Default value is 14.4V for EVO-1212F / EVO-1212F-HW and 28.8V for EVO-1224F / EVO-1224F-HW. For programming details of parameter "ABSORP VOLTAGE", refer to Section 22.214.171.124 of the EVO-RC-PLUS manual. The Absorption Stage restores the remaining 25% of the battery's charge. The time the charger remains in the Absorption Stage is proportional to the depth of discharge of the battery. When the battery is more discharged, it will take longer time in the Bulk Charge Stage to reach the Gassing / Absorption Voltage. For 3-Stage Adaptive Charging Profile Option "0=3 Stage Adaptive" (See Srl. No. 1 in Table 5.2), T1 Timer (explained under Bulk Stage in Section 126.96.36.199 and Fig 5.1) computes the time of charging in this stage as follows: - Absorption Time "T1" = Bulk Charge Time "To" × 10 ("To" = Time from entering Bulk Charge Stage till battery voltage rises to 0.3V below Absorption Voltage). - The "T1 Timer" has minimum time of 1 hour and a maximum time of 12 hours. - When the "T1 Timer" runs out, the charger will enter the next Float Stage. - Programming range and Default values of Absorption Voltage are shown in Table 6.2. For the other 3-Stage Charging Profiles, "Stage 2 - Absorption Stage" is controlled as follows: - Option "1 = 3 Stage Type 1" (See Srl. 2 of Table 5.2) - Option "2 = 3 Stage Type 2" (See Srl. 3 of Table 5.2) This stage is displayed as "X-Absorption Stage" in the 2nd line of the Charging Mode screens in the Remote Control EVO-RC-PLUS. [Refer to the screen Nos. 1 to 5 shown in Fig 3.3(a) under Section 188.8.131.52 of EVO-RC-PLUS Remote Control Manual. Character "x" denotes code for the Charging Profile that is active. For details of codes for the Charging Profiles, please see Table 3.2 under Section 184.108.40.206 of Owner's Manual for EVO-RC-PLUS] 5.7.3 STAGE 3 – Float Stage Float Stage is a maintenance stage in which the Duty Cycle of the boosted high frequency PWM voltage pulses (Section 5.1.2) is adjusted continuously to keep the battery voltage at level = the programmed parameter "FLOAT VOLTAGE", typically about 13.5V for 12V models and 27.0V for 24V models to maintain the battery’s charge without losing electrolyte through gassing and also, prevent corrosion of Positive plate by maintaining proper Positive Plate Polarization Voltage. Programmable range of values of "FLOAT VOLTAGE" are shown in Table 6.2. Default value is 13.5V for EVO-1212F / EVO-1212F-HW and 27.0V for EVO-1224F / EVO-1224F-HW. For programming of parameter "FLOAT VOLTAGE", refer to Section 220.127.116.11 of EVO-RC-PLUS Remote Control Manual. This stage is displayed as "X-FLOAT STAGE" in the 2nd line of the Charging Mode screens in the Remote Control EVO-RC-PLUS [Refer to the screen Nos. 1 to 5 shown in Fig 3.3(a) under Section 18.104.22.168 of EVO-RC-PLUS Remote Control Manual. Character "x" denotes code for the Charging Profile that is active. For details of codes for the Charging Profiles, please see Table 3.2 under Section 22.214.171.124 of Owner's Manual for EVO-RC-PLUS] 5.7.4 Automatic Resetting of Charging Cycle The charging cycle will be reset to the Bulk Stage [Section 126.96.36.199] as follows: a) If the AC input is disconnected and is reconnected b) If battery discharges and its voltage falls to the voltage level set by programming parameter "RESET TO BULK" [For details, refer to Section 188.8.131.52 of EVO-RC-PLUS Remote Control Manual]. Programming range for this parameter is: i. 10 to 13VDC for EVO-1212F / EVO-1212F-HW (Default value is 12.0VDC) ii. 20 to 26VDC for EVO-1224F / EVO-1224F-HW (Default value is 24.0VDC) c) If the charger remains in the Float Stage for 10 days 5.8 4 STAGE ADAPTIVE CHARGING PROFILE - EQUALIZATION CAUTION! 4-Stage Adaptive Charging Profile - Equalization should be used only for vented, flooded (non-sealed or “wet”) batteries and not on sealed AGM / Gel Cell / Nickel-Zinc (Ni-Zn) / Lithium batteries and only as often as recommended by the battery manufacturer. ATTENTION! Profil de charge adaptative en 4 étapes - L'égalisation ne doit être utilisée que sur des batteries ventilées (non scellées ou «humides») et non sur des batteries scellées AGM / Gel / Nickel-Zinc (Ni-Zn) /Lithium et seulement aussi souvent que recommandé par le fabricant de batteries. 5.8.1 Brief Description: 4-Stage Adaptive Charging Profile for Equalization is used to equalize Flooded / Wet Cell Lead Acid Batteries. Equalization is carried out periodically – normally once per month for battery under heavy duty service and every 2 to 4 months for battery under light duty service. During the Equalization Stage, the battery is intentionally over-charged / boiled for a specified time period to equalize voltage of individual cells. Other benefits include reduction in sulfation and stirring up of the electrolyte to remove stratification. This results in maintaining the peak capacity of the battery. INFO Please read Section 1.4.4 regarding more details on necessity of equalizing batteries. This 4-Stage Adaptive Charging Profile can be activated as follows: - Using optional Remote Control Model EVO-RC-PLUS. Programming Parameter “EQUALIZE-4STAGES” is required to be set at “1=Yes”. Refer to Section 184.108.40.206 of EVO-RC-PLUS Manual. - If Remote Control EVO-RC-PLUS is not available, by pressing On/Off Push Button on the front panel of the EVO (11, Fig 2.1) for 1 sec. The cycle can be stopped prematurely by pressing the On/Off Push Button for 1 sec. Please refer to Section 5.9 for more details. 5.8.2 4-Stage Adaptive Charging Profile for Equalization – Charging Curves Fig 5.2 shows the voltage and current curves during the 4 stages under this profile. Details are explained below: As part of this Adaptive Equalization Algorithm, the charging process in the Equalization Stage is based on time “To” which is the time the charger remains in the initial Constant Current Bulk Charging Stage. In the Bulk Charging Stage, charging takes place at constant current (referred to as "CC" at programmed value of parameter "BULK CURRENT" [See Section 220.127.116.11 of EVO-RC-PLUS Remote Control Manual]. The charger will remain in the initial Bulk Charging Stage for a longer duration when the battery is deeply discharged and for a shorter duration if the battery has a shallow discharge. ## SECTION 5 \| Battery Charging in Evolution™ Series ### LEGEND for Fig 5.2 \| Symbol \| Description \| \|--------\|-------------\| \| ————- \| Voltage (V) Curve \| \| •••••• \| Current (I) Curve \| \| Io \| Bulk Stage Current. Please see Section 18.104.22.168 \| \| To \| Bulk Stage Time. Please see Section 22.214.171.124 \| \| T1' \| Adaptive Time in Absorption Stage. Refer to Section 126.96.36.199.2(a) \| \| T2 \| Adaptive Time in Equalization Stage. Refer to Section 188.8.131.52.2(b) \| \| "E-Bulk Stage", "E-Absorption Stage", "E-Equalization Stage" \| This coded information relates to the active Charging Profile and Charging Stage and is displayed in the 2nd line of the Charging Mode Display Screens of EVO-RC-PLUS Remote Control. Please see Table 3.2 under Section 184.108.40.206 of EVO-RC-PLUS Remote Control ### NOTES for Fig 5.2 1. Voltage (V) and Current (I) curves show the battery voltage and current. 2. Voltage (V) and Current (I) curves shown are based on the following operating conditions: a) The battery is being charged exclusively by the Battery charging Section of EVO and that there is NO external charging source that is charging the battery / battery bank b) There is no external DC load on the battery / battery bank (the entire current delivered by the Charging Section of EVO is being used to charge the battery / battery bank) 3. The 4th stage will be the same as the last stage of the parameter CHARGING PROFILE [See Section 220.127.116.11 in the EVO-RC-PLUS Remote Control Manual] from where Equalization was started. See Section 18.104.22.168 for details. 4. See Section 5.8.3 regarding conditions under which the charger will be forced to reset automatically and restart charging in the 1st Stage i.e. from the Bulk Stage of the programmed parameter CHARGING PROFILE [See Section 22.214.171.124 in the EVO-RC-PLUS Remote Control Manual]. Fig 5.2 Charging Curves for 4-Stage Adaptive Charging Profile for Equalization 126.96.36.199 Stage 1 – Bulk Charge Stage Refer to Section 188.8.131.52 for general information on Bulk Charge Stage and to Fig 5.2 for voltage and current curves during this stage. 184.108.40.206.1 During the 1st “Bulk Charge Stage”, the batteries will be charged at constant current (CC) = the programmed value of parameter “BULK CURRENT” (“Io”) [Default value of Parameter “BULK CURRENT” is 20A. See programming range at Table 6.2 and programming procedure at Section 220.127.116.11 in the EVO-RC-PLUS Remote Control Manual]. The value of programmed parameter “BULK CURRENT” (“Io”) should normally be limited to 10% to 20% of the Ah capacity of the battery [Ah capacity at C-rate of discharge = C/20 (or, 0.05C)]. Higher current may be used if permitted by the battery manufacturer. The Bulk Charge Stage is displayed as “E-Bulk Stage” in the 2nd line of Charging Mode Screens of EVO-RC-PLUS Remote Control. [Please refer to codes / abbreviations in Table 3.2 under Section 18.104.22.168 of EVO-RC-PLUS Remote Control Manual]. 22.214.171.124.2 A Software Timer is used to measure the time taken from the time the unit enters Bulk Stage to the time the battery voltage reaches 0.3V below the programmed value of parameter “ABSORP VOLTAGE” [Default value of parameter “ABSORP VOLTAGE” is 14.4V for EVO-1212F/1212F-HW and 28.8V for EVO-1224F/1224F-HW. See programming range at Table 6.2, Section 6 and programming procedure at Section 126.96.36.199 in the EVO-RC-PLUS Remote Control Manual]. This time is registered as Bulk Stage Time “To”. As part of Adaptive Algorithm, the following times are computed based on the Bulk Stage Time “To”: a) Absorption Stage Time T1’ = To x 0.5 b) Equalization Stage Time T2: i. $ T2 = T1' + 1 \text{ Hr} = (To \times 0.5) + 1 \text{ Hr} ; \text{ if } T1' < 2 \text{ Hrs} $ ii. $ T2 = T1' + 2 \text{ Hrs} = (To \times 0.5) + 2 \text{ Hr} ; \text{ if } T1' > 2 \text{ Hrs but } < 4 \text{ Hrs} $ iii. $ T2 = T1' + 4 \text{ Hrs} = (To \times 0.5) + 4 \text{ Hr} ; \text{ if } T1' > 4 \text{ Hrs} $ 188.8.131.52.3 When the battery voltage rises to the programmed value of parameter “ABSORP VOLTAGE”, the charging stage transitions to the next Stage 2 – Absorption Stage described at Section 184.108.40.206 below [Default value of parameter “ABSORP VOLTAGE” is 14.4V for EVO-1212F/1212F-HW and 28.8V for EVO-1224F/1224F-HW. See programming range at Table 6.2, Section 6 and programming procedure at Section 220.127.116.11 in the EVO-RC-PLUS Remote Control Manual]. 18.104.22.168.4 Automatic Adjustment of Internal AC Charger Current when External Solar Charge Controller is also Charging in Parallel: Please note that if an external solar charge controller is also used to charge the batteries at the same time in parallel with the internal AC charger of the unit, the charging current of the internal AC charger will be controlled so that the total charging current of the external charger and the internal charger is = the programmed “BULK CURRENT” (“Io”) [See Section 22.214.171.124 of EVO-RC-PLUS Remote Control Manual]. For example, if the programmed value of parameter “BULK CURRENT” (“Io”) is say 40A and the charging current from the external Solar Charge Controller is say 30A at any given instant, the internal AC charger will output only 10A (Programmed value of 40A minus external charging current of 30A = 10A). Now, if the charging current from the External Charge Controller rises to say 50A, the internal AC charger will be reduced to 0A. 126.96.36.199 Stage 2 – Adaptive Absorption Stage Refer Section 188.8.131.52 for general information on Absorption Stage and to Fig 5.2 for voltage and current curves during this stage. 184.108.40.206.1 During the 2nd “Absorption Stage”, the batteries will be charged at constant voltage (CV) = the programmed value of parameter “ABSORP VOLTAGE” [Default value of parameter “ABSORP VOLTAGE” is 14.4V for EVO-1212F/1212F-HW and 28.8V for EVO-1224F/1224F-HW. See programming range at Table 6.2, Section 6 and programming procedure at Section 220.127.116.11 in the EVO-RC-PLUS Remote Control Manual]. The Absorption Stage is displayed as “E-Absorption Stage” in the 2\textsuperscript{nd} line of Charging Mode Screens of EVO-RC-PLUS Remote Control. [Please refer to codes / abbreviations detailed at Table 3.2 under Section 18.104.22.168 of EVO-RC-PLUS Remote Control Manual]. The charger remains in this stage for computed time T1’ [Refer to Section 22.214.171.124.2(a)] and then transitions to Stage 3 – Equalization Stage described at Section 126.96.36.199 below. 188.8.131.52 Stage 3 –Adaptive Equalization Stage: Refer Section 184.108.40.206 for general information on Equalization Stage and to Fig 5.2 for voltage and current curves during this stage In this stage, charging takes place at constant voltage at value = the programmed value of parameter “EQUALIZE VOLTAGE” [Default value is 14.40V for EVO-1212F/1212F-HW and 28.8V for EVO-1224F/1224F-HW. Please see programming range at Table 6.2 and programming procedure at Section 220.127.116.11 in EVO-RC-PLUS Remote Control Manual]. It remains in this stage for computed time “T2” [Refer to Section 18.104.22.168.2(b)] and then transitions to Stage 4 described at Section 22.214.171.124 below. 126.96.36.199 Stage 4 – Last Stage of 4-Stage Charging Profile for Equalization: Stage 4 of the 4-Stage Charging Profile for Equalization will be the same as the last stage of the charging profile that was active when the 4-Stage Charging Profile for Equalization was switched on. See details at Table 5.2.1 below: \| Table 5.2.1 \| Stage 4 of 4-Stage Adaptive Charging Profile for Equalization \| \|-------------\|---------------------------------------------------------------\| \| Charging Profile that was active when Equalization was started \| Last Stage of Charging Profile at Column (1) from where Equalization was started \| EVO-RC display at 1st line, right corner (See Note 1) \| \| 0=3 Stage Adaptive \| FLOAT: Charge at constant voltage = “FLOATING VOLTAGE” • Exit to BULK STAGE when: o Voltage drops to “RESET TO BULK”, or o After 10 days in Float Stage \| 0 - Float Stage \| \| 1=3 Stage Type 1 \| OFF \| 1 - Float Stage \| \| 2= 3 Stage Type 2 \| Absorption Stage \| 2 - Float Stage \| \| 3= 2 Stage Type 1 \| \| 3 - Charger Off \| \| 4= 2 Stage Type 2 \| \| 4 - Absorption Stage \| \| 5= 2 Stage Type 3 \| Off \| 5 - Charger Off \| NOTE 1: This portion of display is shown in the 2\textsuperscript{nd} line of Charging Mode display screens [Refer to scrollable screens 1 to 5 of Menu Map for Charging Mode Screens at Fig 3.3(a) under Section 188.8.131.52 of EVO-RC-PLUS Remote Control Manual]. EXAMPLE BASED ON TABLE 5.2.1 Assume that 4-Stage Charging Profile for Equalization was switched on when 3-Stage Adaptive Charging Profile option “0= 3 Stage Type 0” was active [Column (1), Table 5.2.1]. In this Charging Profile, the last i.e. the 3rd Stage is FLOAT [Column (2), Table 5.2.1]. After completing the 3rd Stage of Equalization, the 4th Stage will, therefore, be FLOAT [Column (3), Table 5.2.1]. The 2nd line display “0-Float Stage” [Column (3), Table 5.2.1] indicates: • “0” for the parameter CHARGING PROFILE set at Option “0=3 Stage Type 0” • “Float Stage” indicates the last FLOAT Stage of 3-Stage Adaptive CHARGING PROFILE Option “0=3 Stage Type 0” 5.8.3 Automatic Resetting of 4-Stage Adaptive Charging Profile The 4-Stage Adaptive Charging Profile explained at Section 5.8.2 above will be reset to the First Stage i.e. the Bulk Stage [Section 184.108.40.206] as follows: a) If the AC input fails and is restored or, it is disconnected and is reconnected b) If battery discharges and its voltage falls to the voltage level set by programming parameter “RESET TO BULK” [For details, refer to Section 220.127.116.11 of EVO-RC-PLUS Remote Control Manual. Programming range for this parameter is: i. 10 to 13VDC for EVO-1212F / EVO-1212F-HW (Default value is 12.0VDC) ii. 20 to 26VDC for EVO-1224F / EVO-1224F-HW (Default value is 24.0VDC) c) If the charger remains in the Float Stage for 10 days 5.9 SWITCHING ON AND SWITCHING OFF PROCEDURE FOR 4-STAGE ADAPTIVE CHARGING PROFILE FOR EQUALIZATION The default charging profile is "3-Stage Type 0" i.e. 3-Stage Adaptive [Refer to (i) Srl. No 1, Table 5.2 and (ii) Section 18.104.22.168 in the EVO-RC-PLUS Remote Control Manual. 4-Stage Adaptive Charging Profile for Equalization is required to be activated manually as follows: • Initiating 4-Stage Adaptive Charging Profile for Equalization using ON/OFF Push Button (11, Fig 2.1) on the Front Panel (only if the Remote Control EVO-RC-PLUS is not connected to the EVO Inverter Charger or, is not available): When the unit is in Charging Mode (qualified AC Input is available), the Blue LED marked “ON” (12, Fig 2.1) will be blinking once in 1 sec interval. Press the ON/OFF Button (11, Fig 2.1) for 1 second. The ongoing Charge Profile will be terminated and Adaptive Equalization will be initiated. The Blue LED marked “ON” (12, Fig 2.1) will start blinking twice in 1 sec interval to show that the 4-Stage Adaptive Charging Profile for Equalization is active. The unit will complete Equalization and terminate in the last stage of the charging profile that was active at the time the Equalization Profile was activated (Section 22.214.171.124). Henceforth, charging will continue in the initial charging profile that was active before equalization was initiated. At the same time, the Charging Profile Setting will again be reset to the original and the Blue LED marked “ON” (12, Fig 2.1) will return to 1 blink in 1 sec interval. To terminate Equalization Profile prematurely before its completion, press the ON/OFF Push Button for 1 second. If the unit was in Inverting Mode [Blue LED marked “ON” (12, Fig 2.1) steady] and the Charging Profile is set to 4-Stage Adaptive Charging Profile for Equalization as above by pressing the ON/OFF Push Button for 1 second, the unit will initiate Equalization Profile whenever qualified AC input is available. To terminate Equalization Profile prematurely before its completion, press the ON/OFF Push Button for 1 second. NOTE: Procedure described above is to be used when the optional Remote Control EVO-RC-PLUS has NOT been plugged into the RJ-45 Remote Control Jack (7, Fig 2.1). Please note if the Remote Control has been plugged into the RJ-45 Jack, the above procedure cannot be activated and the ON/OFF of Equalization Profile will be controlled by the Remote Control EVO-RC-PLUS. ### 5.10 2-STAGE CHARGING PROFILES 2-Stage Charging Profile may be used for charging Lead Acid, Lithium Ion and Nickel-Zinc (Ni-Zn) types of batteries. In 2-Stage Charging Profile, the battery is charged in Bulk Stage first and then in Absorption Stage or Float Stage. There is no 3rd Stage. INFO The 2nd Stage i.e. Absorption Stage may also be referred to as Float Stage in some applications like charging Lead Acid Battery with load (battery backup application like in Telecom battery charging, Emergency Lighting etc.). In this application, the voltage setting of the 2nd Absorption Stage is lowered to the level corresponding to the Float Stage. Please note that under this condition, the battery will not charge fully but only to around 80%. The following 3 programming options are available for 2-Stage Charging: 1) Option 3 = 2 Stage Type 1; Please refer to Srl. 1 of Table 5.3 for detailed description and Fig 5.3 for Voltage – Current (V-I) Curves 2) Option 4 = 2 Stage Type 2; Please refer to Srl. 2 of Table 5.3 for detailed description and Fig 5.4 for Voltage – Current (V-I) Curves 3) Option 5 = 2 Stage Type 3; Please refer to Srl. 3 of Table 5.3 for detailed description and Fig 5.5 for Voltage – Current (V-I) Curves INFO Please refer to Section 5.11 for more details regarding protections available in EVO Series when using 2-Stage Charging Profiles for charging Lithium Ion Battery Packs in association with their Battery Management System (BMS). LEGEND for Fig 5.3 \| Symbol \| Description \| \|--------\|-------------\| \| _______ \| Voltage (V) Curve \| \| ⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅ \| Current (I) Curve \| \| Io \| Bulk Stage Current. Please see Section 126.96.36.199 \| "3-Bulk Stage", "3-Absorption Stage", "3-Charger Off" This coded information relates to the active Charging Profile and Charging Stage and is displayed in the 2nd line of the Charging Mode Display Screens of EVO-RC-PLUS Remote Control. Please see Table 3.2 under Section 188.8.131.52 of EVO-RC-PLUS Remote Control Manual NOTES for Fig 5.3 1. Please see Srl. 1 of Table 5.3 for details of charging process 2. Voltage (V) and Current (I) curves show the battery voltage and current. 3. The Voltage (V) and Current (I) curves shown are based on the following operating conditions: a) The battery is being charged exclusively by the Battery charging Section of EVO and that there is NO external charging source that is charging the battery / battery bank b) There is no external DC load on the battery / battery bank (the entire current delivered by the Charging Section of EVO is being used to charge the battery / battery bank) Fig 5.3 Voltage – Current (V-I) Curves for "2-Stage Type 1" Charging Profile LEGEND for Fig 5.4 - Voltage (V) Curve - Current (I) Curve - Io Bulk Stage Current. Please see Section 184.108.40.206 - "4-Bulk Stage", "4-Absorption Stage" This coded information relates to the active Charging Profile and Charging Stage and is displayed in the 2nd line of the Charging Mode Display Screens of EVO-RC-PLUS Remote Control. Please see Table 3.2 under Section 220.127.116.11 of EVO-RC-PLUS Remote Control Manual NOTES for Fig 5.4 1. Please see Srl. 1 of Table 5.3 for details of charging process 2. Voltage (V) and Current (I) curves show the battery voltage and current. 3. The Voltage (V) and Current (I) curves shown are based on the following operating conditions: a) The battery is being charged exclusively by the Battery charging Section of EVO and that there is NO external charging source that is charging the battery / battery bank b) There is no external DC load on the battery / battery bank (the entire current delivered by the Charging Section of EVO is being used to charge the battery / battery bank) 4. Please see Section 5.7.4 regarding conditions under which the charger will be forced to reset automatically and restart charging from the 1st Stage i.e. Bulk Stage of the programmed CHARGING PROFILE Fig 5.4 Voltage – Current (V-I) Curves for "2-Stage Type 2" Charging Profile ### LEGEND for Fig 5.5 \| Symbol \| Description \| \|--------\|-------------\| \| ————- \| Voltage (V) Curve \| \| •••••• \| Current (I) Curve \| \| Io \| Bulk Stage Current. Please see Section 18.104.22.168 \| \| Term \| Description \| \|-------------------------------\|-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------\| \| "5-Bulk Stage", "5-Absorption Stage", "5-Charger Off" \| This coded information relates to the active Charging Profile and Charging Stage and is displayed in the 2nd line of the Charging Mode Display Screens of EVO-RC-PLUS Remote Control. Please see Table 3.2 under Section 22.214.171.124 of EVO-RC-PLUS Remote Control Manual \| \| RESET TO BULK \| At this point, the charger is forced to reset automatically from the operating charging stage and restart the selected CHARGING PROFILE from the 1st Stage i.e. from the Bulk Stage. Please see Section 5.7.4. \| \| ABSORP EXIT AMPS \| When charging current in Absorption Stage drops to value set by programming parameter “ABSORP EXIT AMPS”, the charger is switched off [The default value of parameter “ABSORP EXIT AMPS” is 4A. For details of programming range or programming procedure, refer to Section 126.96.36.199 of the EVO-RC-PLUS Remote Control Manual] \| ### NOTES for Fig 5.5 1. Please see Srl. 3 of Table 5.3 for details of charging process 2. Voltage (V) and Current (I) curves show the battery voltage and current. 3. The Voltage (V) and Current (I) curves shown are based on the following operating conditions: a) The battery is being charged exclusively by the Battery charging Section of EVO and that there is NO external charging source that is charging the battery / battery bank b) There is no external DC load on the battery / battery bank (the entire current delivered by the Charging Section of EVO is being used to charge the battery / battery bank) Fig 5.5 Voltage – Current (V-I) Curves for “2-Stage Type 3” Charging Profile ## TABLE 5.3 3 TYPES OF CHARGING PROFILE OPTIONS FOR 2-STAGE CHARGING \| Srl No. \| Options under Programming Parameter “CHARGING PROFILE” (See Section 188.8.131.52 in EVO-RC-PLUS Remote Control Manual) \| Charging Stages \| Battery Type \| \|---------\|---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------\|-----------------\|--------------\| \| 1 \| 3=2Stage Type1 REFER TO FIG 5.3 FOR VOLTAGE-CURRENT (V-I) CURVES. \| 1 Stage 1 – Bulk Stage (See Section 184.108.40.206) • Charge at constant current = the programmed value of parameter “BULK CURRENT” (Default value is 20A. For details of programming range & procedure, refer to Section 220.127.116.11 of EVO-RC-PLUS Remote Control Manual) • Transition to Absorption Stage when voltage rises to the set value for programmed parameter “ABSORP VOLTAGE” (Default value is 14.6V for EVO-1212F/1212F-HW & 28.8V for EVO-1224F/1224F-HW. For details of programming range & procedure, refer to Section 18.104.22.168 of EVO-RC-PLUS Remote Control Manual) 2 Stage 2 - Absorption Stage (See Section 5.7.2) • Charge at constant voltage = the programmed value for parameter “ABSORP VOLTAGE” (Default value is 14.6V for EVO-1212F/1212F-HW and 28.8V for EVO-1224F/1224F-HW. For details of programming range & procedure, refer to Section 22.214.171.124 of EVO-RC-PLUS Remote Control Manual) • Remain in Absorption Stage till the time in Absorption Stage t₁ = the programmed value of parameter “ABSORP TIME” (Default value is 60 min. For details of programming range & procedure, refer to Section 126.96.36.199 of EVO-RC-PLUS Remote Control Manual) • Switch off charging after expiry of programmed value of parameter “ABSORP TIME” (Default value is 60 min. For details of programming range & procedure, refer to Section 188.8.131.52 of EVO-RC-PLUS Remote Control Manual) • Reset to Bulk Stage under the following conditions: i. If the AC input is disconnected and is reconnected. ii. If battery voltage falls to the programmed value of parameter “RESET TO BULK.” (Default value is 12.0V for EVO-1212F/1212F-HW & 24.0V for EVO-1224F/1224F-HW. For details of programming range & procedure, refer to Section 184.108.40.206 of EVO-RC-PLUS Remote Control Manual) \| – Lithium (See Section 5.1.1) – Nickel Zinc (See Section 5.1.0) \| \| 2 \| 4=2Stage Type2 REFER TO FIG 5.4 FOR VOLTAGE-CURRENT (V-I) CURVES \| 1. Stage 1 – Bulk Stage (See Section 220.127.116.11) - Charge at constant current = the programmed value of parameter “BULK CURRENT” (Default value is 20A. For details of programming range & procedure, refer to Section 18.104.22.168 of EVO-RC-PLUS Remote Control Manual). - Transition to Absorption Stage when voltage rises to the set value for programming parameter “ABSORP VOLTAGE” (Default value is 14.4V for EVO-1212F/1212F-HW and 28.8V for EVO-1224F/1224F-HW. For details of programming range & procedure, refer to Section 22.214.171.124 of EVO-RC-PLUS Remote Control Manual). 2. Stage 2 – Absorption Stage (See Section 5.7.2) - Charge at constant voltage (CV) = the programmed value for parameter “ABSORP VOLTAGE” (Default value is 14.4V for EVO-1212F/1212F-HW and 28.8V for EVO-1224F/1224F-HW. For details of programming range & procedure, refer to Section 126.96.36.199 of EVO-RC-PLUS Remote Control Manual). - Remain in Absorption Stage - Reset to Bulk Stage under the following conditions: i. If the AC input to the Grid/Generator is disconnected and is reconnected; ii. If battery voltage falls to the programmed value of parameter “RESET TO BULK” (Default value is 12.0V for EVO-1212F/1212F-HW and 24.0V for EVO-1224F/1224F-HW. For details of programming range & procedure, refer to Section 188.8.131.52 of EVO-RC-PLUS Remote Control Manual). \| – Lithium (See Section 5.1.1) – Nickel Zinc (See Section 5.1.6) \| 3 \| 5=2Stage Type3 REFER TO FIG 5.5 FOR VOLTAGE-CURRENT (V-I) CURVES \| 1. Stage 1 – Bulk Stage (See Section 184.108.40.206) - Charge at constant current = the programmed value of parameter “BULK CURRENT” (Default value is 20A. For details of programming range & procedure, refer to Section 220.127.116.11 of EVO-RC-PLUS Remote Control Manual). - Transition to Absorption Stage when voltage rises to the set value for programming parameter “ABSORP VOLTAGE” (Default value is 14.4V for EVO-1212F/1212F-HW and 28.8V for EVO-1224F/1224F-HW. For details of programming range & procedure, refer to Section 18.104.22.168 of EVO-RC-PLUS Remote Control Manual). 2. Stage 2 – Absorption Stage (See Section 5.7.2) - Charge at constant voltage = the programmed value for parameter “ABSORP VOLTAGE” (Default value is 14.4V for EVO-1212F/1212F-HW and 28.8V for EVO-1224F/1224F-HW. For details of programming range & procedure, refer to Section 22.214.171.124 of EVO-RC-PLUS Remote Control Manual). - Remain in Absorption Stage till the current reduces to value = the programmed value of parameter “ABSORP EXIT AMPS” (Default value is 4A. For details of programming range & procedure, refer to Section 126.96.36.199 of EVO-RC-PLUS Remote Control Manual). - Switch off charging after the current reduces to value = the programmed value of parameter “ABSORP EXIT AMPS” (Default value is 4A. For details of programming range & procedure, refer to Section 188.8.131.52 of EVO-RC-PLUS Remote Control Manual). - Reset to Bulk Stage under the following conditions: i. If the AC input to the Grid/Generator is disconnected and is reconnected; ii. If battery voltage falls to the programmed value of parameter “RESET TO BULK” (Default value is 12.0V for EVO-1212F/1212F-HW and 24.0V for EVO-1224F/1224F-HW. For details of programming range & procedure, refer to Section 184.108.40.206 of EVO-RC-PLUS Remote Control Manual). \| – Lithium (See Section 5.1.1) – Nickel Zinc (See Section 5.1.6) 5.11 CHARGING LITHIUM ION BATTERIES CAUTION! The Battery Management System (BMS) that comes with the Lithium Ion Battery being used may need to have control over charging and discharging of the battery. For this, any of Pins 1/2/3/4 and any of Pins 5/6/7/8 of the Temperature Sensor Jack (6, Fig 2.1; Pinout at Fig 3.13) may be used to feed potential free contact closing signal from the BMS to “Stop Charging” or “Stop Inverting. See Section 5.11.2 below for details. ATTENTION! Le système de gestion de la batterie (BMS) qui vient avec la batterie au lithium-ion utilisé peut avoir besoin d’avoir le contrôle de charge et décharge de la batterie. Pour cela, n’importe lequel des broches: 1/2/3/4 et 5/6/7/8 de la prise de capteur de température (6, Fig. 2.1; Pinout à la Fig. 3.13) peut être utilisé pour l’alimentation contact libre de signal de fermeture de la BMS à “arrêter la charge” ou “arrêter d’inverser”. Se reporter à la Section 5.11.2 pour plus de détails. 5.11.1 Charging Profiles for Lithium Batteries Programming parameter “CHARGING PROFILE” is used to select up to 5 programming options for 2/3-Stage charging profiles for Lithium Ion Batteries. Details are given in Table below: \| Srl. No. Table 5.2 \| Srl. No. of Table 5.3 \| Option under Parameter "CHARGING" Profile (Section 220.127.116.11.21 of EVO-RC Remote Control Manual attached at Appendix A) \| \|--------------------\|-----------------------\|------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------\| \| 2 \| — \| “1 = 3-Stage Type 1” \| \| 3 \| — \| “2 = 3-Stage Type 2” \| \| — \| 1 \| “3 = 2-Stage Type 1” \| \| — \| 2 \| “4 = 2-Stage Type 2” \| \| — \| 3 \| “5 = 2-Stage Type 3” \| INFO Charging of Lithium Ion Batteries is not affected by temperature and hence, Battery Temperature Sensor Model EVO-BCTS [Fig 2.5(a)] is not required to be used. 5.11.2 Stop Charging and Stop Inverting Protections when Charging Lithium Batteries For background information, refer to Section 18.104.22.168.2 in the EVO-RC-PLUS Remote Control Manual. For protection against over-voltage / over-temperature / over-discharge, Lithium Ion Battery Management Systems (BMS) will normally have capability of providing potential free relay contact closure signal that could be fed to Inverter Charger to stop charging or stop inverting. For this, the BMS will normally use miniature, Normally Open (1-Form-A), Open Drain Opto-Isolated DC Solid-State Relay (SSR). The Solid-State Relay output terminals in the BMS are normally marked “+” (Drain of Mosfet Switch) and “-” (Source of Mosfet Switch). Example of this type of relay is IXYS Part No. “CPC1002N” (60V, 700mA rating). The following 2 types of signals are normally used by the BMS for on/off control of charging and inverting operation of the Inverter-Charger: - “Stop Charging” Signal: In case of (i) over voltage of individual cell / overall battery pack, or (ii) over temperature of individual cell or overall battery pack, the signal will be “enabled” and SSR contacts will close [Drain (+) and Source (-) Terminals will be shorted]. - “Stop Inverting” Signal: In case of deep discharge of the battery to the level of Low Battery Cut Off Voltage, the signal will be “enabled” and the SSR contacts will close [Drain (+) and Source (-) Terminals will be shorted]. If the above two protection functions of the BMS i.e. “Stop Charging” and “Stop Inverting” are to be used for on / off control of charging and inverting operations of EVO Inverter-Charger, the following actions will be required to be undertaken: a) Programming parameter “BATTERY TYPE” must be changed from Option 1 – “0=Lead Acid” (Default setting) to Option 2 – “1=Lithium” [See Section 22.214.171.124 of EVO-RC-PLUS Remote Control Manual]. With this setting, the function of front panel RJ-45 Jack marked “Battery Temp. Sensor: (6, Fig 2.1) will change from accepting and processing battery temperature signal from the Battery Temperature Sensor EVO-BCTS to accepting and processing potential free relay contact closure signal from the Solid-State Relay from the BMS to stop charging /inverting. b) Wiring Connection: Output from the SSR Terminals on the Lithium Battery BMS should be wired to the RJ-45 Jack marked “Battery Temp. Sensor” (6, Fig 2.1) as follows: - Connect terminal marked “+” on the SSR (Drain of Mosfet switch inside SSR) to any of pins 1/2/3/4 of RJ-45 Jack (Pinout shown below) - Connect terminal marked “-” on the SSR (Source of Mosfet switch inside SSR) to any of pins 5/6/7/8 of RJ-45 Jack (Pinout shown below) Pinout of RJ-45 Jack (marked "Battery Temp. Sensor") on the Front Panel of EVO (6, Fig 2.1) When the Drain-Source terminals of the BMS close, Pins 1/2/3/4 and 5/6/7/8 of RJ-45 Jack will be shorted. The following actions will be activated in EVO: - EVO in Charging Mode: Charging will stop (Internally, the EVO will be in Charging Mode, but the charging current will be reduced to 0A). Charging Mode Screens in EVO-RC-PLUS Remote Control will show message "Charger Off by BMS" [Refer to display screens shown in Fig 3.7 under Section 3.6.8 of EVO-RC-PLUS Remote Control Manual]. - EVO in Inverting Mode: Inverting will stop (Internally, the EVO will enter Standby Mode). Inverting Mode Screens in EVO-RC-PLUS Remote Control will show message "Inverter Stop by BMS" [Refer to display screens shown in Fig 3.8 under Section 3.6.9 of EVO-RC-PLUS Remote Control Manual]. 5.12 OPERATING MODE OPTION - “CHARGER ONLY” In Off-grid DC powered homes, for efficiency consideration, all lighting and other loads / appliances are normally powered from 12V batteries that are primarily charged through solar / wind power. Generator backup is used for powering AC to DC battery charger for charging the batteries during extended periods of cloudy / no wind conditions. To meet this requirement, the EVO™ can be programmed to operate as a battery charger ONLY i.e. when AC input power is available within the programmed limits of voltage and frequency, charging will take place and AC input will be passed through to the load(s). The unit will not transfer to Inverting Mode if AC input fails or is outside the programmed limits of voltage and frequency. For further details refer to Section 126.96.36.199.1 in EVO-RC-PLUS Remote Control Manual. SECTION 6 \| Operation, Protections and Troubleshooting CAUTIONS! a) Please ensure that all safety instructions at Section 1 of this manual are read and understood before operating the unit. b) Please ensure that the unit has been installed properly as per instructions at Section 3 of this manual. ATTENTIONS! a) Veuillez vous assurer que toutes les instructions de sécurité de la Section 1 de ce manuel sont lues et comprises avant d'utiliser l'appareil. b) Veuillez vous assurer que l'appareil a été installé correctement conformément aux instructions de la section 3 de ce manuel. INFO Please ensure that charged battery has been connected to the DC Input Terminals (1 and 2 in Fig.2.1). This unit will NOT operate if specified battery voltage as shown below is not available at the DC Input terminals: a) 12V units i.e. EVO-2212/3012........... ≥ 9.1VDC b) 24V units i.e. EVO-2224/4024........... ≥ 18.1VDC 6.1 POWERING ON / POWERING OFF USING FRONT PANEL ON/OFF BUTTON (11, FIG 2.1) INFO For power on / power off sequence using EVO-RC-PLUS Remote Control, refer to Section 3.2 of EVO-RC-PLUS Remote Control Manual. 6.1.1 Manual Power on Sequence when AC Input is in Switched Off condition / Not Connected: To power ON the unit, press and hold the ON/OFF Button on the front panel (11, Fig 2.1) for around 3 seconds until completion of sequence shown below: • Blue LED marked “ON” (12, Fig 2.1) will blink 3 times, will go off momentarily and will then be steady Blue. Now, release the ON/OFF Button. Subsequently, the lighting pattern of this LED will be controlled by various operating conditions given in Table 6.1 NOTE: For Power on / off sequence when using the optional Remote Control EVO-RC-PLUS, please refer to Section 3.2 of EVO-RC-PLUS Remote Control Manual. 6.1.2 Automatic Power on Sequence when AC Input Power is in Switched on Condition: Automatic “Power on Sequence” will be initiated if: i. AC input power > 70 ±5VAC is made available at the AC Input Terminals and, ii. The battery voltage is > 12V for EVO-1212F / 1212F-HW and > 24V for EVO-1224F / 1224F-HW. If no fault condition(s) is detected, the unit enters “Charging Mode” if AC input power is within the programmed limits of voltage and frequency or Inverting Mode if AC input power is NOT within the programmed limits of voltage and frequency. NOTE: For power on / power off Sequence when using the optional Remote Control EVO-RC-PLUS, please refer to Section 3.2 of EVO-RC-PLUS Remote Control Manual. 6.1.3 Power off Sequence: 188.8.131.52 Power off Sequence when AC Input is in Switched off Condition / Not Connected: When the AC input is in switched off condition / not connected and the unit is in ON condition, the unit will be operating in Inverting Mode and the Blue LED marked “ON (12, Fig 2.1) will be in steady ON condition. To power OFF the unit, press and hold the ON/OFF Button (11, Fig 2.1) for around 5 seconds. Wait for the Blue LED marked “ON” (12, Fig 2.1) and Red LED marked “FAULT / ALARM” (13, Fig 2.1) to light steady and then release the ON/OFF Button. The unit will power OFF after the ON/OFF Button is released. [NOTE: “Power off Sequence” will complete ONLY when the Power ON/OFF Button is released!] NOTE: For Power on / off Sequence when using the optional Remote Control EVO-RC-PLUS, please refer to Section 3.2 of EVO-RC-PLUS Remote Control Manual) 184.108.40.206 Power off Sequence when AC Input Power is in Switched on Condition (AC Input Voltage > 70 ±5VAC) Please note that as long as AC input voltage > 70 ±5VAC is available at the AC Input Terminals, the unit CANNOT BE POWERED OFF using the On/Off Button on the front panel of the unit or the On/Off Key on the optional Remote Control EVO-RC-PLUS. [See Section 3.2.2 of EVO-RC-PLUS Remote Control Manual: Switch off the AC input power first if the unit is required to be powered off. However, if the unit is in “Fault Mode”, it will be possible to power off the unit with the help of On/Off Button on the front panel of the unit or the On/Off Key on the optional Remote Control EVO-RC-PLUS. NOTE: For Power on / off Sequence when using the optional Remote Control EVO-RC-PLUS, please refer to Section 3.2 of EVO-RC Remote Control Manual. 6.2 POWERING ON / OFF BY FEEDING EXTERNAL +12V SIGNAL TO TERMINALS MARKED “REMOTE ON/OFF” ON THE FRONT PANEL The unit can be switched ON /OFF remotely by feeding specified format of +12VDC (+9 to15VDC, < 10mA) signal to terminals marked “Remote On / Off” on the Front Panel (15, Fig 2.1). The specified +12V signal format has 2 options – “Button Type” or “Switch Type”. These 2 signal format options can be programmed using the optional Remote Control EVO-RC-PLUS. These options are available under programmable parameter called “REMOTE SWITCH”. Please refer to the following Sections of the EVO-RC-PLUS Remote Control Manual: - Section 220.127.116.11, Fig 4.4: Screen No. 4 - Section 4.8.1, Table 4.5: Srl No. 4 “REMOTE SWITCH” - 0=Button Type (Default); 1=Switch Type - Section 18.104.22.168: Detailed explanation of programmable parameter REMOTE SWITCH 6.2.1 Button Type On/Off Control Using +12V Signal (Default) This type of external +12V signal format is used when the signal is fed through an external series connected Push Button [+12V will be fed as long as the Push Button is kept pressed]. Control logic used is as follows: - When the EVO™ is in OFF condition, momentary feeding of +12V signal through the external Push Button for > 2 sec will turn the unit ON. The EVO™ will remain ON even when the Push Button is released - When the EVO™ is in ON condition, momentary feeding of +12V signal through the external Push Button for > 5 sec will turn the EVO™ OFF. NOTE: If the external Push Button is pressed for < 5 sec, the unit will NOT switch OFF. 6.2.2 Switch Type On/Off Control Using +12V Signal This type of external +12V signal format is used when the +12V signal (+9 to 15 VDC, < 10mA) is fed through an external, series connected On/Off Toggle / Rocker Switch or Relay contact (+12V signal will be fed continuously when the switch in ON condition / Relay contact is closed and +12V signal will be removed when the external On/Off switch is in OFF condition or the Relay contact is open). Example of this type of Remote On/Off Control signal format is the Ignition Switch in a vehicle. When the Ignition Switch is ON, 12V from the vehicle battery will be available. When the Ignition Switch is OFF, 12V will be switched OFF. Control logic used is as follows; - When the external On/Off Switch is turned ON or when the Relay contact is closed, continuous +12V control signal will be made available and the EVO™ will turn ON. EVO™ will remain ON as long +12V control signal is available through the ON condition of the external On/Off Switch or the closed Relay contact - When the external On/Off Switch is turned OFF or if the Relay contact opens, the +12V signal will be removed and the EVO™ will switch OFF CAUTION! When “Switch Type” of ON/OFF control described at Section 6.2.2 above is selected, the ON/OFF Button on the front panel of the unit (12, Fig 2.1) should NOT be used to turn ON or turn OFF the unit. The front panel ON/OFF Push Button will now follow the above “Switch Type” control logic wherein the unit will remain ON only as long as the Button is kept pressed and will turn OFF in 2 seconds after it is released. 6.3 OPERATIONAL INFORMATION THROUGH LEDS AND BUZZER Table 6.1 shows the operational states of the unit indicated by the following LEDs on the front panel of the unit and Buzzer: - Blue LED marked “ON” (12, Fig 2.1) - Red LED marked “Fault” (13, Fig 2.1) Optional Remote Control Model EVO-RC-PLUS will be required for more detailed messaging that is available through its LCD display and LEDs. This remote will also be required for programming of various parameters to suit specific requirements. \| TABLE 6.1 FRONT PANEL LED AND BUZZER INDICATIONS \| \|--------------------------------------------------\| \| Status \| Blue LED marked “ON” (12, Fig 2.1) \| Red LED marked “Fault” (13, Fig 2.1) \| Buzzer (See NOTE 1 Below) \| \|--------------------------------------------------\|----------------------------------------\|------------------------------------------\|-------------------------------\| \| Seen during Power-On Sequence (Refer to Section 6.1.1) \| Blink 3 times & then off \| Off \| Off \| \| Seen during Power-Off Sequence (Refer to Section 6.1.2) \| On \| On \| Off \| \| Normal charging \| Blink once in 1 sec interval \| Off \| Off \| \| Equalization charging \| Blink twice in 1 sec interval \| Off \| Off \| \| Inverting (Discharging) \| On \| Off \| Beep once in 3 sec interval \| \| Low battery alarm \| On \| Blink once in 1 sec interval \| Beep once in 1 sec interval \| \| Power saving \| Blink once in 3 sec interval \| Off \| Off \| \| Standby \| Blink once in 5 sec interval \| Off \| Off \| \| Fault \| Off \| On \| On \| NOTE 1: The buzzer can be switched on or off through programming parameter “BUZZER” [Refer to Section 22.214.171.124 of EVO-RC-PLUS Manual. The default setting is “1 = On”]. 6.4 OPTIONAL REMOTE CONTROL EVO-RC-PLUS FOR PROGRAMMING OF MODES OF OPERATION AND PARAMETERS Optional Remote Control Model EVO-RC-PLUS [Fig 2.4(a)] will be required for more advanced control and monitoring. Please see separate Owner’s Manual for EVO-RC-PLUS. The Remote Control comes with 10M / 33 ft., RJ-45 Data Cable. The Remote plugs into RJ-45 Jack on the front panel of the unit (7, Fig 2.1). It has provision for Data Logging using SD Card of up to 16 GB (FAT16 / FAT32). It also has its own Real Time Clock and Super Capacitor Type of Battery. Detailed messaging is available through its LCD display and LEDs. This remote will also be required for programming of various parameters to suit specific requirements. Each programmable parameter has a Default Value. This unit has been shipped with the various parameters set at the Default Values. 6.4.1 Programmable & Default Values of Programming Parameters Programmable and Default values are shown in Tables 6.2 to 6.6: \| TABLE 6.2 PROGRAMMABLE AND DEFAULT PARAMETERS: PARAMETER GROUP NO.1 "CHARGING CURVE" \| \|-----------------------------------------------\|-----------------\|-----------------\|-----------------\|-----------------\| \| Parameter \| Programming Range (Programming requires optional Remote Control Model EVO-RC-PLUS) \| Default \| \| \| EVO-1212F \| EVO-1224F \| EVO-1212F \| EVO-1224F \| \| \| EVO-1212F-HW \| EVO-1224F-HW \| EVO-1212F-HW \| EVO-1224F-HW \| \| "BULK CURRENT" (See NOTE 1) \| 0-60A \| 0-40A \| 20A \| \| \| (Bulk Charge Current “Io”) \| \| \| \| \| \| "ABSORP VOLTAGE" \| 12.00V - 16.00V \| 24.00V - 32.00V \| 14.40V \| 28.80V \| \| (Absorption Voltage) \| \| \| \| \| \| "EQUALIZE VOLTAGE" \| 14.00V - 16.50V \| 28.00V - 33.00V \| 14.40V \| 28.80V \| \| (Equalization Voltage) \| \| \| \| \| \| "FLOAT VOLTAGE" \| 12.00V - 15.00V \| 24.00V - 30.00V \| 13.50V \| 27.00V \| \| (Float Voltage) \| \| \| \| \| \| "COMPENSATE" \| 3mV to 5mV /C/Cell \| \| 4mV /C/Cell \| \| \| (Temperature Compensation) \| \| \| \| \| \| "BATT OVER VOLT" \| 14.00V - 17.00V \| 28.00V - 35.00V \| 16.00V \| 32.00V \| \| (Battery Over Voltage Shutdown) \| \| \| \| \| \| "RESET VOLTAGE" \| 12.00V - 17.00V \| 28.00V - 35.00V \| 14.00V \| 28.00V \| \| (Reset voltage for "BATT LOW VOLTAGE" condition) \| \| \| \| \| \| "LOW VOLT ALARM" \| 9.50V to 13.50V \| 19.00V to 27.00V \| 11.00V \| 22.00V \| \| (Battery Low Voltage Alarm) \| \| \| \| \| \| "BATT LOW VOLTAGE" \| >9.00V to 13.00V \| >18.00V to 26.00V \| 10.50V \| 21.00V \| \| (Battery Low Voltage Shutdown) \| \| \| \| \| \| Parameter \| Value 1 \| Value 2 \| \|---------------------------------\|--------------------------\|--------------------------\| \| "LV DETECT TIME" \| 0 - 600 sec \| 10 sec \| \| (Time to qualify "BATT LOW VOLTAGE" condition) \| \| \| \| "LV CUT OFF TIME" \| 0 - 7200 sec \| 1200 sec \| \| (Time in "BATT LOW VOLTAGE" condition to trigger complete shutdown) \| \| \| \| "EQUALIZE-4STAGES" \| 0 = No (3-Stage / 2-Stage) \| 0 = No (3-Stage / 2-Stage) \| \| (4 Stage Adaptive Equalization On/ Off) \| \| \| \| "MODE" \| 0 = Normal...AC input priority (Off-Line) \| 0 = Normal \| \| \| 1 = On-Line...Inverter priority \| \| \| \| 2 = Charger Only...Charging & AC bypass only, no inverting \| \| \| "ONLINE OPTION" \| 0 = Option 1 \| 0 = Option 1 \| \| \| 1 = Option 2 \| \| \| "RESET TO BULK" \| 10.00V to 13.00V \| 12.00V \| \| \| 20.00V to 26.00V \| 24.00V \| \| "GS DETECT TIME" \| 0 - 600 sec \| 10 sec \| \| "GEN ON TIME" \| 0 - 240 min \| 60 min \| \| "GEN OFF DELAY" \| 0 - 240 min \| 60 min \| \| "ABSORP TIME" \| 0 - 600 min \| 60 min \| \| "ABSORP EXIT AMPS" \| 0 - 20A \| 4A \| \| "CHARGING PROFILE" \| 0 = 3 Stage Adaptive \| 0 = 3 Stage Adaptive \| \| \| 1 = 3 Stage Type 1 \| \| \| \| 2 = 3 Stage Type 2 \| \| \| \| 3 = 2 Stage Type 1 \| \| \| \| 4 = 2 Stage Type 2 \| \| \| \| 5 = 2 Stage Type 3 \| \| \| "BATTERY TYPE" \| 0 = Lead Acid \| 0 = Lead Acid \| \| \| 1 = Lithium \| \| \| "SAFE CHARGING" \| 0 - 300 min \| 0 min \| \| "EXT. CHARGER" \| 0 = Affect \| 0 = Affect \| \| \| 1 = Not affect \| \| NOTE 1: "BULK CURRENT" value may automatically reduce in higher ambient temperatures of around 50° – 60°C if Power Transformer temperature exceeds 130°C or Heat Sink temperature exceeds 65°C. (See Section 4.9.3.) ### TABLE 6.3 PROGRAMMABLE AND DEFAULT PARAMETERS: PARAMETER GROUP NO.2 "INPUT SETTING" \| Group \| Parameter name \| Programming Range \| Default value \| \|----------------\|---------------------------------\|-------------------\|---------------\| \| \| \| EVO-1212F \| EVO-1224F \| \| INPUT \| DEFAULT FREQ \| 0 = 60Hz* \| 0 = 60Hz* \| \| SETTING \| GRID MAX CURRENT \| 5 – 20A \| 20A \| \| \| HIGH CUT OFF \| 50 – 70Hz \| 65Hz \| \| \| HIGH RESET \| 50 – 70Hz \| 64Hz \| \| \| LOW CUT OFF \| 40 – 60Hz \| 55Hz \| \| \| LOW RESET \| 40 – 60Hz \| 56Hz \| \| \| SYNCHRONIZATION \| 0 = Fine ; 1 = Coarse \| 0 = Fine \| \| \| INPUT OC PROTECT \| 0 = INV Mode ; 1 = Shutdown \| 0 = INV Mode \| \| \| INPUT RECOVERY \| 0 = Buffered ; 1 = Direct \| 0 = Buffered \| * Fixed at 60 Hz. Changing to other option 0 (say 1), will show “!1=xxHz” meaning option 1 is invalid ### TABLE 6.4 PROGRAMMABLE AND DEFAULT PARAMETERS: PARAMETER GROUP NO.3 "INPUT LOW LIMIT" \| Group \| Parameter name \| Setting range \| Default value \| \|----------------\|---------------------------------\|-------------------\|---------------\| \| INPUT - \| RESET VOLTAGE \| 60.0 – 120.0V \| 105.0V \| \| LOW LIMIT \| CUT OFF VOLT 1 \| 60.0 – 120.0V \| 100.0V \| \| \| DETECT TIME 1 \| 0 – 2000 cycle \| 300 cycle \| \| \| CUT OFF VOLT 2 \| 60.0 – 120.0V \| 95.0V \| \| \| DETECT TIME 2 \| 0 – 2000 cycle \| 60 cycle \| \| \| CUT OFF VOLT 3 \| 60.0 – 120.0V \| 90.0V \| \| \| DETECT TIME 3 \| 0 – 2000 cycle \| 1 cycle \| ### TABLE 6.5 PROGRAMMABLE AND DEFAULT PARAMETERS: PARAMETER GROUP NO.4 "INPUT HIGH LIMIT" \| Group \| Parameter name \| Setting range \| Default value \| \|----------------\|----------------------\|-------------------\|---------------\| \| INPUT - HIGH LIMIT \| RESET VOLTAGE \| 120.0 – 150.0V \| 125.0V \| \| \| CUT OFF VOLT 1 \| 120.0 – 150.0V \| 135.0V \| \| \| DETECT TIME 1 \| 0 – 2000 cycle \| 60 cycle \| \| \| CUT OFF VOLT 2 \| 120.0 – 150.0V \| 140.0V \| \| \| DETECT TIME 2 \| 0 – 2000 cycle \| 15 cycle \| \| \| CUT OFF VOLT 3 \| 120.0 – 150.0V \| 145.0V \| \| \| DETECT TIME 3 \| 0 – 2000 cycle \| 1 cycle \| ### TABLE 6.6 PROGRAMMABLE AND DEFAULT PARAMETERS: PARAMETER GROUP NO.5 "OTHER FUNCTIONS" \| Parameter name \| Setting range \| Default Value \| \|---------------------------------\|-----------------------\|---------------\| \| “POWER SAVING” \| 1 = Enable 0 = Disable\| 0 = Disable \| \| • “ENTER POINT” \| 4 – 50W \| 6W \| \| • “WAKE UP POINT” \| 5 – 50W \| 7W \| \| “REMOTE SWITCH” \| \| \| \| • For ON/OFF control through external 12V signal fed to Remote ON / OFF terminals on the Front Panel (15, Fig 2.1) \| 0 = Button Type: 12V signal is fed through Push Button type of Switch • Pressing of Push Button > 2 sec will switch the unit ON • When ON, pressing Push Button > 5 sec will turn the unit OFF 1 = Switch Type: 12V signal is fed through contacts of Toggle Type of Switch or relay contact • ON condition (contacts closed) will turn the unit ON • OFF condition (contacts open) for 2 sec will switch the unit OFF \| 0 = Button Type CAUTION! ON/OFF Logic also controls the operation of the ON/OFF Button on the front panel (11, Fig 2.1). The Default setting is “Button Type”. If the ON/OFF Control is changed to external “Remote Switch”, it will not be possible to switch ON/OFF the EVO Inverter/Charger from the front panel ON/OFF Push Button because it will work with Switch Type Logic. It will be ON only as long as the Push Button is kept pressed and will switch OFF when released. \| \| Parameter name \| Setting range \| Default Value \| \|----------------\|---------------\|---------------\| \| "RELAY FUNCTION" (for Status Relay) \| 0 = Charge / Other - OFF in "Charging" Mode - ON in other Modes i.e. "Inverting", "Power Saving" or "Standby" 1 = Normal / Fault - OFF in normal operating conditions - ON in Fault Modes 2 = Generator 0 - ON when batteries drop to "LOW VOLT ALARM" or lower for period = "GS DETECT TIME" - Initiates Generator start - OFF after batteries are charged till the end point of the programmed option under parameter "CHARGING PROFILE" (See Section 126.96.36.199.2.1 of EVO-RC-PLUS Remote Control Manual). When the relay switches OFF, it initiates Generator Stop. 3 = Generator 1 - ON when batteries drop to "LOW VOLT ALARM" or lower for period = "GS DETECT TIME" - initiates Generator start - OFF when batteries are charged to "RESET VOLTAGE" for period = "GEN OFF TIME" - initiates Generator stop 4 = Generator 2 - ON when batteries drop to "LOW VOLT ALARM" or lower for period = "GS DETECT TIME" - initiates Generator start - OFF after period = "GEN ON TIME" from the time relay switched ON - initiates Generator stop \| 2 = Generator 0 \| \| "COMM ID" (Communication ID for optional Remote Control EVO-RC-PLUS) \| 1 - 255 \| 1 \| \| "BUZZER" \| 0 = OFF; 1 = ON \| 1 = On \| \| "DISCHARGE BEEP" (Beeping in "Discharging/Inverter Mode") \| 0 = OFF; 1 = ON \| 0 = Off \| \| "DEFAULT RESET" \| 0 = No; 1 = YES \| 0 = No \| \| DATA LOG TIME (For Optional Remote Control EVO-RC-PLUS) \| 0 = Disable 3 = 30 sec 6 = 10 min 1 = 1 sec 4 = 1 min 2 = 10 sec 5 = 5 min \| 1 = 1 sec \| \| PARAMETER SAVE (For Optional Remote Control EVO-RC-PLUS) \| 0 = No 1 = Yes \| 0 = No \| \| TEMP UNIT \| 0 = C 1 = F \| 0 = C \| \| PASSWORD DISABLE \| 0 = No 1 = Yes \| 0 = No \| 6.5 PROTECTIONS, FAULT MESSAGES AND TROUBLESHOOTING GUIDE The front panel of the unit has a Red LED marked “FAULT” (13, Fig 2.1). This LED will light up (steady) when the unit registers any of the FAULT MODE situations shown in Table 7.1 of EVO-RC-PLUS Remote Control Manual. Table 7.1 of EVO-RC-PLUS Remote Control Manual shows details of protections and associated Fault/Error Messages that will be displayed on the LCD screen of the optional Remote Control EVO-RC-PLUS. NOTE: If the optional Remote Control EVO-RC-PLUS is not used, it may be difficult to narrow down the probable cause of the fault. 6.6 POWERING OFF THE UNIT IN FAULT MODE If the unit is in “Fault Mode”, it will be possible to power OFF the unit with the ON/OFF Push Button on the front panel of EVO™ (11, Fig 2.1). As explained under Section 6.1.3, as long as AC input voltage > 70 ± 5 VAC is present, the unit CANNOT BE POWERED OFF using the ON / OFF Button on the front panel of the unit or on the optional Remote Control EVO-RC (See Section 3.2.2 of EVO-RC-PLUS Remote Control Manual). In order to power off using the Power ON/Off Button, switch OFF the AC input first. 6.7 12V, 100MA CAPACITY DC SOURCE FOR SIGNALING A 12V, 100mA capacity DC source has been provided (16, Fig 2.1). This voltage may be routed through the contacts of the Status Relay (14, Fig 2.1) to feed 12V ON / OFF control signal to drive circuits of remote monitoring control of the programmable conditions of operation of the unit (Refer to Section 188.8.131.52.1 of EVO-RC-PLUS Remote Control Manual). 6.8 STANDBY MODE When the EVO™ is in Standby Mode, it will stop inverting or charging / pass through. 6.8.1 General Information INFO 1. Standby Mode may also be used to temporary halt normal operation of the Inverter Charger without switching OFF the unit completely. 2. EVO-RC-PLUS Remote Control is required for switching ON/ switching OFF Standby Mode. Switching ON/ OFF of Standby Mode CANNOT be carried out from the ON/ OFF button on the front panel of EVO unless EVO-RC-PLUS Remote Control has been connected to the EVO unit. For the Standby Mode to be switched ON, the EVO™ should be in ON condition and should be operating in one of the 3 Operating Modes – “Inverting” or “Charging” or “Power Save” (See Figs 3.1(a), 3.2(a) and 3.3(a) of EVO-RC-PLUS Manual). When Standby Mode is switched ON, the EVO™ will exit its Operating Mode. 6.8.2 Procedure to Enter and Exit Standby Mode / Status Display in Standby Mode 184.108.40.206 For procedure to enter and exit Standby Mode, please refer to Section 3.4.1 of EVO-RC-PLUS Remote Control Manual. ## SECTION 7 \| Specifications \| Models \| EVO-1212F EVO-1212F-HW \| EVO-1224F EVO-1224F-HW \| \|-------------------------\|------------------------\|------------------------\| \| INVERTER SECTION \| \| \| \| Output Waveform \| Pure Sine Wave \| \| \| Input Battery Voltage Range \| 9.1 - 17 VDC \| 18.1 - 34 VDC \| \| Nominal AC Output Voltage \| 120 VAC ± 5%; Single Phase \| \| \| Output Frequency \| 60 Hz ± 0.1 Hz \| \| \| Total Harmonic Distortion of Pure Sine Wave Form (THD) \| < 5% \| \| \| Continuous Output Power and Power Factor (PF) \| 1200 Watt at PF = 0.95 \| \| \| Continuous AC Output Current \| 10A \| \| \| Surge Power for 1 msec \| 300% (3600VA, 30A) \| \| \| Surge Power for 100 msec \| 200% (2400VA, 20A) \| \| \| Power Boost for 30 sec \| 150% (1800W at PF = 0.95) \| \| \| Power Boost for 1 min \| 140% (1680W at PF = 0.95) \| \| \| Power Boost for 10 min \| 120% (1440W at PF = 0.95) \| \| \| Power Boost for 30 min \| 110% (1320W at PF = 0.95) \| \| \| Maximum Continuous DC Input Current \| 152A \| 76A \| \| Inverter Efficiency (Peak) \| 89% \| 91% \| \| No Load Power Consumption in Power Saving Mode \| < 8 W \| \| \| No Load Power Consumption in Normal Mode (120 VAC Output, Typical) \| 20 watts \| 20 watts \| \| No load Power Consumption in Standby Mode (Inverting/ Charging are suspended) \| < 5W \| \| \| AC INPUT \| \| \| \| AC Input Voltage \| 120VAC (60-140VAC +/- 5% selectable) \| \| \| AC Input Frequency \| 60Hz \| \| \| Maximum Programmable AC Input Current (GRID MAX CURRENT) \| 5 - 20A (Default - 20A) \| \| \| AC Input Breaker Size \| 20A \| \| \| \| (i) EVO-1212F and EVO-1224F have built-in Breaker \| \| \| \| (ii) For EVO-1212F-HW and EVO-1224F-HW, breaker has to be installed externally by the installer / user. \| \| ## SECTION 7 \| Specifications \| Models \| EVO-1212F \| EVO-1224F \| \|-------------------------\|--------------------\|--------------------\| \| \| EVO-1212F-HW \| EVO-1224F-HW \| ### TRANSFER CHARACTERISTICS \| Transfer Relay Type and Capacity \| SPDT, 40A \| \|----------------------------------\|-----------\| \| NOTE: In Charging Mode, input current is limited to 20A by input breaker and pass through current to the AC load is limited to 15A by the output breaker \| \| Transfer Time – Inverter to Grid / Generator \| < 1 ms (Synchronized transfer at zero crossing) \| \|-----------------------------------------------\|-------------------------------------------------\| \| Transfer Time – Grid / Generator to Inverter \| Up to 18ms (Synchronized transfer at zero crossing) \| ### INTERNAL BATTERY CHARGER SECTION \| AC Input Voltage Range \| 120 VAC (60 to 140 VAC +/-5% selectable); 60 Hz; Single Phase \| \|------------------------\|---------------------------------------------------------------\| \| Rated Continuous AC Input Current \| 11.2A, AC (At BULK CURRENT = 60 ADC) \| \| \| 11.2A, AC (At BULK CURRENT = 40 ADC) \| \| AC Input Power Factor (PF) \| > 0.95 \| \| Programmable Bulk Charging Current \| 0 - 60A, DC \| \| Programmable Charging Voltages: \| 13.5 to 16.0V (Default 14.4V) \| \| Bulk / Absorption Stage \| 13.0 to 15.0V (Default 13.5V) \| \| Float Stage \| 14.0 to 16.0V (Default 14.4V) \| \| Equalization Stage \| 27.0 to 32.0V (Default 28.8V) \| \| \| 26.0V to 30.0V (Default 27.0V) \| \| \| 28.0 to 32.0V (Default 28.8V) \| \| Charger Efficiency \| 75% \| \| 86% \| Programmable Charging Profiles - 3 profiles under 3-Stage Charging: Bulk, Absorption, Float - 1 profile under 4-Stage Charging: Bulk, Absorption, Equalize, Float - 2 profiles under 2-Stage Charging: Bulk, Absorption Battery Temperature Compensation - Battery Temperature Sensor EVO-BTCS included - Compensation Range from -20° C to 60° C ### EXTERNAL BATTERY CHARGER SECTION (Solar Charge Controller) \| Charging Voltage Range \| 13 - 16 VDC \| \|------------------------\|-------------\| \| \| 26 - 32 VDC \| \| Maximum Charging Current \| 50A \| ### COOLING, PROTECTIONS AND ALARMS \| Cooling \| 2 Fans – Temperature Controlled, Variable Speed \| \|---------\|-------------------------------------------------\| \| Protections and Alarms \| Battery Low Voltage Alarm and Low / Over Voltage Shut Down \| \| \| Shut Down under Input Over Current, Output Over Current, Output Overload and Output Short \| \| \| Transformer and Heat Sink Overheat Shut Down \| \| \| Immunity Against Conducted Electrical Transients in Vehicles \| \| Built-in Over Current Breakers \| Input: 20A \| \| \| Output: 15A \| - For EVO-1212F and EVO-1224F only. - To be installed externally for EVO-1212F-HW and EVO-1224F-HW ## SECTION 7 \| Specifications \| Models \| EVO-1212F \| EVO-1212F-HW \| \|-------------------------\|--------------------\|--------------------\| \| INPUT AND OUTPUT CONNECTIONS \| \| \| \| Battery Connection \| • Stud and Nut: M8 (Pitch 1.25mm) \| \| \| External Charge Controller Connection \| • Stud and Thumb Nut: M6 (Pitch 1mm) \| \| \| AC Input Connection \| (i) EVO-1212F and EVO-1224F: • IEC 60320 C-20 Male Power Inlet Plug. Requires 20A Detachable Power Cord with mating IEC 60320 C-19 Socket Connector and NEMA5-20P Plug (ii) EVO-1212F-HW and EVO-1224F-HW: • Terminal Block \| \| \| AC Output Connection \| (i) EVO-1212F and EVO-1224F: • NEMA5-15P, Duplex GFCI Outlet, 15A (ii) EVO-1212F-HW and EVO-1224F-HW: • Terminal Block \| \| \| OPTIONAL REMOTE CONTROL \| \| \|------------------------------\|----------------\| \| Model No. \| • EVO-RC-PLUS \| \| Specifications \| • Advanced Features for programming various parameters and modes of operation • 4 Rows of 20 Character Alpha Numeric LCD Display for messaging • Up to 16 GB SD Card Slot for Data Logging • Comes with 10M / 33ft RJ-45 Data Cable \| \| COMPLIANCE \| \| \|------------------------------\|----------------\| \| Safety Compliance \| • Intertek-ETL listed: Certified to CAN / CSA STD. C22.2 No. 107.1-01 • Intertek-ETL listed: Conforms to ANSI / UL STD. 458 \| \| EMI / EMC Compliance \| • Certified to FCC Part 15(B), Class A \| \| ENVIRONMENTAL SPECIFICATIONS \| \| \|----------------------------------\|----------------\| \| Operating Temperature \| -20° C to +60° C (-4° F to 140° F) \| \| Storage Temperature \| -40° C to +70° C (-40° F to 158° F) \| \| Operating Humidity \| 0 to 95% RH non condensing \| \| WEIGHTS AND DIMENSIONS \| \| \|---------------------------------\|----------------\| \| Dimensions: W x D x H \| 324 x 415 x 148 mm; 12.76 x 16.34 x 5.83 in \| \| Weights: \| 17.6 Kg / 38.8 lb \| 17.6 Kg / 38.8 lb \| NOTES: (1) All AC power ratings in the Inverter Section are specified at Power Factor = 0.95 (2) All specifications given above are at ambient temperature of 25°C / 77°F unless specified otherwise (3) Specifications are subject to change without notice SECTION 8 \| Warranty 3 YEAR LIMITED WARRANTY EVO™ Series Inverter/Chargers manufactured by Samlex America Inc. (the “Warrantor”) are warranted to be free from defects in workmanship and materials under normal use and service. The warranty period is 3 years for the United States and Canada, and is in effect from the date of purchase by the user (the “Purchaser”). Warranty outside of the United States and Canada is limited to 6 months. For a warranty claim, the Purchaser should contact the place of purchase to obtain a Return Authorization Number. The defective part or unit should be returned at the Purchaser’s expense to the authorized location. A written statement describing the nature of the defect, the date of purchase, the place of purchase, and the Purchaser’s name, address and telephone number should also be included. If upon the Warrantor’s examination, the defect proves to be the result of defective material or workmanship, the equipment will be repaired or replaced at the Warrantor’s option without charge, and returned to the Purchaser at the Warrantor’s expense. (Contiguous US and Canada only) using a carrier of the warrantor’s choice. Warranty service shall be performed only by the Warrantor. Any attempt to remedy the defect by anyone other than the Warrantor shall render this warranty void. The warranty does not apply to units with a serial number that has been altered, removed or modified in any way. There is no warranty for defects or damages to equipment or parts caused by: - Installation, alternation, inspection or removal - Normal wear and tear - Abuse or misuse of the equipment including exposure to excessive heat, salt or fresh water spray, or water immersion - Corrosion, fire, lightening, biological infestations or Acts of God - Repairs attempted by anyone other than the Warrantor - Improper use, contrary to operational instructions provided in product manual - Shipping or transport No other express warranty is hereby given and there are no warranties which extend beyond those described herein. This warranty is expressly in lieu of any other expressed or implied warranties, including any implied warranty of merchantability, fitness for the ordinary purposes for which such goods are used, or fitness for a particular purpose, or any other obligations on the part of the Warrantor or its employees and representatives. There shall be no responsibility or liability whatsoever on the part of the Warrantor or its employees and representatives for injury to any persons, or damage to person or persons, or damage to property, or loss of income or profit, or any other consequential or resulting damage which may be claimed to have been incurred through the use or sale of the equipment, including any possible failure of malfunction of the equipment, or part thereof. The Warrantor assumes no liability for incidental or consequential damages of any kind. Samlex America Inc. (the “Warrantor”) www.samlexamerica.com NOTES: Contact Information Toll Free Numbers Ph: 1 800 561 5885 Fax: 1 888 814 5210 Local Numbers Ph: 604 525 3836 Fax: 604 525 5221 Website www.samlexamerica.com USA Shipping Warehouses Kent, WA Plymouth, MI Canadian Shipping Warehouse Delta, BC Email purchase orders to email@example.com	8c1e56ab-edad-4f29-8d75-26d108865fc6	HuggingFaceFW/finepdfs/tree/main/data/eng_Latn/train	finepdfs	eng_Latn	341,164
International Energy Agency Photovoltaic Power System Programme (IEA PVPS) publiceert zijn 23e "Trends in Photovoltaic Applications" rapport. 21 december 2018 IEA PVPS publiceerde op begin december zijn 23e rapport "Trends in fotovoltaïsche zonne-energietoepassingen". Dit unieke rapport geeft officiële en nauwkeurige gegevens over de PV-markt, de industrie, het ondersteunend beleid, de onderzoeksactiviteiten en de integratie van PV in de energiesector in de 28 landen die rapporteren aan het IEA PVPSprogramma, plus een betrouwbare schatting van de andere belangrijkste PV-markten. In een markt waar de belangrijkste drijvende kracht achter de markt de feed-in tarieven blijft, heeft Azië het voortouw genomen in de ontwikkeling van fotovoltaïsche zonne-energie. 2017 is opnieuw een recordjaar voor de PV-markt. Voor het eerst wereldwijd is in één jaar tijd 99 GW aan fotovoltaïsche zonne-energiesystemen geïnstalleerd, waarmee de totale geïnstalleerde capaciteit op meer dan 403 GW komt en de jaarlijks nieuw geïnstalleerde zonnestroomcapaciteit zijn leiderspositie tegenover alle andere energietechnologieën bevestigt. Een belangrijke motor van dit opmerkelijke resultaat is opnieuw de ontwikkeling in China (53,1 GW geïnstalleerd vermogen in 2017), gevolgd door de Verenigde Staten (10,7 GW, omlaag), India (9,1 GW), Japan (7,5 GW, stabiel) en, voor het eerst in de top vijf van PV-landen, Turkije (2,6 GW). Dit beeld bevestigt dat - naast de sleutelrol die China speelt - een belangrijk deel van de groei afkomstig is van opkomende PV-markten, namelijk in de regio Azië-Stille Oceaan. De belangrijkste evolutie vanaf 2017 is echter de tragere groei buiten China, waarbij de meeste andere belangrijke markten ofwel stabiel zijn gebleven (Japan, Europa), ofwel teruglopen (VS). Alleen India groeide aanzienlijk (naast Turkije en Brazilië). Negen landen hebben in 2017 meer dan 1 GW geïnstalleerd en 27 landen bereikten een cumulatieve capaciteit van 1 GW en meer. De concentratie van bijna 90% van de markt in 10 landen blijft een punt van bezorgdheid, zoals in 2018 is gebleken met de gevolgen van het Chinese besluit van 31 mei 2018, om zijn markt te controleren. Wat de elektriciteitskosten betreft, zijn er recordaantal PPA's (Purchase Power Agreements) aangekondigd van minder dan 2 USDcent per kWh, wat bevestigt dat PV onder de beste omstandigheden een groter concurrentievermogen kan bereiken. Aangezien er in de komende jaren verdere kostenreducties te verwachten zijn, zal deze trend zich naar alle waarschijnlijkheid doorzetten, waardoor PV de goedkoopste optie voor elektriciteitsopwekking wordt. Het is echter even belangrijk om erop te wijzen dat de gemiddelde kosten van zonnestroom iets hoger liggen en vaak nog steeds sterk afhankelijk zijn van de voorwaarden van het regelgevend kader. Niet alle projecten kunnen worden opgeleverd aan minder dan 2 dollarcent. Op dezelfde manier blijven de systeemprijzen zeer uiteenlopend en zijn de lage moduleprijzen in concurrerende aanbestedingen niet in alle segmenten en landen een realiteit. In het algemeen hebben de beleidsgestuurde voorwaarden wereldwijd de neiging om te diversifiëren, met name voor kleinere systemen, waar het belang van zelfconsumptie en opslagopties toeneemt. Hoewel het beleid relevant blijft, kan in veel landen een verschuiving naar marktgerichte randvoorwaarden worden waargenomen. Als onderdeel van deze trend worden nieuwe bedrijfsmodellen ingevoerd die tot verdere diversificatie leiden. Dit kan worden gezien als een teken van volwassenheid, wat nieuwe perspectieven opent voor massale PV-ontwikkeling. Een laatste cijfer om niet te vergeten: sinds eind 2017 neemt fotovoltaïsche zonne-energie ongeveer 2,5% van de wereldwijde elektriciteitsvoorziening voor haar rekening en in ongeveer 30 landen draagt fotovoltaïsche zonne-energie tussen 1% en 10% bij aan het elektriciteitsverbruik. Kijkend naar de afgelopen tien jaar, blijven deze ontwikkelingen verbazingwekkend, maar zijn ze nog steeds te laag om de dreiging van de klimaatverandering efficiënt te bestrijden. PV moet nu worden erkend als één van de weinige beschikbare opties voor een massale transitie naar een koolstofarme toekomst. Het volledige rapport	<urn:uuid:0f7f7751-1ec1-4a18-80a7-52d2ca6b814b>	HuggingFaceFW/finepdfs/tree/main/data/nld_Latn/train	finepdfs	nld_Latn	4,221
A Constitutional Amendment Allowing Broader Campaign-Finance Reform Would Not Criminalize Political Satire. Christopher W. Bell Follow this and additional works at: https://commons.stmarytx.edu/thestmaryslawjournal Part of the Environmental Law Commons, Health Law and Policy Commons, Immigration Law Commons, Jurisprudence Commons, Law and Society Commons, Legal Ethics and Professional Responsibility Commons, Military, War, and Peace Commons, Oil, Gas, and Mineral Law Commons, and the State and Local Government Law Commons Recommended Citation Christopher W. Bell, A Constitutional Amendment Allowing Broader Campaign-Finance Reform Would Not Criminalize Political Satire., 47 St. Mary's L.J. (2015). Available at: https://commons.stmarytx.edu/thestmaryslawjournal/vol47/iss1/5 This Article is brought to you for free and open access by the St. Mary's Law Journals at Digital Commons at St. Mary's University. It has been accepted for inclusion in St. Mary's Law Journal by an authorized editor of Digital Commons at St. Mary's University. For more information, please contact firstname.lastname@example.org, email@example.com. VI. Rules Limiting Campaign Contributions and Expenditures Should Recognize the Distinction Between Money Provided by Constituents and Money Provided by Non-voters ............... 198 VII. Money Is Not Speech and Should Not Receive the Same Constitutional Protection as Speech Itself ......................... 199 VIII. Impose Limitations on Campaign Expenditures to Level the Playing Field .......................................................... 200 IX. Proposed Constitutional Amendments That Would Overturn Citizens United ...................................................... 204 X. The Udall Amendment and Its Critics ............................ 205 A. Senate Joint Resolution 19 ..................................... 205 B. Senator Cruz’s Accusation ..................................... 206 C. Why It Matters: The Importance of Political Satire in Our Culture .............................................................. 208 D. Rejection of Senator Cruz’s Accusation ..................... 209 E. The Death of Senate Joint Resolution 19 but Not the Movement ......................................................... 214 XI. Conclusion .......................................................... 215 I. INTRODUCTION While a majority of the American public supports limiting campaign spending,¹ campaign finance reform continues to rank near the bottom of most voters’ priorities.² Reformers have called the lack of the public’s --- 1. According to a June 2013 Gallup poll, nearly eighty percent of respondents voiced support for “limiting the amount of money that U.S. House and Senate candidates can raise and spend for their campaigns.” Lydia Saad, Half in U.S. Support Publicly Financed Federal Campaigns, GALLUP (June 24, 2013), http://www.gallup.com/poll/163208/half-support-publicly-financed-federal- campaigns.aspx; see also Brian Montopoli, Poll: Most Want Limits on Campaign Spending, CBS NEWS (Jan. 18, 2012, 7:07 PM), http://www.cbsnews.com/news/poll-most-want-limits-on-campaign-spending (reporting a CBS News poll found sixty-four percent of respondents, including a majority of Republicans, Democrats, and independents, support limits on individual campaign contributions, compared to thirty-one percent of respondents who favor no caps on individual campaign contributions); Dalia Sussman, Where Voters Stand on Campaign Finance, N.Y. TIMES: THE CAUCUS (July 27, 2010, 4:03 PM), http://thecaucus.blogs.nytimes.com/2010/07/27/where-voters-stand-on- campaign-finance (reporting an ABC and Post poll found more than seventy percent of respondents supported congressional efforts to reinstate campaign spending limits on corporations and unions). 2. Juliet Eilperin & Scott Clement, Why Don’t Americans Care More about Campaign Finance Reform?, WASH. POST: THE FIX (Apr. 30, 2013), http://www.washingtonpost.com/blogs/ the-fix/wp/2013/04/30/why-dont-americans-care-more-about-campaign-finance-reform (noting a relative interest “[o]ne of the persistent mysteries of campaign finance reform.”$^3$ Campaign finance remains a perennial issue because it reaches the depths of our democracy. If one were to “[s]tudy a particular election in sufficient depth[,] . . . there will emerge universal truths about campaigns in a democracy, and about the nature of the power that shapes our lives.”$^4$ Because contributions and expenditures define political campaigns$^5$ and political campaigns shape lives in a democracy, the way we interpret the role of campaign finance defines and shapes our democratic society. The Supreme Court again focused our national attention on the critical role of money in politics in Citizens United v. FEC.$^6$ Citizens United is one of the most controversial rulings of the Roberts Court, earning criticism from the President of the United States,$^7$ members of the U.S. Congress,$^8$ Supreme Court justices,$^9$ and the --- $^3$ Kenneth R. Mayer, Hey, Wait a Minute: The Assumptions Behind the Case for Campaign Finance Reform, in A USER’S GUIDE TO CAMPAIGN FINANCE REFORM 71, 71 (Gerald C. Lubenow ed. 2001). $^4$ Robert A. Caro, Means of Ascent, at xxxi (1990). $^5$ See Mike Huckabee, It’s Really About the Dogs, CAMPAIGNS & ELECTIONS, Apr. 25, 2010, http://www.campaignsandelections.com/magazine/2140/it-s-really-about-the-dogs (lamenting the primacy of money in political campaigns); Ed Rendell, On Money and Politics, CAMPAIGNS & ELECTIONS, Apr. 25, 2010, http://www.campaignsandelections.com/magazine/2002/on-money-and-politics (“Having money does not guarantee a candidate will win the election, but not having enough money to effectively convey your message will guarantee that a candidate will not win.”). $^6$ Citizens United v. FEC, 558 U.S. 310, 365 (2010) (holding Congress may not limit political contributions by nonprofits and for-profit corporations). $^7$ See President Barack Obama, State of the Union Address (Jan. 27, 2010), http://www.whitehouse.gov/the-press-office/remarks-president-state-union-address (“[T]he Supreme Court reversed a century of law that I believe will open the floodgates for special interests—including foreign corporations—to spend without limit in our elections.”); see also President Barack Obama, Weekly Address (May 1, 2010), http://www.whitehouse.gov/the-press-office/weekly-address-president-obama-calls-congress-enact-reforms-stop-a-potential-corpor (“[T]he Supreme Court issued a decision that overturned decades of law and precedent, dealing a huge blow to our efforts to rein in this undue influence.”). $^8$ See S. REP. NO. 113-223, at 21 (2014) (“[T]he Court’s recent about-face and drastic departure from a century of settled law and precedent has led to the evisceration of nearly every reasonable campaign finance protection that had been in the books.”); Nancy Pelosi & John Sarbanes, Nancy Pelosi and John Sarbanes: Reversing the Grievous Error of Citizens United, WASH. POST (Feb. 4, 2014), http://www.washingtonpost.com/opinions/nancy-pelosi-and-john-sarbanes-reversing-the-grievous-error-of-citizens-united/2014/02/04/0f197d0a-8dba-11e3-98ab-fe5228217bd1_story.html (labeling the Citizens United holding a “grievous error”); Press Release, Tom Udall, Senator for N.M., Udall Introduces Constitutional Amendment on Campaign Finance Reform (June 18, 2013), http://www.tomudall.senate.gov/?p=press_release&id=1329 (calling the case a “flawed precedent”). $^9$ See John Paul Stevens, Six Amendments: How and Why We Should Change the public.\textsuperscript{10} The \textit{Citizens United} ruling evoked such strong reactions because it represents the contrast between two competing visions of the First Amendment concept of “freedom of speech,”\textsuperscript{11} “free speech as serving liberty” and “free speech as serving equality.”\textsuperscript{12} The contrast is at its starkest in what Justice Stevens characterized as “the claim that the only ‘sufficiently important governmental interest in preventing corruption or the appearance of corruption’ is one that is ‘limited to \textit{quid pro quo} corruption.’”\textsuperscript{13} However, the legal fight over the proper role of free speech in a democratic society and its role in how American politicians finance their campaigns began in earnest in the Supreme Court’s decision in \textit{Buckley v. Valeo}.\textsuperscript{14} The first section of this Comment examines how the Court narrowed the scope of the government’s permissible compelling interest while regulating the way candidates finance their political campaigns. \textit{Citizens United} created a tension between legal thinkers who accept the Court’s narrow framing of the government’s compelling interest and those who believe the Court should recognize the government has other compelling interests that support the regulation of speech. This latter group has led a \textsuperscript{10} See Ashby Jones, \textit{Legal Experts React to Supreme Court’s Campaign-Finance Ruling}, WALL ST. J.: L. BLOG (Apr. 2, 2014, 12:42 PM), http://blogs.wsj.com/law/2014/04/02/legal-experts-react-to-supreme-courts-campaign-finance-ruling (reporting the reaction of legal experts). \textsuperscript{11} U.S. CONST. amend. I. \textsuperscript{12} See Stephen J. Andre, \textit{The Transformation of Freedom of Speech: Unspooling the Twisted Roots of Citizens United v. FEC}, 44 J. MARSHALL L. REV. 69, 69–70 (2010) (discussing the “irreconcilable differences” in the “two philosophical outlooks bearing on the treatment of speech” that are “illustrated in the \textit{Citizens United} case). “As is so often the case in democratic systems, the conflict, distilled down to its essence, balances concerns of social equality versus claims of individual autonomy.” \textit{Id.} at 70; see also Kathleen M. Sullivan, \textit{Two Concepts of Freedom of Speech}, 124 HARV. L. REV. 143, 145 (2010) (“The outcome of \textit{Citizens United} is best explained as representing a triumph of the libertarian over the egalitarian vision of free speech.”). \textsuperscript{13} \textit{Citizens United v. FEC}, 558 U.S. 310, 447 (2010) (Stevens, J., concurring in part, dissenting in part). \textsuperscript{14} \textit{Buckley v. Valeo}, 424 U.S. 1, 23 (1976) (per curiam) (upholding federal limits on campaign contributions while ruling that spending money to influence elections is a form of constitutionally protected free speech); see Skelly Wright, \textit{Money and the Pollution of Politics: Is the First Amendment an Obstacle to Political Equality?}, 82 COLUM. L. REV. 609, 631–32 (1982) (“Paradoxically, by equating political spending with political speech and according both the same constitutional protection, the Court placed the [F]irst [A]mendment squarely in opposition to the democratic ideal of political equality.”); see generally Andre, \textit{supra} note 12, at 70 (“The conflict posed by objectives protecting the interests of individuals versus egalitarian goals is an age-old source of concern for political philosophers contemplating the nature of justice.”). grassroots effort to amend the U.S. Constitution to effectively overturn Buckley* and Citizens United and provide Congress with constitutional support for regulating campaign finance to pursue egalitarian ends. Because a constitutional amendment is the only way for Congress to overturn the Supreme Court’s decision to narrow the scope of the government’s compelling interest when regulating campaign finance, the second section of this Comment makes the case for amending the Constitution. This Comment uses retired Justice John Paul Stevens’s testimony before the Senate Judiciary Committee as a map for this part of the discussion.$^{15}$ Shifting the focus from a theoretical constitutional amendment to legislation actually considered by Congress, this Comment explores the litany of constitutional amendments that members of 113th Congress proposed as a reaction to Citizens United and McCutcheon v. FEC.$^{16}$ Section III of this Comment examines the lone proposed constitutional amendment that made it to a floor vote, Senator Tom Udall’s Senate Joint Resolution 19.$^{17}$ While Senate Joint Resolution 19 failed to pass a cloture vote, the reason to explore the Udall amendment is to address its chief critics and refute the strongest argument against the proposed amendment, so when Congress again discusses amending the Constitution to allow broader campaign finance reform, reformers can be ready to counter illegitimate criticism. To this end, this Comment concludes by addressing criticism from Senator Ted Cruz that the proposed constitutional amendment would have criminalized political satire, as featured on Saturday Night Live.$^{18}$ While Senator Cruz’s accusation is important to $^{15}$ Dollars and Sense: How Undisclosed Money and Post-McCutcheon Campaign Finance Will Affect 2014 and Beyond: Hearing Before the S. Rules & Admin. Comm., 113th Cong. 1 (2014) (statement of John Paul Stevens, retired J., U.S. Supreme Court), http://www.supremecourt.gov/publicinfo/speeches/JPSSpeech(DC)04-30-2014.pdf [hereinafter Dollars and Sense]. $^{16}$ McCutcheon v. FEC, 134 S. Ct. 1434, 1462 (2014) (holding aggregate contribution limits are unconstitutional). The 112th and 113th Congress proposed a combined thirty-four constitutional amendments in response to Citizens United and McCutcheon. Constitutional Amendments, UNITED FOR THE PEOPLE, http://www.united4thepeople.org/amendments.html (last visited Oct. 8, 2015). $^{17}$ S.J. Res. 19, 113th Cong. (2013). $^{18}$ 160 CONG. REC. S5418 (daily ed. Sept. 9, 2014) (statement of Sen. Ted Cruz); see also Bill Carter, Pratt to Host Premiere of SNL; Cruz Raises Opposition to Show, HOUS. CHRON. (Sept. 11, 2014), http://www.chron.com/entertainment/tv/article/Pratt-to-host-premiere-of-SNL-Cruz-raises-5748221.php (“Looking to mount a defense for corporate interests, Senator Ted Cruz, R-Texas, said the amendment might make it a ‘criminal offense’ for ‘SNL’ to engage in political satire because it is a show owned by NBC and NBC is a corporation.”); Josh Feldman, Ted Cruz: Democrats’ Amendment Would Criminalize SNL, MEDIAITE (Sept. 9, 2014, 10:48 PM), http://www.mediaite.com/tv/ted-cruz-dem-amendment-would-criminalize-snl (“Cruz cried foul and said that no matter what Democrats’ intentions might be, their efforts would have the side effect of silencing a television consider because of the number of Americans who now get their news from non-traditional, comedy-driven sources,\textsuperscript{19} the accusation fails to survive careful analysis. II. The March from Buckley to Citizens United: Two Competing Views on the Scope of the Government’s Compelling Interest in Regulating the Way Politicians Finance Their Campaigns The First Amendment applies with special force to the political arena.\textsuperscript{20} The key question in recent times has been how to reconcile Congress’s efforts to regulate the money flowing into and out of political campaigns with the free speech guarantee of the First Amendment. While modern congressional efforts to regulate the way politicians finance their campaigns began with the Federal Election Campaign Act of 1971 (FECA), Congress began “prohibit[ing] corporations and national banks from contributing money to Federal campaigns” with the Tillman Act (1907).\textsuperscript{21} In 1974, responding to the Watergate scandal, Congress “mounted a systematic campaign against electoral corruption” by amending FECA to place legal limits on campaign contributions.\textsuperscript{22} In Buckley, the Court began to narrow the scope of the government’s compelling interest that allows Congress to regulate campaign finance by distinguishing between contribution limits and campaign expenditures.\textsuperscript{23} \textsuperscript{19} See Bootie Cosgrove-Mather, Young Get News from Comedy Central, CBS NEWS (Mar. 1, 2004, 4:11 PM), http://www.cbsnews.com/news/young-get-news-from-comedy-central (“For many under 30, the host of Comedy Central’s ‘The Daily Show’ is, improbably, a source for news.”); Gail Shister, Young Adults Eschew Traditional Nightly News for ‘The Daily Show’, PHILLY.COM (May 13, 2007), http://articles.philly.com/2007-05-13/entertainment/24994047_1_young-adults-newscast-information-source (citing Nielsen Media Research polls that show more young people watch The Daily Show than network evening news). \textsuperscript{20} See Monitor Patriot Co. v. Roy, 401 U.S. 265, 272 (1971) (“[I]t can hardly be doubted that the constitutional guarantee has its fullest and most urgent application precisely to the conduct of campaigns for political office.”); Mills v. Alabama, 384 U.S. 214, 218–19 (1966) (“A major purpose of [the First] Amendment was to protect the free discussion of governmental affairs . . . . [which] includes discussions of candidates, structures and forms of government, the manner in which government is operated or should be operated, and all such matters relating to political processes.”); Garrison v. Louisiana, 379 U.S. 64, 74–75 (1964) (“[S]peech concerning public affairs is more than self-expression; it is the essence of self-government.”). \textsuperscript{21} FEC, Appendix 4: The Federal Election Campaign Laws: A Short History, http://www.fec.gov/info/appfour.htm (last visited Oct. 8, 2015). The Tillman Act of 1907 was later invalidated by Citizens United. Citizens United v. FEC, 558 U.S. 310, 365 (2010). For an in-depth discussion of pre-FECA campaign finance legislation, see generally S. REP. NO. 113-223, at 9–11 (2014) and FEC, supra. \textsuperscript{22} S. REP. NO. 113-223, at 11. \textsuperscript{23} The Court found “actuality and appearance of corruption resulting from large individual While the Citizens United majority implicitly accepted the only “sufficiently important governmental interest in preventing corruption or the appearance of corruption” is one that is “limited to quid pro quo corruption,”$^{24}$ this has not always been the Court’s interpretation of its holding in Buckley. In 1990, the Court acknowledged “the corrosive and distorting effects of immense aggregations of wealth that are accumulated with the help of the corporate form and that have little or no correlation to the public’s support for the corporation’s political ideas” was a legitimate reason to sustain governmental regulation of speech.$^{25}$ Upholding its anti-distortion rationale thirteen years later, the Court declared “the danger that officeholders will decide issues . . . according to the wishes of those who have made large financial contributions” instead of “on the merits or desires of their constituencies” is “[j]ust as troubling to a functioning democracy as classic quid pro quo corruption.”$^{26}$ When the Court rejected the anti-distortion rationale as a proper justification to “suppress political speech on the basis of the speaker’s corporate identity,” and thus the rationale to support the “prohibition on the use of corporate treasury funds for express advocacy,” it very narrowly construed the government’s compelling interest when regulating campaign finance.$^{27}$ Citizens United illuminated a philosophical dichotomy. One side posits the government’s compelling interest in regulating campaign finance should be limited to preventing quid pro quo corruption or the appearance thereof, while the other side interprets the government as having other interests, including the creation of a level playing field in political campaigns that should permit Congress to suppress political speech.$^{28}$ --- $^{24}$ Citizens United, 558 U.S. at 359 (Stevens, J., concurring in part, dissenting in part). $^{25}$ Austin v. Mich. State Chamber of Commerce, 494 U.S. 652, 660 (1990). $^{26}$ McConnell v. FEC, 540 U.S. 93, 153 (2003), overruled by Citizens United v. FEC, 558 U.S. 310 (2010). $^{27}$ Citizens United, 558 U.S. at 365. $^{28}$ See Andre, supra note 12, at 69–70 (discussing the “irreconcilable differences” in the “two philosophical outlooks bearing on the treatment of speech” as “illustrated in the Citizens United case”). “As is so often the case in democratic systems, the conflict, distilled down to its essence, balances concerns of social equality versus claims of individual autonomy.” Id. at 70. Describing financial contributions” to be “constitutionally sufficient justification for” placing limits on individual campaign contributions. Buckley v. Valeo, 424 U.S. 1, 26 (1976) (per curiam). However, the Court did not find “[t]he interest in alleviating the corrupting influence of large contributions” to be “clearly . . . sufficient to justify the provision’s infringement of fundamental First Amendment rights.” Id. at 54–56. The Senate Judiciary Committee characterized Buckley as upholding “an infrastructure of modest campaign finance regulations[] [b]ut in so doing, it placed significant limitations on the scope and creativity of any future campaign finance efforts, thereby undercutting legislative efforts to protect against corruption and maintain the ‘integrity of our system of representative democracy.’” S. REP. NO. 113-223, at 12 (quoting Buckley, 424 U.S. at 27). The “triumph of the libertarian over the egalitarian vision of free speech” set off a public debate about the role of free speech in how politicians finance their political campaigns.\textsuperscript{29} \section{III. Only One Way to Break This Tension: Amend the Constitution} If the campaign finance system is ever to effectively promote egalitarian ends, Congress must limit campaign expenditures.\textsuperscript{30} Unfortunately, the \textit{Buckley} Court removed Congress’s authority to limit campaign expenditures by equating money with speech\textsuperscript{31} and foreclosed on the promotion of egalitarian ends.\textsuperscript{32} \textit{Buckley} and \textit{Citizens United} are “the law of the land and cannot be overturned by simple legislation.”\textsuperscript{33} Therefore, to regain its constitutional authority to limit campaign expenditures, Congress must amend the Constitution to recognize the promotion of egalitarian ends as a compelling governmental interest and grant itself the authority to pass and enforce reasonable campaign finance reform.\textsuperscript{34} \section{IV. Campaign Finance Is Not a Partisan Issue} When reformers say “campaign finance is a not a partisan issue,” they speak of two separate, but related concepts.\textsuperscript{35} The first concept is the non-partisanship of campaign finance reform inherent in the egalitarian view of free speech. The second concept illustrates why it may be possible for a bipartisan constitutional supermajority to coalesce around an amendment that would restore Congress’s authority to place reasonable limits on \begin{footnotesize} \begin{itemize} \item how \textit{Buckley} ended the debate over political values, Robert Much argues “[t]he equality rationale is now of merely historical interest.” ROBERT E. MUTH, \textsc{Buying the Vote: A History of Campaign Finance Reform} 191 (2014). \item Sullivan, \textit{supra} note 12, at 145. \item See generally \textit{Dollars and Sense}, \textit{supra} note 15, at 1–7 (addressing several reasons to justify limits on campaign expenditures). A constitutional amendment is now the only way for Congress to limit campaign contributions. \textit{Id.} at 6; see also David Firestone, \textit{John Paul Stevens Gets That ‘Money Is Not Speech’}, \textsc{N.Y. Times: Taking Note} (Apr. 30, 2014, 2:22 PM), http://takingnote.blogs.nytimes.com/2014/04/30/john-paul-stevens-gets-that-money-is-not-speech/ (acknowledging “[c]onstitutional amendments are designed to fix great national problems that the founders could not anticipate”). \item Buckley v. Valeo, 424 U.S. 1, 52–53 (1976) (per curiam). \item \textit{Id.} at 48–49 (“[T]he concept that government may restrict the speech of some elements of our society in order to enhance the relative voice of others is wholly foreign to the First Amendment.”). \item Andrew Rosenthal et al., Editorial, \textit{An Amendment to Cut Political Cash}, \textsc{N.Y. Times}, Sept. 10, 2014, http://www.nytimes.com/2014/09/11/opinion/an-amendment-to-cut-political-cash.html. \item \textit{See Dollars and Sense}, \textit{supra} note 15, at 7 (declaring “an amendment to the constitution” is required “to correct [the] fundamental error” created by the Court’s holding in \textit{Citizens United}). \item \textit{Id.} at 1 (emphasis added). \end{itemize} \end{footnotesize} corporations’ ability to engage in campaign speech. First, reformers embrace a mode of constitutional interpretation that allows the government to promote egalitarian objectives. The reformers’ argument begins with the presumption “[i]t is fundamentally wrong to assume that preventing corruption is the only justification for laws limiting the First Amendment rights of candidates and their supporters.”\textsuperscript{36} Next, by analogizing political campaigns to other adversarial-based competitions, e.g. “athletic contests or adversary litigation,”\textsuperscript{37} reformers rely on a natural sense of equity to argue “[t]he interest in creating a level playing field justifies the regulation of campaign speech that does not apply to speech about general issues that is not designed to affect the outcome of elections.”\textsuperscript{38} Under the egalitarian interpretation of free speech, “rules should give rival candidates \textit{irrespective of their party} . . . an equal opportunity to persuade citizens to vote for them.”\textsuperscript{39} In essence, the reformers argue campaign finance reform is not a partisan issue because it would benefit all candidates. The second way of thinking about campaign finance as “not a partisan issue” derives from the fact that throughout modern history, candidates from both major parties have sponsored and supported efforts to limit campaign speech.\textsuperscript{40} The results of the recent cloture vote on Senate Joint Resolution 19 suggest \textit{Citizens United} may have calcified campaign finance around the traditional liberal/conservative polarity.\textsuperscript{41} Nevertheless, \begin{itemize} \item[36.] \textit{Id.} at 2. \item[37.] \textit{See id.} at 2–3 (analogizing procedural rules that regulate speech in contested litigation “to give adversary parties a fair and equal opportunity to persuade the decision-maker to rule in their favor” to “rules regulating political campaigns” and arguing rules on campaign speech “should have the same objective”). The fact that judges are not the decision-makers in a political campaign “does not change the imperative for equality of opportunity.” \textit{Id.} at 3. \item[38.] \textit{Id.} at 2. \item[39.] \textit{Id.} (emphasis added). This distinction between campaign speech and general issue speech is not without precedent. In \textit{Buckley}, the Court held FECA could regulate express advocacy—which is synonymous with Justice Stevens’s description of campaign speech—but could not limit expenditures on issue advocacy, which can be viewed as general issue speech. \textit{See Buckley v. Valeo}, 424 U.S. 1, 44 (1976) (per curiam) (construing the provisions of FECA that limit expenditures to “apply only to expenditures for communications that in express terms advocate the election or defeat of a clearly identified candidate for federal office”). \item[40.] The last time the Senate made a fundamental change to the way federal candidates finance their campaigns, both the sponsorship of the legislation and the vote for it was bipartisan. \textit{See} 148 CONG. REC. 1326 (2002) (showing the Bipartisan Campaign Reform Act of 2002 (McCain–Feingold) passed the Senate with a bipartisan vote of 60–40). \item[41.] No Senators who caucused with the Republicans voted for cloture for Senate Joint Resolution 19. 160 CONG. REC. S5544 (daily ed. Sept. 11, 2014) (roll call vote no. 261). It is not idle speculation that this recent shift toward partisanship reflects the attitudes of party leadership. In 1988, Senator McConnell said, “We Republicans have put together a responsible and constitutional polling data from the 2014 elections supports the proposition that politicians on both sides of the partisan divide support legislation aimed at “getting the money out of politics.”\textsuperscript{42} V. WITHOUT CONSTANT PRESSURE TO RAISE MONEY, “ALL ELECTED OFFICIALS WOULD LEAD HAPPIER LIVES AND BE BETTER ABLE TO PERFORM THEIR PUBLIC RESPONSIBILITIES”\textsuperscript{43} From the moment a freshman member of Congress wins election, his or her party wants the member to focus on raising money.\textsuperscript{44} Party leaders urge freshmen “to devote at least four hours each day to the tedious task of raising money,” and leaders heavily incentivize members of Congress to meet fundraising goals.\textsuperscript{45} While bipartisanship may be in short supply in the nation’s capital, there is at least one issue upon which Republicans and Democrats agree: “dialing for dollars” is not an enjoyable experience.\textsuperscript{46} \textsuperscript{42} Do You Care About Getting Money Out of Politics?, ON THE ISSUES, http://www.ontheissues.org/HuffPo_CU.htm (last visited Oct. 8, 2015). \textsuperscript{43} Dollars and Sense, \textit{supra} note 15, at 3. \textsuperscript{44} See Tracy Jan, For Freshman in Congress, Focus Is on Raising Money, BOS. GLOBE (May 12, 2013), http://www.bostonglobe.com/news/politics/2013/05/11/freshman-lawmakers-are-introduced-permanent-hunt-for-campaign-money/YQMMoqCNxGKh2h0lOF9H/story.html (writing the motto for freshman congressmen is “Raise Money. Raise More. Win.”). \textsuperscript{45} Id. Members of both parties “are compelled to sign confidential agreements with their parties’ campaign committees, pledging to meet specific-fund-raising goals each quarter in exchange for a commitment of heavy financial support” during the next election. \textit{Id.} \textsuperscript{46} Ryan Grim & Sabrina Siddiqui, Call Time for Congress Shows How Fundraising Dominates Bleak Work Life, HUFFINGTON POST (Jan. 8, 2013, 7:30 AM), http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2013/01/08/call-time-congressional-fundraising_n_2427291.html (opining a bipartisan distaste for “call time”); Jan, \textit{supra} note 44 (repeating one Congress member’s comparison of call time to “the Bataan Death March”). Members of Congress describe the depressing experience of having to telephone relentlessly potential donors and how this leads to the feeling “the campaign seemingly never ends.” \textit{Id.} This last point can lead to significant problems. Fundraising requires politicians to remind potential donors of the differences between the politician and his or her opponents. Governing requires compromise and finding the common ground among adversaries. Therefore, placing members of Congress in a never-ending campaign cycle may be partially to blame for the hyper“[O]ur current campaign finance system has locked members of Congress into an endless campaign cycle” by forcing members to continually engage in fundraising.\textsuperscript{47} The problem is that this unquenchable need to raise money takes away from the time a Congressman can dedicate to his official duties. Even though members of Congress may seek elective office to serve the needs of their constituents, “[c]ongressional hearings and fundraising duties often conflict, and members of Congress have little difficulty deciding between the two.”\textsuperscript{48} Power in the House of Representatives has long derived from a Congressman’s knowledge of the contents of legislation, so there is a premium to attending committee meetings.\textsuperscript{49} However, there is little expectation a member of Congress will even attend committee hearings.\textsuperscript{50} The public sees this change in prioritization most clearly when members of Congress skip committee hearings and other official duties to attend fundraisers.\textsuperscript{51} \textsuperscript{47} Tom Udall, \textit{Amend the Constitution to Restore Public Trust in the Political System: A Practitioner’s Perspective on Campaign Finance Reform}, 29 YALE L. & POL’Y REV. 235, 245. \textsuperscript{48} Grim & Siddiqui, \textit{supra} note 46; see also Ryan Grim & Arthur Delaney, \textit{The Cash Committee: How Wall Street Wins on the Hill}, HUFFINGTON POST (Mar. 18, 2010 5:12 AM), http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2009/12/29/the-cash-committee-how-wa_n_402373.html (describing how the Democratic Congressional Campaign Committee’s expectation that members of Congress “do as much ‘call time’ with potential donors as is physically possible from the moment they win election . . . doesn’t leave much time for legislating”); Jan, \textit{supra} note 44 (reporting party leaders’ expect freshmen members of Congress to dedicate “at least four hours each day to . . . dialing for dollars[.]” double the amount of time the party leaders expect the members “to dedicate to committee hearings and floor votes, or meetings with constituents”). While party leaders may officially deny it, they even consider fundraising when assigning members of Congress to specific committees. Grim & Delaney, \textit{supra}. \textsuperscript{49} Members of Congress who attend every committee meeting and, therefore, understand the contents of related legislation are heavily relied upon. ROBERT A. CARO, \textit{THE PATH TO POWER} 320 (1982) (quoting Representative Marvin Jones, “[T]here are only a few men who sit there and watch every sentence that goes into the bill and know why it went in. . . . The House soon finds out who does that on each committee.”). \textsuperscript{50} During her freshman year in Congress, Representative Jackie Speier remarked, “I don’t know if it’s just an unspoken rule around here . . . but it appears you don’t have to show up for the hearing. You just show up to vote.” Grim & Delaney, \textit{supra} note 48. \textsuperscript{51} The public, or at least the media, seems to pay more attention to a congressional representative’s attendance during times when the committee to which the representative is a member is working on a national, hot button issue. Therefore, Representative Suzanne Kosmas’s absence from a 2009 meeting of the House Financial Services Committee to attend a fundraiser hosted by the kinds of entities the Consumer Financial Protection Agency would regulate was conspicuous, since the committee was discussing the administration’s proposal for the agency. VI. RULES LIMITING CAMPAIGN CONTRIBUTIONS AND EXPENDITURES SHOULD RECOGNIZE THE DISTINCTION BETWEEN MONEY PROVIDED BY CONSTITUENTS AND MONEY PROVIDED BY NON-VOTERS While many reformers are quick to dismiss the idea of “corporate personhood,” there are other analytical avenues available to distinguish corporate and individual participation in political campaigns.$^{52}$ Instead of making the dichotomy between corporations and natural persons, Congress could frame the debate as a demarcation between voters and non-voters.$^{53}$ The Court upheld the constitutionality of the federal prohibition on foreign citizens from spending money to support or oppose candidates for federal office in Bluman v. Federal Election Commission.$^{54}$ This holding seems inconsistent with the holding in Citizens United, which determined a speaker’s identity was an impermissible basis for regulating campaign speech.$^{55}$ Bluman suggests governmental --- $^{52}$ Citing Justice John Marshall’s explanation that “[a] corporation is an artificial being, invisible, intangible, and existing only in contemplation of law,” Senator Udall argues “[t]o bestow corporations with the same constitutional rights as U.S. citizens is a sharp departure from the Court’s own precedent, and a serious mistake.” Udall, supra note 47, at 243–44 (citing Trs. of Dartmouth Coll. v. Woodward, 17 U.S. 518, 636 (1819)). Senator Udall further contends, “Congress’s authority to adopt regulations that differentiate the acceptable political involvement of individual citizens in comparison to organizations such as corporations . . . is well established.” Id. at 244 n.39. $^{53}$ The category of “non-voters” would include corporations and natural “persons living in other jurisdictions.” Dollars and Sense, supra note 15, at 3. In Citizens United, Justice Stevens laid out the “critical, functional reasons why the First Amendment had never before treated corporations and human beings as equivalent.” S. REP. No. 113–223, at 17 (2014). In the context of public office election, the distinction between corporate and human speakers is significant. Although they make enormous contributions to our society, corporations are not actually members of it. They cannot vote or run for office. Because they may be managed and controlled by nonresidents, their interests may conflict in fundamental respects with the interests of eligible voters. Id. (citing Citizens United v. FEC, 558 U.S. 310, 394 (2010) (Stevens, J., concurring in part, dissenting in part)). $^{54}$ Bluman v. FEC, 132 S. Ct. 1087 (2012) (mem.) (holding as constitutional the federal prohibition on foreign citizens from spending money to support or oppose candidates for federal office). $^{55}$ Citizens United v. FEC, 558 U.S. 310, 315 (2010) (“Government may not suppress political speech based on the speaker’s . . . identity.”). restrictions based on a speaker’s identity as a non-voter may withstand a certain level of scrutiny.\textsuperscript{56} Because “[v]oters’ fundamental right to participate in electing their own political leaders is far more compelling than the right of non-voters . . . to support or oppose candidates for public office,” balancing the rights should result in the Court’s recognition that Congress may limit a corporation’s rights with respect to campaign speech.\textsuperscript{57} VII. Money Is Not Speech and Should Not Receive the Same Constitutional Protection as Speech Itself Scholars and educated professionals describe the key mistake in \textit{Buckley} was “holding that every dollar spent on speech is as protected as the spoken word itself.”\textsuperscript{58} Justice Stevens advocates the clear position that “while money is used to finance speech, money is not speech.”\textsuperscript{59} A decade before \textit{Citizens United}, Justice Stevens offered the philosophical underpinning for the distinction that can launch “a new beginning” in the campaign finance debate: Speech has the power to inspire volunteers to perform a multitude of tasks on a campaign trail, on a battleground, or even a football field. Money, \textsuperscript{56} Given the inconsistency was a mere two years removed from the Court expressly overturning precedent for regulating speech based on the speaker’s identity, it is rather odd the Court would summarily decide \textit{Bhaman}. See STEVENS, supra note 9, at 96–97 (suggesting the “summary affirmance demonstrates the First Amendment will tolerate some regulation of campaign speech that is more restrictive than regulations of speech in other contexts”); see also Dollars and Sense, supra note 15, at 4–5 (“The \textit{Bhaman} case illustrates that the interest in protecting campaign speech by non-voters is less worthy of protection than the interest in protecting speech about general issues.”). \textsuperscript{57} Dollars and Sense, supra note 15, at 4. \textsuperscript{58} E. Joshua Rosenkranz, \textit{Judges in the Political Thicket, in A User’s Guide to Campaign Finance Reform} 127, 132 (Gerald C. Lubenow ed., 2001); see also Rosenthal et al., supra note 33 (“As long as money is officially categorized as protected speech, there will be no brake on the ability of the rich and special interests to drown out other voices.”). The New York Times Editorial Board explained the concept of speech in a pre-\textit{Citizen United} world as including “actual words uttered or written by natural persons, not money spent, and certainly not from corporate treasuries.” Id. \textsuperscript{59} Dollars and Sense, supra note 15, at 5. Not all of the money a campaign collects and expends relates to speech. Non-speech activity funded by campaign contributions and expenditures should not “receive the same constitutional protection as speech itself.” Id. To support the proposition that the Court should distinguish the constitutional protection for campaign speech from conduct funded by campaign contributions, reformers often cite the Watergate burglaries, the impetus for several key amendments to FECA in 1974. See id. (“After all, campaign funds were used to finance the Watergate burglaries — actions that clearly were not protected by the First Amendment.”). But see Geoffrey R. Stone, \textit{Is Money Speech?}, HUFFPOST POL: THE BLOG (Feb. 5, 2012, 12:29 PM), http://www.huffingtonpost.com/geoffrey-r-stone/is-money-speech_b_1255787.html (“Even though an object may not itself be speech, if the government regulates it because it is being used to enable free speech it necessarily raises a First Amendment issue.”). meanwhile, has the power to pay hired laborers to perform the same tasks. It does not follow, however, that the First Amendment provides the same measure of protection to the use of money to accomplish such goals as it provides to the use of ideas to achieve the same results.\textsuperscript{60} In essence, “[t]he key is to differentiate between speaking and spending.”\textsuperscript{61} Recognizing money is not speech itself, but the megaphone through which the speech is amplified, is key to promoting egalitarian goals.\textsuperscript{62} VIII. IMPOSE LIMITATIONS ON CAMPAIGN EXPENDITURES TO LEVEL THE PLAYING FIELD Linking “[t]he concepts of political equality and self-government,” Judge Skelly Wright argued “[i]f persons are equal, then none has an inherent right to dominate or impose his will on others.”\textsuperscript{63} Our Founding Fathers also trumpeted political equality as the heart of the American system of government.\textsuperscript{64} By \textit{Citizens United}, the Court took a firm position against the centrality of political equality to American democracy. According to Kathleen Sullivan, “The outcome of \textit{Citizens United} is best explained as representing a triumph of the libertarian over the egalitarian vision of free speech.”\textsuperscript{65} Outlining a “strand of free speech jurisprudence that might be called free speech as equality,” Sullivan explains the egalitarian view of free speech has two components: “an anti- \begin{itemize} \item Nixon v. Shrink Mo. Gov’t PAC, 528 U.S. 377, 398 (2000) (Stevens, J., concurring); see also J. Skelly Wright, \textit{Politics and the Constitution: Is Money Speech?}, 85 YALE L.J. 1001, 1007 (1976) (explaining campaign money is merely a vehicle for speech and not the speech itself). \item Timothy K. Kuhner, \textit{Capitalism v. Democracy: Money in Politics and the Free Market Constitution} 269 (2014). \item See E. Joshua Rosenkranz, \textit{Report of The Twentieth Century Fund Working Grp. on Campaign Fin. Littg.}, \textit{Buckley Stops Here: Loosening the Judicial Stranglehold on Campaign Finance Reform} 37 (1998) (“A candidate has an absolute right to . . . shout out her message at the top of her lungs. But she does not have the right to spend $100,000 on one thousand megaphones, mount them on a sound truck, and blare out her message so loudly that no one else can be heard.”). \item Wright, \textit{supra} note 14, at 626. Quoting former Columbia Law School Dean Albert J. Rosenthal, Judge Wright argues, “The goal of enriching the electoral system[] through . . . reducing inequities in the opportunities of candidates . . . to persuade the electorate . . . [is] indispensable to the attainment of the most fundamental purposes of the Constitution.” \textit{Id.} at 629 (citing Albert J. Rosenthal, \textit{Campaign Financing and the Constitution}, 9 HARV. J. ON LEGIS. 359, 360 (1972)). \item James Madison explained “the objects of popular choice” were to be “[e]very citizen whose merit may recommend him to the esteem and confidence of his country.” \textit{THE FEDERALIST} No. 57, at 328 (James Madison) (ABA ed., 2009). Promoting the inherent political equality in the U.S. Constitution, Madison wrote, “No qualification of wealth, or birth, of religious faith, or of civil profession is permitted to fetter the judgment or disappoint the inclination of the people.” \textit{Id.} \item Sullivan, \textit{supra} note 12, at 145. \end{itemize} discrimination component and an affirmative action component.”\textsuperscript{66} While the anti-discrimination component “bars government from discriminating against marginal, dissident, or unpopular viewpoints that are likely to suffer political subordination or hostility,” the affirmative action component “enforces a kind of preference or forced subsidy for marginal, dissident, or unpopular viewpoints by barring the attachment of speech-restrictive conditions to the receipt of public benefits.”\textsuperscript{67} Describing how the egalitarian balances concerns for “political equality” and “freedom of speech,” Sullivan expounds, “Political equality is prior to speech: when freedom of speech enhances political equality, speech prevails; when speech is regulated to enhance political equality, however, regulation prevails. Government may redistribute speaking power so long as it does so along viewpoint-neutral dimensions such as speakers’ structural or institutional features.”\textsuperscript{68} Justice Stevens acknowledges there are situations in which “the interest in giving adversaries an equal opportunity to persuade a decision maker to reach one conclusion rather than another” justifies “rules limiting the quantity of speech.”\textsuperscript{69} Proposing his own constitutional amendment “authorizing Congress . . . to place ‘reasonable’ limitations on campaign expenditures,” Justice Stevens advocates for an amendment that “would allow corporations to make public announcements of their views but would prohibit them from engaging in the kind of repetitive and excessive advocacy that the candidates typically employ.”\textsuperscript{70} Attempting to undermine the egalitarian rationale for campaign finance reform, Robert Post argues, “In a democracy in which all citizens are equal before the law, each citizen is equally entitled to the \textit{opportunity} to participate in public discourse. But First Amendment rights do not ensure \begin{itemize} \item \textsuperscript{66} \textit{Id.} at 148. \item \textsuperscript{67} \textit{Id.} \item \textsuperscript{68} \textit{Id.} \item \textsuperscript{69} STEVENS, \textit{supra} note 9, at 97. Relying on an inherent view of fairness and analogizing to a televised political debate, Justice Stevens argues the interest in the egalitarian view of free speech is what makes it “manifestly unfair for the moderator to allow [one candidate] more time than any other candidate because he had more money than any of his rivals. \textit{Id.} at 98. Drawing other analogies before the Senate Rules and Administration Committee, Justice Stevens testified, “Like rules that govern athletic contests or adversary litigation, those rules should create a level playing field.” \textit{Dollars and Sense}, \textit{supra} note 15, at 2. Going further, Justice Stevens argued, “Just as procedures in contested litigation regulate speech in order to give adversary parties a fair and equal opportunity to persuade the decision-maker to rule in their favor, rules regulating political campaigns should have the same objective.” \textit{Id.} at 2–3. \item \textsuperscript{70} STEVENS, \textit{supra} note 9, at 107–08. The amendment “would also repudiate both the holding and the reasoning” in \textit{Citizens United}. \textit{Id.} at 108. \end{itemize} that each citizen can exercise equal influence on government action.”\textsuperscript{71} Post’s formalistic distinction between the “opportunity to participate” and the exercise of influence ignores the realities of political campaigns, where the ability to be heard gives a candidate the opportunity to influence potential voters and therefore affect the outcome of the campaign.\textsuperscript{72} If a candidate is completely drowned out before he or she has the chance to attempt to influence potential voters, the candidate has effectively been denied the opportunity to participate in the political process in his or her chosen method.\textsuperscript{73} Mark Halperin and John F. Harris introduced the concept of the “money primary” into the popular political lexicon by explaining one way a candidate can introduce himself or herself to the voting public is by rapidly raising vast amounts of money, thus demonstrating his or her prowess as a fundraiser.\textsuperscript{74} When candidates can raise unlimited amounts of money, the “money primary” can be a psychological and economic barrier to entry for a candidate who may not be able to raise more money than his opponents.\textsuperscript{75} If a candidate does not demonstrate his or her ability to win the “money primary,” the press is likely to dismiss the campaign in a horserace story and is much less likely to cover the candidate’s message.\textsuperscript{76} The solution, according to Thomas I. Emerson, is, “[i]n general, the government must affirmatively make available the opportunity for expression as well as protect it from encroachment.”\textsuperscript{77} Emerson states, “This means that positive measures must be taken to assure the ability to speak despite economic or other barriers.”\textsuperscript{78} The political system’s obsession with fundraising not only undermines \begin{footnotes} \item \textsuperscript{71} ROBERT C. POST, \textit{CITIZENS DIVIDED: CAMPAIGN FINANCE REFORM AND THE CONSTITUTION} 49 (2014). \item \textsuperscript{72} See \textit{Dollars and Sense}, \textit{supra} note 15, at 2 (acknowledging a political campaign allows candidates the opportunity to persuade voters to decide in their favor). \item \textsuperscript{73} See ROSENKRANZ, \textit{supra} note 62, at 37 (finding it permissible for the government to regulate a speaker’s volume when used to “blare out [a] message so loudly that no one else gets heard”). \item \textsuperscript{74} See MARK HALPERIN & JOHN F. HARRIS, \textit{THE WAY TO WIN: TAKING THE WHITE HOUSE IN 2008}, at 242 (2008) (explaining the money primary, one of four conceptual contests created by Karl Rove). \item \textsuperscript{75} See id. (requiring a serious candidate to raise between $20–$25 million to compete for a presidential nomination). \item \textsuperscript{76} Former presidential candidate Mike Huckabee reported that because his campaign was “short on money,” the press corps only wanted to cover his fundraising efforts. Huckabee, \textit{supra} note 5. \item \textsuperscript{77} THOMAS I. EMERSON, \textit{THE SYSTEM OF FREEDOM OF EXPRESSION} 629 (Vintage Books ed. 1971) (1970). \item \textsuperscript{78} Id. \end{footnotes} the candidate’s opportunity to participate in the political system by running for office but also puts the rights of other participants in the political process in jeopardy.\textsuperscript{79} Both political parties appealing to the same moneyed elite in their quest for fundraising dominance tend to produce a political system where neither party is willing to voice opposition to the financial elite and bite the proverbial hand. Emerson further argues “attention must be given to the right of the citizen to hear varying points of view and the right to have access to information upon which such points of view can be intelligently based.”\textsuperscript{80} Accordingly, the government’s system of free expression must “stress the right to hear and the right to know.”\textsuperscript{81} Unfortunately, regulating campaign expenditure and donor contributions to promote egalitarian values is a tricky proposition. Limiting expenditures by the campaigns themselves naturally favors the candidate with the highest name identification within the voting community.\textsuperscript{82} There is a long history in American politics of wealthy candidates self-funding campaigns.\textsuperscript{83} If prohibiting a candidate from self-funding his or her campaign is per se unconstitutional, across-the-board contribution limits favor the candidate with the greatest net worth.\textsuperscript{84} As such, in an effort to combat the asymmetric starting points of wealthy and \textsuperscript{79} See Udall, \textit{supra} note 47, at 246 (“The pressure to raise money also discourages many qualified Americans from running for office.”). \textsuperscript{80} EMERSON, \textit{supra} note 77, at 629. \textsuperscript{81} \textit{Id.} \textsuperscript{82} Because incumbent candidates begin a race with name recognition, challengers must spend money to equalize this recognition. \textit{See} Bradley A. Smith, \textit{Why Campaign Finance Reform Never Works}, CATO INST., http://www.cato.org/publications/commentary/why-campaign-finance-reform-never-works (last visited Oct. 8, 2015) (reporting “[t]he key spending variable is . . . the absolute level of challenger spending”). Opponents of reform muddy the water with allegations that reforms are merely an incumbent’s means of self-preservation. \textit{See} Peter J. Wallison & Joel M. Gora, \textit{Burying the Incumbent Protection Racket}, AM. ENTERPRISE INST. (June 16, 2010, 3:00 AM), https://www.aei.org/publication/burying-the-incumbent-protection-racket (labeling campaign finance reform efforts as efforts to make it “more difficult for challengers to raise or spend campaign funds”). \textsuperscript{83} In the eighteenth century, “it was impossible to separate election money from election candidates.” Robert E. Mutch, \textit{Three Centuries of Campaign Finance Law, in A USER’S GUIDE TO CAMPAIGN FINANCE REFORM} 1, 1 (Gerald C. Lubenow ed., 2001). Certainly, there are numerous wealthy candidates who self-fund in the twenty-first century. \textit{See, e.g.}, Michael Barbaro & David W. Chen, \textit{Bloomberg Sets Record for His Own Spending on Elections}, N.Y. TIMES (Oct. 23, 2009), http://www.nytimes.com/2009/10/24/nyregion/24mayor.html (reporting Michael Bloomberg was “on pace to spend between $110 million and $140 million before the election”). \textsuperscript{84} \textit{See} Buckley v. Valeo, 424 U.S. 1, 52–53 (1976) (per curiam) (holding a “candidate . . . has a First Amendment right to engage in the discussion of public issues and vigorously and tirelessly . . . advocate his own election,” and a cap on personal expenditures imposes “a substantial,” “clear[],” and “direct[]” restraint on that right). non-wealthy candidates, the Bipartisan Campaign Reform Act of 2002 (BCRA) included a “millionaire’s amendment” that “lifted the contribution limit for candidates facing rich opponents who financed their own campaigns with personal funds.”\textsuperscript{85} In \textit{Davis v. FEC},\textsuperscript{86} while adhering to its narrow determination that the prevention of “corruption or the appearance of corruption are the only legitimate and compelling government interests thus far identified for restricting campaign finances,”\textsuperscript{87} the Court held Section 319(a) of BCRA was an impermissible burden of the “First Amendment right to spend [a candidate’s] own money for campaign speech.”\textsuperscript{88} Presumably, after a constitutional amendment that includes language making the promotion of egalitarian goals an explicit governmental compelling interest, Congress could revisit the concept of the “millionaire’s amendment” in comprehensive campaign finance reform legislation.\textsuperscript{89} \section{IX. PROPOSED CONSTITUTIONAL AMENDMENTS THAT WOULD OVERTURN \textit{CITIZENS UNITED}} When drafting a constitutional amendment to overturn key holdings in \textit{Buckley} and \textit{Citizens United}, reformers have focused on three key concepts: (1) limiting campaign expenditures, (2) restricting personhood to natural persons,\textsuperscript{90} and (3) making the promotion of egalitarian goals a \begin{itemize} \item \textsuperscript{85} Mutch, \textit{supra} note 28, at 176. \item \textsuperscript{86} Davis v. FEC, 554 U.S. 724, 744 (2008) (holding the government does not have a compelling interest to burden the First Amendment right of a candidate to spend his or her own money to advocate for the candidate’s election). \item \textsuperscript{87} \textit{Id.} at 741 (quoting FEC v. Nat’l Conservative Political Action Comm., 470 U.S. 480, 496–97 (1985)). \item \textsuperscript{88} \textit{Id.} at 738. Melvin Urofsky points out “most studies indicate that personal wealth by itself is not a decisive factor” and, in most of the recent election cycles, the wealthy self-financed candidate has lost. \textsc{Melvin I. Urofsky}, \textsc{Money and Free Speech: Campaign Finance Reform and the Courts} 286–87 (2005). Urofsky deduces the “millionaire provision in the McCain–Feingold Act aimed not at reducing an individual’s use of private wealth so much as allowing [his] opponents . . . to exceed certain guidelines in an effort to level the playing field.” \textit{Id.} at 287; see also Mutch, \textit{supra} note 28, at 176 (arguing \textit{Davis} represents the victory of the conservative justices’ “hostility to equality” over “their frequent professions that they want more speech”). \item \textsuperscript{89} While specific reforms are beyond the scope of this Comment, if Congress enshrines the promotion of egalitarian goals into the U.S. Constitution, it may look to the reforms Norman J. Ornstein proposed when it crafts comprehensive campaign finance reform legislation. For a description of Ornstein’s suggestions, see Norman J. Ornstein, \textit{Eight Modest Ideas for Meaningful Campaign Finance Reform}, in \textsc{A User’s Guide to Campaign Finance Reform} 149 (Gerald C. Lubenow ed., 2001). \item \textsuperscript{90} But see Garrett Epps, \textit{Don’t Blame “Corporate Personhood”}, AM. PROSPECT, Apr. 16, 2012, http://prospect.org/article/dont-blame-corporate-personhood (criticizing \textit{Citizens United} but asserting “[t]he threat to American self-government” cannot be resolved with a “corporate constitutionally explicit, compelling governmental interest. Members of the 113th Congress proposed sixteen distinct bills (adjusted for duplication of proposed legislation) to overturn Citizens United.\textsuperscript{91} Of these legislative proposals, nine (56%) would grant Congress the express authority to limit campaign expenditures,\textsuperscript{92} seven (44%) would restrict the definition of personhood to natural persons,\textsuperscript{93} and three (19%) would amend the Constitution to make the promotion of egalitarian goals a compelling governmental interest.\textsuperscript{94} From these bills, only Senate Joint Resolution 19 survived the procedural hurdles to reach a floor vote.\textsuperscript{95} While the bill, as originally introduced, only addressed two of the three major reform provisions, the amended version that emerged from the Senate Judiciary Committee addressed all three.\textsuperscript{96} X. THE UDALL AMENDMENT AND ITS CRITICS* A. Senate Joint Resolution 19 On June 18, 2013, Senator Tom Udall introduced Senate Joint Resolution 19.\textsuperscript{97} On July 17, 2014, the amended bill made it out of the Senate Judiciary Committee.\textsuperscript{98} The substantive portions of the amended bill read: SECTION 1. To advance . . . political equality, . . . Congress and the States may regulate and set reasonable limits on the raising and spending of money \textsuperscript{91} While the 113th Congress introduced eighteen total bills, Senate Bill 525 (2013) is identical to both Senate Joint Resolution 11 (2013) and House Joint Resolution 34 (2013). For analytical purposes, this Comment uses the sixteen bill figure. \textsuperscript{92} H.R.J. Res. 12, 113th Cong. (2013); H.R.J. Res. 14, 113th Cong. (2013); H.R.J. Res. 20, 113th Cong. (2013); H.R.J. Res. 29, 113th Cong. (2013); H.R.J. Res. 31, 113th Cong. (2013); H.R.J. Res. 119, 113th Cong. (2013); H.R.J. Res. 121, 113th Cong. (2013); S. 525, 113th Cong. (2013); S.J. Res. 19, 113th Cong. (2013) (as reported by S. Comm. on the Judiciary, July 17, 2014). \textsuperscript{93} H.R.J. Res. 13, 113th Cong. (2013); H.R.J. Res. 14; H.R.J. Res. 21, 113th Cong. (2013); H.R.J. Res. 29; S. 525; S.J. Res. 18, 113th Cong. (2013); S.J. Res. 19 (as reported by S. Comm. on the Judiciary, July 17, 2014). \textsuperscript{94} H.R.J. Res. 119; S. 525; S.J. Res. 19 (as reported by S. Comm. on the Judiciary, July 17, 2014). \textsuperscript{95} S.J.Res.19 — 113th Congress (2013-2014), CONGRESS.GOV, https://www.congress.gov/bill/113th-congress/senate-joint-resolution/19/actions (last visited Oct. 8, 2015). \textsuperscript{96} Compare S.J. Res. 19 (granting Congress the express authority "[t]o advance the fundamental principle of political equality for all" and to "regulate the raising and spending of money . . . with respect to Federal elections"), with S.J. Res. 19 (as reported by S. Comm. on the Judiciary, July 17, 2014) (adding a "corporate personhood" provision). \textsuperscript{97} S.J.Res.19 — 113th Congress (2013-2014), supra note 95. \textsuperscript{98} Id. by candidates and others to influence elections. SECTION 2. Congress and the States . . . may distinguish between natural persons and corporations or other artificial entities created by law, including by prohibiting such entities from spending money to influence elections.\textsuperscript{99} Describing his rationale for introducing the legislative precursor to Senate Joint Resolution 19,\textsuperscript{100} Senator Udall argued, “Comprehensive reform can be passed only if there is a constitutional amendment that provides Congress with the authority to regulate all aspects of the campaign finance system.”\textsuperscript{101} While passage of Senate Joint Resolution 19 would have triggered the first alteration of the original Bill of Rights, Congress has amended the Constitution in pursuit of egalitarian ends several times.\textsuperscript{102} Opponents of a constitutional amendment argue the Constitution “should only be considered in rare circumstances and for issues that cannot be resolved through legislation.”\textsuperscript{103} A challenge to the proposed constitutional amendment was a forgone conclusion, and the Supreme Court already supplied the bill’s most vocal challenger with a scary, yet specious argument. B. \textit{Senator Cruz’s Accusation} During a lengthy floor speech denouncing Democratic efforts to pass \textsuperscript{99} S.J. Res. 19 (as reported by S. Comm. on the Judiciary, July 17, 2014). In essence, Senate Joint Resolution 19 would restore to Congress and the states the power \textit{Citizens United} and other \textit{Buckley} progeny stripped away. \textit{See} Am. Tradition P’ship v. Bullock, 132 S. Ct. 2490, 2491 (2012) (per curiam) (explaining the Court’s holding in \textit{Citizens United} applies to campaign finance regulation by a state); \textit{see also} Ian Urbina, \textit{24 States’ Laws Open to Attack After Campaign Finance Ruling}, N.Y. TIMES (Jan. 23, 2010), http://www.nytimes.com/2010/01/23/us/politics/23states.html (quoting a law professor who argued \textit{Citizens United} turned the Colorado Constitution into “wastepaper”). \textsuperscript{100} S.J. Res. 28, 111th Cong. (2010). \textsuperscript{101} Udall, \textit{supra} note 47, at 249 (“Because the Court views money as speech, and believes corporations and unions should enjoy the same free speech rights as individuals, any regulations that would pass judicial scrutiny are unlikely to have a significant impact on reforming the broken campaign finance system.”). \textsuperscript{102} \textit{See} U.S. CONST. amend. XIV § 2 (changing the method of counting citizens for the purpose of apportioning congressional representation); \textit{Id.} amend. XV (granting African-Americans the right to vote); \textit{Id.} amend. XVII (changing the method of electing U.S. Senators); \textit{Id.} amend. XIX (granting women the right to vote); \textit{Id.} amend. XXIV (eliminating the poll tax); \textit{Id.} amend. XXVI (lowering the voting age); \textit{see also} S. REP. NO. 113-223, at 2 (2014) (“The story of our Constitution is that it has gradually evolved to ensure a more representative and inclusive democracy.”); S. REP. NO. 113-223, at 29 (answering the Minority’s characterization of Senate Joint Resolution 19 as a “dagger at the heart of the Bill of Rights” by quoting Professor Jamie Raskin’s statement that “the people have been forced to amend the Constitution multiple times to reverse reactionary decisions of the Supreme Court that freeze into place the constitutional property rights and political privileges of the powerful against the powerless”). \textsuperscript{103} Udall, \textit{supra} note 47, at 250. Senate Joint Resolution 19, Senator Ted Cruz recognized the “profoundly powerful effect” of Saturday Night Live. Senator Cruz described an exchange with Senator Al Franken, a former writer for Saturday Night Live and member of the Senate Judiciary committee. Senator Cruz relayed when he asked Senator Franken if “Congress should have the constitutional authority to prohibit Saturday Night Live from making fun of politicians,” Senator Franken “promptly reassured [Senator Cruz] he had no intention of doing any such thing.” Arguing legislative language trumps congressional intent, Senator Cruz declared the debate is not about “the intentions of 100 Senators,” instead revolves around “a constitutional amendment that [forty-nine] Democrats are proposing to be inserted into the Bill of Rights.” Asserting the language of the proposed constitutional amendment gives Congress “the constitutional authority to prohibit [any corporation] from engaging in political speech,” Senator Cruz delivered the following sound bite: Well, NBC, which airs “Saturday Night Live,” is a corporation. Under this amendment . . . , Congress would have the power to make [satirizing a politician close to a federal election] a criminal offense. Lorne Michaels could be put in jail under this amendment for making fun of any politician. That is extraordinary, it is breathtaking, and it is dangerous. --- 104. 160 CONG. REC. S5417 (daily ed. Sept. 9, 2014) (statement of Sen. Ted Cruz) (“[The] wickedly funny characterization of the Republican Vice Presidential nominee Sarah Palin . . . had a profoundly powerful effect on people’s assessment of Governor Palin.”). 105. Id. Senator Al Franken was a former writer for Saturday Night Live from 1975 to 1980. Al Franken Biography, http://www.biography.com/people/al-franken-9542255 (last visited Oct. 8, 2015). 106. 160 CONG. REC. S5417 (daily ed. Sept. 9, 2014) (statement of Sen. Ted Cruz). Some critics question the long-term effects of Senate Joint Resolution 19, while others accuse Democrats of proposing the amendment as a political stunt. See Scott Blackburn, The Real Effect of the Udall Amendment on Campaign Finance, WASH. TIMES (Sept. 11, 2014), http://www.washingtontimes.com/news/2014/sep/11/blackburn-the-real-effect-of-the-udall-amendment (arguing the intentions of the current members of Congress should be ignored because shifting political winds will bring in a Congress that would use the proposed constitutional language to act in ways current members of Congress would have not contemplated and opining Democrats are voting on the issue “because they think it is a winning political issue this election season”); Luke Wachob, Udall’s Futile Fight Against Free Speech, NAT’L REV. ONLINE (Sept. 8, 2014, 1:43 PM), http://www.nationalreview.com/article/387387/udalls-futile-fight-against-free-speech-luke-wachob (suggesting Senate Joint Resolution 19 “was never designed to succeed”). 107. 160 CONG. REC. S5417 (daily ed. Sept. 9, 2014) (statement of Sen. Ted Cruz). 108. Id. at S5418. The National Broadcasting Company (NBC) broadcasts Saturday Night Live. Saturday Night Live, NBC, http://www.nbc.com/saturday-night-live (last visited Oct. 8, 2015). The network is currently part of the media company NBC Universal, a subsidiary of Comcast. COMCAST, http://corporate.comcast.com/our-company/businesses/nbcuniversal (last visited Oct. 8, 2015). Senator Udall and others immediately rejected the premise of Senator Cruz’s argument. See Matea Gold, Ted Cruz Accuses Harry Reid of ‘Slander Campaign’ Against Koch Brothers, WASH. POST: POST POL. (Sept. 9, 2014), http://www.washingtonpost.com/blogs/post-politics/wp/2014/09/09/ted-cruzC. Why It Matters: The Importance of Political Satire in Our Culture While it is relatively easy to dismiss Senator Cruz’s accusation with a derisive laugh at the political theater of it all, the criminalization of political satire would profoundly affect how members of the “Millennial Generation” get their news. According to a 2004 poll by Pew Research Center for the People & the Press, twenty-one percent of respondents between the ages of eighteen and twenty-nine “cited [The Daily Show with Jon Stewart (The Daily Show)] and [Saturday Night Live] as a place where they regularly learned presidential campaign news” compared with twenty-three percent who “mentioned ABC, CBS, or NBC’s nightly news broadcasts.” Various theories seek to explain the generational shift in television news viewing habits. While some commentators point to the increasing number of satirical television programs to which members of the Millennial Generation are exposed, others credit technological innovation as the primary catalyst. There is disagreement over whether 109. See Kelefa Sanneh, Live from D.C., It’s Ted Cruz with a Good Point, THE NEW YORKER (Sept. 12, 2014) http://www.newyorker.com/news/daily-comment/live-d-c-ted-cruz-good-point (“[Senator] Cruz is one of the Senate’s best and canniest speechmakers, and he surely knew that his not-awful imitation of [Dana] Carvey imitating [President George H. W.] Bush would insure plenty of coverage.”). 110. Cosgrove-Mather, supra note 19. In the same poll, thirteen percent of the “18-to-25-year-old” demographic reported watching The Daily Show regularly as an information source.” Shister, supra note 19 (including results from a 2004 poll by the Pew Research Center for the People & the Press). During the same time as the Pew poll, Nielsen Media Research found “[o]nly [ten] percent of 18-to-24-year-olds” tuned “in to the evening news on ABC, NBC[,] and CBS combined.” Id. (reporting figures from Nielsen Media Group). 111. See, e.g., Shister, supra note 19 (“This is a generation . . . raised on the savagely barbed topical lampoonery of The Simpsons and South Park. Irony is mother’s milk to them.”). 112. According to Dana Young, an assistant professor in Communications at the University of Delaware, “the ability to download whatever they want, whenever they want” from the Internet and “reprocess it [and] mash it up” has given young adults “control and a feedback loop.” Id. Young argues because of this broad access to easily manipulated information, young adults cannot “relate to the viewing habits of younger people will change as they age.\textsuperscript{113} While a news diet of only satirical programming may leave a viewer ill-informed,\textsuperscript{114} there is no doubt programs like \textit{Saturday Night Live} and \textit{The Daily Show} have established themselves as cultural touchstones and part of the political narrative of the United States.\textsuperscript{115} \textbf{D. Rejection of Senator Cruz's Accusation} The roots of Senator Cruz’s questionable argument began in \textit{Buckley}.\textsuperscript{116} To uphold certain provisions of the FECA, the \textit{Buckley} Court “distinguished between communications that expressly advocate the election or defeat of a clearly identified candidate and those communications that advocate a position on an issue.”\textsuperscript{117} The Court held \textsuperscript{113} Executive Producer of \textit{ABC World News}, Jon Banner, predicts a larger number of younger viewers will watch network news as they age. \textit{Id}; see also Cosgrove-Mather, \textit{supra} note 19 (“[T]he common theory is that when people get jobs, mortgages[,] and children, they’ll take a greater interest in [network news] programs.”). Members of the Millennial Generation themselves make the starkly different prediction that “TV news will eventually die out” as members of their generation abandon the traditional news sources. Shister, \textit{supra} note 19. \textsuperscript{114} Ben Karlin, Executive Producer of \textit{The Daily Show}, explains a “viewer who [does not] supplement \textit{[The Daily Show]} with real news [is not] very well-informed.” See Cosgrove-Mather, \textit{supra} note 19 (indicating the 2004 poll by the Pew Research Center for the People & the Press suggested “people who regularly learned news from the comedy shows were less likely to know basic facts of the campaign”). Younger viewers may be aware of the dangers of viewing only the satirical programs. See Shister, \textit{supra} note 19 (reporting many college students use \textit{The Daily Show} “as a springboard to pursue real stories on the Internet and on National Public Radio”). \textsuperscript{115} Satirical programs have had a direct impact on the political debate in the United States. See Howard Kurtz, \textit{The SNL Effect}, WASH. POST: MEDIA NOTES (Mar. 14, 2008, 9:13 AM), http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/blog/2008/03/14/BL2008031401607.html (noting two parodies \textit{Saturday Night Live} did of the 2008 debates between Barack Obama and Hillary Clinton caused the media to “[get] a lot tougher with Obama”); Shister, \textit{supra} note 19 (mentioning Senator John McCain announced his 2004 presidential candidacy on \textit{The Daily Show}, and Senator John Kerry chose the same program to begin addressing the Swift Boat controversy). Jon Stewart and Steven Colbert, hosts of \textit{The Daily Show} and \textit{The Colbert Report}, respectively, have received numerous Emmy Awards and the Peabody Award in recognition of their respective contributions to the national culture. See \textit{News Team}, \textit{THE DAILY SHOW WITH JON STEWART}, http://thedailyshow.cc.com/news-team/jon-stewart (last visited Oct. 8, 2015) (providing the accolades of Jon Stewart); \textit{Alumni}, \textit{THE DAILY SHOW WITH JON STEWART}, http://thedailyshow.cc.com/news-team/stephen-colbert (last visited Oct. 8, 2015) (stating the recognition garnered by Stephen Colbert). \textsuperscript{116} To preserve FECA’s expenditure cap, found in 18 U.S.C. § 608(e)(1), “against invalidation on vagueness grounds,” the Court construed the provision to “apply only to expenditures for communications that in express terms advocate the election or defeat of a clearly identified candidate for federal office.” \textit{Buckley v. Valeo}, 424 U.S. 1, 41–44 (1976) (per curiam). \textsuperscript{117} H.R. REP. NO. 106–297, pt. 1, at 3 (1999). The Court has continuously affirmed the distinction between express and issue advocacy. See, e.g., FEC v. Mass. Citizens for Life, Inc., 479 U.S. 238, 245–49 (1986) (holding an expenditure must constitute express advocacy to be subject to Congress could regulate “express advocacy” speech but not “issue advocacy” speech.\textsuperscript{118} Campaign managers reacted to \textit{Buckley} by disguising political advertisements that advocated for a specific candidate as “issue ads” by not using any of the “magic words.”\textsuperscript{119} Reacting to the enormous amounts of money corporations poured into “issue ads” after \textit{Buckley}, Congress enacted BCRA\textsuperscript{120} to allow it to regulate corporate expenditures for issue advocacy.\textsuperscript{121} BCRA created the term “electioneering communication”\textsuperscript{122} to describe a “broadcast, cable, or satellite communication”\textsuperscript{123} that “refers to a clearly identified candidate for Federal office”\textsuperscript{124} within a certain timeframe before a federal election. \textsuperscript{118} \textit{Buckley}, 424 U.S. at 44. \textsuperscript{119} See 160 CONG. REC. S5414 (daily ed. Sept. 9, 2014) (statement of the American Civil Liberties Union) (“Historically, campaign finance reform efforts, including constitutional amendments such as this one, have sought to restrict ‘sham’ issue advocacy—that is, communications that some claim are express advocacy disguised as issue advocacy.”). \textsuperscript{120} Issue ads “typically discussed candidates in the context of certain issues without specifically advocating a candidate’s election or defeat.” \textit{Campaign Finance Law Quick Reference for Reporters}, FEC, http://www.fec.gov/press/bkgnd/bcra_overview.shtml#Soft%20Money (last visited Oct. 8, 2015). In a footnote in \textit{Buckley}, the Court clarified the term “express advocacy” applies to “communications containing express words of advocacy of election or defeat, such as ‘vote for,’ ‘elect,’ ‘support,’ ‘cast your ballot for,’ ‘Smith for Congress,’ ‘vote against,’ ‘defeat,’ ‘reject.’” \textit{Buckley}, 424 U.S. at 44 n.52. These terms are often referred to as the “magic words.” Frederick G. Slabach, \textit{Introduction to The Constitution and Campaign Finance Reform} 3, 11 n.41 (Frederick G. Slabach ed., 2d ed. 2006) (1998). \textsuperscript{121} See Bipartisan Campaign Reform Act of 2002, Pub. L. No. 107–155, 116 Stat. 81 (current version at 52 U.S.C.A. §§ 30101–46 Westlaw through Pub. L. No. 114-49) (providing bipartisan campaign reform). In floor debate, Representative Davis of Florida described BCRA as an imperfect attempt to “close the two most gaping loopholes that exist in our campaign finance system today, the uncontrolled issue ads that are influencing the outcome of elections today and soft money.” 148 CONG. REC. 1290, 1298 (2002) (statement of Rep. Davis). The act has three major components: a ban on soft money, increased contribution limits, and restrictions on issue advocacy advertising. \textit{See generally} 116 Stat. 81 (identifying the three sections of the Act). For a more detailed review of BCRA, see ANTHONY CORRADO ET AL., \textit{The New Campaign Finance Sourcebook} (2005). \textsuperscript{122} 52 U.S.C.A. § 30104 (f)(3)(A) (Westlaw through Pub. L. No. 114-49). \textsuperscript{123} \textit{Id.} \textsuperscript{124} \textit{See id.} (noting the timeframe is sixty days before the general election or thirty days before the primary election); \textit{see also} \textit{Campaign Finance Law Quick Reference for Reporters}, FEC, http://www.fec.gov/press/bkgnd/bcra_overview.shtml#Soft%20Money (last visited Oct. 8, 2015) (acknowledging electioneering communications are communications which are distributed during a specific period of time before an election); Trevor Potter, \textit{The Current State of Campaign Finance Law}, in CORRADO ET AL., \textit{supra} note 121, at 48, 56 (“Electioneering communications are defined as broadcast, cable, or satellite communications referring to a clearly identified candidate for federal office, airing within sixty days of the candidate’s general election or thirty days of the candidate’s primary election, and targeting the candidate’s electorate.”). During a facial challenge to the regulations, the Supreme Court upheld the constitutionality of the limits Congress placed on electioneering communications, relying on its holding in \textit{Austin v. Michigan State Chamber of Commerce}, While Congress prohibited corporations from funding electioneering communications,\textsuperscript{125} it expressly exempted an apolitical broadcast station’s “news stor[ies], commentar[ies], or editorial[s]”\textsuperscript{126} from the scope of “electioneering communication.”\textsuperscript{127} Senator Cruz’s argument is essentially Congress can remove the exception for media corporations,\textsuperscript{128} placing \textit{Saturday Night Live} within the scope of electioneering communication and thus triggering an FEC violation when the show satirizes a political candidate within the blackout period.\textsuperscript{129} Senator Cruz’s argument is farfetched for two reasons. First, Senate Joint Resolution 19 prevents Congress from removing the media corporation exemption in the context of the current campaign finance laws because such removal would breach the proposed amendment’s prohibition on abridging “the freedom of the press.”\textsuperscript{130} Second, assuming arguendo that a court interpreted Senate Joint Resolution 19 to allow Congress to remove the media corporation exemption, the Supreme Court would likely strike such congressional action.\textsuperscript{131} In the event media \begin{quote} which allowed Congress to ban political speech by a corporation based on an anti-distortion rationale. \textit{McConnell v. FEC}, 540 U.S. 93, 203–09 (2003), \textit{overruled by Citizens United v. FEC}, 558 U.S. 310 (2010). \textsuperscript{125} 52 U.S.C.A. § 30118 (b)(2). \textsuperscript{126} \textit{Id.} § 30104 (f)(3)(B)(i). \textsuperscript{127} \textit{Id.} § 30104 (f)(3)(B). If a broadcasting station is “owned or controlled by any political party, political committee, or candidate,” it is excluded from the “media corporation” exemption. \textit{Id.} § 30104 (f)(3)(B)(i). A media corporation is any corporation that owns a media broadcast company. \textit{See Austin v. Mich. State Chamber of Commerce}, 494 U.S. 652, 667 (1990) (finding “media corporations differ significantly from other corporations in that their resources are devoted to the collection of information and its dissemination to the public”). \textsuperscript{128} The Supreme Court opened the door for Senator Cruz’s argument when it decried the anti-distortion rationale in \textit{Austin}. \textit{See Citizens United v. FEC}, 558 U.S. 310, 348 (2010) (discussing \textit{Austin}’s holding, which allowed the Government to suppress political speech on the basis of the speaker’s identity as a nonprofit or for-profit corporation to prevent “the corrosive and distorting effects of immense aggregations of [corporate] wealth . . . that have little or no correlation to the public’s support for the corporation’s political ideas”); \textit{see also id.} at 382 (Roberts, C.J., concurring) (“\textit{Austin}’s logic would apply most directly to . . . media corporations[,] [which] . . . are, for the time being, not subject to [the] . . . prohibitions on corporate political speech.” (emphasis added)). During the debate on BCRA, various congressional representatives fiercely argued Congress should not exempt media corporations from electioneering communication regulation because all corporations deserve equal treatment. \textit{See} 148 CONG. REC. 1298 (2002) (arguing two corporations should be treated the same under the law). \textit{Contra Austin}, 494 U.S. at 667 (distinguishing media corporations from other corporations). \textsuperscript{129} \textit{See} 52 U.S.C.A. § 30118 (f)(3)(B)(i) (identifying an exception for media corporations). \textsuperscript{130} S.J. Res. 19, 113th Cong, § 3 (2013) (prohibiting courts from construing the article “to grant Congress the power to abridge the freedom of the press”). \textsuperscript{131} \textit{See Citizens United}, 558 U.S. at 323 (Roberts, C.J., concurring) (arguing “[t]he fact that the law currently grants a favored position to media corporations is no reason to overlook the danger inherent in accepting a theory that would allow government restrictions on their political speech”). \end{quote} corporations were not exempt from the definition of electioneering communication, the law would bar any corporately-owned television news network from airing any story containing the name of a political candidate in the blackout period.\textsuperscript{132} The Supreme Court would never tolerate such a result.\textsuperscript{133} Therefore, the Court would likely prohibit Congress from removing the media corporation exemption, absent Congress making further changes to the law.\textsuperscript{134} Alternatively, should Congress repeal the media corporation exemption, the Court could decide that the current definition of electioneering communication does not withstand judicial scrutiny.\textsuperscript{135} Should the Court so decide, the latent definition of electioneering communication would become effective.\textsuperscript{136} According to this latent definition, an electioneering \textit{See generally} McConnell v. FEC, 540 U.S. 93, 283–86 (Thomas, J., concurring in part, concurring in judgment in part, and dissenting in part) (noting media corporations and non-media corporations cannot be distinguished), \textit{overruled by} Citizens United v. FEC, 558 U.S. 310 (2010). \textsuperscript{132} \textit{See} 52 U.S.C.A. § 30118 (f)(3)(B)(i) (acknowledging media corporations are excepted from the definition of electioneering communication under the law). \textsuperscript{133} \textit{See Citizens United}, 558 U.S. at 353 ("The First Amendment was certainly not understood to condone the suppression of political speech in society's most salient media."). \textsuperscript{134} Conversely, the Court could itself create a distinction between broadcast communications that Congress could regulate and those it could not with respect to elections, using the familiar language of express advocacy and issue advocacy. Buckley v. Valeo, 424 U.S. 1, 41–44 (1976) (per curiam). The Court has continuously affirmed the distinction between express and issue advocacy. \textit{See, e.g.}, FEC v. Mass. Citizens for Life, Inc., 479 U.S. 238, 249 (1986) (highlighting the differences between express and issue advocacy). \textsuperscript{135} Predicting a constitutional challenge to its definition of "electioneering communication," BCRA provides a latent definition of electioneering communication, which would become effective if the primary definition were "held to be constitutionally insufficient by final judicial decision to support the regulation." 52 U.S.C.A. § 30118 (f)(3)(B)(ii). Senate Amendment 40, sponsored and modified by Senator Arlen Specter, provided the backup definition of "electioneering communication" in BCRA. S. Amend. 140 to S. 27, 107th Cong. (as passed by Senate, Mar. 29, 2001). During the floor debate, Senator Specter explained that one of the goals of the amendment was "to insert a definition so that the bill will survive a constitutional challenge under" precedent that required specific language be used to indicate that an issue advertisement was the functional equivalent of express advocacy. 147 CONG. REC. 5051 (2001). Otherwise, regardless of "the clear purpose of these ads," they would be ruled "issue ads and, therefore, could be paid for with soft money." \textit{See id.} at 5052 ("The expanded test of having 'no plausible meaning other than an exhortation to vote for or against a specific candidate' would make it plain that the kinds of ads which have been viewed as being issue ads are really advocacy ads."). \textsuperscript{136} Of course, the substituted definition of "electioneering communication" would still need to survive challenges to its constitutionality, yet the Court sidestepped the question of the backup definition's constitutionality in \textit{McConnell v. FEC}. \textit{See McConnell}, 540 U.S. at 190 n.73 (upholding the primary definition of electioneering communication). However, precedent suggests the substituted definition would survive judicial scrutiny. \textit{See} FEC v. Wis. Right to Life, Inc. (WRTL), 551 U.S. 449, 476 (2007) ("This Court has never recognized a compelling interest in regulating ads, like WRTL's, that are neither express advocacy nor its functional equivalent."). Justice Souter notes in \textit{FEC v. Wisconsin Right to Life, Inc.}, the backup definition of electioneering communication is "essentially communication is “any broadcast, cable, or satellite communication which promotes or supports a candidate for that office, or attacks or opposes a candidate for that office . . . and which also is suggestive of no plausible meaning other than an exhortation to vote for or against a specific candidate.”\textsuperscript{137} The latent definition does not aid Senator Cruz’s argument. Because the goal of \textit{Saturday Night Live} can reasonably be understood to be something different than increasing or decreasing the public support of a specific candidate, the latent definition of “electioneering communication” would not prohibit the program.\textsuperscript{138} While \textit{Saturday Night Live} would escape prosecution in the legal universe Senator Cruz is imagining, a television program that expressly advocates for or against a federal candidate or leads to an unmistakable impression that it seeks to generate support for or against a federal candidate, would not be immune from prosecution under the backup definition of “electioneering communication.”\textsuperscript{139} \textsuperscript{137} 52 U.S.C.A. § 30118 (f)(3)(A)(ii) (emphasis added). \textsuperscript{138} The scope of the backup definition is much narrower and prohibits a corporate-funded broadcast only if it engages in express advocacy or the functional equivalent of express advocacy. 52 U.S.C.A. § 30118 (f)(3)(B)(ii); see also \textit{WRTL}, 551 U.S. at 476, 492 (defining “functional equivalent of express advocacy” as advertisements that can only be interpreted “as an appeal to vote for or against a specific candidate”). \textit{Saturday Night Live} creator Lorne Michaels insists the goal of the show’s political plotlines is to generate laughs and not to impart a political message. Leslie Larson, ‘\textit{SNL’ Creator Lorne Michaels Says Republicans Take a Joke Better Than Democrats}, N.Y. DAILY NEWS (Feb. 3, 2014, 10:15 AM), http://www.nydailynews.com/news/politics/lorne-michaels-gop-takes-joke-better-article-1.1600335. Discussing any partisan disparity between the targets of his show’s political satire, Michaels says, “The NBC show picks on the Democrats less because they ‘tend to take it personally.’” \textit{Id}. For an in-depth discussion of the influence of \textit{Saturday Night Live} on American politics, consult TOM SHALES & JAMES ANDREW MILLER, \textit{LIVE FROM NEW YORK: AN UNCENSORED HISTORY OF SATURDAY NIGHT LIVE} (2002). Therefore, \textit{Saturday Night Live}’s political satire is beyond the scope of the prohibition of corporate funded electioneering communication under the backup definition. \textsuperscript{139} Compare Bill Carter, \textit{Maher Wants His Show to Decide a House Race}, N.Y. TIMES (Jan. 30, 2014), http://www.nytimes.com/2014/01/31/arts/television/maher-wants-his-show-to-decide-a-house-race.html (reporting the host of \textit{Real Time with Bill Maher} launched a segment on his HBO program with the goal of “outright meddling with the political process”), and Bill Carter, \textit{Punch Line with Real Political Punch}, N.Y. TIMES (Nov. 2, 2014), http://www.nytimes.com/2014/11/03/business/media/bill-maher-flip-a-district-campaign-to-end-on-election-day.html (commentating Bill Maher is using his television program as a platform to defeat an incumbent legislator), with Larson, \textit{supra} note 138 (affirming \textit{Saturday Night Live} does not have a political agenda). Maher’s “Flip a District” campaign targeted Representative John Kline of Minnesota’s second congressional district. Corey Mitchell, \textit{Comedian Maher Targets Kline for ‘Flip a District’ Campaign}, STAR TRIB. (Sept. 15, 2014, 4:15 AM), http://www.startribune.com/politics/statelocal/275093621.html. To leave no doubt regarding his intention to solicit votes against Representative Kline, Maher launched a social media campaign that expressly urged his fans to vote against the Congressman. \textit{See, e.g.}, Bill Maher E. The Death of Senate Joint Resolution 19 but Not the Movement On September 11, 2014, in a roll call vote for cloture, Senate Joint Resolution 19 received fifty-four votes.\textsuperscript{140} While a majority of the Senate voted for the bill, it takes sixty votes to avoid a filibuster, “end debate[,] and force a vote.”\textsuperscript{141} Even if Republicans had not filibustered the bill, a constitutional amendment requires a two-thirds vote.\textsuperscript{142} Essentially, the failure to survive a cloture vote killed Senate Joint Resolution 19. Nevertheless, as with many things in politics, the end of debate in the Capitol building does not settle the issue—it simply sends it back to the grassroots until Congress is again ready to address it.\textsuperscript{143} With the amount of public support in favor of a constitutional amendment to overturn the Court’s holding in \textit{Citizens United}, the key question is not whether there will be further efforts to amend the Constitution, but rather when those efforts will again reach the floor of Congress and what they will look like when they do.\textsuperscript{144} \textsuperscript{140} 160 CONG. REC. S5544 (daily ed. Sept. 11, 2014) (roll call vote no. 261). \textsuperscript{141} John Nichols, \textit{The Senate Tried to Overturn ‘Citizens United’ Today. Guess What Stopped Them?}, THE NATION (Sept. 11, 2014, 4:30 PM), http://www.thenation.com/blog/181590/senate-tried-overturn-citizens-united-today-guess-what-stopped-them. To survive a cloture motion in the Senate, a piece of legislation must receive at least sixty affirmative votes. Senate Rule XXII, S. Res. 285, 113th Cong. (2013). \textsuperscript{142} See U.S. CONST. art. V (requiring two-thirds of both houses of Congress to propose a constitutional amendment); see also Nichols, \textit{supra} note 141 (reiterating a simple majority in the Senate is not enough to amend the Constitution). \textsuperscript{143} Public support for a constitutional amendment is growing as even more states are contemplating resolutions to request Congress pass an amendment. See Nichols, \textit{supra} note 141 (describing the coalition pushing for a constitutional amendment as a group that refuses to “tinker around the edges of the crisis”). \textsuperscript{144} While the New York Times Editorial Board predicted an unsuccessful outcome for Senate XI. CONCLUSION Congress must amend the Constitution to restore its ability to steer the ship of state. The goal of American democracy must remain forming the “more perfect union,” forever pushing the American people and their representatives to integrate the governing document of the United States with the original vision for the nation. The Founding Fathers sold the Constitution on the promise that every qualified American may seek to govern in their democracy. However, the massive influx of money into the political system, thanks to Citizens United, has made it nearly impossible for the average American to seek federal office. Once again, Congress must correct the course to bring laws back into alignment with the vision. The ideal of the United States rests firmly in egalitarianism. From the enunciation of the first self-evident truth, the Founders of this country pledged themselves to the realization of the ideal “that all men are created equal” and that “whenever any [f]orm of [g]overnment becomes destructive of these ends, it is the [r]ight of the People to alter or to abolish it.” Buckley and Citizens United represent a judicial assault on egalitarian values. For too long, the Supreme Court’s judicial civil war over the correct interpretation of free speech has pitted liberty against union. In the way Jefferson advocated the colonists shake off the yoke --- Joint Resolution 19, it attributed the bill’s sponsors “willingness to undertake a long and difficult effort” to “the importance they attach to restoring fairness to American politics by reducing the influence of big money.” Rosenthal et al., supra note 33. Describing how the momentum for a constitutional amendment has built in Congress over the years, Senator Udall explained the amendment he co-sponsored in the 111th Congress had four co-sponsors, while Senate Joint Resolution 19 had forty-nine. See Press Release, Tom Udall, Senator for N.M., Udall Encouraged by Growing Support for Constitutional Amendment (Sept. 11, 2014), http://www.tomudall.senate.gov/?p=press_release&id=1756. While Senator Udall pledged to introduce a bill similar to Senate Joint Resolution 19 in the 114th Congress, reformers do not expect much progress with the Republicans taking control of the Senate in 2015. Id. The issue will continue to percolate at the grassroots level until it can emerge in a more favorable legislative climate. 145. U.S. CONST. pmb1. 146. H.R. Doc. No. 106-215 (1986) (“The Declaration of Independence was the promise; the Constitution was the fulfillment.”). 147. THE FEDERALIST NO. 57, at 328 (James Madison) (ABA ed. 2009) (“No qualification of wealth, of birth, of religious faith, or of civil profession is permitted to fetter the judgment or disappoint the inclination of the people.”). 148. Udall, supra note 47, at 246 (discussing how the fundraising demands of the modern campaign “discourages many qualified Americans from running for office”). 149. THE DECLARATION OF INDEPENDENCE para. 2 (U.S. 1776). 150. See Andre, supra note 12, at 70 (discussing the two opposing philosophical interpretations of the freedom of speech in Citizens United). 151. 6 REG. DEB. 80 (1830) (“Liberty first and Union afterwards; but everywhere, spread all over in characters of living light, blazing on all its ample folds . . . that other sentiment, dear to every of British imperialism to safeguard egalitarian values, the People’s elected representatives may protect those values by amending the Constitution to ensure the courts correctly interpret the will of the People. The Supreme Court’s acceptance of the premise that money is synonymous with pure speech and the way it has so narrowly defined the government’s compelling interest in regulating how campaigns are financed has diminished the scope of congressional authority to the point Congress cannot legislate.\textsuperscript{152} Regulating politicians’ means to finance campaigns has many positive effects. If Congress was able to place reasonable restrictions on campaign contributions and expenditures, the republic would be stronger, as public servants—liberated from the fundraising straightjacket—could devote themselves more fully to their official duties.\textsuperscript{153} Indeed, if more citizens can seek public office, without the trepidation of raising an inordinate amount of money, competition in the political arena may raise the quality of the people’s representation.\textsuperscript{154} In 2014, the long fight to overturn \textit{Buckley} and \textit{Citizens United} reached a major milestone—a constitutional amendment reached the Senate floor. Senate Joint Resolution 19 drew predictable and refutable criticism.\textsuperscript{155} Senator Ted Cruz’s accusation that the proposed constitutional amendment would have led to the imprisonment of political satirists is both important and illegitimate.\textsuperscript{156} Since the current law does not allow Lorne Michaels to be led away in handcuffs for lampooning a public figure,\textsuperscript{157} Congress would have to change the laws to fulfill Senator \textsuperscript{152} While state legislatures have the constitutional duty to prescribe “times, places and manner of holding elections for Senators and Representatives” in their respective states, Congress reserves the right to “alter such regulations.” U.S. CONST. art. I, § 4, cl. 1. \textsuperscript{153} See Udall, supra note 47, at 245 (discussing the practical effects of the “endless campaign cycle”). \textsuperscript{154} See Nadia Urbinati, \textit{Free Speech As the Citizen’s Right}, in POST, supra note 71, at 125, 133–34 (“Contemporary societies are democratic not only because they have free elections and multiple political parties, but also because they allow effective political competition and debate among diverse and competing views.”). But see Julie Schaper, \textit{Crowded Fields, Strong Incumbents in City Council Races}, BALT. SUN (Sept. 9, 2011), http://articles.baltimoresun.com/2011-09-09/news/bs-md-ci-city-council-races-20110908_1_william-pete-welch-city-council-races-12th-district-seat/3 (suggesting a crowded electoral field benefits the incumbent). \textsuperscript{155} The argument Congress could remove the media corporation exemption for electioneering communication emanates from \textit{Citizens United}. See Citizens United v. FEC, 558 U.S. 310, 382 (2010) (Roberts, C.J., concurring) (calling the media corporation exemption “a matter of legislative grace”). \textsuperscript{156} With the popularity of satirical television programming, Senator Cruz’s accusation would have a profound effect on American culture. \textsuperscript{157} “Lorne Michaels is an Emmy Award-winning producer and writer, best known as the creator and executive producer of ‘Saturday Night Live.’” \textit{Lorne Michaels}, NBC, Cruz’s Orwellian vision.\textsuperscript{158} While Senate Joint Resolution 19 would have restored Congress’s ability to enact meaningful campaign finance reform, there is no support for the argument that Congress would be able to use their restored authority in an unchecked fashion.\textsuperscript{159} Senate Joint Resolution 19 ultimately failed to become law, but the tension between the two competing visions of the freedom of speech remains. While the Court currently gives “maximum deference to money,” reformers will continue to work toward a constitutional amendment that will restore the Court’s deference to the republic and its citizens.\textsuperscript{160} \textsuperscript{158} Jacobson, \textit{supra} note 108 (describing the improbable chain of events that would be need to happen for Senator Cruz’s accusation to come to fruition). \textsuperscript{159} Congress’s actions would be tempered by both the Court and the electorate. \textsuperscript{160} Firestone, \textit{supra} note 30.	cca9ddc6-af3a-488c-b451-6b1691c7dc91	HuggingFaceFW/finepdfs/tree/main/data/eng_Latn/train	finepdfs	eng_Latn	102,906
Uživatelská příručka - CZ ARIA 5 ARIA 5 - Multisplit MODELY: AR5VI-09WFI/AR5VI-09WIFI/AR5VO-09 AR5VI-12WFI/AR5VI-12WIFI/AR5VO-12 AR5VI-18WFI/AR5VI-18WIFI/AR5VO-18 AR5VI-24WFI/AR5VI-24WIFI/AR5VO-24 BEIJER REF \| Obsah \| Strana \| \|----------------------------------------------------------------------\|--------\| \| Než začnete \| 4 \| \| Bezpečnostní opatření \| 4 \| \| Stažení aplikace \| 4 \| \| Registrace účtu \| 5 \| \| Vytvoření a správa mého domova \| 6 \| \| Vytvoření nového domova a nastavení místa \| 6 \| \| Připojení k existujícímu domovu \| 7 \| \| Správa vašeho domova \| 7 \| \| Správa členů vašeho domova \| 8 \| \| Můj profil \| 9 \| \| Nastavení účtu \| 9 \| \| Účet a zabezpečení \| 10 \| \| Připojení klimatizace k aplikaci Inventor Control \| 11 \| \| Ruční přidání - AP Mode \| 12 \| \| Ovládání klimatizace aplikací Inventor Control \| 13 \| \| Rychlé akce \| 13 \| \| Ovládání zařízení \| 13 \| \| Chytré scénáře \| 15 \| \| Přidání nového scénáře \| 15 \| \| Týdenní plán \| 22 \| \| Chytrý provoz na základě venkovní teploty \| 24 \| \| Chytré chlazení \| 24 \| \| Chytré topení \| 26 \| NEŽ ZAČNETE Než začnete • Ověřte, že váš router vysílá Wi-Fi na frekvenci 2,4 GHz. • Pokud máte dvoupásmový router, ujistěte se, že se tyto dvě sítě Wi-Fi liší (SSID). • Umístěte zařízení blízko routeru, abyste zajistili správné připojení. • Ověřte, zda jsou deaktivována data vašeho mobilního zařízení. • Je nutné zapomenout na všechny ostatní v okolí síť a ujistit se, že je zařízení Android nebo iOS připojeno ke stejné bezdrátové síti. • Ujistěte se, že platformy Android nebo IOS fungují správně a připojte se k vybrané bezdrátové síti automaticky. Opatření Použitelné systémy: • Android 4.4 nebo novější. • iOS 9.0 nebo novější. Kompatibilní s iPhone, iPad a iPod touch. Poznámka: • Udržujte svou APP aktualizovanou nejnovější verzí. • Je možné, že některá zařízení Android a IOS nemusí být s touto APP kompatibilní. Naše společnost nenese odpovědnost za žádné problémy vyplývající z nekompatibility. Upozornění: • Můžete zaznamenat krátké zpoždění mezi obrazovkou a displejem, to je normální. • Chcete-li použít možnost QR kódu, kamera vašeho smartphonu nebo tabletu by měla být 5 mp nebo vyšší. • U určitých síťových připojení je možné, že párování vyprší s ne připojení, pokud k tomu dojde, provedte konfiguraci sítě ještě jednou. • Pro účely vylepšení může být tato APP aktualizována bez předchozího upozornění. Skutečný proces konfigurace se může mírně lišit od postupu uvedeného v tomto návodu. • Pro více informací prosím navštivte naše webové stránky: https://www.inventorairconditioner.com/blog/faq/wi-fi-installation-guide Stáhnout aplikaci • Pozor: QR kódy slouží pouze ke stažení aplikace.. Uživatelé systému Android: naskenujte Android QR kód nebo navštivte Obchod Play a vyhledejte aplikaci „Inventor Control“ Uživatelé IOS: naskenujte iOS QR kód nebo navštivte App Store a vyhledejte aplikaci „Inventor Control“ Registrace účtu Vyberte “Register” pro registraci nového účtu. Přečtěte si Zásady ochrany osobních údajů, Uživatelskou smlouvu a odsouhlaste pokračováním. Vyberte svůj region a zadejte svou e-mailovou adresu nebo číslo mobilního telefonu, abyste obdrželi ověřovací kód. Stiskněte “Get Verification Code”. Zadejte ověřovací kód a pokračujte v nastavení hesla. VYTVOŘENÍ A SPRÁVA MÉHO DOMOVA Můžete vytvářet digitální domy a pokoje a přidávat svá zařízení. Poté můžete všechna nebo některá zařízení sdílet s ostatními uživateli. Vytvoření nového domova a nastavení umístění. Stiskněte "My Home..." v levém horním rohu. Vyberte “Home Management”. Vyberte “My Home...” který chcete upravit. Vložte identifikační název svého domova a stiskněte Home Location. Pomocí vestavěné mapy určete polohu svého domova a stiskněte „OK“. Připojení k existujícímu domovu Chcete-li se připojit k existujícímu domovu, kontaktujte administrátora, získejte kód pozvánky a zadejte jej. Správa vašeho domova Vyberte váš domov. Můžete změnit název domova, místnosti, umístění a členy. Správa členů vašeho domova Pozvání nového člena Stiskněte “Add Member” a pozvěte nového člena. Vyberte “App account” a pošlete pozvánku. Vložte přezdívku pozvaného, region jeho účtu a registrovaný e-mail a přidělte mu roli (administrátora nebo člena). Výběrem „Uložit“ odešlete pozvánku. Poznámka: Pozvat můžete pouze členy se stejnou oblastí účtu Role členů - Administrátor / Člen Společní členové mohou ovládat spárovaná zařízení a jejich chytré scénáře. Správci mohou dodatečně upravovat zařízení a scénáře, stejně jako vytvářet nová nebo je mazat. MŮJ PROFIL Nastavení účtu Stiskněte "My Profile" v pravém horním rohu... Klepnutím na svůj účet vstoupíte do Nastavení účtu. - Zde můžete měnit: - Vaši fotografii - Vaši přezdívku - Nastavení teploty (°C/°F) - Časové pásmo - Zabezpečení Účet a zabezpečení Vyberte Account and Security. Zde můžete: - Propojit své mobilní telefonní číslo s vaším účtem - Propojit svou e-mailovou adresu s vaším účtem - Ověřte svůj region - Změnit své přihlašovací heslo (nový ověřovací kód je požadovaný) - Nastavte zámek vzoru jako další zabezpečení - Smazat účet (vyžaduje jeden týden, než se projeví, požadavek můžete zrušit opětovným přihlášením pomocí svého účtu) PŘIPOJENÍ KLIMATIZACE K APLIKACI INVENTOR CONTROL Ruční přidání - AP Mode Krok 1: vyberte "Add Device" nebo "+" vpravo nahoře. Krok 2: Na horní liště vyberte "Add Manually" a poté v nabídce na levé straně vyberte Klimatizaci a název modelu. Krok 3: Vyberte svou WiFi a zadejte heslo. Krok 4: Stiskněte tlačítko „LED“ na dálkovém ovladači klimatizace 7 krát za 10 sekund pro vstup do režimu párování. Ověřte, že se na displeji objeví indikace párování „AP“ a stiskněte „Další“. Krok 5: Stiskněte “Go to Connect” a zadejte WiFi síťě vašeho zařízení. Krok 6: Z nastavení vašeho mobilního zařízení se připojte k síti klimatizace „SmartLife-XXXX“. Vratte se do aplikace a stiskněte „Další“. Krok 7: Počkejte chvíli, než se proces párování dokončí. Krok 8: Po dokončení párování můžete zařízení přejmenovat. Až budete připraveni, stiskněte „Hotovo“. Připomínky: Proces by měl být dokončen do 3 minut. Pokud tomu tak není, opakujte proces. OVLÁDÁNÍ KLIMATIZACE APLIKACÍ INVENTOR CONTROL Rychlé akce Na úvodní stránce aplikace Inventor Control stisknutím tlačítka „Rychlé akce“ spárované klimatizace rozbalíte nebo skryjete Rychlé akce. Prostřednictvím Rychlé akce můžete přímo změnit následující nastavení: • Napájení (zapnuto/vypnuto) • Nastavená teplota (17-30°C) • Režim (Auto, Chlazení, Topení, Vysoušení, Ventilátor) • Rychlost ventilátoru (nízká, střední, vysoká, automatická, turbo) • Automatické natáčení lamel (zapnuto/vypnuto) Ovládání zařízení Klepněte na fotografii vaší klimatizace. Indikátory 1. Název zařízení 2. Napájení (když je "Zapnuto", lamely jsou otevřené) 3. Auto natáčení lamel 4. Vnitřní teplota Provoz 1. Možnosti 2. Pomoří posuvníku nastavte požadovanou teplotu 3. Pomoří tlačítek „-“ a „+“ nastavte požadovanou teplotu 4. Zapněte nebo vypněte jednotku 5. Změňte provozní režim 6. Změňte rychlost ventilátoru 7. Nastavení. Nastavení • Časový rozvrh: Vyberte pro nastavení týdenního časového rozvrhu Možnosti Můžete: • Změnit fotografii svého zařízení, přejmenovat zařízení, nastavit umístění • Zobrazit informaci o zařízení spárované jednotky (virtuální ID, připojená IP, časové pásmo) • Prohlédnout si uložené inteligentní scénáře, které zahrnují jednotku • Sdílet jednotku s jiným účtem • Vytvořit skupinu více jednotek, které budete ovládat společně • Zobrazit často kladené otázky • Přidat zástupce na domovskou obrazovku mobilního zařízení • Zkontrolovat aktualizaci firmwaru jednotky • Odebrat jednotku CHYTRÉ SCÉNÁŘE Zařízení můžete automaticky ovládat pomocí inteligentních scénářů na základě domácích podmínek, předpovědi počasí nebo denního plánu a vytvořit ideální podmínky. Inteligentní scénáře lze aktivovat buď ručně (Tap-to-Run), nebo automatizovat (Automation). Přidání nového scénáře Chcete-li vytvořit nový scénář, vyberte ikonu „+“ nahoře v pravém rohu "Smart Scenario". Vyberte co chcete nastavit Tap-to-Run: Vyberte „Tap-to-Run“ pro ruční nastavení. When weather changes: Vyberte „Když se změní počasí“ pro nastavení podmínek automatické aktivace podle změny počasí. Time Schedule: Vyberte „Časový rozvrh“ pro nastavení podmínky automatické aktivace pro opakovaný týdenní časovač. When device status changes: Vyberte „Když zařízení změny stavu“ pro nastavení podmínky automatické aktivace podle změny funkce zařízení. --- Tap-to-Run Po výběru možnosti „Tap-to-Run“, vyberte zařízení, které chcete nastavit. Po výběru zařízení můžete vybrat nastavení, která chcete, měnit. Po výběru možnosti „Když se počasí změní“ vyberte požadované počasí. Poznámka: Všechny hodnoty jsou převzaty z odpovídajících map Google nebo IOS a počasí a vyžadují nastavení polohy domova - Teplota: Když je teplota oblasti nižší, rovna nebo vyšší než zvolená hodnota - Vlhkost: Když je vlhkost v okolí domova nízká (<40%), střední (40%<oblast<70%) nebo vysoká (>70%). - Počasí: Když se počasí v oblasti změní na slunečno, zataženo, deštivo, sněžení nebo mlha. - PM2,5: Když se hodnota oblasti PM2,5 změní na Výborná, Dobrá nebo Znečištěná. - Kvalita vzduchu: Když se hodnota kvality vzduchu v oblasti změní na Výborná, Dobrá nebo Znečištěná. - Ápad/východ slunce: Podle času (až 5 hodin před nebo po) západu nebo východu slunce pro danou oblast. - Rychlost větru: Když je rychlost větru v oblasti nižší, rovna nebo vyšší než zvolená hodnota. Po výběru podmínky vyberte své zařízení. Poté můžete vybrat nastavení, které chcete, aby se na jednotce projevily. Časový rozvrh Po výběru možnosti "Časový rozvrh" můžete nastavit týdenní časovač pro konkrétní nastavení jednotky. Otáčením posuvníků vyberte Čas aktivace a stiskněte "Opakovat". Když se změní stav jednotky Po výběru možnosti „Když se změní stav zařízení“ vyberte jednotku, kterou chcete mít jako podmínku. Ve volbě Opakovat můžete vybrat dny, kdy se má nastavení opakovat, nebo je všechny deaktivovat pro neopakující se časový plán. Po výběru zařízení můžete vybrat nastavení, která se mají u jednotky projevit. Vyberte funkci jednotky, na kterou se po její změně projeví inteligentní scénář. Po výběru podmínky funkce můžete vybrat úlohu, kterou chcete použít. Výběr aktivovaných Úkolů Run the device: Spustit zařízení: Vyberte konkrétní nastavení nebo nastavení spárované jednotky. Select Smart Scenario: Vybrat inteligentní scénář: Vyberte konkrétní inteligentní scénář, který chcete aktivovat nebo deaktivovat. Send notification: Odeslat oznámení: Tuto možnost vyberte, chcete-li odeslat oznámení v Oznamovacím centru aplikace Inventor Control všem členům domu s oznámením, že byl aktivován inteligentní scénář. Poznámka: Úloha Odeslat oznámení není dostupná pro scénář Tap-to-Run.. Time Delay: Časová prodleva: Vyberte pro zavedení časové prodlevy od dosažených podmínek do aktivace další úlohy. Po nastavení požadovaného zpoždění bude vyžadována další úloha. Přehled inteligentního scénáře Před uložením chytrého scénáře vám Inventor Control poskytne přehled vybraných podmínek a úloh. Můžete také přidat, odebrat nebo změnit podmínky a úkoly, pojmenovat svůj inteligentní scénář a také vybrat jeho barvu a ikonu. Stiskněte „Uložit“ pro uložení vašeho chytrého scénáře. Aktivace/deaktivace automatických inteligentních scénářů Při ukládání nového automatického inteligentního scénáře si můžete vybrat, zda bude scénář aktivován nebo deaktivován. Aktivované scénáře se projeví po splnění stanovených podmínek, zatímco deaktivované scénáře neovlivní operace jednotky. Stav aktivace nebo deaktivace uložených automatických inteligentních scénářů můžete změnit na stránce „Inteligentní scénáře“ pomocí posuvníku každého uloženého scénáře. Přidání vašeho ručního inteligentního scénáře na stránku „Moje zařízení“. Při ukládání nového ručního inteligentního scénáře „Tap-to-Run“ si můžete vybrat, zda bude scénář zahrnut jako zástupce na stránce „My Home“. Scénáře přidané na domovskou obrazovku bude také možné aktivovat na stránce „Můj domov“. Týdenní plán Stiskněte ikonu „+“ vpravo nahoře. Vyberte „Časový rozvrh“. Vyberte čas. Vyberte dny. Ověřte správnost vybraných dnů a času a stiskněte „Další“ Vyberte „Spustit zařízení“ a vyberte operační jednotku. Vyberte vaše zařízení. Vyberte funkce, které chcete nastavit, a pokračujte stisknutím tlačítka Další. • Napájení: Zapnuto pro aktivaci zařízení • Nastavení teploty: 25°C, pro nastavení cílové teploty v místnosti • Režim: Auto, pro aktivaci automatického provozu • Rychlost ventilátoru: Střední, chcete-li nastavit rychlost ventilátoru jednotky na střední Ověřte výběr a nastavte název pro svůj týdenní rozvrh. Pokračujte stisknutím tlačítka „Uložit“. Výběrem možnosti Ano potvrďte týdenní plán. Chytrý provoz na základě venkovní teploty Chytré chlazení Stiskněte ikonu „+“ vpravo nahoře. Vyberte podmínku „Když se změní počasí“. Vyberte „Teplota“. Vyberte „>35°C“. Vyberte „Spustit zařízení“. Vyberte klimatizační jednotku, kterou chcete nastavit. Zvolte zapnutí: On, nastavte teplotu na: 27°C, Mode: chlazení a rychlost ventilátoru: střední. Stiskněte další. Ověřte nastavení a pojmenujte nastavení. Pokračujte stisknutím tlačítka „Uložit“. Stisknutím „Ano“ začnete používat inteligentní provoz. Chytré topení Stiskněte ikonu „+“ vpravo nahoře. Vyberte podmínku „Když se změní počasí“. Vyberte „Teplota“. Vyberte „<17°C“. Vyberte „Spustit zařízení“. Vyberte klimatizační jednotku, kterou chcete nastavit. Zvolte zapnutí: On, nastavte teplotu: 22°C, Mode: topení a rychlost ventilátoru vysoká. Stiskněte další. Ověřte nastavení a pojmenujte nastavení. Pokračujte stisknutím tlačítka „Uložit“. Stisknutím „Ano“ začnete používat inteligentní provoz. RED Declaration of Conformity (DoC) Unique identification of this DoC: 20201217001 We, INVENTOR A.G. ELECTRIC APPLIANCES S.A. declare under our sole responsibility that the product: product name: Smart Kit trade name: INVENTOR type or model: EU-ODZ104(INV) relevant supplementary information: N.A. (e.g. lot, batch or serial number, sources and numbers of items) to which this declaration relates is in conformity with the essential requirements and other relevant requirements of the RE Directive (2014/53/EU). The product is in conformity with the following standards and/or other normative documents: HEALTH & SAFETY (Art. 3(1)(a)): EN 62311:2008, EN 50665:2017, EN 62368-1:2014/A11:2017 EMC (Art. 3(1)(b)): EN 301 489-17 V3.2.4 (2020-09), EN 301 489-1 V2.2.3 (2019-11) SPECTRUM (Art. 3(2)): ETSI EN 300 328 V2.2.2 (2019-07) OTHER (incl. Art. 3(3) and voluntary specs): N.A. Limitation of validity (if any): N.A. Supplementary information: N.A. Notified body involved: N/A Technical file held by: INVENTOR A.G. ELECTRIC APPLIANCES S.A. Place and date of issue (of this DoC): Athens, Greece / 17 Dec 2020 Signed by or for the manufacturer: Name (in print): Georgia Lazaridou Title: Product Director BEIJER REF BEIJER REF BEIJER REF Inventor je členem skupiny BEIJER REF Distributor pro Českou republiku: BEIJER REF Czech s.r.o. Obchodní 107 251 01 Čestlice Tel: +420 379 302 111 www.beijerref.cz firstname.lastname@example.org Distributor pro Slovenskou republiku: BEIJER REF Slovakia s.r.o. Ivánska cesta 33 821 04 Bratislava Tel: +421 918 502 792 www.beijerref.sk email@example.com	0ebd8548-f51a-435e-8640-f17e2292ea8a	HuggingFaceFW/finepdfs/tree/main/data/ces_Latn/train	finepdfs	ces_Latn	16,659
Engage Ag Credit: Dylan Robinson/The Daily Telegraph How do you stop younger generations from leaving regional communities and moving to the city? In Hay NSW, we “built” a school using the knowledge and experience of local landholders and business folk who volunteered their time to teach young people how to be jackaroos and jillaroos. Here’s how we did it. You can do it, too. Tips to get started » Firstly we established a committee – every town has people who are passionate about where they live - they won’t be hard to find and a committee allows you to establish a governance mechanism for clear communication, organise engagement and to get things done. » Then we established a not-for-profit incorporated group, bank account, goals and explored funding options (see our tips). » We established a curriculum that suited our region / rural industry. The model can also focus on specific industries such as livestock or cropping. » We found experienced landholders or local businesses who were the key to our success. They donated their valuable passion, time and facilities to teach the students. » We created a marketing campaign to engage and to get the message out. It can be as simple as setting up a facebook page or getting local media coverage. » Then we were able to start recruiting students to the program. Contact Ms Sandra Ireson Ph: 0439 938 119 Email: email@example.com # Table of Contents \| Section \| Page \| \|----------------------------------------------\|------\| \| Introduction \| 5 \| \| Background \| 5 \| \| Key milestones for the Program \| 6 \| \| Our Committee \| 8 \| \| Our Volunteers \| 8 \| \| Our Trainers \| 8 \| \| How Students Apply \| 9 \| \| Training Program \| 9 \| \| Program Example \| 10 \| \| Graduate/Qualification \| 10 \| \| Participant Cost \| 11 \| \| Governance \| 11 \| \| Insurance for the Program \| 11 \| \| Funding the Program \| 12 \| \| Ag Placement Program / Work Experience \| 12 \| \| Networking \| 12 \| \| Mentoring and Support \| 13 \| \| Alumni \| 13 \| \| Sustainability of the Program \| 13 \| \| Want to know more? \| 13 \| \| Promoting the Program \| 14 \| \| Marketing Strategy \| 14 \| “It’s a good way to get young people back into country towns and a great way to get into the agriculture industry.” Jack Kimpton, 2016 graduate, TA Field Estate sub overseer, “Congi Station” Engage Ag – creating opportunities for a career in agriculture To develop an adaptable model of the ‘Hay Inc. Rural Education Program’ to implement in other rural communities across Australia. Introduction The Hay Inc Rural Education Program is a three-week course run over a five month period generally aligning with farming seasons. It provides hands-on training modules covering all the necessary skills of stockmanship in sheep, cattle and farming skills. It takes lessons out of the classroom and onto the farm where practical skills are taught by working or retiring experienced farming and business operators. The skills learned give young people the tools to springboard into a rural career. The initiative was established in Hay, New South Wales, to address the reduced number of young people entering or staying in our agriculturally dependent community. The Program provides mentoring, knowledge, support, skills and opportunities to engage and retain young local people in primary industries. The Program has already delivered substantial benefits to Hay and development of an adaptable model would allow for increased positive benefits to be realised across other rural communities across Australia. Background The Program was established by local Hay landholders Mr Chris Bowman, Mr Sandy Symons, Mr Richard Cannon, Mr Ben Barlow, Mr Duncan Fraser, Ms Janine Bryant and Ms Sandra Ireson in 2014 to counter the demise of the jackaroo and jillaroo training system in the district. The Program was established at a time when the younger generation in Hay had limited opportunities to gain hands-on training and bush skills to make them employable. Since its first intake of participants in 2014, the Program has delivered immense benefits to the local industry and community. Not only have regionally-based students been attracted to the Program but it has helped bridge the gap between country and city by introducing city students to the rural community of Hay. It has promoted the agricultural industry, enhanced tourism to the region and educated the importance of food and fibre production. It also has captured valuable local knowledge and provided an opportunity for it to be transferred onto future generations. The initiative has also developed partnerships and provided a valuable network for industry between Government, landholders and employers. It has given young people a pathway to a future working on farms and in the agricultural industry. August 2013 A start up meeting of Hay locals was held to gauge interest and ideas. This set the agenda for the initiative. The group then explored funding options. The next step was establishing a not-for-profit incorporated group, bank account and ABN for Hay Inc. November 2013 Researched viable funding options get started (ie deductible gift recipient didn’t fit criteria). Sent letters to industry bodies and local shire for support. November 2013 Met with the Short Course Coordinator from the NSW Department of Primary Industries, Tocal and Murrumbidgee Rural Studies centre (Rural Training Organisation – RTO). They advised us on training opportunities and funding. January 2014 The Hay Shire Council responded to a letter from the committee and offered support providing local facilities ie meeting room and some office support. May 2014 A marketing strategy was created and a logo was designed to build an identity and brand. June 2014 The Australian Wool Innovation (AWI) provided a $24,500 grant for scoping, development, coordination and pilot delivery of the Program. June 2014 Letters sent to all landholders in the district to gain interest in the Program and support. The responses included cash donations and offers of support including the use of local facilities and livestock. July 2014 Advice and support received from Tocal/NSW DPI Short course coordinator Murrumbidgee Rural Studies Centre Yanco Ms Michelle Houghton and Trainer Ms Natalie O’Leary. August 2014 The Inaugural Hay Inc Annual General Meeting training program developed, expressions of interest form developed. September 2014 Social media accounts designed to promote the Program. September 2014 NSW Government Smart and Skilled Training Funding received through Tocal NSW DPI for trainer assessor. September 2014 The Program received first intake of eight students (all male). \| Year \| Month \| Event \| \|-------\|---------\|----------------------------------------------------------------------\| \| 2015 \| February\| Successful application for two years funding from AWI. \| \| \| June \| The first seven students graduated from the Program. \| \| \| July \| Part of our marketing strategy was to promote the Program with minimal cost. Fortunately one of our committee members had a contact with an ABC Journalist which resulted in the ABC Landline story on the Program. After the airing on TV we received a large amount of feedback and interest huge interest in the program. \| \| \| September\| Successful application for Foundation for Regional and Rural Renewal (FRRR) ABC Heywire Ag Gap placement funding ($10,000). \| \| 2016 \| February\| The second year intake of 15 students (four female). \| \| \| June \| The second year intake of 15 students all graduated from the Program. \| \| \| July \| Successful application for two years funding from AWI. \| \| 2017 \| February\| The third year intake 15 students (seven female). \| \| \| June \| The third year intake of 15 students all graduated from the Program. \| \| 2018 \| February\| The fourth intake 15 students (six female). \| \| \| June \| The fourth year intake of 15 students all graduated from the Program.\| KNOWLEDGE The farmers in this region have hundreds of years of knowledge between them and it’s been great for the students to learn tips and skills you don’t get through a traditional training program. HANDY TIP To support volunteers Hay Inc provided travel vouchers $100 fuel from local petrol station. Those who have supported the program and/or volunteered their time are sent a thank you letter from the Committee and invited to the Hay Merino Sheep Show. TRAINERS Trainers are selected by the committee based on their knowledge as well as their personable skill at teaching (keeping it real and interesting) and advising young people and their interest in taking part. Our Committee Check out what we did with our committee and the skills of those on our board. » Committee Chairperson: former Hay Merino Stud Manager and professional sheep classer » Secretary/ project coordinator: farmer, PR marketing/events. » Committee: ex farmer /fencing contractor, station manager and farmer, solicitor and farm partner, wool producer, Rural Education Department admin, farmer and rural industry board member, rural bank employee and young farmer advocate, AWI representative and sheep classer, previous Hay Inc participant station overseer. The Committee agreed to when meetings were held and roles and responsibilities of the Committee members. The Committee Secretary/ Program coordinator role was key to keeping the committee informed of updates and planning meetings held throughout the year both face to face and teleconference (arranged using the AWI teleconference facility). Our Volunteers The Program is delivered by local landholders or retired farmers, who volunteer their valuable time and knowledge to the students. They teach the students so they can develop the skills they will need and most importantly the understanding of a “good work ethic”. Our Trainers » Sheep handling: four local wool producers and Tocal assessor/trainer. » Sheep Classing: professional sheep classer – Chris Bowman and Stuart Hodgson Sheep classer/AWI representative, prime lamb assessor Geoff Duddy Sheep Solutions, » Lamb Procedures: Laracy Contracting – lamb marking professional » Shearer and wool handling training course: AWI shearer trainers. » Fence construction and maintenance: for first 2 years training delivered by local fencing contractor, we now funded training delivered by Tocal at facilities Murrumbidgee Rural Studies Centre, Yanco. » Operate Quad Bike: Tocal trainers » Workplace, Health and Safety: Tocal trainer/assessor and farmer (volunteer), have also used safe work NSW inspector. » Working dogs: Ed McFarland “Puzzle stock dogs” (farm manager and dog breeder/trainer) » Motor bike and small engine maintenance: Les Lewis (local mechanic service centre) – volunteers workshop and equipment » Stock water maintenance and repair: Richard Cannon and Roley Desailly and volunteers » First Aid – local ambulance paramedic via TAFE (accredited) » Cattle Handling: Richard Cannon and Matt Ireson (cattle breeders). “The program is that good I have recommended it to mates that have now graduated. I’m still able to catch up with the trainers and other graduates to bounce different ideas off them.” Luke Hull, 2015 graduate, Station Overseer, Moulamein NSW CHECKLIST Check local area on time frames for shearing and harvesting. Speak to local landholders to determine when they are available to donate time. How students apply » Participants fill out an expression of interest form. This is used anytime throughout the year when people might contact us for interest in the program. » Each applicant undertakes a phone interview by the committee chairman (Mr Chris Bowman) where they are told what they are signing up for (an outline of the course). » In the event of students pulling out at the 11th hour (it has happened) waiting lists and social media and traditional media outlets are used to find new recruits. Training Program The program is a three week course that is held around the farming seasons. » Five days in February » Five days in March » Five days in June. Graduation occurs in June at the end of the third training week to coincide with the Hay Merino Sheep Show. The timing of the training modules are ideal as its worked around the farming seasons as well as when young people are starting out, such as a gap year. Certain modules are accredited including: » On Farm Workplace Health & Safety Processes » Environmentally Sustainable Work Practices » First Aid » Operate Quad bike » Sheep Handling; and » Fence Construction and maintenance. GRADUATE The students graduate at the Hay Merino Sheep Show – an excellent occasion to not only celebrate with volunteers and trainers but also in front of industry leaders. Program Example The Program commences with a welcome BBQ with Hay Inc volunteers and all new participants. This is a casual introduction and networking opportunity and often includes parents, friends or placement employers. February module: Introduction to Program and Work Ethic, On Farm Workplace Health & Safety Processes, Environmentally Sustainable Work Practices, Livestock Handling, Introduction to Employment Record Keeping, Sheep Handling and Yard Work, Operate Quad Bikes. » Workplace Health & Safety Processes as well as Environmental Sustainable Work Practices were originally delivered in a classroom for the first two years. But are now delivered on-farm for a more hands-on experience. » Sheep handling: Participants and trainers stay at Wyvern Station for the real on-farm experience living as a jackaroo/jillaroo - and early starts. It gives the group a chance to “bond” and network in the down time. Volunteers specialising in this area teach the sheep handling skills along with a Tocal assessor/trainer. » Fence construction and maintenance: Initially this training was delivered by a fencing contractor and a waratah fencing representative where a new fence was built for a landcare area. The Tocal assessor also attended the day so the training could be accredited. This is now delivered at the great facilities at Murrumbidgee Rural Studies Centre Yanco where the students are now able to get a hands-on experience at the Centre. » Introduction to employment record keeping: This includes a speaker with advice on financial security, safety, income tax management and awareness of insurances such as private health/ambulance cover. March module: Small Engines and Motor Bike Maintenance, Livestock Water Maintenance and Repair, Working Dog Training and Management, Shearing and Wool Handling. » Working dog handling and training is delivered at the local Tourism facility Shear Outback the Australian Shearers Hall of Fame, Hay by local dog trainers/breeders as well as farm managers and stock and station agents involved in the Hay working dog club. » Three days of shearing, shed management and wool handling is delivered by AWI shearer trainers on a working station volunteered for use during their annual shearing program. Participants stay for three nights in the shearers huts on the station. June module: Fence Construction and Maintenance, Lamb Procedures (lamb marking), Cattle Handling, Prime Lamb Assessment, Sheep Classing. » On the last day of the course students compete in the Merino sheep judging at the Hay Merino Sheep show. » Graduation at Hay Merino Sheep Show – industry network opportunity. “The program helped me get a better worth ethic and gave me a range of skills to help me gain employment.” Dean Lees, 2015 graduate, Roads Maintenance Service “Hay Inc helped me build on skills I had and gave me new avenues of employment. It looks great on the resume and helped me get my current job. Before this job I had five offers of employment working on farms in NSW and Victoria.” Sam Pizzey, 2017 graduate, working on a property at Cooma NSW Graduate/Qualification Upon completion of the course, the students will receive a certificate of participation in the Hay Inc Program listing their modules on a statement of attainment. Students are provided transcripts of the accredited training from Tocal and receive a helmet with the Quad bike training. First-aid certificates are provided by TAFE NSW (Technical and Further Education) who deliver the first aid training in Hay. Australian Wool Innovation students with a certificate for their participation shearing training school. Some of the subjects in the Program are accredited units towards a Certificate in Agriculture. Many students have then used these competencies they have received to go onto further education and study. The confidence they receive by taking part in the training encourages them to learn more and participate in further training. Participant Cost » The Programs costs each student $400 for the full 15-day program. This includes training classes, accommodation on farm, training facilities and some meals. » Each student is required to pay for their own accommodation and meals when not provided for on farm. “Growing up in Hobart I took a leap of faith to do Hay Inc and it’s paid off. It was the perfect course to help me grow and learn skills I need for a career in agriculture.” Maddy Sellars, 2016 graduate, Salesperson at D and M Rural at Bordertown SA Governance Success has been achieved by instilling governance similar to any well run not-for-profit organisation. The Program’s committee used standard accountability mechanisms including terms of reference, minutes and actions of meetings and audited financial statements. As well as complying with NSW Government requirements for the incorporation annual reporting. Information and guidance on how to set up a Not For Profit can be found at https://www.ourcommunity.com.au/management/view_help_sheet.do?articleid=2097 https://www.ato.gov.au/Non-profit/Getting-started/Starting-an-NFP/ https://www.connectingup.org/learn/articles/how-start-nonprofit-australia www.hayinc.com.au/policies The Program also established policies and these can be found on the policy tab of the Hay Inc web site. These include: Child Protection Policy, Working with Children Policy, Student Physical Contact Policy, Child Protection Complaint Policy and Guidelines, Anti-Discrimination & Harassment Policy, Work Health and Safety (WHS) Policy, Code of Conduct Policy and a Privacy Policy. Working with children checks are mandated for all trainers as some students under 18 years of age have completed the Program. Insurance for the Program Hay Inc has an Edupac Combined Liability Insurance Policy with AON (insurance company) It includes educators liability, student accident protection, voluntary workers accident plan. Limit of Liability $20,000,000. Total insurance cost for 2018 was $7586.46. TIP Insurance companies will require policies in place for the insurance coverage ie: working with children, harassment etc Funding the Program While in the majority of our committee are volunteers and a lot of our facilities are offered “in kind”, funding is still needed to cover costs such as insurance, first aid training and admin support. The Program funds some events including meals to the participants and volunteers to create opportunities for networking/mentoring. The Program has been successfully in receiving funding from: » Australian Wool Innovation. » Rural Training Organisation, NSW DPI Tocal received NSW Government Training Services NSW funding to deliver the accredited units of Workplace Health and Safety, Sheep Handling and fence construction and maintenance. » ABC Heywire youth innovation grant for $10,000. This helped with setting up “AG Gap” work placement program where students are connected with farmers in the Hay district for on farm work and training support. » Department of Social service volunteer grant for laptop » Hay Shire Council and local landholders have donated meeting rooms, livestock and on farm accommodation and facilities at no cost to the program. TIP High quality photos are useful to distribute for media releases. (See media Tab on Hay Inc website which showcases some of the media the program has obtained). As funding is from a major sponsor (key partner) ie AWI, media releases have to be approved by the organisation before distribution. Ag Placement Program / work experience The Program is not an employment agency however students have been connected to local landholders for work experience or work placement. The Program confirmed that there are people who are willing to employ good workers with good success rate. Landholders want to retain local skilled employees. Networking The Program has proved a great opportunity for young people to meet people of their own age and get involved in the social fabric of the district. Some stations where students are located are isolated. The Program encourages students to catch up on the weekend and become involved in the local sporting teams. The Program has allowed for young people with the same interests and careers to get to know each other. Firm friendships have been formed with Hay Inc participants in the past. During the training weeks the Program aims to organise opportunities over a barbecue dinner or lunch where participants can chat to volunteer, trainers and people in the industry. The Program also includes an evening speaker ie local accountant who goes through employment paperwork and finance opportunities (keeping it basic for those starting out). Mentoring and support Email is used to stay in touch with participants to make sure they return for the subsequent week training blocks. In 2018 closed facebook page was created for the cohort to communicate and share information and local Hay events. This has been an effective way of communicating directly with the participants. Email is also useful for keeping in touch with some of the employers, to keep them up to date with the training program. The Program is investigating the possibility of a closed Facebook page/group for the whole Alumni in the future. Communication continues with the alumni after completion of the Program. Emails and calls have been received from past participants seeking advice. This connection has proved vital to keep graduates in the agriculture industry. The Committee are more than happy to continue to support these young people with their careers to keep them in the agricultural industry. Alumni Students are connected by regular updates via email and through the Hay Inc facebook page and twitter account. The Committee are looking to develop this further, possibly with further face to face get together for the Alumni. One of the first students is now on the Committee. Current and past Hay Inc participants have also been invited to be involved in the Australian Wool Innovation National Merino Challenge (NMC). The NMC is, a two day, national competition which improves the engagement of young people with the merino industry by developing their knowledge skills and networks. Sustainability of the Program AWI funding and commitment of volunteers has maintained the sustainability of the Program along with the need and interest from participants to take part in the Program. Publicity for the program has also helped increased the interest ie NSW/ACT Agrifutures Rural Women’s Award. Where are they now Of the 52 student who have graduated from the Program all are employed in the agriculture sector or are studying at university. Some are still located in the Hay district working on stations in overseer and station-hand positions. Promoting the Program » Hay Inc distributed media releases with photographs to key local media outlets, television, print and radio asking the media outlets to promote the Program and to encourage applications. » Through social media accounts established for the Program. » Direct emails to careers advisors and agricultural teachers at local as well as the Agriculture Teachers Federation, to forward information to all their teachers. Marketing strategy » Media coverage is important especially in the early stages for recruiting applicants and also for promoting positive stories about the town and district. » The Program established social media accounts early on twitter and facebook to create a following and engage with potential participants, journalists and industry. » Regular media releases with information on the Program are sent to local media from radio, print and television to tell the story. Also contact is made with journalists before a training week or event ie Hay Merino Sheep Show to link in a story whilst in the district. » Implemented Web Site (we used Wagga Web Design), produced a pull up banner, and printed professional flyers. » Presence at Field Days – local merino stud displaying Hay Inc banner at Australia National Sheep Show and Presentations at conferences. » Word of mouth and testimonials from past participants has helped promote the program. These testimonials are shared on social media. Graduates of the 2018 Hay Inc program as well as volunteer trainers and Australian Wool Innovation representatives. It started as a conversation in the main street of an outback town to stop youth from heading to the big smoke. Residents in the town of Hay, which relies on agriculture, then took matters into their own hands and developed a school to teach youth how to be jackaroos and jillaroos. Now that same program is garnering widespread industry support. Hay Inc Rural Education was established by local landholders in 2014 to provide stockman skills amid a shift by large stations to employing contract labour instead of jackaroos and jillaroos — for budding jackaroos and jillaroos gain practical experience for agriculture career. The Weekly Times The Daily Telegraph ABC Landline Want to know more? Further information on the Hay Inc Rural Education Program is available at: www.hayinc.com.au More information on how to develop a similar Program in a rural community contact Ms Sandra Ireson Ph: 0439 938 119 Email: firstname.lastname@example.org Credits: Copywriting - Sam Townsend Layout - Simone Kain and Ben Hood, Hello Friday	1fd425f9-fca7-48d2-8072-b5a8c7a03bf6	HuggingFaceFW/finepdfs/tree/main/data/eng_Latn/train	finepdfs	eng_Latn	27,006
ANNEX IX PROGRAMACIÓ DIDÀCTICA A) La programació didàctica es corresponderà amb les característiques següents: En Educació Infantil, Educació Física, Música, Francès i Anglès la programació estarà referida al desenvolupament del currículum d’una especialitat per a un any acadèmic en relació a un curs d’Educació Infantil o de Primària, triat pel candidat, i haurà d’organitzar-se en un mínim de 15 unitats didàctiques, que hauran d’estar numerades. En l’especialitat d’Educació Especial: Pedagogia Terapèutica, la programació estarà referida a la presentació d’un pla de suport per a un any acadèmic i un curs d’Educació Infantil o de Primària, triat pel candidat, per a un supòsit concret d’entre alumnat amb necessitats educatives específiques que haurà de basar-se en les necessitats de l’alumne, del centre i del context escolar i haurà d’organitzar-se en un mínim de 15 unitats didàctiques adaptades del currículum d’Educació Infantil o de Primària preferentment de les àrees instrumentals, que hauran d’estar numerades. En l’especialitat d’Educació Especial: Audició i Llenguatge, la programació estarà referida a la presentació d’un pla de suport per a un any acadèmic i un curs d’Educació Infantil o de Primària, triat pel candidat, per a un supòsit concret de l’alumnat amb necessitats educatives especials, del centre i del context escolar i haurà d’organitzar-se en un mínim de 15 unitats didàctiques, que hauran d’estar numerades. La programació didàctica en les especialitats d’idioma estranger: Francès i Anglès, haurà de redactar-se en l’idioma corresponent. B) La programació didàctica haurà de contindre com a mínim els apartats següents: – Objectius – Continguts – Metodologia: orientacions didàctiques – Criteris d’avaluació – Atenció als alumnes amb necessitats educatives específiques – Recursos materials i bibliografia d’aula La programació didàctica ha de tindre sense incloure annexos una extensió màxima de 60 folis, format DIN A4, escrits a una sola cara i doble espai, amb una lletra tipus Arial o semblant i una grandària de 12 punts. ORDRE de 14 d’abril de 2005, de la Conselleria de Cultura, Educació i Esport, per la qual es convoquen procediments selectius d’ingrés, accessos i adquisició de noves especialitats en els cossos docents de professors d’Ensenyament Secundari, professors d’Escoles Oficials d’Idiomes, professors de Música i Arts Escèniques, professors d’Arts Plàstiques i Disseny i professors tècnics de Formació Professional. [2005/4284] La disposició addicional 11, apartat 1, de la Llei Orgànica 10/2002, de 23 de desembre, de Qualitat de l’Educació, i el Reial Decret 334/2004, de 27 de febrer, pel qual s’aprova el reglament d’ingrés, accessos i adquisició de noves especialitats en els cossos docents que imparteixen els ensenyaments escolars del sistema educatiu i en el cos d’inspectors d’Educació, estableixen que el sistema d’ingrés en la funció pública docent serà el de concurs oposició, i l’article 3 d’esta última disposició preceptua que les administracions públiques convocants, una vegada aprovades les seues respectives ofertes d’ocupació, procediran a realitzar les convocatòries per a la provisió de les places autoritzades en les dites ofertes d’ocupació. D’altra banda, el títol V del Reial Decret 334/2004, de 27 de febrer, regula el procediment per a l’adquisició de noves especialitats en els cossos docents que imparteixen els ensenyaments escolars del sistema educatiu i en el cos d’inspectors d’Educació, estableixen que el sistema d’ingrés en la funció pública docent serà el de concurs oposició, i l’article 3 d’esta última disposició preceptua que les administracions públiques convocants, una vegada aprovades les seues respectives ofertes d’ocupació, procediran a realitzar les convocatòries per a la provisió de les places autoritzades en les dites ofertes d’ocupació. ANEXO IX PROGRAMACIÓN DIDÁCTICA A) La programación didáctica se corresponderá con las características siguientes: En Educación Infantil, Educación Física, Música, Francés e Inglés, la programación estará referida al desarrollo del currículum de una especialidad para un año académico en relación a un curso de Educación Infantil o de Primaria, elegido por el candidato, y deberá organizarse en un mínimo de 15 unidades didácticas, que deberán estar numeradas. En la especialidad de Educación Especial: Pedagogía Terapéutica, la programación estará referida a la presentación de un plan de apoyo para un año académico y un curso de Educación Infantil o de Primaria, elegido por el candidato, para un supuesto concreto de entre el alumnado con necesidades educativas específicas, que deberá basarse en las necesidades del alumno, del centro y del contexto escolar y deberá organizarse en un mínimo de 15 unidades didácticas adaptadas del currículo de educación infantil o de primaria preferentemente de las áreas instrumentales, que deberán estar numeradas. En la especialidad de Educación Especial: Audición y Lenguaje, la programación estará referida a la presentación de un plan de apoyo para un año académico y un curso de Educación Infantil o de Primaria, elegido por el candidato, para un supuesto concreto del alumnado con necesidades educativas especiales, del centro y del contexto escolar y deberá organizarse en un mínimo de 15 unidades didácticas, que deberán estar numeradas. La programación didáctica en las especialidades de idioma extranjero: francés e inglés, deberá redactarse en el idioma correspondiente. B) La programación didáctica deberá contener como mínimo los siguientes apartados: – Objetivos. – Contenidos. – Metodología: orientaciones didácticas. – Criterios de evaluación. – Atención a los alumnos con necesidades educativas específicas. – Recursos materiales y bibliografía de aula. La programación didáctica tendrá sin incluir anexos una extensión máxima de 60 folios, formato DIN A4, escritos a una sola cara y doble espacio, con una letra tipo Arial o similar tamaño de 12 puntos. ORDEN de 14 de abril de 2005, de la Conselleria de Cultura, Educación y Deporte, por la que se convocan procedimientos selectivos de ingreso, accesos y adquisición de nuevas especialidades a los cuerpos docentes de profesores de Enseñanza Secundaria, profesores de Escuelas Oficiales de Idiomas, profesores de Música y Artes Escénicas, profesores de Artes Plásticas y Diseño y profesores técnicos de Formación Profesional. [2005/4284] La disposición adicional undécima, apartado 1, de la Ley Orgánica 10/2002, de 23 de diciembre, de Calidad de la Educación y el Real Decreto 334/2004, de 27 de febrero, por el que se aprueba el reglamento de ingreso, accesos y adquisición de nuevas especialidades en los cuerpos docentes que imparten las enseñanzas escolares del sistema educativo y en el cuerpo de Inspectores de Educación, establecen que el sistema de ingreso en la Función Pública Docente será el de concurso-oposición, preceptuando el artículo 3 de esta última disposición que las Administraciones públicas convocantes, una vez aprobadas sus respectivas ofertas de empleo, procederán a realizar las convocatorias para la provisión de las plazas autorizadas en dichas ofertas de empleo. Por otra parte, el título V del aludido Real Decreto 334/2004, de 27 de febrero, regula el procedimiento para la adquisición de tats, establint en l'article 46 que els funcionaris dels distints cossos docents podran adquirir noves especialitats, dins el mateix cos, mitjançant la realització d'una prova. Per Decret 62/2002, de 25 d'abril, del Govern Valencià, es regula l'acreditació dels coneixements lingüístics per a l'accés i la provisió de llocs en la funció pública docent no universitària en la Comunitat Valenciana. Aprovada l'oferta d'ocupació pública docent en l'àmbit de gestió de la Generalitat Valenciana per Decret 70/2005, de 8 d'abril, del Consell de la Generalitat, i complint el que preveu l'article 32 de la Llei 9/1987, de 12 de juny, d'Òrgans de Representació, Determinació de les Condicions de Treball i Participació del Personal al Servei de les Administracions Públiques, esta Conselleria, fent ús de les competències que té atribuïdes, acorda convocar procediments selectius d'ingrés i d'accisos als cossos de professors d'Ensenyament Secundari, professors d'escoles oficials d'Idiomes, professors de Música i Arts Escèniques, professors d'Arts Plàstiques i Disseny i professors tècnics de Formació Professional, i també procediment per a l'adquisició de noves especialitats, d'acord amb les bases següents: TÍTOL I Procediments selectius d'ingrés i d'accisos 1. Normes generals 1.1. Es convoquen procediments selectius per a cobrir, en l'àmbit de gestió de la Conselleria de Cultura, Educació i Esport, 1.003 places del cos de professors d'Ensenyament Secundari, 46 places del cos de professors d'escoles oficials d'Idiomes, 37 places del cos de professors de Música i Arts Escèniques, 46 places del cos de professors d'Arts Plàstiques i Disseny i 160 places del cos de professors tècnics de Formació Professional, que es distribueixen en la forma que es detalla a continuació: \| Cossos \| Ingrés lliure \| Reserva minusvàlids \| Accés a cossos de grup superior \| Accés a cossos del mateix grup i nivell de complement de destinació \| Total \| \|---------------------------------------------\|---------------\|---------------------\|---------------------------------\|---------------------------------------------------------------\|-------\| \| Professors d'Ensenyament Secundari \| 445 \| 55 \| 503 \| - \| 1.003 \| \| Professors d'escoles oficials d'Idiomes \| 37 \| 3 \| - \| 6 \| 46 \| \| Professors de Música i Arts Escèniques \| 34 \| 2 \| - \| 1 \| 37 \| \| Professors d'Arts Plàstiques i Disseny \| 19 \| 3 \| 24 \| - \| 46 \| \| Professors tècnics de Formació Professional \| 152 \| 8 \| - \| - \| 160 \| ******* \| Cuerpos \| Ingreso libre \| Reserva de minusválidos \| Acceso a cuerpos grupo superior \| Acceso a cuerpos mismo grupo y nivel de complemento de destino \| Total \| \|----------------------------------------------\|---------------\|-------------------------\|---------------------------------\|---------------------------------------------------------------\|-------\| \| Profesores de Enseñanza Secundaria \| 445 \| 55 \| 503 \| - \| 1.003 \| \| Profesores de Escuelas Oficiales de Idiomas \| 37 \| 3 \| - \| 6 \| 46 \| \| Profesores de Música y Artes Escénicas \| 34 \| 2 \| - \| 1 \| 37 \| \| Profesores de Artes Plásticas y Diseño \| 19 \| 3 \| 24 \| - \| 46 \| \| Profesores Técnicos de Formación Profesional \| 152 \| 8 \| - \| - \| 160 \| 1.2. Les places convocades per a ser cobertes pels qui tinguen la condició legal de persones amb minusvalides, i també pels procediments d'accés a cos de grup superior i d'accés a cossos del mateix grup i nivell de complement de destinació que queden sense adjudicar per falta d'aspirants que hagen superat el procés selectiu s'acumularan a les restants places convocades pel sistema d'ingrés lliure. 1.3. Als presents procediments selectius se'ls aplicarà la Llei Orgànica 1/1990, de 3 d'octubre, d'Ordenació General del Sistema Educatiu (LOGSE); la Llei Orgànica 10/2002, de 23 de desembre, de Qualitat de l'Educació (LOQE); la Llei 17/1993, de 23 de desembre, sobre l'accés a determinats sectors de la funció pública nuevas especialidades estableciendo en el artículo 46 que los funcionarios de los distintos cuerpos docentes podrán adquirir nuevas especialidades, dentro del mismo cuerpo, mediante la realización de una prueba. Por Decreto 62/2002, de 25 de abril, del Gobierno Valenciano, se regula la acreditación de los conocimientos lingüísticos para el acceso y la provisión de puestos en la función pública docente no universitaria en la Comunidad Valenciana. Aprobada la oferta de empleo público docente, en el ámbito de gestión de la Generalitat Valenciana por Decreto 70/2005, de 8 de abril, del Consell de la Generalitat, y cumplido lo previsto en el artículo 32 de la Ley 9/1987, de 12 de junio, de Órganos de Representación, Determinación de las Condiciones de Trabajo y Participación del Personal al Servicio de las Administraciones Públicas, esta Conselleria, en uso de las competencias que tiene atribuidas, acuerda convocar procedimientos selectivos de ingreso y de accesos a los cuerpos de profesores de Enseñanza Secundaria, profesores de Escuelas Oficiales de Idiomas, profesores de Música y Artes Escénicas, profesores de Artes Plásticas y Diseño y profesores Técnicos de Formación Profesional, así como procedimiento para la adquisición de nuevas especialidades, con arreglo a las siguientes bases: TÍTULO I Procedimientos selectivos de ingreso y de accesos. 1. Normas generales 1.1. Se convocan procedimientos selectivos para cubrir, en el ámbito de gestión de la Conselleria de Cultura, Educación y Deporte, 1.003 plazas del cuerpo de Profesores de Enseñanza Secundaria, 46 plazas del cuerpo de Profesores de Escuelas Oficiales de Idiomas, 37 plazas del cuerpo de Profesores de Música y Artes Escénicas, 46 plazas del cuerpo de Profesores de Artes Plásticas y Diseño y 160 plazas del cuerpo de Profesores Técnicos de Formación Profesional, que se distribuyen en la forma que a continuación se detalla: dels nacionals dels altres estats membres de la Comunitat Europea, en la redacció feta per la Llei 55/1999, de 29 de desembre, de Mesures Fiscals, Administratives i d’Orde Social; el Reial Decret 334/2004, de 27 de febrer, pel qual s’aprova el reglament d’ingrés, accessos i adquisició de noves especialitats en els cossos docents que imparteixen els ensenyaments escolars del sistema educatiu i en el cos d’inspectors d’Educació; el Reial Decret 1.701/1991, de 29 de novembre, pel qual s’establixen especialitats del cos de professors d’Ensenyament Secundari, s’hi adscriuen els professors corresponents a tal cos i es determinen les àrees i les matèries que ha d’impartir el professorat respectiu; el Reial Decret 1.635/1995, de 6 d’octubre, pel qual s’adscriu el professorat dels cossos de professors d’Ensenyament Secundari i professors tècnics de Formació Professional a les especialitats pròpies de la formació professional específica; el Reial Decret 777/1998, de 30 d’abril, pel qual es desenvolupen determinats aspectes de l’ordenació de la formació professional en l’àmbit del sistema educatiu; El Reial Decret 989/2000, de 2 de juny, pel qual s’establixen les especialitats dels cossos de professors de Música i Arts Escèniques, s’hi adscriuen els professors del dit cos i es determinen les matèries que han d’impartir; el Reial Decret 1.284/2002, de 5 de desembre, pel qual s’establixen les especialitats dels cossos de professors d’Arts Plàstiques i Disseny i mestres de taller d’Arts Plàstiques i Disseny, s’hi adscriuen els professors dels dits cossos i es determinen els mòduls, assignatures i matèries que ha d’impartir; el Decret 62/2002, de 25 d’abril, del Govern Valencià, pel qual es regula l’acreditació dels coneixements lingüístics per a l’accés i la provisió de llocs en la funció pública docent no universitària a la Comunitat Valenciana; el Reial Decret 118/2004, de 23 de gener, pel qual es regula el títol d’Especialització Didàctica; les altres disposicions de general aplicació, i també el que disposa esta convocatòria. 2. Requisits dels candidats 2.1. Per a ser admesos en els procediments selectius, els aspirants hauran de reunir els requisits següents: 2.1.1. Requisits generals a) Ser espanyol, o ser nacional d’algun dels altres estats membres de la Unió Europea, o ser nacional d’algú estat que en virtut dels tractats internacionals celebrats per la Unió Europea i ratificats per Espanya s’apliqui la lliure circulació de treballadors. També hi podran participar, qualsevol que siga la seua nacionalitat, el cónyuge dels espanyols i dels nacionals d’algú dels altres estats membres de la Unió Europea i, quan així ho preveja el corresponent tractat, el dels nacionals d’algú estat que, en virtut dels tractats internacionals celebrats per la Unió Europea i ratificats per Espanya, s’apliqui la lliure circulació de treballadors, sempre que no estiguin separats de dret. Així mateix, amb les mateixes condicions, hi podrán participar els seus descendents i els del seu cónyuge, menors de vint-i-un anys o majors d’esta edat que visquin al seu càrrec. b) Tindre complits els díuuit anys i no haver arribat a l’edat establida, amb caràcter general, per a la jubilació. c) No patir malaltia ni estar afectat per cap limitació física o psíquica que siga incompatible amb l’exercici de les funcions corresponents al cos i especialitat a què s’opta. d) No haver sigut separat mitjançant expedient disciplinari del servici de qualsevol de les administracions públiques, ni trobar-se inhabilitat per a l’exercici de les funcions públiques. Els aspirants la nacionalitat dels quals no siga l’espanyola hauran d’acreditar, igualment, no estar sotmesos a sanció disciplinària o condena penal que els impedisca, en el seu estat, l’accés a la funció pública. e) No ser funcionari de carrera, en pràctiques o estar pendent del corresponent nomenament, del mateix cos docent a què es pretenga ingressar. 2.1.2. Requisits específics a) Estar en possessió, en el dia d’acabament del termini de presentació de sol·licituds, de les titulacions que per a cada cos docent se detallen en les bases específiques de la present convocatòria. b) Els aspirants que no posseïsquen la nacionalitat espanyola i els seus coneixements de castellà no es deduïsquen del seu origen hauran d’acreditar uns coneixements adequats d’esta llengua de la forma que s’establis en la base 3.2.b) o mitjançant la realització de la prova descrita en la base 7.1.1. c) Així mateix, tots els aspirants hauran d’acreditar el coneixement dels dos idiomes oficials de la Comunitat Valenciana, en la forma que s’establis en la base 3.2.d) o mitjançant la realització de la prova descrita en la base 7.1.2. d) Per a participar per la reserva de minusvàlids, els aspirants, a més de reunir els requisits anteriors, hauran de tindre reconeguda pels òrgans competents de la Generalitat Valenciana, de l’Estat o de la resta de les comunitats autònomes una discapacitat el grau de minusvalència de la qual siga igual o superior al 33 per cent, sempre que això no siga incompatible amb l’exercici de la docència. L’opció per aquesta reserva s’haurà de formular en la sol·licitud de participació amb declaració expressa de reunir la condició exigida respecte d’això, que s’acreditarà, si s’obté plaça, mitjançant certificat dels òrgans competents. No obstant això, si en la realització de les proves se susciten dubtes al tribunal respecte de la capacitat de l’aspirant per a l’acompliment de les activitats habitualment desenvolupades pels funcionaris del cos docent a què aspira a ingressar, podria demanar el corresponent dictamen dels òrgans competents conformement preveu la base 10.1.1.c). En este cas, i fins que s’emeta el dictamen, l’aspirant podrà continuar participant condicionalment en el procés selectiu, quedant en suspens la resolució definitiva sobre l’admissió o l’exclusió del procés fins a la recepció del dictamen. El procés selectiu es realitzarà en condicions d’igualtat amb els aspirants d’ingrés lliure, sense perjudici de les adaptacions previstes en la base 5.14 d’esta convocatòria. Els aspirants que concorréguen per esta reserva no podran concórrer a la mateixa especialitat pel procediment d’ingrés lliure. Així mateix, només podran concórrer a una única especialitat per esta reserva de minusvàlids. e) Per a participar pel procediment d’accés de funcionaris docents a altres cossos docents inclosos en grup de classificació superior, per al qual es reserva un 50 per cent de les places convoquades, els funcionaris dels cossos i escales docents classificats en el grup B a què fa referència la vigent legislació de la funció pública hauran d’estar en possessió de la titulació exigida per a l’ingrés en el cos docent pel qual participen i reunir les altres condicions generals a què fa referència esta base, a més d’haver romès, en acabar el termini de presentació d’instàncies, en els seus cossos d’origen durant un mínim de sis anys com a funcionaris de carrera. Els aspirants que opten per este procediment d’accés no podran concórrer a la mateixa especialitat pel procediment d’ingrés lliure. Així mateix, només podran concórrer a una única especialitat per este procediment. f) Podran participar en el procediment d’accés de funcionaris docents a altres cossos docents classificats del mateix grup i nivell de complement de destinació els funcionaris de carrera de cossos i escales docents del mateix grup i nivell de complement de destinació que el cos a què aspiren a ingressar, sense que calga acreditar un límit d’antiguitat en el cos d’origen, sempre que posseïsquen la titulació exigida per a l’ingrés en el cos en qüestió. L’accés al nou cos es podrà realitzar tant per la mateixa especialitat com per una especialitat diferent de la que l’aspirant siga titular en el seu cos d’origen. Els aspirants que opten per este procediment d’accés no podran concórrer a la mateixa especialitat pel procediment d’ingrés lliure. Així mateix, solament serà possible participar en una única especialitat per este procediment. 2.2. Tots els requisits enumerats més amunt hauran de posseir-se en el dia d’acabament del termini de presentació de sol·licituds i mantindre’s fins al moment de la presa de possessió com a funcionari de carrera. 3. Sol·licituds b) Los aspirantes que no posean la nacionalidad española y su conocimiento del castellano no se deduzca de su origen deberán acreditar un conocimiento adecuado de esta lengua de la forma que se establece en la base 3.2.b) o mediante la realización de la prueba descrita en la base 7.1.1. c) Asimismo, todos los aspirantes deberán acreditar el conocimiento de los dos idiomas oficiales de la Comunidad Valenciana, en la forma que se establece en la base 3.2.d) o mediante la realización de las pruebas descritas en la base 7.1.2. d) Para participar por la reserva de minusválidos, los aspirantes, además de reunir los requisitos anteriores, deberán tener reconocida por los órganos competentes de la Generalitat Valenciana, del Estado o del resto de las Comunidades Autónomas, una discapacidad cuyo grado de minusvalía sea igual o superior al 33 por ciento, siempre que ello no sea incompatible con el ejercicio de la docencia. La opción por esta reserva habrá de formularse en la solicitud de participación con declaración expresa de reunir la condición exigida al respecto, que se acreditará, si obtuviere plaza, mediante certificación de los órganos competentes. No obstante, si en la realización de las pruebas se suscitaran dudas al tribunal respecto de la capacidad del aspirante para el desempeño de las actividades habitualmente desarrolladas por los funcionarios del cuerpo docente al que aspira a ingresar, podrá recabar el correspondiente dictamen de los órganos competentes conforme a lo previsto en la base 10.1.1c). En este caso, y hasta tanto se emita el dictamen, el aspirante podrá seguir participando condicionalmente en el proceso selectivo, quedando en suspensión la resolución definitiva sobre la admisión o exclusión del proceso hasta la recepción del dictamen. El proceso selectivo se realizará en condiciones de igualdad con los aspirantes de ingreso libre, sin perjuicio de las adaptaciones previstas en la base 5.14 de esta convocatoria. Los aspirantes que concurren por esta reserva no podrán concorrir a la misma especialidad por el procedimiento de ingreso libre. Asimismo, sólo podrán concorrir a una única especialidad por esta reserva de minusvalía. e) Para participar por el procedimiento de acceso de funcionarios docentes a otros cuerpos docentes incluidos en grupo de clasificación superior, para el que se reserva un 50 por cien de las plazas convocadas, los funcionarios de los cuerpos y escalas docentes clasificados en el grupo B a que se refiere la vigente legislación de la función pública deberán estar en posesión de la titulación exigida para el ingreso en el cuerpo docente por el que participan y reunir las demás condiciones generales de esta base, además de haber permanecido, al término del plazo de presentación de instancias, en sus cuerpos de origen durante un mínimo de seis años como funcionarios de carrera. Los aspirantes que opten por este procedimiento de acceso no podrán concurrir a la misma especialidad por el de ingreso libre. Asimismo, sólo podrán concorrir a una única especialidad por este procedimiento. f) Podrán participar en el procedimiento de acceso de funcionarios docentes a otros cuerpos clasificados del mismo grupo y nivel de complemento de destino los funcionarios de carrera de cuerpos y escalas docentes del mismo grupo y nivel de complemento de destino que el cuerpo al que aspiren a ingresar, sin que haya que acreditar un límite de antigüedad en el cuerpo de origen, siempre que posean la titulación exigida para el ingreso en el cuerpo en cuestión. El acceso al nuevo cuerpo se podrá realizar tanto por la misma especialidad como por una especialidad diferente de la que el aspirante sea titular en su cuerpo de origen. Los aspirantes que opten por este procedimiento de acceso no podrán concurrir a la misma especialidad por el procedimiento de ingreso libre. Asimismo, sólo será posible participar en una única especialidad por este procedimiento. 2.2. Todos los requisitos enumerados anteriormente deberán poseerse en el día de finalización del plazo de presentación de solicitudes y mantenerse hasta el momento de la toma de posesión como funcionario de carrera. 3. Solicitudes 3.1. Forma. Els qui desitgen prendre part en estos procediments selectius hauran de presentar una instància, conforme al model oficial, que les serà facilitada gratuïtament en les direccions territorials de Cultura, Educació i Esport de la Generalitat Valenciana i que també podrà ser impresa mitjançant la pàgina d'Internet de la Conselleria de Cultura, Educació i Esport (http://www.cult.gva.es/dgp). Esta sol·licitud tindrà assignat un número de referència identificador que serà diferent en cadascuna d’elles, per la qual cosa haurà de ser necessàriament un exemplar original (amb dos fulls autocoopiadors) o bé un joc de tres còpies impreses mitjançant Internet, de manera que no se’n podran fer fotocòpies, atès que cada sol·licitud ha de tenir un número de referència diferenciat. En omplir la dita sol·licitud, els aspirants tindran en compte, a més de les instruccions que s’hi adjunten, les següents: a) Els aspirants faran constar en els recuadres corresponents el cos, el codi i el nom de l’especialitat per la qual participen, tenint en compte que en cas de discrepància entre el codi i el nom de l’especialitat especificats, seran admesos per l’especialitat a la qual corresponga el codi. Així mateix, indicaran el codi de la província en què preferentment vulguen realitzar la prova. b) Els aspirants amb minusvaldies hauran d’indicar-ho en el recuadre 1.6 de la sol·licitud. Així mateix, hauran de sol·licitar, expressant-ho en el recuadre 1.8, les possibles adaptacions de temps i mitjans per a la realització dels exercicis en què esta adaptació siga necessària, per a la qual cosa adjuntaran a la instància un certificat de les adaptacions requerides expedit pels serveis competents de la Conselleria de Benestar Social o equivalents de l’Estat o d’altres comunitats autònomes. c) Els aspirants que, per reunir les condicions establides, desitgen acollir-se a la reserva de minusvaldís hauran de consignar necessàriament en el recuadre 1.7 de la sol·licitud el percentatge de minusvaldies que patixen i fer-ho constar en el recuadre 2 de l’apartat 1.5 de la instància de participació, i també cal que efectuen la declaració expressa, prevista en la instància, que reuniexen els requisits exigits per a participar en dita reserva i adjuntaren a la instància el certificat corresponent. d) Els aspirants que, per complir els requisits establits, estiguin exempts de les proves de coneixements dels idiomes oficials de la Comunitat Valenciana hauran de consignar-ho en el apartat 2.5 de la instància, així mateix, hauran d’indicar el motiu d’exemció al·legat en els espais reservats a dit efecte. e) Els aspirants no nacionals d’algun estat de la Unió Europea hauran d’adjuntar la documentació que justifique que reuniexen el requisit per a poder participar conforme al que preveu la base 2.1.1.a). 3.2. Documentació. A la instància de sol·licitud s’acompanyaran els documents següents: a) Fotocòpia del document nacional d’identitat, document semblant del país d’origen o passaport vigents. b) Annex IV degudament emplenat pels participants que no posseïsquen la nacionalitat espanyola. En este cas, els aspirants que estiguen exemts de la prova de coneixements de castellà hauran de presentar junts amb l’annex IV esmentat la fotocòpia compulsada del nivell superior del Diploma d’Espanyol com a Llengua Estrangera establiti pel Reial Decret 1.137/2002, de 31 d’octubre (BOE de 8 de novembre), o el Certificat d’Aptitud d’Espanyol per a Estrangers expedit per les escoles oficials d’Idiomes o el títol de Llicenciat en Filologia Hispànica o Romànica, o certificat acadèmic en què conste que s’han realitzat a l’Estat espanyol tots els estudis conduents a la titulació al·legada per l’ingrés en el cos a què s’opta, o certificat acadèmic que acredite haver realitzat tots els estudis per a l’obtenció dels mencionats diplomes o titulacions. c) La declaració, si s’esceu, referida en la base 14 d’esta convocatòria per a no ser inclosos en les llistes d’aspirants per a ocupar llocs en règim d’intermitència. d) Per a acreditar l’exemció de la prova de coneixements dels idiomes oficials de la Comunitat Valenciana, declaració jurada d’acord amb el model inclòs com a annex XI. 3.1. Forma. Quienes deseen tomar parte en estos procedimientos selectivos deberán presentar una instancia, conforme a modelo oficial, que les será facilitada gratuitamente en las Direcciones Territoriales de Cultura, Educación y Deporte de la Generalitat Valenciana y que también podrá ser impresa a través de la página de Internet de la Consellería de Cultura, Educación y Deporte (http://www.cult.gva.es/dgp). Esta solicitud tendrá asignado un número de referencia identificativo que será diferente en cada una de ellas por lo que deberá ser necesariamente un ejemplar original (con dos hojas autocoopiativas) o bien un juego de tres copias impresas a través de Internet, de manera que no se podrán hacer fotocopias, ya que cada solicitud ha de tener un número de referencia diferenciado. Al cumplimentar dicha solicitud, los aspirantes tendrán en cuenta, además de las instrucciones que se adjuntan a la misma, las siguientes: a) Los aspirantes harán constar en los recuadros correspondientes, el cuerpo y el código y nombre de la especialidad por la que participan teniendo en cuenta que, en caso de discrepancia entre el código y el nombre de la especialidad especificado serán admitidos por la especialidad a la que corresponda el código. Asimismo, indicarán el código de la provincia en que preferentemente quieran realizar la prueba. b) Los aspirantes con minusvalía deberán indicarlo en la solicitud, para lo cual utilizarán el recuadro 1.6 de la misma. Asimismo, deberán solicitar, expresándolo en el recuadro 1.8, las posibles adaptaciones de tiempo y medios para la realización de los ejercicios en que esta adaptación sea necesaria, y para ello adjuntarán a la instancia una certificación de las adaptaciones requeridas expedida por los Servicios competentes de la Consellería de Bienestar Social o equivalentes del Estado o de otras Comunidades Autónomas. c) Aquellos aspirantes, que por reunir las condiciones establecidas, desean acogerse a la reserva de minusvalvados habrán de consignar necesariamente en el recuadro 1.7 de la solicitud, el porcentaje de minusvalía que padecen y hacerlo constar en el recuadro 2 del apartado 1.5 de la instancia de participación, así como efectuar la declaración expresa prevista en la instancia, de que reúnen los requisitos exigidos para participar en dicha reserva y adjuntarán a la instancia la certificación correspondiente. d) Aquellos aspirantes, que por cumplir los requisitos establecidos, estén exentos de las pruebas de conocimiento de los idiomas oficiales de la Comunidad Valenciana, deberán consignarlo en el apartado 2.5 de la instancia, asimismo, deberán indicar el motivo de exención alegado en los espacios reservados a tal fin. e) Los aspirantes no nacionales de algún estado de la Unión Europea deberán adjuntar la documentación que justifique que reúnen el requisito para poder participar conforme a lo previsto en la base 2.1.1 a). 3.2. Documentación. A la instancia de solicitud se acompañarán los siguientes documentos: a) Fotocopia del documento nacional de identidad, documento similar del país de origen o pasaporte vigentes. b) Anexo IV debidamente cumplimentado por aquellos participantes que no posean la nacionalidad española. En este caso, aquellos aspirantes que estén exentos de la prueba de conocimientos de castellano, deberán presentar junto al anexo IV citado, la fotocopia compulsada del nivel superior del Diploma de español como lengua extranjera establecido por el Real Decreto 1137/2002, de 31 de octubre (BOE de 8 de noviembre), o del certificado de aptitud en español para extranjeros expedido por las Escuelas Oficiales de Idiomas o del título de Licenciado en Filología Hispánica o Románica, o certificación académica en la que conste que se han realizado en el Estado Español todos los estudios conducentes a la titulación alegada para el ingreso en el Cuerpo a que se opta, o certificación académica que acredite haber realizado todos los estudios para la obtención de los mencionados diplomas o titulaciones. c) La declaración, en su caso, referida en la base 14 de la presente convocatoria para no ser incluido en las listas de aspirantes a desempeñar puestos en régimen de interinidad. d) Para acreditar la exención de la prueba de conocimiento de los idiomas oficiales de la Comunidad Valenciana, declaración jurada de acuerdo con el modelo incluido como anexo XI. 3.3. Les sol·licituds es presentaran preferentment en les direccions territorials de Cultura, Educació i Esport d’Alacant, Castelló o València, o bé als llocs i en la forma que determina l’article 38.4 de la Llei 30/1992, de 26 de novembre, de Règim Jurídic de les Administracions Públiques i del Procediment Administratiu Comú, en la seua redacció donada per la Llei 4/1999, de 13 de gener, en relació amb el que disposa l’article 1 del Decret 130/1998, de 8 de setembre, del Govern Valencià. En el cas que s’optara per presentar la sol·licitud en una oficina de Correus, es faria en sobre obert perquè la instància siga datada i segellada pel funcionari de Correus abans de ser certificada. Si no es realitza d’esta manera, es considerarà presentada en la data d’entrada en qualsevol dels llocs establits en el paràgraf anterior. Les sol·licituds subscrirites pels participants en l’estranger podran cursar-se, en el termini assenyalat en l’apartat 3.4 d’esta base, mitjançant les representacions diplomàtiques o consulars espanyoles corresponents, que les remetran seguidament a l’organisme competent. Els interessats adjuntaran a la sol·licitud el comprovant bancari d’haver satisfet el pagament dels drets d’examen. 3.4. El termini de presentació de sol·licituds serà de vint dies naturals comptats a partir de l’endemà de la publicació d’esta convocatòria en el Diari Oficial de la Generalitat Valenciana. 3.5. Els drets d’examen són de 28,18 euros per als cossos de professors d’Ensenyament Secundari, professors d’escoles oficials d’Idiomes, professors de Música i Arts Escèniques i professors d’Arts Plàstiques i Disseny i de 19,90 euros per al cos de professors tècnics de Formació Professional, inclòs la formació de l’expedient, i s’ingressaran mitjançant l’impress de la instància de participació en alguna de les entitats de crèdit col·laboradores que hi figuren al marge. Les despeses de transferència arriban a càrrec de l’interessat. En la sol·licitud haurà de figurar el segell de l’entitat bancària, acreditatiu del pagament de drets, la manca d’este segell o el pagament fora de termini en determinarà l’exclusió de l’aspirant. En cap cas la presentació i el pagament en l’entitat bancària suposarà l’eliminació del tràmit de presentació, en termini i forma, de la sol·licitud. De conformitat amb el que disposa l’article 132.2 del Decret Legislatiu 1/2005, de 25 de febrer, del Consell de la Generalitat, pel qual s’aprova el text refós de la Llei de Taxes de la Generalitat, estan exents del pagament de tarifes els membres de famílies nombroses de categoria especial sempre que adjunten a la sol·licitud copia de la documentació que ho acredite. Així mateix, estan exents del pagament de la tarifa d’inscripció en proves selectives per a l’accés a cossos docents els aspirants amb discapacitat igual o superior al 33 per cent, sempre que ho acrediten documentalment junt a la sol·licitud, i han d’ingressar la quantitat de 3,36 euros en concepte de formació d’expedient. D’altra banda, gaudiran d’una bonificació del 50 per cent de la quota de les tarifes els membres de famílies nombroses de categoria general, que igualment haurà de justificar-se documentalment junt a la instància de participació, i en este cas han d’ingressar 14,09 euros els aspirants als cossos de professors d’Ensenyament Secundari, professors d’escoles oficials d’Idiomes, professors de Música i Arts Escèniques i professors d’Arts Plàstiques i Disseny i 9,95 euros els aspirants al cos de professors tècnics de Formació Professional. 4. Admissió d’aspirants 4.1. Finalitzat el termini de presentació d’instàncies, la Direcció General de Personal Docent dictarà una resolució en què declararà aprovada la llista provisional d’admesos i exclosos, que s’haurà de publicar en el Diari Oficial de la Generalitat Valenciana. En la llista hauran de constar els cognoms, nom, número de document nacional d’identitat, procediment selectiu, cos docent i especialitat per la qual s’hi participa, província de preferència per a realitzar les proves i si han declarat estar exents de la realització de la prova de coneixements dels dos idiomes oficials de la Comunitat Valenciana, i també, si es produeix, la causa d’exclusió. 3.3. Las solicitudes se presentarán preferentemente en las Direcciones Territoriales de Cultura, Educación y Deporte de Alicante, Castellón o Valencia o bien en los lugares y forma que determina el artículo 38.4 de la Ley 30/1992, de 26 de noviembre, de Régimen Jurídico de las Administraciones Públicas y del Procedimiento Administrativo Común, en su redacción dada por la Ley 4/1999, de 13 de enero, en relación con lo dispuesto en el artículo 1 del Decreto 130/1998, de 8 de septiembre, del Gobierno Valenciano. En el caso de que se optara por presentar la solicitud ante una Oficina de Correos, se hará en sobre abierto para que la instancia sea fechada y sellada por el funcionario de Correos antes de ser certificada. De no hacerse de esta manera se considerará presentada en la fecha de entrada en cualquiera de los lugares establecidos en el párrafo anterior. Las solicitudes suscritas por los participantes en el extranjero podrán cursarse en el plazo señalado en el apartado 3.4 de la presente base, a través de las representaciones Diplomáticas o Consulares españolas correspondientes, las cuales las remitirán seguidamente al organismo competente. El interesado adjuntará a la solicitud comprobante bancario de haber satisfecho el pago de los derechos de examen. 3.4. El plazo de presentación de solicitudes será de veinte días naturales contados a partir del siguiente al de la publicación de esta convocatoria en el Diari Oficial de la Generalitat Valenciana. 3.5. Los derechos de examen serán de 28,18 € para los cuerpos de profesores de Enseñanza Secundaria, profesores de Escuelas Oficiales de Idiomas, profesores de Música y Artes Escénicas, profesores de Artes Plásticas y Diseño y 19,90 € para el cuerpo de profesores técnicos de Formación Profesional, incluida la formación del expediente, y se ingresarán mediante el impres de la instancia de participación en alguna de las entidades de crédito colaboradoras que figuran en la misma. Los gastos de transferencia correrán a cargo del interesado. En la solicitud deberá figurar el sello de la entidad bancaria, acreditativo del pago de derechos cuya falta o abono fuera de plazo determinará la exclusión del aspirante. En ningún caso, la presentación y pago en la entidad bancaria supondrá eliminación del trámite de presentación, en plazo y forma, de la solicitud. De conformidad con lo dispuesto en el artículo 132.2 del Decreto Legislativo 1/2005, de 25 de febrero, del Consell de la Generalitat, por el que se aprueba el texto refundido de la Ley de Tasas de la Generalitat, están exentos del pago de las tarifas los miembros de familias numerosas de categoría especial, siempre y cuando adjunten a la solicitud copia de la documentación que lo acredite. Asimismo, están exentos del pago de la tarifa de inscripción en pruebas selectivas para el acceso a cuerpos docentes los aspirantes con discapacidad igual o superior al 33 por cien, siempre que lo acrediten documentalmente junto a la solicitud, debiendo ingresar la cantidad de 3,36 € en concepto de formación de expediente. De otro lado, disfrutarán de una bonificación de 50 por cien de la cuota de las tarifas los miembros de las familias numerosas de categoría general, lo que igualmente deberá justificarse documentalmente junto a la instancia de participación, y en tal caso deberán ingresar 14,09 € los aspirantes a los cuerpos de profesores de Enseñanza Secundaria, profesores de Escuelas Oficiales de Idiomas, profesores de Música y Artes Escénicas y profesores de Artes Plásticas y Diseño y 9,95 € los aspirantes al cuerpo de profesores técnicos de Formación Profesional. 4. Admisión de aspirantes 4.1. Finalizado el plazo de presentación de instancias la Dirección General de Personal Docente dictará resolución declarando aprobada la lista provisional de admitidos y excluidos, que deberá publicarse en el Diari Oficial de la Generalitat Valenciana. En la lista deberán constar los apellidos, nombre, número del documento nacional de identidad, procedimiento selectivo, cuerpo docente y especialidad por los que participa, provincia de preferencia para realizar las pruebas y si han declarado estar exentos de la realización de la prueba de conocimiento de los dos idiomas oficiales de la Comunidad Valenciana, así como, en su caso, la causa de exclusión. 4.2. Los aspirantes excluidos dispondrán de un plazo de diez días, contados a partir del siguiente al de la publicación de la resolución, para poder subsanar el defecto que haya motivado su exclusión. Asimismo, aquellos aspirantes que hayan detectado errores en la consignación de sus datos personales podrán manifestarlo en el mismo plazo. Las reclamaciones se dirigirán a la Dirección General de Personal Docente y se presentarán por cualquiera de las formas previstas en el apartado 3.3 de la presente convocatoria. 4.3. Las reclamaciones presentadas serán aceptadas o denegadas por resolución expresa del director general de Personal Docente, por la que se declarará aprobada la lista definitiva de admitidos y excluidos, que será publicada en el Diari Oficial de la Generalitat Valenciana. 4.4. Contra dicha resolución, que pone fin a la vía administrativa, de acuerdo con lo preceptuado en el artículo 109 de la Ley 30/1992, de 26 de noviembre, en su redacción dada por la Ley 4/1999, de 13 de enero, en relación con la disposición final segunda de la Ley 5/1983, de 30 de diciembre del Gobierno Valenciano y la disposición adicional decimoquinta de la Ley 6/1997, de 14 de abril, podrá interponerse con carácter potestativo recurso de reposición ante la Dirección General de Personal Docente en el plazo de un mes contado desde el día siguiente al de su publicación o interponer directamente recurso contencioso administrativo ante el Tribunal Superior de Justicia de la Comunidad Valenciana, en el plazo de dos meses contados a partir del día siguiente al de su publicación. 4.5. El hecho de figurar en la relación de admitidos no prejuzga que se reconozca a los interesados la posesión de los requisitos exigidos en los procedimientos que se convocan mediante la presente orden. Cuando el examen de la documentación que, de acuerdo con la base 10 de esta convocatoria, debe presentarse en el caso de ser seleccionado, se desprenda que no poseen alguno de los requisitos, los interesados decaerán en todos los derechos que pudieran derivarse de su participación en estos procedimientos. 4.6. De conformidad con lo establecido en el artículo 9 del Decreto Legislativo 1/2005, de 25 de febrero, del Consell de la Generalitat, por el que se aprueba el texto refundido de la Ley de Tasas de la Generalitat, no se procederá a la devolución de las tasas por derechos de examen en los supuestos de exclusión de los aspirantes de los procedimientos selectivos por causas imputables exclusivamente a los interesados. 5. Órganos de selección 5.1. La selección de los participantes en los distintos procedimientos selectivos a que se refiere esta convocatoria será realizada por las comisiones de selección y los tribunales que serán nombrados al efecto por la Dirección General de Personal Docente. Dicho nombramiento se publicará en el Diari Oficial de la Generalitat Valenciana. 5.2. Composición de los tribunales. De acuerdo con lo que dispone el artículo 7 del Real Decreto 334/2004, de 27 de febrero, los miembros de los tribunales serán, preferentemente, funcionarios de carrera en activo de los cuerpos docentes o del cuerpo de Inspectores al Servicio de la administración Educativa en número impar, no inferior a cinco. Para los presentes procedimientos se fija la composición de todos los tribunales en cinco miembros. La totalidad de los miembros de los tribunales pertenecerán a cuerpos de igual o superior grupo de clasificación que el que corresponde al cuerpo al que optan los aspirantes. En la designación de los tribunales se velará por el principio de especialidad, de acuerdo con el cual, la mayoría de sus miembros deberá ser titular de la especialidad objeto del proceso selectivo. Los tribunales estarán integrados por: – Un Presidente, designado directamente por la Dirección General de Personal Docente. – Cuatro vocales, designados por sorteo público, entre funcionarios de carrera en activo del cuerpo correspondiente, habilitados en la especialidad asignada al tribunal y preferentemente, los adscritos en el ámbito de la Dirección Territorial de Cultura, Educación y Deporte donde actuará el tribunal. En el caso de no ser posible la realización del sorteo entre los funcionarios con destino en rial, este es realizará entre tots els qui, reunint les condicions enumerades, tinguin la seua destinació en l'àmbit territorial de la Comunitat Valenciana. Excepcionalment, quan no hi haja funcionaris en servici actiu en nombre suficient, el director general de Personal Docent podrà designar directament estos vocals entre funcionaris dels cossos docents, de conformitat amb el que s'ha establit en esta base. Podran nomenar-se tants tribunals com es jutge necessari per a cada especialitat, i també es podran nomenar tribunals diferents per al procediment d'ingrés lliure i per a distints procediments d'accés a altres cossos docents. Quan el nombre d'aspirants presentats a una especialitat siga reduït i no resulte aconsellable nomenar tribunals diferents per a jutjar el procediment d'ingrés lliure i els distints procediments d'accés, es podrà nomenar un únic tribunal que actuarà de forma separada per a cadascun d'estos procediments. Actuarà com a secretari el vocal de menor antiguitat en el cos, llevat que el tribunal acorde determinar-lo d'una altra manera. Per a cada tribunal es designarà, per igual procediment, un tribunal suplent, llevat dels casos en què no siga possible comptar amb vocals suficients que reuniessen els requisits exigits en la presente base. 5.3. Composició de les comissions de selecció. Quan en funció del nombre d'aspirants i places convocades siga necessari nomenar més d'un tribunal per a alguna de les especialitats, es constituirà una comissió de selecció per cadascuna d'estes especialitats. Estes comissions estarán formades per un nombre impar de membres no inferior a cinc, que hauran de reunir els requisits enumerats en l'apartat 5.2 d'esta base per als components dels tribunals. Les comissions serán designades per la Direcció General de Personal Docent i publicada la seua composició en el Diari Oficial de la Generalitat Valenciana, que inclourà la designació del seu president. En les especialitats que es nomene tribunal únic, este actuarà a més a més com a comissió de selecció, sense que per això canviem de funcions en la comissió de selecció els membres del tribunal. Per al nomenament de secretari en la comissió de selecció cal ajustar-se al que disposa l'apartat 5.2 d'esta base per al nomenament de secretari de tribunal. 5.4. De conformitat amb l'article 8.3 del Reial Decret 334/2004, de 27 de febrer, la participació en els òrgans de selecció té caràcter obligatori. 5.5. Abstenció. Els membres dels òrgans de selecció s'hauran d'abstindre d'intervindre si concorren en elles circumstàncies de les previstes en l'article 28 de la Llei 30/1992, de 26 de novembre, de Règim Jurídic de les Administracions Públiques i del Procediment Administratiu Comú, o si han realitzat tasques de preparació d'aspirants a proves selectives per al mateix cos i especialitat en els cinc anys anteriors a la publicació d'esta convocatòria, notificant-ho amb la deguda justificació documental. Els presidents sol·licitaran dels membres dels òrgans de selecció la declaració expressa de no trobar-se sotmesos en les circumstàncies previstes en el paràgraf anterior, i a este efecte notificaran a la Direcció General de Personal Docent les abstencions que s'hi produeixin. 5.6. El termini per a manifestar l'abstenció serà de deu dies comptats a partir de l'endemà de la publicació en el Diari Oficial de la Generalitat Valenciana del nomenament dels òrgans de selecció. 5.7. Recusació. Així mateix, els aspirants podran recusar els membres del tribunal o de la comissió de selecció quan concorrenguen en elles les circumstàncies a què fa referència l'apartat 5.5 d'esta mateixa base. 5.8. Prèvia convocatòria dels presidents, que es farà arribar al centre de destinació dels vocals nomenats i en la qual s'indicarà el lloc, el dia i l'hora de la reunió, tindrà lloc la sessió constitutiva dels tribunals i de les comissions de selecció a la qual hauran d'assistir tots el vocals nomenats, tant els titulars com els suplents. Un determinado ámbito territorial, éste se realizará entre todos los que, reuniendo las condiciones enumeradas, tengan su destino en el ámbito territorial de la Comunidad Valenciana. Excepcionalmente, cuando no haya funcionarios en servicio activo en número suficiente, el director general de Personal Docente podrá designar directamente estos vocales entre funcionarios de los cuerpos docentes, de conformidad con lo establecido en esta base. Podrán nombrarse tantos tribunales cuantos se juzguen necesarios para cada especialidad y también se podrán nombrar tribunales diferentes para el procedimiento de ingreso libre y para los distintos procedimientos de acceso a otros cuerpos docentes. Cuando el número de aspirantes presentados a una especialidad sea reducido y no resulte aconsejable nombrar tribunales diferentes para juzgar el procedimiento de ingreso libre y los distintos procedimientos de acceso, se podrá nombrar un único tribunal que actuará de forma separada para cada uno de estos procedimientos. Actuará como secretario el vocal de menor antigüedad en el cuerpo, salvo que el tribunal acuerde determinarlo de otra manera. Para cada tribunal se designará, por igual procedimiento, un tribunal suplente, salvo en aquellos casos en que no sea posible contar con vocales suficientes que reúnan los requisitos exigidos en la presente base. 5.3. Composición de las comisiones de selección. Cuando en función del número de aspirantes y plazas convocadas sea necesario nombrar más de un tribunal para alguna de las especialidades, se constituirá una comisión de selección por cada una de éstas especialidades. Estas comisiones estarán formadas por un número impar de miembros no inferior a cinco, que deberán reunir los requisitos enumerados en el apartado 5.2 de esta base para los componentes de los tribunales. Las comisiones serán designadas por la Dirección General de Personal Docente y publicada su composición en el Diari Oficial de la Generalitat Valenciana, que incluirá la designación de su presidente. En aquellas especialidades en las que se nombre tribunal único, éste actuará además como comisión de selección, sin que por ello cambien de funciones en la comisión de selección los miembros del tribunal. Para el nombramiento de secretario en la comisión de selección se estará a lo dispuesto en el apartado 5.2 de esta base para el nombramiento de secretario de tribunal. 5.4. De conformidad con el artículo 8.3, del Real Decreto 334/2004, de 27 de febrero, la participación en los órganos de selección tiene carácter obligatorio. 5.5. Abstención. Los miembros de los órganos de selección deberán abstenerse de intervenir, cuando concurran en ellos circunstancias de las previstas en el artículo 28 de la Ley 30/1992, de 26 de noviembre, de Régimen Jurídico de las Administraciones Públicas y del Procedimiento Administrativo Común, o si hubiesen realizado tareas de preparación de aspirantes a pruebas selectivas para el mismo cuerpo y especialidad en los cinco años anteriores a la publicación de esta convocatoria, notificándolo con la debida justificación documental. Los presidentes solicitarán de los miembros de los órganos de selección declaración expresa de no hallarse incurso en las circunstancias previstas en el párrafo anterior, notificando a la Dirección General de Personal Docente las abstenciones a que haya lugar entre sus miembros. 5.6. El plazo para manifestar la abstención será de diez días contados a partir del día siguiente a la publicación en el Diari Oficial de la Generalitat Valenciana del nombramiento de los órganos de selección. 5.7. Recusación. Asimismo los aspirantes podrán recusar a los miembros del tribunal o de la comisión de selección cuando concurran en ellos las circunstancias a las que se refiere el apartado 5.5 de esta misma base. 5.8. Prævia convocatoria de los presidentes que se hará llegar al centro de destino de los vocales nombrados y en la que señalará el lugar, día y hora de la reunión, tendrá lugar la sesión constitutiva de los tribunales y las comisiones de selección a la que deberán asistir todos los vocales nombrados, tanto titulares como suplentes. Los Els tribunals i les comissions de selecció es constituiran amb l'assistència del president i del secretari o, si s'escau, dels que els substituïsquen, i la de la mitat, almenys, dels seus membres. En dita sessió, l'òrgan de selecció a més de constituir-se com a tal acordarà totes les decisions que li corresponguen amb vista al correcte desenvolupament del procediment selectiu. La suplència dels presidents dels tribunals s'autoritzarà per la Direcció General de Personal Docent, i la dels vocals, en la mateixa sessió constitutiva, pel president que hi haja d'actuar, que haurà de recaure sobre qualsevol dels vocals suplents nomenats. Una vegada constituït l'òrgan selectiu, per a la vàlida actuació d'este, es requerirà la presència del president i del secretari o, si s'escau, dels que els substituïsquen, i la de la mitat, almenys, dels seus membres. La inassistència injustificada dels membres de l'òrgan de selecció a les distintes sessions i actes del procediment, inclosa la de constitució, donarà lloc a l'exigència de la responsabilitat que corresponga. No obstant això, si en el moment del començament de les proves algun tribunal no ha pogut constituir-se, malgrat haver-se acudit al procediment previst, la Direcció General de Personal Docent adoptarà les mesures procedentes per a garantir el dret dels aspirants a la participació en el procediment selectiu. 5.9. La Direcció General de Personal Docent dictarà resolució, que es publicarà en el Diari Oficial de la Generalitat Valenciana, mitjançant la qual es nomena els membres nous dels òrgans de selecció que hagen de substituir els membres que hagen perdut la seua condició per alguna de les causes previstes en els apartats 5.5 i 5.7 d'esta base. 5.10. Funcions dels tribunals. Correspon als tribunals: - La qualificació de les distintes proves de la fase d'oposició. - La valoració dels merits de la fase de concurs. - El desenvolupament del procediment selectiu d'acord amb el que disposa la present convocatòria. 5.11. Els tribunals podran proposar a la Direcció General de Personal Docent la incorporació als seus treballs d'assessors especialistes i d'ajudants tècnics. Seran funcions dels primers, l'assessorament als membres de l'òrgan de selecció en l'avaluació dels coneixements i merits objecte de la seua especialitat. Els ajudants col·laboraran amb estos òrgans mitjançant la realització de les tasques tècniques de suport que estos els assignen. En la seua activitat, els uns i els altres es limitaran a l'exercici de les seues respectives competències. La seua designació correspon a la Direcció General de Personal Docent. 5.12. Funcions de les comissions de selecció. Correspon a les comissions de selecció: - La coordinació dels tribunals, en especial pel que fa a l'elaboració de les proves pràctiques. - La determinació dels criteris d'actuació dels tribunals i la seua homogeneïtzació. - L'agregació de les puntuacions corresponents a la fase del concurs a les adjudicades pels tribunals en la fase d'oposició, l'ordenació dels aspirants i l'elaboració de les llistes dels aspirants hagen superat ambdós fases. - La declaració dels aspirants que hagen superat les fases de concurs i oposició, la publicació de les llistes corresponents als seleccionats, i també la seua elevació a l'òrgan convocant. Al llarg del desenvolupament dels procediments selectius, les comissions de selecció resoldran tots els dubtes que puguem sorgir en aplicació d'estes normes, i també el que s'ha de fer en els casos no prevists. 5.13. El procediment d'actuació dels òrgans de selecció s'ajustarà en tot moment al que disposa la Llei 30/1992, de 26 de novembre, de Règim Jurídic de les Administracions Públiques i del Procediment Administratiu Comú. 5.14. Els òrgans de selecció adoptaran les mesures que calguen en els casos que resulte necessari, de manera que els aspirants amb minusvalides gaudisquen de semblants oportunitats per a la realització dels exercicis que la resta dels participants. En este sentit, s'establiran per a les persones amb minusvalides que ho sol·liciten en la forma prevista en la base 3.1 d'esta convocatòria les adaptacions possibles en temps i mitjans per a la seua realització. 5.15. En cap cas les comissions de selecció podràn declarar que han superat el procediment un nombre superior d'aspirants al de les places convocades. Qualsevol proposta d'aprovats que contravinga el que s'ha establit anteriorment serà nul·la de ple dret. 5.16. Els òrgans de selecció que actuen en estes proves selectives tindran dret a la indemnització per raó del servici prevista en el Decret 24/1997, d'11 de febrer. 6. Començament i desenvolupament de les proves 6.1. Començament. La realització de la primera prova per als aspirants en els procediments d'ingrés lliure i de reserva de minusvàlids tindrà lloc a partir del dia 17 de juny 2005, sense perjudici del que preveu la base 7.1 per a les proves prèvies de coneixements de castellà i de valencià. L'hora i el lloc on haja de realitzarse es determinarà en la resolució per la qual es declare aprovada la llista definitiva d'admesos i exclosos. Els aspirants en els procediments d'accés a cos de grup superior i mateix grup seran cridats a l'acte de presentació en la mateixa resolució definitiva d'admesos i exclusos. Les proves de la fase d'oposició es podran realitzar els dies 18, 25, 27, 28, 29 i 30 de juny i 1, 2, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 11, 12, 13, i 14 de juliol. Els aspirants s'hi presentaran amb el document nacional d'identitat o document semblant del país d'origen, passaport o permís de conducció on aparega la fotografia del titular. Els aspirants seran convocats per a les seues actuacions davant els tribunals en única crida. A este efecte, els convocats per a un exercici col·lectiu hauran de fer la seua presentació davant el tribunal a l'hora i en la data fixades en les crides, i seran exclosos del procediment selectiu els qui no hi compareguen. En cas de proves individuals, els aspirants convocats per a cada dia hauran d'estar presents a l'hora fixada pel tribunal com a hora d'inici de les actuacions, i seran exclosos els qui no hi compareguen, llevat dels casos de força major degudament justificats i apreciats pel tribunal. Una vegada començades les actuacions davant el tribunal no serà obligatòria la publicació de les successives crides dels aspirants en el Diari Oficial de la Generalitat Valenciana. Els tribunals hauran de fer públics estos anuncis als locals on s'estiguin celebrant les proves amb quaranta-huit hores, almenys, d'antelació al seu començament. 6.2. Desenvolupament. L'orde d'actuació dels aspirants s'iniciarà alfabèticament pel primer d'aquells el primer cognom del qual comence per la lletra P, de conformitat amb el que disposa la Resolució de 8 d'abril de 2005, de la Conselleria de Justícia i Administracions Públiques (DOGV número 4.984, de 13 d'abril), per la qual es determina la lletra per a fixar l'orde d'actuació dels aspirants a totes les proves selectives que se celebren durant l'any 2005. Els tribunals que no compten amb aspirants el primer cognom dels quals comence per la dita lletra iniciaràn l'orde d'actuació per la lletra o lletres següents en orde alfabètic. En qualsevol moment els tribunals podran requerir els opositors perquè acrediten la seua identitat. Així mateix, si els tribunals tenen coneixement que algun dels aspirants no posseeix la totalitat dels requisits exigits per la present convocatòria, amb audiència prèvia a l'interessat, hauran de proposar la seua exclusió al director general de Personal Docent, comunicant-li així mateix les inexactituds o falsedats formulades per l'aspirant en la sol·licitud d'admissió al procediment selectiu als efectes procedents. Contra la resolució d'exclusió de l'aspirant, que posa fi a la via administrativa, d'acord amb el que preceptua l'article 109 de la Llei 30/1992, de 26 de novembre, segons la redacció donada per la Llei 4/1999, de 13 de gener, en relació amb la disposició final segona de la Llei 5/1983, de 30 de desembre, del Govern Valencià, i la disposició addicional 15 de la Llei 6/1997, de 14 d'abril, podrà interposar-se amb caràcter potestatiu recurs de reposició davant la Direcció General de Personal Docent en el termini d’un mes comptat des de l’endemà de la seua notificació o interposar directament recurs contenciosos administratius davant el Tribunal Superior de Justícia de la Comunitat Valenciana en el termini de dos mesos comptats a partir de l’endemà de la seua notificació. 7. Sistemes de selecció Conforme establia la disposició addicional 11, apartat 1, de la Llei Orgànica 10/2002, de 23 de desembre, de Qualitat de l’Educació, i el títol III, capítol I, del Reial Decret 334/2004, de 27 de febrer, el sistema de selecció serà el de concurs oposició, i existirà a més una fase de pràctiques que formarà part del procés selectiu. 7.1. Proves prèvies 7.1.1. Prova d’acreditació de coneixements de castellà per als aspirants que no posseïsquen la nacionalitat espanyola i els coneixements d’esta llengua no es deduïsquen del seu origen. Amb caràcter previ a la realització de les proves de la fase d’oposició, estos aspirants han d’acreditar els coneixements de castellà mitjançant la realització d’una prova, en la qual es comprovarà que posseixen un nivell adequat de comprensió i expressió oral i escrita en esta llengua. Acabat el termini de presentació d’instàncies, la Direcció General de Personal Docent dictarà resolució en què es regule esta prova i s’anuncie el lloc, la data i l’hora de realització, que es publicarà en el Diari Oficial de la Generalitat Valenciana. Per a la realització d’esta prova, el tribunal estarà constituït preferentment per catedràtics o professors d’espanyol per a estrangers de les escoles oficials d’Idiomes. La prova es qualificarà com a apte o no apte, i és necessari obtingre la valoració d’apte per a passar a realitzar les proves de la fase d’oposició. Queden eximits de realitzar esta prova els qui acrediten fehacientment la possessió d’algun dels títols o certificats que s’indiquen en l’apartat 3.2.b) d’esta convocatòria. El certificat corresponent o, si s’escau, la fotocòpia compulsada del títol o diploma, serà aportat pels aspirants en la documentació que acompanya la sol·licitud per a prendre part en el procediment selectiu. Així mateix, estaran exempts de realitzar la prova els aspirants que van participar en els procediments selectius convocats a partir de la convocatòria de l’any 2002 i van obtindre la qualificació d’apte, i també els aspirants que es presenten a l’especialitat de Llengua i Literatura Castellana, en este cas ho hauran de consignar en l’apartat corresponent de la instància de participació, sense que siga necessari que aporten cap certificat, atès que dita informació ja està en poder d’esta administració actuant. 7.1.2. Prova de coneixements dels idiomes oficials de la Comunitat Valenciana De conformitat amb el que estableix el Decret 62/2002, de 25 d’abril, del Govern Valencià, pel qual es regula l’acreditació dels coneixements lingüístics per a l’accés i la provisió de llocs en la funció pública docent no universitària en la Comunitat Valenciana, els aspirants en els procediments d’ingrés i accés hauran d’acreditar els coneixements, tant en expressió oral com escrita, dels dos idiomes oficials de la Comunitat Valenciana mitjançant una prova de caràcter eliminatori, que serà la primera que es realitze i consistirà en: 126.96.36.199. Valencià a) Prova oral: suposarà el 30 per cent del total i per a superar-la es necessitarà un mínim d’un 20 per cent, consta de dos parts: — Lectura d’un text de caràcter general, d’entre 100 i 200 paraules, proposat pel tribunal. — Exposició i diàleg sobre un tema prèviament preparat. El temps per a la seua realització serà de quinze minuts. b) Prova escrita: suposarà el 70 per cent del total i per a superar-la es necessitarà un mínim d’un 35 per cent, consta de tres parts: — Preguntes sobre el contingut i el vocabulari d’un text llegit prèviament. recurso de reposición ante la Dirección General de Personal Docente en el plazo de un mes contado desde el día siguiente al de su notificación o interponer directamente recurso contencioso administrativo ante el Tribunal Superior de Justicia de la Comunidad Valenciana, en el plazo de dos meses contados a partir del día siguiente al de su notificación. 7. Sistemas de Selección Conforme a lo establecido en la Disposición Adicional Undécima, apartado 1, de la Ley Orgánica 10/2002, de 23 de diciembre, de Calidad de la Educación, y en el Título III, capítulo I del Real Decreto 334/2004, de 27 de febrero, el sistema de selección será el de concurso-oposición y existirá además una fase de prácticas que formará parte del proceso selectivo. 7.1. Pruebas Previás 7.1.1. Prueba de acreditación del conocimiento de castellano para los aspirantes que no posean la nacionalidad española y su conocimiento de dicha lengua no se deduzca de su origen. Con carácter previo a la realización de las pruebas de la fase de oposición, estos aspirantes deberán acreditar el conocimiento de castellano mediante la realización de una prueba, en la que se comprobará que poseen un nivel adecuado de comprensión y expresión oral y escrita en esta lengua. Finalizado el plazo de presentación de instancias, la Dirección General de Personal Docente dictará resolución, regulando esta prueba y anunciando el lugar, fecha y hora de celebración, que se publicará en el Diari Oficial de la Generalitat Valenciana. El tribunal para la realización de esta prueba estará constituido preferentemente por catedráticos o profesores de español para extranjeros de Escuelas Oficiales de Idiomas. La prueba se calificará de apto o no apto, siendo necesario obtener la valoración de apto para pasar a realizar las pruebas de la fase de oposición. Quedan eximidos de realizar esta prueba quienes acrediten fehacientemente la posesión de algunos de los títulos o certificados que se indican en el apartado 3.2 b) de esta convocatoria. El certificado correspondiente o, en su caso, la fotocopia compulsada del Título o Diploma, será aportado por el aspirante en la documentación que acompaña a la solicitud para tomar parte en el procedimiento selectivo. Asimismo, estarán exentos de realizar la prueba los aspirantes que participaron en los procedimientos selectivos convocados a partir de la convocatoria del año 2002 y obtuvieron la calificación de apto, así como los aspirantes que se presenten a la especialidad de Lengua y Literatura Castellana, en cuyo caso deberán consignarlo en el apartado correspondiente de la instancia de participación, sin que sea necesario aportar certificación alguna, dado que dicha información ya obra en poder de esta Administración actuante. 7.1.2. Prueba de conocimiento de los idiomas oficiales de la Comunidad Valenciana. De conformidad con lo establecido en el Decreto 62/2002 de 25 de abril, del Gobierno Valenciano por el que se regula la acreditación de los conocimientos lingüísticos para el acceso y la provisión de puestos en la función pública docente no universitaria en la Comunidad Valenciana, los aspirantes en los procedimientos de ingreso y acceso deberán acreditar los conocimientos, tanto en expresión oral como escrita, de los dos idiomas oficiales de la Comunidad por medio de una prueba de carácter eliminatorio, que será la primera en realizarse y consistirá en: 188.8.131.52. Valenciano. a) Prueba Oral: Supondrá el 30 por cien del total y para superarla se necesitará un mínimo de un 20 por cien, constará de dos partes: — Lectura de un texto de carácter general de entre cien y doscientas palabras propuesto por el tribunal. — Exposición y dialogo sobre un tema previamente preparado. El tiempo para su realización será de quince minutos. b) Prueba Escrita: Supondrá el 70 por cien del total y para superarla se necesitará un mínimo de un 35 por cien, constará de tres partes: — Preguntas sobre el contenido y el vocabulario de un texto leído previamente. – Realització d’exercicis sobre construcció gramatical correcta de frases i expressions. – Redacció sobre un tema general senzill a elegir entre dos o més, de 200 paraules aproximadament. El temps per a la seua realització serà de dos hores. 184.108.40.206. Castellà El contingut de la prova de coneixements de castellà s’ajustarà al que disposa el Reial Decret 1.137/2002, de 31 d’octubre (BOE de 8 de novembre). 220.127.116.11. En la prova de coneixements dels idiomes oficials de la Comunitat Valenciana cada aspirant serà qualificat pel tribunal d’apté o no apte. Els aspirants que obtinguen la qualificació de no apte no podran continuar el procediment selectiu. Quedarán exempts de la realització de la prova de coneixements dels dos idiomes oficials de la Comunitat Valenciana, els aspirants que acrediten estar en possessió d’algun dels títols, certificats o diplomes que es relacionen en l’annex X d’aquesta convocatòria, i també els aspirants que participen per l’especialitat de Llengua i Literatura Valenciana i Llengua Castellana i Literatura, respectivament de cada idioma oficial, i ho hauran d’indicar en l’espai reservat a dit efecte en l’imprés de sol·licitud. Així mateix, estaran exempts de realitzar la prova de coneixements dels dos idiomes oficials de la Comunitat Valenciana els aspirants que van participar en els procediments selectius convocats de conformitat amb el Decret 62/2002, de 25 d’abril, del Govern Valencià, i obtingueren la qualificació d’apté, i ho hauran de consignar en l’apartat corresponent de la instància de participació. A este efecte, els aspirants a més d’indicar-ho en la sol·licitud, hauran d’adjuntar-hi declaració jurada ajustada al model que s’acompanya en l’annex XI. En la llista provisional d’admesos i exclosos que establix la base 4.1 d’esta convocatòria s’ha de fer constar els aspirants que declaren reunir els requisits, a l’efecte de les exencions de la prova de valencià, de castellà o d’ambdós. Igualment, s’ha de fer constar esta circumstància en la llista definitiva d’admesos i exclusos, que es farà pública, d’acord amb el que establix la base 4.3 d’esta convocatòria, una vegada estimades o desestimades les reclamacions presentades. Els aspirants exemts i els aspirants aptes de la prova prevista en la base 7.1.1 estaran exempts de la realització de la part prevista en la base 18.104.22.168. 22.214.171.124. La realització d’esta prova per als aspirants que no estiguien exemts s’efectuarà el dia, a l’hora i al lloc que es determine mitjançant resolució de la Direcció General de Personal Docent. Per a la realització de la prova, la Direcció General de Personal Docent, en funció del nombre d’aspirants que l’hagen de realitzar, nomenarà un o diversos tribunals constituïts preferentment per professors de Llengua i Literatura Valenciana i Llengua i Literatura Castellana dels cos de catedràtics o professors d’Ensenyament Secundari o de Valencià o d’Espanyol per a Estrangers dels cossos de catedràtics o professors d’escoles oficials d’Idiomes, que estaran subjectes al que preveuen les bases 5.5 i 5.7 d’esta convocatòria. Abans de l’inici de les proves de la fase d’oposició, els tribunals disposaran de la relació dels aspirants exemts o aptes en esta prova i que per tant poden continuar el procediment selectiu. 7.2. Fase de concurs 7.2.1. Només seran tinguës en compte els mérits perfeccionats amb anterioritat a l’acabament del termini de presentació de sol·licituds establit en l’apartat 3.4 d’esta orde, acreditats documentalment com s’indica en els respectius annexos. A este efecte, els tribunals podràn confrontar els documents que aporten els aspirants per a la valoració dels seus mérits. Els aspirants es responsabilitzen expressament de la documentació aportada. En cas de falsedat o manipulació en algun document perdran el dret a la participació en la present convocatòria, amb independència de la responsabilitat que se’n derive. 7.2. Realización de ejercicios sobre construcción gramatical correcta de frases y expresiones. – Redacción sobre un tema general sencillo a elegir entre dos o más, de aproximadamente doscientas palabras. El tiempo para su realización será de dos horas. 126.96.36.199. Castellano. El contenido de la prueba de conocimientos de castellano se ajustará a lo dispuesto en el Real Decreto 1137/2002, de 31 de octubre (BOE de 8 de noviembre). 188.8.131.52. En la prueba de conocimientos de los idiomas oficiales de la Comunidad Valenciana cada aspirante será calificado por el tribunal de apto o no apto. Los aspirantes que obtengan la calificación de no apto no podrán continuar el procedimiento selectivo. Quedarán exentos de la realización de la prueba del conocimiento de los dos idiomas oficiales de la Comunidad Valenciana, los aspirantes que acrediten estar en posesión de alguno de los títulos, certificados o diplomas que se relacionan en el anexo X a la presente convocatoria, así como los aspirantes que participen por la especialidad de Lengua y Literatura Valenciana y Lengua Castellana y Literatura, respectivamente de cada idioma oficial, debiendo indicarlo en el espacio reservado a tal fin en el impreso de solicitud. Asimismo, estarán exentos de realizar la prueba de conocimiento de los dos idiomas oficiales de la Comunidad Valenciana, los aspirantes que participaron en los procedimientos selectivos convocados de conformidad con el Decreto 62/2.002, de 25 de abril, del Gobierno Valenciano y obtuvieron la calificación de apto, debiendo consignarlo en el apartado correspondiente de la instancia de participación. A estos efectos los aspirantes además de indicarlo en la solicitud, deberán adjuntar a la misma declaración jurada ajustada al modelo que se acompaña en el anexo XI. En la lista provisional de admitidos y excluidos que establece la base 4.1 de esta convocatoria se hará constar los aspirantes que declaran reunir los requisitos, al efecto de las exenciones de la prueba de valenciano, de castellano, o de ambas. Igualmente se hará constar dicha circunstancia en la lista definitiva de admitidos y excluidos, que se hará pública, de acuerdo con lo establecido en la base 4.3 de esta convocatoria, una vez estimadas o desestimadas las reclamaciones presentadas. Los aspirantes exentos y los aptos de la prueba prevista en la base 7.1.1, estarán exentos de la realización de la parte prevista en la base 184.108.40.206. 220.127.116.11. La realización de esta prueba, para aquellos aspirantes que no estén exentos, tendrá lugar el día, hora y en el lugar que se determine mediante resolución de la Dirección General de Personal Docente. Para la realización de la prueba, la Dirección General de Personal Docente, en función del número de aspirantes que hayan de realizarla, nombrará uno o varios tribunales, que estarán constituidos preferentemente por profesores de Lengua y Literatura Valenciana y Lengua y Literatura Castellana de los cuerpos de catedráticos o profesores de Enseñanza Secundaria o de Valenciano o Español para Extranjeros de los cuerpos de catedráticos o de profesores de Escuelas Oficiales de Idiomas, que estarán sujetos a lo previsto en las bases 5.5 y 5.7 de esta convocatoria. Antes del inicio de las pruebas de la fase de oposición los tribunales dispondrán de la relación de aspirantes exentos o aptos en esta prueba y que por tanto pueden continuar el procedimiento selectivo. 7.2. Fase de concurso. 7.2.1. Sólo serán tenidos en cuenta los méritos perfeccionados con anterioridad a la finalización del plazo de presentación de solicitudes establecido en el apartado 3.4 de esta orden, acreditados documentalmente como se indica en los respectivos anexos. A estos efectos los tribunales podrán cotejar los documentos que aporten los aspirantes para la valoración de sus méritos. Los aspirantes se responsabilizan expresamente de la documentación aportada. En caso de falsedad o manipulación en algún documento decaerán en el derecho a la participación en la presente convocatoria, con independencia de la responsabilidad a que hubiere lugar. L'administració es reserva el dret a requerir en qualsevol moment del desenvolupament del procediment l'acreditació de la documentació que es considere necessària. 7.2.2. Procediment d'ingrés lliure i reserva de minusvàlids. Presentació de mérits. Per a la valoració dels mèrits, els aspirants que superen la primera prova de la fase d'oposició, els presentaran davant el corresponent tribunal, ordenats segons els tres blocs que conformen el barem de l'anex I d'esta convocatòria, adjuntant-hi el model de declaració de mèrits de l'anex IX, que els serà facilitat al seu moment pel tribunal. A este efecte, quan els tribunals facen pública la qualificació de la prova, publicaran, així mateix, al tauler d'anuncis del lloc d'actuació la data i l'hora en què han d'entregar-se els referits mèrits. La citació per a l'entrega de mèrits no serà abans de vint-i-quatre hores comptades a partir de la publicació de les qualificacions de la primera prova. 7.2.3. Procediments d'accés a cos de grup superior i accés a cos del mateix grup. Presentació de mèrits. A este efecte, els aspirants per estes modalitats en l'acte de presentació davant el corresponent tribunal entregaran la documentació relativa als mèrits, ordenada segons els tres blocs que conformen el barem de l'anex II d'esta convocatòria, adjuntant-hi el model de declaració de mèrits de l'anex IX. 7.3. Fase d'oposició en els procediments selectius d'ingrés lliure i de reserva de minusvàlids. 7.3.1. En esta fase se valoraran els coneixements específics dels candidats necessaris per a impartir la docència, la seua aptitud pedagógica i el seu domini de les tècniques necessàries per a l'exercici docent. 7.3.2. La valoració d'estos coneixements es durà a terme mitjançant la realizació per l'aspirant davant el tribunal de les proves següents, de caràcter eliminatori, en l'orde que s'esmenta tot seguit: Primerà prova. Tindrà per objecte la demostració dels coneixements específics necessaris per a impartir la docència, constarà de dos parts que seran valorades conjuntament: a) Desenvolupament per escrit d'un tema elegit per l'aspirant d'entre dos extrets a l'atzar pel tribunal dels corresponents al temari de l'especialitat. Per al seu desplegament, els aspirants disposaran de dos hores. b) Una prova pràctica que consistirà en la realització d'una sèrie d'exercicis que s'ajustaran a les característiques que s'establien en l'anex VI per a cadascuna de les especialitats convocades, i que permetran comprovar que els candidats posseixen una formació científica i un domini de les tècniques de treball necessàries per a impartir les àrees, assignatures o mòduls propis de l'especialitat a què opten. El temps del qual dispondran els candidats per a la realització d'esta part serà, d'acord amb el que disposa l'anex VI, el que determine la comissió de selecció o el tribunal, si s'escau. Finalitzada la prova, els tribunals procediran a la crida dels opositors perquè estos efectueuen la lectura conjunta i pública dels exercicis realitzats. En aquelles especialitats en què la naturalesa de l'exercici pràctic impedisca la seua lectura, els opositors únicament llegiran la part teòrica. Segona prova. Tindrà per objecte la comprovació de l'aptitud pedagógica de l'aspirant i el seu domini de les tècniques necessàries per a l'exercici docent i consistirà en la presentació d'una programació didàctica i en l'elaboració i exposició oral d'una unitat didàctica: a) La programació didàctica farà referència al currículum vigent en la Comunitat Valenciana d'una àrea, assignatura o mòdul relacionats amb l'especialitat per la qual es participa, i en què s'haurà d'especificar els objectius, continguts, criteris d'avaluació i metodologia, i també a l'atenció de l'alumnat amb necessitats educatives específiques. Per als aspirants a ingress al cos de professors d'Ensenyament Secundari, la programació podrà ser referida a l'etapa d'Ensenyament Secundari Obligatori, al Batxillerat o als cicles formatius de Formació Professional. La Administración se reserva el derecho a requerir en cualquier momento del desarrollo del procedimiento la acreditación de la documentación que se considere necesaria. 7.2.2. Procedimiento de ingreso libre y reserva de minusválidos. Presentación de méritos. Para la valoración de los méritos, los aspirantes que superen la primera prueba de la fase de oposición, los presentarán ante el correspondiente tribunal, ordenados según los tres bloques que conforman el baremo del anexo I a esta convocatoria, adjuntando el modelo de declaración de méritos del anexo IX, que le será facilitado en su momento por el tribunal. A estos efectos, cuando los tribunales hagan pública la calificación de la prueba, publicarán asimismo en el tablón de anuncios del lugar de actuación la fecha y la hora en que deben entregarse los referidos méritos. El emplazamiento para la entrega de méritos no será antes de 24 horas contadas a partir de la publicación de las calificaciones de la primera prueba. 7.2.3. Procedimientos de acceso a cuerpo de grupo superior y acceso a cuerpo del mismo grupo. Presentación de méritos. A estos efectos, los aspirantes por estas modalidades en el acto de presentación ante el correspondiente tribunal entregarán la documentación relativa a los méritos, ordenada según los tres bloques que conforman el baremo del anexo II de esta convocatoria, adjuntando el modelo de declaración de méritos del anexo IX. 7.3 Fase de oposición en los procedimientos selectivos de ingreso libre y reserva de minusválidos. 7.3.1 En esta fase se valorarán los conocimientos específicos de los candidatos necesarios para impartir la docencia, su aptitud pedagógica y su dominio de las técnicas necesarias para el ejercicio docente. 7.3.2 La valoración de estos conocimientos se llevará a cabo a través de la realización por el aspirante ante el tribunal de las siguientes pruebas, de carácter eliminatorio, en el orden que a continuación se citan: Primer prueba: Tendrá por objeto la demostración de los conocimientos específicos necesarios para impartir la docencia y constará de dos partes que serán valoradas conjuntamente: a) Desarrollo por escrito de un tema, elegido por el aspirante de entre dos extraídos al azar por el tribunal, de los correspondientes al temario de la especialidad. Para su desarrollo los aspirantes dispondrán de dos horas. b) Una prueba práctica que consistirá en la realización de una serie de ejercicios que se ajustarán a las características que se establecen en el anexo VI para cada una de las especialidades convocadas, y que permitirán comprobar que los candidatos poseen una formación científica y un dominio de las técnicas de trabajo precisas para impartir las áreas, asignaturas o módulos propios de la especialidad a que opten. El tiempo del que dispondrán los candidatos para la realización de esta parte será, de acuerdo con lo dispuesto en el anexo VI, el que determine la comisión de selección o el tribunal, en su caso. Finalizada la prueba, los tribunales procederán al llamamiento de los opositores para que éstos efectúen la lectura conjunta y pública de los ejercicios realizados. En aquellas especialidades en las que la naturaleza del ejercicio práctico impida su lectura, los opositores únicamente procederán a leer la parte teórica. Segunda prueba: Tendrá por objeto la comprobación de la aptitud pedagógica del aspirante y su dominio de las técnicas necesarias para el ejercicio docente y consistirá en la presentación de una programación didáctica y en la elaboración y exposición oral de una unidad didáctica: a) La programación didáctica, hará referencia al currículo vigente en la Comunidad Valenciana de un área, asignatura o módulo relacionados con la especialidad por la que se participa, y en la que se deberá especificar los objetivos, contenidos, criterios de evaluación y metodología, así como a la atención del alumnado con necesidades educativas específicas. Para los aspirantes a ingreso al cuerpo de profesores de Enseñanza Secundaria, la programación podrá ser referida a la etapa de Enseñanza Secundaria Obligatoria, al Bachillerato o a los ciclos formativos de Formación Profesional. La dita programació haurà d'entregar-se al tribunal junct amb els mérits, tal com establix la base 7.2.2., i la seua elaboració s'ajustarà al que s'hi disposat per a cada cos en l'annex III, defenent-se davant d'este en el moment que siga convocat a l'efecte. b) L'elaboració davant el tribunal i l'exposició oral davant d'este d'una unitat didàctica, que podrà estar relacionada amb la programació presentada per l'aspirant o elaborada a partir del temari oficial de l'especialitat. En el primer cas, l'aspirant triarà el contingut de la unitat didàctica d'entre tres extretes a l'atzar per ell mateix de la seua pròpia programació. En el segon cas, l'aspirant triarà el contingut de la unitat didàctica d'un tema d'entre tres extrets a l'atzar per ell mateix del temari oficial de l'especialitat. En l'elaboració de la unitat didàctica hauran de concretar-se els objectius d'aprenentatge que s'hi perseguixen, els seus continguts, les activitats d'ensenyament i aprenentatge que es plantejaran en l'aula i els seus procediments d'avaluació. L'aspirant disposarà d'una hora per a la preparació de la unitat didàctica, podent utilitzar el material que considere oportú. Per a la seua exposició, que serà pública, l'aspirant podrà utilitzar el material auxiliar que considere oportú, que ell haurà d'aportar, i també un guión que no excedirà d'un foli i que s'entregarà al tribunal al terme d'aquella. L'opositor disposarà d'un període màxim d'una hora i trenta minuts per a la defensa oral de la programació, l'exposició de la unitat didàctica i el posterior debat amb el tribunal. L'aspirant iniciarà la seua exposició amb la defensa de la programació didàctica presentada, que no podrà excedir trenta minuts, i a continuació realitzarà l'exposició de la unitat didàctica. La durada del debat no podrà excedir de quinze minuts. 7.3.3. Totes les proves de les especialitats d'idiomes moderns del cos de professors d'Ensenyament Secundari i les del cos de professors d'escoles oficiales d'Idiomes es desenvoluparan en l'idioma corresponent, de conformitat amb el que preveu l'article 20.2 del Reial Decret 334/2004, de 27 de febrer. 7.4. Fase d'oposició en el procediment selectiu d'accés a cos de grup superior La prova d'esta fase, que atendrà tant als coneixements sobre la matèria com als recursos didàctics i pedagògics dels aspirants, constarà de dos parts, que seran valorades conjuntament. La primera part, de contingut pràctic, serà proposada pels tribunals i s'ajustarà a les característiques descrites en l'annex VI per a cadascuna de les especialitats. Per a la seua realització, els candidats disposaran del temps que estableixen els tribunals en la convocatòria als opositors. La segona part consistirà en l'exposició, a la qual seguirà un debat, ambdós orals, d'un tema de l'especialitat a què s'accedisse, elegit per l'aspirant entre sis extrets per sortegi dels que componen el temari. L'exposició es completarà amb un plantejament didàctic del tema referit a un determinat cicle o curs elegit lliurement per l'aspirant. L'exposició i el debat, que seran públics, tindran una durada màxima d'una hora i de quinze minuts, respectivament. L'opositor disposarà de dos hores per a la seua preparació, podent-hi utilitzar el material que estime oportú. La prova de les especialitats d'idiomes moderns del cos de professors d'Ensenyament Secundari es desenvoluparà en l'idioma corresponent. 7.5. Fase d'oposició en el procediment selectiu d'accés a cossos del mateix grup i nivell de complement de destinació. 7.5.1. Per als aspirants que concorreguen a este procediment d'accés per la mateixa especialitat de la que siguin titulars en el seu cos d'origen, la prova consistirà en l'exposició, seguida d'un debat, ambdós orals, d'una programació didàctica elaborada per l'aspirant en els mateixos termes establits per als aspirants d'ingrés lliure i que hauran entregat al tribunal en l'acte de presentació. Per a l'exposició de la programació, els aspirants disposaran com a màxim d'una hora i el debat tindrà una durada màxima de quinze minuts. Dicha programación deberá entregarse al tribunal junto con los méritos, tal y como establece la base 7.2.2., y su elaboración se ajustará a lo dispuesto para cada cuerpo en el anexo III, defendiéndose ante el mismo en el momento en que sea convocado a tal efecto. b) La elaboración ante el tribunal y la exposición oral ante el mismo de una unidad didáctica, que podrá estar relacionada con la programación presentada por el aspirante o elaborada a partir del temario oficial de la especialidad. En el primer caso, el aspirante elegirá el contenido de la unidad didáctica de entre tres extraídas al azar por él mismo de su propia programación. En el segundo caso, el aspirante elegirá el contenido de la unidad didáctica de un tema de entre tres extraídos al azar por él mismo del temario oficial de la especialidad. En la elaboración de la unidad didáctica deberán concretarse los objetivos de aprendizaje que se persiguen con ella, sus contenidos, las actividades de enseñanza y aprendizaje que se van a plantear en el aula y sus procedimientos de evaluación. El aspirante dispondrá de una hora para la preparación de la unidad didáctica, pudiendo utilizar el material que considere oportuno. Para su exposición, que será pública, el aspirante podrá utilizar el material auxiliar que considere oportuno, que deberá aportar él mismo, así como un guión que no excederá de un folio y que se entregará al tribunal al término de aquella. El opositor dispondrá de un periodo máximo de una hora y treinta minutos para la defensa oral de la programación, la exposición de la unidad didáctica y el posterior debate con el tribunal. El aspirante iniciará su exposición con la defensa de la programación didáctica presentada, que no podrá exceder de treinta minutos, y a continuación realizará la exposición de la unidad didáctica. La duración del debate no podrá exceder de quince minutos. 7.3.3 Todas las pruebas de las especialidades de idiomas modernos del cuerpo de profesores de Enseñanza Secundaria y las del cuerpo de profesores de Escuelas Oficiales de Idiomas se desarrollarán en el idioma correspondiente, de conformidad con lo previsto en el art. 20.2 del Real Decreto 334/2004, de 27 de febrero. 7.4. Fase de oposición en el procedimiento selectivo de acceso a Cuerpo de Grupo Superior. La prueba de esta fase, que atenderá tanto a los conocimientos sobre la materia, como a los recursos didácticos y pedagógicos de los aspirantes, constará de dos partes, que serán valoradas conjuntamente. La primera parte, de contenido práctico, será propuesta por los tribunales y se ajustará a las características descritas en el anexo VI para cada una de las especialidades. Para su realización los candidatos dispondrán del tiempo que establezcan los tribunales en la convocatoria a los opositores. La segunda parte consistirá en la exposición, a la que seguirá un debate, ambos orales, de un tema de la especialidad a la que se acceda, elegido por el aspirante entre seis extraídos por sorteo de los que componen el temario. La exposición se completará con un planteamiento didáctico del tema, referido a un determinado ciclo o curso elegido libremente por el aspirante. La exposición y el debate, que serán públicos, tendrán una duración máxima de una hora y de quince minutos, respectivamente. El opositor dispondrá de dos horas para su preparación, pudiendo utilizar el material que estime oportuno. La prueba de las especialidades de idiomas modernos del cuerpo de profesores de Enseñanza Secundaria se desarrollará en el idioma correspondiente. 7.5 Fase de oposición en el procedimiento selectivo de acceso a cuerpos del mismo grupo y nivel de complemento de destino. 7.5.1. Para los aspirantes que concurren a este procedimiento de acceso por la misma especialidad de la que sean titulares en su cuerpo de origen, la prueba consistirá en la exposición, seguida de un debate, ambos orales, de una programación didáctica elaborada por el aspirante en los mismos términos establecidos para los aspirantes de ingreso libre y que habrán entregado al tribunal en el acto de presentación. Para la exposición de la programación el aspirante dispondrá, como máximo, de una hora y el debate tendrá una duración máxima de quince minutos. 7.5.2. Para los aspirantes que concurran por este procedimiento de acceso por distinta especialidad de la que sean titulares en su cuerpo de origen, la prueba se realizará, dependiendo del cuerpo al que se quiera acceder, conforme a lo dispuesto en la base 7.4 para el acceso a cuerpos de grupo superior. 7.5.3. Las pruebas de las especialidades del cuerpo de profesores de Escuelas Oficiales de Idiomas se desarrollarán en el idioma correspondiente. 8. Calificación 8.1. Valoración de la fase de concurso. La asignación de la puntuación que corresponda a los aspirantes en esta fase, según los baremos recogidos en los anexos I y II de la presente convocatoria, se llevará a efecto por los tribunales correspondientes. La puntuación alcanzada por los aspirantes en la fase de concurso que han superado la primera prueba se hará pública en el tablón de anuncios de los lugares de actuación de los correspondientes tribunales. Los interesados podrán presentar contra la misma, en el plazo de 2 días a partir del siguiente al de su exposición, las alegaciones que estimen oportunas, mediante escrito dirigido al presidente del tribunal, al que corresponde su estudio y resolución. Una vez estimadas o desestimadas las reclamaciones presentadas, los tribunales harán públicos los resultados de la valoración definitiva de los méritos. Dicha publicación se llevará a cabo en los tablones de anuncios de los lugares de actuación de los correspondientes tribunales, entendiéndose efectuado con ella el trámite de notificación de la resolución de las alegaciones. Contra esta resolución los interesados podrán interponer recurso de alzada ante el director general de Personal Docente en el plazo de un mes a contar desde el día siguiente al de su publicación en los tablones de anuncios, de acuerdo con lo previsto en los artículos 107, 114 y 115 de la Ley 30/1992, de 26 de noviembre, en su redacción dada por la Ley 4/1999, de 13 de enero. La documentación presentada, incluida la programación didáctica, no será devuelta a los participantes y quedará en poder de la administración convocante, sin perjuicio de lo dispuesto en el artículo 35 de la citada Ley 30/1992. 8.2. Calificación de las pruebas de la fase de oposición. 8.2.1. Procedimientos de Ingreso libre y Reserva de Minusválidos. 18.104.22.168 Valoración de la primera prueba. Los tribunales valorarán esta prueba del proceso selectivo de cero a diez puntos, distribuyendo un 40 por cien para la parte teórica y un 60 por cien para la práctica. Para la superación de esta prueba, el opositor deberá alcanzar una puntuación mínima, en cada una de las partes, igual al 25 por cien de la puntuación asignada a cada una de ellas, y una puntuación total, resultado de sumar las puntuaciones correspondientes a las dos partes, igual o superior a cinco puntos. No obstante, no serán calificados en esta prueba los aspirantes que no superen el 25 por cien en alguna de las dos partes de las que se compone esta. La puntuación de cada aspirante en esta prueba será la media aritmética de las calificaciones de todos los miembros presentes en el tribunal. Cuando entre las puntuaciones otorgadas por los miembros del tribunal exista una diferencia de tres enteros o más, serán automáticamente excluidas las calificaciones máxima y mínima, hallándose la puntuación media entre las calificaciones restantes. Finalizada la prueba, los tribunales harán pública, en los tablones de anuncios de los locales donde actúen, la puntuación obtenida por todos los participantes debiendo figurar separadamente la de aquellos que hayan superado esta prueba y que puedan acceder a la prueba siguiente. 22.214.171.124 Valoración de la segunda prueba Esta prueba se valorará globalmente de cero a diez puntos, debiendo alcanzar el aspirante para su superación una puntuación igual o superior a cinco puntos. La puntuación de cada aspirante se obtendrá de igual forma que en la prueba anterior. La publicación de las calificaciones correspondientes a esta última prueba se referirá exclusivamente a aquellos candidatos que hayan sido seleccionados. 126.96.36.199 La calificació correspondent a la fase d’oposició serà la mitjana aritmètica de les puntuacions obtingudes en les proves integrants d’aquesta fase, quan totes estiguen sigut superades. Finalitzada l’última prova, els tribunals facilitaran a la comissió de selecció els resultats obtinguts pels aspirants que hagen superat totes les proves, amb aproximació de fins a deu mil·lésimes, amb indicació del seu número del document nacional d’identitat o document anàleg per als estrangers, i també els resultats de la valoració definitiva dels merits dels qui han realitzat la segona prova de la fase d’oposició. 8.2.2. Procediment d’accés a cos de grup superior Els tribunals qualificaran esta prova de zero a deu punts, i els aspirants hauran d’aconseguir per a la seua superació un mínim de quatre punts. Per a la seua superació caldrà ajustar-se tant als coneixements sobre la matèria, com als recursos didàctics i pedagògics dels aspirants. La puntuació de cada aspirant en esta prova serà la mitjana aritmètica de les qualificacions de tots els membres presents en el tribunal. Quan entre les puntuacions atorgades pels membres del tribunal existisca una diferència de tres enters o més, seran automàticament exeloses les qualificacions màxima i mínima, i s’ha de resoldre la puntuació mitjana entre les qualificacions restants. Finalitzada la prova, els tribunals exposaran les qualificacions obtingudes pels aspirants en el lloc d’actuació i facilitaran a la Comissió de Selecció les puntuacions obtingudes pels qui han superat la prova, amb aproximació de fins a deu mil·lésimes, amb indicació del número del document nacional d’identitat o document anàleg per als estrangers, i també els resultats de la valoració definitiva dels merits al·legats. 8.2.3. Procediment d’accés a cos del mateix grup i nivell de complement de destinació Els tribunals qualificaran esta prova de zero a deu punts, i els aspirants hauran d’aconseguir un mínim de quatre punts per a superar-la. La puntuació de cada aspirant en esta prova serà la mitjana aritmètica de les qualificacions de tots els membres presents en el tribunal. Quan entre les puntuacions atorgades pels membres del tribunal existisca una diferència de tres enters o més, seran automàticament exeloses les qualificacions màxima i mínima, i la puntuació mitjana s’ha de resoldre entre les qualificacions restants. Finalitzada la prova, els tribunals facilitaran a la comissió de selecció les puntuacions obtingudes pels aspirants que l’hagen superada, amb aproximació de fins a deu mil·lésimes, amb indicació del número del document nacional d’identitat o document anàleg per als estrangers, i també els resultats de la valoració definitiva dels merits al·legats. 8.2.4. Els tribunals confeccionaran llistes diferenciades d’aspirants segons que el sistema pel qual hagen participat siga d’ingrés lliure o per algun dels procediments d’accés. Els aspirants acollits al torn de reserva de minusvàlids s’inclouran, juntament amb els aspirants d’ingrés lliure, segons la seua puntuació. Únicament a aquells aspirants que hagen superat totes les proves corresponents a la fase d’oposició se’ls sumarà la puntuació obtinguda en la fase de concurs a fi d’obtindre la puntuació global a què fa referència la base 9 de la present orde. 8.3. Per a garantir que el procediment selectiu es realitze conforme als principis de merít i capacitat, els tribunals mitjançant resolució motivada podran decretar l’expulsió d’un opositor, i en este cas passarà a formar part de la llista d’aspirants exelosius i no figurarà en la llista d’interinitats ni tindrà dret a la devolució de les taxes. 9. Superació de les fases d’oposició i concurs 9.1. Procediments d’ingrés lliure i reserva de minusvàlids. Resultaran seleccionats per a passar a la fase de pràctiques els aspirants que, ordenats segons la puntuació global de les fases d’oposició i concurs tinguen un número d’orde igual o inferior al nombre de places convocades en l’especialitat. Per a l’obtenció de la puntuació global, la comissió de selecció ponderarà en dos terços la puntuació obtinguda en la fase d’oposi- 188.8.131.52 La calificación correspondiente a la fase de oposición será la media aritmética de las puntuaciones obtenidas en las pruebas integrantes de esta fase, cuando todas ellas hayan sido superadas. Finalizada la última prueba, los tribunales facilitarán a la comisión de selección los resultados obtenidos por los aspirantes que han superado todas las pruebas, con aproximación de hasta diezmilésimas, con indicación de su número del documento nacional de identidad o documento análogo para los extranjeros, así como los resultados de la valoración definitiva de los méritos de quienes han realizado la segunda prueba de la fase de oposición. 8.2.2. Procedimiento de acceso a cuerpo de Grupo Superior. Los tribunales calificarán esta prueba de cero a diez puntos, debiendo alcanzar los aspirantes para su superación un mínimo de cuatro puntos. Para su superación se atenderá tanto a los conocimientos sobre la materia, como a los recursos didácticos y pedagógicos de los aspirantes. La puntuación de cada aspirante en esta prueba será la media aritmética de las calificaciones de todos los miembros presentes en el tribunal. Cuando entre las puntuaciones otorgadas por los miembros del tribunal exista una diferencia de tres o más enteros, serán automáticamente excluidas las calificaciones máxima y mínima, hallándose la puntuación media entre las calificaciones restantes. Finalizada la prueba, los tribunales expondrán las calificaciones obtenidas por los aspirantes en el lugar de actuación y facilitarán a la comisión de selección las puntuaciones obtenidas por los que han superado la prueba, con aproximación de hasta diezmilésimas, con indicación del número del documento nacional de identidad o documento análogo para los extranjeros, así como los resultados de la valoración definitiva de los méritos alegados. 8.2.3. Procedimiento de acceso a cuerpo del mismo grupo y nivel de complemento de destino. Los tribunales calificarán esta prueba de cero a diez puntos, debiendo alcanzar los aspirantes para su superación un mínimo de cuatro puntos. La puntuación de cada aspirante en esta prueba será la media aritmética de las calificaciones de todos los miembros presentes en el tribunal. Cuando entre las puntuaciones otorgadas por los miembros del tribunal exista una diferencia de tres o más enteros, serán automáticamente excluidas las calificaciones máxima y mínima, hallándose la puntuación media entre las calificaciones restantes. Finalizada la prueba, los tribunales facilitarán a la comisión de selección las puntuaciones obtenidas por los aspirantes que han superado la prueba, con aproximación de hasta diezmilésimas, con indicación del número del documento nacional de identidad o documento análogo para los extranjeros, así como los resultados de la valoración definitiva de los méritos alegados. 8.2.4 Los tribunales confeccionarán listas diferenciadas de aspirantes según que el sistema por el que hayan participado sea de ingreso libre o por alguno de los procedimientos de acceso; los aspirantes acogidos a la reserva de minusválidos se incluirán junto con los de ingreso libre de acuerdo con su puntuación. Únicamente a aquellos aspirantes que hayan superado todas las pruebas correspondientes a la fase de oposición se les sumará la puntuación obtenida en la fase de concurso a fin de obtener la puntuación global a que se refiere la base 9 de la presente orden. 8.3. Para garantizar que el procedimiento selectivo se realice conforme a los principios de mérito y capacidad, los tribunales por resolución motivada podrán decretar la expulsión de un opositor, en cuyo caso pasará a formar parte de la lista de aspirantes excluidos y no figurará en la lista de interinidads ni tendrá derecho a la devolución de las tasas. 9. Superación de las fases de oposición y concurso. 9.1 Procedimientos de ingreso libre y reserva de minusválidos. Resultarán seleccionados para pasar a la fase de prácticas aquellos aspirantes que, ordenados según la puntuación global de las fases de oposición y concurso tengan un número de orden igual o inferior al número de plazas convocadas en la especialidad. Para la obtención de la puntuación global, la comisión de selección ponderará en dos tercios la puntuación obtenida en la fase de ció i en un terç la puntuació obtinguda en la fase de concurs, resultant la puntuació global de la suma d'ambdós fases una vegada realitzades les ponderacions mencionades. 9.2. Procediments d'accés a cos docent de grup superior i d'accés a cos docent classificat en el mateix grup i nivell de complement de destinació. Resultaran seleccionats els aspirants que, havent obtingut almenys quatre punts en la prova, i ordenats segons la suma de les puntuacions aconseguides en el concurs i en la prova, obtinguen un número d'orde igual o inferior al nombre de places convocades per a estos procediments. 9.3. Normes comunes a tots els procediments De conformitat amb el que s'ha establit en la base 5.12 de la present convocatòria, correspon a la comissió de selecció l'agregació de les puntuacions corresponents a les distintes fases dels procediments selectius, l'ordenació dels aspirants d'acord amb les puntuacions totals aconseguides i la declaració dels qui hagen aprovat estos procediments. A estos efectes, s'atindran al que es disposa en els subapartats següents. 9.3.1. Les comissions de selecció agregaran, una vegada ponderades si asi procedi, les puntuacions de la fase de concurs als aspirants que hagen aconseguit les puntuacions mínimes exigides en cada procediment en la fase d'oposició, els ordenaran segons les puntuacions totals obtingudes i determinaran els aspirants que han superat els corresponents processos d'acord amb el que s'ha establit en els apartats 9.1 i 9.2 de la present base. 9.3.2. En el cas que en ordenar els aspirants es produeixin empatats, es resoldran atenent successivament als criteris següents: A) Per als aspirants que concorreguen pels procediments d'ingrés lliure i reserva de minusvalids: 1. Major puntuació en la fase d'oposició. 2. Major puntuació en cadascun dels exercicis de l'oposició, per l'orde en què apareixen en el Reial Decret 334/2004. 3. Major puntuació en els apartats del barem de mérits, per l'orde en què apareixen en l'annex I de la convocatòria. 4. Major puntuació en els subapartats del barem de mérits, per l'orde en què apareixen en l'annex I de la convocatòria. En cas que en aplicació dels criteris anteriors subsistiren empat en la qualificació per a determinar els aspirants seleccionats, estos es resoldran mitjançant una prova complementària davant la comisió de selecció, consistent en el desenvolupament d'un tema extret a l'atzar d'entre els que formen part del temari oficial de l'especialitat, durant un temps màxim de trenta minuts. B) Per als aspirants que concorreguen pels procediments d'accés a cos de grup superior i accés a cos del mateix grup i nivell de complement de destinació: 1. Major puntuació en la prova. 2. Major puntuació en cadascun dels apartats del barem de mérits, per l'orde en què apareixen relacionats en l'annex II de la convocatòria. 3. Major puntuació en els subapartats del barem, per l'orde en què apareixen relacionats en l'annex II de la convocatòria. En cas que en aplicació dels criteris anteriors subsistiren empat en la qualificació per a determinar els aspirants seleccionats, estos es resoldran mitjançant una prova complementària davant la comisió de selecció, consistent en el desenvolupament d'un tema extret a l'atzar d'entre els que formen part del temari oficial de l'especialitat, durant un temps màxim de trenta minuts. 9.3.3. Al procedir a determinar els aspirants que han superat el procediment selectiu correspondent a l'ingrés lliure, les comissions de selecció acumularan a les places inicialment assignades a este procediment totes aquelles altres que hagueren quedat vacants en els restants procediments. 9.3.4. En cap cas pot declarar-se que ha superat el procediment selectiu, i per tant que ha aprovat, un major nombre d'aspirants que el nombre de places convocades. oposición y en un tercio la puntuación obtenida en la fase de concurso, resultando la puntuación global de la suma de ambas fases una vez realizadas las ponderaciones mencionadas. 9.2 Procedimientos de acceso a cuerpo docente de grupo superior y de acceso a cuerpo docente clasificado en el mismo grupo y nivel de complemento de destino. Resultarán seleccionados aquellos aspirantes que, habiendo obtenido al menos cuatro puntos en la prueba, y ordenados según la suma de las puntuaciones alcanzadas en el concurso y en la prueba, obtengan un número de orden igual o inferior al número de plazas convocadas para estos procedimientos. 9.3 Normas comunes a todos los procedimientos. De conformidad con lo establecido en la base 5.12 de la presente convocatoria, corresponde a la comisión de selección la agregación de las puntuaciones correspondientes a las distintas fases de los procedimientos selectivos, la ordenación de los aspirantes de acuerdo con las puntuaciones totales alcanzadas y la declaración de los que hayan aprobado estos procedimientos. A estos efectos, se atenderán a lo que se dispone en los siguientes subapartados. 9.3.1. Las comisiones de selección agregarán, una vez ponderadas si así procede, las puntuaciones de la fase de concurso a aquellos aspirantes que hayan alcanzado las puntuaciones mínimas exigidas en cada procedimiento en la fase de oposición, los ordenarán según las puntuaciones totales obtenidas y determinarán los aspirantes que han superado los correspondientes procesos de acuerdo con lo establecido en los apartados 9.1 y 9.2 de la presente base. 9.3.2. En el caso de que al proceder a la ordenación de los aspirantes se produjesen empates, éstos se resolverán atendiendo, sucesivamente, a los siguientes criterios: A) Para los aspirantes que concurran por los procedimientos de ingreso libre y reserva de minusvalidos: 1. Mayor puntuación en la fase de oposición. 2. Mayor puntuación en cada uno de los ejercicios de la oposición por el orden en que éstos aparecen en el Real Decreto 334/2004. 3. Mayor puntuación en los apartados del baremo de méritos por el orden en que éstos aparecen en el anexo I de la convocatoria. 4. Mayor puntuación en los subapartados del baremo de méritos por el orden en que éstos aparezcan en el anexo I de la convocatoria. Caso de que con la aplicación de los criterios anteriores subsistieran empates en la calificación para determinar los aspirantes seleccionados, éstos se resolverán mediante una prueba complementaria ante la comisión de selección, consistente en el desarrollo de un tema extraído al azar de entre los que los forman parte del temario oficial de la especialidad, durante un tiempo máximo de 30 minutos. B) Para los aspirantes que concurran por los procedimientos de acceso a cuerpo de grupo superior y acceso a cuerpo del mismo grupo y nivel de complemento de destino: 1. Mayor puntuación de la prueba. 2. Mayor puntuación en cada uno de los apartados del baremo de méritos, por el orden en que aparecen relacionados en el anexo II de la convocatoria. 3. Mayor puntuación en los subapartados del baremo por el orden en que aparecen relacionados en el anexo II de la convocatoria. Caso de que con la aplicación de los criterios anteriores subsistieran empates en la calificación para determinar los aspirantes seleccionados, éstos se resolverán mediante una prueba complementaria ante la comisión de selección, consistente en el desarrollo de un tema extraído al azar de entre los que los forman parte del temario oficial de la especialidad, durante un tiempo máximo de 30 minutos. 9.3.3 Al proceder a determinar los aspirantes que han superado el procedimiento selectivo correspondiente al ingreso libre, las comisiones de selección acumularán a las plazas inicialmente asignadas a este procedimiento todas aquellas otras que hubieran quedado vacantes en los restantes procedimientos. 9.3.4 En ningún caso podrá declararse que han superado el procedimiento selectivo y, por tanto, aprobado mayor número de aspirantes que el número de plazas convocadas. 9.3.5. Les comissions de selecció, finalitzades les actuacions a què es referixen els apartats anteriors, elaboraran la llista d'aspirants seleccionats. A este efecte, confeccionarán una lista de aspirantes seleccionados de su especialidad, en la que figurarán, en primer lugar, los aspirantes que hayan accedido desde cuerpos del mismo grupo y nivel de complemento de destino; en segundo lugar, los del turno de acceso desde cuerpos de distinto grupo, y en tercer lugar, los ingresados por el turno libre y los acogidos a la reserva de discapacitados. Dentro de cada uno de estos grupos, los aspirantes seleccionados se ordenarán por la puntuación obtenida. 9.3.6. Esta llista es farà pública als taulells d'anuncis de la Conselleria de Cultura, Educació i Esport i a les seues direccions territorials. Un exemplar d'esta llista s'elevarà a l'òrgan convocant amb la resta de la documentació corresponent al desenvolupament del procediment selectiu. 9.3.7. Contra l'acte de les comissions de selecció pel qual s'aprova la llista d'aspirants seleccionats podrà interposar-se recurs d'alçada davant el director general de Personal Docent en el termini d'un mes a comptar des de l'endemà de la data de publicació de la llista als taulells d'anuncis corresponent, de conformitat amb el que disposen els articles 107, 114 i 115 de la Llei 30/1992, en la redacció donada per la Llei 4/1999, de 13 de gener. 9.3.8. Els aspirants que superen el procediment selectiu per dos o més cossos o per dos o més especialitats del mateix cos hauran d'exercir opció per un dels llocs, i podran sol·licitar pròrroga per a la realització del període de pràctiques en l'altre o altres llocs. 9.3.9. Els aspirants que concorreguen i superen el procediment selectiu per a l'ingrés en el mateix cos en convocatòries corresponents a distintes administracions educatives hauran d'optar-ne per una, en el termini de dues dies comptats a partir de l'endemà de la publicació de les llistes d'aprovats, mitjançant instància dirigida a la Direcció General de Personal Docent, renunciant a tots els drets que pogueren correspondre's per la seua participació en les restants. Si no es realitza esta opció, l'acceptació del primer nomenament s'entindrà com a renúncia tàctica als restants. 9.3.10. La declaració de pròrroga en la fase de pràctiques o la renúncia als drets derivats del procediment selectiu no suposarà modificació en les places assignades a la resta d'aspirants. 10. Presentació de documents 10.1. En el termini de 15 dies hàbils, a comptar des de l'endemà de la publicació de la llista d'aspirants seleccionats, estots hauran de presentar en la Direcció General de Personal Docent de la Conselleria de Cultura, Educació i Esport, per qualsevol dels mitjans assenyalats en l'article 38.4 de la Llei 30/1992, de 26 de novembre, de Règim Jurídic de les Administracions Públiques i del Procediment Administratiu Comú, en la redacció donada per la Llei 4/1999, de 13 de gener, en relació amb el que disposa l'article 1 del Decret 130/1998, de 8 de setembre, del Govern Valencià, la documentació següent: 10.1.1. Tots els aspirants que hagen superat les fases d'oposició i concurs hauran de remetre la documentació general següent: a) Fotocòpia compulsada del títol al·legat per a participar-hi o certificat acadèmic, original o fotocòpia compulsada, que acredite haver realitzat tots els estudis per a l'obtenció del títol, i certificat de pagament dels drets d'expedició del títol (Orde de 8 de juliol de 1988, del Ministeri d'Educació i Ciència). En el cas que la data del títol o del certificat acadèmic siga posterior al dia que va expirar el termini de presentació de sol·licituds fixat en la convocatòria, s'hi haurà de fer constar la data d'acabament dels estudis. En el cas que la titulació s'haja obtingut a l'estranger, s'hi haurà d'adjuntar la corresponent homologació o credencial de reconeixement a l'empara del que estableix el Reial Decret 1.665/1991, de 25 d'octubre. b) Declaració jurada o promesa de no haver sigut separat, mitjançant expedient disciplinari, del servici de cap administració pública, ni trobar-se inhabilitat per a l'exercici de funcions públiques, segons el model que figura com a annex V d'esta convocatòria. 9.3.5 Las comisiones de selección, finalizadas las actuaciones a que se refieren los apartados anteriores, elaborarán la lista de aspirantes seleccionados. Para ello confeccionarán una lista de aspirantes seleccionados de su especialidad, en la que figurarán, en primer lugar, los aspirantes que hayan accedido desde cuerpos del mismo grupo y nivel de complemento de destino; en segundo lugar, los del turno de acceso desde cuerpos de distinto grupo, y en tercer lugar, los ingresados por el turno libre y los acogidos a la reserva de discapacitados. Dentro de cada uno de estos grupos, los aspirantes seleccionados se ordenarán por la puntuación obtenida. 9.3.6 Esta lista se hará pública en los tablones de anuncios de la Conselleria de Cultura, Educación y Deporte y de sus Direcciones Territoriales. Un ejemplar de la misma se elevará al órgano convocante, con el resto de la documentación correspondiente al desarrollo del procedimiento selectivo. 9.3.7 Contra el acto de las comisiones de selección por el que se aprueba la lista de aspirantes seleccionados, podrá interponerse recurso de alzada ante el director general de Personal Docente en el plazo de un mes a contar desde el día siguiente a la fecha de publicación de la lista en el tablón de anuncios correspondiente, de conformidad con lo dispuesto en los artículos 107, 114 y 115 de la Ley 30/1992 en su redacción dada por la Ley 4/1999, de 13 de enero. 9.3.8 Los aspirantes que superen el procedimiento selectivo por dos o más cuerpos o por dos o más especialidades del mismo cuerpo deberán ejercitar opción por uno de los puestos, pudiendo solicitar prórroga para la realización del período de prácticas en el otro u otros puestos. 9.3.9 Los aspirantes que concurran y superen el procedimiento selectivo para el ingreso en el mismo cuerpo en convocatorias correspondientes a distintas Administraciones Educativas deberán, en el plazo de diez días contados a partir del siguiente al de la publicación de las listas de aprobados, optar por una de ellas, mediante instancia dirigida a la Dirección General de Personal Docente, renunciando a todos los derechos que pudieran corresponderles por su participación en las restantes. De no realizar esta opción, la aceptación del primer nombramiento se entenderá como renuncia tácita a los restantes. 9.3.10 La declaración de prórroga en la fase de prácticas o la renuncia a los derechos derivados del procedimiento selectivo no supondrá modificación en las plazas asignadas al resto de aspirantes. 10. Presentación de documentos 10.1 En el plazo de 15 días hábiles, a contar desde el día siguiente a aquel en que se hiciera pública la lista de aspirantes seleccionados, éstos deberán presentar en la Dirección General de Personal Docente de la Conselleria de Cultura, Educación y Deporte, por cualquiera de los medios señalados en el artículo 38.4 de la Ley 30/1992, de 26 de noviembre, de Régimen Jurídico de las Administraciones Públicas y del Procedimiento Administrativo Común, en su redacción dada por la Ley 4/1999, de 13 de enero, en relación con lo dispuesto en el artículo 1 del Decreto 130/1998, de 8 de septiembre, del Gobierno Valenciano, la siguiente documentación: 10.1.1 Todos los aspirantes que hayan superado las fases de oposición y concurso deberán remitir la siguiente documentación general: a) Fotocopia compulsada del título alegado para participar o certificación académica original, o fotocopia compulsada de la misma, que acredite haber realizado todos los estudios para la obtención del título y certificación de pago de los derechos de expedición del título (Orden de 8 de julio de 1988 del Ministerio de Educación y Ciencia). En el caso de que la fecha del título o de la certificación académica sea posterior al día en que expiró el plazo de presentación de solicitudes fijado en la convocatoria, deberá hacerse constar la fecha de terminación de los estudios. En el caso de que la titulación se haya obtenido en el extranjero, deberá adjuntarse la correspondiente homologación o credencial de reconocimiento al amparo de lo establecido en el Real Decreto 1665/1991, de 25 de octubre. b) Declaración jurada o promesa de no haber sido separado, mediante expediente disciplinario, del servicio de ninguna administración pública, ni hallarse inhabilitado para el ejercicio de funciones públicas, según el modelo que figura como anexo V a esta convocatoria. Els aspirants que no posseïsquen la nacionalitat espanyola hauran de presentar declaració jurada o promesa de no estar sotmesos a sanció disciplinària o condena penal que els impedisca, en el seu estat, l’accés a la funció pública, segons el model que figura com a annex V d’esta convocatòria. c) Els aspirants que hagen fet valer la seua condició de persones amb minusvalides hauran de presentar certificat dels òrgans competents de la Generalitat Valenciana, de l’Estat o de la resta de les comunitats autònomes que acredite esta condició i, igualment, hauran de presentar certificat dels esments òrgans acreditatiu de la compatibilitat amb l’exercici de les funcions corresponents al cos i especialitat en què aspiren a ingressar. d) Fotocòpia del document nacional d’identitat (DNI). e) Els aspirants que no posseïsquen la nacionalitat espanyola i que hi participen en virtut del que preveu el paràgraf segon de la base 2.1.1.a) hauran d’acreditar documentalment el compliment del dit requisit. f) Certificat mèdic oficial acreditatiu de no patir cap malaltia, ni d’estar afectat per cap limitació física o psíquica que siga incompatible amb l’exercici de les funcions corresponents al cos i especialitats a què s’opta. g) Fotocòpia compulsada del títol, certificat o diploma que s’hagi alegue per a l’exemció de la prova de coneixements dels dos idiomes oficials de la Comunitat Valenciana, en cas d’haver-hi alegat l’exemció. 10.1.2. A més de la documentació general, els aspirants hauran de presentar, igualment, dependent del cos pel qual hagen superat les fases de concurs i oposició, la documentació següent: A) Per al cos de professors d’Ensenyament Secundari Títol Professional d’Especialització Didàctica o Certificat d’Aptitud Pedagògica o, si hi manca, documentació justificativa que acredite la dispensa d’este requisit, segons el que preceptua l’apartat 1.2.b) de les bases específiques d’esta convocatòria. Quan s’allege en substitució del títol Professional d’Especialització Didàctica o del Certificat d’Aptitud Pedagògica docència efectiva durant dos cursos acadèmics complets, s’acreditarà, si es tracta d’un centre públic, mitjançant certificat expedit pel secretari amb el vistiplau del director del centre, consignant-se el número de registre personal, i si es tracta d’un centre privat, mitjançant certificat del director del centre amb el vistiplau de la inspecció educativa. B) Per al cos de professors tècnics de Formació Professional Els aspirants als quals se’ls aplique la disposició transitària segona del Reial Decret 777/1998, de 30 d’abril, hauran d’acreditar, a més de l’equivalència a efecte de docència, la seua experiència docent durant, almenys, dos anys en centres educatius públics dependents de la Conselleria de Cultura, Educació i Esport mitjançant certificat expedit pel secretari amb el vistiplau del director del centre o dels centres on hagueren prestat els seus serveis. 10.2. Els qui tinguen la condició de funcionaris públics de carrera estaran exempts de justificar documentalment les condicions i els requisits ja demostrats per a obtenir el seu anterior nomenament, i en este cas han de presentar un certificat o full de servicis de la direcció territorial de Cultura, Educació i Esport corresponent, de la Conselleria de Justícia i Administracions Públiques o del ministeri o organisme de què depenguen, per a acreditar esta condició, en què es consigne de manera expressa les dades següents: a) Indicació del cos a què pertanyen, número de registre de personal i si es troben en servici actiu. b) Nombre d’anys com a funcionaris de carrera. c) Lloc i data de naixement. d) Títol acadèmic que posseixen i data d’expedició. Quan els certificats o fulls de servicis es referisquen als professors que han participat pel procediment d’accés a cossos docents de grup superior, s’indicarà expressament que els aspirants reuneixen tots els requisits que s’exigixen per a participar per este procediment. Los aspirantes que no posean la nacionalidad española deberán presentar declaración jurada o promesa de no estar sometidos a sanción disciplinaria o condena penal que impida, en su Estado, el acceso a la función pública, según el modelo que figura como anexo V a esta convocatoria. c) Los aspirantes que hayan hecho valer su condición de personas con minusvalías deberán presentar certificación de los órganos competentes de la Generalitat Valenciana, del Estado o del resto de las Comunidades Autónomas, que acredite tal condición, e igualmente deberán presentar certificado de los citados órganos acreditativo de la compatibilidad con el desempeño de las funciones correspondientes al cuerpo y especialidad en el que aspiran a ingresar. d) Fotocopia del documento nacional de identidad (DNI). e) Los aspirantes que no posean la nacionalidad española y que participen en virtud de lo previsto en el párrafo segundo de la base 2.1.1 a) deberán acreditar documentalmente el cumplimiento de dicho requisito. f) Certificado médico oficial acreditativo de no padecer ninguna enfermedad, ni estar afectado por limitación física o psíquica que sea incompatible con el desempeño de las funciones correspondientes al cuerpo y especialidad a que se opta. g) Fotocopia compulsada del título, certificado o diploma, alegado para la exención de la prueba de conocimientos de los dos idiomas oficiales de la Comunidad Valenciana, en el caso de haber alegado la exención. 10.1.2 Además de la documentación general, los aspirantes deberán presentar igualmente, dependiendo del cuerpo por el que hayan superado las fases de concurso y oposición, la siguiente documentación: A) Para el cuerpo de profesores de Enseñanza Secundaria: Título profesional de Especialización Didáctica o Certificado de Aptitud Pedagógica o, en su defecto, documentación justificativa que acredite la dispensa de este requisito, según lo preceptuado en el apartado 1.2.b) de las bases específicas de esta convocatoria. Cuando se alegue en sustitución del título profesional de Especialización Didáctica o del Certificado de Aptitud Pedagógica docencia efectiva durante dos cursos académicos completos, se acreditará, si se trata de un centro público, mediante certificación expedida por el Secretario, con el visto bueno del director del centro, consignándose el número de registro personal, y por el director del centro con el visto bueno de la Inspección educativa si se trata de un centro privado. B) Para el cuerpo de profesores técnicos de Formación Profesional: Aquelllos aspirantes a los que les sea de aplicación la Disposición Transitoria Segunda del Real Decreto 777/1998, de 30 de abril, deberán acreditar, además de la equivalencia a efectos de docencia, su experiencia docente durante, al menos, dos años en centros educativos públicos dependientes de la Conselleria de Cultura, Educación y Deporte mediante certificado expedido por el Secretario, con el visto bueno del director del centro o centros donde hubiera prestado sus servicios. 10.2. Quienes tuvieran la condición de funcionarios públicos de carrera estarán exentos de justificar documentalmente las condiciones y requisitos ya demostrados para obtener su anterior nombramiento, debiendo presentar en tal caso una certificación u hoja de servicios de la Dirección Territorial de Cultura, Educación y Deporte correspondiente, de la Conselleria de Justicia y Administraciones Públicas o del Ministerio u organismo del que dependa, para acreditar tal condición, en la que se consignen de modo expreso los siguientes datos: a) Indicación del cuerpo al que pertenecen, número de registro de personal y si se encuentran en servicio activo. b) Número de años como funcionario de carrera. c) Lugar y fecha de nacimiento. d) Título académico que posee y fecha de expedición. Cuando las certificaciones u hojas de servicios se refieran a los profesores que han participado por el procedimiento de acceso a cuerpos docentes de grupo superior, éstas recogerán expresamente que los aspirantes reúnen todos los requisitos que se exigen para participar por este procedimiento. Si en el certificat no pot fer-se constar alguna de les dades exigides en el paràgraf anterior per no estar en els expedients personals dels interessats, éstos hauran de trametre separatament la documentació que els acredite. 10.3. Els aspirants que havent superat les fases de concurs i oposició ja estiguin prestant servisics remunerats en l'administració com a funcionaris de carrera, interins o com a personal laboral, sense perjudici de la situació administrativa o laboral que d'acord amb la normativa vigent els corresponga, hauran de formular opció per la percepció de remuneracions durant la seua condició de funcionaris en pràctiques, de conformitat amb el que preveu el Reial Decret 456/1986, de 10 de febrer, modificat pel Reial Decret 213/2003, de 21 de febrer. 10.4. Els qui dins el termini fixat, llevat dels casos de força major, no presenten la documentació, o del seu examen es dedueix que manquen d'algun dels requisits assenyalats en la base 2, no podran ser nomenats funcionaris de carrera i quedaran anul·lades les seues actuacions, sense perjudici de la responsabilitat en què hagueren incorregut per falsedat en la sol·licitud inicial. 11. Nomenament de funcionaris en pràctiques 11.1. La Direcció General de Personal Docent nomenarà els aspirants seleccionats funcionaris en pràctiques al llarg del curs escolar, bé en vacants o bé en substitucions de caràcter temporal, d'acord amb les necessitats del servei, en centres dependents de la Conselleria de Cultura, Educació i Esport. Estos aspirants hauran de realitzar les pràctiques en les destinacions adjudicades, i a este efecte s'entén que renunciien al procediment selectiu aquells aspirants que no s'hi incorporen. 11.2. Estan exempts de la realització de la fase de pràctiques els aspirants seleccionats que hagen accedit per algun dels procediments d'accés regulats en esta orde, i en este cas romandràn en el seu cos d'origen fins que s'aprove l'expedient del procediment selectiu i se'ls nomene funcionaris de carrera amb la resta d'aspirants seleccions de la seua promoció. No obstant això, podran optar per incorporar-se com a funcionaris en pràctiques a la destinació que se'ls adjudique, en este cas quedaran exempts de l'avaluació d'estes i hauran de romandre en esta situació fins que s'aprove l'expedient del procediment selectiu i posteriorment se'ls nomene funcionaris docents de carrera. Així mateix, estaran exemts de l'avaluació de la fase de pràctiques els qui hagen superat el procediment selectiu i acrediten haver prestat servisics, almenys, durant un curs escolar com a funcionaris de carrera. 11.3. Les destinacions obtingudes per a la realització del període de pràctiques tindran caràcter provisional. Tant els aspirants que han sigut nomenats funcionaris en pràctiques, com els altres aspirants que, estant exempts de la realització de la fase de pràctiques, han optat per romandre en els seus cosos d'origen, quedan obligats a participar en els successius concursos de provisió de places que es convoquen, fins a l'obtenció d'una destinació definitiva en centres directament gestionats per la Conselleria de Cultura, Educació i Esport. 12. Fase de pràctiques 12.1. La fase de pràctiques tutelades, que forma part del procés selectiu, tindrà per objecte comprovar l'aptitud per a la docència dels aspirants seleccionats. 12.2. La durada de la fase de pràctiques serà de sis mesos, i el seu desenvolupament serà regulat mitjançant resolució de la Direcció General de Personal Docent. Es crearan comissions qualificadores de la fase de pràctiques que coordinaran les activitats d'inserció al centre i de formació que hauran de realitzar els candidats. La composició de les comissions es determinarà en la resolució que regule la fase de pràctiques. El candidat serà tutelat en esta fase per un professor funcionari de carrera designat per la comissió qualificadora correspondent. Finalitzada la fase de pràctiques, les comissions qualificadores seran les encarregades de l'avaluació final d'acord amb els criteris Si en la certificación no puede hacerse constar alguno de los datos exigidos en el párrafo anterior por no obrar en los expedientes personales de los interesados, éstos deberán remitir separatamente la documentación que los acredite. 10.3. Los aspirantes que habiendo superado las fases de concurso y oposición ya estén prestando servicios remunerados en la administración como funcionarios de carrera, interinos o como personal laboral, sin perjuicio de la situación administrativa o laboral que de acuerdo con la normativa vigente les corresponda, deberán formular opción por la percepción de remuneraciones, durante su condición de funcionarios en prácticas, de conformidad con lo previsto en el Real Decreto 456/1986, de 10 de febrero, modificado por el Real Decreto 213/2003, de 21 de febrero. 10.4. Quienes dentro del plazo fijado, y salvo los casos de fuerza mayor, no presentasen la documentación, o del examen de la misma se dedujera que carecen de alguno de los requisitos señalados en la base 2, no podrán ser nombrados funcionarios de carrera y quedarán anuladas sus actuaciones, sin perjuicio de la responsabilidad en que hubieran incurrido por falsedad en la solicitud inicial. 11. Nombramiento de funcionarios en prácticas 11.1. Por la Dirección General de Personal Docente se procederá a nombrar funcionarios en prácticas, a lo largo del curso escolar, a los aspirantes seleccionados, bien en vacantes o bien en sustituciones de carácter temporal, de acuerdo con las necesidades del servicio, en centros dependientes de la Conselleria de Cultura, Educación y Deporte. Estos aspirantes deberán realizar las prácticas en los destinos adjudicados, entendiéndose que renuncian al procedimiento selectivo aquellos que no se incorporen a los mismos. 11.2. Están exentos de la realización de la fase de prácticas los aspirantes seleccionados que hayan accedido por alguno de los procedimientos de acceso regulados en esta orden, en cuyo caso, permanecerán en sus cuerpos de origen hasta que se proceda a la aprobación del expediente del procedimiento selectivo y a su nombramiento como funcionarios de carrera con el resto de aspirantes seleccionados de su promoción. No obstante, podrán optar por incorporarse como funcionarios en prácticas al destino que se les adjudique, en cuyo caso quedarán exentos de la evaluación de las mismas, debiendo permanecer en esta situación hasta que se proceda a la aprobación del expediente del procedimiento selectivo y posteriormente se les nombre funcionarios docentes de carrera. Asimismo, estarán exentos de la evaluación de la fase de prácticas quienes hayan superado el procedimiento selectivo y acrediten haber prestado servicios, al menos, un curso escolar como funcionarios docentes de carrera. 11.3. Los destinos obtenidos para la realización del período de prácticas tendrán carácter provisional. Tanto los aspirantes que han sido nombrados funcionarios en prácticas como aquellos otros aspirantes que, estando exentos de la realización de la fase de prácticas, han optado por permanecer en sus cuerpos de origen, quedan obligados a participar en los sucesivos concursos de provisión de plazas que se convoquen, hasta la obtención de un destino definitivo en centros directamente gestionados por la Conselleria de Cultura, Educación y Deporte. 12. Fase de prácticas 12.1. La fase de prácticas tuteladas, que forma parte del proceso selectivo, tendrá por objeto comprobar la aptitud para la docencia de los aspirantes seleccionados. 12.2. La duración de la fase de prácticas será de seis meses, y su desarrollo será regulado mediante resolución de la Dirección General de Personal Docente. Se crearán comisiones calificadoras de la fase de prácticas que coordinarán las actividades de inserción en el centro y de formación que deberán realizar los candidatos. Su composición se determinará en la resolución que regule la fase de prácticas. El candidato será tutelado, en esta fase, por un profesor funcionario de carrera designado por la comisión calificadora correspondiente. Finalizada la fase de prácticas, las comisiones calificadoras serán las encargadas, con arreglo a los criterios que establezca la que establisca la dita resolució, amb la qualificació d’apte o no apte. 12.3. Els aspirants que no superen la fase de pràctiques per haver sigut declarats no aptes podrán incorporar-se amb els aspirants seleccionats de la següent promoció que es convoque, per a repetir, per una sola vegada, la realització de la fase de pràctiques, en este cas, el número d’orde que ocuparà serà l’immediatament següent al que corresponga a l’últim dels aspirants seleccionats de la seua especialitat. Els qui no s’incorporen per a repetir la fase de pràctiques o els qui siguen declarats no aptes per segona vegada perdran tots els drets al seu nomenament com a funcionaris de carrera, mitjançant resolució motivada de la Direcció General de Personal Docent, d’acord amb el que disposa l’article 31 del Reial Decret 334/2004, de 27 de febrer. 12.4. Des del moment del nomenament de funcionaris en pràctiques fins al nomenament com a funcionaris de carrera, el règim jurídicoadministratiu dels opositors serà el de funcionaris en pràctiques, sempre que estigueren ocupant un lloc docent. 13. Nomenament de funcionaris de carrera 13.1. Conclou la fase de pràctiques i comprovat que tots els aspirants declarats aptes en esta reuniuen els requisits generals i específics de participació establits en la present convocatòria, la Direcció General de Personal Docent aprovarà l’expedient del procés selectiu, que publicarà en el Diari Oficial de la Generalitat Valenciana, i remetrà les llistes d’ingressats en els diferents cossos al Ministeri d’Educació i Ciència, que procedirà al nomenament i a l’expedició dels corresponents títols de funcionaris de carrera del cos docent pel qual hagen participat dels aspirants seleccionats en els procediments selectius duts a terme per la present convocatòria. 13.2. Destinació en propietat definitiva. D’acord amb el que preveu l’article 10.1.e) del Reial Decret 334/2004, de 27 de febrer, els aspirants que hagen superat el procés selectiu hauran d’obtindre la seua primera destinació definitiva en l’àmbit de gestió de la Conselleria de Cultura, Educació i Esport, i acudiran amb caràcter forçós al concurs, conforme disposa l’article 2, apartats 2 i 3, del Reial Decret 2.112/1998, de 2 d’octubre. 14. Ocupació de llocs en règim d’intermitència Per a cadascuna de les especialitats objecte d’esta convocatòria, les llistes d’aspirants per a ocupar llocs en règim d’intermitència previstes en l’apartat 1.c) de la Resolució de 18 de juny de 1993, de la Direcció General de Personal, estaràn formades pels participants en el procediment selectiu que no han resultat seleccionats i han obtingut, almenys, cinc punts en un dels exercicis de la fase d’oposició. Estes llistes s’ordenaran per blocs d’acord amb el nombre d’exercicis superats i, dins d’estos blocs, per la millor puntuació obtinguda en cadascun d’ells. En tot cas, estos aspirants es comprometen a justificar que es troben en possessió dels requisits per a l’ocupació del lloc pel qual s’han presentat en el procediment selectiu en el moment que hi siguen requerits per l’administració. Els aspirants que no desitgen formar part de les mencionades llistes hauran de fer-ho constar mitjançant declaració expressa en este sentit, que haurà d’adjuntar-se a la instància de participació en el moment de la seua presentació conformement al model que figura en l’annex VII. Bases específiques 1. Cos de professors d’Ensenyament Secundari 1.1. Distribució de places per especialitats i sistemes d’accés \| Codi/Especialitat \| Ingrés lliure \| Reserva de minusvàlids \| Accés a cos de grup superior \| Total \| \|-------------------\|--------------\|------------------------\|-----------------------------\|-------\| \| 201/Filosofia \| 18 \| 2 \| 20 \| 40 \| \| 202/Grec \| 9 \| 1 \| 10 \| 20 \| \| 203/Llatí \| 4 \| 1 \| 5 \| 10 \| \| 204/Llengua Castellana i Literatura \| 40 \| 5 \| 45 \| 90 \| \| 205/Geografia i Història \| 40 \| 5 \| 45 \| 90 \| \| 206/Matemàtiques \| 27 \| 3 \| 30 \| 60 \| \| 207/Física i Química \| 18 \| 2 \| 20 \| 40 \| \| 208/Biologia i Geologia \| 22 \| 3 \| 25 \| 50 \| \| 209/Dibuix \| 31 \| 4 \| 35 \| 70 \| \| 210/Francès \| 13 \| 2 \| 15 \| 30 \| \| 211/Anglès \| 36 \| 4 \| 40 \| 80 \| \| 216/Música \| 18 \| 2 \| 20 \| 40 \| \| 217/Educació Física \| 13 \| 2 \| 15 \| 30 \| \| 219/Tecnologia \| 45 \| 5 \| 50 \| 100 \| \| 222/Formació i Orientació Laboral \| 5 \| 1 \| 6 \| 12 \| \| 224/Organització i Projectes de Fabricació Mecànica \| 9 \| 1 \| 10 \| 20 \| \| 226/Sistemes Electrònics \| 4 \| - \| 4 \| 8 \| \| 227/Organització i Processos de Manteniment de Vehicles \| 5 \| 1 \| 6 \| 12 \| \| 236/Assessoria i Processos d’Imatge Personal \| 2 \| - \| 2 \| 4 \| \| 238/Construccions Civils i Edificació \| 6 \| 1 \| 8 \| 15 \| \| 242/Intervenció Sociocomunitària \| 4 \| 1 \| 5 \| 10 \| \| 243/Hosteleria i Turisme \| 2 \| - \| 3 \| 5 \| \| 245/Processos i Mitjans de Comunicació \| 2 \| - \| 2 \| 4 \| \| 254/Informàtica \| 31 \| 4 \| 35 \| 70 \| \| 256/Llengua i Literatura Valenciana \| 18 \| 2 \| 20 \| 40 \| \| 264/Anàlisi i Química Industrial \| 2 \| - \| 2 \| 4 \| \| 266/Org. i Projectes de Sistemes Energètics \| 4 \| - \| 4 \| 8 \| \| 268/Processos de Producció Agrària \| 3 \| - \| 3 \| 6 \| \| 270/Processos de Diagnòstic Clínic i Procediments Ortoprotètics \| 4 \| 1 \| 5 \| 10 \| \| 271/Processos Sanitaris \| 4 \| 1 \| 5 \| 10 \| \| 274/Sistemes Electrotècnics i Automàtics \| 6 \| 1 \| 8 \| 15 \| \| Total \| 445 \| 55 \| 503 \| 1,003** \| * * * * * * * 1.2. Titulacions exigides a) Estar en possessió del títol de doctor, enginyer, arquitecte, llicenciat o equivalent a efecte de docència. De conformitat amb el que s’ha establit en el Reial Decret 1.542/1994, de 8 de juliol; en la disposició addicional primera i l’anex IV del Reial Decret 334/2004, i en l’article 22.1 i l’annex VI.a) del Reial Decret 777/1998, de 30 d’abril, són equivalents a efecte de docència les titulacions que per a cada especialitat es detallen a continuació: 1. Música – Títol Superior de Música. – Títol de Professor Superior expedit a l’empara del Decret 2.618/1966, de 10 de setembre. – Títol de Professorat i títol Professional expedit a l’empara del Decret de 15 de juny de 1942. 2. Tecnologia – Enginyer Tècnic. – Arquitecte Tècnic. – Diplomat en Maquines Navals. – Diplomat en Navegació Marítima. – Diplomat en Radioelèctrica Naval. 3. Formació i Orientació Laboral – Diplomat en Ciències Empresarials. – Diplomat en Relacions Laborals. – Diplomat en Treball Social. – Diplomat en Educació Social. – Diplomat en Gestió i Administració Pública. 4. Organització i Projectes de Fabricació Mecànica – Enginyer Tècnic Industrial, en totes les seues especialitats. – Enginyer Tècnic de Mines, en totes les seues especialitats. – Enginyer Tècnic en Disseny Industrial. – Enginyer Tècnic Aeronàutic, especialitat en Aeronaus, especialitat en Equipis i Materials Aeroespacials. – Enginyer Tècnic Naval, en totes les seues especialitats. – Enginyer Tècnic Agrícola, especialitat en Explotacions Agropecuàries, especialitat en Indústries Agràries i Alimentàries, especialitat en Mecanització i Construccions Rurals. – Enginyer Tècnic d’Obres Públiques, especialitat en Construccions Civils. – Diplomat en Maquines Navals. 5. Sistemes Electrònics – Diplomat en Radioelèctrica Naval. – Enginyer Tècnic Aeronàutic, especialitat en Aeronavegació. – Enginyer Tècnic en Informàtica de Sistemes. – Enginyer Tècnic Industrial, especialitat en Electricitat, especialitat en Electrònica Industrial. – Enginyer Tècnic en Telecomunicació, en totes les seues especialitats. 6. Organització i Processos de Manteniment de Vehicles – Diplomat en Navegació Marítima. – Diplomat en Radioelèctrica Naval. – Diplomat en Maquines Navals. – Enginyer Tècnic Aeronàutic, en totes les seues especialitats. – Enginyer Tècnic Agrícola, en totes les seues especialitats. – Enginyer Tècnic Forestal, en totes les seues especialitats. – Enginyer Tècnic de Mines, en totes les seues especialitats. – Enginyer Tècnic Naval, en totes les seues especialitats. – Enginyer Tècnic d’Obres Públiques, en totes les seues especialitats. – Enginyer Tècnic Industrial, en totes les seues especialitats. 7. Construccions Civils i Edificació – Arquitecte Tècnic. – Enginyer Tècnic Industrial, en totes les seues especialitats. – Enginyer Tècnic d’Obres Públiques, en totes les seues especialitats. – Enginyer Tècnic en Topografia. 8. Intervenció Sociocomunitària – Mestre, en totes les seues especialitats. – Diplomat en Educació Social. – Diplomat en Treball Social. 1.2 Titulaciones exigidas a) Estar en posesión del título de Doctor, Ingeniero, Arquitecto, Licenciado o equivalente a efectos de docencia. De conformidad con lo establecido en el Real Decreto 1542/1994, de 8 de julio, en la disposición adicional primera y el anexo IV del Real Decreto 334/2004, y en el artículo 22.1 y en el anexo VI a) del Real Decreto 777/1998, de 30 de abril, son equivalentes a efectos de docencia las titulaciones que a continuación se detallan para cada especialidad. 1. Música: – Título Superior de Música. – Título de Profesor Superior expedido al amparo del Decreto 2618/1966, de 10 de septiembre. – Título de Profesor y Título Profesional expedido al amparo del Decreto de 15 de junio de 1942. 2. Tecnología: – Ingeniero Técnico. – Arquitecto Técnico. – Diplomado en Máquinas Navales. – Diplomado en Navegación Marítima. – Diplomado en Radioeléctrica Naval. 3. Formación y Orientación Laboral: – Diplomado en Ciencias Empresariales. – Diplomado en Relaciones Laborales. – Diplomado en Trabajo Social. – Diplomado en Educación Social. – Diplomado en Gestión y Administración Pública. 4. Organización y Proyectos de Fabricación Mecánica: – Ingeniero Técnico Industrial, en todas sus especialidades. – Ingeniero Técnico de Minas, en todas sus especialidades. – Ingeniero Técnico en Diseño Industrial. – Ingeniero Técnico Aeronáutico, especialidad en Aeronaves, especialidad en Equipos y Materiales Aeroespaciales. – Ingeniero Técnico Naval, en todas sus especialidades. – Ingeniero Técnico Agrícola, especialidad en Explotaciones Agropecuarias, especialidad en Industrias Agrarias y Alimentarias, especialidad en Mecanización y Construcciones Rurales. – Ingeniero Técnico de Obras Públicas, especialidad en Construcciones Civiles. – Diplomado en Máquinas Navales. 5. Sistemas Electrónicos: – Diplomado en Radioeléctrica Naval. – Ingeniero Técnico Aeronáutico, especialidad en Aeronavegación. – Ingeniero Técnico en Informática de Sistemas. – Ingeniero Técnico Industrial, especialidad en Electricidad, especialidad en Electrónica Industrial. – Ingeniero Técnico de Telecomunicación, en todas sus especialidades. 6. Organización y Procesos de Mantenimiento de Vehículos: – Diplomado en Navegación Marítima. – Diplomado en Radioeléctrica Naval. – Diplomado en Máquinas Navales. – Ingeniero Técnico Aeronáutico, en todas sus especialidades. – Ingeniero Técnico Agrícola, en todas sus especialidades. – Ingeniero Técnico Forestal, en todas sus especialidades. – Ingeniero Técnico de Minas, en todas sus especialidades. – Ingeniero Técnico Naval, en todas sus especialidades. – Ingeniero Técnico de Obras Públicas, en todas sus especialidades. – Ingeniero Técnico Industrial, en todas sus especialidades. 7. Construcciones Civiles y Edificación: – Arquitecto Técnico. – Ingeniero Técnico Industrial, en todas sus especialidades. – Ingeniero Técnico de Obras Públicas, en todas sus especialidades. – Ingeniero Técnico en Topografía. 8. Intervención Sociocomunitaria: – Maestro, en todas sus especialidades. – Diplomado en Educación Social. – Diplomado en Trabajo Social. 9. Hoteleria i Turisme – Diplomat en Turisme. 10. Informàtica – Diplomat en Estadística. – Enginyer Tècnic en Informàtica de Gestió. – Enginyer Tècnic en Informàtica de Sistemes. – Enginyer Tècnic Industrial en Telecomunicació, especialitat en Telemàtica. 11. Anàlisi i Química Industrial – Enginyer Tècnic Industrial, especialitat en Química Industrial. – Enginyer Tècnic Forestal, especialitat en Indústries Forestals. 12. Organització i Projectes de Sistemes Energètics – Enginyer Tècnic Industrial, en totes les seues especialitats. – Enginyer Tècnic Aeronàutic, en totes les seues especialitats. – Enginyer Tècnic d’Obres Públiques, en totes les seues especialitats. – Enginyer Tècnic en Telecomunicació, en totes les seues especialitats. – Enginyer Tècnic Naval, en totes les seues especialitats. – Enginyer Tècnic Agrícola, en totes les seues especialitats. – Enginyer Tècnic de Mines, en totes les seues especialitats. – Diplomat en Màquines Navales. 13. Processos de Producció Agrària – Enginyer Tècnic Agrícola, en totes les seues especialitats. – Enginyer Tècnic Forestal, en totes les seues especialitats. 14. Processos Sanitaris – Diplomat en Enfermeria. 15. Sistemes Electrotècnics i Automàtics – Diplomat en Radioelectrònica Naval. – Enginyer Tècnic Aeronàutic, especialitat en Aeronavegació. – Enginyer Tècnic en Informàtica de Sistemes. – Enginyer Tècnic Industrial, especialitat en Electricitat, especialitat en Electrònica Industrial. – Enginyer Tècnic en Telecomunicació, en totes les seues especialitats. Les titulacions indicades corresponen al catàleg de títols universitaris oficials i a les que successivament s’hi hagen incorporat. També són equivalents a efecte de docència les titulacions homologues a les especificades, segons el Reial Decret 1.954/1994, de 30 de setembre. En el cas que dites titulacions s’hagen obtingut a l’estrangeir, haurà d’haver-se concedit la corresponent homologació segons el Reial Decret 86/1987, de 16 de gener, o el seu reconeixement a efectes professionals per a l’exercici a Espanya com a professor d’Educació Secundària a l’ampar del que s’ha establiti per la Directiva 89/48/CEE i el Reial Decret 1.665/1991, de 25 d’octubre. b) Estar en possessió del títol d’Especialització Didàctica o equivalents. Estan exceptuats d’aquest requisit els que posseïsquen el títol de Mestre, Diplomat en Profesorat d’Educació General Bàsica, Mestre de Primer Ensenyament o Llicenciat en Pedagogia. Així mateix, de conformitat amb el que estableix la disposició transitorià tercera del Reial Decret 118/2004, de 23 de gener, pel qual es regula el títol d’Especialització Didàctica, no serà exigible la possessió del dit títol a aquells participants que aspiren a ingressar en les especialitats de Tecnologia i de Psicologia i Pedagogia i les corresponents als distints ensenyaments de Formació Professional del cos de professors d’Ensenyament Secundari. Igualment, la disposició transitorià primera del Reial Decret 118/2004, de 23 de gener, estableix que l’acreditació d’una experiència docent prèvia durant dos cursos acadèmics complets o, si s’escau, durant dotze mesos exercits en períodes discontinus en centres públics o privats d’ensenyament reglat degudament autoritzats, adquirida amb anterioritat a l’1 de setembre de 2005, serà reconeguda com a equivalent a tots els efectes al títol d’Especialització Didàctica o a la qualificació pedagògica reconeguda com a equivalent. 1.3. Temaris De conformitat amb el que preveu la disposició transitorià segona del Reial Decret 334/2004, de 27 de febrer, en els procediments selectius d'ingrés i accessos al cos de professors d'Ensenyament Secundari convocats a l'empara de l'oferta d'ocupació pública relativa a l'any 2005 i fins que s'aproven els temaris que de conformitat amb la Llei 10/2002, de 23 de desembre, de Qualitat de l'Educació, s'aplicaran els temaris que es recullen a continuació, a excepció del que es disposa quant a la part B d'estos en els corresponents annexos, que queda sense vigència. - Per a les especialitats de Filosofia, Grec, Llatí, Llengua Castellana i Literatura, Geografia i Història, Matemàtiques, Física i Química, Biologia i Geologia, Dibuix, Francès, Anglès, Música, Educació Física, Informàtica i Tecnologia: Orde de 9 de setembre de 1993 (BOE de 21 de setembre). - Per a les especialitats de Formació i Orientació Laboral, Organització i Projectes en Fabricació Mecànica, Sistemes Electrònics, Organització i Processos de Manteniment de Vehicles, Asessoria i Processos d'Imatge Personal, Construccions Civils i Edificació, Intervenció Sociocomunitària, Hosteleria i Turisme, Processos i Mitjans de Comunicació, Anàlisi i Química Industrial, Organització i Projectes de Sistemes Energètics, Processos de Producció Agrària, Processos de Diagnòstic Clínic i Procediments Ortoprotètics, Processos Sanitaris i Sistemes Electrotècnics i Automàtics: Orde d'1 de febrer de 1996 (BOE de 13 de febrer). - Per a l'especialitat de Llengua i Literatura Valenciana: annex VIII de la present orde. 2. Cos de professors d'escoles oficials d'Idiomes 2.1. Distribució de places per especialitats i sistemes d'accés \| Codi/Especialitat \| Ingrés lliure \| \|-------------------\|--------------\| \| 401/Alemany \| 6 \| \| 406/Espanyol per a Estrangers \| 5 \| \| 408/Frances \| 5 \| \| 411/Anglès \| 15 \| \| 412/Italià \| 6 \| \| Total \| 37 \| 2.2. Titulacions exigides Estar en possessió del títol de doctor, enginyer, arquitecte, llicenciat o equivalent a efecte de docència. En el cas que les dites titulacions s'hagen obtingut a l'estranger, haurà d'haver-se concedit la corresponent homologació segons el Reial Decret 86/1987, de 16 de gener, o el seu reconeixement a efectes professionals per a l'exercici a Espanya com a professor d'Escola Oficial d'Idiomes a l'empara del que s'ha establert per la Directiva 89/48/CEE i el Reial Decret 1.665/1991, de 25 d'octubre. 2.3. Temari De conformitat amb el que preveu la disposició transitorià segona del Reial Decret 334/2004, de 27 de febrer, en els procediments selectius d'ingrés i accessos al cos de professors d'escoles oficials convocats a l'empara de l'oferta d'ocupació pública relativa a l'any 2005 i fins que s'aproven els temaris que de conformitat de Especialització Didàctica o a la cualificación pedagógica reconocida como equivalente. 1.3 Temarios De conformidad con lo previsto en la disposición transitoria segunda del Real Decreto 334/2004, de 27 de febrero, en los procedimientos selectivos de ingreso y accesos al cuerpo de profesores de Enseñanza Secundaria convocados al amparo de la oferta de empleo pública relativa al año 2005 y hasta tanto se aprueben los temarios que de conformidad con la Ley 10/2002, de 23 de diciembre, de Calidad de la Educación, serán de aplicación los temarios que se recogen a continuación, a excepción de lo dispuesto en cuanto a la parte «B» de los mismos en los correspondientes anexos, que queda sin vigencia: - Para las especialidades de Filosofía, Griego, Latín, Lengua Castellana y Literatura, Geografía e Historia, Matemáticas, Física y Química, Biología y Geología, Dibujo, Francés, Inglés, Música, Educación Física, Informática y Tecnología: Orden de 9 de septiembre de 1993 (BOE de 21 de septiembre) - Para las especialidades de Formación y Orientación Laboral, Organización y Proyectos en Fabricación Mecánica, Sistemas Electrónicos, Organización y Procesos de Mantenimiento de Vehículos, Asesoría y Procesos de Imagen Personal, Construcciones Civiles y Edificación, Intervención Sociocomunitaria, Hostelería y Turismo, Procesos y Medios de Comunicación, Análisis y Química Industrial, Organización y Proyectos de Sistemas Energéticos, Procesos de Producción Agraria, Procesos de Diagnóstico Clínico y P. Ortoprotésicos, Procesos Sanitarios, y Sistemas Electrotécnicos y Automáticos: Orden de 1 de febrero de 1996 (BOE de 13 de febrero). - Para la especialidad de Lengua y Literatura Valenciana: Anexo VIII a la presente orden 2. Cuerpo de Profesores de Escuelas Oficiales de Idiomas. 2.1 Distribución de plazas por especialidades y sistemas de acceso. \| Reserva minusválids \| Accés a cossos del mateix grup i nivell de complement destinació \| Total \| \|---------------------\|---------------------------------------------------------------\|-------\| \| \| - \| - \| 6 \| \| \| - \| 1 \| 6 \| \| \| 1 \| 2 \| 8 \| \| \| 2 \| 3 \| 20 \| \| \| - \| - \| 6 \| \| \| 3 \| 6 \| 46 \| 2.2 Titulaciones exigidas. Estar en posesión del título de Doctor, Ingeniero, Arquitecto, Licenciado o equivalente a efectos de docencia. En el caso de que dichas titulaciones se hayan obtenido en el extranjero deberá haberse concedido la correspondiente homologación según el Real Decreto 86/1987, de 16 de enero o su reconocimiento a efectos profesionales para el ejercicio en España como profesor de Escuela Oficial de Idiomas, al amparo de lo establecido por la Directiva 89/48/CEE y el Real Decreto 1665/1991, de 25 de octubre. 2.3 Temario. De conformidad con lo previsto en la disposición transitoria segunda del Real Decreto 334/2004, de 27 de febrero, en los procedimientos selectivos de ingreso y accesos al cuerpo de profesores de Escuelas Oficiales de Idiomas convocados al amparo de la oferta de empleo pública relativa al año 2005 y hasta tanto se aprueben amb la Llei 10/2002, de 23 de desembre, de Qualitat de l’Educació, s’aplicaran els temaris que es recullen en l’Orde de 9 de setembre de 1993 (BOE de 21 de setembre), llevat del que es disposa quant a la part B d’estos en els corresponents annexos, que queda sense vigència. 3. Cos de professors de Música i Arts Escèniques 3.1. Distribució de places per especialitats i sistemes d’accés \| Codi/Especialitat \| Ingrés lliure \| \|-------------------\|--------------\| \| 6A5/Contraix \| 2 \| \| 6A6/Cor \| 2 \| \| 6B1/Fonaments de Composició \| 3 \| \| 6C2/Piano \| 8 \| \| 6C8/Tuba \| 2 \| \| 6C9/Viola \| 2 \| \| 6D1/Violí \| 3 \| \| 6D3/Dansa Espanyola \| 4 \| \| 6D4/Dansa Clàssica \| 4 \| \| 6D5/Dansa Contemporània \| 4 \| \| Total \| 34 \| Reserva de minusvàlids Accés a cossos del mateix grup i nivell de complement destinació Total - - - 2 - - - 2 1 - - 4 1 1 10 - - - 2 - - - 2 - - - 3 - - - 4 - - - 4 2 1 37 * * * * * * Código/ Especialidad Ingreso libre Reserva minusválidos Acceso a cuerpos mismo grupo y nivel de complemento destino Total 6A5/ Contrabajo 2 - 6A6/ Coro 2 - 6B1/ Fundamentos de composición 3 1 - 6C2/ Piano 8 1 1 10 6C8/ Tuba 2 - 6C9/ Viola 2 - 6D1/ Violín 3 - 6D3/ Danza Española 4 - 6D4/ Danza Clásica 4 - 6D5/ Danza Contemporánea 4 - TOTAL 34 2 1 37 3.2. Titulacions exigides Estar en possessió del títol de doctor, llicenciat, enginyer, arquitecte, o equivalent a efecte de docència. De conformitat amb l’anex VI del Reial Decret 334/2004, de 27 de febrer, són equivalents a efecte de docència les titulacions que es detallen a continuació: Per a les especialitats de Música: – Títol de Professor expediat a l’empara del Decret 2.618/1966, de 10 de setembre. – Diploma de Cantant d’Òpera expedit a l’empara del Decret 313/1970, de 29 de gener. Per a les especialitats de Dansa: – Documents acreditatius de la completa superació dels estudis oficials de Dansa expeditis de conformitat amb el que disposa el Reial Decret 600/1999, de 16 d’abril. 3.3. Temaris De conformitat amb el que preveu la disposició transitoria segona del Reial Decret 334/2004, de 27 de febrer, en els procediments selectius d’ingrés i accessos al cos de professors de Música i Arts Escèniques convocats a l’empara de l’oferta d’ocupació pública relativa a l’any 2005 i fins que s’aproven els temaris que de conformitat amb la Llei 10/2002, de 23 de desembre, de Qualitat de l’Educació, s’aplicaran els temaris que es recullen en l’Orde de 15 de febrer de 2002 (BOE de 19 de febrer), a excepció del que es disposa quant a la part B d’estos en els corresponents annexos, que queda sense vigència. 4. Cos de professors d’Arts Plàstiques i Disseny 4.1. Distribució de places per especialitats i sistemes d’accés 3.2 Titulaciones exigidas. Estar en posesión del título de Doctor, Licenciado, Ingeniero, Arquitecto o equivalente a efectos de docencia. De conformidad con el anexo VI del Real Decreto 334/2004, de 27 de febrero, son equivalentes a efectos de docencia las titulaciones que a continuación se detallan: Para las especialidades de Música: – Título de profesor expedido al amparo del Decreto 2618/1966, de 10 de septiembre. – Diploma de Cantante de Ópera, expedido al amparo del Decreto 313/1970, de 29 de enero. Para las especialidades de Danza: – Documentos acreditativos de la completa superación de los estudios oficiales de Danza expedidos de conformidad con lo dispuesto en el Real Decreto 600/1999, de 16 de abril. 3.3 Temarios. De conformidad con lo previsto en la disposición transitoria segunda del Real Decreto 334/2004, de 27 de febrero, en los procedimientos selectivos de ingreso y accesos al cuerpo de profesores de Música y Artes Escénicas convocados al amparo de la oferta de empleo pública relativa al año 2005 y hasta tanto se aprueben los temarios que de conformidad con la Ley 10/2002, de 23 de diciembre, de Calidad de la Educación, serán de aplicación los temarios que se recogen en la Orden de 15 de febrero de 2002 (BOE de 19 de febrero), a excepción de lo dispuesto en cuanto a la parte «B» de los mismos en los correspondientes anexos, que queda sin vigencia. 4. Cuerpo de Profesores de Artes Plásticas y Diseño. 4.1 Distribución de plazas por especialidades y sistemas de acceso. \| Codi/ Especialitat \| Ingrés Lliure \| Reserva Minusvàlids \| Accés a cossos Grup superior \| Total \| \|--------------------\|--------------\|---------------------\|-----------------------------\|-------\| \| 7A8/ Disseny d'Interiors \| 1 \| - \| 1 \| 2 \| \| 7B1/ Disseny Gràfic \| 4 \| 1 \| 5 \| 10 \| \| 7B4/ Fotografia \| 3 \| 1 \| 4 \| 8 \| \| 7B7/ Materials i Tecnologia: Ceràmica i Vidre \| 1 \| - \| 1 \| 2 \| \| 7B8/ Materials i Tecnologia: Disseny \| 2 \| - \| 3 \| 5 \| \| 7C0/ Mitjans Audiovisuals \| 2 \| - \| 3 \| 5 \| \| 7C1/ Mitjans Informàtics \| 3 \| 1 \| 4 \| 8 \| \| 7C2/ Organització Industrial i Legislació \| 3 \| - \| 3 \| 6 \| \| Total \| 19 \| 3 \| 24 \| 46 \| 4.2. Titulacions exigides. Estar en possessió del títol de doctor, llicenciat, arquitecte o equivalent a efecte de docència. De conformitat amb el que estableix l’annex I del Reial Decret 363/2004, de 5 de març, són equivalents a efecte de docència les titulacions que per a cada especialitat es detallen a continuació. 1. Disseny d’Interiors – Títol de Disseny, especialitat Disseny d’Interiors. 2. Disseny Gràfic – Títol de Disseny, especialitat Disseny Gràfic. En el cas que les dites titulacions s’hagen obtingut a l’estranger haurà d’haver-se concedit la corresponent homologació segons el Reial Decret 86/1987, de 16 de gener o el seu reconeixement a l’emparada del que s’ha establert per la Directiva 89/48/CEE i el Reial Decret 1.665/1.991, de 25 d’octubre. 4.3. Temaris En els procediments selectius d’ingrés i accés al cos de professors d’Arts Plàstiques i Disseny convocades a l’emparada de l’oferta pública d’ocupació relativa a l’any 2005 s’aplicaran els temaris que es recullen en l’Orde ECD/826/2004, de 22 de març (BOE núm. 78, de 31 de març). 5. Cos de professors tècnics de Formació Professional 5.1. Distribució de places per especialitats i sistemes d’accés \| Codi/Especialitat \| Ingrés lliure \| Reserva de minusvàlids \| Total \| \|--------------------\|--------------\|------------------------\|-------\| \| 334/Instal·lació i Manteniment d’Equips Tèrmics i de Fluids \| 14 \| 1 \| 15 \| \| 335/Instal·lacions Electrotècniques \| 23 \| 2 \| 25 \| \| 337/Laboratori \| 4 \| - \| 4 \| \| 338/Manteniment de Vehicles \| 14 \| 1 \| 15 \| \| 340/Mecanitzat i Manteniment de Màquines \| 19 \| 1 \| 20 \| \| 345/Operacions i Equips de Producció Agrària \| 4 \| - \| 4 \| \| 347/Perreuqueria \| 8 \| - \| 8 \| \| 348/Proc. Diagnòstic Clínic i Ortoprotètic \| 6 \| - \| 6 \| \| 349/Procediments Sanitaris i Assistencials \| 14 \| 1 \| 15 \| \| 350/Processos Comercials \| 11 \| 1 \| 12 \| \| 351/Processos de Gestió Administrativa \| 10 \| - \| 10 \| \| 352/Producció d’Arts Gràfiques \| 3 \| - \| 3 \| \| 354/Servicis a la Comunitat \| 4 \| - \| 4 \| \| 356/Sistemes i Aplicacions Informàtiques \| 14 \| 1 \| 15 \| \| 357/Soldadura \| 2 \| - \| 2 \| \| 358/Tècniques i Procediments d’Imatge i So \| 2 \| - \| 2 \| \| Total \| 152 \| 8 \| 160 \| * * * * * * * * * * * \| Código / Especialidad \| Ingreso libre \| Reserva minusválidos \| Total \| \|-----------------------------------------------------------\|---------------\|----------------------\|-------\| \| 334/ Instalación y Mantenimiento de Equipos Térmicos y de Fluidos \| 14 \| 1 \| 15 \| \| 335/ Instalaciones Electrotécnicas \| 23 \| 2 \| 25 \| \| 337/ Laboratorio \| 4 \| - \| 4 \| \| 338/ Mantenimiento de Vehículos \| 14 \| 1 \| 15 \| \| 340/ Mecanizado y Mantenimiento de Máquinas \| 19 \| 1 \| 20 \| \| 345/ Operaciones y Equipos de Producción Agraria \| 4 \| - \| 4 \| \| 347/ Peluquería \| 8 \| - \| 8 \| \| 348/ Proc. Diagnóstico Clínico y Ortoprotésico \| 6 \| - \| 6 \| \| 349/ Procedimientos Sanitarios y Asistenciales \| 14 \| 1 \| 15 \| \| 350/ Procesos Comerciales \| 11 \| 1 \| 12 \| \| 351/ Procesos de Gestión Administrativa \| 10 \| - \| 10 \| \| 352/ Producción de Artes Gráficas \| 3 \| - \| 3 \| \| 354/ Servicios a la Comunidad \| 4 \| - \| 4 \| \| 356/ Sistemas y Aplicaciones Informáticas \| 14 \| 1 \| 15 \| \| 357/ Soldadura \| 2 \| - \| 2 \| \| 358/ Técnicas y Procedimientos de Imagen y Sonido \| 2 \| - \| 2 \| \| TOTAL \| 152 \| 8 \| 160 \| 5.2 Titulacions exigides. Estar en possessió del títol de diplomat universitari, enginyer tècnic, arquitecte tècnic o equivalent a efecte de docència. De conformitat amb el que s’ha establit en l’annex V del Reial Decret 334/2004, de 27 de febrer, són equivalents a efecte de docència les titulacions que per a cada especialitat es detallen a continuació: - Manteniment de Vehicles - Tècnic Superior en Automoció. - Tècnic Especialista en Mecànica i Electricitat de l’Automòbil. - Tècnic Especialista en Manteniment de Máquines i Equip de Construcció i Obras. - Tècnic Especialista en Automoció. - Mecanitzat i Manteniment de Máquines - Tècnic Superior en Producció per Mecanitzat. - Tècnic Especialista en Muntatge i Construcció de Maquinària. - Tècnic Especialista en Micromecànica de Máquines Ferramentes. - Tècnic Especialista en Micromecànica d’Instruments. - Tècnic Especialista Instrumentalista en Sistemes de Mesura. - Tècnic Especialista Utilitges i Muntatges Mecànics. - Tècnic Especialista Mecànic d’Armes. - Tècnic Especialista en Fabricació Mecànica. - Tècnic Especialista en Màquines Ferramentes. - Tècnic Especialista en Matrius i Motles. - Tècnic Especialista en Control de Qualitat. - Tècnic Especialista en Micromecànica i Rellotgeria. - Peluqueria - Tècnic Superior en Assessoria d’Image Personal. - Tècnic Especialista en Perluqueria. - Producció d’Arts Gràfiques - Tècnic Superior en Producció en Indústries d’Arts Gràfiques. - Tècnic Especialista en Composició. - Tècnic Especialista en Enquadernació. - Tècnic Especialista en Impressió. - Tècnic Especialista en Processos Gràfics. - Tècnic Especialista en Reproducció Fotomecànica. - Tècnic Especialista en Composició d’Arts Gràfiques. - Soldadura - Tècnic Superior en Construccions Metà-líques. - Tècnic Especialista en Construccions Metà-líques i Soldador. - Tècnic Especialista en Soldadura. - Tècnic Especialista en Fabricació Soldada. - Tècnic Especialista en Caldereria en Xapa Estructural. - Tècnic Especialista en Construcció Naval. - Tècnic Especialista en Traçador Naval. Així mateix, i de conformitat amb la disposició transitorià segona del Reial Decret 777/1998, de 30 d’abril, en la seua redacció 5.2 Titulaciones exigidas. Estar en posesión del Título de Diplomado Universitario, Ingeniero Técnico, Arquitecto Técnico o equivalente a efectos de docencia. De conformidad con lo establecido en anexo V del Real Decreto 334/2004, de 27 de febrero, son equivalentes a efectos de docencia las titulaciones que a continuación se detallan para cada especialidad. 1. Mantenimiento de Vehículos: - Técnico Superior en Automoción. - Técnico Especialista en Mecánica y Electricidad del Automóvil. - Técnico Especialista en Mantenimiento de Máquinas y Equipo de Construcción y Obras. - Técnico Especialista en Automoción. 2. Mecanizado y Mantenimiento de Máquinas: - Técnico Superior en Producción por Mecanizado. - Técnico Especialista en Montaje y Construcción de Maquinaria. - Técnico Especialista en Micromecánica de Máquinas Herramientas. - Técnico Especialista en Micromecánica de Instrumentos. - Técnico Especialista Instrumentista en Sistemas de Medida. - Técnico Especialista en Utillajes y Montajes Mecánicos. - Técnico Especialista Mecánico de Armas. - Técnico Especialista en Fabricación Mecánica. - Técnico Especialista en Máquinas-herramientas. - Técnico Especialista en Matricería y Moldes. - Técnico Especialista en Control de Calidad. - Técnico Especialista en Micromecánica y Relojería. 3. Peluquería: - Técnico Superior en Asesoría de Imagen Personal. - Técnico Especialista en Peluquería. 4. Producción de Artes Gráficas: - Técnico Superior en Producción en Industrias de Artes Gráficas. - Técnico Especialista en Composición. - Técnico Especialista en Impresión. - Técnico Especialista en Procesos Gráficos. - Técnico Especialista en Reproducción Fotomecánica. - Técnico Especialista en Composición de Artes Gráficas. 5. Soldadura: - Técnico Superior en Construcciones Metálicas. - Técnico Especialista en Construcciones Metálicas y Soldador. - Técnico Especialista en Soldadura. - Técnico Especialista en Fabricación Soldada. - Técnico Especialista en Calderería en Chapa Estructural. - Técnico Especialista en Construcción Naval. - Técnico Especialista en Trazador Naval. Asimismo, y de conformidad con la disposición transitoria segunda del Real Decreto 777/1998, de 30 de abril, en su redacción donada pel Reial Decret 334/2004, de 27 de febrer, són equivalents a efecte de docència, únicament durant les quatre primeres convocatòries de cada especialitat, per a l’ingrés en el cos de professors tècnics de Formació Professional, els títols de Tècnic Especialista i de Tècnic Superior en una especialitat de Formació Professional que pertanga a la família professional corresponent, sempre que acredite, a més, una experiència docent de, com a mínim, dos anys en centres educatius públics dependents de la Conselleria de Cultura, Educació i Esport, llevat de les especialitats de Manteniment de Vehicles, Mecanitzat i Manteniment de Maquinàries, Operacions i Equips de Producció Agrària, Producció d’Arts Gràfiques i Instal·lacions i Manteniment d’Equips Tèrmics i de Fluids en les quals ja s’han esgotat quatre convocatòries en cadascuna d’estes. En el cas que dites titulacions s’hagen obtingut a l’estranger, haurà d’haver-se concedit la corresponent homologació segons el Reial Decret 86/1987, de 16 de gener, o el seu reconeixement a l’empara del que s’ha establit per la Directiva 89/48/CEE i el Reial Decret 1.665/1991, de 25 d’octubre. 5.3. Temaris De conformitat amb el que preveu la disposició transitoria segona del Reial Decret 334/2004, de 27 de febrer, en els procediments selectius d’ingrés i accessos al cos de professors tècnics de Formació Professional convocats a l’empara de l’oferta d’ocupació pública relativa a l’any 2005 i fins que s’aprovien els temaris que de conformitat amb la Llei 10/2002, de 23 de desembre, de Qualitat de l’Educació, s’aplicaran els temaris que es recullen en l’Orde d’1 de febrer de 1996 (BOE de 13 de febrer), a excepció del que es disposa quant a la part B d’estos en els corresponents annexos, que queda sense vigència. TÍTOL II Convocatòria de procediment per a l’adquisició de noves especialitats Es convoca procediment perquè els funcionaris de carrera del cos de professors d’Ensenyament Secundari, professors d’escoles oficials d’Idiomes, professors de Música i Arts Escèniques, professors d’Arts Plàstiques i Disseny i professors tècnics de Formació Professional directament dependents de la Conselleria de Cultura, Educació i Esport puguin adquirir, d’acord amb el títol V del Reial Decret 334/2004, de 27 de febrer, una nova especialitat dins el cos al qual pertanyen de conformitat amb el que s’ha establit en les bases següents: 15. Normes generals 15.1. Les especialitats que podran adquirir-se mitjançant este procediment seran les mateixes que les convocades per a estos cosos pel procediment d’ingrés lliure. 15.2. A este procediment, en tot el que no s’haja previst en esta convocatòria, se li aplicarà allò que s’ha disposat en la convocatòria de procediments selectius d’ingrés i accés que conjuntament es porta a terme per esta orde. 15.3. El nombre de sol·licituds per especialitat condicionarà el nombre de tribunals, i també els seus llocs d’actuació. 16. Sistema d’habilitació Conformament al que estableix l’article 46 del Reial Decret 334/2004, de 27 de febrer, el sistema d’habilitació consistirà en la realització d’una prova, que constarà de l’exposició oral d’un tema de l’especialitat a què s’opta, elegit pel candidat d’entre quatre extrets a l’atzar dels que componen el temari. L’exposició tindrà dos parts, la primera part versarà sobre els aspectes científics del tema. En la segona, l’opositor haurà de fer referència a la relació del tema amb el currículum oficial actualment vigent en la Comunitat Valenciana i en desenvoluparà un aspecte didàctic, aplicat a un determinat nivell prèviament establert per ell. Acabada l’exposició, el tribunal podrà realitzar un debat amb el candidat sobre el contingut de la seua intervenció. dada por el Real Decreto 334/2004, de 27 de febrero, son equivalentes a efectos de docencia, únicamente durante las cuatro primeras convocatorias de cada especialidad, para el ingreso en el cuerpo de profesores técnicos de Formación Profesional, los títulos de Técnico Especialista y de Técnico Superior en una especialidad de formación profesional que pertenezca a la familia profesional correspondiente, siempre y cuando acrediten, además, una experiencia docente de, al menos, dos años en centros educativos públicos dependientes de la Consellería de Cultura, Educación y Deporte, salvo por las especialidades de: Mantenimiento de Vehículos, Mecanizado y Mantenimiento de Máquinas, Operaciones y Equipos de Producción Agraria, Producción de Artes Gráficas e Instalaciones y Mantenimiento de Equipos Térmicos y de Fluidos, en las que ya se han agotado cuatro convocatorias en cada una de ellas. En el caso de que dichas titulaciones se hayan obtenido en el extranjero deberá haberse concedido la correspondiente homologación según el Real Decreto 86/1987, de 16 de enero o su reconocimiento al amparo de lo establecido por la Directiva 89/48/CEE y el Real Decreto 1665/1991, de 25 de octubre. 5.3. Temarios. De conformidad con lo previsto en la disposición transitoria segunda del Real Decreto 334/2004, de 27 de febrero, en los procedimientos selectivos de ingreso y accesos al cuerpo de profesores técnicos de Formación Profesional convocados al amparo de la oferta de empleo pública relativa al año 2005 y hasta tanto se aprueben los temarios que de conformidad con la Ley 10/2002, de 23 de diciembre, de Calidad de la Educación, serán de aplicación los temarios que se recogen en la Orden de 1 de febrero de 1996 (BOE de 13 de febrero), a excepción de lo dispuesto en cuanto a la parte «B» de los mismos en los correspondientes anexos, que queda sin vigencia. TÍTULO II Convocatoria de procedimiento para la adquisición de nuevas especialidades Se convoca procedimiento para que los funcionarios de carrera de los cuerpos de profesores de Enseñanza Secundaria, Profesores de Escuelas Oficiales de Idiomas, Profesores de Música y Artes Escénicas, Profesores de Artes Plásticas y Diseño y Profesores Técnicos de Formación Profesional directamente dependientes de la Conselleria de Cultura, Educación y Deporte, puedan adquirir, de acuerdo con el Título V del Real Decreto 334/2004, de 27 de febrero, una nueva especialidad, dentro del cuerpo al que pertenecen de conformidad con lo establecido en las siguientes bases: 15. Normas Generales. 15.1. Las especialidades que podrán adquirirse mediante este procedimiento serán las mismas que las convocadas para estos cuerpos por el procedimiento de ingreso libre. 15.2. A este procedimiento, en lo no previsto en esta convocatoria, se le será de aplicación lo dispuesto en la convocatoria de procedimientos selectivos de ingreso y acceso que, conjuntamente se lleva a cabo por esta orden. 15.3. El número de solicitudes por especialidad condicionará el de tribunales, así como los lugares de actuación de los mismos. 16. Sistema de habilitación. Conforme a lo establecido en el artículo 46 del Real Decreto 334/2004, de 27 de febrero, el sistema de habilitación consistirá en la realización de una prueba, la cual constará de la exposición oral de un tema de la especialidad a la que se opta, elegido por el candidato de entre cuatro extraídos al azar de los que componen el temario. La exposición tendrá dos partes, la primera de ellas versará sobre los aspectos científicos del tema. En la segunda el opositor deberá hacer referencia a la relación del tema con el currículo oficial actualmente vigente en la Comunidad Valenciana y desarrollará un aspecto didáctico del mismo aplicado a un determinado nivel previamente establecido por él. Finalizada la exposición, el tribunal podrá realizar un debate con el candidato sobre el contenido de su intervención. L'exposició i debat referits en el paràgraf anterior, que seran públics, tindran una durada màxima, respectivament, d'una hora i de trenta minuts. L'aspirant disposarà, almenys, de dos hores per a la seua preparació, podent-hi utilitzar el material que estime oportú. Per a totes les especialitats del cos de professors de Música i Arts Escèniques, la prova incorporarà continguts de caràcter pràctic, que s'ajustaran al que disposa l'annex VI. 17. Requisits dels candidats Per a ser admès al procediment d'habilitació, l'aspirant haurà de reunir els requisits següents: a) Ser funcionari de carrera del cos de professors d'Ensenyament Secundari, del cos de professors d'escoles oficials d'Idiomes, del cos de professors de Música i Arts Escèniques, del cos de professors d'Arts Plàstiques i Disseny o del cos de professors tècnics de Formació Professional amb destinació en l'àmbit de gestió de la Conselleria de Cultura, Educació i Esport. En el cas de funcionaris en situació d'excedència voluntària i dels adscrits en places a l'exterior o analògics, el compliment d'este requisit s'entendrà referit a l'últim centre de destinació immediatament anterior. b) Poseir el nivell de titulació i els altres requisits que s'exigixen per a l'ingrés lliure en l'especialitat que s'hi pretenga adquirir, llevat de l'acreditació dels idiomes oficials de la Comunitat Valenciana. Estos requisits hauran de posseir-se en el dia d'acabament del termini de presentació de sol·licituds. 18. Sol·licituds 18.1. Forma. Els qui desitgen prendre part en este procediment hauran de fer-ho constar en instància, conforme al model oficial, que els serà facilitada gratuïtament en les direccions territorials de Cultura, Educació i Esport de la Generalitat Valenciana, i que també podrà ser impresa mitjançant la pàgina d'Internet de la Conselleria de Cultura, Educació i Esport (http://www.cult.gva.es/dgp). Esta sol·licitud tindrà assignat un número de referència identificador que serà diferent en cadascuna d'elles, per la qual cosa haurà de ser necessàriament un exemplar original (amb dos fulls autocopiators) o bé un joc de tres còpies impreses mitjançant Internet, de manera que no se'n podran fer fotocòpies, atès que cada sol·licitud ha de tindre un número de referència diferenciati. En omplir la dita sol·licitud és farà constar en els requadres corresponents de la instància el cos al qual pertanyen i el codi i nom de l'especialitat per la qual s'hi desitja participar. Així mateix, hauran de marcar amb una X el requadre que apareix en el subapartat 5 de l'apartat 1.5 de la instància. No es podrà presentar més d'una instància llevat que s'opte a més d'una especialitat. En este cas, s'haurà de presentar una sol·licitud per cadascuna de les especialitats per les quals hi participe. 18.2. Les sol·licituds es dirigiran al director general de Personal Docent de la Conselleria de Cultura, Educació i Esport i es presentaran preferentment en les direccions territorials de Cultura, Educació i Esport d'Alacant, Castelló o València o bé als llocs i en la forma que determina l'article 38.4 de la Llei 30/1992, de 26 de novembre, de Règim Jurídic de les Administracions Públiques i del Procediment Administratiu Comú, en la redacció donada per la Llei 4/1999, de 13 de gener, en relació amb el que disposa l'article 1 del Decret 130/1998, de 8 de setembre, del Govern Valencian. En el cas que s'opte per presentar la sol·licitud davant d'una oficina de Correus, es farà sobre obert perquè la instància siga datada i segellada pel funcionari de Correus abans de ser certificada. Si no es realitza d'esta manera, es considerarà presentada en la data d'entrada en qualsevol dels llocs establits en el paràgraf anterior. Les sol·licituds subscriertes pels espanyols a l'estranger podran cursar-se, en el termini assenyalat en l'apartat 18.3 de la present base, a través de les representacions diplomàtiques o consulars espanyoles corresponents, que les remetran seguidament a l'organisme competent. La exposición y debate referidos en el párrafo anterior, que serán públicos, tendrán una duración máxima, respectivamente, de una hora y de treinta minutos. El aspirante dispondrá, al menos, de dos horas para su preparación, pudiendo utilizar en ella el material que estime oportuno. Para todas las especialidades del cuerpo de profesores de Música y Artes Escénicas, la prueba incorporará contenidos de carácter práctico, que se ajustarán a lo dispuesto en el anexo VI. 17. Requisitos de los candidatos. Para ser admitido al procedimiento de habilitación, los aspirantes deberán reunir los siguientes requisitos: a) Ser funcionario de carrera del cuerpo de profesores de Enseñanza Secundaria, del cuerpo de profesores de Escuelas Oficiales de Idiomas, del cuerpo de profesores de Música y Artes Escénicas, del cuerpo de profesores de Artes Plásticas y Diseño o del cuerpo de profesores técnicos de Formación Profesional con destino en el ámbito de gestión de la Consellería de Cultura, Educación y Deporte. En el caso de funcionarios en situación de excedencia voluntaria, y de los adscritos a plazas en el exterior o análogos, el cumplimiento de este requisito se entenderá referido al último centro de destino inmediatamente anterior. b) Poseer el nivel de titulación y los demás requisitos que se exigen para el ingreso libre en la especialidad que se pretenda adquirir, a excepción de la acreditación de los idiomas oficiales de la Comunidad Valenciana. Estos requisitos deberán poseerse en el día de finalización del plazo de presentación de solicitudes. 18. Solicitudes: 18.1 Forma. Quienes deseen tomar parte en este procedimiento deberán hacerlo constar en instancia, conforme a modelo oficial, que les será facilitada gratuitamente en las Direcciones Territoriales de Cultura, Educación y Deporte de la Generalitat Valenciana y que también podrá ser impresa a través de la página de Internet de la Consellería de Cultura, Educación y Deporte (http://www.cult.gva.es/dgp). Esta solicitud tendrá asignado un número de referencia identificativo que será diferente en cada una de ellas por lo que deberá ser necesariamente un ejemplar original (con dos hojas autocopiativas) o bien un juego de tres copias impresas a través de Internet, de manera que no se podrán hacer fotocopias, ya que cada solicitud ha de tener un número de referencia diferenciado. Al cumplimentar dicha solicitud harán constar en los recuadros correspondientes de la instancia el cuerpo al que pertenecen y el código y nombre de la especialidad por la que desean participar. Así mismo deberán marcar con una "X" el recuadro que aparece en el subapartado 5 del apartado 1.5 de la instancia. No podrá presentarse más de una instancia a no ser que se opte a más de una especialidad. En este caso deberán presentar una solicitud por cada una de las especialidades por las que participen. 18.2. Las solicitudes se dirigirán al director general de Personal Docente de la Conselleria de Cultura, Educación y Deporte y se presentarán preferentemente en las Direcciones Territoriales de Cultura, Educación y Deporte de Alicante, Castellón y Valencia, o bien en los lugares y en la forma que determina el artículo 38.4 de la Ley 30/1992, de 26 de noviembre, de Régimen Jurídico de las Administraciones Públicas y del Procedimiento Administrativo Común en su redacción dada por la Ley 4/1999, de 13 de enero, en relación con lo dispuesto en el artículo 1 del Decreto 130/1998 de 8 de septiembre del Gobierno Valenciano. En el caso de que se optara por presentar la solicitud ante una oficina de Correos, se hará en sobre abierto para que la instancia sea fechada y sellada por el funcionario de correos antes de ser certificada. De no hacerse de esta manera se considerará presentada en la fecha de entrada en cualquiera de los lugares establecidos en el párrafo anterior. Las solicitudes suscritas por los españoles en el extranjero podrán cursarse, en el plazo señalado en el apartado 18.3 de la presente base, a través de las representaciones diplomáticas o consulares españolas correspondientes, quienes las remitirán seguidamente al organismo competente. Els interessats adjuntaran a la sol·licitud fotocòpia del document nacional d’identitat. 18.3. El termini de presentació de sol·licituds serà de vint dies naturals, comptats a partir de l’endemà de la publicació d’esta convocatòria en el Diari Oficial de la Generalitat Valenciana. 18.4. Els aspirants que participen en este procediment no abonaran cap quantitat pel drets d’examen. 19. Admissió d’aspirants A este respecte, és d’aplicació en esta convocatòria d’adquisició de noves especialitats la base 4 de la convocatòria de procediments selectius d’ingrés i d’accés que, conjuntament, es duu a terme per la present orde. 20. Tribunals 20.1. Els tribunals per a este procediment seran els mateixos que actuen en els procediments regulats en el títol I. 20.2. Correspon als tribunals: a) La valoració dels coneixements propis i específics de l’àmbit cultural, científic o artístic de l’especialitat a què fa referència l’article 46 del Reial Decret 334/2004, de 27 de febrer. b) L’elaboració de les llistes dels aspirants que han sigut declarats aptes. c) L’elevació de les llistes a què fa referència el paràgraf anterior a l’òrgan convocant. En el desenvolupament del procediment, els tribunals han de resoldre tots els dubtes que hi puguin sorgir en aplicació d’estes normes, i també el que s’ha de fer en els casos no prevists. 21. Començament i desenvolupament de les proves El començament i el desenvolupament de les proves es realitzarà de conformitat amb el que disposa la base 6 de la convocatòria de procediments selectius d’ingrés i d’accés. 22. Qualificació 22.1. Valoració de la prova. Els tribunals valoraran la prova com a apte o no apte, i obtindran la nova o noves especialitats únicament els aspirants qualificats com a aptes. 22.2. Finalitzada la prova, els tribunals faran pública, als taulells d’anunci dels locals on actuen, la llista d’aspirants que han obtingut la qualificació d’aptes i, així mateix, elevaran una còpia d’esta a l’òrgan convocant que també la farà pública als taulells d’anunci de les direccions territorials de Cultura, Educació i Esport i en la Conselleria de Cultura, Educació i Esport. 22.3. Una vegada comprovat que els aspirants que han obtingut la qualificació d’apte reuneixen els requisits exigits en la base 17 d’esta convocatòria, la Direcció General de Personal Docent publicarà en el Diari Oficial de la Generalitat Valenciana la resolució amb les llistes úniques d’aspirants que han aconseguit una nova especialitat. Contra dita resolució, que posa fi a la via administrativa, d’acord amb el que preceptua l’article 109 de la Llei 30/1992, de 26 de novembre, en la redacció donada per la Llei 4/1999, de 13 de gener, en relació amb la disposició final segona de la Llei 5/1983, de 30 de desembre, del Govern Valencià, i la disposició addicional 15 de la Llei 6/1997, de 14 d’abril, podrà interposar-se amb caràcter potestatiu recurs de reposició davant la Direcció General de Personal Docent en el termini d’un mes comptat des de l’endemà de la seua publicació o interposar directament recurs contencios administratiu davant el Tribunal Superior de Justícia de la Comunitat Valenciana en el termini de dos mesos a comptar des de l’endemà de la seua publicació. Publicada la llista esmentada, les direccions territorials de Cultura, Educació i Esport expediran als interessats la credencial d’habilitació. Normes finals 1. D’acord amb el que disposa l’article 44 de la Llei 30/1992, de 26 de novembre, de Règim Jurídic de les Administracions Públiques i del Procediment Administratiu Comú, en la redacció donada El interesado adjuntará a la solicitud fotocopia del documento nacional de identidad. 18.3. El plazo de presentación de solicitudes será de veinte días naturales, contados a partir del siguiente al de la publicación de esta convocatoria en el Diari Oficial de la Generalitat Valenciana. 18.4 Los aspirantes que participen en este procedimiento no abonarán ninguna cantidad por los derechos de examen. 19. Admisión de aspirantes. A este respecto es de aplicación a esta convocatoria de adquisición de nuevas especialidades la base 4 de la convocatoria de procedimientos selectivos de ingreso y de acceso que, conjuntamente, se lleva a cabo por la presente orden. 20. Tribunales. 20.1 Los tribunales para este procedimiento serán los mismos que actúen en los procedimientos regulados en el Título I. 20.2 Corresponde a los tribunales: a) La valoración de los conocimientos propios y específicos del ámbito cultural, científico o artístico de la especialidad a que se refiere el artículo 46 del Real Decreto 334/2004, de 27 de febrero. b) La elaboración de las listas de los aspirantes que han sido declarados aptos. c) La elevación de las listas a que se refiere el párrafo anterior al órgano convocante. En el desarrollo del procedimiento, los tribunales resolverán todas las dudas que pudieran surgir en aplicación de estas normas, así como lo que debe hacerse en los casos no previstos. 21. Comienzo y desarrollo de las pruebas. El comienzo y desarrollo de las pruebas se realizará de conformidad con lo dispuesto en la base 6 de la convocatoria de procedimientos selectivos de ingreso y acceso. 22. Calificación 22.1 Valoración de la prueba. Los tribunales valorarán la prueba como apto o no apto, y obtendrán la nueva o nuevas especialidades únicamente los aspirantes calificados como aptos. 22.2 Finalizada la prueba, los tribunales harán pública, en los tablones de anuncios de los locales donde actúen la lista de aspirantes que han obtenido la calificación de aptos y, asimismo, elevarán una copia de la misma al órgano convocante que también la hará pública en los tablones de anuncios de las Direcciones Territoriales de Cultura, Educación y Deporte y en la Consellería de Cultura, Educación y Deporte. 22.3 Una vez comprobado que los aspirantes que han obtenido la calificación de apto reúnen los requisitos exigidos en la base 17 de esta convocatoria, la Dirección General de Personal Docente publicará en el Diari Oficial de la Generalitat Valenciana la resolución con las listas únicas de aspirantes que han alcanzado una nueva especialidad. Contra dicha resolución, que pone fin a la vía administrativa, de acuerdo con lo preceptuado en el artículo 109, de la Ley 30/1992, de 26 de noviembre, en su redacción dada por la Ley 4/1999, de 13 de enero, en relación con la disposición final segunda de la Ley 5/1983, de 30 de diciembre del Gobierno Valenciano y la disposición adicional decimoquinta de la Ley 6/1997, de 14 de abril, podrá interponerse con carácter potestativo recurso de reposición ante la Dirección General de Personal Docente en el plazo de un mes contado desde el día siguiente al de su publicación o interponer directamente recurso contencioso administrativo ante el Tribunal Superior de Justicia de la Comunidad Valenciana, en el plazo de dos meses contados a partir del día siguiente al de su publicación. Publicada la citada lista, las Direcciones Territoriales de Cultura, Educación y Deporte expedirán a los interesados la credencial de habilitación. Normas finales 1. De acuerdo con lo dispuesto en el artículo 44 de la Ley 30/1992, de 26 de noviembre de Régimen Jurídico de las Administraciones Públicas y del Procedimiento Administrativo Común en per la Llei 4/1999, de 13 de gener, la falta de resolució expressa a les sol·licituds o reclamacions regulades en esta orde tindrà efectes desestimatoris de la sol·licitud o reclamació. 2. De conformitat amb el que estableixen els articles 107, 116 i 117 de la Llei 30/1992, de 26 de novembre, de Règim Jurídic de les Administracions Públiques i del Procediment Administratiu Comú, i els articles 10, 14 i 46 de la Llei Reguladora de la Jurisdicció Contenciosa Administrativa, contra la present orde, que posa fi a la via administrativa, podrà ser recorreguda potestativament en reposició davant el conseller de Cultura, Educació i Esport en el termini d’un mes a comptar des de l’endemà de la publicació en el Diari Oficial de la Generalitat Valenciana, o bé, cabrà plantejar directament recurs contenciós administratiu davant el Tribunal Superior de Justícia de la Comunitat Valenciana en el termini de dos mesos a comptar des de l’endemà de la seua publicació. València, 14 d’abril de 2005 El conseller de Cultura, Educació i Esport ALEJANDRO FONT DE MORA TURÓN ANNEX I BAREM PER A LA VALORACIÓ DE MÉRITS PER A L’INGRÉS EN ELS COSSOS DE PROFESSORS D’ENSENYAMENT SECUNDARI, PROFESSORS D’ESCOLES OFICIALS D’IDIOMES, PROFESSORS DE MÚSICA I ARTS ESCÈNIQUES, PROFESSORS D’ARTS PLÀSTIQUES I DISENY I PROFESSORS TÈCNICS DE FORMACIÓ PROFESSIONAL, PELS PROCEDIMENTS D’INGRÉS LLIURE I DE RESERVA DE MINUSVÀLIDS. Els aspirants no podran aconseguir més de 10 punts per la valoració dels seus mérits. 1. Experiència docent prèvia (fins a un màxim de cinc punts) 1.1. Per cada any d’experiència docent en especialitats del cos a què opta l’aspirant en centres públics: 1.000 punt. Per cada mes 0,0833 punts. Documentació acreditativa: full de servisics certificat per la direcció territorial de Cultura, Educació i Esport o òrgan competent del Ministeri d’Educació i Ciència o d’una altra administració educativa o, si hi manca, certificat del secretari del centre amb el vistiplau del director, on conste la presa de possessió i cessament. 1.2. Per cada any d’experiència docent en especialitats de distints cossos a què opta l’aspirant en centres públics: 0,500 punts. Per cada mes 0,0416 punts. Documentació acreditativa: full de servisics certificat per la direcció territorial de Cultura, Educació i Esport o òrgan competent del Ministeri d’Educació i Ciència o d’una altra administració educativa o, si hi manca, certificat del secretari del centre amb el vistiplau del director, on conste la presa de possessió i cessament. 1.3. Per cada any d’experiència docent en especialitats del mateix nivell educatiu que l’impartit pel cos a què opta l’aspirant en altres centres: 0,500 punts. Per cada mes 0,0416 punts. Documentació acreditativa: Certificat del director amb el vistiplau del Servici d’Inspecció Educativa, on conste la durada real dels servisics. 1.4. Per cada any d’experiència docent en especialitats de distint nivell educatiu que l’impartit pel cos a què opta l’aspirant en altres centres: 0,250 punts. Per cada mes 0,0208 punts. Documentació acreditativa: Certificat del director amb el vistiplau del Servici d’Inspecció Educativa, on conste la durada real dels servisics. Per este apartat I només es tindrà en compte un màxim de cinc anys, cadascun dels quals haurà de ser valorat en un sol dels apar- su redacción dada por la Ley 4/1999, la falta de resolución expresa a las solicitudes o reclamaciones reguladas en esta orden tendrá efectos desestimatorios de la solicitud o reclamación. 2. De conformidad con lo establecido en los artículos 107, 116 y 117 de la Ley 30/1992, de 26 de noviembre, de Régimen Jurídico de las Administraciones Públicas y del Procedimiento Administrativo Común, y 10, 14 y 46 de la Ley Reguladora de la Jurisdicción Contencioso Administrativa, la presente orden, que pone fin a la vía administrativa, podrá ser recurrida potestativamente en reposición ante el conseller de Cultura, Educación y Deporte en el plazo de un mes a contar desde el día siguiente al de su publicación en el Diari Oficial de la Generalitat Valenciana o bien cabrá plantear directamente recurso contencioso administrativo ante el Tribunal Superior de Justicia de la Comunidad Valenciana en el plazo de dos meses a contar desde el día siguiente al de su publicación. Valencia, 14 de abril de 2005 El conseller de Cultura, Educación y Deporte, ALEJANDRO FONT DE MORA TURÓN ANEXO I BAREMO PARA LA VALORACIÓN DE MÉRITOS PARA INGRESO EN LOS CUERPOS DE PROFESORES DE ENSEÑANZA SECUNDARIA, PROFESORES DE ESCUELAS OFICIALES DE IDIOMAS, PROFESORES DE MÚSICA Y ARTES ESCÉNICAS, PROFESORES DE ARTES PLÁSTICAS Y DISEÑO Y PROFESORES TÉCNICOS DE FORMACIÓN PROFESIONAL, POR LOS PROCEDIMIENTOS DE INGRESO LIBRE Y DE RESERVA DE MINUSVÁLIDOS. Los aspirantes no podrán alcanzar más de 10 puntos por la valoración de sus méritos. 1. Experiencia docente previa (Hasta un máximo de cinco puntos). 1.1 Por cada año de experiencia docente en especialidades del cuerpo al que opta el aspirante, en centros públicos: 1.000 punto Por cada mes: 0,0833 puntos Documentación acreditativa: Hoja de servicios certificada por la Dirección Territorial de Cultura, Educación y Deporte u órgano competente del Ministerio de Educación y Ciencia o de otra administración educativa o, en su defecto, certificado del Secretario del Centro con el visto bueno del director, haciendo constar toma de posesión y cese. 1.2 Por cada año de experiencia docente en especialidades de distintos cuerpos al que opta el aspirante en centros públicos: 0,500 puntos Por cada mes: 0,0416 puntos Documentación acreditativa: Hoja de servicios certificada por la Dirección Territorial de Cultura, Educación y Deporte u órgano competente del Ministerio de Educación y Ciencia o de otra administración educativa o, en su defecto, certificado del Secretario del Centro con el visto bueno del director, haciendo constar toma de posesión y cese. 1.3 Por cada año de experiencia docente en especialidades del mismo nivel educativo que el impartido por el cuerpo al que opta el aspirante, en otros centros: 0,500 puntos Por cada mes: 0,0416 puntos Documentación acreditativa: Certificado del director con el visto bueno del Servicio de Inspección Educativa, haciendo constar la duración real de los servicios. 1.4 Por cada año de experiencia docente en especialidades de distinto nivel educativo que el impartido por el cuerpo al que opta el aspirante, en otros centros: 0,250 puntos Por cada mes: 0,0208 puntos Documentación acreditativa: Certificado del director con el visto bueno del Servicio de Inspección Educativa, haciendo constar la duración real de los servicios. Por este apartado I sólo se tendrá en cuenta un máximo de cinco años, cada uno de los cuales deberá ser valorado en uno sólo de los tats anteriors. Així mateix, no s’hi podrà acumular les puntuacions corresponents als apartats anteriors quan els serveis s’hagen prestat simultàniament en més d’un centre docent. En el cas de centres que no estiguin actualment en funcionament, l’experiència docent podrà justificar-se, en defecte del certificat del director, amb el vistiplau del Servici d’Inspecció Educativa, mitjançant certificat expedit pel dit servici, de conformitat amb les dades que existissin en la dita unitat. Només es valoraran els serveis prestats en els ensenyaments que correspon impartir als cossos regulats en la LOQE. Els serveis prestats a l’estranger s’acreditaran mitjançant certificats expeditis pels ministeris d’educació dels països respectius, en els quals haurà de constar el temps de prestació de serveis i el caràcter del centre, públic o privat, el nivell educatiu i la matèria impartida. Els serveis prestats a l’estranger es valoraran pel subapartat que corresponga segons les dades que continga el certificat. Els dits certificats hauran de presentar-se traduïts a alguna de les llengües oficials de la Comunitat Valenciana. S’entén per centres públics els centres integrats en la xarxa pública de centres creats i sostenuts per les administracions educatives. II. Formació acadèmica (fins a un màxim de cinc punts) 2.1. Expedient acadèmic en el títol al-legat (fins a un màxim d’un punt i mig) Per este apartat es valorarà exclusivament, de la manera que s’indica a continuació, la nota mitjana que s’obtinga de l’expedient acadèmic del títol al-legat sempre que es corresponga amb el nivell de titulació exigit amb caràcter general per a l’ingrés en el cos (doctor, llicenciat, enginyer o arquitecte per a cossos docents de grup A, o diplomat universitari, enginyer tècnic o arquitecte tècnic per a cossos docents de grup B). - Des de 5,01 fins a 5,99: 0,500 punts - Des de 6 fins a 7,5: 1,000 punt - Des de 7,51 fins a 10: 1,500 punts El càlcul de la nota mitjana es realitzarà sumant les puntuacions de totes les assignatures i dividint el resultat pel nombre d’assignatures. Per a l’obtenció de la nota mitjana en els casos que no figure l’expressió numèrica concreta s’aplicaran les equivalències següents: - Aprovat: 5,000 - Bé: 6,000 - Notable: 7,000 - Excel·lent: 9,000 - Matrícula d’honor: 10,000 Si el certificat acadèmic conté alguna qualificació donada, al seu torn, en forma literal i numèrica, haurà d’utilitzar-se per al càlcul de la mitjana l’expressió numèrica de la dita qualificació. Les qualificacions que no apareguen en el certificat acadèmic, ni en forma literal ni en forma numèrica per constar com a aptes o convalidades, seran qualificades amb 5 punts. En cap cas s’adoptarà com a puntuació mitjana de l’expedient acadèmic la nota mitjana d’este si apareguera en el certificat, tant si ve donada en forma numèrica com en forma literal, així com tampoc es tindran en compte per a la seua obtenció les qualificacions corresponents a projectes final de carrera, tesines o qualificacions anàlogues, ni els crèdits obtinguts per activitats formatives no integrades en el pla d’estudis. Documentació acreditativa: El candidat haurà de remetre certificat acadèmic personal, original o fotocòpia compulsada/confrontada, en què consten les puntuacions corresponents a totes les assignatures i cursos exigits per a l’obtenció del títol al-legat. A este efecte, els aspirants el títol dels quals haja sigut obtingut a l’estranger hauran d’aportar certificat expedit per l’administració educativa del país en què es va obtenir on s’indique la nota mitjana deduïda de les qualificacions obtingudes en tota la carrera i expresse, a més, la qualificació màxima que pot obindre’s d’acord amb el sistema acadèmic correspondent, a l’efecte de determinar la seua equivalència amb les qualificacions espanyoles. Asimismo no podrá acumularse las puntuaciones correspondientes a los apartados anteriores cuando los servicios se hayan prestado simultáneamente en más de un centro docente. En el caso de centros que no estén actualmente en funcionamiento, la experiencia docente podrá justificarse, en defecto del certificado del director, con el visto bueno del Servicio de Inspección Educativa, mediante certificado expedido por dicho Servicio de Inspección, de conformidad con los datos que existan en dicha unidad. Solamente se valorarán los servicios prestados en las enseñanzas que corresponde impartir a los Cuerpos regulados en la LOCE. Los servicios prestados en el extranjero se acreditarán mediante certificados expedidos por los Ministerios de Educación de los respectivos países, en los que deberá constar el tiempo de prestación de servicios y el carácter del centro, público o privado, el nivel educativo y la materia impartida. Los servicios prestados en el extranjero se valorarán por el subapartado que corresponda según los datos que contenga el certificado. Dichos certificados deberán presentarse traducidos a alguna de las lenguas oficiales de la Comunidad Valenciana. Se entiende por centros públicos los centros integrados en la red pública de centros creados y sostenidos por las administraciones educativas. II. Formación académica (Hasta un máximo de cinco puntos). 2.1. Expediente académico en el título alegado. (Hasta un máximo de 1,5000 puntos). Por este apartado se valorará exclusivamente, del modo que a continuación se indica, la nota media que se obtenga del expediente académico del título alegado siempre que se corresponda con el nivel de titulación exigido con carácter general para ingreso en el cuerpo (Doctor, Licenciado, Ingeniero o Arquitecto para cuerpos docentes de grupo A, o Diplomado Universitario, Ingeniero Técnico y Arquitecto Técnico para cuerpos docentes de grupo B). - Desde 5,01 a 5,99: 0,500 puntos. - Desde 6 a 7,5: 1,000 puntos. - Desde 7,51 a 10: 1,500 puntos. El cálculo de la nota media se efectuará sumando las puntuaciones de todas las asignaturas y dividiendo el resultado por el número de asignaturas. Para la obtención de la nota media en los casos en los que no figure la expresión numérica concreta se aplicarán las siguientes equivalencias: - Aprobado: 5,000 - Bien: 6,000 - Notable: 7,000 - Sobresaliente: 9,000 - Matricula de honor: 10,000 Si el certificado académico contiene alguna calificación dada, a su vez, en forma literal y numérica, deberá utilizarse para el cálculo de la media la expresión numérica de dicha calificación. Aquellas calificaciones que no aparezcan en el certificado académico, ni en forma literal ni en forma numérica por constar como apto o convalidadas, serán calificadas con 5 puntos. En ningún caso, se adoptará como puntuación media del expediente académico la nota media de este si apareciera en el certificado, tanto si viene dada en forma numérica como en forma literal, así como tampoco se tendrán en cuenta para su obtención las calificaciones correspondientes a proyectos final de carrera, tesinas o calificaciones análogas, ni los créditos obtenidos por actividades formativas no integradas en el plan de estudios. Documentación acreditativa: El candidato deberá remitir certificación académica personal, original o fotocopia compulsada/cotejada, en la que consten las puntuaciones correspondientes a todas las asignaturas y cursos exigidos para la obtención del título alegado. A estos efectos, los aspirantes cuyo título haya sido obtenido en el extranjero deberán aportar certificación expedida por la administración educativa del país en que se obtuvo donde se indique la nota media deducida de las calificaciones obtenidas en toda la carrera y exprese además la calificación máxima obtenible de acuerdo con el sistema académico correspondiente, a efectos de determinar su equivalencia con las calificaciones españolas. 2.2. Doctorat i premis extraordinaris 2.2.1. Per posseir el títol de doctor: 1,000 punt. Documentació acreditativa: Certificat acadèmic o fotocòpia compulsada/confrontada del títol de doctor o certificat de pagament de drets d’expedició (Orde de 8 de juliol de 1988, del Ministeri d’Educació i Ciència). 2.2.2. Per haver obtingut premi extraordinari en el doctorat: 0,500 punts. Documentació acreditativa: Document justificatiu. 2.3. Altres titulacions universitàries. Per este apartat es valoraran les titulacions universitàries de caràcter oficial, en el cas que no hagueren sigut al·legades com a requisit per a l’ingrés en la funció pública docent. 2.3.1. Titulacions de primer cicle. Per cada diplomatura, enginyeria tècnica, arquitectura tècnica o títols declarats legalment equivalents i pels estudis corresponents al primer cicle d’una llicenciatura, arquitectura o enginyeria: 1,000 punt. En el cas d’aspirants a cossos de funcionaris docents de grup B, no es valoraran per este apartat, en cap cas, el primer títol o estudis d’esta naturalesa que presente l’aspirant. En el cas d’aspirants a cossos de funcionaris docents de grup A, no es valoraran per este apartat, en cap cas, el títol o estudis d’esta naturalesa que haja sigut necessari superar per a l’obtenció del primer títol de llicenciat, enginyer o arquitecte que presente l’aspirant. Documentació acreditativa: Certificat acadèmic o fotocòpia compulsada/confrontada del títol al·legat per a l’ingrés en el cos, i també de tots els que presenten com a mérits o, si s’escau, certificat del pagament dels drets d’expedició conformement a l’Orde de 8 de juliol de 1988, del Ministeri d’Educació i Ciència (BOE de 13 de juliol). En el cas d’estudis corresponents al primer cicle d’una llicenciatura, certificat acadèmic en què se n’acredite la superació. 2.3.2. Titulacions de segon cicle. Pels estudis corresponents al segon cicle de llicenciatures, enginyeries, arquitectures o títols declarats legalment equivalents: 1,000 punt. En el cas d’aspirants a cossos de funcionaris docents de grup A, no es valoraran per este apartat, en cap cas, el títol o estudis d’esta naturalesa que haja sigut necessari superar (primer cicle, segon cicle o, si s’escau, ensenyaments complementaris) per a l’obtenció del primer títol de llicenciat, enginyer o arquitecte que presente l’aspirant. Documentació acreditativa: Certificat acadèmic o fotocòpia compulsada/confrontada del títol al·legat per a l’ingrés en el cos, i també de tots els que presenten com a mérits o, si s’escau, certificat del pagament dels drets d’expedició conformement a l’Orde de 8 de juliol de 1988, del Ministeri d’Educació i Ciència (BOE de 13 de juliol). En el cas d’estudis corresponents al segon cicle, certificat acadèmic en què se n’acredite la superació. La presentació de la fotocòpia del títol de llicenciat, enginyer o arquitecte donarà lloc, exclusivament, al reconeixement de la puntuació corresponent a la titulació del segon cicle. Als efectes d’este apartat, els aspirants que hi al·leguen un títol que haja sigut obtingut a l’estranger hauran d’aportar la correspondient homologació o certificat acadèmic on s’acredite la superació dels estudis corresponents al primer cicle o al segon, tenint en compte que la presentació de la fotocòpia del títol de llicenciat, enginyer o arquitecte donarà lloc, exclusivament, al reconeixement de la puntuació corresponent a la titulació del segon cicle. 2.4. Titulacions d’ensenyament de règim especial i de la formació professional específica Per este apartat es valoraran les titulacions dels ensenyaments de règim especial atorgades per les escoles oficials d’Idiomes, conservatoris professionals i superiors de Música i Escoles d’Art, i també les de formació professional específica, en cas de no haver sigut al·legades com a requisit per a l’ingrés en la funció pública docent o, si s’escau, no hagen sigut necessàries per a l’obtenció del títol al·legat, de la forma següent: 2.2. Doctorado y Premios Extraordinarios. 2.2.1. Por poseer el título de Doctor: 1,000 punto Documentación acreditativa: Certificación académica o fotocopia compulsada/cotejada del título de Doctor o certificación de abono de derechos de expedición (Orden 8 de julio de 1988, del Ministerio de Educación y Ciencia). 2.2.2. Por haber obtenido premio extraordinario en el doctorado: 0,500 puntos Documentación acreditativa: Documento justificativo. 2.3. Otras titulaciones universitarias. Por este apartado se valorarán las titulaciones universitarias de carácter oficial, en el caso de que no hubieran sido alegadas como requisito para ingreso en la función pública docente. 2.3.1 Titulaciones de Primer Ciclo: Por cada Diplomatura, Ingeniería Técnica, Arquitectura Técnica o títulos declarados legalmente equivalentes y por los estudios correspondientes al primer ciclo de una Licenciatura, Arquitectura o Ingeniería: 1,000 punto En el caso de aspirantes a cuerpos de funcionarios docentes de grupo B, no se valorarán por este apartado, en ningún caso, el primer título o estudios de esta naturaleza que presente el aspirante. En el caso de aspirantes a cuerpos de funcionarios docentes de grupo A, no se valorarán por este apartado, en ningún caso, el título o estudios de esta naturaleza que haya sido necesario superar para la obtención del primer título de Licenciado, Ingeniero o Arquitecto que presente el aspirante. Documentación acreditativa: Certificación académica o fotocopia compulsada/cotejada del título alegado para ingreso en el Cuerpo, así como de cuantos presente como mérito o, en su caso, certificación del abono de los derechos de expedición conforme a la Orden de 8 de julio de 1988, del Ministerio de Educación y Ciencia (BOE de 13 de julio). En el caso de estudios correspondientes al primer ciclo de una Licenciatura, certificación académica en la que se acredite la superación de los mismos. 2.3.2 Titulaciones de Segundo Ciclo: Por los estudios correspondientes al segundo ciclo de Licenciaturas, Ingenierías, Arquitecturas o títulos declarados legalmente equivalentes: 1,000 punto. En el caso de aspirantes a cuerpos de funcionarios docentes de grupo A, no se valorarán por este apartado, en ningún caso, el título o estudios de esta naturaleza que haya sido necesario superar (primer ciclo, segundo ciclo o, en su caso, enseñanzas complementarias), para la obtención del primer título de Licenciado, Ingeniero o Arquitecto que presente el aspirante. Documentación acreditativa: Certificación académica o fotocopia compulsada/cotejada del título alegado para ingreso en el Cuerpo, así como de cuantos presente como méritos o, en su caso, certificación del abono de los derechos de expedición conforme a la Orden de 8 de julio de 1988, del Ministerio de Educación y Ciencia (BOE de 13 de julio). En el caso de estudios correspondientes al segundo ciclo, certificación académica en la que se acredite la superación de los mismos. La presentación de la fotocopia del título de Licenciado, Ingeniero o Arquitecto dará lugar, exclusivamente, al reconocimiento de la puntuación correspondiente a la titulación del segundo ciclo. A los efectos de este apartado, los aspirantes que aleguen un título que haya sido obtenido en el extranjero deberán aportar la correspondiente homologación o certificación académica donde se acredite la superación de los estudios correspondientes al primer o segundo ciclo, teniendo en cuenta que la presentación de la fotocopia del título de Licenciado, Ingeniero o Arquitecto dará lugar, exclusivamente, al reconocimiento de la puntuación correspondiente a la titulación del segundo ciclo. 2.4. Titulaciones de enseñanza de régimen especial y de la formación profesional específica. Por este apartado se valorarán las titulaciones de las enseñanzas de régimen especial otorgadas por las Escuelas Oficiales de Idiomas, Conservatorios Profesionales y Superiores de Música y Escuelas de Arte, así como las de formación profesional específica, caso de no haber sido alegadas como requisito para ingreso en la función pública docente o, en su caso, no hayan sido necesarias para la obtención del título alegado, de la siguiente forma: 2.4.1. Per cada títol de Música i Dansa, grau mitjà: 0,500 punts. Documentació acreditativa: Certificat acadèmic o fotocòpia compulsada/confrontada del títol al·legat per a l'ingrés en el cos, i també certificat acadèmic on conste que s'ha aconseguit el grau mitjà o fotocòpia compulsada/confrontada del títol al·legat o, si s'escau, certificat del pagament de drets d'expedició conformement a l'Orde de 8 de juliol de 1988, del Ministeri d'Educació i Ciència (BOE de 13 de juliol). 2.4.2. Per cada certificat d'aptitud de les escoles oficials d'Idiomes: 0,500 punts. Documentació acreditativa: Certificat acadèmic o fotocòpia compulsada/confrontada del títol al·legat o, si s'escau, certificat del pagament de drets d'expedició conformement a l'Orde de 8 de juliol de 1988, del Ministeri d'Educació i Ciència (BOE de 13 de juliol). 2.4.3. Per cada títol de tècnic superior d'Arts Plàstiques i Disseny: 0,200 punts. Documentació acreditativa: Certificat acadèmic on conste que ha superat els estudis conduents a l'obtenció del títol o fotocòpia compulsada/confrontada d'este. 2.4.4. Per cada títol de tècnic superior de Formació Professional: 0,200 punts. Documentació acreditativa: Certificat acadèmic on conste que ha superat els estudis conduents a l'obtenció del títol o fotocòpia compulsada/confrontada d'este. III. Altres merits (fins a un màxim de dos punts) 3.1. Per cada curs de formació o perfeccionament superat, convocats per les administracions educatives, per institucions sense ànim de lucre, quan hagen sigut homologats o reconeguts per les administracions esmentades, o per universitats, relacionats bé amb els aspectes científics o didàctics de l'especialitat a què s'opta o bé amb l'organització escolar, les noves tecnologies aplicades a l'educació, l'ensenyament en valencià, la psicopedagogia i la sociologia de l'educació. (Es puntuarà fins a un màxim d'un punt i mig): - durada no inferior a 30 hores: 0,200 punts. - durada no inferior a 100 hores: 0,500 punts. A estos efectes seran acumulables els cursos no inferiors a quinze hores que hagen sigut realitzats en els CEFIRE o centres analègics d'altres administracions educatives i estiguin relacionats amb la mateixa matèria. Documentació acreditativa: Certificat d'estos cursos expedit per l'òrgan o autoritat competent de la corresponent administració educativa, institució o universitat en què conste de manera expressa el nombre d'hores de durada del curs i, si s'escau, l'homologació o reconeixement; si no s'aporta l'esmentat certificat, no s'obtindrà puntuació per este apartat. 3.2. Per cada curs que no reuniça els requisits de l'apartat 3.1, seminari, grup de treball i projecte de formació en centres que hagen sigut convocats per les administracions educatives, per institucions sense ànim de lucre, que hagen sigut homologats o reconeguts per les administracions esmentades, o per universitats. Es puntuarà 0,050 punts per cada 20 hores, no puntuant-se la resta d'hores inferiors a 20. (Es puntuarà fins a un màxim de mig punt). Documentació acreditativa: Certificat d'estos cursos expedit per l'òrgan o autoritat competent de la corresponent administració educativa o universitat en què conste de manera expressa el nombre d'hores de durada del curs i, si s'escau, l'homologació o reconeixement; si en el dit certificat no figura el nombre d'hores o no s'hi fa constar la homologació o reconeixement, no s'obtindrà puntuació per este apartat. 3.3. Exclusivament per a l'especialitat d'Educació Física Per figurar o haver figurat en la relació d'Esportistes d'Alt Nivell segons el Reial Decret 1.467/1997, de 19 de setembre, o en la d'Esportistes d'Èlit de la Comunitat Valenciana de Nivell A segons la Llei 4/1993, de 20 de desembre, de la Generalitat Valenciana, o per complir les condicions establertes en la disposició transitària de l'Orde de 15 d'octubre de 1997, de la Conselleria de Benestar Social: 2,000 punts. 2.4.1 Por cada título de Música y Danza, grado medio: 0,500 puntos Documentación acreditativa: Certificación académica o fotocopia compulsada/cotejada del título alegado para ingreso en el Cuerpo, así como certificación académica en la que conste que se ha alcanzado el grado medio o fotocopia compulsada/cotejada del título alegado, o en su caso, certificación del abono de derechos de expedición conforme a la Orden de 8 de julio de 1988, del Ministerio de Educación y Ciencia (BOE de 13 de julio). 2.4.2 Por cada certificado de aptitud de Escuelas Oficiales de Idiomas: 0,500 puntos Documentación acreditativa: Certificación académica o fotocopia compulsada/cotejada del título alegado, o en su caso, certificación del abono de derechos de expedición conforme a la Orden de 8 de julio de 1988, del Ministerio de Educación y Ciencia (BOE de 13 de julio). 2.4.3 Por cada título de Técnico Superior de Artes Plásticas y Diseño: 0,200 puntos Documentación acreditativa: Certificación académica en la que conste que ha superado los estudios conducentes a la obtención del título o fotocopia compulsada/cotejada del mismo. 2.4.4 Por cada título de Técnico Superior de Formación Profesional: 0,200 puntos Documentación acreditativa: Certificación académica en la que conste que ha superado los estudios conducentes a la obtención del título o fotocopia compulsada/cotejada del mismo. III. Otros Méritos (Hasta un máximo de dos puntos) 3.1 Por cada curso de formación o perfeccionamiento superado, convocados por las administraciones educativas, por instituciones sin ánimo de lucro, cuando hayan sido homologados o reconocidos por las administraciones precitadas, o por universidades, relacionando bien con los aspectos científicos o didácticos de la especialidad a la que se opta o bien con la organización escolar, la enseñanza en valenciano, las nuevas tecnologías aplicadas a la educación, la psicopedagogía y la sociología de la educación. (Se puntuará hasta un máximo de un punto y medio) Duración no inferior a treinta horas: 0,200 puntos Duración no inferior a cien horas: 0,500 puntos A estos efectos serán acumulables los cursos no inferiores a 15 horas que hayan sido realizados en los CEFIRE o centros análogos de otras administraciones públicas y estén relacionados con la misma materia. Documentación acreditativa: Certificación de los mismos expedida por el órgano o autoridad competente de la correspondiente administración educativa, institución o universidad en la que conste de modo expreso el número de horas de duración del curso, y, en su caso, la homologación o reconocimiento; de no aportarse dicha certificación no se obtendrá puntuación por este apartado. 3.2 Por cada curso que no reúna los requisitos del apartado 3.1, seminario, grupo de trabajo y proyecto de formación en centros que hayan sido convocados por las administraciones educativas, por instituciones sin ánimo de lucro, que hayan sido homologados o reconocidos por las administraciones precitadas, o por universidades. Se puntuará 0,050 puntos por cada 20 horas, no puntuándose el resto de horas inferiores a 20 (Se puntuará hasta un máximo de 0,500 puntos) Documentación acreditativa: Certificación de los mismos expedida por el órgano o autoridad competente de la correspondiente administración educativa o universidad en la que conste de modo expreso el número de horas de duración del curso y, en su caso, la homologación o reconocimiento; si en dicha certificación no figura el número de horas o no se hace constar la homologación o reconocimiento no se obtendrá puntuación por este apartado. 3.3. Exclusivamente para la especialidad de Educación Física. Por figurar o haber figurado en la relación de Deportistas de Alto Nivel según el Real Decreto 1467/1997, de 19 de septiembre o en la de Deportistas de Élite de la Comunidad Valenciana de nivel A según la Ley 4/1993, de 20 de diciembre, de la Generalitat Valenciana, o por cumplir las condiciones establecidas en la Disposición Transitoria de la Orden de 15 de octubre de 1997 de la Conselleria de Bienestar Social: 2,000 puntos. Per figurar o haver figurat en la relació d’Esportistes d’Elit de la Comunitat Valenciana de nivell B segons la Llei 4/1993, de 20 de desembre, de la Generalitat Valenciana, o per complir les condicions establides en la disposició transitoria de l’Orde de 15 d’octubre de 1997, de la Conselleria de Benestar Social: 1.000 punt. Documentació acreditativa: Certificat de l’organisme competent en què conste expressament la qualificació o fotocòpia del Diari Oficial de la Generalitat Valenciana o del Boletín Oficial del Estado on aparega relacionat. Notes Primera. Únicament seran baremats els mèrits perfeccionats fins a la data d’acabament del termini de presentació de sol·licitud. Segona. En cap cas seran valorats per l’apartat III (altres mèrits) els cursos o assignatures la finalitat dels quals siga l’obtenció d’un títol acadèmic, master o una altra titulació de postgrau. Així mateix, tampoc seran valorats els cursos o activitats la finalitat dels quals siga l’obtenció del títol d’Especialització Didàctica, o del certificat d’Adaptació Pedagògica. Així mateix, no podran considerar-se a l’efecte de la seua valoració els mèrits indicats en els apartats 3.1 i 3.2 que hagen sigut realitzats amb anterioritat a l’obtenció del títol exigit per al seu ingrés en el cos. Tercera. Els documents redactats en llengües d’altres comunitats autònomes hauran de traduir-se en una de les dos llengües oficials de la Comunitat Valenciana per a la seua validesa, de conformitat amb el que preveu l’article 36 de la Llei 30/1992, de 26 de novembre. En el cas de llengües estrangeres, s’haurà de traduir per intèrpret jurat. ANNEX II BAREM PER A LA VALORACIÓ DELS MÈRITS PER ALS SISTEMES D’ACCESSOS ENTRE ELS COSSOS DE FUNCIONARIS DOCENTS Els aspirants no podran aconseguir més de 10 punts per la valoració dels seus mèrits. 1. Treball desenvolupat (fins a un màxim de cinc punts i mig) 1.1. Antiguitat (fins a un màxim de quatre punts) Per cada any de servis efectius prestats en situació de servei actiu com a funcionari de carrera en el cos des del qual s’aspira a l’accés: 0,500 punts. En el cas dels aspirants al procés selectiu d’accés a cos de grup superior es computaran els serveis que sobrepassee els sis exigits com a requisit. Documentació acreditativa: full de serveis certificat per la direcció territorial de Cultura, Educació i Esport o òrgan competent del Ministeri d’Educació i Ciència o d’una altra administració autonòmica. 1.2. Exercici de funcions específiques i evaluació voluntària (fins a un màxim de dos punts i mig) 1.2.1.a) Per tindre adquirida la categoria de director: 1,000 punt. 1.2.1.b) Per cada any com a director en un centre docent públic o d’un servei educatiu: 0,200 punts. 1.2.1.c) Per cada any com a cap d’Estudis o secretari, vicedirector o vicesecretari en centres docent públics, professor delegat en seccions de Formació Professional o cap d’Estudis en extensions de Batxillerat o en seccions d’Ensenyament Secundari: 0,100 punts. Documentació acreditativa: fotocòpia compulsada/confrontada del document justificatiu del nomenament expediat per les direccions territorials de Cultura, Educació i Esport o òrgan competent del Ministeri d’Educació i Ciència o de la resta d’administracions autonòmiques en què conste la data i la presa de possessió i de cessament o continuïtat, si s’escau. Por figurar o haber figurado en la relación de Deportistas de Élite de la Comunidad Valenciana de nivel B según la Ley 4/1993, de 20 de diciembre, de la Generalitat Valenciana, o por cumplir las condiciones establecidas en la Disposición Transitoria de la Orden de 15 de octubre de 1997 de la Conselleria de Bienestar Social: 1.000 puntos. Documentación acreditativa: Certificado del organismo competente en el que conste expresamente la calificación o fotocopia del Diario Oficial de la Generalitat Valenciana o del Boletín Oficial del Estado donde aparezca relacionado. Notas: Primera. Únicamente serán baremados aquellos méritos perfeccionados hasta la fecha de finalización del plazo de presentación de solicitudes. Segunda. En ningún caso serán valorados por el apartado III (otros méritos) aquellos cursos o asignaturas cuya finalidad sea la obtención de un título académico, máster u otra titulación de posgrado. Asimismo, tampoco serán valorados los cursos o actividades cuya finalidad sea la obtención del Título de Especialización Didáctica, o del Certificado de Adaptación Pedagógica. Asimismo no podrán considerarse a efectos de su valoración los méritos indicados en los apartados 3.1 y 3.2, que hayan sido realizados con anterioridad a la obtención del título exigido para su ingreso en el cuerpo. Tercera. Los documentos redactados en lenguas de otras comunidades autónomas deberán traducirse a una de las dos lenguas oficiales de la Comunidad Valenciana para su validez, de conformidad con lo previsto en el artículo 36 de la Ley 30/1992, de 26 de noviembre. En el caso de lenguas extranjeras deberá traducirse por intérprete jurado. ANEXO II BAREMO PARA LA VALORACIÓN DE LOS MÉRITOS PARA LOS SISTEMAS DE ACCESOS ENTRE LOS CUERPOS DE FUNCIONARIOS DOCENTES Los aspirantes no podrán alcanzar más de 10 puntos por la valoración de sus méritos. 1. Trabajo desarrollado. (Hasta un máximo de cinco puntos y medio). 1.1 Antigüedad.(Hasta un máximo de cuatro puntos). Por cada año de servicios efectivos prestados en situación de servicio activo como funcionario de carrera en el Cuerpo desde el que se aspira al acceso: 0,500 puntos. En el caso de los aspirantes al proceso selectivo de acceso a cuerpo de grupo superior se computarán los servicios que sobrepasen los 6 exigidos como requisito. Documentación acreditativa: Hoja de servicios certificada por la Dirección Territorial de Cultura, Educación y Deporte u órgano competente del Ministerio de Educación y Ciencia o de otra administración autonómica. 1.2 Desempeño de funciones específicas y evaluación voluntaria. (Hasta un máximo de 2,500 puntos). 1.2.1.a) Por tener adquirido la categoría de director: 1 punto. 1.2.1.b) Por cada año como director de un centro docente público, o de un servicio educativo: 0,200 puntos. 1.2.1.c) Por cada año como Jefe de Estudios o Secretario, Vicedirector o Vicesecretario en centros docentes públicos, Profesor Delegado en Secciones de Formación Profesional o Jefe de Estudios en Extensiones de Bachillerato o en Secciones de Enseñanza Secundaria: 0,100 puntos Documentación acreditativa: Fotocopia compulsada/cotejada del documento justificativo del nombramiento expedido por las Direcciones Territoriales de Cultura, Educación y Deporte u órgano competente del Ministerio de Educación y Ciencia o del resto de administraciones autonómicas en el que conste la fecha y la toma de posesión y de cese o continuidad en su caso. 1.2.2. Per cada any com a membres electes com a representants del professorat en el consell escolar del centre: 0,100 punts. Documentació acreditativa: fotocòpia compulsada/confrontada del document justificatiu del nomenament en què conste la presa de possessió i cessament o continuïtat, si s’escau. II. Cursos de formació i perfeccionament superats (fins a un màxim de tres punts) Per cada curs convocat per les administracions educatives, per institucions sense ànim de lucre que hagen sigut homologats o reconeguts per les administracions esmentades, o per les universitats, relacionats bé amb els aspectes científics o didàctics de l’especialitat a què s’opta, o bé amb l’organització escolar, les noves tecnologies aplicades a l’educació, l’ensenyament en valencià, la didàctica, la psicopedagogia i sociologia de l’educació. 2.1. De durada no inferior a 30 hores: 0,250 punts (per este apartat es podrà valorar fins a 1 punt). A estos efectes seran acumulables els cursos de durada no inferior a quinze hores que hagen sigut realitzats en els CEFIRE o centres anàlegs i relacionats amb la mateixa matèria. 2.2. De durada no inferior a 100 hores: 0,500 punts (per este apartat es podrà valorar fins a 2 punts). Documentació acreditativa: Certificat expedit per l’òrgan o autoritat competent de l’administració educativa o de la universitat convocant dels cursos en què conste expressament el nombre d’hores de durada del curs i, si s’escau, l’homologació o el reconeixement. III. Mèrits acadèmics i altres mèrits (fins a un màxim de tres punts) 3.1. Mèrits acadèmics (fins a un màxim d’un punt i mig) a) Pel grau de doctor en la titulació al·legada per a l’ingrés en el cos: 0,300 punts. Documentació acreditativa: fotocòpia compulsada/confrontada del títol de doctor o certificat del pagament dels drets d’expedició conformement a l’Orde de 8 de juliol de 1988, del Ministeri d’Educació i Ciència (BOE de 13 de juliol). b) Per cada títol superior distint a l’al·legat per a l’ingrés en el cos: 0,200 punts. Documentació acreditativa: fotocòpia compulsada/confrontada del títol al·legat per a l’ingrés en el cos, i també de tots els que s’acrediten com a mèrits o certificat del pagament dels drets d’expedició conformement a l’Orde de 8 de juliol de 1988, del Ministeri d’Educació i Ciència (BOE de 13 de juliol). c) Per cada títol superior en altres seccions, branques o especialitats diferents de les anteriors acreditats o de l’al·legat per a l’ingrés en el cos: 0,100 punts. Documentació acreditativa: fotocòpia compulsada/confrontada del títol exigit per a l’ingrés en el cos, i també de tots els que s’acrediten com a mèrits o certificat del pagament dels drets d’expedició conformement a l’Orde de 8 de juliol de 1988, del Ministeri d’Educació i Ciència (BOE de 13 de juliol). A les efectes dels subapartats b) i c) anteriors, en cap cas es valoraran els estudis que hagen sigut necessaris superar (primer cicle, segon cicle o, si s’escau, ensenyaments complementaris) per a l’obtenció del primer títol que es posseixca de llicenciat, arquitecte o enginyer superior. 3.2. Per publicacions relacionades amb l’especialitat o amb la didàctica general, projectes i innovacions tècniques i mèrits artístics. Per este apartat es podrà valorar fins a 1,500 punts. Documentació acreditativa: els exemplars corresponents, en què conste el ISBN, els programes, crítiques i, si s’escau, l’acreditació d’haver obtingut premis. Notes Primera. Únicament seran baremats els mèrits perfeccionats fins a la data d’acabament del termini de presentació de sol·licituds. Segona. En cap cas seran valorats els cursos o assignatures la finalitat dels quals siga l’obtenció d’un títol acadèmic, màster o una altra titulació de postgrau. Així mateix, tampoc seran valorats els cursos o activitats la finalitat dels quals siga l’obtenció del títol d’Especialització Didàctica, o del certificat d’Adaptació Pedagògica. Així mateix, no podran considerar-se a l’efecte de la seua valoració els merits indicats en els apartats 2.1 i 2.2 que hagen sigut realitzats amb anterioritat a l’obtenció del títol exigit per al seu ingrés en el cos. Tercera. Els documents redactats en llengües d’altres comunitats autònomes s’hauran de traduir a una de les dos llengües oficials de la Comunitat Valenciana per a la seua validesa, de conformitat amb el que preveu l’article 36 de la Llei 30/1992, de 26 de novembre. En el cas de llengües estrangeres haurà de traduir-se mitjançant intèrpret jurat. ANNEX III PROGRAMACIÓ DIDÀCTICA COS DE PROFESSORS D’ENSENYAMENT SECUNDARI I PROFESORS TÈCNICS DE FORMACIÓ PROFESSIONAL A) La programació didàctica es correspondrà amb les característiques següents: En les especialitats de Filosofia, Grec, Llatí, Llengua Castellana i Literatura, Geografia i Història, Matemàtiques, Física i Química, Biologia i Geologia, Dibuix, Francès, Anglès, Música, Educació Física, Tecnologia i Llengua i Literatura Valenciana la programació estarà referida al desenvolupament del currículum d’una especialitat per a un any acadèmic en relació a un curs d’Educació Secundària Obligatoria, Batxillerat o cicles formatius de Formació Professional elegit pel candidat i haurà d’organitzar-se en un mínim de 15 unitats didàctiques, que hauran d’estar numerades. La programació didàctica en les especialitats de Francès, Anglès, Llengua i Literatura Valenciana i Llengua Castellana i Literatura haurà de redactar-se en l’idioma corresponent. En les especialitats referides a la formació professional específica, la programació haurà de versar sobre el desenvolupament del currículum en un mòdul de Formació Professional i haurà d’organitzar-se en un mínim de 15 unitats didàctiques, que hauran d’estar numerades. B) Les programacions didàctiques hauran de contindre com a mínim els apartats següents: – Objectius. – Continguts. – Metodologia: orientacions didàctiques. – Criteris d’avaluació. – Atenció als alumnes amb necessitats educatives específiques. – Recursos materials. La programació didàctica tindrà, sense incloure annexos, una extensió màxima de 60 folis, format DIN A4, escrits a una sola cara i doble espai, amb una lletra tipus Arial o semblant de 12 punts de grandària. COS DE PROFESSORS D’ESCOLES OFICIALS D’IDIOMES A) La programació didàctica es correspondrà amb les característiques següents: La programació estarà referida al desenvolupament del currículum d’una especialitat i haurà d’organitzar-se com a mínim en 6 unitats del cicle elemental, 6 unitats del cicle superior i 3 unitats de continguts progressius entre ambdues cicles, que hauran d’estar numerades. La programació didàctica haurà de redactar-se en l’idioma corresponent. B) Les programacions didàctiques hauran de contindre com a mínim els apartats següents: – Introducció al tema corresponent. valorados los cursos o actividades cuya finalidad sea la obtención del Título de Especialización Didáctica, o del Certificado de Adaptación Pedagógica. Asimismo no podrán considerarse a efectos de su valoración los méritos indicados en los apartados 2.1 y 2.2, que hayan sido realizados con anterioridad a la obtención del título exigido para su ingreso en el cuerpo. Tercera. Los documentos redactados en lenguas de otras comunidades autónomas deberán traducirse a una de las dos lenguas oficiales de la Comunidad Valenciana para su validez, de conformidad con lo previsto en el artículo 36 de la Ley 30/1992, de 26 de noviembre. En el caso de lenguas extranjeras deberá traducirse por intérprete jurado. ANEXO III PROGRAMACIÓN DIDÁCTICA CUERPO DE PROFESORES DE ENSEÑANZA SECUNDARIA Y PROFESORES TÉCNICOS DE FORMACIÓN PROFESIONAL A) La programación didáctica se corresponderá con las características siguientes: En las especialidades de Filosofía, Griego, Latín, Lengua Castellana y Literatura, Geografía e Historia, Matemáticas, Física y Química, Biología y Geología, Dibujo, Francés, Inglés, Música, Educación Física, Tecnología, Lengua y Literatura Valenciana, la programación estará referida al desarrollo del currículum de una especialidad para un año académico en relación a un curso de educación secundaria obligatoria, bachillerato o ciclos formativos de formación profesional, elegido por el candidato y deberá organizarse en un mínimo de 15 unidades didácticas, que deberán estar numeradas. La programación didáctica en las especialidades de Francés, Inglés, Lengua y Literatura Valenciana y Lengua Castellana y Literatura, deberá redactarse en el idioma correspondiente. En las especialidades referidas a la formación profesional específica, la programación deberá versar sobre el desarrollo del currículum en un módulo de formación profesional y deberá organizarse en un mínimo de 15 unidades didácticas, que deberán estar numeradas. B) Las programaciones didácticas deberán contener como mínimo los siguientes apartados: – Objetivos. – Contenidos. – Metodología: orientaciones didácticas. – Criterios de evaluación. – Atención a los alumnos con necesidades educativas específicas. – Recursos materiales. La programación didáctica tendrá, sin incluir anexos, una extensión máxima de 60 folios, formato DIN A4, escritos a una sola cara y doble espacio, con una letra tipo Arial o similar tamaño de 12 puntos. CUERPO DE PROFESORES DE ESCUELAS OFICIALES DE IDIOMAS A) La programación didáctica se corresponderá con las características siguientes: La programación estará referida al desarrollo del currículum de una especialidad y deberá organizarse como mínimo en 6 unidades del ciclo elemental, 6 unidades del ciclo superior y 3 unidades de contenidos progresivos entre ambos ciclos, que deberán estar numeradas. La programación didáctica deberá redactarse en el idioma correspondiente. B) Las programaciones didácticas deberán contener como mínimo los siguientes apartados: – Introducción al tema correspondiente. – Temps aproximat de desenvolupament. – Cicle o curs al qual va dirigir essencialment. Perfil del alumnat. Valoració inicial del grup d’alumnat. – Contingut lingüístic. – Tòpic: vocabulari. – Activitats organitzades per destreses per a desenvolupar en l’aula. – Objectius comunicatius: generals i específics. – Procediments i mètodes de treball. – Aptituds de l’alumnat. – Mesures i activitats per a l’avaluació. – Altres activitats per a desenvolupar fora de l’aula. La programació didàctica tindrà, sense incloure annexos, una extensió màxima de 60 folis, format DIN A4, escrits a una sola cara i doble espai, amb una lletra tipus Arial o semblant de 12 punts de grandària. COS DE PROFESSORS DE MÚSICA I ARTS ESCENIQUES A) La programació didàctica es corresponderà amb el grau mitjà de Música o de Dansa de l’especialitat per la qual s’hi participa. En la dita programació s’especificaran els objectius, continguts, criteris d’avaluació i metodologia i haurà d’organitzar-se en un mínim de 15 unitats didàctiques, que hauran d’estar numerades. B) Els elements que es tindran en compte per a l’elaboració de la unitat didàctica, seran els següents: – Referència al curs o cursos que es programa. – Objectius generals i específics que es pretenen aconseguir. – Sequenciació de continguts. – Metodologia: orientacions didàctiques. – Adecuació del procés d’ensenyament-aprenentatge a les aptituds de l’alumne. – Procediments d’avaluació. – Activitats a desenvolupar fora de l’aula, necessàries per a la superació dels objectius programats. La programació didàctica tindrà, sense incloure annexos, una extensió màxima de 60 folis, format DIN A4, escrits a una sola cara i doble espai, amb una lletra tipus Arial o semblant de 12 punts de grandària. COS DE PROFESSORS D’ARTS PLÀSTIQUES I DISSENY A) La programació didàctica en les especialitats de Disseny d’Interiors; Disseny Gràfic; Fotografia; Materials i Tecnologia: Ceràmica i Vidre; Materials i Tecnologia: Disseny; Mitjans Audiovisuals; Mitjans Informàtics, i Organització Industrial i Legislació hauran de versar sobre el desenvolupament del currículum d’una especialitat, els seus continguts terminals distribuïts per cursos per a un any, i haurà d’organitzar-se per a estudis superiors de disseny en 7 unitats didàctiques i per als cicles formatius de formació específica en 8 unitats didàctiques, que hauran d’estar numerades. B) Les programacions didàctiques hauran de contindre com a mínim els apartats següents: – Objectius. – Continguts. – Cicle o curs a què va dirigir essencialment. Perfil de l’alumne. – Temps aproximat de desenvolupament. – Activitats per a desenvolupar fora de l’aula. – Procediments d’avaluació. La programació didàctica tindrà, sense incloure annexos, una extensió màxima de 60 folis, format A4, escrits a una sola cara i doble espai, amb una lletra tipus Arial o semblant grandària de 12 punts. CUERPO DE PROFESORES DE MÚSICA Y ARTES ESCÉNICAS A) La programación didáctica se corresponderá con el grado medio de Música o de Danza de la especialidad por la que se participa. En dicha programación se especificarán los objetivos, contenidos, criterios de evaluación y metodología y deberá organizarse en un mínimo de 15 unidades didácticas, que deberán estar numeradas. B) Los elementos que se tendrán en cuenta para la elaboración de la unidad didáctica, serán los siguientes: – Referencia al curso o cursos que se programa. – Objetivos generales y específicos que se pretenden alcanzar. – Secuencialización de contenidos. – Metodología: orientaciones didácticas. – Adecuación del proceso de enseñanza-aprendizaje a las aptitudes del alumno. – Procedimientos de evaluación. – Actividades a desarrollar fuera del aula, necesarias para la superación de los objetivos programados. La programación didáctica tendrá, sin incluir anexos, una extensión máxima de 60 folios, formato DIN A4, escritos a una sola cara y doble espacio, con una letra tipo Arial o similar tamaño de 12 puntos. CUERPO DE PROFESORES DE ARTES PLÁSTICAS Y DISEÑO A) La programación didáctica en las especialidades de Diseño de Interiores, Diseño Gráfico, Fotografía, Materiales y Tecnología: Cerámica y Vidrio, Materiales y Tecnología: Diseño, Medios Audiovisuales, Medios Informáticos y Organización industrial y Legislación, deberán versar sobre el desarrollo del currículum de una especialidad, sus contenidos terminales distribuidos por cursos para un año, y deberá de organizarse para los estudios superiores de diseño en 7 unidades didácticas y para los ciclos formativos de formación específica en 8 unidades didácticas, que deberán estar numeradas. B) Las programaciones didácticas deberán contener como mínimo los siguientes apartados: – Objetivos – Contenidos – Ciclo o curso al que va dirigido esencialmente. Perfil del alumno. – Tiempo aproximado de desarrollo – Actividades para desarrollar fuera del aula – Procedimientos de evaluación La programación didáctica tendrá, sin incluir anexos, una extensión máxima de 60 folios, formato A4, escritos a una sola cara y doble espacio, con una letra tipo Arial o similar tamaño de 12 puntos. ANNEX IV ASPIRANTS QUE NO POSSEIŠQUEN LA NACIONALITAT ESPANYOLA Cognoms: Nom: DNI o document semblant del país d'origen: Cos: Especialitat: Nacionalitat: Requisits de participació base 2.1.1.a) per a nacionals d'estats no membres de la Unió Europea: EXEMPCIÓ DE LA PROVA D'ESPAÑOL A) Estic exempt de realització de la prova d'acreditació de coneixements de castellà per posseir (del qual presente fotocòpia compulsada): • Diploma d'Espanyol com a Llengua Estrangera (nivell superior), establit pel Reial Decret 1.137/2002, de 31 d'octubre (BOE de 8 de novembre). • Certificat d'Aptitud d'Espanyol per a Estrangers expedit per les escoles oficials d'Idiomes. • Títol de Llicenciat en Filologia Hispànica o Romànica. • Certificat acadèmic en la que conste que s'han realitzat a l'Estat espanyol tots els estudis conduents a la titulació al·legada per a l'ingrés en el cos a què s'opta. B) Estic exempt de la realització de la prova d'acreditació de coneixements de castellà per (informació que ja està en poder de l'administració convocant): • Haver obtingut la qualificació d'apte en la prova corresponent a les oposicions convocades a partir de l'any 2002. Data i signatura ANNEX V MODEL DE DECLARACIÓ JURADA O PROMESA Nom i cognoms: ..., amb domicili a ..., i amb document nacional d'identitat número ..., declare sota jurament/promesa, a efecte de ser nomenat funcionari del cos ..., que no he sigut separat del servici de cap de les administracions públiques i que no em trobe inhabilitat per a l'exercici de funcions públiques. Data i signatura MODEL DE DECLARACIÓ JURADA/PROMESA PER A ASPIRANTS QUE NO POSSEIŠQUEN LA NACIONALITAT ESPANYOLA Nom i cognoms: ..., amb domicili a ..., i amb document nacional d'identitat número ..., declare sota jurament o promesa, a l'efecte de ser nomenat funcionari del cos ..., que no he estat sotmès a cap sanció disciplinària o condemna penal que m'imposibiliti l'accés a la funció pública. Data i signatura ANEXO IV ASPIRANTES QUE NO POSEAN LA NACIONALIDAD ESPAÑOLA Apellidos: Nombre: DNI o documento similar del país de origen: Cuerpo: Especialidad: Nacionalidad: Requisitos de Participación Base 2.1.1 a) para nacionales de Estado no miembros de la Unión Europea: EXENCIÓN PRUEBA DE ESPAÑOL A. Estoy exento de la realización de la prueba de acreditación del castellano por poseer (del cual presento fotocopia compulsada): • Diploma de español como lengua extranjera (nivel superior), establecido por el Real Decreto 1.137/2002, de 31 de octubre (BOE de 8 de noviembre). • Certificado de aptitud de español para extranjeros expedido por las Escuelas Oficiales de Idiomas. • Titulo de Licenciado en Filología Hispánica o Románica. • Certificación académica en la que conste que se han realizado en el Estado Español todos los estudios conducentes a la titulación alegada para el ingreso en el Cuerpo a que se opta. B. Estoy exento de la realización de la prueba de acreditación del conocimiento de castellano (información que ya obra en poder de la administración convocante): • Haber obtenido la calificación de apto en la prueba correspondiente a las oposiciones convocadas a partir del año 2002. Fecha y Firma: ANEXO V MODELO DE DECLARACIÓN JURADA O PROMESA D/Dª ..., con domicilio en ..., y con documento nacional de identidad número ..., declara bajo juramento o promete, a efectos de ser nombrado funcionario del Cuerpo ..., que no ha sido separado del servicio de ninguna de las administraciones públicas y que no se halla inhabilitado para el ejercicio de funciones públicas. Fecha y Firma: MODELO DE DECLARACIÓN JURADA O PROMESA PARA ASPIRANTES QUE NO POSEAN LA NACIONALIDAD ESPAÑOLA D/Dª ..., con domicilio en ..., y con documento nacional de identidad número ..., declara bajo juramento o promete, a efectos de ser nombrado funcionario del Cuerpo ..., que no ha estado sometido a sanción disciplinaria o condena penal que imposibilite su acceso a la función pública. Fecha y Firma: ANNEX VI CARACTERÍSTIQUES DE LA PROVA DE CONTINGUT PRÀCTIC 1. Cuerpo de professors d’Ensenyament Secundari Filosofia L’exercici pràctic constarà de tres parts: 1. Anàlisi historicosemàntica d’un terme filosòfic. 2. Comentari d’un text filosòfic. 3. Resolució d’un problema ètic o lògic. La qualificació serà la mitjana aritmètica dels tres exercicis. Per a la realització d’esta prova, els opositors disposaran d’un temps de quatre hores. Grec/Llatí L’exercici pràctic constarà de tres exercicis de traducció: 1. Un text en prosa per a traduir-lo sense diccionari. 2. Un text en prosa per a traduir-lo amb diccionari i comentari sintacticoestilístic, sociocultural o històric, segons les característiques de l’autor. 3. Un text en vers per a traduir-lo amb diccionari i comentari fonèticomorfològic i mètric. Els textos proposats hauran de ser dels autors que figuren en el qüestionari que regix per al concurs oposició. La nota serà la mitjana aritmètica dels tres exercicis realitzats. Per a la realització d’esta prova, els opositors disposaran d’un temps de quatre hores. Llengua Castellana i Literatura L’exercici pràctic constarà de dos parts: 1. Comentari filològic i literari d’un text anterior al segle XVIII. 2. Anàlisi d’un text contemporani en els diferents nivells (pragmàtic, semàntic, morfosintàctic i fonològic), en funció de la importància d’estos per al significat global del text. Valoració de cada exercici: 50 per cent de la prova. Per a la realització d’esta prova, els opositors disposaran d’un temps màxim de quatre hores. Geografia e Història L’exercici pràctic constarà de tres parts: 1. Interpretació i comentari d’un mapa geogràfic, d’una gràfica o una estadística que supose el maneig de diverses variables espacials i/o temporals. 2. Interpretació i comentari d’un text històric o historiogràfic. No interessa el reconeixement, sinó la seua situació en l’entorn d’una època i d’una societat determinades. 3. Anàlisi i comentari d’una diapositiva o imatge en color d’entre tres que s’han d’identificar. Cadascuna d’estes corresponderà a un dels àmbits artístics tradicionals: arquitectura, escultura i pintura. La qualificació serà la mitjana aritmètica dels tres exercicis. Per a la realització d’esta prova, els opositors disposaran d’un temps màxim de quatre hores. Matemàtiques L’exercici pràctic constarà de la resolució i estratègies de resolució de qüestions i problemes proposats pel tribunal relatius als conceptes, procediments i aplicacions dels continguts que figuren en el temari A que regix per al concurs oposició. La qualificació serà la mitjana aritmètica de les qüestions i problemes proposats. Per a la realització d’esta prova, els opositors disposaran d’un temps de quatre hores. Física i Química L’exercici pràctic constarà de la resolució i estratègies de resolució de qüestions i problemes proposats pel tribunal relatius als conceptes, procediments i aplicacions dels continguts que figuren en el temari A que regix per al concurs oposició. La qualificació serà la mitjana aritmètica de les qüestions i problemes proposts. Per a la realització d'esta prova, els opositors disposaran d'un temps màxim de quatre hores. Biologia i Geologia L'exercici pràctic constarà de tres parts: 1. Identificació visual d'especies animals i vegetals mediterranis i de minerals i roques. (Un 20 per cent de la qualificació total). 2. Anàlisi e interpretació de mapes o talls geològics. Identificació de la influència dels factors climàtics, tectònics i litològics en la gènesi d'un paisatge (mitjançant fotografies o diapositives) i/o anàlisi i interpretació d'imatges citològiques (mitjançant fotografies, diapositives o preparacions microscòpiques). (Un 30 per cent de la qualificació total). 3. Resolució de problemes oberts en els quals es plantejaran qüestions sobre l'aplicació de conceptes, lleis i teories científiques i la utilització de procediments de treball científic. Dites qüestions podran exigir el disseny d'una experiència, realitzable amb els recursos habituals d'un centre docent, destinada a posar a prova una hipòtesi prèviament plantejada pel tribunal. (Un 50 per cent de la qualificació total). Per a la realització d'esta prova, els opositors disposaran d'un temps de quatre hores. Dibuix L'exercici pràctic constarà de dos parts: 1. Resolució de tres exercicis de diferents sistemes de representació. 2. Realització d'una composició plana d'expressió plàstica o color sobre suport de paper, en relació amb la impartició del currículum de les matèries assignades a l'especialitat en l'Educació Secundària. Els aspirants hauran de dur els instruments de dibuix i mesura que consideren adequats, i hauran de tindre en compte que el procediment pictòric de la composició podrà ser llapis, ceres, tintes o qualsevol altre, exclosos els aglutinants líquids o viscosos (pintura a l'aigua, a l'oli, etc.). La qualificació serà la mitjana aritmètica de les dos parts de la prova. Per a la realització d'esta prova, els opositors disposaran d'un temps superior a quatre hores. Francès L'exercici pràctic constarà de dos parts: 1. Traducció al francès sense diccionari d'un text d'una extensió aproximada de 300 a 400 paraules. 2. Resposta en francès a qüestions concordes amb els procediments de l'àrea sobre aspectes gramaticals, lèxics i d'anàlisi del discurs, a partir d'un text d'un autor rellevant. Valoració de cada exercici: 50 per cent de la prova. Per a la realització d'esta prova, els opositors disposaran d'un temps de quatre hores. Anglès L'exercici pràctic constarà de dos parts: 1. Traducció a l'anglès sense diccionari d'un text d'una extensió aproximada de 300 a 400 paraules. 2. Resposta en anglès a qüestions concordes amb els procediments de l'àrea sobre aspectes gramaticals, lèxics i de anàlisi del discurs, a partir d'un text d'un autor rellevant. Valoració de cada exercici: 50 per cent de la prova. Per a la realització d'esta prova, els opositors disposaran d'un temps de quatre hores. Música L'exercici pràctic constarà de tres parts: 1. Audició i anàlisi d'una peça musical (melòdica, agógicodinàmica, timbrica, harmònicocontrapuntística, formal i estilística) i la seua aplicació pedagògica. L'obra serà proposada pel tribunal. 2. Comentari, anàlisi i solfeig a primera vista d’un fragment musical d’entre 16 i 24 compassos, proposat pel tribunal. 3. Interpretació d’una obra musical (o d’un fragment d’una obra, segons la seua extensió), elegida pel tribunal entre cinc proposades per l’opositor en l’acte de la presentació, amb l’instrument que hi aporta o bé al piano. En el cas dels opositors que trien cant, interpretaran l’obra a capella o acompanyant-se a si mateixos d’instrument. Es valorarà el nivell de dificultat de la partitura, de la tècnica de l’instrument i de la qualitat de la interpretació. La puntuació serà la mitjana aritmètica dels tres exercicis. Per a la realització d’esta prova, els opositors disposaran d’un temps mínim de quatre hores. Educació Física L’exercici pràctic constarà de tres exercicis: 1. Disseny i explicació d’una sessió de treball o demostració pràctica d’escalfament o semblant. 2. Preparació i exposició de dos modalitats esportives elegides per l’opositor d’entre una llista elaborada i proposada pel tribunal, que haurà d’incloure l’execució pràctica de les tècniques bàsiques o exercicis específics de dites modalitats esportives. 3. A partir d’un motiu musical, elegit a l’atzar pel tribunal, elaboració d’un muntatge d’expressió corporal i representació d’este. La qualificació serà la mitjana aritmètica dels tres exercicis. Per a la realització d’esta prova, els opositors disposaran d’un temps màxim de quatre hores, reservant almenys trenta minuts per a la preparació i exposició de la tercera part. Tecnologia L’exercici pràctic constarà de: – Resolució de problemes i/o exercicis d’aplicació en relació amb la part A del temari. El tribunal decidirà sobre l’execució d’exercicis en l’aula-taller o en l’aula d’informàtica. – Explotació didàctica d’un projecte (com a resposta a un problema) o de l’anàlisi d’un objecte o sistema tècnic plantejat pel tribunal. El seu desenvolupament haurà de contindre, entre altres aspectes, els objectius didàctics que es pretenen, els continguts que s’estudiaran, el mètode de treball i les activitats d’aula en què es desenvolupen i la forma d’avaluar l’aprenentatge dels alumnes. Valoració de cada exercici: 50 per cent de la prova. Per a la realització d’esta prova, els opositors disposaran d’un temps, almenys, de quatre hores. Formació i Orientació Laboral L’exercici pràctic constarà de: – Resolució de qüestions i exercicis en relació amb el temari vigent. – Resolució d’un cas pràctic, entre tres propostats pel tribunal, que pose en relació les qüestions específiques que constitueixen la part A del temari, analitzant les seues causes i determinant les possibles solucions alternatives. El tribunal valorarà el procés seguit fins a adoptar la solució, les fonts d’informació utilitzades i el domini dels procediments, tècniques i legislació aplicables al supòsit. La resolució del cas pràctic tindrà una valoració del 60 per cent del total de la prova. La durada màxima de la prova serà de quatre hores. Organització i Projectes de Fabricació Mecànica L’exercici pràctic constarà de: – Planificació i organització d’una actuació de control de qualitat en un procés industrial, aplicant tècniques de control i analitzant els resultats obtinguts sobre la qualitat d’un producte. – Elaboració d’un projecte per a fabricació mecànica, a partir de les especificacions tècniques i/o el pla d’un subconjunt adequat per a ser produït en gran sèrie i format per dos tipus de peces, de les quals una és comercial i l’altre tipus de peça s’obté per mecanitzat seguint un procés de fabricació conegut. 2. Comentario, análisis y lectura solfística a primera vista de un fragmento musical de entre 16 y 24 compases, propuesto por el tribunal. 3. Interpretación de una obra musical (o de un fragmento de una obra, según su extensión), elegida por el tribunal de entre cinco propuestas por el opositor en el acto de la presentación, con el instrumento que aporte o bien al piano. En el caso de los opositores que elijan cant, interpretarán la obra a capella o acompañándose a sí mismos de instrumento. Se valorará el nivel de dificultad de la partitura, de la técnica del instrumento, y la calidad de la interpretación. La puntuación será la media aritmética de los tres ejercicios. Para la realización de esta prueba, los opositores dispondrán de un tiempo mínimo de cuatro horas. Educación Física El ejercicio práctico constará de tres ejercicios: 1. Diseño y explicación de una sesión de trabajo o demostración práctica de calentamiento o similar. 2. Preparación y exposición de dos modalidades deportivas elegidas por el opositor de entre una lista elaborada y propuesta por el tribunal, que deberá incluir la ejecución práctica de las técnicas básicas o ejercicios específicos de dichas modalidades deportivas. 3. A partir de un motivo musical, elegido al azar por el tribunal, elaboración de un montaje de expresión corporal y representación del mismo. La calificación será la media aritmética de los tres ejercicios. Para la realización de esta prueba, los opositores dispondrán de un tiempo máximo de cuatro horas, reservando al menos 30 minutos para la preparación y exposición de la tercera parte. Tecnología El ejercicio práctico constará de: – Resolución de problemas y/o ejercicios de aplicación en relación con la parte A del temario. El tribunal decidirá sobre la ejecución de ejercicios en el aula-taller o en el aula de informática. – Explotación didáctica de un proyecto (como respuesta a un problema) o del análisis de un objeto o sistema técnico planteado por el tribunal. Su desarrollo deberá contener, entre otros aspectos, los objetivos didácticos que se pretenden, los contenidos que se van a estudiar, el método de trabajo y las actividades de aula en las que se desarrollen y la forma de evaluar el aprendizaje de los alumnos. Valoración de cada ejercicio: 50 por cien de la prueba. Para la realización de esta prueba, los opositores dispondrán de un tiempo de al menos de cuatro horas. Formación y Orientación Laboral El ejercicio práctico constará de: – Resolución de cuestiones y ejercicios en relación con el temario vigente. – Resolución de un caso práctico, entre tres propuestos por el tribunal, que ponga en relación las cuestiones específicas que constituyen la parte A del temario, analizando sus causas y determinando las posibles soluciones alternativas. El tribunal valorará el proceso seguido hasta adoptar la solución, las fuentes de información utilizadas y el dominio de los procedimientos, técnicas y legislación aplicables al supuesto. La resolución del caso práctico tendrá una valoración del 60 por cien del total de la prueba. La duración máxima de la prueba será de 4 horas. Organización y Proyectos de Fabricación Mecánica El ejercicio práctico constará de: – Planificación y organización de una actuación de control de calidad en un proceso industrial, aplicando técnicas de control y analizando los resultados obtenidos sobre la calidad de un producto. – Elaboración de un proyecto para fabricación mecánica, a partir de las especificaciones técnicas y/o el plano de un subconjunto adecuado para ser producido en gran serie, y formado por dos tipos de piezas donde uno de ellos es comercial y el otro tipo de pieza se obtiene por mecanizado siguiendo un proceso de fabricación conocido. — Programació de la producció en fabricació mecànica amb la finalitat de planificar una producció de fabricació mecànica, aplicant tècniques de control i veient millores amb la finalitat d’augmentar la qualitat del producte. El tribunal donarà a conéixer oportunament als opositors els mitjans tècnics i la documentació que requereix la prova pràctica. El tribunal valorarà, a més del resultat correcte, si els opositors posseixen les capacitats de tipus instrumental necessàries i tindrà en compte el procediment seguit per l’opositor en la realització de les proves pràctiques. La resolució de l’elaboració del projecte tindrà una valoració del 60 per cent del total de la prova. La durada màxima de la prova serà de cinc hores. Sistemes Electrònics — Anàlisi funcional i elèctrica de circuits i aplicacions electròniques de caràcter general. — Diagnòstic i localització d’avaries en circuits i aplicacions electròniques de caràcter general i/o en sistemes informàtics i telemàtics. — Disseny i muntatge de maquetes de circuits electrònics, utilitzant les ferramentes informàtiques necessàries. — Elaboració de programes per al control de dispositius microprogramables en llenguatges de baix nivell i alt nivell i de programes informàtics d’aplicació general. — Realització de posada al punt d’una xarxa local d’ordinadors, i la seua configuració física, d’acord amb el tipus d’aplicacions que s’hagen d’implantar. El tribunal oportunament informarà els opositors dels mitjans tècnics i la documentació necessària per al desenvolupament de la pràctica. El tribunal valorarà, a més del resultat correcte, si els opositors posseixen les capacitats de tipus instrumental necessàries i tindrà en compte el procediment seguit per l’opositor en la realització de les proves pràctiques. La nota final serà la mitjana aritmètica de les obtingudes en els supòsits proposats. La durada màxima de la prova serà de cinc hores. Organització i Processos de Manteniment de Vehicles — Mesurament i comprovació de paràmetres habitualment utilitzats en els processos de manteniment de vehicles. — Realització d’operacions de muntatge i desmuntatge habituals en el manteniment de vehicles autopropulsats. El tribunal decidirà la conveniència de realitzar una prova pràctica que integre les realitzacions anteriors, o bé, comprovar les capacitats de l’opositor mitjançant proves independents. El tribunal valorarà el procediment seguit per l’opositor en la realització de la prova pràctica sobre els resultats obtinguts. La nota final serà la mitjana aritmètica de les obtingudes en els supòsits proposats. La durada màxima de la prova serà de cinc hores. Assessoria i Processos d’Imatge Personal — Resolució de problemes i exercicis o supòsits pràctics en relació amb la part A del temari. — Execució, o simulació d’execució, de procediments o fases de procediments relacionats amb el temari. En esta part de la prova, l’opositor posarà de manifest la seua competència en l’aplicació de les tècniques i en el maneig dels mitjans necessaris. En l’avaluació, el tribunal tindrà en compte tant el resultat final dels problemes, exercicis o supòsits pràctics, i de l’execució de procediments, com també el modus operandi. Així mateix, es tindrà en compte el compliment durant tot el procés de les condicions òptimes de seguretat i d’hygiene. Per a l’execució dels procediments, el tribunal decidirà sobre la necessitat que l’opositor haja de comptar amb una persona que siga subjecte passiu dels procediments que s’hi han d’aplicar. La resolució del supòsit d’execució o simulació d’execució tindrà una valoració del 70 per cent del total de la prova. La durada total de la prova serà de quatre hores. Construccions Civils i Edificació El tribunal triarà dos o més proves entre les següents: – Estudi de diverses solucions alternatives a un problema constructiu donat. – Càlcul i dimensionament d’elements d’obra, com per exemple, donades unes determinades càrregues, dimensionar una cimentació superficial. – Desenvolupament complet d’un detall constructiu determinat. – Mesurament i valoració d’un projecte de construcció i edificació. El tribunal valorarà el procés seguit fins a adoptar la solució, les fonts d’informació utilitzades i el domini dels procediments, càlculs i normes tècniques aplicables al supòsit. La nota final serà la mitjana aritmètica de les obtingudes en els supòsits proposats. La durada màxima de la prova serà de cinc hores. Intervenció Sociocomunitària – A partir del plantejament de dos supòsits pràctics relacionats amb el temari vigent, l’opositor ha de triar-ne i realitzar: definició d’objectius, selecció de recursos humans i materials, identificació d’estratègies d’intervenció, seqüència d’activitats i establiment de criteris d’avaluació. El tribunal valorarà la solució del supòsit pràctic i les pautes adoptades per a arribar a la seua obtenció. La durada màxima de la prova serà de quatre hores. Hoteleira i Turisme – Realització d’un supòsit pràctic d’administració d’un establiment del sector d’hoteleteria o d’un pla de màrqueting turístic. – A partir d’un supòsit pràctic d’elaboracions culinàries, descriure les tècniques més significatives, les fases del procés d’elaboració i de servei més importants i els resultats que s’hi han d’obtindre. El tribunal valorarà el domini de l’aplicació de sistemes, normes, mètodes, tècniques i procediments específics. La resolució del supòsit pràctic d’administració tindrà una valoració del 60 per cent del total de la prova. La durada màxima de la prova serà de quatre hores. Processos i Mitjans de Comunicació Resolució d’un cas pràctic, proposat pel tribunal, que pose en relació diferents qüestions específiques que constitueixen el temari de la part A. El seu desenvolupament haurà de contindre, entre altres aspectes, tècniques i estils; tècniques aplicades; organització dels recursos humans, tècnics i materials; procediments adequats als requeriments; aplicació de normes d’ús i manteniment preventiu i de qualitat. Informàtica El tribunal triarà dos o més proves entre les següents: – Disseny d’aplicacions informàtiques que complisquin certs requisits donats sobre: estructures de dades; descripció de programes; interfícies de E/E; comportament, procediments d’ús. – Desenvolupament, manteniment i verificació de programes en llenguatges estructurats. – Utilització de llenguatges i utilitats de sistemes gestors de base de dades relacionals per a la definició, manipulació o administració de dades. – Maneig d’utilitats per a verificar o configurar sistemes informàtics. – Maneig de funcions primitives del programari de base. Implementació de procediments per a la configuració o explotació del sistema. – Disseny de sistemes en xarxa. – Realització de funcions d’explotació i administració en un sistema de xarxa local. El tribunal donarà a conéixer als opositors, en cas necessari, els mitjans tècnics i la documentació tècnica del programari necessària per al desenvolupament de la prova pràctica. Construcciones Civiles y Edificación El tribunal elegirá dos o más pruebas entre las siguientes: – Estudio de varias soluciones alternativas a un problema constructivo dado. – Cálculo y dimensionamiento de elementos de obra; tal como: dadas unas determinadas cargas, dimensionar una cimentación superficial. – Desarrollo completo de un detalle constructivo determinado. – Medición y valoración de un proyecto de construcción y edificación. El tribunal valorará el proceso seguido hasta adoptar la solución, las fuentes de información utilizadas y el dominio de los procedimientos, cálculos y normas técnicas aplicables al supuesto. La nota final será la media aritmética de las obtenidas en los supuestos propuestos. La duración máxima de la prueba será de 5 horas. Intervención Sociocomunitaria – A partir del planteamiento de dos supuestos prácticos relacionados con el temario vigente, el opositor deberá elegir uno de ellos y realizar: definición de objetivos, selección de recursos humanos y materiales, identificación de estrategias de intervención, secuencia de actividades y establecimiento de criterios de evaluación. El tribunal valorará la solución del supuesto práctico y las pautas adoptadas para llegar a su obtención. La duración máxima de la prueba será de 4 horas. Hostelería y Turismo – Realización de un supuesto práctico de administración de un establecimiento del sector de hostelería o de un plan de marketing turístico. – A partir de un supuesto práctico de elaboraciones culinarias, describir las técnicas más significativas, las fases del proceso de elaboración y de servicio más importantes y los resultados que deben obtenerse. El tribunal valorará el dominio de la aplicación de sistemas, normas, métodos, técnicas y procedimientos específicos. La resolución del supuesto práctico de administración tendrá una valoración del 60 por cien del total de la prueba. La duración máxima de la prueba será de 4 horas. Procesos y Medios de Comunicación. Resolución de un caso práctico, propuesto por el Tribunal, que ponga en relación diferentes cuestiones específicas que constituyen el temario de la parte A. Su desarrollo deberá contener, entre otros aspectos, técnicas y estilos; técnicas aplicadas; organización de los recursos humanos, técnicos y materiales; procedimientos adecuados a los requerimientos; aplicación de normas de uso y mantenimiento preventivo y de calidad. Informática El tribunal elegirá dos o más pruebas entre las siguientes: – Diseño de aplicaciones informáticas que cumplan ciertos requisitos dados sobre: Estructuras de datos; descripción de programas; interfaces de E/S; comportamiento, procedimientos de uso. – Desarrollo, mantenimiento y verificación de programas en lenguajes estructurados. – Utilización de lenguajes y utilidades de sistemas gestores de base de datos relacionales para la definición, manipulación o administración de datos. – Manejo de utilidades para verificar o configurar sistemas informáticos. – Manejo de funciones primitivas del “software” de base. Implementación de procedimientos para la configuración o explotación del sistema. – Diseño de sistemas en red. – Realización de funciones de explotación y administración en un sistema de red local. El tribunal dará a conocer a los opositores, en caso necesario, los medios técnicos y la documentación técnica del “software” necesaria para el desarrollo de la prueba práctica. El tribunal valorarà, a més del resultat correcte, si els opositors posseixen les capacitats de tipus instrumental necessàries i tindrà en compte el procediment seguit per l’opositor en la realització de les proves pràctiques. La nota final serà la mitjana aritmètica de les obtingudes en els supòsits proposats. La durada màxima de la prova serà de quatre hores. Llengua i Literatura Valenciana L’exercici pràctic constarà de dos exercicis: 1. Comentari filològic i literari d’un text anterior al segle XVIII. 2. Anàlisi d’un text contemporani en els diferents nivells (pragmàtic, semàntic, morfosintàctic i fonològic), en funció de la importància dels mateixos per al significat global del text. La qualificació serà la mitjana aritmètica d’ambdós exercicis. La durada màxima serà de quatre hores. Anàlisi i Química Industrial Resolució de problemes d’anàlisi química o instrumental i interpretació de gràfiques. Instrumentació i/o interpretació d’un diagrama de fluxos o d’una operació d’un procés industrial. A partir d’una mostra subministrada, realització d’una prova experimental en que es puga calcular: algun paràmetre físic, algun paràmetre per anàlisi instrumental i algun paràmetre microbiològic. L’opositor realitzarà la presentació de l’esquema del procés seguit, càlculs i anàlisi de resultats utilitzant suport estatístic i informàtic. El tribunal per a la realització de la prova experimental posarà a disposició dels opositors instruccions de maneig dels instruments i documentació o bibliografia apropiada. El tribunal valorarà, a més de l’obtenció d’un resultat correcte, el procediment seguit en l’anàlisi, el maneig correcte i acurat de tots els instruments del laboratori, la justificació dels resultats obtinguts i la utilització de ferramentes informàtiques. Organització i Projectes de Sistemes Energètics – Desenvolupament de diferents apartats del projecte d’una instal·lació típica d’edifici i/o de procés (com per exemple: diagrames de principi dels diferents sistemes, càlculs de les xarxes, selecció d’equips, plans generals i de detall en suport paper o CAD, planificació de muntatges, pla de manteniment, etc.), a partir de condicions establides. – Realització d’un conjunt d’intervencions sobre un sistema, equips o màquines d’una instal·lació d’edifici o de procés, real o simulada, relacionades amb la seua regulació i posada al punt, diagnòstic d’avaries i d’estat, i el manteniment i reparació. El tribunal tindrà en compte el procediment emprat en la definició, configuració i desenvolupament dels projectes de muntatge i plans de manteniment d’instal·lacions i en les intervencions realitzades sobre les mateixes, així com el resultat final obtingut. La nota final serà la mitjana aritmètica de les obtingudes en els supòsits proposats. La durada màxima de la prova serà de cinc hores. Processos de Producció Agrària El tribunal triarà dos o més proves entre les següents: – Resolució de problemes i exercicis o supòsits pràctics en relació amb la part A del temari. – Resolució i estratègies de resolució d’un cas pràctic, que pose en relació diferents conceptes, procediments i aplicacions de continguts que constitueixen la part A del temari. En esta part de la prova, l’opositor posarà de manifest la seua competència en l’aplicació de les tècniques i en el maneig dels mitjans necessaris per això. En l’avaluació, el tribunal tindrà en compte tant el resultat final dels exercicis o supòsits pràctics, com el procediment emprat. El tribunal valorarà, además del resultado correcto, si los opositores poseen las capacidades de tipo instrumental necesarias y tendrá en cuenta el procedimiento seguido por el opositor en la realización de las pruebas prácticas. La nota final será la media aritmética de las obtenidas en los supuestos propuestos. La duración máxima de la prueba será de 4 horas. Lengua y Literatura Valenciana: El ejercicio práctico constará de dos ejercicios: 1. Comentario filológico y literario de un texto anterior al siglo XVIII. 2. Análisis de un texto contemporáneo en los diferentes niveles (pragmático, semántico, morfosintáctico y fonológico), en función de la importancia de los mismos para el significado global del texto. La calificación será la media aritmética de ambos ejercicios. La duración máxima será de 4 horas. Análisis y Química Industrial Resolución de problemas de análisis químico o instrumental e interpretación de gráficas. Instrumentación y/o interpretación de un diagrama de flujos o de una operación de un proceso industrial. A partir de una muestra suministrada, realización de una prueba experimental en la que se pueda calcular: Algun parámetro físico, algún parámetro por análisis instrumental y algún parámetro microbiológico. El opositor realizará la presentación del esquema del proceso seguido, cálculos y análisis de resultados utilizando soporte estadístico e informático. El Tribunal, para la realización de la prueba experimental, pondrá a disposición de los opositores instrucciones de manejo de los instrumentos y documentación o bibliografía apropiada. El Tribunal valorará, además de la obtención de un resultado correcto, el procedimiento seguido en el análisis, el manejo correcto y cuidadoso de todos los instrumentos del laboratorio, la justificación de los resultados obtenidos y la utilización de herramientas informáticas. Organización y Proyectos de Sistemas Energéticos – Desarrollo de diferentes apartados del proyecto de una instalación típica de edificio y/o de proceso (como por ejemplo: Diagramas de principio de los diferentes sistemas, cálculos de las redes, selección de equipos, planos generales y de detalle en soporte papel o CAD, planificación de montajes, plan de mantenimiento, etc.), a partir de condiciones establecidas. – Realización de un conjunto de intervenciones sobre un sistema, equipos o máquinas de una instalación de edificio o de proceso, real o simulada, relacionadas con su regulación y puesta a punto, diagnóstico de averías y de estado, y el mantenimiento y reparación. El tribunal tendrá en cuenta el procedimiento empleado en la definición, configuración y desarrollo de los proyectos de montaje y planes de mantenimiento de instalaciones y en las intervenciones realizadas sobre las mismas, así como el resultado final obtenido. La nota final será la media aritmética de las obtenidas en los supuestos propuestos. La duración máxima de la prueba será de 5 horas. Procesos de Producción Agraria El tribunal elegirá dos o más pruebas entre las siguientes: – Resolución de problemas y ejercicios o supuestos prácticos en relación con la parte A del temario. – Resolución y estrategias de resolución de un caso práctico, que ponga en relación diferentes conceptos, procedimientos y aplicaciones de contenidos que constituyen la parte A del temario. En esta parte de la prueba, el opositor pondrá de manifiesto su competencia en la aplicación de las técnicas y en el manejo de los medios necesarios para ello. En la evaluación, el tribunal tendrá en cuenta tanto el resultado final de los ejercicios o supuestos prácticos, como el procedimiento empleado. La nota final serà la mitjana aritmètica de les obtingudes en els supòsits proposats. La durada màxima de la prova serà de quatre hores. El tribunal, oportunament, informarà els opositors dels mitjans tècnics i la documentació necessària per al desenvolupament de la pràctica. Processos de Diagnòstic Clínic i Procediments Ortoprotètics El tribunal triarà dos o més proves entre les següents: – Resolució de problemes i exercicis o supòsits pràctics en relació amb la part A del temari. – Resolució i estratègies de resolució d’un cas pràctic, que pose en relació diferents conceptes, procediments i aplicacions de continguts que constitueixen la part A del temari. En esta part de la prova, l’opositor posarà de manifest la seua competència en l’aplicació de les tècniques i en el maneig dels mitjans necessaris per a això. En l’avaluació, el tribunal tindrà en compte tant el resultat final dels exercicis o supòsits pràctics, com el procediment emprat. La nota final serà la mitjana aritmètica de les obtingudes en els supòsits proposats. La durada màxima de la prova serà de quatre hores. El tribunal, oportunament, informarà els opositors dels mitjans tècnics i la documentació necessària per al desenvolupament de la pràctica. Processos Sanitaris El tribunal triarà dos o més proves entre les següents: – Resolució de problemes i exercicis o supòsits pràctics en relació amb la part A del temari. – Resolució i estratègies de resolució d’un cas pràctic, que pose en relació diferents conceptes, procediments i aplicacions de continguts que constitueixen la part A del temari. En esta part de la prova, l’opositor posarà de manifest la seua competència en l’aplicació de les tècniques i en el maneig dels mitjans necessaris per a això. En l’avaluació, el tribunal tindrà en compte tant el resultat final dels exercicis o supòsits pràctics, com el procediment emprat. La nota final serà la mitjana aritmètica de les obtingudes en els supòsits proposats. La durada màxima de la prova serà de quatre hores. El tribunal, oportunament, informarà els opositors dels mitjans tècnics i la documentació necessària per al desenvolupament de la pràctica. Sistemes Electrotècnics i Automàtics El tribunal triarà dos o més proves entre les següents: – Muntatge, connexió i posada al punt d’una instal·lació elèctrica domèstica i/o industrial. – Realització del muntatge d’automatismes simples amb tecnologies pneumàtica i electropneumàtica i/o hidràulica i electrohidràulica. – Realització i posada en marxa d’un automatisme simple, governat per un automàt programable, elaborant el programa de control adequat. – Diagnòstic i localització d’avaries en instal·lacions amb l’equip de mesura adequat, i restablir-ne el funcionament. El tribunal oportunament informarà els opositors dels mitjans tècnics i la documentació necessària per al desenvolupament de la pràctica. El tribunal valorarà, a més del resultat correcte, si els opositors posseïxen les capacitats de tipus instrumental necessàries i tindrà en compte el procediment seguit per l’opositor en la realització de les proves pràctiques. La nota final serà la mitjana aritmètica de les obtingudes en els supòsits proposats. La durada màxima de la prova serà de cinc hores. La nota final será la media aritmética de las obtenidas en los supuestos propuestos. La duración máxima de la prueba será de 4 horas. El tribunal, oportunamente, informará a los opositores de los medios técnicos y la documentación necesaria para el desarrollo de la práctica. Procesos de Diagnóstico Clínico y Procedimientos Ortoprotésicos. El tribunal elegirá dos o más pruebas entre las siguientes: – Resolución de problemas y ejercicios o supuestos prácticos en relación con la parte A del temario. – Resolución y estrategias de resolución de un caso práctico, que ponga en relación diferentes conceptos, procedimientos y aplicaciones de contenidos que constituyen la parte A del temario. En esta parte de la prueba, el opositor pondrá de manifiesto su competencia en la aplicación de las técnicas y en el manejo de los medios necesarios para ello. En la evaluación, el tribunal tendrá en cuenta tanto el resultado final de los ejercicios o supuestos prácticos, como el procedimiento empleado. La nota final será la media aritmética de las obtenidas en los supuestos propuestos. La duración máxima de la prueba será de 4 horas. El tribunal, oportunamente, informará a los opositores de los medios técnicos y la documentación necesaria para el desarrollo de la práctica. Procesos Sanitarios. El tribunal elegirá dos o más pruebas entre las siguientes: – Resolución de problemas y ejercicios o supuestos prácticos en relación con la parte A del temario. – Resolución y estrategias de resolución de un caso práctico, que ponga en relación diferentes conceptos, procedimientos y aplicaciones de contenidos que constituyen la parte A del temario. En esta parte de la prueba, el opositor pondrá de manifiesto su competencia en la aplicación de las técnicas y en el manejo de los medios necesarios para ello. En la evaluación, el tribunal tendrá en cuenta tanto el resultado final de los ejercicios o supuestos prácticos, como el procedimiento empleado. La nota final será la media aritmética de las obtenidas en los supuestos propuestos. La duración máxima de la prueba será de 4 horas. El tribunal, oportunamente, informará a los opositores de los medios técnicos y la documentación necesaria para el desarrollo de la práctica. Sistemas Electrotécnicos y Automáticos El tribunal elegirá dos o más pruebas entre las siguientes: – Montaje, conexión y puesta a punto de una instalación eléctrica doméstica y/o industrial. – Realización del montaje de automatismos simples con tecnologías neumática y electroneumática, y/o hidráulica y electrohidráulica. – Realización y puesta en marcha de un automatismo simple, gobernado por un automata programable, elaborando el programa de control adecuado. – Diagnóstico y localización de averías en instalaciones con el equipo de medida adecuado, restableciendo el funcionamiento. El tribunal, oportunamente informará a los opositores de los medios técnicos y la documentación necesaria para el desarrollo de la práctica. El tribunal valorará, además del resultado correcto, si los opositores poseen las capacidades de tipo instrumental necesarias y tendrá en cuenta el procedimiento seguido por el opositor en la realización de las pruebas prácticas. La nota final será la media aritmética de las obtenidas en los supuestos propuestos. La duración máxima de la prueba será de 5 horas. 2. Cuerpo de Profesores de Escuelas Oficiales de Idiomas Alemán, Francés, Inglés e Italiano El ejercicio práctico constará de tres partes: 1. Traducción inversa. 2. Traducción directa. 3. Análisis de un texto contemporáneo (máximo 25 líneas) en los diferentes niveles (pragmático, semántico, morfosintáctico y fonológico), en función de la importancia de los mismos para el significado global del texto. La valoración será del 40 por cien para la traducción inversa y del 30 por cien para cada una de las restantes partes. La duración máxima será de 4 horas. Español para extranjeros: 1. Comentario lingüístico de un texto literario contemporáneo en sus diferentes aspectos (pragmáticos, semánticos, morfosintácticos y fonético-fonológicos), en función de la importancia de los mismos para el significado global del texto. Duración máxima: 2 horas. Valor: 40 por cien del ejercicio práctico. 2. Comentario dirigido de un texto de actualidad, con cuestiones planteadas por el tribunal sobre cualquier aspecto del temario oficial de español para extranjeros (hasta un máximo de 10 preguntas). Duración máxima: 2 horas. Valor: 60 por cien del ejercicio práctico. La duración total de este ejercicio práctico (incluyendo ambas pruebas) no excederá de las 4 horas. 3. Cuerpo de Profesores de Música y Artes Escénicas Contrabajo, Violín, Tuba y Viola. La prueba constará de tres partes: a) Análisis por escrito, estructural, técnico y estético de una obra o fragmento propuestos por el tribunal. El aspirante dispondrá de un máximo de cuatro horas para el desarrollo de este ejercicio. b) Análisis por escrito, técnico y didáctico, de una obra o fragmento escrita para el instrumento y propia del grado medio, propuesta por el tribunal. Con independencia de otros aspectos que estime procedentes, el opositor deberá señalar todos aquellos elementos que considere necesario tener en cuenta para trabajar dicha obra con un alumno (digitación, fraseo, dinámica, tipos de ataque, etc.). El opositor deberá indicar los objetivos y contenidos del currículo a los que cabe referir la obra o fragmento que se le proponga, el curso en el que podría incluirse, propuestas metodológicas sobre su enseñanza, criterios y elementos para su evaluación y mínimos exigibles al alumno en la realización de la misma. Para el desarrollo de este ejercicio el opositor dispondrá de dos horas. c) Interpretación, durante un mínimo de treinta minutos y un máximo de cuarenta, de dos obras de periodos diferentes elegidas por el tribunal de una lista presentada por el opositor que incluya obras completas de al menos cuatro estilos y autores diferentes. Las obras deberán estar publicadas. El tribunal podrá indicar que se interpreten únicamente movimientos concretos de una o de las dos obras, cuando la duración conjunta de éstas exceda el límite de tiempo señalado. Es responsabilidad de los opositores aportar el acompañamiento que precisen. El tribunal valorará el ejercicio c) con el 60 por cien, y con el 40 por cien los ejercicios a) y b). Piano La prueba constará de cuatro ejercicios: a) Análisis por escrito, estructural, técnico y estético de una obra o fragmento propuesta por el tribunal. El aspirante dispondrá de un máximo de cuatro horas para el desarrollo de este ejercicio. b) Análisis por escrito, técnico y didáctico, de una obra o fragmento escrita para el instrumento y propia del grado medio, propuesta por el tribunal. Con independencia de otros aspectos que estime procedentes, el opositor deberá señalar todos aquellos elementos que considere necesario tener en cuenta para trabajar dicha obra con un alumno (digitación, fraseo, dinámica, tipos de ataque, etc.). El opositor deberá indicar los objetivos y contenidos del currículo a los que cabe referir la obra o fragmento que se le proincloure’s, propostes metodològiques sobre el seu ensenyament, criteris i elements per a la seua avaliació i mínims exigibles a l’alumne en la seua realització. Per al desenvolupament d’este exercici l’opositor disposarà de dos hores. c) Interpretació, durant un mínim de trenta minuts i un màxim de quaranta minuts, d’almenys dos obres elegides pel tribunal d’una llista presentada per l’opositor que incloga obres (completes) d’almenys quatre estils i autors diferents. Les obres hauran d’estar publicades. El tribunal podrà indicar que s’interpreten únicament moviments concrets d’una o de les dos obres, quan la durada conjunta d’estes excedísca el límit de temps assenyalat. d) Repentització d’un acompanyament per a una obra instrumental o de cant que seran proporcionats pel tribunal. L’opositor disposarà de mitja hora per a preparar l’exercici. El tribunal valorarà l’exercici c) amb el 60 per cent, i amb el 40 per cent els exercicis a), b) i d). Fonaments de composició a) Realització a quatre veus reals d’un baix triple proposat pel tribunal. b) Harmonització per a piano d’una melodia instrumental proposada pel tribunal. c) Compondre un treball per a quartet d’arc l’arrancada del qual serà proposada pel tribunal, usant preferentement procediments contrapuntístics. d) Composició d’un primer temps de sonada clàssica per a piano sobre un tema proposat pel tribunal. e) Orquestrar un fragment d’una obra de piano per a un grup instrumental que determine el tribunal. f) Anàlisi harmònica estructural, tècnica i estètica, per escrit, d’una obra o temps proposats pel tribunal. El tribunal assenyalarà el temps màxim per a la realització de cada exercici. La qualificació final serà la mitjana aritmètica de cadascun dels exercicis. Cor 1-Anàlisi estructural, tècnica i estètica, per escrit, d’una obra coral proposada pel tribunal. L’aspirant disposarà d’un màxim de quatre hores per al desenvolupament d’este exercici. 2-A partir d’una melodia amb text proposada pel tribunal, els aspirants elaboraran la partitura per a dos tipus diferents d’agrupacions vocals. Este exercici es realitzarà en clausura durant un temps màxim de dotze hores. Dansa Espanyola Impartirà una classe de dansa espanyola d’un nivell mitjà-avancat, acompanyada al piano, i la part de flamenc a la guitarra, que podrà aportar l’opositor, a alumnes que es posaran a la seua disposició. La classe permetrà comprovar la pràctica docent de l’opositor, i també el coneixement de la matèria que impartirà, (folklore, escola bolera, flamenca o dansa estilitzada) l’ús de la música en els exercicis que presente i la seua capacitat per a transmetre els seus coneixements als alumnes. Dansa Clàssica Impartició d’una classe de dansa clàssica d’un nivell mitjà-avancat acompanyada al piano, que podrà aportar l’opositor, a alumnes que es posaran a la seua disposició. La classe permetrà comprovar la pràctica docent de l’opositor, i també el coneixement de la matèria que impartirà, l’ús de la música en els exercicis que presente i la seua capacitat per a transmetre els coneixements als alumnes. Dansa Contemporània Impartirà una classe de dansa contemporània, d’un nivell mitjà avancat, acompanyada al piano, que podrà aportar l’opositor, amb els exercicis característics de cada un d’estos estils, a alumnes que es posaran a la seua disposició. ponga, el curso en el que podría incluirse, propuestas metodológicas sobre su enseñanza, criterios y elementos para su evaluación y mínimos exigibles al alumno en la realización de la misma. Para el desarrollo de este ejercicio el opositor dispondrá de dos horas. c) Interpretación, durante un mínimo de treinta minutos y un máximo de cuarenta, de no menos de dos obras elegidas por el tribunal de una lista presentada por el opositor que incluya obras (completas) de al menos cuatro estilos y autores diferentes. Las obras deberán estar publicadas. El tribunal podrá indicar que se interpreten únicamente movimientos concretos de una o de las dos obras, cuando la duración conjunta de éstas exceda el límite de tiempo señalado. d) Repentización de un acompañamiento para una obra instrumental o de canto que serán proporcionados por el tribunal. El opositor dispondrá de media hora para preparar el ejercicio. El tribunal valorará el ejercicio c) con el 60 por cien y con el 40 por cien los ejercicios a), b) y d). Fundamentos de composición a) Realización a 4 voces reales de un bajo triple propuesto por el tribunal. b) Armonización para piano de una melodía instrumental propuesta por el tribunal. c) Componer un trabajo para cuarteto de arco cuyo arranque será propuesto por el tribunal, usando preferentemente procedimientos contrapuntísticos. d) Composición de un primer tiempo de sonada clásica para piano sobre un tema propuesto por el tribunal. e) Orquestar un fragmento de una obra de piano para un grupo instrumental que determine el tribunal. f) Análisis armónico estructural, técnico y estético, por escrito, de una obra o tiempo propuesta por el tribunal. El tribunal señalará el tiempo máximo para la realización de cada ejercicio. La calificación final será la media aritmética de cada uno de los ejercicios. Coro 1—Análisis estructural, técnico y estético, por escrito, de una obra coral propuesta por el tribunal. El aspirante dispondrá de un máximo de cuatro horas para el desarrollo de este ejercicio. 2—A partir de una melodía con texto propuesta por el tribunal, los aspirantes elaborarán la partitura para dos tipos diferentes de agrupaciones vocales. Este ejercicio se realizará en clausura durante un tiempo máximo de doce horas. Danza Española Impartirá una clase de danza española de un nivel medio-avanzado, acompañada al piano, y la parte de flamenco a la guitarra, que podrá aportar el opositor, a alumnos que se pondrán a su disposición. La clase permitirá comprobar la práctica docente del opositor, así como el conocimiento de la materia que va a impartir, (folklore, escuela bolera, flamenco o danza estilitizada) el empleo de la música en los ejercicios que presente y su capacidad para transmitir sus conocimientos a los alumnos. Danza Clásica Impartición de una clase de danza clásica de un nivel medio-avanzado acompañada al piano, que podrá aportar el opositor, a alumnos que se podrán a su disposición. La clase permitirá comprobar la práctica docente del opositor, así como el conocimiento de la materia que va a impartir, el empleo de la música en los ejercicios que presente y su capacidad para transmitir los conocimientos a los alumnos. Danza Contemporánea Impartirá una clase de danza contemporánea, de un nivel medio avanzado, acompañada al piano, que podrá aportar el opositor, con los ejercicios característicos de cada uno de estos estilos, a alumnos que se pondrán a su disposición. La classe permetrà comprovar la pràctica docent de l’opositor, i també el coneixement de la matèria que impartirà, l’ús de la música en els exercicis que presenti i la seua capacitat per a transmetre els seus coneixements de dansa contemporània als alumnes. Els estils característics de la dansa contemporània a tindre en compte són: Merce Cuningham, José Limón o Marta Graham. 4. Cos de professors d’Arts Plàstiques i Disseny Per les especialitats de Disseny d’Interiors i Disseny Gràfic El Tribunal plantejarà un projecte professional, en què establirà els criteris d’avaluació per a cada una de les fases que s’haurà de desenvolupar. L’opositor desenvoluparà el projecte seguint l’estructura per fases: Fase A: Memòria A.1. Memòria d’intencions: recollirà els objectius de l’opositor en el projecte per ell seleccionat i els condicionants que marcaran el seu desenvolupament. A.2. Memòria explicativa: l’opositor farà una explicació descriptiva de les parts del projecte. A.3. Memòria justificativa: l’opositor haurà de demostrar el compliment dels aspectes reflectits en la seua memòria d’intencions. Fase B: Desenvolupament B.1. Formalització de projecte: Consistirà en l’elaboració de tots els documents en el suport adequat per a una correcta expressió del mateix, incloent els adequats aspectes conceptuais, geomètrics, estètics etc. B.2. Tecnologia del projecte: haurà d’incloure’s aspectes tècnics necessaris per a aconseguir la materialització del projecte. B.3. Aspectes jurídics del projecte; legalitat del projecte. Haurà d’incloure’s justificació del compliment de la normativa vigent. Fase C: Sostenibilitat Haurà de garantir-se la viabilitat del disseny en clau del desenvolupament sostenible atenent a aspectes mediambientals, econòmics, de confort, socials, humans i legals. La durada màxima de la prova serà de huit hores. El Tribunal informarà oportunament els opositors dels mitjans tècnics i la documentació necessària per al desenvolupament de les fases plantejades. Per les especialitats de Fotografia, Materials i Tecnologia: Ceràmica i Vidre, Materials i Tecnologia: Disseny, Mitjans Audiovisuals, Mitjans Informàtics i Organització Industrial i Legislació El Tribunal plantejarà un projecte professional, en què establirà els criteris d’avaluació per a cada una de les fases que s’haurà de desenvolupar. L’opositor desenvoluparà el projecte seguint l’estructura per fases: Fase A: Memòria A.1. Memòria d’intencions: recollirà els objectius de l’opositor en el projecte per ell seleccionat i els condicionants que marcaran el seu desenvolupament. A.2. Memòria explicativa: l’opositor farà una explicació descriptiva de les parts del projecte. A.3. Memòria justificativa: l’opositor haurà de demostrar el compliment dels aspectes reflectits en la seua memòria d’intencions. Fase B: Desenvolupament B.1. Formalització de projecte: Consistirà en l’elaboració de tots els documents en el suport adequat per a una correcta expressió del mateix, incloent els adequats aspectes conceptuais, geomètrics, estètics etc. B.2. Tecnologia del projecte: haurà d’incloure’s aspectes tècnics necessaris per a aconseguir la materialització del projecte. B.3. Aspectes jurídics del projecte; legalitat del projecte. Haurà d’incloure’s justificació del compliment de la normativa vigent. La clase permitirá comprobar la práctica docente del opositor, así como el conocimiento de la materia que va a impartir, el empleo de la música en los ejercicios que presente y su capacidad para transmitir sus conocimientos de danza contemporánea, a los alumnos. Los estilos característicos de la danza contemporánea a tener en cuenta son: Merce Cunningham, José Limón o Marta Graham. 4. Cuerpo de Profesores de Artes Plásticas y Diseño. Para las especialidades de Diseño de Interiores y Diseño Gráfico El Tribunal planteará un proyecto profesional, estableciendo los criterios de evaluación para cada una de las fases que se deberá desarrollar. El opositor desarrollará el proyecto siguiendo la estructura por fases: Fase A: Memoria. A.1. Memoria de intenciones: Recogerá los objetivos del opositor en el proyecto por él seleccionado y los condicionantes que marcarán el desarrollo del mismo. A.2. Memoria explicativa: El opositor hará una explicación descriptiva de las partes del proyecto. A.3. Memoria justificativa: El opositor deberá demostrar el cumplimiento de los aspectos reflejados en su memoria de intenciones. Fase B: Desarrollo. B.1. Formalización de proyecto: Consistirá en la elaboración de todos los documentos en el soporte adecuado para una correcta expresión del mismo, incluyendo los adecuados aspectos conceptuales, geométricos, estéticos etc. B.2. Tecnología del proyecto: Deberá incluirse aspectos técnicos necesarios para conseguir la materialización del proyecto. B.3. Aspectos jurídicos del proyecto; legalidad del proyecto. Deberá incluirse justificación del cumplimiento de la normativa vigente. Fase C: Sostenibilitat Haurà de garantir-se la viabilitat del disseny en clau del desenvolupament sostenible atenten a aspectes mediambientals, econòmics, de confort, socials, humans i legals. La durada màxima de la prova serà de sis hores. El Tribunal informarà oportunament els opositors dels mitjans tècnics i la documentació necessària per al desenvolupament de les fases plantejades. 5. Cos de professors tècnics de Formació Professional Instal·lació i Manteniment d'Equips Tèrmics i de Fluids El tribunal triarà dos o més exercicis entre els següents: – Montatge de canonades: realització, davall mesures, d’un entramat de tubs que comprengu corbats, derivacions, eixamplaments, unions soldades i unions esbocades, montant en un dels trams una vàlvula obús per a presa de pressió. – En una instal·lació frigorífica: substitució d’un element, recuperació del gas refrigerant, inspecció de les vàlvules del compressor i regulació de termostats i pressostats. Càlcul i dimensió d’un condensador o un evaporador. – En una instal·lació de calor: regulació del cremador i ànalysis de combustió, regulació i ajust d’un grup de pressió de combustible. – En instal·lacions frigorífiques de calor o de condicionament d’aire: realització de balanços tèrmics d’instal·lacions i ànalysis de rendiments, realització de la regulació de la instal·lació, disseny i mecanització dels elements d’un quadre elèctric. – Davant un esquema o pla d’una instal·lació frigorífica: selecció dels diàmetres de canonades i càlcul de les caigudes de pressió en cada tram. – Localització d’avaries: trucatge de la instal·lació per a aconseguir els símptomes de l’avaria que s’ha de localitzar, identificació dels símptomes de l’avaria, explicació de les possibles causes, realització d’un pla d’intervenció per a la reparació i posada en marxa de la instal·lació. Una vegada finalitzada la prova, l’opositor realitzarà la justificació del treball des del punt de vista tècnic i didàctic. El tribunal donarà a conèixer oportunament als opositors els mitjans tècnics i la documentació necessària per al desenvolupament de la prova pràctica. El tribunal valorarà, a més del resultat correcte, si l’opositor poseix les capacitats de tipus instrumental necessàries i tindrà en compte el procediment seguit en la realització de les pràctiques. La nota final serà la mitjana aritmètica de les obtingudes en els supòsits proposats. La durada màxima de la prova serà de cinc hores. Instal·lacions Electrotècniques El tribunal triarà dos o més pràctiques entre les següents: – Configuració i càlcul d’instal·lacions electrotècniques, documentant-ne el procés. – Construcció, a partir dels plànols del projecte, d’instal·lacions electrotècniques. – Diagnòstic i localització d’avaries en instal·lacions electrotècniques i en sistemes de regulació de motors de corrent continu i corrent altern, identificació dels símptomes, explicació de les possibles causes, realització d’un pla d’intervenció per a la reparació i posada en marxa de la instal·lació. – Manteniment de màquines rotatives i construcció de màquines estàtiques. – Programació d’autòmats programables. – Instal·lació d’entorns microinformàtics amb els seus perifèrics bàsics. – Operació del sistema operatiu i programes d’un equip informàtic. Una vegada finalitzada la prova, cal que l’opositor realitze la justificació del treball des del punt de vista tècnic i didàctic. El tribunal donarà a conèixer oportunament als opositors els mitjans tècnics i la documentació necessària per al desenvolupament de la pràctica. Fase C: Sostenibilidad.. Deberá garantizarse la viabilidad del diseño en clave del desarrollo sostenible atendiendo a aspectos medio ambientales, económicos, de confort, sociales, humanos y legales. La duración máxima de la prueba será de 6 horas. El Tribunal, informará oportunamente a los opositores de los medios técnicos y la documentación necesaria para el desarrollo de las fases planteadas. 5. Cuerpo de Profesores Técnicos de Formación Profesional Instalación y Mantenimiento de Equipos Térmicos y de Fluidos. El tribunal elegirá dos o más ejercicios entre los siguientes: – Montaje de tuberías: Realización, bajo medidas, de un entramado de tubos que comprenda curvados, derivaciones, ensanchamientos, uniones soldadas y uniones abocardadas, montando en uno de los tramos una válvula obús para toma de presión. – En una instalación frigorífica: Sustitución de un elemento, recuperación del gas refrigerante, inspección de las válvulas del compressor y regulación de termostatos y presostatos. Cálculo y dimensión de un condensador o un evaporador. – En una instalación de calor: Regulación del quemador y análisis de combustión, regulación y ajuste de un grupo de presión de combustible. – En instalaciones frigoríficas, de calor o de acondicionamiento de aire: Realización de balances térmicos de instalaciones y análisis de rendimientos, realización de la regulación de la instalación, diseño y mecanización de los elementos de un cuadro eléctrico. – Ante un esquema o plano de una instalación frigorífica: Selección de los diámetros de tuberías y cálculo de las caídas de presión en cada tramo. – Localización de averías: Trucado de la instalación para conseguir los síntomas de la avería que se debe localizar, identificación de los síntomas de la avería, explicación de las posibles causas, realización de un plan de intervención para la reparación y puesta en marcha de la instalación. Una vez finalizada la prueba, el opositor realizará la justificación del trabajo desde el punto de vista técnico y didáctico. El tribunal dará a conocer oportunamente a los opositores los medios técnicos y la documentación necesaria para el desarrollo de la práctica. El tribunal valorará, además del resultado correcto, si el opositor posee las capacidades de tipo instrumental necesarias y tendrá en cuenta el procedimiento seguido en la realización de las prácticas. La nota final será la media aritmética de las obtenidas en los supuestos propuestos. La duración máxima de la prueba será de 5 horas. Instalaciones Electrotécnicas El tribunal elegirá dos o más pruebas entre las siguientes: – Configuración y cálculo de instalaciones electrotécnicas, documentando el proceso. – Construcción, a partir de los planos del proyecto, de instalaciones electrotécnicas. – Diagnóstico y localización de averías en instalaciones electrotécnicas y en sistemas de regulación de motores de corriente continua y corriente alterna, identificación de los síntomas, explicación de las posibles causas, realización de un plan de intervención para la reparación y puesta en marcha de la instalación. – Mantenimiento de máquinas rotativas y construcción de máquinas estáticas. – Programación de autómatas programables. – Instalación de entornos microinformáticos con sus periféricos básicos. – Operación del sistema operativo y programas de un equipo informático. Una vez finalizada la prueba, el opositor realizará la justificación del trabajo desde el punto de vista técnico y didáctico. El tribunal dará a conocer oportunamente a los opositores los medios técnicos y la documentación necesaria para el desarrollo de la práctica. El tribunal ha de valorar, a més del resultat correcte, si l’opositor posseeix les capacitats de tipus instrumental necessàries i ha de tindre en compte el procediment seguit en la realització de pràctiques. La nota final serà la mitjana aritmètica de les obtingudes en els supòsits proposats. La durada màxima de la prova serà de cinc hores. Laboratori El tribunal triarà dos o més proves entre les següents: – Resolució de problemes i exercicis o supòsits pràctics en relació amb la part A del temari. – Resolució i estratègies de resolució d’un cas pràctic, que pose en relació diferents conceptes, procediments i aplicacions de continguts que constitueixen la part A del temari. En esta part de la prova, l’opositor posarà de manifest la seua competència en l’aplicació de les tècniques i en el maneig dels mitjans necessaris per a això. En l’avaluació, el tribunal tindrà en compte tant el resultat final dels exercicis o supòsits pràctics, com el procediment emprat. La nota final serà la mitjana aritmètica de les obtingudes en els supòsits proposats. La durada màxima de la prova serà de quatre hores. El tribunal, oportunament, informarà els opositors dels mitjans tècnics i la documentació necessària per al desenvolupament de la pràctica. Manteniment de Vehicles El tribunal triarà dos o més proves entre les següents: – Selecció i interpretació de documentació tècnica relacionada amb la constitució i el funcionament dels productes, elements, conjunts o sistemes implicats. – Mesura i comprovació de paràmetres i el seu contrast amb els valors determinats pel fabricant. – Realització d’operacions de desmontatge i/o montatge d’elements o conjunts pertanyents al vehicle. – Posada al punt i ajust de sistemes de vehicle. – Detecció i reparació d’avaries o desperfectes provocats en el vehicle. – Resolució per escrit de problemes de caràcter científic/tecnològic relacionats amb el temari. Una vegada finalitzada la prova, l’opositor realitzarà la justificació del treball des del punt de vista tècnic i didàctic. El tribunal donarà a conèixer oportunament als opositors els mitjans tècnics per al desenvolupament de la pràctica. El tribunal valorarà, a més del resultat correcte, si l’opositor posseeix les capacitats de tipus instrumental necessàries i tindrà en compte el procediment seguit i el temps emprat en la realització de les pràctiques. La nota final serà la mitjana aritmètica de les obtingudes en els supòsits proposats. La durada màxima de la prova serà de cinc hores. Mecanitzat i Manteniment de Màquines – Mecanitzat en torn i fresadora de les parts que componguen un conjunt a partir d’un plànol, en el qual s’especifiquin les característiques necessàries per a la seua fabricació. – Realització del programa de control numèric (CNC) a partir d’un plànol de fabricació d’una peça per a mecanitzar en torn o fresadora. – Realització del muntatge dels distints elements necessaris perquè es produeixca una seqüència de moviments produïts per uns actuadors pneumàtics o hidràulics partint de la seua descripció. Una vegada finalitzada la prova, l’opositor realitzarà la justificació del treball des del punt de vista tècnic i didàctic. El tribunal donarà a conèixer oportunament als opositors els mitjans tècnics i la documentació necessària per al desenvolupament de la pràctica. El tribunal valorarà, a més del resultat correcte, si l’opositor posseeix les capacitats de tipus instrumental necessàries i tindrà en compte el procediment seguit en la realització de les pràctiques. El tribunal valorarà, además del resultado correcto, si el opositor posee las capacidades de tipo instrumental necesarias y tendrá en cuenta el procedimiento seguido en la realización de las prácticas. La nota final será la media aritmética de las obtenidas en los supuestos propuestos. La duración máxima de la prueba será de 5 horas. Laboratorio El tribunal elegirá dos o más pruebas entre las siguientes: – Resolución de problemas y ejercicios o supuestos prácticos en relación con la parte A del temario. – Resolución y estrategias de resolución de un caso práctico, que ponga en relación diferentes conceptos, procedimientos y aplicaciones de contenidos que constituyen la parte A del temario. En esta parte de la prueba, el opositor pondrá de manifiesto su competencia en la aplicación de las técnicas y en el manejo de los medios necesarios para ello. En la evaluación, el tribunal tendrá en cuenta tanto el resultado final de los ejercicios o supuestos prácticos, como el procedimiento empleado. La nota final será la media aritmética de las obtenidas en los supuestos propuestos. La duración máxima de la prueba será de 4 horas. El tribunal, oportunamente, informará a los opositores de los medios técnicos y la documentación necesaria para el desarrollo de la práctica. Mantenimiento de Vehículos El tribunal elegirá dos o más pruebas entre las siguientes: – Selección e interpretación de documentación técnica relacionada con la constitución y funcionamiento de los productos, elementos, conjuntos o sistemas implicados. – Medida y comprobación de parámetros y su contraste con los valores determinados por el fabricante. – Realización de operaciones de desmontaje y/o montaje de elementos o conjuntos pertenecientes al vehículo. – Puesta a punto y ajuste de sistemas de vehículo. – Detección y reparación de averías o desperfectos provocados en el vehículo. – Resolución por escrito de problemas de carácter científico/tecnológico relacionados con el temario. Una vez finalizada la prueba, el opositor realizará la justificación del trabajo desde el punto de vista técnico y didáctico. El tribunal dará a conocer oportunamente a los opositores los medios técnicos para el desarrollo de la práctica. El tribunal valorará, además del resultado correcto, si el opositor posee las capacidades de tipo instrumental necesarias y tendrá en cuenta el procedimiento seguido y el tiempo empleado en la realización de las prácticas. La nota final será la media aritmética de las obtenidas en los supuestos propuestos. La duración máxima de la prueba será de 5 horas. Mecanizado y Mantenimiento de Máquinas – Mecanizado en torno y fresadora de las partes que compongan un conjunto a partir de un plano, en el que se especifiquen las características necesarias para su fabricación. – Realización del programa de control numérico (CNC) a partir de un plano de fabricación de una pieza para mecanizar en torno o fresadora. – Realización del montaje de los distintos elementos necesarios para que se produzca una secuencia de movimientos producidos por unos actuadores neumáticos o hidráulicos partiendo de su descripción. Una vez finalizada la prueba, el opositor realizará la justificación del trabajo desde el punto de vista técnico y didáctico. El tribunal dará a conocer oportunamente a los opositores los medios técnicos y la documentación necesaria para el desarrollo de la práctica. El tribunal valorará, además del resultado correcto, si el opositor posee las capacidades de tipo instrumental necesarias y tendrá en cuenta el procedimiento seguido en la realización de las prácticas. La nota final serà la mitjana aritmètica de les obtingudes en els supòsits proposats. La durada màxima de la prova serà de cinc hores. Operacions i Equips de Producció Agrària El tribunal triarà dos o més proves entre les següents: – Realització del pla de producció de cultius d’una finca. – Organització del parc agrícola d’una explotació agrària. – Càlcul de la càrrega ramadera d’una explotació i definició de les rases que s’han d’explotar. – Planificació de la implantació i conservació d’un jardí d’una zona periurbana. Una vegada finalitzada la prova, l’opositor realitzarà la justificació del treball des del punt de vista tècnic i didàctic. El tribunal donarà a conèixer oportunament als opositors els mitjans tècnics i la documentació necessària per al desenvolupament de la pràctica. El tribunal valorarà, a més del resultat correcte, si l’opositor posseeix les capacitats de tipus instrumental necessàries i tindrà en compte el procediment seguit en la realització de les pràctiques. La nota final serà la mitjana aritmètica de les obtingudes en els supòsits proposats. La durada màxima de la prova serà de cinc hores. Perruqueria El Tribunal triarà dos o més pràctiques entre les següents: – Recollits històrics amb col·locació d’adorns i postissos. – Canvis de forma del cabell temporals i permanents. – Peinats, acabats i recollits. – Realització de manicura i uïngles de fantasia. – Tractaments de mans (hidratació, nutrició, exfoliació). – Aplicació de prótesi d’uïngles (porcellana, fibra de vidre, gel). – Realització de maquillatge. Una vegada finalitzada la prova, l’opositor realitzarà la justificació del treball des del punt de vista tècnic i didàctic. El Tribunal donarà a conèixer oportunament als opositors els mitjans tècnics per al desenvolupament de la pràctica. El Tribunal valorarà, a més del resultat correcte, si l’opositor posseeix les capacitats de tipus instrumental necessàries i tindrà en compte el procediment seguit en la realització de les pràctiques. Procediments Diagnòstic Clínic i Ortoprotètic El tribunal triarà dos o més proves entre les següents: – Resolució de problemes i exercicis o supòsits pràctics en relació amb la part A del temari. – Resolució i estratègies de resolució d’un cas pràctic, que pose en relació diferents conceptes, procediments i aplicacions de continguts que constitueixen la part A del temari. En esta part de la prova, l’opositor posarà de manifest la seua competència en l’aplicació de les tècniques i en el maneig dels mitjans necessaris per a això. En l’avaluació, el tribunal tindrà en compte tant el resultat final dels exercicis o supòsits pràctics, com el procediment emprat. La nota final serà la mitjana aritmètica de les obtingudes en els supòsits proposats. La durada màxima de la prova serà de quatre hores. El tribunal, oportunament, informarà els opositors dels mitjans tècnics i la documentació necessària per al desenvolupament de la pràctica. Procediments Sanitaris i Assistencials El tribunal triarà dos o més proves entre les següents: – Resolució de problemes i exercicis o supòsits pràctics en relació amb la part A del temari. – Resolució i estratègies de resolució d’un cas pràctic, que pose en relació diferents conceptes, procediments i aplicacions de continguts que constitueixen la part A del temari. La nota final serà la media aritmètica de las obtenidas en los supuestos propuestos. La duración máxima de la prueba será de 5 horas. Operaciones y Equipos de Producción Agraria El tribunal elegirá dos o más pruebas entre las siguientes: – Realización del plan de producción de cultivos de una finca. – Organización del parque agrícola de una explotación agraria. – Cálculo de la carga ganadera de una explotación y definición de las razas que se deben explotar. – Planificación de la implantación y conservación de un jardín de una zona periurbana. Una vez finalizada la prueba, el opositor realizará la justificación del trabajo desde el punto de vista técnico y didáctico. El tribunal dará a conocer oportunamente a los opositores los medios técnicos y la documentación necesaria para el desarrollo de la práctica. El tribunal valorará, además del resultado correcto, si el opositor posee las capacidades de tipo instrumental necesarias y tendrá en cuenta el procedimiento seguido en la realización de las prácticas. La nota final será la media aritmética de las obtenidas en los supuestos propuestos. La duración máxima de la prueba será de 5 horas. Peluquería El Tribunal elegirá dos o más prácticas entre las siguientes: – Recogidos históricos con colocación de adornos y postizos. – Cambios de forma del cabello temporales y permanentes. – Peinados, acabados y recogidos. – Realización de manicura y uñas de fantasía. – Tratamientos de manos (hidratación, nutrición, exfoliación). – Aplicación de prótesis de uñas (porcelana, fibra de vidrio, gel). – Realización de maquillaje. Una vez finalizada la prueba, el opositor realizará la justificación del trabajo desde el punto de vista técnico y didáctico. El Tribunal dará a conocer oportunamente a los opositores los medios técnicos para el desarrollo de la práctica. El Tribunal valorará, además del resultado correcto, si el opositor posee las capacidades de tipo instrumental necesarias y tendrá en cuenta el procedimiento seguido en la realización de las prácticas. Procedimientos Diagnóstico Clínico y Ortoprotésicos El tribunal elegirá dos o más pruebas entre las siguientes: – Resolución de problemas y ejercicios o supuestos prácticos en relación con la parte A del temario. – Resolución y estrategias de resolución de un caso práctico, que ponga en relación diferentes conceptos, procedimientos y aplicaciones de contenidos que constituyen la parte A del temario. En esta parte de la prueba, el opositor pondrá de manifiesto su competencia en la aplicación de las técnicas y en el manejo de los medios necesarios para ello. En la evaluación, el tribunal tendrá en cuenta tanto el resultado final de los ejercicios o supuestos prácticos, como el procedimiento empleado. La nota final será la media aritmética de las obtenidas en los supuestos propuestos. La duración máxima de la prueba será de 4 horas. El tribunal, oportunamente, informará a los opositores de los medios técnicos y la documentación necesaria para el desarrollo de la práctica. Procedimientos Sanitarios y Asistenciales El tribunal elegirá dos o más pruebas entre las siguientes: – Resolución de problemas y ejercicios o supuestos prácticos en relación con la parte A del temario. – Resolución y estrategias de resolución de un caso práctico, que ponga en relación diferentes conceptos, procedimientos y aplicaciones de contenidos que constituyen la parte A del temario. En esta part de la prova, l’opositor posarà de manifest la seua competència en l’aplicació de les tècniques i en el maneig dels mitjans necessaris per a això. En l’avaluació, el tribunal tindrà en compte tant el resultat final dels exercicis o supòsits pràctics, com el procediment emprat. La nota final serà la mitjana aritmètica de les obtingudes en els supòsits proposats. La durada màxima de la prova serà de quatre hores. El tribunal, oportunament, informarà els opositors dels mitjans tècnics i la documentació necessària per al desenvolupament de la pràctica. Processos Comercials El tribunal triarà dos o més proves entre les següents: – Resolució de problemes i exercicis o supòsits pràctics en relació amb la part A del temari. – Resolució i estratègies de resolució d’un cas pràctic, que pose en relació diferents conceptes, procediments i aplicacions de continguts que constitueixen la part A del temari. En esta part de la prova, l’opositor posarà de manifest la seua competència en l’aplicació de les tècniques i en el maneig dels mitjans necessaris per a això. En l’avaluació, el tribunal tindrà en compte tant el resultat final dels exercicis o supòsits pràctics, com el procediment emprat. La nota final serà la mitjana aritmètica de les obtingudes en els supòsits proposats. La durada màxima de la prova serà de quatre hores. El tribunal, oportunament, informarà els opositors dels mitjans tècnics i la documentació necessària per al desenvolupament de la pràctica. Processos de Gestió Administrativa Resolució i estratègies de resolució d’un cas pràctic, proposat pel tribunal, que pose en relació diferents conceptes, procediments i aplicacions de continguts que constitueixen el temari referents a la comunicació, informació, gestió administrativa de compravenda, gestió administrativa de personal, comptabilitat general i tesoreria i aplicacions informàtiques. El desenvolupament haurà de contindre els aspectes didàctics que es pretenen, els continguts i el mètode de treball. Una vegada finalitzada la prova, l’opositor realitzarà la justificació del treball des del punt de vista tècnic i didàctic. El tribunal donarà a conèixer oportunament als opositors els mitjans tècnics i la documentació necessària per al desenvolupament de la pràctica. El tribunal valorarà el procediment emprat, i també el resultat final obtingut. El tribunal valorarà, a més del resultat correcte, si l’opositor posseeix les capacitats de tipus instrumental necessàries i tindrà en compte el procediment seguit en la realització de les pràctiques. La durada màxima de la prova serà de cinc hores. Producció d’Arts Gràfiques El Tribunal plantejarà dos o més pràctiques entre les següents: – Elaboració d’una forma impresa, realitzant unes primeres proves d’ajust. – Configuració d’una pàgina a partir d’un original fotogràfic i uns texts, amb pautes de maquetació o sense. – Resolució de casos d’integració de text-imatge. – Identificació del procés de producció utilitzat en la realització d’un producte imprès. – Valoració econòmica de projectes de producció gràfica, tenint en compte el material i l’equip humà que es va a utilitzar. – Comprovació de la qualitat dels productes gràfics fent mesuraments i resolent desviacions de la norma. – Elaboració d’un producte de postimpressió. – Establiment de criteris de recepció de materials i d’ubicació en un xicotet magatzem, tenint en compte condicions d’humitat relativa i temperatura. En esta parte de la prueba, el opositor pondrá de manifiesto su competencia en la aplicación de las técnicas y en el manejo de los medios necesarios para ello. En la evaluación, el tribunal tendrá en cuenta tanto el resultado final de los ejercicios o supuestos prácticos, como el procedimiento empleado. La nota final será la media aritmética de las obtenidas en los supuestos propuestos. La duración máxima de la prueba será de 4 horas. El tribunal, oportunamente, informará a los opositores de los medios técnicos y la documentación necesaria para el desarrollo de la práctica. Procesos Comerciales El tribunal elegirá dos o más pruebas entre las siguientes: – Resolución de problemas y ejercicios o supuestos prácticos en relación con la parte A del temario. – Resolución y estrategias de resolución de un caso práctico, que ponga en relación diferentes conceptos, procedimientos y aplicaciones de contenidos que constituyen la parte A del temario. En esta parte de la prueba, el opositor pondrá de manifiesto su competencia en la aplicación de las técnicas y en el manejo de los medios necesarios para ello. En la evaluación, el tribunal tendrá en cuenta tanto el resultado final de los ejercicios o supuestos prácticos, como el procedimiento empleado. La nota final será la media aritmética de las obtenidas en los supuestos propuestos. La duración máxima de la prueba será de 4 horas. El tribunal, oportunamente, informará a los opositores de los medios técnicos y la documentación necesaria para el desarrollo de la práctica. Procesos de Gestión Administrativa – Resolución y estrategias de resolución de un caso práctico, propuesto por el tribunal, que ponga en relación diferentes conceptos, procedimientos y aplicaciones de contenidos que constituyen el temario referentes a la comunicación, información, gestión administrativa de compra-venta, gestión administrativa de personal, contabilidad general y tesorería y aplicaciones informáticas. Su desarrollo deberá contener los aspectos didácticos que se pretenden, los contenidos y el método de trabajo. Una vez finalizada la prueba, el opositor realizará la justificación del trabajo desde el punto de vista técnico y didáctico. El tribunal dará a conocer oportunamente a los opositores los medios técnicos y la documentación necesaria para el desarrollo de la práctica. El tribunal valorará el procedimiento empleado, así como el resultado final obtenido. El tribunal valorará, además del resultado correcto, si el opositor posee las capacidades de tipo instrumental necesarias y tendrá en cuenta el procedimiento seguido en la realización de las prácticas. La duración máxima de la prueba será de 5 horas. Producción de Artes Gráficas El Tribunal planteará dos o más prácticas entre las siguientes: – Elaboración de una forma impresa, realizando unas primeras pruebas de ajuste. – Configuración de una página a partir de un original fotográfico y unos textos, con o sin pautas de maquetación. – Resolución de casos de integración de texto-imagen. – Identificación del proceso de producción utilizado en la realización de un producto impreso. – Valoración económica de proyectos de producción gráfica, teniendo en cuenta el material y el equipo humano que se va a utilizar. – Comprobación de la calidad de los productos gráficos haciendo mediciones y solventando desviaciones de la norma. – Elaboración de un producto de postimpresión. – Establecimiento de criterios de recepción de materiales y de ubicación en un pequeño almacén, teniendo en cuenta condiciones de humedad relativa y temperatura. Una vegada finalitzada la prova, l’opositor realitzarà la justificació del treball des del punt de vista tècnic i didàctic. El Tribunal donarà a conèixer oportunament els opositors els mitjans tècnics i la documentació necessària per al desenvolupament de la pràctica. El Tribunal valorarà, a més del resultat correcte, si l’opositor posseeix les capacitats de tipus instrumental necessàries i tindrà en compte el procediment seguit en la realització de les pràctiques. Servicis a la Comunitat El tribunal triarà dos o més proves entre les següents: – Resolució de problemes i exercicis o supòsits pràctics en relació amb la part A del temari. Resolució i estratègies de resolució d’un cas pràctic, que pose en relació diferents conceptes, procediments i aplicacions de continguts que constitueixen la part A del temari. En esta part de la prova, l’opositor posarà de manifest la seua competència en l’aplicació de les tècniques i en el maneig dels mitjans necessaris per a això. En l’avaluació, el tribunal tindrà en compte tant el resultat final dels exercicis o supòsits pràctics, com el procediment emprat. La nota final serà la mitjana aritmètica de les obtingudes en els supòsits proposats. La durada màxima de la prova serà de quatre hores. El tribunal, oportunament, informarà els opositors dels mitjans tècnics i la documentació necessària per al desenvolupament de la pràctica. Sistemes i Aplicacions Informàtiques El Tribunal triarà dos o més pràctiques entre les següents: – Interpretació d’informació continguda en documentació tècnica relativa a equips i les seues característiques. Configuració de components maquinari. Elecció de components per la seua compatibilitat. Maneig i interpretació d’informació continguda en la documentació d’aplicacions i entorns de desenvolupament. Instal·lació, configuració, manegi de funcions i gestió de recursos en un sistema operatiu monousuari. Instal·lació, configuració, administració i explotació d’un sistema operatiu multiusuari. Instal·lació, configuració, administració i explotació d’un sistema de xarxa d’àrea local. Desenvolupament, manteniment i verificació de programes en llenguatges amb programació estructurada. Gestió d’estructures de dades internes. Fitxers. Bases de dades relacionals. Disseny i realització d’interfícies d’usuari. Ferramentes multimèdia. Desenvolupament, manteniment i verificació de programes en un llenguatge de programació orientat a entorns gràfics. Fitxers. Bases de dades relacionals. Una vegada finalitzada la prova, l’opositor realitzarà la justificació del treball des del punt de vista tècnic i didàctic. El Tribunal donarà a conèixer oportunament als opositors els mitjans tècnics i la documentació necessària per al desenvolupament de la pràctica. El Tribunal valorarà, a més del resultat correcte, si l’opositor posseeix les capacitats de tipus instrumental necessàries i tindrà en compte el procediment seguit en la realització de les pràctiques. Soldadura El Tribunal plantejarà les següent pràctiques: Primera. Construcció de caldereria o estructura metàl·lica, efectuant alguna de les operacions següents: – Elaboració del procés de treball. – Desenvolupament i/o traçat dels elements estructurals o de caldereria especificats en pla. – Tallat i/o conformat. – Montatge dels elements. – Realització de les unions d’acord amb les especificacions indicades en el pla. Una vez finalizada la prueba, el opositor realizará la justificación del trabajo desde el punto de vista técnico y didáctico. El Tribunal dará a conocer oportunamente a los opositores los medios técnicos y la documentación necesaria para el desarrollo de la práctica. El Tribunal valorará, además del resultado correcto, si el opositor posee las capacidades de tipo instrumental necesarias y tendrá en cuenta el procedimiento seguido en la realización de las prácticas. Sistemas y Aplicaciones Informáticas El Tribunal elegirá dos o más prácticas entre las siguientes: – Interpretación de información contenida en documentación técnica relativa a equipos y sus características. Configuración de componentes “hardware”. Elección de componentes por su compatibilidad. Manejo e interpretación de información contenida en la documentación de aplicaciones y entornos de desarrollo. Instalación, configuración, manejo de funciones y gestión de recursos en un sistema operativo monousuario. Instalación, configuración, administración y explotación de un sistema operativo multiusuario. Instalación, configuración, administración y explotación de un sistema de red de área local. Desarrollo, mantenimiento y verificación de programas en lenguajes con programación estructurada. Gestión de estructuras de datos internos. Ficheros. Bases de datos relacionales. Diseño y realización de interfaces de usuario. Herramientas multimedia. Desarrollo, mantenimiento y verificación de programas en un lenguaje de programación orientado a entornos gráficos. Ficheros. Bases de datos relacionales. Una vez finalizada la prueba, el opositor realizará la justificación del trabajo desde el punto de vista técnico y didáctico. El Tribunal dará a conocer oportunamente a los opositores los medios técnicos y la documentación necesaria para el desarrollo de la práctica. El Tribunal valorará, además del resultado correcto, si el opositor posee las capacidades de tipo instrumental necesarias y tendrá en cuenta el procedimiento seguido en la realización de las prácticas. Soldadura El Tribunal planteará las siguiente prácticas: Primera. Construcción de calderería o estructura metálica, efectuándose alguna de las siguientes operaciones: – Elaboración del proceso de trabajo. – Desarrollo y/o trazado de los elementos estructurales o de calderería especificados en plano. – Cortado y/o conformado. – Montaje de los elementos. – Realización de las uniones de acuerdo con las especificaciones indicadas en el plano. Segona. Aplicació de tècniques d’unió per soldadura. – Especificació del procediment de soldadura d’acord amb el codi de fabricació indicat en la documentació entregada. – Realització d’una unió per soldadura, aplicant el procediment especificat. Una vegada finalitzada la prova, l’opositor realitzarà la justificació del treball des del punt de vista tècnic i didàctic. El Tribunal donarà a conéixer oportunament als opositors els mitjans tècnics i la documentació necessària per al desenvolupament de la pràctica. El Tribunal valorarà, a més del resultat correcte, si l’opositor posseeix les capacitats de tipus instrumental necessàries i tindrà en compte el procediment seguit en la realització de les pràctiques. Tècniques i Procediments d’Imatge i So El tribunal triarà dos o més proves entre les següents: – Resolució de problemes i exercicis o supòsits pràctics en relació amb la part A del temari. – Resolució i estratègies de resolució d’un cas pràctic, que pose en relació diferents conceptes, procediments i aplicacions de continguts que constitueixen la part A del temari. En esta part de la prova, l’opositor posarà de manifest la seua competència en l’aplicació de les tècniques i en el maneig dels mitjans necessaris per a això. En l’avaluació, el tribunal tindrà en compte tant el resultat final dels exercicis o supòsits pràctics, com el procediment emprat. La nota final serà la mitjana aritmètica de les obtingudes en els supòsits proposats. La durada màxima de la prova serà de quatre hores. El tribunal, oportunament, informarà els opositors dels mitjans tècnics i de la documentació necessària per al desenvolupament de la pràctica. ANNEX VII SOL·LICITUD DE NO INCLUSIÓ EN LES LLISTES D’ASPIRANTS PER A OCUPAR INTERINITATS EN CAS QUE NO SE SUPERE EL PROCÉS SELECTIU Primer Cognom: ... Segon Cognom: ... Nom: ... DNI: ... Domicili: ...Localitat: ...Provincia: ... Codi postal: ... De conformitat amb el que disposa la base 14 de la convocatòria realizada per Orde de ... (DOGV ...), per a l’ingrés en els cosos de professors d’Ensenyament Secundari, professors d’escoles oficials d’Idiomes, professors de Música i Arts Escèniques, professors d’Arts Plàstiques i Disseny i professors tècnics de Formació Professional. SOL·LICITE: No ser inclòs en les llistes d’aspirants per a ocupar interinitats pel cos i per l’especialitat pels quals participa en el procediment selectiu en cas de no superar-lo. ..., ...,de ...de 2005 Signatura ANEX VIII TEMARI DE L’ESPECIALITAT D E LLENGUA I LITERATURA VALENCIANA PER AL COS DE PROFESSORS D’ENSENYAMENT SECUNDARI 1. Teoria de la comunicació. Funcions del llenguatge. El signe lingüístic. Sistemes de comunicació lingüístics i no lingüístics. Segunda. Aplicación de técnicas de unión por soldadura: – Especificación del procedimiento de soldadura de acuerdo con el código de fabricación indicado en la documentación entregada. – Realización de una unión por soldadura, aplicando el procedimiento especificado. Una vez finalizada la prueba, el opositor realizará la justificación del trabajo desde el punto de vista técnico y didáctico. El Tribunal dará a conocer oportunamente a los opositores los medios técnicos y la documentación necesaria para el desarrollo de la práctica. El Tribunal valorará, además del resultado correcto, si el opositor posee las capacidades de tipo instrumental necesarias y tendrá en cuenta el procedimiento seguido en la realización de las prácticas. Técnicas y Procedimientos de Imagen y Sonido El tribunal elegirá dos o más pruebas entre las siguientes: – Resolución de problemas y ejercicios o supuestos prácticos en relación con la parte A del temario. – Resolución y estrategias de resolución de un caso práctico, que ponga en relación diferentes conceptos, procedimientos y aplicaciones de contenidos que constituyen la parte A del temario. En esta parte de la prueba, el opositor pondrá de manifiesto su competencia en la aplicación de las técnicas y en el manejo de los medios necesarios para ello. En la evaluación, el tribunal tendrá en cuenta tanto el resultado final de los ejercicios o supuestos prácticos, como el procedimiento empleado. La nota final será la media aritmética de las obtenidas en los supuestos propuestos. La duración máxima de la prueba será de 4 horas. El tribunal, oportunamente, informará a los opositores de los medios técnicos y de la documentación necesaria para el desarrollo de la práctica. ANEXO VII SOLICITUD DE NO INCLUSIÓN EN LAS LISTAS DE ASPIRANTES AL DESEMPEÑO DE INTERINIDADES EN CASO DE NO SUPERAR EL PROCESO SELECTIVO. Primer apellido ... Segundo apellido ... Nombre ... DNI ... Domicilio: Calle/Plaza ... núm ... Localidad ... Provincia ... Código Postal ... De conformidad con lo dispuesto en la base 14 de la convocatoria realizada por Orden de ... (DOGV ...) para el ingreso en los Cuerpos de Profesores de Enseñanza Secundaria, Profesores de Escuelas Oficiales de Idiomas, Profesores de Música y Artes Escénicas, Profesores de Artes Plásticas y Diseño y Profesores Técnicos de Formación Profesional. SOLICITA: No ser incluido en las listas de aspirantes al desempeño de interinidades por el Cuerpo y especialidad por los que participa en el procedimiento selectivo, en el supuesto de no superarlo. ..., ...,de ...de ... Firmado: ANEXO VIII TEMARIO DE LA ESPECIALIDAD DE LENGUA Y LITERATURA VALENCIANA PARA EL CUERPO DE PROFESORES DE ENSEÑANZA SECUNDARIA 1. Teoría de la comunicación. Funciones del lenguaje. El signo lingüístico. Sistemas de comunicación lingüísticos y no lingüísticos. 2. La variació lingüística. Variedades y registros. 3. El registre estàndard. El registre col·loquial. 4. La llengua dels mitjans de comunicació. El llenguatge administratiu i jurídic. El llenguatge de la ciència i de la tècnica. 5. Les varietats diatópiques. Caracterització dels grups dialectals. 6. Descripció i caracterització del valencià. Els subdialectes. 7. La subagrupació romànica de la llengua. Història de la llengua fins al segle XV. 8. Evolució de la llengua des del segle XV fins al segle XX. 9. El procés de normativització de principis de segle. Les Normes de Castelló de 1932. 10. Els estudis de filologia valenciana al llarg del segle XX. 11. Lingüística i sociolingüística. La llengua com a fet social. Llengües en contacte: una constant en la història de la llengua. 12. Llengua i societat en el domini lingüístic actual: àmbits d’ús, registres i actituds. Prejudicis lingüístics. 13. Estatut jurídic actual de la llengua en el domini lingüístic. El procés de normalització i d’estandardització. Situació sociolinguística del valencià. 14. Fonologia I. Sistema vocalic. La síl·laba i els díftongs. Fenòmens de contacte vocalic. 15. Fonologia II. Sistema consonàntic. Fenòmens de contacte consonàntic. 16. Les convencions de la llengua escrita. Ortografia. Puntuació i sintaxi. La distribució del text en l’espai. 17. El pla morfosintàctic. L’oració: categories gramaticals, funcions sintàctiques i valors semàntics. 18. El sintagma nominal. Estructura i funcions. Morfologia del substantiu i de l’adjectiu. 19. Els determinants: l’article, els demostratius, els possessius, els numeraus i els indefinitis. 20. Els pronoms personals forts. Els pronoms febles. Formes, funcions i combinacions. 21. El sintagma verbal. Estructura. La complementació verbal. 22. El verb. Morfologia verbal. 23. La preposició, la conjunció, l’adverbi i les locucions adverbiales. 24. L’oració composta. Coordinació, juxtaposició i subordinació. 25. L’oració substantiva, l’oració de relatiu i l’oració adverbial. 26. L’infinitiu, el gerundi i el participi. La negació. 27. Semàntica i lexicologia. Lexemes i morfemes. Procediments per a la formació de paraules. 28. Els camps semàntics i lèxics. Homonímia, hiperonimia, polisèmia, sinonímia i antonímia. 29. El tractament de les habilitats lingüístiques I. El discurs oral. Comprensió i producció de texts orals. 30. El tractament de les habilitats lingüístiques II. El discurs escrit. Comprensió i producció de texts escrits. 31. La lingüística del text. El text com a unitat d’expressió i comprensió. 32. Les propietats del text. Adequació, coherència, cohesió i estilística. 33. Les tipologies textuales: tipus de texts. 34. La literatura com a comunicació. El discurs literari. 35. La narrativa. Els elements narratius. 36. La poesia. Recursos de la funció poètica. 37. El teatre o els gèneres dramàtics. Caracterització dels elements teatrals. 38. Els orígens de la literatura. Trobadors, joglars i poetes. 39. Ramon Llull i el naixement de la prosa. 40. La historiografia medieval. Les quatre grans cròniques. 41. La prosa religiosa i moralitzant dels segles XIV i XV. 42. Jaume Roig i l’anomenada «Escola Satírica Valenciana». 43. L’humanisme. Bernat Metge i Antoni Canals. 44. Ausiàs March i la lírica dels segles XIV i XV. 45. Joan Roís de Corella. La valenciana prosa. 46. Els llibres de cavallers. Curial e Güelfa. Tirant lo Blanch. 47. El teatre medieval: El Cant de la Sibil·la. Les consuetes. El misteri d’Elx. 48. La literatura popular fins al segle XX. 49. El fet literari des del Segle d’Or fins a la Renaixença. Renaixement, Barroc, Neoclassicisme i Preromanticisme. 50. El Romanticisme i la Renaixença. Pensament i evolució. 51. La poesia del segle XIX. 52. El teatre del segle XIX. Teatre romàntic i teatre popular. 53. La narrativa del Romanticisme al Naturalisme. 54. El Modernisme. Pensament i evolució. 55. La poesia i el teatre modernista. 56. La narrativa modernista. 57. El Noucentisme. Pensament i evolució. 58. La literatura dels noucentistes. 59. La literatura d’avantguarda de principis del segle XX. 60. El conte entre el Modernisme i 1939. 61. La literatura valenciana des de principi de segle fins al 1939. 62. El teatre des del Modernisme fins al 1939. 63. La poesia de tradició simbolista i avantguardista. La literatura de l’exili. 64. La novel·la psicològica. 65. El periodisme al segle XX. 66. El teatre a partir de 1939. 67. La novel·la i el conte de postguerra. 68. El realisme històric i la poesia social. 69. La crítica, l’assaig i els llibres de memòries contemporanis. 70. La literatura actual. La poesia, la narrativa i el teatre. 71. Els gèneres principals de la literatura de masses: el relat d’aventures, la narració fantàstica i de terror, la novel·la policiaca i/o negra, la novel·la i el conte èrotics, de ciència-ficció, etc. ANEXO/ANNEX IX DECLARACIÓN DE MÉRITOS PRESENTADOS DECLARACIÓ DE MÈRITS PRESENTATS CUERPO/COS ESPECIALIDAD/ESPECIALITAT NOMBRE/NOM DNI TITULACIÓN ALEGADA PARA INGRESO EN EL CUERPO/ TITULACIÓ AL·LEGADA PER A L’INGRÉS EN EL COS \| Subapartados \| Documentación aportada/Documentació aportada \| \|--------------\|---------------------------------------------\| \| 1.1 \| \| \| 1.2 \| \| \| 1.3. \| \| \| 1.4 \| \| \| 2.1. \| \| \| 2.2.1. \| \| \| 2.2.2 \| \| \| 2.3.1 \| \| \| 2.3.2. \| \| \| 2.4.1 \| \| \| 2.4.2 \| \| \| 2.4.3 \| \| \| 2.4.4 \| \| \| 3.1 \| \| \| 3.2. \| \| \| 3.3. \| \| Fecha/Data Firma del interesado/Signatura de l’interessat DECLARACIÓN DE MÉRITOS PRESENTADOS PARA LOS SISTEMAS DE ACCESOS ENTRE LOS CUERPOS DE FUNCIONARIOS DOCENTES DECLARACIÓ DE MÈRITS PRESENTATS PER ALS SISTEMES D’ACCESSOS ENTRE ELS COSSOS DE FUNCIONARIS DOCENTS SISTEMA DE ACCESO POR EL QUE PARTICIPA/ SISTEMA D’ACCÉS PEL QUÀL PARTICIPA ESPECIALIDAD/ESPECIALITAT NOMBRE/ NOM DNI TITULACIÓN ALEGADA PARA EL ACCESO AL CUERPO/ TITULACIÓ AL-LEGADA PER A L’ACCÉS AL COS \| Subapartados \| Documentación aportada/Documentació aportada \| \|--------------\|---------------------------------------------\| \| 1.1 \| \| \| 1.2.1 a) \| \| \| 1.2.1 b) \| \| \| 1.2.1 c) \| \| \| 1.2.2 \| \| \| 2.1 \| \| \| 2.2 \| \| \| 3.1 a) \| \| \| 3.1 b) \| \| \| 3.1 c) \| \| \| 3.2 \| \| Fecha/Data Firma del interesado/Signatura de l’interessat ANNEX X Per a l’exemció de la prova de valencià: – Llicenciat en Filologia, Secció Hispànica (Valencià). – Llicenciat en Filosofia i Lletres, divisió Filologia (Filologia Valenciana). – Diploma de Mestre de Valencià. – Certificat de Capacitació. – Certificat d’Aptitud per a l’Ensenyament en Valencià. – Certificat de Grau Superior de la Junta Qualificadora de Coneixements de Valencià. – Certificat de Grau Mitjà de la Junta Qualificadora de Coneixements de Valencià. Certificat universitari que acredite haver superat el Nivell II del Pla de Formació Lingüísticotècnica en Valencià del Professorat no Universitari. – Certificat universitari que acredite haver superat el curs superior dels Cursos de Lingüística Valenciana i la seua Didàctica. – Certificat universitari que acredite haver superat el curs mitjà del Curs de Lingüística Valenciana i la seua Didàctica. – Certificat acadèmic d’haver superat el Certificat d’Aptitud de Valencià expedit per les escoles oficials d’Idiomes. – Certificat acadèmic d’haver superat el Cicle Elemental de Valencià expedit per les escoles oficials d’Idiomes. – Acreditació d’haver cursat i aprovat Valencià en almenys tres cursos d’entre BUP i COU. – Acreditació d’haver cursat i aprovat Valencià en tots els cursos de Formació Professional. – Acreditació d’haver cursat i aprovat Valencià en tots els cursos de Batxillerat. – Haver obtingut la qualificació d’apte en la prova corresponent a les oposicions convocades a partir de l’any 2002. Per a l’exemció de la prova de castellà: – Titulació universitària expedida per una universitat espanyola. – Títol de Batxillerat (BUP) o Batxillerat (LOGSE) expedit per l’Estat espanyol. – Títol de Tècnic Especialista (FP2) o Tècnic Superior expedit per l’Estat espanyol. – Diploma d’Espanyol com a Llengua Estrangera (nivell superior) o Certificat d’Aptitud d’Espanyol per a Estrangers expedit per les escoles oficials d’Idiomes. ANEXO X Para la exención de la prueba de Valenciano: – Licenciado en Filología, Sección Hispánica (valenciano). – Licenciado en Filosofía y Letras, división Filología (Filología Valenciana). – Diploma de Mestre de Valencià. – Certificado de Capacitació. – Certificado de Aptitud para la enseñanza en Valenciano. – Certificado de Grado Superior de la Junta Qualificadora de Coneixements de Valencià. – Certificado de Grado Medio de la Junta Qualificadora de Coneixements de Valencià. Certificado universitario que acredite haber superado el Nivel II del Plan de Formación Lingüístico-Técnica en Valenciano del Profesorado no universitario. – Certificado universitario que acredite haber superado el curso Superior de los Cursos de Lingüística Valenciana y su Didáctica. – Certificado universitario que acredite haber superado el curso Medio de los Cursos de Lingüística Valenciana y su Didáctica. – Certificado académico de haber superado el Certificado de Aptitud de Valenciano, expedido por las escuelas oficiales de idiomas. – Certificado académico de haber superado el Ciclo Elemental de Valenciano, expedido por las Escuelas Oficiales de Idiomas. – Acreditación de haber cursado y aprobado Valenciano en al menos tres cursos de entre BUP y COU. – Acreditación de haber cursado y aprobado Valenciano en todos los cursos de la Formación Professional. – Acreditación de haber cursado y aprobado Valenciano en todos los cursos del Bachillerato. – Haber obtenido la calificación de apto en la prueba correspondiente a las oposiciones convocadas a partir del año 2002. Para la exención de la prueba de castellano: – Titulación universitaria expedida por una universidad española. – Título de Bachillerato (BUP) o Bachillerato (LOGSE) expedido por el Estado español. – Título de Técnico Especialista (FP2) o Técnico Superior expedido por el Estado español. – Diploma de Español como lengua extranjera (nivel superior) o Certificado de Aptitud de español para los extranjeros expedido por las Escuelas Oficiales de Idiomas. ANEXO XI/ ANNEX XI EXENCIÓN PRUEBA DE CONOCIMIENTO DE LOS IDIOMAS OFICIALES DE LA COMUNIDAD VALENCIANA EXEMPCIÓ PROVA DE CONEIXEMENT DELS IDIOMES OFICIALS DE LA COMUNITAT VALENCIANA Nombre/Nom: ____________________________________________ DNI: _________________ De conformidad con lo dispuesto en la base 184.108.40.206 de la Orden de convocatoria, declaro bajo juramento o promesa estar exento de la realización de la prueba de conocimiento de los idiomas oficiales de la Comunidad Valenciana, por estar en posesión de las titulaciones que a continuación indico, comprometiéndome a acreditarlo documentalmente en el caso de superar el procedimiento selectivo. De conformitat amb el que disposa la base 220.127.116.11 de l’Orde de convocatòria, declare mitjançant jurament o promesa estar exempt de la realització de la prova de coneixement dels idiomes oficials de la Comunitat Valenciana, per estar en possessió de les titulacions que a continuació indiqui, comprometent-me a acreditar-ho documentalment en el cas de superar el procediment selectiu. 1. Para la prueba de valenciano/ Per a la prova de valencià: ☐ Licenciado en Filología, Sección Hispánica (valenciano)/Llicenciat en Filologia, Secció Hispànica (valencià). ☐ Licenciado en Filosofía y Letras, división Filología (Filología Valenciana)/Llicenciat en Filosofia i Lletres, divisió Filologia(Filologia Valenciana). ☐ Diploma de Mestre de Valencià/Diploma de Mestre de Valencià. ☐ Certificado de Capacitació/Certificat de Capacitació. ☐ Certificado de Aptitud para la Enseñanza en Valenciano/Certificat d’Aptitud per a l’Ensenyament en valencià. ☐ Certificado de Grado Medio o Superior de la JQCV/Certificat de Grau Mitjà o Superior de la JQCV. ☐ Certificado universitario que acredite haber superado el nivel II del Plan de Formación Lingüístico-Técnica en Valenciano del Profesorado no Universitario/Certificat universitari que acredite haver superat el Nivell II del Pla de Formació Lingüístico-Técnica en Valencià del Professorat no Universitari. ☐ Certificado universitario que acredite haber superado el curso Superior de los Cursos de Lingüística Valenciana y su didáctica/Certificat universitari que acredite haver superat el curs Superior dels Cursos de Lingüística Valenciana i la seua Didàctica. ☐ Certificado universitario que acredite haber superado el curso Medio de los Cursos de Lingüística Valenciana y su didáctica/Certificat universitari que acredite haver superat el curs Mitjà dels Cursos de Lingüística Valenciana i la seua Didàctica. ☐ Certificación académica de haber superado el Certificado de Aptitud en Valenciano expedido por las EOI/Certificat acadèmic d’haver superat el Certificat d’Aptitud de Valencià expedit per les EOI. ☐ Certificación académica de haber superado el Ciclo Elemental de Valenciano expedido por las EOI/Certificat acadèmic d’haver superat el Cicle Elemental de Valencià, expedit per les EOI. ☐ Acreditación de haber cursado y aprobado Valenciano en al menos tres cursos de entre BUP y COU/ Acreditació d’haver cursat i aprovat Valencià en almenys tres cursos d’entre BUP i COU. ☐ Acreditación de haber cursado y aprobado Valenciano en todos los cursos de la FP/Acreditació d’haver cursat i aprovat Valencià en tots els cursos de la FP. ☐ Acreditación de haber cursado y aprobado Valenciano en todos los cursos del Bachillerato/Acreditació d’haver cursat i aprovat Valencià en tots els cursos de Batxillerat. ☐ Haber obtenido la calificación de apto en la prueba correspondiente a las oposiciones convocadas a partir del año 2002/Haver obtingut la qualificació d’apte en la prova corresponent a les oposicions convocades a partir de l’any 2002. 2. Para la prueba de castellano/ Per a la prova de castellà: ☐ Titulación universitaria expedida por una Universidad española/Titulació universitària expedida per una universitat espanyola. ☐ Título de Bachillerato (BUP o LOGSE) expedido por el Estado español/Titol de Batxillerat (BUP o LOGSE) expedit a l’Estat espanyol. ☐ Título de Técnico especialista (FP2) o Técnico Superior expedido por el Estado español/Titol de Tècnic Especialista (FP2) o Tècnic Superior expedit a l’Estat espanyol. ☐ Diploma de español como lengua extranjera (nivel superior) o Certificado de Aptitud de español para extranjeros expedidos por las EOI/Diploma d’Espanyol com a Llengua Estrangera (nivell superior) o Certificat d’Aptitud d’Espanyol per a Estrangers expedit per les EOI. Fecha y firma/ Data i signatura	<urn:uuid:62c34684-080e-478b-9d0d-e5b392e5e723>	HuggingFaceFW/finepdfs/tree/main/data/cat_Latn/train	finepdfs	cat_Latn	369,762
The Federal period, roughly from 1785 to 1820, was an exciting time for our young nation. The country’s wealth was growing, trans-Atlantic trade was flourishing, and the nation’s elite, along with an expanding middle class, had money to spend for homes filled with the finest furniture in the latest styles. Despite the alliance with France during the War of Independence, when peace returned America looked to its roots and embraced English design trends that, unlike its own, had continued to evolve throughout the war. The Chippendale era had been usurped by an emerging neoclassicism, encouraged by the large-scale excavations of Herculaneum and Pompeii in 1738, cities that boldly displayed both Greek and Roman styling. The infant United States of America saw itself as the fulfillment of the noble ideals promoted by ancient Rome and felt it only appropriate to adopt its style. Three of the most influential designers of the neoclassic period were Britons: Robert Adam, George Hepplewhite, and Thomas Sheraton. Their design books were highly influential on both sides of the Atlantic. In America, these craftsmen helped define the era: John and Thomas Seymour of Boston, Duncan Phyfe of New York, John Shaw in Annapolis, and the firm of Bankson and Lawson in Baltimore. Scores of lesser-known artisans made contributions, leading to one of the brightest and most sophisticated periods of American furniture. I’ll talk about the essential decorative features of the period, using pieces from Colonial Williamsburg’s distinguished collection to illustrate the points. If you’re new to Federal, its feast for the eye may seem overwhelming. But there is no need to sample everything on the menu. For two centuries, designers have gone à la carte on the theme and it’s fine for you to pick your favorite elements, too. Contributing editor Steve Latta teaches at Thaddeus Stevens College in Lancaster, Pa. Take a walk through history and learn how to combine the classic elements The gracious flow of a cabriole leg is replaced with the architectural feel of a tapered leg. Solid wood is often replaced by a facade of impressive veneers. Inlay, such as these quarter fans and oval paterae, replaces carving as decoration. Bellflowers are the most common form of leg inlay. More than a fan. After building Federal-style furniture for 20 years, Latta recently did his master's thesis on the subject. The sideboard epitomizes the period If one piece of furniture has come to symbolize the Federal period, it is the sideboard. Like several types of furniture that developed during this period, its form followed function. As houses got larger and more fashionable, spaces for receiving guests and dining became separate rooms. Dining rooms led to dining tables, sideboards, marble-topped serving tables, and cellarettes to chill beverages. This sideboard, made in Georgetown, S.C., sometime between 1795 and 1810, illustrates most of the elements that distinguish Federal furniture from prior periods like Chippendale and Queen Anne. The lines are much cleaner and more classical, while exotic veneers and inlay replace the ornate carving of the Chippendale era. Gorgeous grain dominates the design. On this Baltimore chest of drawers, book-matched mahogany on the drawer fronts is surrounded by contrasting lighter wood. Veneer is used on every surface, including the faux columns on the legs, the oval inset in the top, and the design on the lower apron. Technological advancements in blades and sawmills increased the availability of veneers, and ornamental veneer work became the true hallmark of the Federal period. Designers combined exquisite mahogany, figured maple, satinwood, and other exotic veneers in geometric patterns to break up the potential monotony of the rectilinear neoclassic form. The fact that solid wood could not be used in this way underlined Federal style’s break with the past. The technique is superbly illustrated on this Baltimore chest of drawers (1795–1810), where the use of veneers gives life to the basic box with a serpentine front. The book-matched mahogany drawer fronts and the edge of the top are bordered with a contrasting lighter wood. The scrolled leafage wrapping around the pulls on this piece was executed in-house and reflects a skill level not found in most shops of the day. The leg faces contain faux fluting bordered on top and bottom by fielded inlay panels. The lower apron presents three pictorial inlays nicely balanced. All in all, the piece contains a thematically linked and exquisitely executed use of veneers. The clock, originating from Virginia, tells a similar story with its wealth of architectural elements. These include dentil molding, columns, corner columns, and rosettes. While they would have been carved during the Chippendale period, creating a genuine three-dimensional effect, the same goal is achieved here with creative veneer work. The dentil molding is particularly brilliant. Veneers stand in for carving, too. Besides the crotch mahogany on the front of this clock (Virginia, 1805–1815), veneer is used to imitate dentil molding, quarter columns, and rosettes. Stringing is the tie that binds One of the most widespread methods of ornamentation was stringing. It broke up large flat planes such as table legs and added a three-dimensional effect when used to border doors, drawer fronts, and table edges and tops. Typically made from holly, boxwood, satinwood, or dyed pearwood, it added elegant contrast and vitality to the work. Stringing could be done with relative ease and consequently was often used to fill spaces in lieu of more expensive details such as bellflowers. I borrowed the single stringing pattern as well as the other ornamentation on my Pembroke table (right) from an 18th-century Connecticut original. Although easy to execute, the stringing adds to the overall whimsical feel of the table. Depending upon the application, stringing could be a single, double, or treble line. White/black double stringing is used between dark and light veneers, while treble stringing, typically consisting of white/black/white, is appropriate when separating two darker woods, as seen on the sideboard on pp. 64-65. Single, double, and triple. Where the stringing divides contrasting woods, a double line is used with the holly adjacent to the dark background and the ebony or dyed pearwood next to the lighter background. In a uniform background, a single line of contrasting stringing (as seen here) is the most usual, but more fancy pieces sometimes use white/black/white stringing. Banding is just elaborate stringing Like stringing, bandings also broke up and separated large surfaces, but they did so in a more dramatic way. Although basic bandings consisting of a solid core bordered by stringing were often made by furniture makers, more complex, geometric bandings could be imported from England or made by a local specialist. During the final estate auction of Baltimore inlay maker Thomas Barrett, whose sales ledger boasted many of that city’s most successful cabinetmakers, more than 790 yards of banding were sold for an average price of $8½ cents a yard. The small work table at left contains no less than five distinct bandings, many undoubtedly purchased as prefabricated strips. The wide cuff banding at the base of the legs grounds the table while the zigzag along the top edge, the arrow on the apron’s lower edge, the rope bordering the oval, and the block framing the simple rectangular paterae all add movement and energy. Oval inlays were off-the-shelf Because of their relatively low cost, stock ovals, often referred to as shells or paterae, often were imported for resale to local cabinetmakers. Scholars often try to attribute a furniture piece to a specific region based on the paterae, but the effort is often misdirected because of their wide distribution by wholesale suppliers. Thomas Barrett had more than 1,300 “shells” listed in the estate inventory taken after his death. Bellflowers vary by region Another classic form of Federal ornamentation, the bellflower, provides much better clues to a piece’s origin. The most basic three-pointed bellflower is punched from a single piece of veneer and then set into the solid-wood leg using the same gouge. This style, shown on the South Carolina sideboard on pp. 64–65, is also seen on rural sideboards in New Hampshire and Connecticut. More sophisticated bellflowers are also punched out with a gouge but these three-petaled flowers (right) are sand-shaded and displayed in a graduated pattern. On Baltimore bellflowers, the center petal always goes in last, in contrast to a Boston bellflower where the center petal always falls behind the two outside leaves. Rural version. The bellflowers on Latta’s dressing table (left) reflect a rural version with simple, two-petal flowers strung together, known as vinework. The bellflowers on the South Carolina sideboard on pp. 64–65 (above) were stamped from one piece of veneer. Boston bellflowers. The petals on these bellflowers are punched out with a gouge and sand-shaded, and display a graduated pattern. They are inlaid with the two outer petals overlaying the center one, the reverse of bellflowers on furniture from Baltimore and the mid-Atlantic region. The sophistication of the paterae varied considerably: The thistle pattern (upper right photo) I used on a Baltimore-inspired card table was patterned after a widely used original from the period. However, shops that did not have access to ready-made shells drew on their ingenuity and created nice alternatives. The paterae (lower right photo) on my Connecticut Pembroke table, also based on an original, is dramatic but requires minimal skill when compared to a classic eagle or thistle. Although carving was key to the Chippendale period, it played a diminished role during the Federal era, supporting the work rather than dominating it. Even so, it had its champions in such masters as John and Thomas Seymour, Duncan Phyfe, and architect/carver Samuel McIntire in Salem, Mass. Federal carving portrays classical themes and often stands in low relief. The carving on this Norfolk armchair is typical, showing swags, a low-relief corner fan, small rosettes on the arms, and carved spade feet. The crest rail on the back of the sofa (1815–1825), attributed to William King of Georgetown in Washington, D.C., provides a wonderful example of an extended low-relief run showing vines, grapes, and other foliage with a punch-work ground. The overall form of the piece shows the pronounced impact of classicism on the designs of the period. This sofa, clearly in the Grecian mode, sports a reeded frame, saber-shaped legs, and scrolled arms ending in floral rosettes. Neo-classical masterpiece. This Grecian sofa contrasts a simple, reeded frame with the carved vine leaves and grapes along the crest rail. Carving is refined. This armchair from the 1790s displays many carved elements found on Federal furniture. These include the classical swags hanging on the shield, the corner fan, and the floral motifs near the top.	409e722d-31c1-4f02-88ea-6480ec370c04	HuggingFaceFW/finepdfs/tree/main/data/eng_Latn/train	finepdfs	eng_Latn	11,135
non guardare in faccia a nessuno 13 i primi a comportarsi da comunistoni come dici te sono proprio quelli che avversonano [sic!] ed hanno sempre avversato quel sistema... ma quando hanno bisogno non guardano in faccia a nessuno, solo nel portafoglio... 14 È inevitabile, a quanto pare, che margini di profitto e quotazioni azionarie non guardino in faccia nessuno, sano o malato, povero o ricco (per quanto, se uno è ricco, il problema venga meno). 15 La crisi non guarda in faccia a nessuno e apparentemente non ha rispetto neppure per i modelli più ricchi e modaioli. 16 In certe circostanze, quando si tratta di prendere decisioni capitali, chi ha il potere deve assumersi tutta la responsabilità personale, senza guardare in faccia nessuno. La Repubblica 1 La legge e l'ordine non guardano in faccia a nessuno: se il generale è un mascalzone che ha accumulato milioni e milioni di dollari con la distribuzione della cocaina, morte a Noriega. 2 Dobbiamo individuare ha detto ancora Grandi le singole responsabilità. A quel punto, ne sia certo, non guarderemo in faccia a nessuno. 3 L'Irs (Internal revenue service), l'agenzia del fisco americano, ha fama di essere dura, spietata, e soprattutto di non guardare in faccia nessuno. 4 Il mercato è freddo, non guarda in faccia nessuno, ma è giusto. Premia l'efficienza. Castiga gli inefficienti. 5 Gli ispettori, quando arrivano, analizzano ogni possibile pezzo di carta, sono incorruttibili e non guardano in faccia a nessuno. 6 Basta, mi arrendo, quelli non guardano in faccia nessuno e io tengo moltissimo a mia moglie e alle mie due bambine. Che si prendano pure tutto. 7 La porta per lei è aperta perché è una persona perbene, perché è un palermitano segretario di un partito, e può aiutare questa città: ma mi stia a sentire, non guardi in faccia a nessuno, non faccia mediazioni, non faccia compromessi, perché questa porta si chiude anche per lei.... 8 Da Londra, dove si concentrano gran parte dei capitali speculativi che circolano per l'Europa, picchiano duri come martelli e non guardano in faccia niente e nessuno. 9 Per quanto ci riguarda, vogliamo che la giustizia proceda, che non guardi in faccia nessuno, che vada fino in fondo osservando le regole e non facendosi strumentalizzare. 10 Quando la battaglia si fa calda io sono onesto. Dico che, davanti al Paese, bisogna far passare le leggi principali e, su queste, non guardo in faccia nessuno. 11 lei è una stratega, il classico tipo che non guarda in faccia nessuno e va dritta all'obiettivo. Se vuole qualcosa fa di tutto per ottenerla 12 Proteggiti, informati, perché l'Aids non guarda in faccia nessuno. 10 Dopodichè rimangono invece completamente intatte le responsabilità della politica e io da questo punto di vista credo che bisogna essere molto chiari senza guardare in faccia a nessuno e dire le cose come stanno. 11 Continuerò senza guardare in faccia a nessuno. Neppure se si tratta di amici, neppure se vicini alla sua ideologia come Prodi che potrebbe respingere le rampogne del Quirinale: Io non ho mai badato al colore politico di chi si rivolge a me. 12 Nello era un uomo senza scrupoli, che ha accumulato un mucchio di soldi senza guardare in faccia a nessuno, nemmeno alla famiglia. 13 Per un rigore dubbio, dato o non dato, difenderò sempre gli arbitri, ma per questioni disciplinari continuerò a pretendere che facciano rispettare il regolamento, sempre e comunque, senza guardare in faccia a nessuno. itTenTen 1 No, la peste era maledetta, non guardava in faccia a nessuno. 2 Ci si consola, è vero, col pensiero che per fortuna abbiamo dei giudici a Berlino, che non guardano in faccia a nessuno, nemmeno ai colleghi dell'accusa, […] 3 La legge (quasi sempre) non guarda in faccia a nessuno. 4 L'emergenza è mondiale perché non si tratta di una guerra tra popoli, ma di un virus che non guarda in faccia nessuno. 5 Quando arriva, la morte non guarda in faccia a nessuno, a prescindere dal ceto sociale. 6 L'ironia della sorte volle che le pietre della fortezza servissero (oltre che per le costruzioni civili e lavori pubblici a Marina), per le case dei nuovi rioni verso la stazione ferroviaria e delle segherie, simboli di un progresso che sembrava non guardare in faccia a niente e a nessuno. 7 Purtroppo nell'economia moderna il business non guarda in faccia a niente e nessuno e tantomeno ai nostri bellissimi territori. 8 Purtroppo le malattie vengono e non guardano in faccia nessuno, non le andiamo a cercare e non hanno pietà. 9 Montella ha un bel carattere, lo conosco bene. Nei quattro mesi in cui ha allenato la Roma ha dimostrato che non guarda in faccia nessuno: se deve fare una cosa la fa senza farsi intimorire. 10 Oriana o l'amavi o la odiavi, come per tutte le persone con carattere. Io l'amavo, mi piaceva quel suo anticonformismo, non guardava in faccia nessuno, se doveva dire che Prodi e Berlusconi erano "due perfetti idioti", lo diceva. 11 Lo sanno bene e pur di mantenere il sistema in piedi non guardano in faccia niente e nessuno. 12 Il film offre risate a crepapelle per la sua comicità schietta che non guarda mai in faccia a nessuno , infatti le tematiche portano all'integrazione degli islamici in America, al rapporto tra israeliani e palestinesi e soprattutto ai vincoli che la cultura araba da ai suoi adepti. 13 "Avessero preso di mira anche lui," dichiara un parlamentare "avrebbe significato che questi brigatisti non guardano davvero in faccia a nessuno."	<urn:uuid:07abe959-0dba-450a-9faf-2aaf5663f526>	HuggingFaceFW/finepdfs/tree/main/data/ita_Latn/train	finepdfs	ita_Latn	5,448
PhD position: Ecological assembly processes: a predictive framework for fungal metacommunities University of Jyväskylä, Finland Main supervisor: Nerea Abrego Application deadline: January 14, 2022 With our planet facing the so-called sixth mass extinction, there is an urgent need to mechanistically understand the processes organizing biodiversity. A robust fundamental understanding the forces shaping biodiversity is the basis for any rational management of natural resources. Reaching such understanding, is the core aim of community ecology. Thus, much of the focus of the empirical research in community ecology is on measuring the roles of different assembly processes in shaping ecological communities (i.e., measuring what mechanisms determine what species occur where and when). From earlier research, one thing is well known: the habitat or abiotic environment has a huge influence on what species are found at a given location and time. In other words, the role of environmental filtering as a process shaping species communities is well known. However, there are other less studied processes which should also influence species community composition, as are the role of biotic interactions, dispersal and stochastic processes. One of the reasons why the latter mentioned processes remain less studied is simply that they are more challenging to study, requiring experimental settings and study systems that conform to the assumptions of theoretical frameworks. In this project, we will use wood-inhabiting fungal metacommunities in island landscapes as the study system. One major advantage of wood-inhabiting fungi as study systems is that they are organized as spatially well-defined metacommunities, thus conforming to the assumptions of many theoretical frameworks. Another major advantage they allow for experimental manipulations targeted to all community assembly processes in a way that would not be possible for almost any other species-rich community. The work involved in this project includes fieldwork for collecting data and setting up experiments, preparation of samples for DNA analyses, and application of statistical methods, importantly joint species distribution modelling. Dr. Nerea Abrego will act as the main supervisor and Prof. Otso Ovaskainen as the co-supervisor. Abrego is an expert in theoretical and empirical community ecology and Ovaskainen in mathematical and statistical modelling. The PhD candidate will be integrated to a multidisciplinary research group focusing broadly on community ecology, providing the opportunity to gain a variety of skills (conceptual, theoretical, empirical, bioinformatical and statistical research) that will enable a wide range of possible career paths after dissertation. For further details, please contact: Academy Researcher Fellow Nerea Abrego (email@example.com) For more details, see the job announcement (this is project #6): https://www.jyu.fi/science/en/bioenv/research/doctoral-programme/phdposts/2022/open-doctoral-student-positions	<urn:uuid:7a89cb77-4dbe-4118-87dd-8c7392e1357e>	HuggingFaceFW/finepdfs/tree/main/data/eng_Latn/train	finepdfs	eng_Latn	3,030
Liste des Abandons 1 Abandons N° Conducteur Asa Coéquipier Voiture Groupe Classe Cause 205BLANCHOZ Philippe YONNE CAVACO-BLANCHOZ Dina MATRA Murena Cla 0 Mécanique après ES4	<urn:uuid:7cf5997e-a892-4c15-a762-d6f399d9c2f8>	HuggingFaceFW/finepdfs/tree/main/data/fra_Latn/train	finepdfs	fra_Latn	179
july 2018 \| 2 \| 3 \| 4 \| 5 \| 6 \| \|---\|---\|---\|---\|---\| \| 9 \| 10 \| 11 \| 12 \| 13 \| \| 16 \| 17 \| 18 \| 19 \| 20 \| \| 23 \| 24 \| 25 \| 26 \| 27 \| \| 30 \| 31 \| \| \| \| 4 Independence Day november 2018 \| \| \| \| 1 \| 2 \| \|---\|---\|---\|---\|---\| \| 5 \| 6 \| 7 \| 8 \| 9 \| \| 12 \| 13 \| 14 \| 15 \| 16 \| \| 19 \| 20 \| 21 \| 22 \| 23 \| \| 26 \| 27 \| 28 \| 29 \| 30 \| 12 No School - Veterans Day Holiday 22-23 No School - Thanksgiving Day 21 Early dismissal (P-12) march 2019 \| \| \| \| \| 1 \| \|---\|---\|---\|---\|---\| \| 4 \| 5 \| 6 \| 7 \| 8 \| \| 11 \| 12 \| 13 \| 14 \| 15 \| \| 18 \| 19 \| 20 \| 21 \| 22 \| \| 25 \| 26 \| 27 \| 28 \| 29 \| 29 K-5 Early Dismissal (Academic planning)* august 2018 \| \| \| 1 \| 2 \| 3 \| \|---\|---\|---\|---\|---\| \| 6 \| 7 \| 8 \| 9 \| 10 \| \| 13 \| 14 \| 15 \| 16 \| 17 \| \| 20 \| 21 \| 22 \| 23 \| 24 \| \| 27 \| 28 \| 29 \| 30 \| 31 \| 28 First Day of School 31 No School - Kids Day at the Fair december 2018 24-Jan. 4 No School - Winter Break april 2019 \| 1 \| 2 \| 3 \| 4 \| \|---\|---\|---\|---\| \| 8 \| 9 \| 10 \| 11 \| \| 15 \| 16 \| 17 \| 18 \| \| 22 \| 23 \| 24 \| 25 \| \| 29 \| 30 \| \| \| 1-5 No School - Spring Break september 2018 \| 3 \| 4 \| 5 \| 6 \| 7 \| \|---\|---\|---\|---\|---\| \| 10 \| 11 \| 12 \| 13 \| 14 \| \| 17 \| 18 \| 19 \| 20 \| 21 \| \| 24 \| 25 \| 26 \| 27 \| 28 \| 3 No School - Labor Day january 2019 \| \| 1 \| 2 \| 3 \| 4 \| \|---\|---\|---\|---\|---\| \| 7 \| 8 \| 9 \| 10 \| 11 \| \| 14 \| 15 \| 16 \| 17 \| 18 \| \| 21 \| 22 \| 23 \| 24 \| 25 \| \| 28 \| 29 \| 30 \| 31 \| \| 1-4 No School - New Year's Day 21 No School - Martin Luther King Jr. Day may 2019 \| \| \| 1 \| 2 \| 3 \| \|---\|---\|---\|---\|---\| \| 6 \| 7 \| 8 \| 9 \| 10 \| \| 13 \| 14 \| 15 \| 16 \| 17 \| \| 20 \| 21 \| 22 \| 23 \| 24 \| \| 27 \| 28 \| 29 \| 30 \| 31 \| 10 No School - Spring Professional Day (possible snow day) 27 No School - Memorial Day Holiday october 2018 \| 1 \| 2 \| 3 \| 4 \| 5 \| \|---\|---\|---\|---\|---\| \| 8 \| 9 \| 10 \| 11 \| 12 \| \| 15 \| 16 \| 17 \| 18 \| 19 \| \| 22 \| 23 \| 24 \| 25 \| 26 \| \| 29 \| 30 \| 31 \| \| \| 5 No School - Fall Staff Collaboration Day 11-12 No School - Parent Conferences 8 K-5 Early Dismissal (conference prep) \| \| \| \| \| 1 \| \|---\|---\|---\|---\|---\| \| 4 \| 5 \| 6 \| 7 \| 8 \| \| 11 \| 12 \| 13 \| 14 \| 15 \| \| 18 \| 19 \| 20 \| 21 \| 22 \| \| 25 \| 26 \| 27 \| 28 \| \| 18 14-15 No School - Parent Conferences No School - Presidents Day june 2019 \| 3 \| 4 \| 5 \| 6 \| \|---\|---\|---\|---\| \| 10 \| 11 \| 12 \| 13 \| \| 17 \| 18 \| 19 \| 20 \| \| 24 \| 25 \| 26 \| 27 \| 7 12 K-5 Early Dismissal (report card prep) Early dismissal - Last Day of School Walla Walla Public Schools Legend Students do not attend classes Early dismissal for all students Early dismissal for K-5 students only Vision Developing Washington's most sought-after Graduates Calendar is also posted on the district website: www.wwps.org Calendar approved by the School Board Dec. 13, 2016	<urn:uuid:98a57cfe-f789-40b6-885c-8d2e9072108a>	HuggingFaceFW/finepdfs/tree/main/data/eng_Latn/train	finepdfs	eng_Latn	2,734
Algunos ejemplos de municipalidades del país La organización de los municipios queda establecida en diversas normas jurídicas. Por lo general se hace referencia a esta cuestión en las Constituciones provinciales y en leyes especiales conocidas como Leyes Orgánicas de municipalidades, y también en Cartas Orgánicas. En algunas provincias, como Buenos Aires o Santa Fe, las municipalidades se rigen por una Ley Orgánica Provincial; en otras, como Salta, cada municipalidad tiene la facultad de dictar su propia Carta Orgánica, es decir, la norma jurídica que rige su funcionamiento y organización. En el documento de esta página podemos apreciar algunas de las características que adquieren los gobiernos municipales y sus territorios en dos provincias del país: Santa Fe y Buenos Aires. Documentos Algunas normas jurídicas Artículo 1. Todo centro urbano en el que haya una población mayor de diez mil habitantes tendrá una Municipalidad encargada de la administración comunal, con arreglo a las prescripciones de la Constitución y de la presente ley; a este efecto las Municipalidades se dividirán en dos categorías, a saber: serán de primera categoría las Municipalidades que tengan más de doscientos mil habitantes; de segunda categoría las que tengan entre diez mil y doscientos mil. Artículo 2. Las Municipalidades son independientes de todo otro poder en el ejercicio de las funciones que les son propias; forman sus rentas, pudiendo establecer impuestos, tasas, derechos o contribuciones, sobre los ramos y materias que se determinen [...]. Ley Orgánica de las Municipalidades de la provincia de Santa Fe, N° 2756. Artículo 1. En los centros de población, cuyo número de habitantes no llegue al fijado por la Constitución de la Provincia para formar Municipalidades, la administración comunal estará a cargo de Comisiones Comunales que serán creadas en la forma que esta ley establece. Artículo 14. Para la delimitación de los distritos comunales, que en ningún caso estarán comprendidos en más de un departamento, se dará preferencia a los límites naturales (ríos, arroyos, canales, caminos, ferrocarriles), o en su defecto líneas divisorias de propiedades. Ley Orgánica de Comunas de la provincia de Santa Fe, N° 2439. Artículo 1. La Administración local de los partidos que forman la provincia estará a cargo de una Municipalidad compuesta de un Departamento Ejecutivo, desempeñado por un ciudadano con el título de Intendente, y un Departamento Deliberativo, desempeñado por ciudadanos con el título de Concejal. Ley Orgánica de las Municipalidades de la provincia de Buenos Aires, Decreto-Ley 6769/58. 1. Trabajá con este cuadro y con la información de la página. \| Provincia \| Municipalidad \| Cantidad de concejales \| Categoría \| \|-------------\|-------------------\|------------------------\|-----------\| \| Buenos Aires\| Pergamino \| 120 \| Única \| \| Santa Fe \| El Trébol \| 6 \| Segunda \| \| Santa Fe \| Cañada Rosquín \| s/d \| Comuna \| a) ¿Cuáles son las fuentes de los documentos que leiste? b) En la provincia de Buenos Aires, ¿cuántas categorías de municipios hay? c) En la provincia de Santa Fe, ¿se diferencian categorías de municipalidades? ¿En función de qué? Cuando no pueden ser municipalidades, ¿cómo se organizan? d) ¿Qué actividades pueden realizar las municipalidades de Santa Fe? e) En Santa Fe, ¿podría haber una comuna que se extendiera por más de un departamento? El trabajo de la población Una gran parte de las personas satisface necesidades básicas mediante los ingresos que obtiene por un trabajo remunerado. En una familia, los ingresos provienen del trabajo de algunos de sus miembros, por lo general del padre y la madre, y también de los hijos mayores. Otros miembros de la familia no trabajan, como por ejemplo algunos abuelos que reciben una jubilación o los hijos que se dedican al estudio. Todos los miembros de la familia, obtengan o no ingresos, necesitan satisfacer necesidades y forman parte del mercado consumidor o mercado interno del país. Por eso decimos que, ya sea como trabajadores o como consumidores, la mayor parte de la población se vincula a las actividades económicas. La población económicamente activa -PEA- Para estudiar la participación de la población en las actividades económicas se utilizan diversos conceptos. A través del Censo Nacional de Población se puede saber cuántas personas mayores de 14 años tienen trabajo o lo buscan. A este conjunto lo llamamos población económicamente activa (PEA). Dentro de la PEA se identifican las personas ocupadas, es decir las que tienen trabajo, y las desocupadas, que son las que buscan trabajo pero no lo consiguen. La mayor parte de las personas ocupadas son empleados y reciben un salario o son trabajadores por cuenta propia, trabajan solos o ayudados por la familia. Las personas que no tienen y tampoco buscan trabajo forman la población no económicamente activa, por lo general se trata de estudiantes, jubilados y amas de casa. La población y los sectores de la economía Algunas actividades económicas ocupan más cantidad de trabajadores que otras. En general, para el conjunto del país, las actividades del sector terciario son las que ocupan mayor cantidad de personas; le sigue en importancia la industria manufacturera y las actividades agrícolas. La minería y las demás actividades primarias ocupan una proporción menor de trabajadores. Esta distribución puede variar de una provincia a otra. Por ejemplo, las provincias pampeanas son las que presentan los mayores porcentajes de población ocupada en actividades del sector secundario, especialmente en la industria. En algunas provincias del noroeste o del noreste, como Formosa, hay mayor el porcentaje de población ocupada en la actividad agrícola. Un caso particular es la Capital Federal, donde prácticamente no se realizan actividades primarias y por lo tanto no se registra ocupación vinculada a ellas. \| Actividad económica \| Capital Federal \| Formosa \| \|---------------------\|-----------------\|---------\| \| Sector primario \| 0,95 \| 29,72 \| \| Sector secundario \| 21,34 \| 13,39 \| \| Sector terciario \| 76,54 \| 56,22 \| \| Sin especificar \| 1,17 \| ( \| Fuente: INDEC. Censo Nacional de Población y Vivienda 1991. 1. ¿Qué se entiende por necesidades básicas? (Repasá el capítulo 2). 2. Defini los siguientes conceptos: a) población económicamente activa, b) población desocupada, c) población no económicamente activa, 3. Compara los datos de las provincias y del total del país. ¿Cuáles son las actividades que ocupan más población? Cambio en las condiciones de trabajo En los últimos años, algunas condiciones de trabajo han cambiado bastante. En general, hay menor cantidad de trabajos permanentes, es decir, aquellos en donde los empleados tienen un contrato por tiempo indeterminado. En cambio, se han hecho más frecuentes los trabajos transitorios, es decir, aquellos que tienen una duración determinada. También la jornada de trabajo ha aumentado o ha disminuido respecto de lo que ha sido, durante décadas, la "jornada laboral" de 8 horas diarias, o de 40 a 45 horas semanales. En general, las empresas tratan de establecer contratos más flexibles, de manera que el trabajo de las personas se ajuste a los vaivenes de la producción. Por ejemplo, cuando la producción es menor se trabaja menos horas o se suspende el trabajo por un tiempo. También han aumentado los contratos de trabajo fuera de los marcos legales que regulan la actividad laboral. A esta modalidad de trabajo se la llama "en negro". En la mayoría de los casos, quienes desarrollan estas ocupaciones precarias no cuentan con beneficios laborales, como derecho a indemnización por despido, cobertura médica, aportes jubilatorios o seguros por accidentes. Desocupación, subocupación Uno de los problemas más graves del país en los últimos años es el aumento del número de personas desocupadas. Ésta es la situación de una parte importante de la población, que no tiene un trabajo con el que mantener a sus familias. También aumentó el número de subocupados, es decir, personas que trabajan menos de 35 horas semanales por causas involuntarias y desean trabajar más horas. Esto ocurre en distintas partes del país, en algunos lugares más que en otros. Por ejemplo, son altos los niveles de desocupación en el Gran Buenos Aires y en ciudades como Rosario o Mar del Plata. Podríamos decir que, en los últimos años, las actividades económicas no generaron los puestos de trabajo necesarios para alcanzar un nivel de ocupación razonable. Por ejemplo, en la industria manufacturera, el empleo descendió, en parte porque algunas empresas reemplazaron el trabajo de las personas con nuevas tecnologías y en parte porque numerosos establecimientos cerraron. Por otro lado, con las privatizaciones de las empresas estatales muchas personas quedaron sin trabajo y no tuvieron posibilidades de conseguir un nuevo empleo. Crisis laboral Del relevamiento oficial* surge que más de la mitad de los que trabajan -56,9% que comprende a casi 7 millones de personas- tienen empleos precarios, [...] temporarios, de mera changa, de baja calificación o "en negro". Estas cifras marcan el deterioro de la "calidad del empleo" [...]. Así, casi la mitad de esta gente ocupada -unas 3 millones de personas- gana menos de 200 pesos, lo que significa que son indigentes porque no pueden comprar los alimentos básicos que necesita una persona adulta. Menos aún están en condiciones de alimentar al resto de la familia. Con estos datos oficiales surge que apenas el 43,1% de los que trabajan tiene empleo pleno, estable, registrado, no informal, con cierta productividad y con un ingreso que les permite superar la línea de indigencia, aunque no la de la pobreza. [...] * Relevamiento del INDEC de mayo de 2002 en 28 aglomerados urbanos. Clarín, 26 de julio de 2002. trabajos o empleos de baja calificación. Son aquellos considerados de menor valor por el bajo nivel de conocimientos o de capacidades que se aplica en ellos. ¿A qué se denomina deterioro de la calidad del empleo? ¿Qué relación podés establecer entre la desocupación y subocupación de la población y la disminución del consumo de la población? Trabajar, ¿el desafío del siglo XXI? Cabe afirmar que la globalización no ha originado las desigualdades o el desempleo masivo, pero es evidente que, en muchas mentes, tanto en los países ricos como en los pobres, la palabra globalización se asocia a horribles imágenes de pérdidas de empleo a gran escala y de pérdidas de ingresos que amenazan el bienestar y los medios de vida habituales de las personas. Benjamin Mkapa, presidente de Tanzania y copresidente de la Comisión Mundial sobre la Dimensión Social de la Globalización de la OIT, Ginebra, 27 de febrero de 2002. * ¿Estás de acuerdo con que la globalización no es la causa de los actuales problemas de trabajo? Fundamenta tu respuesta. El derecho a trabajar Cuando trabajamos, las personas ponemos en juego nuestra creatividad, nuestra capacidad transformadora del mundo, nuestro potencial físico y nuestra vocación social. En otras palabras, el trabajo es un medio fundamental para nuestro desarrollo como personas y, por lo tanto, es un derecho. Entender al trabajo como un derecho era imprescindible en la Antigüedad, cuando los esclavos eran propiedad de un amo y debían obedecer las órdenes que éste les daba. La sociedad medieval concibió al trabajador ya no como la propiedad de un amo sino como parte de la tierra que un señor usufructuaba. En la práctica, esto no cambió sustancialmente la realidad de quienes estaban destinados a trabajar. El desarrollo de la industria y el comercio moderno pusieron en escena a una masa de obreros y empleados libres, que dejaron de pertenecer a alguien o a algo para tener la oportunidad de ofrecer su fuerza de trabajo a cambio de una suma de dinero: el salario. Sin embargo, sus condiciones de vida continuaron siendo malas, quizás peores. Las interminables jornadas de trabajo no eran recompensadas con salarios suficientes para garantizar la satisfacción de las necesidades básicas, como alimentación, vivienda, educación, etcétera. Con el tiempo fueron organizándose sindicatos y partidos políticos de base obrera o popular. A la intensa lucha de estos grupos debemos el que hoy nadie pueda negar que el trabajo es un derecho. Derecho que fue reconocido y regulado por las leyes de todos los Estados modernos. ¿Por qué decimos que el trabajo es un derecho? En la actualidad, ¿todas las personas adultas pueden ejercer ese derecho? La duración de la jornada laboral, el día de descanso semanal y la prohibición del trabajo infantil fueron algunos de los aspectos considerados por las leyes laborales después de muchas décadas de reclamos y huelgas. de 1960. Este organismo planificaba políticas para el desarrollo de distintas áreas del país. En esta regionalización, las áreas delimitadas abarcan, en varios casos, partes del territorio de una provincia. Por ejemplo, la región Comahue abarca, además de tres provincias completas, el sur de la provincia de Buenos Aires. El mapa 3 muestra la regionalización que utiliza el Instituto Nacional de Estadística y Censos (INDEC) para presentar la información que elabora. Este tipo de división regional por agrupamiento de provincias suele utilizarse cuando se trabaja con datos de los censos o de encuestas que hacen relevamientos por provincia y por departamento. Salvo la Región Metropolitana (formada por la Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires y algunos partidos de la provincia de Buenos Aires) y la región pampeana (en la que se excluyen esos partidos bonaerenses), las otras regiones son un agrupamiento de provincias completo. El Instituto Nacional de Estadística y Censos suele utilizar esta regionalización para presentar la información que elabora. La distribución de las actividades económicas en el territorio Si nos detenemos a analizar la distribución de las actividades económicas en el territorio podremos ver que algunas se concentran en unos lugares más que en otros. Por ejemplo, las actividades terciarias tienen una amplia distribución en grandes ciudades, pequeñas localidades y en zonas rurales. Feria de Simoca en Tucumán. Si bien las pequeñas industrias vinculadas al consumo cotidiano de la población (por ejemplo, fábricas de pan) se localizan en casi todas las localidades, la ubicación de industrias de mayor envergadura depende de una variedad de factores. Por ejemplo, es común que las empresas industriales establezcan sus fábricas en lugares donde pueden pagar salarios más bajos, adquirir materias primas e insumos a bajo costo o donde reciben descuentos en los impuestos y ventajas para comprar maquinarias. Respecto de las actividades secundarias, podemos decir que la mayor parte de los establecimientos industriales se localizan en asentamientos urbanos, pero también se los encuentra en las afueras de las ciudades y en algunas zonas rurales. Las actividades primarias son características de las áreas rurales. En general, estas actividades se desarrollan donde existen bosques a explotar o bien donde se dispone de tierras y de condiciones naturales que favorecen el crecimiento de cultivos. Las actividades que presentan una localización más puntual son las mineras, porque se realizan en los lugares específicos donde se encuentran los yacimientos de minerales. Las explotaciones agropecuarias La mayor parte de las actividades agrícolas, ganaderas y forestales se realizan en explotaciones agropecuarias, es decir, en establecimientos donde una o varias personas, llamados productores, organizan actividades para obtener ciertos productos. Para ello son ayudados por la familia (explotaciones familiares) o contratan personas (explotaciones empresariales); además de utilizar tierras, infraestructura, equipamientos e insumos. En nuestro país hay una gran variedad de establecimientos agropecuarios. Se pueden diferenciar, por ejemplo, teniendo en cuenta lo que producen y las superficies que abarcan; en este sentido se los agrupa en explotaciones pequeñas, medianas y grandes. Según lo que producen, hablamos de establecimientos agrícolas (sólo producen cultivos) o ganaderos (crian ganado). También hay establecimientos en donde se realizan varias actividades; se trata, por ejemplo, de explotaciones agrícola-ganaderas o agrícola-forestales, entre otras combinaciones. En general, los establecimientos más grandes, al tener mayor disponibilidad de tierras propias o alquiladas y capital financiero, son los que pueden realizar una mayor variedad de actividades, adoptar las innovaciones tecnológicas necesarias para mantener la cantidad y calidad de los productos ofrecidos en el mercado. En distintas partes del país, numerosos productores tienen dificultades para mejorar el desarrollo de sus actividades; esto ocurre, entre otros motivos, porque no disponen de suficientes tierras o no pueden acceder a créditos u otras formas de financiación que les permitan obtener el dinero necesario para adoptar nuevas tecnologías o aumentar la superficie de la explotación, mediante la compra o el alquiler de nuevas extensiones de tierra. En muchos casos, las explotaciones no generan ingresos suficientes para que los productores y sus familias satisfagan sus necesidades básicas. Son pequeños productores que suelen buscar un trabajo u ocupación alternativa en los centros urbanos. La actividad ganadera Desde Jujuy hasta Tierra del Fuego, en las llanuras o en las zonas montañosas, se encuentran grandes establecimientos o pequeños productores dedicados a la cría de diferentes tipos de ganado: vacuno o bovino, ovino, porcino, equino y caprino. Si bien son numéricamente los más importantes, también se crían otros animales, como las llamas, abejas, conejos o aves de corral. El área ganadera más importante es la pampeana, donde se concentra el mayor número de cabezas de ganado, siendo el vacuno el más destacado, seguido por el ovino. La posibilidad de utilizar las pasturas naturales de la región, consideradas muy aptas para alimento del ganado, explica en buena medida la expansión que tuvo esta actividad en el área pampeana. Entre las innovaciones tecnológicas registradas en la producción ganadera vacuna figuran las relacionadas al control de enfermedades y métodos de inseminación. Por ejemplo, el uso de productos veterinarios se ha vuelto indispensable para garantizar buenas condiciones sanitarias para el ganado y los productos que de él se obtienen. Así, el control de la fiebre aftosa en nuestro país se ha logrado a través de la vacunación sistemática del ganado. Por otra parte, se utilizan procedimientos que se aplican a la reproducción, provocando cambios genéticos; por ejemplo, se realizan cruces de animales usando ejemplares puros de raza (o de pedigri) para obtener razas mejoradas de ganado. También se ha mejorado la alimentación con la incorporación de pasturas artificiales o plantas forrajeras, sobre todo en las áreas de producción lechera, como el centro de la provincia de Santa Fe. La cría de ganados ovino y vacuno es una actividad importante en el noreste, especialmente en Corrientes. Allí, la cruz de vacunos se realiza utilizando animales de razas más resistentes a las altas temperaturas. La Patagonia se especializa en la producción de ovinos para lana y, en menor escala, para carne, mientras que las provincias del noroeste y oeste concentran el mayor número de caprinos. La cría de animales de granja se destaca en las provincias de Buenos Aires y Entre Ríos. Las actividades agrícolas Las actividades agrícolas se desarrollan en diferentes lugares del país, pero, si comparamos su distribución con respecto a la de las actividades ganaderas, veremos, como muestra el mapa de la página siguiente, que es menor. En el mapa, la producción agrícola se clasificó en dos grupos: áreas de agricultura de riego y áreas de agricultura de secano. Para representar cada grupo se eligió el mismo color y para una de ellas (agricultura de secano), se usó un rayado horizontal. En el mapa también se ha identificado el área de ganadería extensiva y con un símbolo, la presencia de ganado. Las plaquetas que acompañan al mapa también contienen información sobre los principales productos agrarios de cada área. En las llanuras del este predomina la agricultura de secano. Esto significa que las plantas no necesitan riego artificial, pues el agua que proveen las lluvias es suficiente. Las condiciones climáticas de la región pampeana favorecen el desarrollo de cereales (trigo, maíz, sorgo y avena) y de oleaginosas (soja, girasol, lino y maní), que ocupan grandes extensiones de tierra. Por la superficie que abarcan y el volumen cosechado, se destacan cuatro cultivos: soja, trigo, maíz y girasol. La expansión de estos cultivos se produjo, en gran parte, por la aplicación de numerosas innovaciones tecnológicas de origen biológico (como los transgénicos), químico (como fertilizantes, desmalezadores) y mecánico (como el desarrollo de maquinarias). En los últimos años, muchos productores se volcaron al uso de semillas transgénicas, porque con ellas pueden aumentar la producción de sus cultivos, especialmente de soja. Estas semillas se obtienen en laboratorios con complejos procesos de transformación genética. Mediante diversas técnicas se identifican, separan e introducen genes. De esta manera, se obtienen variedades de cultivos más resistentes. En el norte, los climas más cálidos y húmedos favorecen los cultivos tropicales, como la caña de azúcar, el algodón, el tabaco y el té. En el oeste, donde los climas son más secos, se desarrolla la agricultura de riego. Las zonas agrícolas se encuentran cerca de una fuente natural de agua que puede ser aprovechada, como un río o napa subterránea, y se aplican tecnologías para riego. En estas zonas agrícolas se destacan los cultivos de frutales que, como la vid y el olivo, tienen frutos que demandan mucho tiempo de exposición al sol para su maduración. En el sur, donde las temperaturas son más bajas, la actividad agrícola tiene mayores restricciones climáticas para su desarrollo y se realiza en pocos lugares. Generalmente, las extensiones mayores se encuentran en los oasis de riego organizados en los valles de algunos ríos que recorren la Patagonia. actividades forestales En algunas explotaciones agropecuarias se llevan a cabo actividades forestales, principalmente a través de bosques implantados. De estos bosques proviene la mayor parte de los productos forestales del país. Se encuentran bosques implantados en varias provincias, pero Misiones y Buenos Aires son las que tienen la mayor cantidad de hectáreas forestadas. Se cultivan pinos, eucaliptos, álamos y sauces, con modernas tecnologías, cuya producción principal es la industria de la celulosa y del papel y, en menor medida, la industria de la construcción y de la carpintería. Las actividades forestales en bosques naturales tuvieron mayor importancia en el pasado. Debido a su intensa explotación disminuyó el número de ejemplares de las especies más valoradas. En la actualidad se siguen extrayendo árboles para obtener leña, carbón, madera para postes o muebles y tanino (sustancia usada para la curtiembre de cueros). REFERENCIAS - Agricultura de riego - Agricultura de secano - Bosque natural - Ganadería extensiva (con pasturas naturales) - Ganadería	0f53bc9c-2bfe-4e91-a6e0-8f14b9041b05	HuggingFaceFW/finepdfs/tree/main/data/spa_Latn/train	finepdfs	spa_Latn	23,507
AARHUS UNIVERSITET Mødedato: 28. januar 2021 kl. 09.00 – 9.45 Mødested: MS Teams Mødeemne: LAMU Økonomi og Bygninger LAMU deltagere: Niels Jørgen Rasmussen, Arne N. Skov, Esther S. T. Henriksen, Linda Udengaard, Anja Munch Larsen, Marianne Maria Larsen, Lars Bo Nørgaard, Paul Behrens og Ib Rasmussen deltager under pkt. 1 1. Status på fysiske og sociale arbejdsmiljø Herunder støjgener og status på byggeprojekter på Trøjborgvej 82-84 2. Godkendelse af dagsorden 3. Opfølgning på referat fra LAMU den 12-11-2020 Link til referat af mødet den 12-11-2020 4. Sammensætning af LAMU 2021-2024 5. Kort status på arbejdsskader v/Linda 6. Indkøb af udstyr til distancearbejde Drøftelse af retningslinje fra LEA. ./. Bilag 1: Anbefalinger til basis IT-udstyr inkl. distancearbejdspladsen 7. Status på årlig arbejdsmiljødrøftelse ./. Bilag 1: AU ØB Årlig Arbejdsmiljødrøftelse 2020 8. Emner til næste AAMU-møde den 25-03-2021 9. Eventuelt Herunder evt. kommunikation til medarbejderne Tlf.: +45 8715 0000 E-mail: email@example.com Web: www.au.dk Dagsorden Lars Bo Nørgaard Dato : 12. januar 2021 Mødedato: 12. november 2020 kl. 09.00 – 9.45 Mødested: MS Teams Mødeemne: LAMU Økonomi og Bygninger LAMU deltagere: Niels Jørgen Rasmussen, Arne N. Skov, Esther S. T. Henriksen, Linda Udengaard, Anja Munch Larsen, Marianne Maria Larsen, Lars Bo Nørgaard Paul Behrens og Ib Rasmussen deltog under pkt. 1 1. Status på fysiske og sociale arbejdsmiljø BYG Paul oplyste, at ombygningen af 1911 til Pædagogisk Center indebærer, at der skal etableres et ekstra dæk i bygn. 1911 (gymnastiksalen). Der etableres nye vinduer i facaden, hvilket medfører, at cykelparkeringen fjernes. De fysiske arbejder påbegyndes den 11-01-2021, hvor der etableres byggeplads. Nedbrydning og ombygning planlægges udført i januar og februar. Der er dialog med Eksamenskontoret, da der afholdes eksaminer stort set hver dag i januar måned; dette kan medføre, at opstarten må udskydes. Der forventes pt. indflytning omkring den 01-07-2021, og der etableres en ny cykelparkering i løbet af sommeren. Arne bemærkede, at der heldigvis er mulighed for at arbejde hjemmefra, hvis støjen bliver for generende i bygn. 1912. NJR fandt, at der måske kan udarbejdes en forventet ugeplan for arbejderne, så evt. støjgener kan forudses fra uge til uge. Pædagogisk Center skal også benytte Frokoststuen i bygn 1912. NJR bemærkede, at såfremt det skabe trængsel, må vi til den tid se på, om det er nødvendigt at fordele spisetider/frokostpauser enhederne imellem. Paul oplyste, at der er talt om muligheden for opladning af el-cykler i kælderen, men dette er endnu ikke oprettet som et projekt i BYG. Bygningsservice * Ib oplyste, at Corona-retningslinjerne medfører, at hvis medarbejdere fra bygningsservice skal udføre arbejde i et kontor, så søges arbejdet udført, når der ikke er medarbejdere til stede i lokalet. * Medarbejderne i BYG opfordres til ikke at færdes i eksamensbygningen (bygn. 1914/1915), når der afvikles eksaminer. * Pt. arbejdes - jf. beslutning i Universitetsledelsen - med indregulering af varmen til 21 grader. Indreguleringen kræver, ud over en justering varmeanlægget, også at den enkelte radiator låses. * Der er opsat klistermærker med QR-koder til Dalux helpdesk (app til mobiltelefon) ved alle døre. Brugerne på Trøjborgvej må gerne benytte dette ved indmelding af opgaver til Bygningsservice. Tlf.: +45 8715 0000 E-mail: firstname.lastname@example.org Web: www.au.dk Referat Lars Bo Nørgaard Dato : 18. november 20 20 AARHUS UNIVERSITET Sociale arbejdsmiljø Linda spurgte, om det er muligt for medarbejdere at benytte sig af psykologordningen ved dårlige trivsel, bekymring i forbindelse med nedlukning eller lign. Niels Jørgen oplyste, at det er muligt. Medarbejderen må gerne selv henvende sig anonymt og derved få adgang til 3 samtaler, men hvis henvendelsen sker gennem nærmeste leder, er der mulighed for 5 samtaler. Niels Jørgen opfordrede til, at henvendelsen sker gennem leder, da det - udover flere samtaler - giver lederen mulighed for at hjælpe/understøtte og evt. sætte tiltag i værk. Anja bemærkede, at hjemmearbejde kan give anledning til spændingshovedpine, nakke-/skuldersmerter o.lign. som følge af, der ikke er et hæve-/sænkebord til rådighed i hjemmet. Medarbejdere kan også have permanet viderestilling af arbejdstelefon til privat telefon, hvilket medfører, at medarbejder principielt altid er på arbejde. Niels Jørgen oplyste, at LEA (Ledelseskredsen i Enhedsadministrationen) har drøftet mulighed for om nødvendigt at stille arbejdsredskaber til rådighed for hjemmearbejde. Der enighed om, at hæve-/sænkeborde ikke kan stilles til rådighed, mens andet kan om nødvendigt – f.eks. arbejdslampe, PC-skærm, fodskammel o.lign. Medarbejderen kan desuden tage fat i leder mht. muligheden for at komme fast inden på kontoret nogle dage om ugen eller i en kortere periode. Anja spurgte, om det er muligt at få én ud til at hjælpe med indretning af hjemmearbejdspladsen? Niels Jørgen undersøger, om dette er muligt. 2. Godkendelse af dagsorden Dagsorden blev godkendt. 3. Opfølgning på referat fra LAMU den 27. august 2020 Referatet blev godkendt uden bemærkninger. 4. Kort status på arbejdsskader v/Linda Linda oplyste, at en medarbejder er faldet på p-pladsen. Der har ikke været fravær i forbindelse hermed. Der var enighed om, at det var et hændeligt uheld, og der iværksættes ikke lige nu yderligere tiltag. 5. Fastlæggelse af struktur og valg til AMO Indeværende valgperiode for arbejdsmiljøorganisationen på AU udløber den 28-02-2021. Derfor skal der her i efteråret tages stilling til AMO-strukturen, inden valg af arbejdsmiljørepræsentanter og udpegning af arbejdsledere finder sted i begyndelsen af 2021. Funktionsperioden for den nye arbejdsmiljøorganisation er 01-03-2021 til 29-02-2024. Referat Lars Bo Nørgaard Dato: 18. november 2020 AARHUS UNIVERSITET Niels Jørgen oplyste, at ØB på trods af mere end 100 medarbejdere pt. har en struktur med én arbejdsmiljøgruppe, men med 3 medarbejderrepræsentanter. Der var enighed om, at det fungerer godt med én arbejdsmiljøgruppe - og arbejdsmiljøgruppen vurderes at være passende og dækkende. Niels Jørgen indmelder til AU HR, at nuværende struktur videreføres. Den efterfølgende diskussion, der tog afsæt i bilaget " Inspiration til opmærksomhedspunkter i LAMU'ernes drøftelser" bekræftede, at den nuværende organisering og størrelse er den rette i ØB. Anja, Linda og Esther vil gerne fortsætte som arbejdsmiljørepræsentanter. Øvrige medarbejdere opfordres til at melde sig som kandidater. Lars Bo er valgkontaktperson i ØB. Niels Jørgen og Lars Bo udarbejder udkast til mail til ØB's medarbejdere ang. valg til ØB's LAMU. Udsendes til medarbejderne omkring den 01-12-2020. 6. Universiteternes arbejdsmiljøkonference 2.-3. marts 2021 Der var enighed om, at alle LAMU repræsentanter, som har tid og mulighed, deltager i konferencen. 7. Emner til næste AAMU-møde den 8. december 2020 Intet til dette punkt. 8. Eventuelt Der udsendes mail til medarbejderne i ØB om valg til LAMU (jf. pkt. 5) Referat godkendt den 01-12-2020 Referat Lars Bo Nørgaard Dato: 18. november 2020 Modtager(e): LAMU i AU Økonomi og Bygninger Basis IT-udstyr på AU og til distancearbejdspladsen LEA har haft en arbejdsgruppe til at se på anbefalinger til basis IT-udstyr til hhv. den fysiske arbejdsplads på AU Campus og til distancearbejdspladsen, samt en liste over funktionstilpasset ekstraudstyr. Specialudstyr er ikke omfattet af anbefalingerne, da det vil variere ift. medarbejderens arbejdsopgaver. Indkøb af specialudstyr og basisudstyr sker efter aftale med nærmeste leder. Generelt bør der investeres i bærbar PC (Windows) ved nyanskaffelse/udskiftning, hvis medarbejderen skal eller kan komme til at arbejde hjemmefra i et vist omfang. Windows anbefales ud fra et økonomisk perspektiv såvel som et teknisk og systemmæssigt perspektiv, da flere systemer og programmer kun understøttes optimalt eller udelukkende via Windows. Basisudstyr – arbejdspladsen på AU Campus Vare/udstyr Pris \| \| Bærbar PC - HP EliteBook 840 G7 – AU Rammeaftale 1) \| \| kr. 5.600 \| \|---\|---\|---\|---\| \| Skærm - HP EliteDisplay 27” - AU Rammeaftale 1) 2) 3) \| \| kr. 1.700 \| \| \| \| Headset - Plantronics 3220 - SKI 50.07 \| \| kr. 180 \| \| Trådløs Mus/tastatur - Logitech MK540 - SKI 02.02 \| \| kr. 250 \| \| \| \| Total \| \| kr. 7.730 \| Nedenstående anbefalinger til udstyr til distancearbejdspladsen tager udgangspunkt i det listede basisudstyr til arbejdspladsen på AU Campus. Basisudstyr – distancearbejdspladsen Vare/udstyr \| \| Skærm - HP EliteDisplay 27” – AU Rammeaftale 1) 2) \| \| kr. 1.700 \| \|---\|---\|---\|---\| \| Trådløs Mus/tastatur - Logitech MK540 -SKI 02.02 \| \| kr. 250 \| \| \| \| Evt. mobiltelefon \| \| kr. 2.000 \| \| Total \| \| kr. 3.950 \| \| Pris Tlf.: +45 8715 0000 E-mail: email@example.com Web: www.au.dk Marianne Maria Larsen Dato: 7. januar 2021 AARHUS UNIVERSITET Medarbejder/funktionstilpasset ekstraudstyr Vare/udstyr Pris \| \| Skærm - HP EliteDisplay 27” - AU Rammeaftale 1) \| \| kr. 1.700 \| \|---\|---\|---\|---\| \| HP Dockingstation – AU Rammeaftale 1) 3) \| \| kr. 1.050 \| \| \| \| RollerMouse - SKI 02.02 \| \| kr. 950 \| \| MouseTrapper - SKI 02.02 \| \| kr. 950 \| \| \| \| Webcam 1080 \| \| kr. 550 \| \| Printer/scanner Kyocera ECOSYS M2135dn SKI 50.10 \| \| kr. 1.350 \| \| \| \| Kontorstol 1) \| \| kr. 1.528 \| \| Bordlampe (belysning) 1) \| \| kr. 707 \| \| 1) Aftaler gældende til og med 31. december 2020. 3) Dockingstation kan være nødvendig ved 2 skærme og/eller anvendelse af ældre eksisterende udstyr. 2) 27" skærm indeholder Thunderbolt teknik, og kan dermed også fungere som dockingstation. Ovennævnte udstyr er omfattet af indkøbsaftalerne eller SKI-aftaler, hvoraf nogle aftaler udløb den 31. december 2020. Det vurderes, at priser i kommende aftaler vil ligge på omtrent samme niveau. I forhold til dockingstation, ekstra skærm og printer, vurderes det, som ved andet funktionstilpasset ekstraudstyr, at være et begrænset antal medarbejdere, der har behov for dette. Anbefalingerne til IT-udstyr vil altid bero på en konkret vurdering af medarbejderens behov. Dermed ligger det ikke i anbefalingerne, at alle medarbejdere har ret til at få det nævnte udstyr til arbejdspladsen på AU Campus eller til distancearbejdspladsen. Indkøb af IT-udstyr sker efter aftale med nærmeste leder. Beskatningsregler Regler for beskatning af kontorinventar, der stilles til rådighed for medarbejdere, er undersøgt hos SKAT. Som udgangspunkt er dyre designermøbler underlagt regler for beskatning, mens ordinært inventar ikke beskattes. Levering af udstyr AU skal, som udgangspunkt i henhold til arbejdsmiljølovgivningen, afholde eventuelle udgifter til transport af udstyr til hjemmet, hvis medarbejderen selv ikke har mulighed for transport heraf. Ved eventuelle forsendelser skal AU's kureraftale anvendes ved forsendelser mellem 0,5 og 50 kg. Priserne ligger mellem kr. 117,08 og kr. 135,76 for forsendelser mellem 0,5 og 50 kg. Installering af udstyr AU IT samt IT-support i administrationscentrene er i færd med at udarbejde vejledninger til installering af udstyr i hjemmet, da det vurderes, at IT-enhederne ikke har ressourcer til at installere udstyr i medarbejdernes private hjem. Gennemsnitlig levetid for IT-udstyr/mobiltelefon Ved en gennemsnitlig levetid for IT-udstyr på 4 år og 2 år for mobiltelefoner, uden tilkøb af ekstraudstyr, anbefales det at de lokale enheder fremover afsætter ca. kr. 3.500 pr. medarbejder pr. år til basisudstyr omfattende arbejdspladsen på AU Campus (ca. 1.900 kr. årligt) og distancearbejdspladsen (ca. 1.600 kr. årligt). Dato: 7. januar 2021	<urn:uuid:0caed11d-721f-45b9-9aad-d18ac98eb8e8>	HuggingFaceFW/finepdfs/tree/main/data/dan_Latn/train	finepdfs	dan_Latn	11,706
San Antonio Abad La Florida 2021 Fiestas de Interés Turístico de Canarias	<urn:uuid:9cff2421-652b-43d6-9393-b981bd0dac9e>	HuggingFaceFW/finepdfs/tree/main/data/spa_Latn/train	finepdfs	spa_Latn	74
Das Magazin von Traumhaus für 1 Euro – was ist der Haken? Buying a dream home in Italy for just €1 USA Im Raketenauto durch Utahs Salzwüste rasen Racing Utah's salt lakes in a DIY rocket car Baden, chillen, grillen: Unser Sommer-Guide für Berlin Summer in the city: Our ultimate Berlin guide Präsentiert von ITALIEN Mit dieser tollen Wurst erobert ein Spitzenkoch Mallorca Clever sausage: the chef turning traditional Mallorcan food gastro Santi Taura ist ein legendärer Spitzenkoch auf Mallorca. Sein Lokal in der Nähe von Inca hatte die längste Warteliste für Reservierungen unter allen spanischen Restaurants. Am 15. Juli eröffnet er sein neues Restaurant DINS im Hotel El Llorenç Parc de la Mar in Palma. Dort verarbeitet er Inselklassiker wie Sobrasada-Wurst mit Trüffel und Fisch zu diesem modernen Gourmetgericht (Foto rechts). Also bald reservieren! – Santi Taura is a legend in the kitchen on Mallorca. His restaurant near the town of Inca has one of the longest waiting lists in Spain. On 15 July he opens his restaurant DINS in the luxury boutique hotel El Llorenç Parc de la Mar in Palma. There he will turn Mallorcan classics like sobrasada, red mullet and truffles into modern gourmet dishes (pictured) alongside Spanish favourites like panades pies. Make sure you reserve your table early! DREI LECKERE KLASSIKER DER MALLORCA-KÜCHE CLASSIC MALLORCAN FOOD YOU HAVE TO TRY Sobrasada Eine Streichwurst aus Schweinefleisch und Gewürzen die mindestens 30 Tage lang reift. Lecker auf getoastetem Brot. – The pâté-like sobrasada sausage is composed of pork, bacon and spices cured for at least 30 days. Delicious on toasted bread. Panades Diese Teigtaschen werden mit Lammfleisch, Erbsen oder Thunfisch gefüllt und sind beliebte Snacks bei allen Mallorquinern. – Freshly baked panades are pies with molten-hot fillings of lamb and peas or tuna casing and pinched tops. Comfort food that's right all year round. Ensaïmada Seit dem 17. Jahrhundert beginnen Mallorquiner den Tag mit Kaffee und diesen Blätterteigschnecken. – Locals pair their coffee with this traditional sugardusted pastry, similar to a croissant and made on the island since the 17th century. 24	<urn:uuid:99c410fe-9243-4148-91e5-8aa567360ba2>	HuggingFaceFW/finepdfs/tree/main/data/eng_Latn/train	finepdfs	eng_Latn	2,194
DEVELOPMENT REVIEW COMMITTEE AGENDA 3:30 PM Monday – February 4, 2019 Meeting Location: The Development Review Committee will meet at the Large Conference Room on the second floor of City Hall, at 1000 Spring Street, Paso Robles, California. File #: PD 18-10 Application: Request to construct 34,000sf of new commercial/industrial buildings. Location: 1621 River Rd. Applicant: Paul Viborg / Nick Gilman File #: CUP 19-01 Application: Request to install panel antennas above the roof of the First Baptist Church of Paso Robles. Location: 1645 Park Street Applicant: Verizon Wireless File #: Sign Plan Application: Request to install new signage for AT&T. Location: 2307 Theatre Drive Applicant: Coast Monument Signs File #: Sign Plan Application: Request to install new signage for Paso Robles Furniture Location: 843 Spring Street Applicant: A&M Sign Corporation	<urn:uuid:e261fd4e-0be8-445c-b522-2821c6095db4>	HuggingFaceFW/finepdfs/tree/main/data/eng_Latn/train	finepdfs	eng_Latn	897
Hvidovre Kommune Teknisk Forvaltning Tlf. +45 30747804 e-mail firstname.lastname@example.org website www.hvk.dk Cvr.nr. 32875939 Danske Bank 3307-6625398 Vedr.: Ejendommen Frihedens Idrætscenter, Hvidovre Matr. Nr.:102 – Hvidovre by 21.03.2014 Opstilling af skilte ved vejkryds Gl. Køge Landevej / Hvidovrevej, Gl. Køge Landevej / Avedøre Havnevej, ved Indgangen til Frihedens Idrætscenter ud mod Gl. Køge Landevej og ved indkørslen til Frihedens Idrætscenter / Mælkebøtten umiddelbart ved siden af eksisterende reklameskilte, samt mulighed for opsætning af skilte på facaden ud mod Gl. Køge Landevej. Ansøgning om skiltning ved Frihedens Idrætscenter På vegne af Hvidovre Volleyball Klub anmodes hermed om tilladelse til opstilling af i alt 4 skilte samt en brugsret på ovennævnte placeringer. Klubben søger med denne ansøgning tilladelse til at opsætte permanente reklameskilte på udvalgte steder, hvor der i forvejen er givet godkendelse til andre reklameskilte i området omkring Frihedens Idrætscenter, samt på facaden af idrætscenteret ud mod Gl. Køge Landevej. Det mener vi i bestyrelsen godt at vi, med et ambitiøst elitearbejde og et hold i landets bedste række, kan tillade os at forvente godkendt i et nærmere aftalt omfang, og ikke mindst i forhold til et lighedsprincip. Med ansøgte reklameflader til rådighed for samarbejdspartnere og erhvervsnetværk, vil værdien af klubbens eksponeringsgrundlag øges signifikant og fremstå mere attraktivt, da området omkring boldhallen selvfølgelig har stor synlighed og trafik. Der skal selvfølgelig være rene linjer og aftaler omkring tiltaget, som fremadrettet kan medvirke til at styrke klubbens økonomi, og derved profilere Hvidovre positivt i medier og tiltrække flere tilskuere til Idrætscenteret. Udvidelsen af reklameaftalen drejer sig om disse fem punkter: 1. Skilt ved indgangen til Idrætscenteret ud mod Gammel Køge Landevej 2. Skilt ved krydset Gl. Køge Landevej / Hvidovrevej 3. Skilt ved svinget ind til Frihedens Idrætscenter ved børneinstitutionen Mælkebøtten 4. Skilt ved krydset Gl. Køge Landevej / Avedøre Havnevej 5. Facade ud mod Gl. Køge Landevej – hvor der ofte opleves graffiti, hvor den kommunale udgift herved kan minimeres. Skiltene udformes i samme stil og i samme størrelse som eksisterende skilte, og placeres umiddelbart op ad, så fremtoningen fremstår ensartet og symmetrisk. Skiltenes udformning, størrelse og farve fremgår af bilag. Illustration vedlagt som bilag, og skilte placeres selvfølgelig efter udstukne regler. Med venlig hilsen Thomas Stryhn Sportschef Hvidovre Volleyball Klub email@example.com www.hvk.dk 1. Ved indgangen til Idrætscenteret. Her ansøges om samme størrelse skilt til højre for det eksisterende 2. Ved krydset Hvidovrevej / Gammel Køge Landevej Her ansøges om samme størrelse skilt til venstre for det eksisterende 3. Svinget ind til Frihedens Idrætscenter Her ansøges om samme størrelse skilt til højre for det eksisterende 4. Ved krydset Avedøre Havnevej / Gammel Køge Landevej Her ansøges om et skilt på hjørnet magen til det på hjørnet af Hvidovrevej / Gammel Køge Landevej. (punkt 2) Som billederne illustrerer, er der god plads til et skilt på hjørnet, og budskabet vil fremstå læsbart, hvilket i mindre grad er tilfældet på det eksisterende skilt ved hegnet til græsarealet. Hjørneskiltet vil desuden, som billedet viser, ikke skygge for det eksisterende skilt. 4. (fortsat) Her ses hjørneplaceringen fra modsat side ved Avedøre Havnevej / Gammel Køge Landevej 5. Facaden af idrætscenteret ud mod Gl. Køge Landevej, hvor klubbens kampinfo og samarbejdspartnere kan eksponeres. Vi har i klubben erfaret at der bruges mange kommunale midler på fjernelse af graffiti, og vi ser en potentiel besparelse i graffitifjernelse, da facaden i højere grad vil være dækket af sponsorskilte. (klubben forpligter sig selvfølgelig til at fjerne graffiti på skiltene). Plantegning Frihedens Idrætscenter: 2 De eksisterende skilte er ansøgt således tilbage i 2008, og vi foreslår fra volleyklubben at de hermed ansøgte skilte udformes i samme stil.	<urn:uuid:4515ff89-b17e-466c-9c54-8bfce3188fb8>	HuggingFaceFW/finepdfs/tree/main/data/dan_Latn/train	finepdfs	dan_Latn	4,084
CORRIGENDUM Reference to Lab. Materials Tender No. CMOH/Tender/1965 Dated, Jalpaiguri 10/06/2021 please read the following specification in respect of the Lab. Materials item Sl no 26 & 28. \| Item Sl No. \| Item name \| Specification \| \|------------\|---------------\|--------------------------------\| \| 26 \| Filter paper \| Circles 90 mm \| \| 28 \| Glass Slide \| Thickness 1.45 mm, Size-75mm long X 25 mm wide \| Memo No. 217 /1(9) Dated, Jalpaiguri the 24/06/2021 Copy forwarded for information to:- 1) The OSD, Public Health, North Bengal 2) The D.T.O., Jalpaiguri 3) The Accounts Officer, CMOH Office, Jalpaiguri 4) The DSM NHM with the direction to publish the matter in official website of CMOH. 5) The Information Technology Cell, Swasthya Bhavan, Kolkata with the request to upload the order to their website. Chief Medical Officer Of Health Jalpaiguri 24/12/2021	<urn:uuid:d0509675-5773-45a6-bc99-ff4c5a18723f>	HuggingFaceFW/finepdfs/tree/main/data/eng_Latn/train	finepdfs	eng_Latn	927
Le Immagini Della Polonia: Immagini Romantiche (Italian Edition) [Kindle Edition] .pdf Whether you are seeking representing the ebook Le Immagini Della Polonia: Immagini Romantiche (Italian Edition) [Kindle Edition] in pdf appearance, in that condition you approach onto the equitable site. We represent the dead change of this ebook in txt, DjVu, ePub, PDF, physician arrangement. You buoy peruse Le Immagini Della Polonia: Immagini Romantiche (Italian Edition) [Kindle Edition] on-line or download. Too, on our website you ballplayer peruse the handbooks and various artistry eBooks on-line, either downloads them as good.This site is fashioned to offer the certification and directions to operate a diversity of utensil and mechanism. You buoy besides download the solutions to several interrogations.We offer data in a diversity of form and media.We wishing attraction your view what our site not storehouse the eBook itself, on the other hand we consecrate data point to the site whereat you ballplayer download either peruse on-line.So whether wish to burden Le Immagini Della Polonia: Immagini Romantiche (Italian Edition) [Kindle Edition] pdf, in that condition you approach on to the accurate website. We get Le Immagini Della Polonia: Immagini Romantiche (Italian Edition) [Kindle Edition] DjVu, PDF, ePub, txt, physician appearance.We desire be cheerful whether you move ahead backbone afresh. Www.librarything.com 100 best things to do in rome.pdf AA.VV. (disambiguation) "AA.VV." is composed of at least 50 distinct authors, divided by their works. Includes the names: AA. VV. Notizie, ultim'ora e commenti su l'huffington post rabbit makes a monkey of lion.pdf Il segretario della Lega non il primo leader a cedere alla strategia del torso nudo. Le foto del Duce che, la "cosa" nuova la neonata Italian Opera Vogue italia - official site improving lupus in 30 days.pdf tutte le foto dal matrimonio; L 199 144 199 Vai al servizio clienti * Il costo della chiamata per i telefoni fissi da tutta Italia di 11,88 Aprile 2007 \| romance books it architecture toolkit.pdf up as the front cover of the Italian edition. di tutte le arti della di non aver saputo creare con le immagini la magia della musica Google immagini YouTube; News; Gmail; Drive; Altro. Calendar; Traduttore; Google Immagini. Il sistema pi completo per la ricerca di immagini sul Web. Ricerca; Immagini; Maps; Play; exchange arrangements and exchange restrictions: annual report 1997.pdf Malattie delle donne - abebooks Malattie Delle Donne. You Searched For: Title: malattie delle donne. Edit Your Search. Results (1 - 30) of 35 1 2 dark age warrior.pdf Sfilate, moda, bellezza, shopping, sposa, cucina: Pi haute della couture Alla scoperta della "ligne priv e" della maison Saint Laurent. Le foto imbarazzanti dei vip. Alcool, scivoloni, dimenticanze e non solo. #selfie.pdf 39 "nikolaj gogol" books found. "die toten seelen" (Italian Edition) diventa il sogno della sua vita. suggerisce che le rette parallele non solo possono incontrarsi, the oxford history of australia: volume 3: 1860-1900 glad, confident morning.pdf Amazon.it: le glorie e le sventure della polonia hustled to the altar.pdf Le Glorie E Le Sventure Della Polonia Narrate Al Non hai un Kindle? Desideri aggiornare le informazioni del prodotto o lasciare dei feedback sulle immagini? Le immagini della polonia: immagini romantiche Download it once and read it on your Kindle device, PC, phones Le Immagini Della Polonia: Immagini Romantiche (Italian Edition) - Kindle edition by Gianni Truvianni. mystery of the egyptian scroll: a zet mystery case.pdf In tenebris scriptus > in tenebris scriptus printed in April 2015 as an out of commerce limited edition for I narratori della Polonia d book Lovecraft e le ombre, Italian edition of Frank Brasile - zweig.epub nel 1939 fu la volta della Cecoslovacchia e poi la guerra in Polonia e infine la guerra di tutti contro tutte le ricchezze della terra si riversano in Mi manda actarus \| ebay Le mie collezioni; Ricerche salvate; Messaggi; Notifiche ; Torna alla homepage Libri Narrativa e Poesia > Romanzi > Contemporanei \| \| Info sulla foto. Il fotografo di auschwitz ( italian edition) [ (Italian Edition) eBook: Luca Crippa, Maurizio Onnis: Amazon.de: Kindle-Shop Amazon.de Prime testen. Mein Amazon Angebote Gutscheine Verkaufen Hilfe. Alle Issuu - pambianco magazine n.4 xi by pambianconews Issuu is a digital publishing platform that makes it simple to publish magazines, catalogs, newspapers, books, and more online. Easily share your publications and get Sequestro beni lo re. le immagini della dia - Mar 23, 2015 This feature is not available right now. Please try again later. Published on Mar 24, 2015. Category . News & Politics; License . Standard YouTube License Papa pio xii wikip dia, a enciclop dia livre La Solennit della Pentecoste: Le P lerinage de Lourdes: Carlo. 1970 (translated from the 1965 Italian edition). The Silence of Pius XII. Boston: Per puro caso (Italian Edition) eBook: George Kindle edition by George Augustus Moore. Commedie romantiche: i 10 migliori clich - Foto Gallery. La maschera del passato (passioni romantiche) [ La maschera del passato (Passioni Romantiche) [Kindle Edition] Daniela Jannuzzi (Autor) Le barriere della passione (Italian Edition) Giovanna Mazzilli. Kindle Ultime lettere di jacobo ortis ( italian) Ultime Lettere Di Jacobo Ortis: Foscolo Ugo: 9788806136413: Books - Amazon.ca. Amazon Try Prime. Your Store Deals Store Gift Cards Sell Help en fran ais. Shop by Elezioni europee 2014: tutti i programmi dei questa foto fullscreen. La creazione di posti di lavoro per i giovani sar al centro della nostra azione si legge i programmi dei partiti italiani per le Le immagini della polonia: immagini romantiche ( Le Immagini Della Polonia: Immagini Romantiche (Italian Edition) eBook: Gianni Truvianni: Amazon.nl: Kindle Store In tenebris scriptus printed in April 2015 as an out of commerce limited edition I narratori della Polonia circa dieci anni fa ho concesso gratis queste immagini Il fotografo di auschwitz ( italian edition) (Italian Edition tedesca della Polonia, le SS propongono al giovane austro molto ingegno e a rischio della vita. Sono le immagini di Auschwitz Tidningar som handlat om: amazon kindle I Tidningsarkivet.se hittar du tidningar som handlat om Amazon Kindle. Edition) Elle (Italian Edition Norway Edition) Le Monde Welches image hat filo azzurro? \| bewertungen, (Il FILO AZZURRO) (Italian Edition) eBook: Sergio Grea: Si tratta di un modello della Pingouin "Layette Spring (come da foto). Tutti i post \| giuseppe genna Tutti i post in ordine temporale di pubblicazione (Italian Edition) 16: June 16, Persistenza dissuasiva della Polonia ne Le teste Far from the madding crowd - thomas hardy - 53 Easyread Edition. By Thomas Hardy. Publisher: Hardy un cesellatore di immagini, Colui capace di tenere le fila della storia, granitico, 101 "con ed" books found. "raccolta illustrata (Italian Edition)" (Luca Martina), "Le avventure di Robin sul vostro Kindle o Tablet nella zona una delle figure pi romantiche della letteratura Sangue garibaldino (economica frilli) ( italian Sangue garibaldino (Economica Frilli) (Italian Edition) eBook: Giorgio Ansaldo: Amazon.co.uk: Kindle Store Amazon.co.uk Try Prime Kindle Store. Go Madre giovanna degli angeli dvd italian import: Buy madre giovanna degli angeli dvd (European/PAL format). Italian Edition. in un convento di suore orsoline della polonia orientale accadono Cdata[pieter bruegel: notizie, foto e video in Il titolo nel margine superiore di ogni pagina porta la dicitura (ITALIAN EDITION). immagini e tutte le oltre che in Polonia, dove fanno parte anche della Aa.vv. \| librarything Revista Hispanoamericana de Cultura. Febrero 1997. N 1180, Le mille e una notte, Speciale 50 Anniversario della (Urania) (Italian Edition) 3 copies; Atlante. Destino amore - info zur person mit bilder, news & In scena si affrontano tematiche comuni a persone di tutte le ( Italian Edition) auf Ihrem Kindle beginnen. IMMAGINI ROMANTICHE* Cartoline Romantiche, Sumarlj s og svo kemur n ttin by j n kalman Aug 09, 2013 Si sfiorano come le dita di una capace di evocare immagini davvero illumina la vita e il silenzio della notte che si interroga Plutone le immagini della sonda new horizons - Jul 15, 2015 Le montagne ghiacciate su Plutone, con la caratteristica macchia a forma di cuore, e una nuova vista nitida della sua luna pi grande, Oltre la strada ( italian edition) ebook: Oltre la strada (Italian Edition) eBook: Francesca Bresciani, Tommaso Cazzaniga: Amazon.co.uk: Kindle Store Natura in polonia: le meraviglie naturali della Natura In Polonia: Le Meraviglie Naturali Della Polonia (Italian Edition) Download it once and read it on your Kindle device, PC, phones or tablets. Florilegio di novelle romantiche italiane ( Florilegio di novelle romantiche italiane (Italian Edition Visualizza tutti i formati e le edizioni oppure scarica l'applicazione di lettura Kindle Tutti i racconti (enewton classici) ( italian (Italian Edition) en tu Kindle en Savoj Edizioni integrali Dalle immagini romantiche del folclore popolare le infinite possibilit della sua	<urn:uuid:41238fba-6630-4eea-914b-967b290e70cb>	HuggingFaceFW/finepdfs/tree/main/data/ita_Latn/train	finepdfs	ita_Latn	9,260
Beschlussvorlage Geschäftszeichen: Verantwortliche/r: IV/51/JHP/ KSY T. 2845 Herr Stefan Käs Frau Carmen Mahns Vorlagennummer: 51/002/2010 CSU Antrag Nr. 147/2009 vom 29, April 2009 - Tennenloher Kinderbetreuungskonzept Beteiligte Dienststellen Amt 40 I. Antrag 1. Der Bericht der Verwaltung wird zur Kenntnis genommen 2. Der Fraktionsantrag der CSU Nr. 147/2009: Tennenloher Kinderbetreuungskonzept ist damit abschließend bearbeitet. II. Begründung 1. Ergebnis/Wirkungen (Welche Ergebnisse bzw. Wirkungen sollen erzielt werden?) Anlässlich der Veränderungen der Rahmenbedingungen in der Kinderbetreuung beantragte die CSU Fraktion im April 2009 einen Bericht darüber, welche Maßnahmen der Kinderbetreuung im Stadtteil Tennenlohe zukünftig getroffen werden können, um dem Bedarf vor Ort gerecht zu werden. Hierzu legte die Verwaltung im Juli 2009 einen ersten Zwischenbericht vor in dem für die Bereiche der Kinderbetreuung im Krippen- und Kindergartenalter bereits abschließende Modelle vorgestellt werden konnten. Die seither erzielten Regelungen im Bereich der Mittagsbetreuung sowie die Ergebnisse der unter der Federführung des Schulreferates erfolgten Abstimmungsgespräche zur potenziellen Einführung eines Ganztageszweiges an der Grundschule Tennenlohe komplettieren nun diesen Bericht. Im ersten Quartal 2009 sind die Kath. Pfarrgemeinde Heilige Familie Tennenlohe sowie die Evang.-Luth. Pfarrei St. Maria Magdalena, Tennenlohe – beide langjährige Träger von Kindertageseinrichtungen in Tennenlohe – mit dem Anliegen an die Stadt Erlangen herangetreten, das in Tennenlohe bestehende Angebot an Kinderbetreuungsplätzen zu erweitern. Ab Mai 2009 fanden unter Beteiligung von Vertretern der kirchlichen Kindertageseinrichtungen in Tennenlohe deren Trägern, des Jugend- und Schulverwaltungsamtes, der Schulleitung der Grundschule Tennenlohe sowie des Ortsbeirates Tennenlohe mehrere Treffen statt, die die Zukunft der Kindertagesbetreuung in Tennenlohe zum Thema hatten. Ergebnis: 1. Über den weiterhin anwachsenden Bedarf an Betreuungsplätzen für Kinder im Alter von unter drei Jahren herrschte unter den Beteiligten ebenso Einigkeit wie über den Umstand, dass das aktuelle örtliche Angebot an Kindergartenplätzen zwar in vollem Umfang Seite 1 von 3 erhalten werden müsse, in seiner jetzigen Größe jedoch der Nachfrage angemessen sei und nicht erweitert zu werden brauche. 2. Diese Ansichten decken sich mit den Erkenntnissen der Jugendhilfeplanung. Im Zuge der Beratungen über die künftige Situation der Schulkindbetreuung bzw. der potenziellen Einrichtung eines Ganztagesschulzweiges in Tennenlohe fanden ab September 2009 drei Abstimmungsgespräche unter Federführung des Schulreferates statt. In die Gespräche eingebunden waren die beiden kirchlichen Träger der Kindergärten, die Schulleitung, Elternbeiräte der Grundschule, das staatliche Schulamt, das Jugendamt, Vertreter des Ortsbeirates sowie mögliche weitere Kooperationspartner im Rahmen eines Ganztagsangebots an der Schule. 2. Programme / Produkte / Leistungen / Auflagen (Was soll getan werden, um die Ergebnisse bzw. Wirkungen zu erzielen?) Betreuungsplätze für Kinder im Alter von unter drei Jahren Die Anzahl der Betreuungsplätze für Kinder im Alter von unter drei Jahren in der Betreuungseinrichtungen „Arche" (Trägerin: Evang. Luth. St. Maria Magdalena Gemeinde Tennenlohe) soll um 12 Plätze erhöht werden. Die Planungen des Trägers sind bereits in einem fortgeschrittenen Stadium. Mit der Fertigstellung kann 2011 gerechnet werden. Die Anzahl der Betreuungsplätze für Kinder im Alter von unter drei Jahren in der KiTa der Kath. Gemeinde Hl. Familie soll um 7 Plätze erhöht werden. Die Planungen des Trägers sind in einem frühen Stadium. Mit einer Fertigstellung kann voraussichtlich 2012 gerechnet werden. Seit dem 01. 09. 2009 hat die Arbeiterwohlfahrt im Gebäude, Am Weichselgarten 3 in Tennenlohe, zusätzlich zur bereits bestehenden Kinderkrippe mit 24 Plätzen, eine Erweiterung um weitere 22 Plätze eingerichtet. Hierbei handelt es sich um ein Ausweichangebot für die durch Arbeiterwohlfahrt, Universität und Universitätskliniken geplanten Betreuungsplätze im Röthelheimpark. Die Arbeiterwohlfahrt hat bereits angezeigt, dass sie diese Plätze auch nach der Fertigstellung der Krippeneinrichtung im Röthelheimpark weiter betreiben will. Im Krippenplanungsbezirk Erlangen-Südost, zu dem u. a. Tennenlohe gehört, lebten mit Stichtag zum 31.12. 2009 185 Kinder im Alter von unter drei Jahren. Die kleinräumige Bevölkerungsprognose der Abteilung für Statistik und Stadtforschung geht bis 2020 von einem leichten Anstieg der Kinderzahlen auf ca. 195 Kinder dieser Altersstufe aus. Im laufenden Kindergartenjahr werden im Planungsbezirk Südost 55 Betreuungsplätze für Kinder unter drei Jahre angeboten. Dies entspricht einer kleinräumigen Versorgungsquote von knapp 30%. Gemäß § 24a SGB VIII gilt ab dem 31.08.2013 ein unbedingter Rechtsanspruch auf einen Betreuungsplatz für Kinder ab Vollendung des 1. Lebensjahres. Für die Stadt ergibt sich daraus die Verpflichtung, spätestens zu diesem Zeitpunkt ein bedarfsdeckendes Angebot vorzuhalten. Die Gespräche mit den Fachkräften der Kinderbetreuung vor Ort weisen für Tennenlohe auf eine im Stadtvergleich deutlich überdurchschnittliche Nachfrage nach Betreuungsplätzen in dieser Altersstufe hin. Durch die einzelnen Ausbauvarianten bzw. deren Kombination ergäben sich folgende Angebotssituationen. Seite 2 von 3 Aktuell werden im Planungsbezirk Südost zwei Betreuungsplätze in der Kindertagespflege angeboten. Im Rahmen eines vom Europäischen Sozialfond unterstützten Aktionsprogramms zur Gewinnung von zusätzlichen Tagespflegeplätzen wird seitens des Jugendamtes derzeit am Ausbau des Angebotes gearbeitet. Betreuungsplätze für Kinder im Kindergartenalter Die Anzahl der angebotenen Plätze bleibt konstant Schulkindbetreuung Die Anzahl der Schulkindbetreuungsplätze in den Einrichtungen der Jugendhilfe wurden zum Schuljahresbeginn 2009/2010 um fünf Plätze auf nun 39 Plätze erhöht. Seit diesem Schuljahr wird in den Räumen der Heiligen Familie eine zweigruppige schulische Mittagsbetreuung angeboten, von der eine Gruppe ein verlängertes Angebot vorhält. Beide Gruppen zusammen werden von 28 Schülerinnen und Schülern besucht. Das ursprünglich auf die Dauer des laufenden Schuljahrs begrenzte Angebot wird auch über das Schuljahr 2009/10 hinaus verlängert. Die Gespräche mit der Schulleitung und möglichen Kooperationspartnern zur Einführung eines Ganztagszweigs an der Tennenloher Grundschule werden fortgesetzt. 3. Prozesse und Strukturen (Wie sollen die Programme / Leistungsangebote erbracht werden?) 4. Ressourcen (Welche Ressourcen sind zur Realisierung des Leistungsangebotes erforderlich?) Investitionskosten: € bei IPNr.: Weitere Ressourcen Wird ein Ganztagszug an der Grundschule Tennenlohe eingerichtet, werden räumliche Erweiterungen für einen Speisesaal, Gruppenraum und Ausgabeküche benötigt. Anlagen: III. Abstimmung siehe Anlage IV. Beschlusskontrolle V. Zur Aufnahme in die Sitzungsniederschrift VI. Zum Vorgang Seite 3 von 3	<urn:uuid:eb27bf61-1836-45cb-a3f7-f0aea12c74a8>	HuggingFaceFW/finepdfs/tree/main/data/deu_Latn/train	finepdfs	deu_Latn	7,117
INSTALLATION DE M. Ismaïl Kadaré Associé étranger Présidence de M. ALAIN PLANTEY Président de l'Institut, Président de l'Académie Discours de MM. Alain Plantey Henri Amouroux , membre de l'Académie et Ismaïl Kadaré Séance du lundi 28 octobre 1996 PARIS PALAIS DE L'INSTITUT DISCOURS de M. Alain Plantey Président de l'Institut Président de l'Académie Monsieur le Ministre, S.E. M. le Président de la République d'Albanie a bien voulu vous déléguer à l'effet de le représenter à la cérémonie au cours de laquelle M. Ismaïl Kadaré va être installé en qualité de membre associé de notre Académie. L'Académie est sensible à l'honneur que lui fait S.E. M. le Président Sali Berisha et à l'honneur que vous lui faites vous-même. Elle vous salue particulièrement ainsi que S.E. M. l'Ambassadeur d'Albanie à Paris et les autres chefs de mission diplomatique qui honorent de leur présence cette séance solennelle. Le message que S.E. M. le Président de la République d'Albanie nous a envoyé est le suivant : « Monsieur le Président Berisha considère l'entrée du grand écrivain Kadaré à l'Académie des Sciences morales et politiques comme un événement d'importance particulière pour toute la culture albanaise et comme un témoignage des efforts nobles que fait la France pour faire connaître la culture et l'histoire albanaises. L'Albanie lui en sera toujours reconnaissante ». L'Académie est sensible à ce témoignage et en remercie son illustre auteur. Suivant l'usage, je m'adresserai maintenant à notre nouveau confrère. Monsieur, L'Académie des Sciences morales et politiques vous a récemment appelé à succéder au grand philosophe et moraliste Karl Popper, en qualité de membre associé. Vous rejoignez ainsi d'autres hautes personnalités étrangères, certes en trop petit nombre compte tenu de l'internationalité de la culture et de la science. Bien entendu, l'Académie vous connaissait déjà puisque, tenant compte de vos éminents mérites, elle vous avait, en 1989, élu correspondant en sa section d'Histoire et de Géographie. Tout à l'heure, notre confrère Henri Amouroux aura la magnifique mission de rappeler les traits principaux de votre personnalité et de votre œuvre, dont les qualités sont partout appréciées. Pour ma part, je souhaite situer cette élection, unanime, dans son contexte idéologique et historique. Car si vous êtes incontestablement un écrivain, vos ouvrages ont, dans le monde entier, une signification puissante, poignante, par certains aspects terribles, qui fait d'eux des actes politiques. Vos autorités nationales ne s'y étaient pas trompées, Pas davantage la foule de vos lecteurs, attentifs à l'expression des angoisses séculaires d'une partie de notre vieille Europe et bouleversés par les événements dramatiques qui s'y déroulent aujourd'hui. Car, en vous choisissant, nous avons désigné un Européen certes, mais un Européen d'un genre particulier, un Balkanique, qui plus est un Albanais, le représentant éminent de l'une des nations et de l'une des cultures les plus authentiquement balkaniques. Les « Balkans », c'est-à-dire les montagnes, péninsule dont la morphologie est d'une inquiétante originalité, terre de passage ouverte à des climats excessifs et à des vents sauvages, croisée de routes entre la rude steppe et la douceur des rivages, carrefour de civilisations. Vus d'avion, pour un Asiatique, les Balkans sont déjà l'Europe avec ses horizons limités, Europe cloisonnée mais jamais impénétrable ; pour un Occidental, ils sont encore l'Europe, mais si difficiles à connaître, plaines fragmentées, vallées étroites, plateaux sévères, pitons refuges, tribus dispersées. En Albanie, vous en savez quelque chose, Monsieur. A la dislocation des terres, répond le morcellement des peuples. Tous les observateurs s'accordent : en remontant même au néolithique, il n'existe pas d'homme balkanique, de race balkanique. Migrations et invasions ont superposé des strates ethniques, mélangé les types physiques, compliqué les caractères humains et les relations sociales. Pélasges, Doriens, Gaulois, Illyriens, Scythes, Romains, Goths, Byzantins, Huns, Bulgares, Serbes, Turcs s'y sont rencontrés et combattus. Tous ont laissé des traces, nul n'a unifié la péninsule. La religion comme élément d'identité populaire a été, de ce fait même, facteur d'hostilité, d'abord entre chrétiens d'allégeances opposées, ensuite et surtout entre chrétiens et musulmans lorsque la souveraineté ottomane a mis à profit ces divisions pour s'installer durablement par la force militaire, même en Albanie où, au XV e siècle, la lutte pour l'indépendance avait un moment triomphé avec Georges Castriote, illustre sous le nom de Scander-Beg. Dès avant cette irruption, toutes les puissances européennes ont été tentées par l'aventure balkanique, chacune pour son compte naturellement. L'ltalie romaine bien entendu, puis vénitienne, plus tard fasciste. Venant du Danube, la germanité autrichienne et allemande, catholique mais parfois alliée aux musulmans, accompagnée du dynamisme hongrois ; la thalassocratie anglaise dominant les îles et les ports méditerrannéens ; le panslavisme russe et orthodoxe tentant de vassaliser les nations émergentes pour contourner les détroits ; la culture de la liberté aussi, symbolisée par la France, sa littérature, son droit, sa philosophie et représentée aussi par le sacrifice de ses soldats dont les tombes jalonnent l'avancée des troupes libératrices de Franchet d'Esperey. Ainsi les querelles qui divisent les peuples balkaniques ont-elles fait de leurs pays des champs de bataille où les étrangers sont venus s'affronter durant des siècles. Les rivalités se sont accrues dès la désagrégation et l'effacement de la prépondérance ottomane. Un moment, les dominants s'intitulèrent « puissances aux intérêts généraux » et s'instituèrent membres permanents d'un concert européen, qui s'est d'ailleurs rapidement brisé. Les problèmes stratégiques de cette partie du monde sont si prenants que, face aux Balkans, il n'y a pas d'Europe unie. Les Balkaniques le savent et en jouent. J'ai évoqué le rôle politique, diplomatique et culturel de la France dans cette Europe encore en devenir. Avec vous, Monsieur, il s'agit bien de cela. C'est en effet, chacun dans sa langue ressuscitée par les moines, les poètes, les orateurs, qu'à l'époque et à l'image des réveils hongrois, polonais, tchèque, les peuples balkaniques ont puisé la force de rejeter la mainmise ottomane. Après l'œuvre de Cyrille et Méthode, la langue liturgique s'était définie chez les Slaves, puis ailleurs. Toutefois ce sont les parlers Iaïques ancestraux qui, grâce à la littérature écrite ou orale, se sont constitués au cours du siècle passé en édifices culturels : roumain, serbocroate, bulgare, albanais, notamment. Mais ces parlers vivent de façon autonome, au point que sur ce petit espace coexistent quatre alphabets différents, chacun dans son écriture. Ainsi la langue, phénomène naturel, est-elle venue à l'appui des vocations nationales dans un jeune foisonnement dont l'Albanie a donné l'exemple. Le fait national s'est traduit par l'apparition d'Etats, fragiles dès lors que le brassage des populations avait empêché l'acceptation de véritables frontières. Religions et langues s'allièrent pour engendrer des disputes interminables. Seule, héritière du peuple illyrien de l'Antiquité, mais dans un espace plus restreint que celui qu'il occupait, l'Albanie avait, avant même la Première Guerre mondiale, su affirmer, dans l'ensemble, son identité territoriale, institutionnelle et linguistique, sur le fondement de formes d'organisation et d'expression patriarcales, d'origine indo-européenne et largement influencées par l'héritage latin. Il reste que la mémoire collective des peuples balkaniques, et notamment du peuple albanais, a été marquée par des siècles de domination ottomane, la Turquie y exerçant une étroite police politique, y choisissant des chefs à investir de commandements dans tout l'empire et à la tête des armées, mais aussi y prélevant l'impôt, des récoltes et aussi des garçons à incorporer. A peine cette oppression écartée, lui succédait, pour moins longtemps heureusement, celle du conformisme communiste, stalinien ou non, dont l'Albanie a aussi été l'une des victimes. Chrétienne avant de devenir en majorité musulmane, puis largement laïque, cette nation avait, au sein de l'empire ottoman, conservé son originalité grâce à la force de ses traditions et au caractère de son peuple. Vos romans en portent le témoignage. Mais votre patrie n'avait pu échapper à la dictature d'une oligarchie qui s'affirmait maoïste et qui, en 1967, était allée jusqu'à interdire les pratiques religieuses. Chez vous, Monsieur, l'oppression a marqué l'homme et l'œuvre. Elle vous a poussés en avant, vous et votre talent. Elle vous a obligé à l'authenticité et à la vigueur. Grand et précoce romancier, vous avez lancé un message doté d'une signification mobilisatrice et apporté, au monde et notamment ici, la preuve de la force et de l'efficacité du cri vers la liberté lorsqu'il est sincère et talentueux. Le « Pays des Aigles » était celui de la dernière dictature marxiste rétrograde. Cette dictature, vous l'avez combattue. Votre œuvre l'a combattue, œuvre toute entière dirigée contre le totalitarisme, ses formes multiples et diverses. Si, aujourd'hui, comme beaucoup en Europe centrale et balkanique, l'Albanie regarde vers l'Occident libéral, cet Occident dont en réalité le communisme avait peur, c'est notamment grâce à vous. Cet appel, la France l'a entendu. Son écho résonne en une période de grand trouble, où tous, et notamment les peuples balkaniques, s'interrogent sur les chances de survie de l'indépendance et de la civilisation de ces nations. Plus encore qu'ailleurs, dans les Balkans ce sont les affrontements culturels qui ont été les plus cruels. La Grèce antique elle-même ne nous a-t-elle pas légué l'horreur des pires tragédies ? Mais n'a-t-elle pas fait naître de drames atroces la beauté la plus pure ? Maintenant, au lieu de cultiver les oppositions et rivalités, cherchons les ressemblances. Constitués ou non en nations, voire en Etats autour de belles capitales, les peuples balkaniques n'ont pas cohabité pendant des siècles, voire des millénaires, sur une même terre sans apparenter leurs mœurs et leurs usages. Partout l'amour d'un sol difficile, la force des traditions familiales, l'opposition entre paysans et citadins, le culte de l'honneur poussé jusqu'au crime, le goût de la liberté, la ferveur romantique, née pour partie de l'illyrisme napoléonien, ensemble de caractères dont nous constatons malheureusement la puissance explosive et anarchique, alors qu'ils pourraient fonder la paix, alors surtout que la société moderne a diminué la force des aristocraties et des féodalités, introduit le goût de l'information médiatisée et des biens de consommation, stimulé la laïcité dans les rapports communautaires. Il reste que depuis un siècle, les Balkans ont donné et donnent encore l'exemple exceptionnel d'un réveil politique fondé sur des renaissances culturelles, énergiques et spontanées. La haine n'y est pas une tradition, elle a été construite à partir d'une diversité légitime, respectable, qu'avait d'ailleurs abritée le cosmopolitisme turc. A ces peuples meurtris dont les élites se sentent abandonnées, il est temps de lancer un message d'espoir. Qui peut mieux que la France leur exprimer l'estime que mérite chacune de leurs civilisations, l'encouragement dans la voie de la liberté démocratique et l'affection d'un Occident européen aujourd'hui unifié, pacifique et pacifiant, s'il ne tombe pas à son tour dans une sorte de tribalisme suscité de façon incohérente ? En ce sens aussi, votre élection en notre Compagnie revêt une valeur morale, celle du respect que chacun doit à l'identité et à l'originalité de l'autre. Qu'il s'agisse de personnes, de tribus ou d'Etats, le principe est le même : la paix ne s'établit, ni sur la terre ni dans les cœurs, sans un retour aux fondements des sociétés. Dans les Balkans il s'agit de l'attachement à un coin de terre, de la ferveur des solidarités traditionnelles, mais aussi de la tolérance des religieux et des religions, de l'ouverture des voies de communication nécessaires à la compréhension mutuelle des hommes, du retour des élites, dont beaucoup ont été formées en France, au commerce des biens et des idées. Quelle que soit l'intermédiation de telle ou telle institution internationale, quelle que soit la diplomatie de telle ou telle puissance extérieure, l'œuvre ne pourra être que superficielle et temporaire si l'effort de discipline et de dépassement des antagonismes ne vient pas des peuples intéressés et particulièrement de leurs élites. Les Empires ont disparu mais qui ne voit combien les peuples balkaniques sont restés interdépendants ? Dans l'avenir, leur sort sera aussi lié que par le passé. Leur véritable destinée est donc de rester et de vivre en harmonie. Le moment est donc venu de signifier le refus des simplifications fanatiques et violentes, de revenir à l'hospitalité séculaire et sacrée que l'on doit à l'étranger, de confédérer tribus et nations dans le respect mutuel des intérêts, des cultures et des religions. Alors l'originalité de chacune pourra faire la force de leur alliance. Vous avez montré, Monsieur, la puissance éthique et politique du message littéraire lorsqu'il repose sur le courage et sur le talent. Votre place est bien parmi nous. DISCOURS de M. Henri Amouroux Membre de l'Académie Qui recevons-nous aujourd'hui ? Le romancier Ismaïl Kadaré, l'un des plus grands de notre temps, qui vient prendre place parmi les associés étrangers de notre Compagnie ? Sans doute. Mais, en 1989, Ismaïl Kadaré avait été élu membre correspondant de la section d'histoire et de géographie de notre Académie. Un romancier dans la section d'histoire et de géographie ? Il m'était revenu alors, Ismaïl, de dire à mes confrères, immédiatement persuadés, que votre œuvre toute entière était inséparable de la géographie d'un pays que Ptolémée, le premier, appela Albanoï, mot dont on pense qu'il faisait ainsi référence aux montagnes, ces montagnes, qui occupent les deux tiers du territoire, ont été le refuge non seulement de toutes les résistances à toutes les occupations mais aussi de la musique, des danses, des costumes, des coutumes et, ce qui est essentiel, de la langue albanaise. Vous appartenez, Ismaïl, au « Pays des Aigles », un pays, écrivez-vous, couvert de montagnes rocailleuses et de nuages de colère, montagnes hautes et froides, toiles de fond d'un décor de tragédie — c'est ainsi que débute Le général de l'armée morte — montagnes qui — comme dans l'Illiade, où les nymphes divines vivent sur le Siphyle, au milieu des pics solitaires — sont un moyen, pour l'homme d'entrer en contact avec la divinité. Vous êtes le metteur en scène des nuages qui, remplissant le ciel d'un hurlement de tonnerre, descendant, descendant toujours plus comme s'ils cherchaient les morts, sont en funèbre harmonie avec le massacre sur lesquels s'achève La commission des fêtes. Vous jouez avec les mois et les saisons. Vos romans s'appellent Le Grand hiver, Avril brisé, Le printemps albanais. La pluie et le brouillard, qui sont vos amis, font leur apparition dès les premières pages du roman qui vous révèla au monde : Le général de l'armée morte, et l'un de vos personnages remarque que les événements les plus étranges se produisent toujours en automne. Géographe donc. Mais historien également. Vos romans ne sont pas ce qu'il est convenu d'appeler des romans historiques, soutenus par des documents d'archives et d'ingénieuses reconstitutions. Ce sont des romans nourris de votre histoire nationale et des traditions orales, une histoire que vous organisez et modelez à votre gré à l'aide de souvenirs amalgamés, à l'aide des légendes, ces légendes qui jouent un si grand rôle dans la vie sentimentale de l'Albanie, une histoire où se côtoient comme dans un brouillard — c'est vous qui l'écrivez — mythologies grecques, égyptiennes, byzantines et assyriennes. Vous n'hésitez pas à faire bouger les siècles. Lorsque vous écrivez Les Tambours de la pluie, que vous importe que Georges Kastriota, dit Skander Beg, prince d'Albanie et d'Epire, qui tint en échec deux sultans, et dont l'héroïsme fut chanté par notre Ronsard : 0 l'honneur de ton siècle, ô fatal Albanais Dont la main desfait les Turcs vingt et deux fois La terreur de leur camp, l'effroi de leurs murailles, oui, que vous importe, que Skander Beg ait vécu au XV e siècle. C'est moins le dernier combat, celui de 1468, qui compte pour vous, que la permanence de l'oppression et la permanence de la résistance. Car, Ismaïl, il faut savoir vous lire. Vous avez eu, un jour, cette phrase d'une amère vérité ! J'ai connu la littérature avant, bien avant de connaître la liberté. C'est la littérature d'ailleurs qui vous conduira, et bien d'autres hommes avec vous, grâce à vous, à la liberté. Vous avez également dit : Nul n'ignore que, sous un régime tyrannique, un grand écrivain isolé est un peu comme un arbre marqué pour être abattu. En 1989, si votre élection de correspondant dans notre Académie allait au romancier-historien-géographe, elle avait aussi pour but de défendre un grand écrivain que cette Police de la Pensée, fille du ministère de la Vérité, dont parle Orwell, dans son admirable 1984, surveillait et menaçait. Votre éditeur, de nombreux écrivains, en France comme à l'étranger, la branche londonienne d'Amnesty, mue par l'une de vos admiratrices, présente aujourd'hui, s'inquiétaient, protestaient, agissaient. Nous avons voulu nous joindre à eux dans l'espoir que, liens ténus entre le Quai de Conti et Tirana, ces messages qui, presque hebdomadairement, vous portaient l'écho de nos débats, alerteraient vos persécuteurs en leur désignant la ligne à ne jamais dépasser. Notre bouclier a-t-il été efficace ? Nous l'avions voulu tel. Eric Faye, compagnon de tous vos livres, qu'il préface et explique, commentateur remarquable et remarqué il y a quatre jours à peine, par le choix de la fondation Del Duca, commentateur d'une œuvre avec laquelle il est en communion de cœur et d'esprit, observe justement qu'Orwell, Huxley, Nabokov n'ont pas écrit sur le totalitarisme proprement dit, car ils n'avaient pas accès à ce qu'il appelle la matière première, mais sur la vision que l'on en avait en Occident. Les dissidents soviétiques eux-mêmes ont publié après la déstalinisation, lorsque le régime assoupli autorisa, dans Novy Mir, la publication d'Une journée d'Ivan Denissovitch. Mais, Ismaïl, vous viviez, vous écriviez dans une ville où se dressait, haute de plus de dix mètres, une statue de Staline qui ne disparaîtra que le 22 décembre 1990 ; vous viviez, vous écriviez dans un pays qui sera le dernier, il y a moins de six ans, à se délivrer d'un totalitarisme qui avait pris naissance à la libération — libération / totalitarisme comme l'accouplement des deux mots fait horreur — et cependant, pour près de la moitié de l'Europe, en 1945, la libération signifia simplement le changement de maître. Né en 1936, vous avez donc connu 45 années du totalitarisme dans tous ses états. Car le totalitarisme n'a rien d'une ligne droite : c'est une ligne faiblement brisée, une ligne ondulée, qui, parfois, laisse provisoirement en repos les patients. Les bourreaux du Moyen Age avaient la pratique de ces rémissions. Entre deux supplices, ils retiraient le fer rouge, desserraient les chaînes et les cordes. Les totalitarismes du XX e siècle ont appris, eux aussi, à varier leurs méthodes. Jeune, vous obtiendrez une bourse pour l'Institut Gorki de littérature de Moscou. Car, pour le pouvoir, qui a deviné le talent du lycéen, auteur de poèmes dépassant de très loin les poèmes qu'écrivent dans leur printemps tous les adolescents, il importe que vous deveniez un bon écrivain, c'est-à-dire un écrivain qui pense bien. La bonne littérature telle qu'on l'enseigne à Moscou ne vous ayant pas séduit vous attendez 1960 et 1962 pour publier, en Albanie, dans la revue littéraire Drita, des textes qui seront immédiatement critiqués car ils ne font pas référence au Parti du travail, n'épousent aucun des dogmes à l'honneur. Lorsque l'Albanie officielle, changeant d'amour, rejetant l'URSS post-stalinienne à ses yeux trop laxiste, pour, seule au monde, par-delà des milliers et des milliers de kilomètres et des siècles de civilisation, épouser les rigueurs les plus caricaturales du petit livre rouge, vous serez envoyé deux ans durant dans les montagnes du Sud à la rencontre du peuple... comme si vous ne le connaissiez pas, le peuple, votre peuple ! La tension s'étant relâchée, vous êtes, sans l'avoir sollicité, nommé député en 1970. Comme il est facile à ceux qui sont loin des périls de donner leur arrogant courage en exemple à ceux qui se trouvent dans la cage où le pouvoir absolu les tient captifs. Qu'ils refusent les honneurs, ils sont exclus, emprisonnés, ou, et c'est là une forme de geôle, interdit de publication, ce qui sera, Ismaïl, votre sort à plusieurs reprises. Qu'ils acceptent ces avantages, ces honneurs, et les voilà compromis, complices, entravés par de douces mais contraignantes chaînes. Comme il est difficile le rapport de l'écrivain avec le pouvoir totalitaire Presque obligatoirement, entre l'esprit et la force, doit s'établir un double jeu. Dans un pays orgueilleusement et peureusement replié sur lui-même, qui ne veut rien connaître des religions — elles ont été interdites en 1967 —, rien savoir et rien apprendre d'un Occident présent aux balcons des frontières, vous vivrez ainsi entre espoir et désespoir, entre périodes de libertés mesurées — un voyage aux Etats-Unis dans le cadre surveillé d'une mission, votre premier voyage à Paris, en 1971, la publication élogieusement saluée du Général de l'armée morte — et périodes de glaciation, après la publication du Grand Hiver et la non-publication de ce poème Les Pachas rouges qui vous vaudra une nouvelle condamnation au travail manuel et l'interdiction, pour un temps, de toute œuvre romanesque. En vérité, les persécutions ne viennent pas uniquement d'un pouvoir oscillant, à votre égard, entre admiration et crainte. Autant que du pouvoir, vous souffrez des thuriféraires du pouvoir qui, de leur plume serve, dénoncent votre plume libre, et, obscurs au-delà des frontières, jalousent des succès qui leur rongent le cœur. Dans Le Firman aveugle, écrit en 1984, mais dont la censure ne permettra la publication qu'en 1991, vous mettez en scène le tribunal populaire devant lequel comparaît le poète le plus célèbre du pays. Ses confrères, qui ont appelé à la délation et se sont fait délateurs eux-mêmes, lui reprochent les mots à double sens dont son œuvre est semée. La foule des jaloux n'a plus alors qu'à s'interroger sur le moyen par lequel, comme tous les porteurs de mauvais œil, de plus en plus nombreux, dans le pays, il sera privé de l'arme du crime : ses yeux. Emploiera-t-on les barres de fer à deux pointes, l'acide, l'exposition forcée au soleil, le séjour prolongé dans les ténèbres ? Alors que l'on en débattait âprement l'un des fonctionnaires, ayant fait taire la foule prononça, écrivez-vous, une brève allocution dans laquelle il souligna la clémence de l'Etat qui se bornait, pour cette fois, à adresser un blâme. Seulement, c'est le dernier avertissement ajouta-t-il en pointant son index en direction du poète. Ces mots c'est le dernier avertissement vous les avez entendus maintes et maintes fois, Ismaïl. Alors comment devenir ce que vous êtes ? Comment, avec votre plume pour seule arme, assumer, ainsi que l'écrira Maurice Druon, la plus haute fonction de l'écrivain, comment faire entendre sous la chape noire de l'oppression, d'abord le murmure, puis la voix distincte et enfin le cri de la liberté ? Le cri de la liberté ! Voilà, nous y sommes ! Pour faire entendre le cri de la liberté vous convoquez la fable et les légendes ;vous convoquez Homère dont les récits ont enchanté et bouleversé — je songe à la fin d'Hector — votre jeunesse ; vous convoquez les aèdes et les rhapsodes ; vous convoquez les pleureuses, qui entrecoupent leurs sanglots de strophes à la fragile gloire des morts ; vous convoquez Shakespeare et les appels déments du roi Lear. Soufflez, vents, jusqu'à crever vos joues ! Faites rage. Soufflez, déluges et trombes, jaillissez... et, surtout, vous convoquez cet Ogre ressuscité, l'Empire ottoman, qui régna pendant plus d'un demi- millénaire sur l'Albanie, cet Ogre auquel vous demandez de donner le change, puisque vous lui faites tenir sans l'écrire — mais nul ne s'y trompe — le rôle de cet Ogre infiniment plus redoutable en des temps encore proches : l'Union Soviétique, avec sa sanglante trame de millions et de millions de morts. Le Moyen Age d'une Albanie enkystée dans le Moyen Age de l'Empire ottoman vous a permis de dénoncer les totalitarismes du XXe siècle avec la certitude d'être immédiatement compris d'un peuple que la dictature avait « ghettoisé » mais à qui, en le privant longtemps de liberté, elle avait évité les pollutions du monde moderne et de la civilisation du « fast food ». Par la force, replié sur lui-même, le peuple albanais l'était également sur une histoire qui n'avait jamais quitté sa mémoire, et habitait toujours son âme. Des Albanais, vous étiez immédiatement compris. Mais, l'Albanie, combien d'habitants ? Trois millions et, à travers le monde, trois millions encore, parlant une langue difficile, sans rayonnement hors des frontières mais dont vous avez l'orgueil puisque vous affirmez qu'Alexandre le Grand jurait en albanais ! Alors, venons-en au miracle qui a permis à Maurice Druon de déclarer que, témoin de l'Albanie pour l'Albanie vous étiez devenu universel. Vous avez été traduit dans plus de trente langues et, je le dirai mieux dans un instant, la moitié de ces traductions a pour origine le texte français. Lorsque les Japonais lisent Avril brisé, lorsque les Norvégiens lisent Qui a ramené Doruntine ?, lorsque les Basques lisent, dans leur langue, Le pont aux trois arches, qui imaginera un instant qu'ils se passionnent pour les problèmes de la vie politique albanaise ? Japonais, Norvégiens, Basques, Italiens, Grecs, Américains, Portugais, Français, Français qui ont été parmi vos premiers lecteurs et qui vous sont fidèles, tous ont, depuis longtemps, appris à décrypter les messages contenus dans vos livres, tous savent que les légendes, les rhapsodes, les pleureuses et la géographie éternelle sont en réalité le matériau de ce grand dessein : la dénonciation grâce à la fable, puisque tout autre moyen vous demeurait interdit, la dénonciation du totalitarisme et des totalitaires. Lorsque vous écrivez, dans Le Grand Hiver, que l'Europe entière était plongée dans le brouillard, la moitié de l'Asie était dès maintenant couverte de neige et températures et pressions étaient telles qu'elles devaient aider les Cyclones à se mouvoir au cœur des déserts, le lecteur a immédiatement compris que votre météorologie était politique. Lorsque, dans Le Pont aux trois arches, vous avez cette phrase : j'eus l'impression que sous ce bain de lune je voyais des plaines entières inondées de sang et des montagnes réduites en cendres. Je voyais des hordes turques qui rabotaient le monde pour y étendre l'espace islamique. Je voyais les feux et leurs cendres, et les restes calcinés des hommes et des chroniques ( .. ). Et, surplombant tout, cette lune entamée, produit des rêveries des steppes stériles. Cette nuit qui s'approche sera longue..., les lecteurs devinent que la nuit qui s'approche ne sera pas seulement, à partir de 1378, la longue nuit ottomane, mais aussi cette nuit qui allait recouvrir une Albanie farouchement solitaire, privée, en 1978, du grand frère chinois après s'être séparée du maître soviétique. Ce maître soviétique presque toujours présent derrière le rideau de la fable ou de l'histoire. Votre roman La commission des fêtes est, en apparence, le récit de l'invitation à une cérémonie de réconciliation lancée, en 1830, par l'Empire ottoman aux derniers chefs de l'une des nombreuses révoltes albanaises, cérémonie qui, avant même que ne débute le festin, s'acheva par le massacre des naïfs Albanais. Dissipons les apparences. Comment, mettant en scène le drame de 1830, n'auriez-vous pas songé au drame qui, en 1968, avait foudroyé la Tchécoslovaquie et frappé de stupeur le monde ? Précédant de trois semaines l'arrestation des dirigeants tchèques, l'invasion du pays par les chars soviétiques, la répression de la révolte de tout un peuple, il y avait eu, à Cierna, le 29 juillet, des toasts bruyants de mauvaise foi et d'hypocrites embrassades au cours d'une cérémonie de réconciliation préparée, elle aussi, par une commission des fêtes dont le Politburo tirait les ficelles ! Apparence encore, apparence toujours dans Le Palais des rêves, roman qui vous vaudra cette condamnation publique du successeur d'Enver Hodja : Le peuple et le Parti vous hissent sur l'Olympe mais si vous ne leur êtes pas fidèle, ils vous précipitent dans l'abîme... Quel était donc votre crime ? N'aviez-vous pas, comme à l'habitude, pris soin d'inscrire votre roman dans le cadre dépaysant de l'Empire ottoman ? Votre héros, Mark-Alem, ne déambulait-t-il pas dans un Istanbul où ne passaient que des fiacres aux rideaux tirés lorsqu'ils emportaient des courtisanes se rendant à leurs travaux du soir ? Et, pour que le dépaysement soit complet, des rhapsodes n'accompagnaient-ils pas leur chant profond sur leur lahuta à la corde solitaire ? Certes. Mais, Ismaïl, votre Istanbul rabougri, avouez qu'il ressemble fort au centre modeste de Tirana ! Et votre Palais des rêves, dans sa massive architecture soviétique, ne serait-il pas la copie du siège du redoutable et redouté Comité Central campé au bas du plus grand boulevard de Tirana ? Dans les sous-sols de votre palais... Palais ! ... Un Etat, atteint de la paranoïa du complot, a imaginé d'enfermer rêves après rêves, rêves érotiques, rêves de crises économiques, rêves de coups d'Etat, rêves de grands délires, rêves mutilés, dont l'esprit se souvient mal dans la confusion du réveil, et que les interprètes auront de la peine à décrypter ; oui, d'enfermer les rêves livrés, chaque matin, par un peuple persuadé qu'en se libérant de son subconscient il agissait pour le bien de la patrie ! Nous entamons ainsi, écrit Eric Faye, une visite guidée dans ce laboratoire du pire ou un Etat se met à l'écoute de ses sujets et cherche à capter des signes avant-coureurs de son avenir. Car il ne s'agit pas du fragile merveilleux des rêves mais bien d'un cauchemar celui, poursuit Eric Faye, où conduit tout pouvoir soucieux DE SAVOIR AVANT, d'anticiper, de guider l'opinion en la canalisant, et cela, de tout temps. Allons, Ismaïl, reconnaissez que vous êtes coupable d'imagination débridée ! Qu'un Etat sur la défensive traque les actes, les mots noir sur blanc, les intentions elles-mêmes, cela s'est vu, cela se voit, cela se verra. Mais qu'il rassemble des légions d'archivistes pour classer, des régiments d'interprètes pour analyser les rêves de tout un peuple afin de se saisir des hommes et des femmes qui auront été visités par les rêves jugés les plus dangereux, qu'allez-vous chercher là, et comme l'on conçoit que Le Palais des rêves ait été sévèrement condamné par le plénum de l'Union des Ecrivains, réuni en 1982. Comme l'on conçoit que vous ayiez, une fois encore, côtoyé l'abîme ! Il existe un bon usage de la maladie, Existe-t-il un bon usage de la persécution ? Pour les âmes fortes, sans doute. Le pair de France Victor Hugo n'aurait pas été Hugo sans le coup d'Etat du 2 décembre 1851, sans cet exil de vingt ans qui lui fera dire : Ma proscription est bonne et j'en remercie le destin. L'officier d'artillerie Alexandre Issaievitch Soljenitzyne serait-il devenu Soljenitzyne, sans la saisie, par le contre-espionnage, de lettres suspectes de non-amour pour Staline, sans l'arrestation le 9 février 1945, alors que la guerre est loin d'être terminée, sans le goulag, sans le pavillon des cancéreux à l'hôpital de Tachkent ? Mais le plus fort succombe s'il n'a auprès de lui un cœur fidèle. A Guernesey, pour Hugo, ce sera Juliette, et Soljenitzyne trouva la paix de l'âme auprès de Matriona. Auprès de vous, Ismaïl, toujours, Héléna dont la sensibilité d'écrivain a été un guide sûr, la fermeté de caractère un soutien au plus creux de la solitude et des abandons. Auprès de vous, vos deux filles auxquelles, le temps venu des dangereuses confidences, vous direz votre volonté d'évasion. Mais votre cercle sera, très vite, infiniment plus large que le cercle familial. Auprès de vous encore, Jusuf Vrioni, votre traducteur. On montre bien de l'ingratitude à l'égard des traducteurs ! Le lecteur effleure leurs noms. Sa mémoire ne les garde pas. Et cependant ! Pour, d'une langue à une autre langue, et, plus encore, d'une civilisation à une autre, faire passer à travers les mots, la houle des sentiments, traduire, sans rien trahir, tous les battements d'un cœur, il faut beaucoup plus qu'un immense labeur, qu'une absolue rigueur, il faut une passion désintéressée et la maîtrise d'un véritable exercice de dédoublement de la personnalité. Si, plus de la moitié des traductions de l'œuvre d'Ismaïl Kadaré est réalisée à partir du texte français, c'est un hommage à notre langue mais c'est également un hommage à la qualité des traductions de Yusuf Vrioni qui, venu de Tirana, est parmi nous aujourd'hui. Vrioni, dont je veux rappeler, avec l'émotion que l'on doit à ceux qui ont sacrifié leur liberté à la liberté, qu'il fut condamné en 1947 à treize années de travaux forcés comme ennemi du pouvoir, comme agent de l'étranger, cet étranger étant la France, cette France qu'il avait aimée et où il avait étudié à Janson de Sailly, à HEC, à la faculté de droit, cette France des poètes dont, en prison, et comme pour ouvrir une fenêtre, il répétait les vers, cette France qu'il aime toujours et dont, par ses traductions de l'œuvre de Kadaré, il assure le rayonnement de la langue. Près de vous, depuis 1978, date de la publication du Grand Hiver, un éditeur, le même, le même pour vingt-trois titres. Et plus... puisque Fayard publie non seulement vos œuvres complètes en français mais également en albanais... ce qui assure à l'éditeur prestige, mais non certes fortune. Nous sommes nombreux, ici, à savoir l'importance d'un éditeur-ami dans la vie de l'écrivain —, à savoir combien comptent sa fidélité à l'œuvre, ses avis, ses encouragements au travail, sa voix, tout simplement, dans les moments de doute. Mais, pour vous, Ismaïl, qui viviez entouré de suspicion dans ce qui fut l'une des dernières forteresses du totalitarisme, pour vous, plus que pour tout autre, nous devinons combien la forte amitié de Claude Durand à qui vous aviez confié un manuscrit à ne publier qu'en cas d'arrestation ou de mort ; combien sa vigilance et celle de son équipe vous furent — vous sont — précieuses. Près de vous, des amis anciens et des amis nouveaux. Des écrivains étrangers et français, des critiques littéraires, des journalistes, et parmi ces journalistes, Colette Deman, ma femme, grâce à qui je vous ai connu mais qui, il y a seize ans, fut la première à laquelle vous avez clairement fait confidence de votre opposition au régime. Le deuxième colloque international francophone, organisé par l'Association des écrivains de langue française, présidé par Edmond Jouve, et dont les actes sont réunis en un volume de 300 pages ; le prix de la fondation Del Duca, qui donna occasion à Maurice Druon d'un remarquable hommage ; les Entretiens avec Eric Faye, parus en 1991, le Dialogue avec Alain Bosquet, publié en 1995, permettent de mieux pénétrer dans ce que l'on appelle déjà l'univers Kadaré, votre monde intérieur, le mystère de votre écriture, car c'est un grand mystère que celui de l'écriture. Vous confiant à Alain Bosquet vous nous permettez d'entrer dans ce que vous appelez votre second calendrier, ce moment où, le feu allumé, le café bu, enfin écoulé le temps nécessaire à oublier le climat politique, la terreur, les fêtes, vous entrez lentement, et comme à tâtons, dans votre univers. Alors, dites-vous à Bosquet, devant moi s'étend un autre temps émietté comme de la poudre de verre, un temps sans direction, préprométhéen, si j'ose dire, qui attend que je lui en impose une. Que je le veuille ou non, des journées entières se passent à me tourmenter de leurs secrets, que je m'efforce de saisir mais qui, juste quand je pense pouvoir m'en approcher, m'échappent. Ce faisant, de manière instinctive, j'apprête mes filtres, mes outils, ou ce que j'appelle ainsi dans la mesure où ils n'ont de nom dans aucune langue. D'autre part, je dois toujours veiller à l'état de la langue : est-ce qu'elle est suffisamment fluide, chaude, maléable, consentante (au moment de la création, la langue ressemble à une femme en pâmoison) ou est-ce qu'elle a perdu de ces qualités et se tient devant vous figée, dans l'attente d'un électrochoc qui lui redonne vie ? Cet éclair peut sortir de votre cerveau, mais tout autant venir du cerveau d'un génie disparu depuis des siècles mais qui vous prête un instant cette décharge divine... Eh bien, Ismaïl, la boucle est-elle bouclée ? En apparence. En apparence seulement. Car le plus difficile est peut-être encore devant vous. En accédant à la liberté, à toutes les libertés, à la liberté de pensée, à cette liberté de contestation qui n'a plus guère de prix et de sens lorsqu'elle ne rencontre plus la résistance des interdits et des prisons, en n'étant plus une exception totalitaire, l'Albanie vous inspirera-t-elle avec toujours autant de force, autant de passion ? La dictature effondrée, les souvenirs sanglants de l'Empire ottoman ne servant plus de déguisement à ce sanglant Empire soviétique balayé par l'histoire et, vite, trop vite, sans doute sorti des mémoires, dans quel fonds puiserez-vous désormais ? Quel terreau nourrira-t-il votre inspiration ? C'est la question de demain. Mais, en lisant Spiritus, votre dernier roman, paru depuis quelques jours à peine, nous avons le droit d'être rassurés... Dans l'essai que vous avez consacré à Eschyle, vous évoquez la lassitude du père de la tragédie grecque réfugié sur les côtes d'Illyrie, à Epidamme, ou, plus loin encore, en Sicile,... Et qu'on ne vienne plus lui parler, écrivez-vous, d'Athènes, ni de la Grèce. Voilà pour Eschyle ! Et qu'on ne vienne plus lui parler de Tirana ni de l'Albanie, à cet Ismaïl Kadaré qui, désormais, voyage librement à travers le monde et s'est fixé à Paris, au cœur battant, au cœur bruyant du Quartier Latin. Allons donc ! Voici l'une des dernières phrases de votre Eschyle : Ainsi, peut-être donna-t-il libre cours à son dépit mais, en même temps, il sentait au plus profond de lui que la Grèce continuait de peser de tout son poids sur son échine, et il aurait beau écumer de rage, secouer les épaules avec fureur, il ne parviendrait jamais à s'en libérer.. Il porterait la Grèce et la Grèce le porterait. Eh bien, Ismaïl, il suffit de changer le nom d'une patrie ! Toujours vous porterez l'Albanie et toujours l'Albanie vous portera... A la fin de sa vie, Lord Byron, recru de plaisirs mais non de passions, vint dans cette Albanie, qui était alors un pays de précipices et de brigands. On lui fournit une escorte. A la fin du voyage il demanda à celui qui en était le chef ce qui lui agréerait. Il reçut cette réponse : Je ne veux rien, rien que d'être aimé. http://www.asmp.fr - Académie des Sciences morales et politiques. Nous vous aimons, Monsieur, et c'est parce que nous vous aimons Ismaïl, et avec vous l'Albanie des montagnes et des légendes, des rhapsodes et des aèdes, des constantes résistances aux occupations successives, l'Albanie des morts et des vivants, entrée, par la magie de votre écriture, dans l'histoire éternelle, que nous vous invitons, ce soir, Monsieur, à prendre place parmi nous. Monsieur le Président, Cher Henri Amouroux, Mes Chers Confrères, Je suis bien sûr très honoré de me trouver parmi vous. Je vous remercie pour les propos que vous avez tenus concernant mon pays l'Albanie, et moi-même. Vous avez aussi parlé de la péninsule balkanique et puisque je viens précisément de cette aire tourmentée du globe, j'ai recueilli votre point de vue comme un noble message adressé aux peuples qui la composent. Aujourd'hui, la brutalité, l'angoisse et l'aveuglement règnent sur les Balkans. Mais, de même que de sombres nuées jaillit souvent la lumière, de ces régions aussi, soyez-en certains, des éléments favorables attendent leur jour pour se manifester. Et l'un des indices qui confortent en moi cette vision d'espoir est l'attachement de ces pays à l'Europe. Paradoxalement, on constate que plus les Balkaniques se livrent à des actes insensés, autrement dit plus ils s'éloignent de l'Europe, et plus ils l'évoquent avec nostalgie ; certains d'entre eux allant jusqu'à se figurer que, s'ils commettent des crimes, c'est justement pour défendre l'Europe ! En dehors même de ce genre de considérations, l'Europe reste dans leur esprit une référence constante, un espoir, pour ne pas dire un rêve. Si paradoxal que cela puisse paraître, je pense que c'est bon signe. Un rêve est souvent annonciateur d'un credo, d'un projet. Dans l'Antiquité, l'un des peuples les plus anciens de la péninsule, les Grecs, voyait dans l'Europe un être mythique. Aujourd'hui encore, si vous prêtez l'oreille aux chants populaires que l'on continue de psalmodier non seulement en Grèce mais chez d'autres peuples balkaniques, notamment celui auquel j'appartiens, vous retrouverez cette même tradition : l'Europe continue d'y être imaginée comme une femme, belle, intelligente, plutôt inaccessible. Et, comme il advient souvent avec de pareilles créatures, elle suscite chez ses adorateurs des sentiments contradictoires : le désir de la conquérir par la douceur, mais aussi, en cas d'échec, celui de la violenter. Il y a plus d'un siècle que les Balkaniques expriment leur amour de l'Europe de manière passionnée, exacerbée. Ce qui aurait dû être un amour partagé a abouti en fait à un tragique malentendu. DISCOURS de M. Ismaïl Kadaré Associé étranger Mais cela est au fond compréhensible. C'est dans cette région du monde qu'a jailli, il y a deux mille cinq cents ans, la flamme de la civilisation européenne. Puis, comme sous l'effet d'une malédiction, à l'époque même où la culture européenne prenait son plein essor, la partie du continent où elle avait été conçue sombra dans des ténèbres qui s'étendirent sur six siècles d'affilée. Or les peuples, à qui il est arrivé dans leur histoire d'être coupés de l'Europe, ne l'en vénèrent que davantage. Les Albanais, mes compatriotes, ont perdu l'Europe à deux reprises : la première fois au XV e siècle, comme tous les autres peuples balkaniques soumis au joug ottoman ; la deuxième, après la Seconde Guerre mondiale, lorsqu'ils tombèrent sous le joug communiste. Je n'exagère pas en affirmant qu'aujourd'hui, après la chute du communisme, les Albanais vivent encore dans la hantise de se voir coupés de l'Europe une troisième fois. Cette séparation leur serait fatale. Elle équivaudrait pour eux à un arrêt de mort. Vous qui vivez au cœur de l'Europe, qui en êtes le noyau, il ne vous est guère facile de comprendre le poids de cette angoisse. Vous avez du mal à mesurer l'anxiété des peuples qui vivent aux marches de ce continent et qui, à chaque secousse de l'Histoire, risquent de s'en trouver détachés. Maintenir son pays ancré au continent auquel il se sait et se sent appartenir, telle a été l'aspiration fondamentale, la mission essentielle de la culture albanaise dont vous voulez bien recevoir aujourd'hui un représentant sous cette Coupole, haut lieu symbolique et expression la plus condensée de ce que je viens d'appeler le « noyau de l'Europe ». Je suis certain que lorsque vous entendez parler d'« Albanais », machinalement, avant même que vous ne vous soyez demandé ce qu'est au juste leur pays, la première image qui vous vient à l'esprit est celle, bouleversante, de milliers de gens cramponnés à des cordages aux flancs d'un navire, et cherchant à s'y hisser. Je ne jetterai par la pierre à celui ou ceux d'entre vous, qui, d'aventure et par mégarde, se seraient attendus à voir un confrère albanais accéder à cette honorable enceinte non par l'entrée normale, mais justement après avoir escaladé cette coupole... Si je ne m'en formalise pas, c'est parce que j'ai accepté de partager le destin du peuple auquel j'appartiens, si amer qu'il ait été en général. Pour en revenir à l'image de ces multitudes accrochées aux flancs des vaisseaux, soyez assurés que, dans l'esprit de ces désespérés, les coques de ces bâtiments étaient précisément marqués du nom de l'Europe. Quarante ans après avoir été séparés d'elle, cette façon d'agir fut le seul moyen qu'ils trouvèrent d'exprimer leur rêve d'Europe, leur douloureux amour pour elle, et, simultanément, leur détermination à la prendre de force. En invitant un Albanais sous cette Coupole, vous nourrissez l'espoir des meilleurs de ces gens. A leur amour — un amour difficile et, je le répète, souvent maladroitement exprimé — vous répondez non point par l'indifférence ou le mépris, mais par la compréhension. Et cela n'a rien d'une aumône ! Ces peuples méritent en effet votre attention. L'Antiquité grecque n'est pas seule à devoir vous revenir le plus souvent à l'esprit. D'autres valeurs ont vu le jour dans cette région, y compris à une époque toute récente. Qu'il suffise de rappeler que c'est bien ce même et rude terroir — et, en l'occurrence, le peuple albanais et aucun autre — qui a fait don à l'humanité présente de cet éminent symbole de charité qu'est mère Térésa. N'est-ce pas là une raison supplémentaire d'évoquer l'espoir et la compréhension ? C'est en le rattachant lui aussi à cette notion d'« espoir » que je voudrais rappeler le grand homme que fut Karl Popper, auquel j'ai l'honneur de succéder au sein de cette Académie. Popper fut non seulement un éminent philosophe, mais aussi un homme qui comprit comme bien peu d'autres son époque, alors même qu'il ne fut pas toujours aussi bien compris d'elle. Et lorsque je dis qu'il comprit son temps, j'entends par là qu'il fut plus sensible que beaucoup d'autres à l'inquiétude des peuples, aux drames qui se sont abattus sur eux au fil de ce siècle cruel dont nous vivons la fin. Prenant ses distances avec une tradition philosophique négativiste toujours encline à ne voir partout que malheur et désespoir. Karl Popper, bien que profondément conscient de la tragédie que vivait l'humanité, eut le courage de se montrer optimiste jusqu'au bout. Je dis bien « courage », car le désespoir est souvent réputé plus noble que l'espoir, cependant que l'optimisme risque d'être identifié au conformisme, quand ce n'est pas à la mièvrerie. Cette flamme de l'espérance, cette limpidité et cette sérénité de la pensée qui ne se démentent jamais chez lui, le rapprochent des philosophes antiques, et ce n'est pas un hasard s'il a été plus d'une fois qualifié de « Démocrite de notre temps ». Comme il advient souvent dans la vie des grands hommes, émaillée d'épisodes singuliers, apparemment banals, mais monumentaux dans leur simplicité — ainsi celui, authentique ou inventé, peu importe, de la pomme de Newton, Popper connut une expérience tout aussi déterminante à l'âge de dix-sept ans. Encore quasi-adolescent, attiré par les idées communistes, il participa à une manifestation qui devait lui tenir lieu d'initiation au sein de ce mouvement. Réprimée dans le sang par la police, cette manifestation se solda en fin de compte par quatre morts et de nombreux blessés. Le soir même, Popper décida de tourner à jamais le dos au communisme. A première vue, l'évocation de cet épisode pourrait suggérer que Popper prit peur et s'écarta du mouvement alors même que le sang versé aurait dû cimenter encore davantage son engagement. L' explication est tout autre... Comme il l'a expliqué, le soir même, au cours de la rencontre avec les organisateurs de la manifestation, Popper fut horrifié d'observer que ces derniers, au lieu d'être attristés par la perte de leurs camarades, s'en réjouissaient. C'était la preuve que leur but — qu'ils jugeaient avoir atteint — avait bel et bien été l'effusion de sang. Souvent, dans la vie, des phénomènes complexes et d'une énorme ampleur sont dévoilés grâce à un signe, une lueur, un geste fortuits. Alors âgé de dix-sept ans, encore dépourvu de toute formation philosophique, Popper découvrit, à travers cet épisode banal, l'essence même de la dictature communiste. Analogue à celle de la dictature nazie qui devait la côtoyer et à celle d'autres dictatures totalitaires qui, hélas, allaient encore se profiler à l'horizon. Cette essence était claire : pour survivre, ces dictatures réclamaient des victimes. Peu importait de qui fut le sang versé : de leurs adversaires ou de leurs partisans. Il suffisait que ce sang mit le mécanisme en marche. Pendant près de soixante-dix ans, Karl Popper étudia et suivit pas à pas les totalitarismes nazi et communiste, et cette révélation du temps de sa jeunesse demeura, quant au fond, inchangée. L'anticonformisme de Karl Popper était profond, authentique, et ne se réduisait en aucun cas à des foucades d'intellectuels à la mode. Après avoir dénoncé les forfaits du totalitarisme, il eut le courage d'affirmer que la démocratie était, si on en abusait, elle aussi capable de commettre des crimes. Et de nous en rappeler deux imputables à la démocratie grecque le massacre par Athènes des habitants de l'île de Mélos, et la condamnation à mort de Socrate par un jury de plus de cinq cents membres. Popper nous en signale encore un troisième, demeuré à l'état de projet : la décision d'Athènes de châtier Mytilène ; un navire avait fait voile vers l'île pour y porter le décret de mort, mais, le lendemain, Athènes, repentie, dépêcha un autre bâtiment plus rapide, porteur d'un message annulant sa première décision. Notons qu'il est rare de voir mentionné dans l'Histoire un pareil repentir. Je reviendrai d'ailleurs tout à l'heure sur ce sujet... En fait, Popper avait une perception aiguë des carences de la démocratie. Il pensait que l'on ne peut tout lui demander, que l'essentiel qu'il faut en attendre est le transfert du pouvoir sans effusion de sang d'une force politique à une autre. Dans sa simplicité même, cette formulation est magistrale. Aujourd'hui encore, et pour des foules de gens, ce n'est là encore qu'un beau rêve. Accoutumés à la brutalité et à la violence, nous qui avons vécu dans l'univers communiste et qui, surtout, enfants, avons été allaités par cette dictature, nous continuons à juger de pareilles formules pour le moins extraordinaires. Espérons que les générations qui nous succéderont seront abasourdies par le contraire. Que, pour elles, le transfert du pouvoir avec effusion de sang paraîtra tout aussi absurde que le serait la suite des saisons si elle venait à ne plus obéir aux forces de la nature, mais découlait du sang versé et de la manifestation de la force brutale. Comme tout anticonformiste authentique, Popper avait assez de retenue pour ne pas faire un jeu de l'anticonformisme. Il acceptait l'Etat minimum : il était contre l'anarchie et l'abus de liberté. A ses yeux, une majorité aussi pouvait étouffer la démocratie. Pour lui, la liberté de l'homme, à la différence de celle des animaux, est une liberté authentique en ce qu'elle est difficile, exigeante, limitée et contrôlée par le droit. Popper ne redoutait pas la simplicité, ce spectre qui effraie parfois les intellectuels de notre temps. L'optimisme et l'espoir ne lui faisaient pas honte. L'exhortation à ne pas précipiter les peuples dans le désespoir jaillit naturellement de son œuvre. Cet appel revêt une valeur particulière aujourd'hui où la fraction de l'humanité qui s'est tout juste remise de l'effondrement de l'empire communiste se trouve hébétée, souvent désemparée, moralement brisée. Ces peuples pris dans un formidable piège que l'Histoire n'a pas encore parfaitement élucidé ont participé ensemble à un drame tout à la fois tragique et grotesque. De même qu'ils ont joué cette pièce ensemble, de même ils doivent s'unir pour en sortir. Mais je dois ajouter ici que ce drame n'a pas été seulement le leur ; il a revêtu des dimensions planétaires et, d'une façon ou d'une autre, c'est l'humanité entière qui s'est trouvée mêlée à ce que l'on peut appeler la sinistre parenthèse communiste de cette fin de millénaire. Aucun empire totalitaire sur cette planète n'avait connu une aussi grande extension que le monde communiste. L'Empire romain n'en représenta qu'un cinquième ou un sixième ; l'Empire ottoman fut encore moins étendu ; les dimensions du Troisième Reich ne dépassèrent pas le dixième de celles de ce géant. On n'a pas encore bien étudié l'influence que cette immensité même exerça sur le psychisme des ressortissants de cet empire. Toute l'aventure humaine s'est déployée dans cette rude arène. Et, comme j'appartiens à l'espèce des écrivains, permettez-moi de clore mon intervention en disant deux mots de mes frères auxquels échut le triste sort de vivre et d'œuvrer dans cet univers absurde. Peut-être jugera-t-on excessif qu'après avoir évoqué les peuples des Balkans, puis l'univers communiste, j'en vienne, pour terminer, à aborder ce domaine délicat qu'est la littérature. Mais je m'en tiendrai à l'essentiel. Je ne reviendrai pas sur la repression, la censure, l'autocensure : ce n'est pas la première fois que la littérature universelle s'est heurtée à ce genre de fléaux. Le malheur, les interdictions, les obstacles lui sont familiers. Dès ses commencements, la littérature antique eut à affronter le chaos mythologique. Ce chaos était la création de tous et de chacun, valeurs et non-valeurs y étaient confondues. Les auteurs antiques grecs, authentiques princes de l'art, réussirent à soumettre cette nébuleuse trouble et informe. De l'océan de la médiocrité, ils parvinrent à extraire des perles. L'histoire triplement millénaire de la littérature universelle n'est autre, au fond, que celle de la défense des véritables valeurs contre l'invasion continue de la médiocrité, c'est-à-dire contre les assauts répétés de ce chaos primitif qui ne renonce pas à reprendre en main la littérature universelle. Voici cent cinquante ans, Schiller, à propos du chœur de la tragédie grecque, a indiqué qu'il était le mur qui protégeait le théâtre de la foule des spectateurs. La littérature a toujours eu besoin de ce mur. Pour terrasser leur ennemie de toujours, la littérature, les Etats se sont employés à abattre précisément cet écran protecteur. Ils comprirent que la destruction de ce mur défensif était plus efficace que toutes les polices, toutes les prisons, toutes les censures. Pour la première fois dans l'histoire de l'humanité, on prépara l'enterrement de la littérature en camouflant son assassinat sous les lauriers et les panégyriques. Des années durant, la propagande communiste, au nom de la démocratisation des arts, appela le peuple à participer en masse à l'œuvre de création littéraire et artistique. Cette campagne atteignit son paroxysme à la fin des années 60 avec les formules de Mao-Tsé-toung selon lesquelles la littérature a besoin non pas de quelques dizaines ou centaines, mais de millions d'écrivains. Plus ouvertement que tout autre, plus ouvertement que le rusé Lénine, plus ouvertement que l'habile Marx, le tyran chinois prononça la sentence de mort frappant la littérature et l'art. Il savait bien qu'un million d'écrivains viendraient bien plus aisément à bout de la littérature qu'un million de policiers ! Ces appels, hélas, suscitèrent parfois l'enthousiasme et les vivats de certains intellectuels, ici même en Occident. Pour nous qui nous trouvions de l'autre côté, il était incompréhensible et affligeant d'apprendre que l'on pouvait applaudir à une politique culturelle qui contraignait des milliers d'écrivains à renoncer à leur œuvre, qui en parquait des milliers d'autres dans des prisons, des rizières ou des hôpitaux psychiatriques. Dans leurs efforts pour neutraliser l'art, les Etats totalitaires, tantôt par des méthodes moins directes, tantôt par des procédés plus brutaux, se sont évertués à ramener la culture au chaos primitif ou à faire passer celui-ci pour celle-là. Par malheur, ce danger, la littérature ne l'a pas définitivement conjuré. Au contraire, les épreuves qu'elle a à subir ne se bornent jamais à certains espaces ni à certains régimes politiques. Tout ce qui la concerne est universel. L'attaque lancée par la médiocrité, l'assaut donné par le chaos primitif se font aujourd'hui sentir partout, à l'Est comme à l'Ouest. Ce que, dans les dernières décennies, on a appelé la « dictature de l'argent » peut se montrer aussi implacable envers la grande littérature et le grand art que le fut hier la machine totalitaire. Le drame des écrivains est universel. C'est la raison pour laquelle certains d'entre eux, au lieu de s'arroger le droit d'infliger des leçons aux autres, seraient bien inspirés de s'efforcer d'abord de les comprendre. Voilà qui les aiderait sans doute à se comprendre eux-mêmes. Souvent, des phénomènes qui paraissent complexes de prime abord sont on ne peut plus simples dans leur essence. C'est le cas dans le sujet qui nous occupe : au fil des millénaires, l'humanité a su créer une grande richesse spirituelle. A la différence des réserves de pétrole ou des capacités de production en blé, cette réserve est suffisante pour nourrir tout le genre humain ; elle dépasse même ses besoins. Le problème réside dans le fait que les voies menant à la mise en valeur de ces réserves ne cessent de se rétrécir. L'humanité actuelle a plus que jamais besoin de nourriture spirituelle. Les écrivains font partie de la brigade appelée à préparer cette nourriture. De ce point de vue, l'histoire des milliers d'écrivains qui vécurent dans le monde communiste se réduit à cette simple question : quand cette moitié de l'humanité avait faim, quels aliments lui avez-vous servis ? La réponse est tout aussi simple : En cette époque de ténèbres, quand autour d'eux tout était dénaturé, obscurci, perverti, ils se sont employés à préparer un peu de nourriture spirituelle à l'intention de leurs compatriotes. Un aliment sain ayant la faculté d'enrayer tant soit peu la dégénérescence et l'intoxication générales. Et quel ne fut leur émerveillement de constater que cette nourriture qu'ils avaient préparée pour ceux qui partageaient leur sort, fut aussi jugée salubre par d'autres, à l'extérieur, ici même, en Occident. Vous qui étiez libres, vous avez accepté sans hésiter de vous asseoir à notre pauvre table pour goûter un aliment spirituel qui avait vu le jour dans la servitude. Cela a été pour nous un motif de grande et profonde satisfaction, le plus précieux témoignage que nous puissions recevoir. http://www.asmp.fr - Académie des Sciences morales et politiques. Nous y avons vu aussi une confirmation supplémentaire que la place de la littérature est au-dessus même de la servitude ou de la liberté, qu'elle est unique et universelle, et quelle le restera jusqu'à la fin des temps.	<urn:uuid:6f720959-f3f6-416c-99bf-595029f5f0ee>	HuggingFaceFW/finepdfs/tree/main/data/fra_Latn/train	finepdfs	fra_Latn	59,344
Maestra Dólares Frontera \| Descripción \| Beneficios \| Requisitos de contratación \| \|---\|---\|---\| \| Maestra Dólares Frontera es una cuenta de depósito bancario de dinero a la vista en dólares, moneda de los Estados Unidos de América, que te permite administrar tu dinero de manera eficiente Dirigida a personas físicas con o sin actividad empresarial que viven en la frontera norte de México \| Te permite obtener cobertura cambiaria, controlar, administrar y usar tu dinero desde avanzados y cómodos canales de servicio Tendrás promociones y descuentos especiales con el programa Vida BBVA Bancomer1 Se te otorgará una tarjeta de débito internacional y/o una chequera Contrata protección de cheques y disminuye las posibilidades de fraudes. Cada cheque protegido es validado al momento del pago Todas las consultas de saldo y retiros de efectivo que realices en cajeros automáticos BBVA Bancomer ¡serán gratuitos! Tendrás acceso a medios electrónicos básicos \| Identificación oficial vigente con fotografía (pasaporte vigente, credencial de elector, cédula profesional, FM2, FM3 o FMT) Comprobante de domicilio (recibo de agua, luz, predial, teléfono). La residencia del titular de la cuenta deberá ser dentro de la franja fronteriza (20 kilómetros paralela a la línea divisoria internacional del norte del país o en el estado de Baja California y Baja California Sur) 500 Dlls. como monto de apertura \| 1.El programa Vida BBVA Bancomer está asociado a la tarjeta débito internacional que se entrega al contratar este producto, mas no a la cuenta misma. Más información del programa en www.bancomer.com Incumplir tus obligaciones te puede generar comisiones e intereses moratorios. El concepto de estas comisiones puede cambiar de conformidad con lo que establezcan las disposiciones legales aplicables. Última actualización: agosto 2015. Requisitos de contratación y consulta de comisiones en www.bancomer.com Se aplica en Territorio Nacional.	<urn:uuid:c291fe6d-5708-4efa-b82d-d2b4398bb388>	HuggingFaceFW/finepdfs/tree/main/data/spa_Latn/train	finepdfs	spa_Latn	1,948
TECHNISCHES DATENBLATT Type: KGEO 150 TF - GRK 3 Produktbeschreibung: Kunstfaservlies aus 100 % Polypropylen Fasern, mechanisch vernadelt und thermisch fixiert, verrottungsfest, UV-beständig. Geotextilien, die für Trennen, Filtern und Dränen angewendet werden (nach EN 13249, 13250, 13251, 13252, 13253, 13254, 13255, 13257, 13265) Standardabmessung: Rollenlänge: 100 m Rollenbreite: 200 / 400 / 500 cm \| \| \| \| Toleranz: \| \|---\|---\|---\|---\| \| Flächengewicht \| 165 \| g/m² \| -15 \| \| Dicke (2kPa) \| 1,1 \| mm \| -0,275 \| \| Farbe \| \| \| \| \| Höchstzugkraft längs (MD) \| 12 \| kN/m \| - 1,8 \| \| Höchstzugkraft quer (CMD) \| 12 \| kN/m \| - 1,8 \| \| Höchstzugkraftdehnung (MD) \| 50 \| % \| +/- 20 \| \| Höchstzugkraftdehnung quer (CMD) \| 75 \| % \| +/- 20 \| \| Energieaufnahme \| 4,8 \| kJ/m² \| \| \| Stempeldurchdrückkraft \| 2000 \| N \| - 300 \| \| Kegelfalltest \| 24 \| mm \| 3,6 \| \| Durchschlagverhalten \| --- \| N \| --- \| \| Schutzwirksamkeit \| --- \| % \| --- \| \| Charakteristische Öffnungsweite \| 70 \| µm \| +/- 20 \| \| Wasserdurchlässig normal zur Ebene \| 70 \| l/m²s \| - 21 \| \| Wasserableitvermögen in Ebene (20kPa) \| 1,85E-03 \| l/ms \| -5,55E-04 \| \| Oxidationsbeständigkeit \| MD 91,5 % Res. CMD 94,5 % Res. \| \| \| \| Verfestigungsart \| \| \| \| Beständig für mehr als 50 Jahre bei Anwendungen ohne Bewehrungsfunktion in natürlichen Böden mit einem ph-Wert zwischen 4 und 9 und einer Bodentemperatur < 25° C (UNI EN 12224). 14 Tage nach Einbau abzudecken, sonst kann ein Festigkeitsabfall eintreten. Die Daten sind Erfahrungswerte nach aktuellem Stand der Produktion und unterliegen handelsüblichen Toleranzen, stellen aber keine zugesicherten Eigenschaften dar. Technische Änderungen bleiben vorbehalten Die von uns vertriebenen Produkte sind IVG und CE – zertifiziert. Nr. 2042	<urn:uuid:3afd70f5-610d-4bf9-98a6-86819863e018>	HuggingFaceFW/finepdfs/tree/main/data/deu_Latn/train	finepdfs	deu_Latn	1,770
Firmen-Police FKA 11-0060492-24 Versicherungsnehmer: Heinrich Bollmann GmbH Schreinerei-Akustikbau Limesstr. 19 63741 Aschaffenburg Versicherungsbestätigung zur Betriebshaftpflichtversicherung Sehr geehrte Damen, sehr geehrte Herren, hiermit bestätigen wir Ihnen, dass für Ihre Firma bei unserer Gesellschaft eine Betriebs-Haftpflichtversicherung besteht. Versichert ist die gesetzliche Haftpflicht privatrechtlichen Inhalts für die Firma mit folgendem Tätigkeitsprogramm: Akustikbau, Schreinerei, Akustik-Trockenbau, Malerbetrieb. Des weiteren Montage und Einbau von Brandschutz und Brandschutzelementen ohne eigene Planung und Herstellung der Elemente durch den Versicherungsnehmer Die Versicherungssumme des Vertrages beträgt je Schadenereignis 5.000.000 EUR pauschal für Personen- und Sachschäden je Versicherungsjahr das Dreifache dieser Versicherungssummen. Innerhalb der für Sachschäden vereinbarten Versicherungssumme gelten besondere Versicherungssummen für Tätigkeitsschäden: 100.000 EUR je Schadeneereignis 300.000 EUR je Versicherungsjahr Die Grundlage des Versicherungsschutzes bilden neben den Allgemeinen Bedingungen für die Haftpflichtversicherung (AHB) unsere Besonderen Bedingungen und Risikobeschreibungen für Bauhandwerker, die Besonderen Bedingungen und Risikobeschreibungen für die Umwelthaftpflicht-Basisversicherung sowie die Allgemeinen Versicherungsbedingungen für die Umweltschadens-Basisversicherung. Auf die besonderen Risikobegrenzungen des Vertrages, Begrenzungen der Versicherungssumme, sowie die vereinbarten Selbstbeteiligungen des Versicherungsnehmers wird hingewiesen. Versicherungsperiode: 01.01.2018 bis 01.01.2019 Mit freundlichen Grüßen Württembergische Versicherung AG gez. Bergmüller gez. Wörner	<urn:uuid:55aefbe6-b23c-474b-939b-cb3556e26b27>	HuggingFaceFW/finepdfs/tree/main/data/deu_Latn/train	finepdfs	deu_Latn	1,756
Prefeitura Municipal de Baianópolis 1 Segunda-feira • 22 de Março de 2021 • Ano VI • Nº 970 Esta edição encontra-se no site oficial deste ente. Prefeitura Municipal de Baianópolis publica: * Portaria N°. 040/2021 - Fica nomeado o Sr Jadson José Sales, para o cargo de Supervisor da Escolar Municipal Padre José de Anchieta, no Povoado de Lagoa Clara desta Municipalidade. * Portaria N°. 041/2021 – Fica nomeada a Srª Leidiane Palmeira Rodrigues de Medeiros, para o cargo de Supervisora da Escolar Municipal Getúlio Vargas, no Povoado de Lagoa Clara desta Municipalidade. * Portaria N°. 042/2021 – Fica nomeada a Srª Thaysa Vieira de Miranda Barros, para o cargo de Supervisora da Centro Educacional 31 de Março, na Sede desta Municipalidade. Gestor - Jandira Soares Silva Xavier / Secretário - Governo / Editor - Ass. de Comunicação Praça Municipal, 10 CERTIFICAÇÃO DIGITAL: KX521NDZIHSATTIVHJZ0+Q Portarias	<urn:uuid:7a47e85a-f45f-4122-b59f-d0f01ee5cc04>	HuggingFaceFW/finepdfs/tree/main/data/por_Latn/train	finepdfs	por_Latn	915
Съобщение за пресата Люксембург, 23 ноември 2021 г. Изчисленият от Европейската комисия процент на грешките при разходите по политиката на ЕС за сближаване не дава пълна представа за ситуацията Всяка година Европейската комисия оповестява изчисления от нея процент на нередовните разходи на ЕС в областта на политиката на сближаване. За тази цел тя извършва значителна по обем работа по приемането на годишните отчети на държавите членки и проверката на надеждността на информацията за редовността, която държавите членки предоставят във връзка с тази област на политика. В публикувания днес от ЕСП доклад се заключава обаче, че съответните проценти на грешките, оповестени от Комисията, не са окончателни и биха могли да доведат до занижаване на действителния процент на нередовните разходи по политиката на сближаване. Това е така поради слабостите, установени от одиторите в системата на Комисията за контрол. Политиката на сближаване, насочена към намаляване на различията в развитието между държавите членки и регионите на ЕС, се превърна в най-голямата област на политика на ЕС. Тя представлява над една трета от бюджета на ЕС (390 млрд. евро за периода 2014— 2020 г.). Това е и област, в която рискът от нередовни разходи е висок, тъй като правилата, на които се подчинява, са сложни и голяма част от разходите се основават на принципа на възстановяване на разходи, декларирани от бенефициентите. Всяка година, след приключване на одитите от държавите членки на разходите в областта на сближаването, Европейската комисия извършва собствени проверки и оценка на работата и констатациите на одиторите на държавите членки. Въз основа на тези проверки Комисията може да потвърди дали процентите остатъчни грешки в разходите за сближаване, докладвани от държавите членки, са под прага от 2 %. „Собствената система на Европейската комисия за контрол не компенсира в достатъчна степен слабостите в работата на одитните органи на държавите членки при проверката им на разходите в областта на сближаването", заяви Тони Мърфи, членът на Европейската сметна палата, който отговаря за доклада. „Изчисленият процент грешки, който Комисията оповестява ежегодно в докладите за дейността на генералните дирекции и в Годишния доклад за управлението и изпълнението, не е окончателен и може да представлява само минимална стойност." Настоящото съобщение за пресата има за цел да представи основните послания на специалния доклад, приет от Европейската сметна палата. Пълният текст на доклада е публикуван на eca.europa.eu. За периода 2014—2020 г. одиторите отбелязват, че Европейската комисия освобождава първоначално удържаните 10 % от размера на плащанията, дори ако разполага с данни, че разходите от отчетите съдържат ниво на грешки над 2 %. Въпреки че това е в съответствие с регламента, то не е в съответствие с общата цел, заради която е въведено задържането на плащанията — защита на бюджета на ЕС. За периода 2021—2027 г. одиторите отбелязват някои положителни промени — например Комисията вече не може да приема отчети с докладван остатъчен общ процент на грешките (ООПГ) над 2 %. Тя обаче ще продължи да освобождава намаления на 5 % депозит, преди да извърши своите проверки на редовността на разходите. Тези изменения все още не отговарят на целта за защита на бюджета на ЕС. Със своите документни проверки Комисията има за цел да провери последователността на информацията за редовността, предоставена от държавите членки. Одиторите обаче установиха присъщи ограничения, които предполагат, че продължават да съществуват неоткрити и некоригирани нередовни разходи. Поради това тези документни проверки имат ограничена стойност по отношение на потвърждаването на редовността на свързаните с отчетите операции и валидността на докладваните проценти остатъчни грешки. Въпреки че проверките допринасят към основания на риска подход за подбор на оперативни програми при одити на съответствието, Комисията невинаги е избирала тези с най-висок оценен риск и не е документирала в достатъчна степен обосновката за техния подбор. Одитите на съответствието, при които Комисията разглежда допустимостта на операциите и свързаните с тях разходи, са най-важният елемент от нейната оценка на работата на одитния орган и свързаните с нея констатации. Одиторите на ЕС обръщат внимание на високата честота на неоткритите грешки, установени от Комисията, въпреки малкия размер на извадката от проверени операции. Това означава, че вероятно има и други видове грешки в останалите операции от извадката и в разходите, които не са проверени от Комисията. Въпреки това Комисията използва резултатите от тази дейност като основа за своя ключов показател за изпълнение (КПИ), за който се счита, че представлява най-добрата приблизителна оценка на процента остатъчни грешки при разходите за сближаване. Одиторите на ЕС считат, че този КПИ представлява само минималният изчислен процент грешки — стойност, която също така не е окончателна, тъй като процентите грешки, докладвани от държавите членки, могат да продължават да бъдат преразглеждани и увеличавани в резултат на текуща или бъдеща одитна дейност на Комисията. Поради това одиторите на ЕС заключават, че Комисията вероятно занижава действителния процент на грешките при разходите по политиката на сближаване в своя основен документ за отчетност — Годишния доклад за управлението и изпълнението. С цел да се подобри докладването относно редовността на разходите за сближаване за новия програмен период, одиторите на ЕС отправят четири препоръки в доклада. Обща информация В политиката на сближаване на ЕС рамката за контрол и предоставяне на увереност обхваща по-специално два цикъла на контрол — цикъл на равнището на държавите членки и последващ цикъл на равнище Европейска комисия. Това е така, защото Комисията и органите на държавите членки управляват съвместно изпълнението на политиката на сближаване и средствата по нея, концепция, която се нарича „споделено управление". Специален доклад № 26/2021 „Редовност на разходите по политиката на сближаване на ЕС — Комисията оповестява ежегодно минимален и неокончателен процент на грешките" е публикуван на уебсайта на ЕСП (eca.europa.eu). Преди месец ЕСП публикува доклад относно финансирането, основано на резултати, в политиката на сближаване. Европейската сметна палата представя своите специални доклади пред Европейския парламент и Съвета на ЕС, както и пред други заинтересовани страни, като националните парламенти, бизнеса и представители на гражданското общество. По-голямата част от препоръките, отправени от ЕСП в нейните доклади, се изпълняват. Лице за контакт в пресслужбата Пресслужба на ЕСП: firstname.lastname@example.org - Claudia Spiti: email@example.com — Моб. тел.: (+352) 691 553 547 - Vincent Bourgeais: firstname.lastname@example.org — Моб. тел.: (+352) 691 551 502	<urn:uuid:7652b157-86c5-4cde-bbd4-e5fa8e075a30>	HuggingFaceFW/finepdfs/tree/main/data/bul_Cyrl/train	finepdfs	bul_Cyrl	6,791
COMUNE DI PERUGIA DELIBERAZIONE DEL CONSIGLIO COMUNALE N. 55 DEL 08.04.2019 L'anno DUEMILADICIANNOVE il giorno OTTO del mese di APRILE, alle ore 11,58, nella consueta sala delle adunanze di Palazzo dei Priori, convocato nelle forme e nei termini di legge, si è riunito il Consiglio Comunale. Risultano presenti e assenti, alla deliberazione in oggetto, i consiglieri: Pres. Ass. Pres. Ass. ROMIZI ANDREA 1 VARASANO LEONARDO 2 CASTORI CARLO 3 LUCIANI CLAUDIA 4 CENCI GIUSEPPE 5 FRONDUTI ARMANDO 6 CAMICIA CARMINE 7 TRACCHEGIANI ANTONIO 8 SORCINI PIERO 9 CAGNOLI GIACOMO 10 NUMERINI OTELLO 11 VIGNAROLI FRANCESCO 12 MARCACCI MARIA GRAZIA 13 SCARPONI EMANUELE 14 FELICIONI MICHELANGELO 15 DE VINCENZI SERGIO 17 PITTOLA LORENA 18 MIGNINI STEFANO 19 NUCCIARELLI FRANCO 20 LEONARDI ANGELA 21 MORI EMANUELA 22 BORI TOMMASO 23 VEZZOSI ALESSANDRA 24 BORGHESI ERIKA 25 MICCIONI LEONARDO 26 MIRABASSI ALVARO 27 BISTOCCHI SARAH 28 RANFA ELENA 29 ARCUDI NILO 30 ROSETTI CRISTINA 31 GIAFFREDA STEFANO 16 PASTORELLI CLARA 32 PIETRELLI MICHELE Presiede la seduta il PRESIDENTE Dr. LEONARDO VARASANO, con l'assistenza del SEGRETARIO GENERALE Dr. SSA FRANCESCA VICHI. Scrutatori designati i Signori Consiglieri // . La seduta è PUBBLICA CON VOTAZIONE PALESE. IL CONSIGLIO COMUNALE Su proposta G.C. n.5 del 06.02.2019: "Premesso che: - in ossequio alle previsioni della L. n.10/91, che obbliga le Amministrazioni Comunali con popolazione superiore ai 50.000 abitanti a redigere il Piano Energetico Ambientale comunale, con delibera del Consiglio Comunale n. 81 del 09/09/2013 è stato approvato l'aggiornamento del Piano Energetico ed Ambientale della città di Perugia; - detto Piano contiene: - una ricognizione sulle normative internazionali, nazionali e regionali in materia di energia ed ambiente; - l'analisi delle metodologie e delle esperienze di pianificazione energetica e ambientale comunale; - il delineamento del profilo dell'area di studio dal punto di vista fisico, so- (Sindaco) PROT. n. del -------- Allegati -------- Codice Archiv.ne Documenti non allegati OGGETTO: ADESIONE AL "PATTO DEI SINDACI PER IL CLIMA E L'ENERGIA". Dichiarata immediatamente eseguibile ai sensi dell'art.134, comma 4°, D.Lgs. 18.08.2000 n. 267 Pubblicata all'Albo Pretorio a decorrere dal Divenuta esecutiva ai sensi dell'art.134, comma 3°, D.Lgs. 18.08.2000 n.267, il PUBBLICATA ALL'ALBO PRETORIO: dal al RIPUBBLICATA ALL'ALBO PRETORIO: dal al PERUGIA, li cio-economico, climatologico e ambientale; - l'analisi dei consumi energetici comunali suddivisi per settori, fonti e per usi finali, confrontandoli con i dati provinciali e regionali; - l'individuazione dei principali indicatori energetici comunali, confrontandoli con gli omologhi regionali e nazionali; - la valutazione delle emissioni in atmosfera per settori e totali, la stima dei consumi energetici e delle emissioni in atmosfera futuri; - la valutazione del potenziale energetico delle fonti rinnovabili ed assimilate, passando in rassegna le principali fonti, fornendo indicazioni sulle risorse del territorio; - la messa a punto di una procedura per l'individuazione degli interventi da realizzare nel territorio del Comune di Perugia (circa 50 schede, suddivise in 3 aree tematiche: Fonti Rinnovabili, Trasporti e Ottimizzazione Combustibili, Risparmio Energetico); - la valutazione quantitativa del contributo all'abbattimento delle emissioni di CO2 di ogni singolo intervento. Atteso che con la predetta deliberazione n. 81/2013, il Consiglio Comunale ha ritenuto di fare proprio, tra gli scenari individuati nel PEAC, lo Scenario n. 4: Obiettivo Patto dei Sindaci, i cui risultati consentirebbero la riduzione delle emissioni di CO2eq al 2020 del 20% rispetto ai valori dell'anno 1996 di riferimento. Tenuto conto che con Deliberazione n. 15 del 04/02/2019 il Consiglio Comunale ha confermato l'indirizzo di adesione al Patto dei Sindaci. Considerato che: - l'Unione Europea ha adottato, in data 9.3.2007, il documento "Energia per un mondo che cambia", impegnandosi a ridurre le proprie emissioni di CO2 del 20% entro il 2020 e ad aumentare al contempo del 20% il livello di efficienza energetica e del 20% la quota di utilizzo delle fonti di energia rinnovabile sul totale del mix energetico; - la stessa Unione Europea, in data 23.1.2008, con l'approvazione del "Pacchetto Energia - Cambiamento climatico" ha ridefinito il sistema delle quote di emissioni e promosso una diversa ripartizione degli sforzi da intraprendere per adempiere all'impegno comunitario di ridurre le emissioni di gas serra in settori non rientranti nel sistema comunitario di scambio delle quote di emissione, individuando altresì nelle città il contesto in cui è maggiormente utile agire per raggiungere gli obiettivi di riduzione delle emissioni; - la Commissione Europea, in data 29.1.2008, ha promosso, in occasione della Settimana Europea dell'Energia Sostenibile, il "Covenant of Mayors – Patto dei Sindaci", con lo scopo di coinvolgere le Amministrazioni e le Comunità locali nel raggiungimento degli obiettivi sopra citati e, in particolare, di quello della riduzione delle emissioni di CO2 di almeno il 20% entro il 2020; - successivamente, in data 15.10.2015, è stato presentato il nuovo Patto dei Sindaci integrato per il Clima e l'Energia (allegato e parte integrante della presente deliberazione) nato dall'unione del Patto dei Sindaci e Mayors; - quest'ultima iniziativa ha come quadro di riferimento il nuovo contesto della politica europea, ed in particolare il Pacchetto 2030 su Clima ed Energia, la Strategia di adattamento dell'UE adottata dagli Stati membri dell'UE e la strategia dell'Unione dell'energia, che prevede possibilità di ulteriore sviluppo del Patto dei Sindaci; - detto Patto dei Sindaci per il Clima e l'Energia definisce infatti un rinnovato impegno e una visione condivisa per il 2050 al fine di affrontare le seguenti sfide interconnesse: - accelerare la decarbonizzazione dei nostri territori, contribuendo così a mantenere il riscaldamento globale medio al di sotto di 2°C; - rafforzare le nostre capacità di adattarsi agli impatti degli inevitabili cambiamenti climatici, rendendo i nostri territori più resilienti; - aumentare l'efficienza energetica e l'utilizzo di fonti energetiche rinnovabili sui nostri territori, garantendo così l'accesso universale a servizi energetici sicuri, sostenibili e accessibili a tutti. - il Patto dei Sindaci per il Clima e l'Energia propone inoltre una visione di carattere globale, aprendo la partecipazione alle autorità locali di tutto il mondo e invitando i Firmatari a condividere la loro visione, i risultati, l'esperienza e il knowhow con gli enti locali e regionali all'interno dell'UE e oltre; - gli impegni fissati dal Patto dei Sindaci per il Clima e l'Energia prevedono: - un obiettivo di riduzione delle emissioni di CO2 di almeno il 40% entro il 2030; - l'integrazione delle politiche di adattamento agli impatti dei cambiamenti climatici; - per tradurre questi impegni politici in azioni e misure concrete, i Firmatari si impegnano formalmente ad adempiere al seguente processo graduale: - preparare un Inventario di Base delle Emissioni e una Valutazione di Rischi e Vulnerabilità al cambiamento climatico; - presentare un Piano d'Azione per l'Energia Sostenibile ed il Clima (PAESC) entro due anni dall'adesione del consiglio comunale; - presentare rapporti di monitoraggio almeno ogni due anni dalla presentazione del Piano d'Azione per l'Energia Sostenibile e il Clima a fini di valutazione, monitoraggio e verifica; - sull'Inventario Base delle Emissioni (IBE) relativo ad uno specifico anno di riferimento saranno individuati e calcolati gli obiettivi di riduzione delle emissioni; - la valutazione di Rischi e Vulnerabilità al cambiamento climatico svilupperà un quadro completo dei rischi attuali e futuri del cambiamento climatico, identificherà le opportunità che ne derivano e fornirà informazioni su come valutare la capacità di adattamento; - il PAESC delineerà le principali azioni che le autorità locali pianificano di intraprendere per la mitigazione (azioni intraprese per ridurre le emissioni di CO2 e possibilmente degli altri gas serra) e l'adattamento (azioni intraprese per contrastare gli effetti e le vulnerabilità del cambiamento climatico); - lo stesso PAESC dovrà essere predisposto e approvato dal Consiglio comunale entro 24 mesi dalla deliberazione di adesione al Patto dei Sindaci, per poi essere monitorato e aggiornato con una cadenza non superiore a due anni mediante la predisposizione di specifici Rapporti di attuazione; - l'impegno, assunto a livello europeo attraverso l'adesione al Patto dei Sindaci per il Clima e l'Energia, potrà essere raggiunto solo se lo stesso sarà condiviso dagli stakeholder locali, dai cittadini e dai loro raggruppamenti; - i governi locali, quali amministrazioni più vicine ai cittadini, possono e devono a tal fine coordinare le azioni e realizzare esempi concreti in tale ambito. Ritenuto che il Comune di Perugia, stanti le finalità sopra ricordate, debba aderire all'iniziativa sopra menzionata. DATO ATTO, altresì, dei pareri favorevoli ai sensi dell'art. 49 del D.Lgs. 18.08.2000 n. 267 e dell'art. 20, comma 1, lettera K del Regolamento sull'ordinamento degli uffici del Comune di Perugia, di regolarità tecnica espresso dal Dirigente dell'U.O. Sistemi Tecnologici-Open Data-Energia Dott. Ing. Gabriele A. De Micheli, giusta delega conferita con D.D. n. 1 del 16/01/2015 dal Dirigente dell'Area Risorse Ambientali – Smart City e Innovazione Dott. Vincenzo Piro e del parere favorevole di regolarità contabile espresso dal Dirigente dell'Area Servizi Finanziari, Dott. Dante De Paolis." DATO ATTO del parere espresso dalla III^ Commissione Consiliare Permanente, competente per materia; UDITA la relazione del Presidente della III Commissione Consiliare Permanente, gli interventi: …..O M I S S I S ….. Con 26 voti favorevoli (Bistocchi Sarah, Bori Tommaso, Cagnoli Giacomo, Castori Carlo, Cenci Giuseppe, Felicioni Michelangelo, Fronduti Armando, Giaffreda Stefano, Leonardi Angela, Luciani Claudia, Marcacci Maria Grazia, Mignini Stefano, Mirabassi Alvaro, Mori Emanuela, Nucciarelli Franco, Numerini Otello, Pastorelli Clara, Pietrelli Michele, Pittola Lorena, Romizi Andrea, Rosetti Cristina, Sorcini Piero, Tracchegiani Antonio, Varasano Leonardo,Vezzosi Alessandra, Vignaroli Francesco), 1 astenuto (De Vincenzi Sergio), espressi con sistema di votazione elettronico dai 27 Consiglieri presenti e votanti; DELIBERA - di aderire al "Patto dei Sindaci per il Clima e l'Energia", finalizzato al coinvolgimento delle comunità locali, alla realizzazione di iniziative per ridurre nella città le emissioni di CO2 e per contrastare gli effetti e le vulnerabilità del cambiamento climatico attraverso l'attuazione di un Piano d'Azione per l'Energia Sostenibile e il Clima; - di conferire mandato al Sindaco affinché provveda alla formalizzazione di detta adesione; - di impegnarsi, conseguentemente, alla predisposizione e all'adozione, entro due anni dalla formalizzazione della predetta adesione, del Piano d'Azione per l'Energia Sostenibile e il Clima; - di nominare quale, Responsabile del procedimento, il Dirigente della competente U.O. Sistemi Tecnologici-Open Data-Energia.	<urn:uuid:4372fba0-1701-4f9f-8ec3-3326b3104b09>	HuggingFaceFW/finepdfs/tree/main/data/ita_Latn/train	finepdfs	ita_Latn	11,363
Mahogany Rise Primary School VICTORIAN CURRICULUM – CURRICULUM LINKS TO MRPS PLANNING Level 4 LANGUAGE PROGRAM: MRPS CURRICULUM Understanding Language Concepts and Following Directions I can face the speaker I can focus my attention on the speaker and ignore distractions I can identify and explain situations in which being able to give and follow directions are important I can identify key words in a complex command I can create a visual picture in my mind of what I need to do when given an instruction I can link key words to things I already know and my experiences I can identify how words within a complex instruction relate to each other I can describe my thinking process for listening to instructions and how I conceptualised and combine information I can demonstrate understanding of communication breakdown and repair, recognising that people have different schemas and are not all thinking the same thing I can use some conversational repair strategies including: - Asking questions when I have not fully understood an instruction - Giving more information or altering my communication (slowing down, speaking more clearly) when others have not understood me Victorian Curriculum Links Speaking and Listening Understand that social interactions influence the way people engage with ideas and respond to others (VCELA304) Interpret ideas and information in spoken texts and listen for key points in order to carry out tasks and use information to share and extend ideas and use interaction skills (VCELY307) Make notes about a task, asking questions to clarify or follow up information, and seeking assistance if required (S&L) Understand how adverb groups/phrases and prepositional phrases work in different ways to provide circumstantial details about an activity (VCELA280) Reading Understand how adverb groups/phrases and prepositional phrases work in different ways to provide circumstantial details about an activity (reading) Writing Understand that the meaning of sentences can be enriched through the use of noun groups/phrases and verb groups/phrases and prepositional phrases (writing) I can identify where communication breakdown has occurred when it causes an instruction to be followed incorrectly I can follow and give directions that include a range of complex concepts that include time (during, until, after), description (wriggly, short, yellow, quickly), location (centre, corner, on top of), inclusion/exclusion (except for, neither, unless, if), direction (left, horizontal) objects including shapes, choice (either, or), order (1 st , alphabetically), adverbs (quickly, carefully, softly) I can create clear, concise procedures verbally that include prepositions, power verbs and timing. I can give and follow multiple step directions with appropriate connectives. Understanding Paragraphs I can face the speaker I can focus my attention on the speaker and ignore distractions I can identify key words in a paragraph I can link key words to things I already know and my experiences (use my schema) I can identify real life situations in which I need to remember and understand information or stories given verbally I can visualise paragraphs read to me from a range of text types I can describe my thinking process for listening to paragraphs I can demonstrate understanding of communication breakdown and repair, recognising that people have different schemas and are not all thinking the same thing I can recognise when I have gaps in information and ask relevant questions Reading Use comprehension strategies to build literal and inferred meaning to expand content knowledge, integrating and linking ideas and analysing and evaluating texts (VCELY288) Speaking and listening Understand differences between the language of opinion and feeling and the language of factual reporting or recording (VCELA305) Discuss literary experiences with others, sharing responses and expressing a point of view (VCELT306) Interpret ideas and information in spoken texts and listen for key points in order to carry out tasks and use information to share and extend ideas and use interaction skills (VCELY307) I can combine pieces of information given verbally to form conclusions I can listen to a spoken text and answer both literal and abstract questions I can identify the purpose of a range of text types I can differentiate between the language of opinion and feeling and the language of factual reporting or recording. I can understand and answer questions about a range of texts. I can identify the main idea of a range of text types I can give my own opinion about a text and explain reasons for my feelings I can make inferences from spoken texts such as: - Inferring how a character is feeling by imagining how they would feel in the same situation, or from the characters actions - Inferring where/when according to activities being undertaken (opening presents – birthday or Christmas, talking to the teacher – at school) - Inferring cause and effect – why something happened or why a character made a particular choice - The opinions/views/feelings of the author - Purpose of the text Phonemic Awareness I can separate words into syllables I can articulate what a syllable is and that every syllable contains a vowel I can identify patterns in spoken words I can produce word groups with patterns I can blend and segment syllables with blends I can manipulate sounds in syllables with blends I can read and spell common words with common and uncommon spelling patterns I can make reasonable attempts to read and spell unknown words using my knowledge of Writing Understand how to use phonic generalisations to identify and write words with more complex letter combinations (VCELA294) Understand how to use spelling patterns and generalisations including syllabification, letter combinations including double letters, and morphemic knowledge to build word families (VCELA295) sounds, letters, spelling patterns, suffixes, prefixes and grammar I can air-write and visualise words to develop my spelling and reading fluency I can demonstrate that I know the difference between blends and diagraphs I can identify which vowels are long and which are short I can identify differing, common and uncommon spelling patterns for long vowel sounds I can air-write and visualise 1 syllable nonsense words spelt phonetically I can identify a range of common suffixes and prefixes I can relate suffixes and prefixes to grammar and semantic meaning (un, re, ing, ed, ly) I know and can apply commons spelling rules (double l, ck-c-k, soft and hard g, soft and hard c) I can identify homophones and use context to choose the correct spelling (eg. their, they're, there) I understand that Australian Standard English is one of many dialects and that pronunciation of words varies. I understand that not all students and staff will sound out words in the same way due to variations in pronunciation. WRITING MRPS CURRICULUM Narrative I can - use specific language when describing events/stories to create a clear picture (eg. "Carefully, the young girl stepped into the warm, ocean water, preparing to swim" rather than "she went in the water") - use weather details in openers to provide a picture of when (eg. On a dark, stormy night; One sunny, summer afternoon; It was a dreary, winter morning) - provide concrete and abstract character descriptions that allow the listener to form a picture and emotional response - sequence a series of pictures to create a logical sequence of events - describe a sequence of events with relevant detail - retell a story in sequence with all relevant detail Recognise homophones and know how to use context to identify correct spelling (VCELA296) Speaking and listening Understand that Standard Australian English is one of many social dialects used in Australia, and that while it originated in England it has been influenced by many other languages (VCELA303) VICTORIAN CURRICULUM LINKS Speaking and listening Plan, rehearse and deliver presentations incorporating learned content and taking into account the particular audiences and purposes such as informative, persuasive and imaginative, including multimodal elements (VCELY308) Reading Discuss how authors and illustrators make stories exciting, moving and absorbing and hold readers' interest by using various techniques (VCELT284) - create a sequence of events - appropriately describe a range of emotions - create a full narrative from a given stimulus, including orientation, complication, resolution and conclusion with visual prompt check list - co-operate with a group to create a story including: o providing input through presenting my ideas o listening to others ideas o being willing to accept others ideas when they are not the same as my own - describe characters feelings, intentions and opinions - prepare and provide a group, verbal narrative to the class - use a narrative presentation rubric to assess my narrative and presentation skills - provide positive comments and constructive criticism of others narrative presentations skills - create and use synonym charts/ladders and word walls to improve the vocabulary of my narratives - use a thesaurus (physical or online) to find synonyms to improve vocabulary of a story Formulating sentences/grammar: I can identify, use and explain purpose of: - nouns, verbs, adjectives and adverbs - correct tense for the communication purpose and/or text type I can: - use complex connectives (e.g. although, even though, however, otherwise, unless) - use 'wh-word' questions appropriate to the situation (e.g. who, what, when, where, why, which) - ask yes/no questions appropriate to the situation (e.g. questions that start with can, will, does, is, should) - use negatives in spoken sentences (e.g. not, can't, don't, hasn't, won't, nothing, nobody, shouldn't) - use resources such as word walls, thesaurus and synonym charts to add detail to my sentences - describe my own feelings and causality in full sentences (e.g. I was really confused by the end of the movie, as I missed the beginning and couldn't work out what was going on) - understand that language that is appropriate for school may be different from what is accepted at home and use school appropriate language in my sentences Describe the effects of ideas, text structures and language features of literary texts (VCELT283) Make connections between the ways different authors may represent similar storylines, ideas and relationships (VCELT282) Writing Create literary texts by developing storylines, characters and settings (VCELT297) Incorporate new vocabulary from a range of sources, including vocabulary encountered in research, into own texts (VCELA293) Reading Understand how adverb groups/phrases and prepositional phrases work in different ways to provide circumstantial details about an activity (VCELA280) - describe why I do something (e.g. I work hard on handwriting because I want to write neat letters to my grandma) - describe other people's feelings/actions with cause and effect flow on in complex sentences (e.g. We could all tell his constant tapping was driving her mad, which resulted in a tense, uncomfortable afternoon for everyone.) - explain the rule for 'a' and 'an' (a before a consonant, an before a vowel) Pragmatics I can - Demonstrate an understanding of the importance and roles that social interaction play - Demonstrate appropriate body language and eye contact for listening - Observe turn-taking rules in the classroom and in social interactions - Demonstrate through my actions that I understand school rules - Know how someone is feeling based on nonverbal cues - Respond to and initiate affection appropriately and safely - Give and receive compliments and appreciation appropriately - Initiate and maintain appropriate conversations - Adjusts/modifies language appropriately depending on the communication partner and location - Start/respond to negotiations appropriately - Respond appropriately when asked to change my actions (by accepting/rejecting) - Agree and disagree using appropriate language - Read and interpret the following accurately: o tone of voice o body language o facial cues Speaking and Listening Understand that social interactions influence the way people engage with ideas and respond to others (VCELA304)	<urn:uuid:237d2c69-f986-4341-99b9-c92bc4665f44>	HuggingFaceFW/finepdfs/tree/main/data/eng_Latn/train	finepdfs	eng_Latn	12,411
Archivio selezionato: Sentenze Cassazione Penale ESTREMI Cassazione penale sez. un. Autorità: Data udienza: 25 novembre 2010 Numero: n. 27918 CLASSIFICAZIONE PROVA PER IL GIUDIZIO PENALE - Ammissione, acquisizione e richiesta delle prove - in genere Vedi tutto PROVA PER IL GIUDIZIO PENALE - Letture - verbali di dichiarazioni rese da persona residente all'estero GIUDIZIO PENALE ORDINARIO - Fascicolo per il e del dibattimento - atti irripetibili PROVA PER IL GIUDIZIO PENALE - Letture - consentite PROCEDIMENTO PENALE - Dichiarazioni predibattimentali - Testimone residente all'estero Giudizio - Mancata escussione dibattimentale - Recupero del verbale investigativo Acquisizione agli atti - Utilizzazione - Lettura del verbale - Condizioni - Limiti. INTESTAZIONE ``` LA CORTE SUPREMA DI CASSAZIONE SEZIONI UNITE PENALI Composta dagli Ill.mi Sigg.ri Magistrati: Dott. FAZZIOLI Edoardo - Presidente Dott. MILO Nicola - Consigliere Dott. SIOTTO Maria Cristin - Consigliere Dott. ROTELLA Mario - Consigliere Dott. GALBIATI Ruggero - Consigliere Dott. FRANCO Amedeo - rel. Consigliere Dott. FIANDANESE Franco - Consigliere Dott. DI TOMASSI Mariastefania - Consigliere Dott. MACCHIA Alberto - Consigliere ha pronunciato la seguente: sentenza sul ricorso proposto da: D.F.C., nato a (OMISSIS); avverso la sentenza del 25/09/2009 dalla Corte di appello di Messina; visti gli atti, il provvedimento impugnato e il ricorso; udita la relazione svolta dal consigliere Dott. Amedeo Franco; udito il Pubblico Ministero, in persona dell'Avvocato Generale MARTUSCIELLO Vittorio, che ha concluso chiedendo l'annullamento con rinvio della sentenza impugnata; udito il difensore avv. Logorelli Maria Germana, in sostituzione dell'avv. Trimarchi Rosario, che ha concluso chiedendo l'accoglimento del ricorso. ``` FATTO RITENUTO IN FATTO 1. Con sentenza 10 marzo 2006, il Tribunale di Messina dichiarò D.F.C. colpevole del reato di cui all'art. 609-bis c.p., u.c. - per avere, quale custode di uno stabilimento pubblico, durante una visita guidata, costretto la studentessa danese A. M.Y. a subire atti sessuali consistiti in toccamenti e palpeggiamenti lascivi - e, con le attenuanti generiche equivalenti all'aggravante di cui all'art. 61 c.p., n. 11, lo condannò alla pena di un anno e otto mesi di reclusione, oltre pene accessorie e con i doppi benefici. Il Tribunale fondò il giudizio di colpevolezza sulla denuncia presentata dalla persona offesa alla polizia, ritenendo che di essa poteva essere data lettura, ai sensi dell'art. 512-bis cod. proc. pen., stante la ritenuta impossibilità di sentire la teste in dibattimento, perchè la stessa, cittadina straniera residente all'estero, "pur avvisata", non aveva ritirato il plico con la citazione, il che dimostrava la sua mancanza di volontà di tornare in Italia solo per rendere testimonianza. Avverso tale sentenza l'imputato propose appello, censurando, tra l'altro, l'applicazione dell'art. 512-bis cod. proc. pen.. La Corte d'appello di Messina, con sentenza 25 settembre 2009, confermò la decisione di primo grado, osservando in particolare che poteva darsi lettura della denuncia della persona offesa ai sensi dell'art. 512-bis cod. proc. pen. perchè erano state esperite le formalità di citazione della testimone previste dall'art. 727 cod. proc. pen. ed era realisticamente impossibile, in mancanza di strumenti coattivi, ottenerne la presenza in dibattimento in tempi ragionevoli. 2. L'imputato ha proposto ricorso per cassazione deducendo violazione di legge e vizio di motivazione in relazione agli artt. 512-bis e 526 cod. proc. pen., nonchè all'art. 111 Cost.. Osserva che l'"impossibilità assoluta" di effettuare l'esame del dichiarante nel contraddittorio non sussiste allorchè sia dovuta a mere difficoltà logistiche, superabili, ad esempio, con la rogatoria prevista dall'art. 4 della Convenzione Europea di assistenza in materia penale. Pertanto, solo qualora la rogatoria internazionale "mista" sia impossibile diventa legittima la lettura delle dichiarazioni predibattimentali. Sono perciò erronei sia il riferimento del Tribunale all'intuibile assoluta mancanza di volontà della persona offesa, sia le generiche motivazioni della Corte d'appello. La difesa del ricorrente ha poi depositato memoria datata 6.9.2010 con cui il motivo di ricorso è stato ulteriormente illustrato, con richiami di giurisprudenza. 3. La Terza Sezione penale, cui il ricorso era stato assegnato, con ordinanza del 28 settembre 2010, lo ha rimesso alle Sezioni Unite al fine di risolvere la questione, oggetto di incertezze giurisprudenziali, se l'assoluta impossibilità dell'esame dibattimentale, richiesta per l'utilizzazione delle dichiarazioni rese nel corso delle indagini dalla persona informata sui fatti, consista o meno nella totale e definitiva impossibilità di ottenere la presenza del dichiarante. L'ordinanza di rimessione rileva che sia l'art. 111 Cost., comma 5, sia l'art. 6, comma 3, lett. d), della Convenzione Europea per la salvaguardia dei diritti dell'uomo e delle libertà fondamentali (di seguito, CEDU), impongono di dare agli artt. 512 e 512-bis cod. proc. pen. una interpretazione restrittiva, che limiti le ipotesi di compressione del diritto dell'imputato di esaminare direttamente la persona che ha reso dichiarazioni a lui sfavorevoli ai casi di effettiva impossibilità. Osserva quindi che il bilanciamento fra le opposte esigenze, condensato negli artt. 512 e 512-bis cod. proc. pen., ha dato luogo ad interpretazioni non sempre coerenti tra loro. Secondo una prima opzione interpretativa, infatti, la "assoluta impossibilità dell'esame dibattimentale" prevista dall'art. 512-bis cod. proc. pen. non consiste nella "totale e definitiva impossibilità materiale" di ottenere la presenza del dichiarante, assumendo invece valore decisivo la circostanza che risulti "realisticamente impossibile ottenere in tempi ragionevoli" tale presenza. Secondo un altro indirizzo, la deroga alla regola della formazione della prova in contraddittorio richiede che siano esperite tutte le attività che l'ordinamento mette a disposizione dell'autorità giudiziaria al fine di rispettare la regola, non potendo avere rilievo le eventuali "difficoltà logistiche" all'esperimento della rogatoria internazionale. L'ordinanza evidenzia altresì che nella specie, alla luce del rifiuto della persona offesa di ritirare il plico contenente la citazione, viene in rilievo anche l'elemento della volontà del dichiarante residente all'estero di sottrarsi all'esame dibattimentale, ai fini della applicazione dell'art. 526 cod. proc. pen. Anche su questo punto la giurisprudenza ha offerto interpretazioni non coincidenti della nozione di volontarietà della sottrazione al contraddittorio, perchè alcune decisioni ritengono elemento decisivo la volontaria assenza del dichiarante all'udienza, mentre altre richiedono anche che il giudice abbia la prova diretta o logica che l'assenza sia causata dalla chiara volontà di sottrarsi all'esame in contraddittorio (sempre che non sia motivata dai timori di possibile ritorsione). 4. Il Primo Presidente, con decreto in data 15 ottobre 2010, ha assegnato il ricorso alle Sezioni Unite penali per la trattazione alla pubblica udienza del 25 novembre 2010. 5. In data 9 novembre 2010, il difensore del ricorrente ha depositato ulteriore memoria difensiva. DIRITTO CONSIDERATO IN DIRITTO 1. La questione di diritto per la quale il ricorso è stato rimesso alle Sezioni Unite è la seguente: "Se l'assoluta impossibilità dell'esame dibattimentale, richiesta per l'utilizzazione delle dichiarazioni rese nel corso delle indagini dalla persona informata sui fatti, consista o meno nella totale e definitiva impossibilità di ottenere la presenza del dichiarante". 2. In via preliminare, devono però essere verificate le attività processuali svolte prima che fosse disposta la lettura delle dichiarazioni rese dalla persona offesa alla polizia giudiziaria. Il ricorrente, invero, ha dedotto un error in procedendo, ai sensi dell'art. 606 c.p.p., comma 1, lett. c), con la conseguenza che questa Corte è giudice anche del fatto e, per risolvere la relativa questione, può accedere all'esame diretto degli atti processuali. Ora, dall'esame degli atti risulta, tra l'altro: - che la persona offesa, di nazionalità danese, presentò denuncia-querela orale al commissariato di polizia di Taormina il 22.10.1998, esponendo che il giorno precedente, nel corso di una visita turistica ad un monumento pubblico, aveva subito attenzioni sessuali ad opera del custode dello stesso; - che la denunzia era stata raccolta dall'ispettore di polizia coadiuvato da un collega interprete di lingua inglese; - che la querelante aveva indicato la sua residenza in Copenhagen. Quanto alla citazione della persona offesa nel giudizio di primo grado, risulta: - che il 15.7.2003 il Tribunale dispose la sua citazione, ai sensi dell'art. 727 cod. proc. pen., per l'udienza del 26.2.2004 e quindi, il 5.8.2003, inoltrò al Ministero della giustizia richiesta di notifica all'estero; - che il Ministero, con nota 26.8.2003, evidenziò che mancava la documentazione necessaria e che, peraltro, sulla base della Convenzione di applicazione per l'accordo di Schengen, l'autorità giudiziaria italiana poteva (previa traduzione) inviare gli atti del procedimento direttamente a mezzo posta (con raccomandata AR) alla persona residente in Danimarca, ai fini della notificazione (art. 52); - che il 18.9.2003, il Tribunale dispose la notifica dell'avviso ex art. 477 cod. proc. pen. e del verbale di udienza (tradotti in danese), con raccomandata AR, direttamente alla A. nell'indirizzo indicato in querela; - che il plico ritornò con l'annotazione "inconnu", tradotta dall'interprete in "sconosciuta all'indirizzo"; che il 12.5.2005 il Tribunale dispose una nuova citazione per l'udienza del 27.10.2005, - sia con notificazione allo stesso indirizzo sia per mezzo del Ministero della giustizia; - che il piego ritornò con l'annotazione "non reclemè", mentre la raccomandata inviata tramite il Ministero ritornò con l'annotazione "retour Italie"; - che il Tribunale dispose una ulteriore citazione per l'udienza del 10.3.2006 sempre con notificazione diretta al medesimo indirizzo; - che questo plico ritornò con la dicitura sulla busta "retour INC" e l'annotazione sul retro "inconnu"; - che all'udienza del 10.3.2006 furono ammesse le prove e sentiti l'ispettore di polizia e l'interprete del commissariato che avevano ricevuto la querela; - che quindi il Tribunale dichiarò che la persona offesa era stata regolarmente citata e, su richiesta del P.m. e con l'opposizione della difesa, dispose l'acquisizione della querela anche ai sensi dell'art. 512-bis cod. proc. pen.. Sul punto la sentenza di primo grado ha affermato che "almeno in relazione all'udienza del 27 ottobre 2005, la citazione della cittadina straniera, residente in Copenaghen, è formalmente regolare" perchè risultava che la destinataria, pur avvisata, non si era recata nell'ufficio postale per ritirare il plico, il quale infatti era tornato con la l'annotazione "non reclamè", aggiungendo che "tale atteggiamento conferma la intuibile e comprensibile, per molteplici motivi, anche economici assoluta mancanza della volontà e della possibilità di una turista danese di tornare in Italia solo per rendere testimonianza. Peraltro per un fatto che sa già di aver diffusamente a suo tempo rappresentato e per il quale ormai non ha istanze ulteriori e diverse da rivolgere alla autorità giudiziaria italiana". La Corte d'appello ha confermato la decisione osservando che le modalità di legge per la citazione della teste all'estero erano state osservate; che invero risultava il rifiuto dell'avviso da parte del destinatario; che era quindi possibile applicare l'art. 512-bis cod. proc. pen.. 3. Ciò posto, deve ricordarsi che il testo vigente dell'art. 512-bis cod. proc. pen. - concernente le dichiarazioni predibattimentali rese da persona residente all'estero - è stato introdotto dalla L. 16 dicembre 1999, n. 479, art. 43, al fine di adeguare la disposizione al nuovo testo dell'art. 111 Cost. adottato con la legge costituzionale n. 2 del 1999, già approvata anche se non ancora entrata in vigore. Il testo originario dell'art. 512-bis cod. proc. pen. era stato a sua volta introdotto dal D.L. 8 giugno 1992, n. 306, art. 8, convertito, con modificazioni, dalla L. 7 agosto 1992, n. 356, nell'ambito della cd. legislazione emergenziale, ed attribuiva al giudice il potere di disporre a richiesta di parte, tenuto conto degli altri elementi di prova acquisiti, la lettura dei verbali di dichiarazioni rese dal cittadino straniero residente all'estero in tutti i casi in cui questi non era stato citato ovvero essendo stato citato non era comparso. Presupposto applicativo della disposizione e quindi della legittimità delle letture era, pertanto, l'assenza del teste, o per mancata comparizione a seguito della sua citazione o anche per omissione della stessa citazione (come ritenuto dalla giurisprudenza prevalente, anche se non da tutti condivisa). Di conseguenza, la lettura dell'atto era ancorata esclusivamente al dato oggettivo della mancata comparizione ovvero della omessa citazione, indipendentemente dalla sussistenza di una effettiva impossibilità di ottenere la presenza del soggetto in giudizio e a fortiori dalla sua sindacabilità in sede dibattimentale, nel pieno del contraddittorio. La ratio era quella di evitare la dispersione di elementi probatori ogni qualvolta uno straniero avesse lasciato il territorio nazionale dopo aver reso dichiarazioni alle autorità inquirenti italiane. E' opinione diffusa che tale disciplina, soprattutto nell'ipotesi di omessa citazione, poteva di fatto risolversi in un comodo espediente per ottenere la lettura degli atti senza contraddittorio, introducendo una vera e propria presunzione di irripetibilità dell'atto. Spesso la lettura dell'atto non dipendeva da difficoltà oggettive e l'unico filtro era rappresentato dal parametro incerto ed indefinito del rapporto con il materiale probatorio acquisito ("tenuto conto degli altri elementi di prova acquisiti"). In buona sostanza, la previgente formulazione della disposizione aveva consentito di interpretarla in modo tale da permettere di derogare al principio dell'oralità per non disperdere, al dibattimento, attività di indagine e per soddisfare esigenze di economia processuale. Il vecchio testo dell'art. 512-bis era infatti indicato dalla giurisprudenza come espressione di un bilanciamento tra principio di oralità e principio di non dispersione dei mezzi di prova. Poichè l'omessa citazione poteva essere finalizzata a sottrarre il teste al contraddittorio, con possibilità di proliferazione di abusi e di irreperibilità strumentali, in dottrina alcuni avevano parlato di "una sorta di espediente utile per accelerare i tempi processuali ed evitare complicate ricerche all'estero, con totale sacrificio della posizione dell'imputato"; altri di "norma indecorosa"; altri ancora di norma "concepita in una cornice socio-istituzionale ... d'emergenza", la cui ratio era quella di "un significativo risparmio di energie processuali affrancando, sic et simpliciter, le dichiarazioni rilasciate da tale soggetto durante l'attività investigativa da qualsivoglia verifica dibattimentale". 4. La vecchia disposizione era dunque generalmente ritenuta incompatibile con il nuovo testo dell'art. 111 Cost., il quale con il comma 3 enuncia il principio del contraddittorio nella formazione della prova nel processo penale sia quale metodo di accertamento giudiziale dei fatti sia quale diritto dell'imputato di confrontarsi con il suo accusatore, prevedendo al comma 5 una serie limitata e tassativa di specifiche eccezioni (consenso dell'imputato, accertata impossibilità di natura oggettiva, provata condotta illecita). E può anche ricordarsi che il previgente testo dell'art. 512-bis cod. proc. pen., era ritenuto incompatibile, ancor prima che con il nuovo testo dell'art. 111 Cost., anche con i principi della CEDU; e che la modifica dell'art. 111 Cost. era stata dal legislatore di revisione costituzionale ritenuta necessaria proprio per adeguare il nostro ordinamento ai principi convenzionali anche a livello costituzionale. Il nuovo testo dell'art. 512-bis prevede ora che "Il giudice, a richiesta di parte, può disporre, tenuto conto degli altri elementi di prova acquisiti, che sia data lettura dei verbali di dichiarazioni rese da persona residente all'estero anche a seguito di rogatoria internazionale se essa, essendo stata citata, non è comparsa e solo nel caso in cui non ne sia assolutamente possibile l'esame dibattimentale". Sono chiare le finalità perseguite dalla L. n. 479 del 1999: armonizzare la disciplina delle letture col metodo dialettico di formazione della prova imposto dal novellato art. 111 Cost.; garantire i principi del contraddittorio nell'acquisizione della prova, anche se ciò può comportare un allungamento dei tempi del processo per la necessità di ulteriori accertamenti volti a verificare l'eventuale effettiva assoluta impossibilità di procedere all'esame dibattimentale; conformare l'ordinamento interno agli obblighi internazionali. La nuova formulazione dell'art. 512-bis, pertanto, se da un lato, ne ha esteso l'ambito di applicazione modificando la qualifica soggettiva della fonte di prova, che ora non è più il cittadino straniero ma qualsiasi persona residente all'estero, senza distinguere sulla nazionalità, da un altro lato, ne ha però drasticamente ridotto la portata derogatoria rispetto al principio della formazione della prova in dibattimento. Secondo la nuova disposizione, per poter recuperare a fini probatori le dichiarazioni pregresse non è più sufficiente la mancata comparizione o, addirittura, la mancata citazione, ma occorre che la parte richiedente abbia regolarmente citato la persona residente all'estero e, qualora questa non si sia presentata, occorre, altresì, che sia accertata l'assoluta impossibilità di sottoporla ad esame dibattimentale. La nuova formulazione tende dunque a neutralizzare le così dette "irripetibilità di comodo" e si fonda principalmente sulla impossibilità di ripetizione delle dichiarazioni. E' opportuno precisare subito che il nuovo testo dell'art. 512-bis assume i caratteri dell'eccezionalità e della residuante rispetto al principio generale posto dall'art. 111 Cost. del favor per l'assunzione della fonte dichiarativa nel contraddittorio delle parti e innanzi al giudice chiamato a decidere. Devono quindi essere interpretati restrittivamente e rigorosamente gli elementi da esso previsti ed ai quali è condizionata la sua applicazione (richiesta della parte interessata; facoltà del giudice con obbligo di motivare adeguatamente l'accoglimento o il rigetto della richiesta; decisione tenendo conto degli altri elementi di prova acquisiti; possibilità di lettura delle sole dichiarazioni documentate con un verbale ed assunte anche a seguito di rogatoria internazionale; effettiva residenza all'estero della persona, italiana o straniera; effettiva e valida citazione del teste e mancata comparizione dello stesso; assoluta impossibilità del suo esame dibattimentale). Di tali elementi, nel presente giudizio ne vengono in rilievo essenzialmente due: quello della mancata comparizione del teste nonostante la sua effettiva regolare citazione e quello dell'adempimento dell'onere, gravante sulla parte interessata, di provare l'assoluta impossibilità dell'escussione dibattimentale. Va ricordato che l'art. 512-bis cod. proc. pen., derogando ai principi di oralità e del contraddittorio di cui all'art. 111 Cost., è norma eccezionale, di interpretazione restrittiva, che deve essere applicata dal giudice di merito rigorosamente, previa attento vaglio e disamina dei presupposti che la legge richiede per la sua operatività. Il giudice, quindi, ove occorra, deve farsi carico degli adempimenti necessari a legittimarne l'applicazione e deve fornire adeguata e congrua motivazione della sussistenza dei presupposti per la sua operatività (cfr. Sez. 2, sent. n. 8565 del 01/06/1999, Lanzalonga, Rv. 213849). 5. La prima condizione di applicabilità della norma che viene in rilievo nel presente giudizio è quella di una corretta, effettiva e valida citazione. E' evidente che l'accertamento della mancata comparizione del teste e della assoluta impossibilità dell'esame dibattimentale richiede logicamente la preliminare verifica del buon esito della citazione. Non potrebbe, invero, parlarsi di mancata comparizione se non si è certi che la citazione sia validamente ed effettivamente avvenuta. Del resto, la citazione andata a buon fine è uno degli elementi maggiormente significativi della disciplina posta dal nuovo testo dell'art. 512-bis cod. proc. pen., esprimendo la chiara volontà del legislatore di superare la norma precedente, che si applicava a tutti i casi di mancata comparizione in dibattimento del testimone straniero, anche in assenza di citazione. Il requisito dell'assenza del teste residente all'estero è invece ora acclarabile solo se egli sia stato correttamente citato, senza tralasciare - ove occorra - le forme della rogatoria internazionale. Sul punto della verifica del presupposto di una effettiva e valida citazione, la giurisprudenza di questa Corte ha giustamente elaborato una linea di sicuro rigore. Già con riferimento al precedente testo dell'art. 512-bis si era affermato il principio che erano inutilizzabili le dichiarazioni rese al pubblico ministero da cittadini stranieri non comparsi senza che fosse stato esperito alcun accertamento sulla circostanza di fatto del luogo della loro residenza, tanto più che la disposizione non può essere applicata al cittadino straniero domiciliato in Italia (Sez. 2, sent. n. 8565 del 01/06/1999, Lanzalonga, cit.; Sez. 3, sent. n. 2470 del 01/12/1999, Massi, Rv, 215530). Con riferimento al nuovo testo, è stato esattamente affermato che l'accertamento della impossibilità di "natura oggettiva" di assunzione dei dichiaranti residenti all'estero presuppone una rigorosa verifica della regolare citazione all'estero delle persone e il controllo di un eventuale stato di detenzione e, in tal caso, l'attivazione delle procedure stabilite per ottenere la traduzione temporanea in Italia di dichiaranti detenuti o la loro assunzione mediante rogatoria con le garanzie del contraddittorio (Sez. 6, sent. n. 28845 del 12/04/2002, Daneluzzi, Rv. 222743). La deroga al principio costituzionale della formazione della prova nel contraddittorio richiede pertanto che la persona sia effettivamente residente all'estero; che sia stata citata; e che tale citazione sia avvenuta nelle forme inderogabilmente prescritte dalla legge, non potendo aversi incertezza in ordine alla verifica rigorosa della sussistenza dei presupposti della deroga, collegata all'assoluta impossibilità dell'esame dibattimentale di un soggetto che abbia avuto conoscenza legale dell'obbligo di presentarsi al processo. In particolare, le modalità di legge per la citazione del teste all'estero sono quelle previste dall'art. 727 cod. proc. pen. per le rogatorie internazionali (Sez. 6, sent. n. 9964 del 04/02/2003, Benedetti, Rv. 224710), senza alcuna possibilità di equipollenti affidati alla libertà di forma ed all'iniziativa del singolo ufficio giudiziario in riferimento a problemi contingenti ed asseritamente dovuti a difficoltà organizzative (cfr. Sez. 2, sent. n. 41260 del 14/12/2006, Nicodemo, Rv. 235388, in un caso in cui la citazione del teste all'estero era stata effettuata ai sensi dell'art. 149 cod. proc. pen. solo telefonicamente a mezzo di interprete, non essendo stato l'ufficio postale in grado di trasmettere il telegramma di conferma redatto in caratteri cirillici). In conclusione, la mancata comparizione del testimone residente all'estero è comportamento che può conseguire solo ad una citazione andata a buon fine, il che presuppone che egli sia stato correttamente citato, nelle forme dettate dalla peculiarità del caso, ivi comprese quelle della rogatoria internazionale. Presuppone altresì, nel caso in cui la notificazione non sia stata effettuata perchè il teste non è stato trovato all'indirizzo indicato (come nel caso di specie, in cui due volte su tre è risultato sconosciuto in detto indirizzo), che siano compiuti tutti quegli accertamenti necessari e opportuni per potere individuarne l'attuale domicilio. E difatti, il rispetto dell'art. 111 Cost., oltre che dell'art. 6 della CEDU, esige che l'irriperibilità di un soggetto non possa essere ritenuta solo sulla base di una verifica burocratica o di "routine", che prenda semplicemente atto del difetto di notificazione o che si limiti alle risultanze anagrafiche, ma debba conseguire ad un rigoroso accertamento che abbia comportato l'adempimento, da parte del giudice, dell'obbligo di fare tutto quanto in suo potere per reperire il dichiarante (Sez. U, sent. n. 36747 del 28/05/2003, Torcasio; Sez. 6, sent. n. 18150 del 19/02/2003, Bianchi, Rv. 225250; Sez. 2, sent. n. 43331 del 18/10/2007, Poltronieri; Sez. 3, sent. n. 25979 del 23/04/2009, Remling, Rv. 243956; Sez. 2, sent. n. 22358 del 27/05/2010, Spinella, Rv. 247434). L'art. 111 Cost., comma 5, evidenzia la necessità che l'impossibilità oggettiva sia "accertata", e quindi fa chiaro riferimento ad un'attività di verifica e controllo del giudice complessa, articolata e argomentata, il che impone di verificare tutte le possibilità di cui si dispone per assicurare la presenza della fonte di prova, con la conseguenza che non possono essere ritenuti sufficienti il difetto di notificazione o le risultanze anagrafiche, ma occorrono rigorose ed accurate ricerche, anche in campo internazionale, tali da consentire, nel caso concreto, di affermare con certezza l'irreperibilità del teste e, quindi, l'"impossibilità" del suo esame in contraddittorio (Sez. 2, sent. n. 43331 del 18/10/2007, Poltronieri, cit.). Anche per il testimone residente all'estero, del resto, può trovare applicazione, se non altro in via analogica, la regola sancita dall'art. 169 c.p.p., comma 4, per il caso di notificazioni all'imputato, secondo la quale, se risulta che questi risiede o dimora all'estero, "il giudice o il pubblico ministero, prima di pronunciare decreto di irreperibilità, dispone le ricerche anche fuori del territorio dello Stato nei limiti consentiti dalle convenzioni internazionali". Si tratta, del resto, di interpretazione conforme anche alla giurisprudenza della Corte di Strasburgo, la quale ha affermato che, ai fini dell'art. 6, comma 3, lett. d), della CEDU l'autorità giudiziaria deve porre in essere procedure ragionevoli per tentare di identificare la residenza di un testimone importante che l'accusato non aveva potuto interrogare (sentenze 08/06/2006, Bonev c. Bulgaria; 09/01/2007, Gossa c. Polonia; 24/02/2009, Tarau c. Romania). D'altra parte, a ben vedere, se si applica davvero la regola che devono essere effettuate accuratamente tutte le verifiche possibili, anche in campo internazionale, per individuare il teste, l'irriperibilità di questi dovrebbe costituire un evento poco frequente, considerati gli attuali strumenti di indagine ed i doveri di segnalazione e di iscrizione in registri vari. Nel caso in esame, pertanto, non si potrebbe certamente ritenere irreperibile la teste soltanto perchè una ricevuta di raccomandata recava la scritta "inconnu" ed un'altra la scritta "non reclemè". 6. La lettura delle dichiarazioni rese dalla persona residente all'estero, citata e non comparsa, è poi consentita "solo nel caso in cui non ne sia assolutamente possibile l'esame dibattimentale". Il quesito sottoposto a queste Sezioni Unite riguarda appunto specificamente i caratteri di questa assoluta impossibilità. Secondo un primo e prevalente orientamento, la disposizione dell'art. 512-bis cod. proc. pen. deve essere interpretata alla luce di quella dell'art. 111 Cost., comma 5, (che parla di "accertata impossibilità di natura oggettiva"), e dunque restrittivamente. L'impossibilità di comparire, pertanto, oltre ad essere "assoluta", deve avere natura oggettiva, e non soggettiva. Non può perciò dipendere esclusivamente da un elemento soggettivo, quale la volontà del teste di non realizzare il contraddittorio (Sez. 2, sent. n. 41260 del 14/11/2006, Nicodemo, cit.); e tanto meno può consistere in mere circostanze di ordine pratico, quali la constatazione di difficoltà logistiche, di spese elevate, di intralci burocratici. Queste situazioni, connesse alle procedure volte ad ottenere la ripetizione delle risultanze investigative in giudizio, non autorizzano di per sè la deroga al principio del contraddittorio nella formazione della prova (Sez. 3, sent. n. 12940 del 08/03/2006, Boscaneanu, Rv. 234637; Sez. 3, n. 25979 del 23/04/2009, Remling, Rv. 243956). Secondo questo indirizzo, quindi, l'impossibilità, dovendo essere oggettiva ed assoluta, presuppone che il giudice abbia praticato ogni possibile tentativo di superare l'ostacolo che si frappone all'ordinaria formazione dialettica della prova, e che in particolare abbia verificato la possibilità di assumere la testimonianza mediante rogatoria internazionale "concelebrata" o "mista", con garanzie simili a quelle del sistema accusatorio. Soltanto quando ciò non sia stato possibile per ragioni di natura obiettiva, potrà ritenersi presente una assoluta impossibilità di esame del teste in contraddittorio (in questo senso, Sez. 3, sent. n. 10199 del 22/11/2005, dep. 2006, Marku, Rv. 234561; Sez. 3, sent. n. 12940 del 08/03/2006, Boscaneanu, Rv. 234637; Sez. 2, n. 41260 del 14/11/2006, Nicodemo, Rv. 235388; Sez. 3, sent. n. 25979 del 23/04/2009, Remling, Rv. 243956; Sez. 2, sent. n. 5101 del 17/12/2009, dep. 2010, Gentile, Rv. 246277). 7. L'altro, e minoritario, orientamento citato dall'ordinanza di rimessione ritiene invece che il richiamo alla assoluta impossibilità dell'esame dibattimentale, "va inteso nel senso della concretezza e della ragionevolezza, non della totale e definitiva impossibilità materiale", di modo che la lettura dei verbali delle dichiarazioni anteriori rese da persona residente all'estero è consentita "quando appaia realisticamente impossibile ottenere in tempi ragionevoli la presenza del dichiarante in dibattimento, oppure quando non vi siano strumenti atti a vincere coattivamente la sua riluttanza a deporre" (Sez. 2, sent. n. 32845 del 21/06/2007, Lombardo, Rv. 237757, che, conseguentemente, ritenne sufficiente la rituale citazione della persona offesa e la sua non comparizione). Secondo questo orientamento - seguito nella specie dai giudici del merito - sarebbe quindi sufficiente che il teste sia stato citato e non sia comparso in dibattimento, dal momento che non esistono mezzi giuridici per ottenere l'accompagnamento del teste residente all'estero. Va però osservato che in sede di legittimità il contrasto è inconsapevole, in quanto la decisione appena citata non da atto del diverso e prevalente orientamento e quindi non indica le ragioni per le quali ritiene di disattenderlo. Sembra pertanto che in realtà si sia trattato di un mero richiamo alla (ormai superata) giurisprudenza formatasi sul previgente testo dell'art. 512-bis cod. proc. pen.. Il contrasto appare poi anche isolato perchè non risulta che altre decisioni massimate abbiano ritenuto che, alla stregua del nuovo testo dell'art. 512-bls cod. proc. pen., per considerare accertata l'assoluta impossibilità dell'esame del teste residente all'estero sia sufficiente l'avvenuta regolare citazione e la mancata comparizione, senza necessità di ulteriore attivazione da parte del giudice. Questa tesi minoritaria, a ben vedere, non è stata seguita nemmeno dalle altre decisioni richiamate dalla ordinanza di rimessione, dal momento che alcune di esse si limitano a rilevare che nel caso preso in esame il teste non era stato regolarmente citato (Sez. 2, sent. n. 41260 del 14/12/2006, Nicodemo, cit.; Sez. 6, sent. n. 9964 del 4.2.2003, Benedetti, Rv. 224710), mentre altre sottolineano espressamente la necessità che si tratti di una impossibilità di natura oggettiva (Sez. 6, sent. n. 28845 del 12/04/2002, Daneluzzi, cit.). 8. Ritengono le Sezioni Unite che debba senz'altro essere confermato l'orientamento più restrittivo e prevalente, se non altro perchè una diversa interpretazione, quale quella seguita dall'altro orientamento - al pari di ogni altra interpretazione troppo elastica sul requisito della impossibilità oggettiva di assunzione diretta del dichiarante - si porrebbe in contrasto con i principi posti dall'art. 111 Cost.. Deve invero ricordarsi che la Corte costituzionale, subito dopo la modifica costituzionale, con la sentenza n. 440 del 2000, dette una prima definizione della portata e dell'estensione del principio del contraddittorio nella formazione della prova nel processo penale, osservando che il nuovo testo dell'art. 111 Cost. enuncia ora espressamente il principio sia nella sua dimensione oggettiva, ossia quale metodo di accertamento giudiziale dei fatti - disponendo nella prima parte del quarto comma che "Il processo penale è regolato dal principio del contraddittorio nella formazione della prova" - sia anche nella sua dimensione soggettiva, ossia quale diritto dell'imputato di confrontarsi con il suo accusatore riconoscendo, nel terzo comma, alla persona accusata "la facoltà, davanti al giudice, di interrogare o di far interrogare le persone che rendono dichiarazioni a suo carico" -. La seconda parte del quarto comma puntualizza poi il principio dettando la regola secondo cui la "colpevolezza dell'imputato non può essere provata sulla base di dichiarazioni rese da chi, per libera scelta, si è sempre volontariamente sottratto all'interrogatorio da parte dell'imputato o del suo difensore"; mentre il quinto comma prevede che eccezionalmente, nei casi regolati dalla legge, "la formazione della prova non ha luogo in contraddittorio per consenso dell'imputato o per accertata impossibilità di natura oggettiva o per effetto di provata condotta illecita". Proprio alla luce del nuovo principio costituzionale, la citata sentenza n. 440 del 2000 ritenne non più sostenibile l'interpretazione dell'art. 512 cod. proc. pen. che era stata data dalla precedente sentenza n. 179 del 1994, la quale - in considerazione di un ritenuto principio di non dispersione dei mezzi di prova - aveva affermato che tra le circostanze imprevedibili, che rendono impossibile la ripetizione dell'atto, ai sensi dell'art. 512 cod. proc. pen., rientravano anche quelle che, pur se dipendenti dalla volontà del dichiarante, di fatto determinavano comunque l'impossibilità di procedere all'esame dibattimentale (come nel caso di dichiarazioni rese nel corso delle indagini preliminari da prossimi congiunti dell'imputato che in dibattimento si fossero poi avvalsi della facoltà di non deporre ai sensi dell'art. 199 cod. proc. pen.). Secondo la sentenza n. 440 del 2000, invece, tale conclusione (comprensione, tra le cause che determinano l'impossibilità di procedere all'esame, anche dei fatti dipendenti dalla volontà del dichiarante) è divenuta ora incompatibile con il nuovo testo costituzionale, ed in particolare sia col principio del contraddittorio nella formazione della prova nel processo penale sia "con la sfera di applicazione della specifica ipotesi di deroga al contraddittorio per accertata impossibilità di natura oggettiva" (art. 111 Cost., comma 5). La sentenza, quindi, anche alla luce del testuale riferimento, contenuto nel quarto comma, alle "dichiarazioni di rese da chi, per libera scelta, si è sempre volontariamente sottratto all'interrogatorio", affermò che il richiamo dell'art. 512 cod. proc. pen. "alla "impossibilità di natura oggettiva" non può che riferirsi a fatti indipendenti dalla volontà del dichiarante, che di per sè rendono non ripetiteli le dichiarazioni rese in precedenza, a prescindere dall'atteggiamento soggettivo, così come d'altronde emerge dagli stessi lavori parlamentari". Pertanto, tra le cause di impossibilità di "natura oggettiva" non rientra l'esercizio della facoltà legittima di astenersi dal deporre, che è riconosciuta al prossimo congiunto attribuendo rilievo ad una sua manifestazione di volontà. Gli stessi principi sono stati poi successivamente ribaditi dalla Corte costituzionale con la sent. n. 32 del 2002 e le ordd. n. 36 e 292 del 2002. In particolare, la nozione di oggettiva impossibilità di ripetizione dell'atto dichiarativo è stata precisata con l'ord. n. 375 del 2001, che ha rilevato che essa potrebbe ricorrere, ad esempio, nei casi di morte, irreperibilità, infermità che determina una totale amnesia del testimone e si differenzia dalla mera incapacità dedotta dal teste di richiamare alla memoria il contenuto dell'atto assunto durante le indagini preliminari. Successivamente, la Corte ha anche meglio precisato il profilo oggettivo del contraddittorio - il "principio del contraddittorio nella formazione della prova" come metodo di accertamento dei fatti nel processo penale, enunciato dall'art. 111 Cost., comma 4 - rilevando che esso resta pur sempre correlato con quello soggettivo e costituisce anch'esso un aspetto del diritto di difesa, come risulta dal fatto che il successivo quinto comma, nell'ammettere la deroga al principio, fa riferimento anzitutto al consenso dell'imputato (sentenze n. 117 del 2007, n. 29 del 2009, n. 184 del 2009). Queste precisazioni, però, non hanno intaccato il principio, sin dall'inizio enunciato dalla Corte costituzionale, che l'oggettiva impossibilità di ripetizione della dichiarazione deve comunque riferirsi a fatti indipendenti dalla volontà del testimone. 9. Nel nuovo quadro costituzionale, pertanto, non è più possibile collegare la lettura dibattimentale di atti non più ripetibili alla libera determinazione del dichiarante e non è più invocabile, nemmeno ai fini di un bilanciamento, il principio di non dispersione dei mezzi di prova, non più compatibile con il nuovo principio costituzionale del contraddittorio come metodo di conoscenza dei fatti oggetto del giudizio. Nemmeno sembra più invocabile un principio di accertamento della verità reale (sul quale v, Sez. 3, sent. n. 8400 del 28/11/2006, Spezzani, Rv. 236562) perchè le regole vigenti costituiscono esse stesse espressione di un principio assunto a regola costituzionale e costituiscono una garanzia per la stessa affidabilità della conoscenza acquisita (Corte cost., ordinanze n. 36 e 292 del 2002; Sez. U, sent. n. 36747 del 24/10/2003, Torcasio). Le uniche deroghe al contraddittorio ora consentite sono quelle enucleate dall'art. 111 Cost., comma 5, e sono evidentemente tassative e non suscettibili di una interpretazione estensiva. Ne consegue che una interpretazione costituzionalmente orientata dell'art. 512-bis cod. proc. pen. non può che ricondurre "l'assoluta impossibilità dell'esame" di cui esso parla alla "accertata impossibilità oggettiva", prevista quale deroga costituzionale al contraddittorio dall'art. 111 Cost., comma 5, così come interpretata dalla Corte costituzionale. Pertanto, l'assoluta impossibilità di ripetizione dell'esame non può consistere (come nella specie si è ritenuto) in una impossibilità, di tipo giuridico, rappresentata dalla mera circostanza che al giudice italiano non è consentito ordinare, ex art. 133 cod. proc. pen., l'accompagnamento coattivo di persona residente all'estero. Se così fosse, del resto, si vanificherebbe sostanzialmente il requisito, dal momento che una impossibilità giuridica di questo genere è sempre presente in tutte le ipotesi di testimone che risiede all'estero. D'altra parte, la sola impossibilità di ordinare l'accompagnamento coattivo non determina nemmeno una impossibilita giuridica assoluta, essendo praticabili, come si vedrà, altri strumenti, quali la rogatoria internazionale. Poichè il richiamo costituzionale ad una impossibilità di natura oggettiva si riferisce a fatti indipendenti dalla volontà del dichiarante, deve escludersi che l'impossibilità possa comunque dipendere esclusivamente dalla volontaria sottrazione del testimone al dibattimento, fatta ovviamente eccezione per l'ipotesi in cui la volontà di non presentarsi si sia determinata "per effetto di provata condotta illecita". L'impossibilità, oltre che oggettiva, deve essere assoluta. Non può pertanto discendere, ad esempio, dalla constatazione di difficoltà logistiche, di spese elevate, di intralci burocratici, connessi alle procedure volte ad ottenere la ripetizione delle risultanze investigative in giudizio. Nemmeno potrebbe integrare una impossibilità assoluta una precaria assenza del testimone dal suo domicilio, o una infermità provvisoria, o il caso in cui il teste, residente all'estero, pur non presentandosi, abbia comunicato la propria disponibilità a rendere l'esame in una data successiva. In ogni caso, il giudice non può limitarsi a constatare la validità della citazione e la mancata presenza del testimone, ma, pur non potendone disporre l'accompagnamento, deve attivarsi per compiere non solo tutte le indagini occorrenti per localizzarlo, ma anche tutte le attività necessarie perchè il teste stesso possa essere in qualche modo sottoposto ad un esame in contraddittorio tra le parti. Allo specifico quesito posto dall'ordinanza di rimessione, deve dunque rispondersi che fra queste attività che il giudice deve compiere vi è anche quella di disporre, ove sia possibile, una rogatoria internazionale così detta "concelebrata" o "mista"del teste residente all'estero, con garanzie simili a quelle del sistema accusatorio, conformemente del resto a quanto affermato dalla prevalente giurisprudenza dianzi ricordata. Difatti, poichè l'impossibilità di comparire deve essere, oltre che "oggettiva", anche "assoluta", essa richiede che il giudice abbia esplorato, senza successo, tutte le possibilità e tutti gli strumenti a sua disposizione per cercare di superare gli ostacoli e di pervenire alla formazione della prova in contraddittorio. Ora, l'ordinamento italiano, nell'ipotesi di testimone residente all'estero, prevede appunto lo strumento della possibilità di assunzione della testimonianza o di altro atto istruttorio mediante rogatoria internazionale cd. "concelebrata", secondo il modello previsto dall'art. 4 della Convenzione Europea di assistenza giudiziaria in materia penale, firmata a Strasburgo il 20 aprile 1959, ratificata dall'Italia in data 23 agosto 1961 e resa esecutiva con la L. 23 febbraio 1961, n. 215, art. 2, il suddetto art. 4 dispone che, se l'autorità richiedente lo domanda espressamente e l'autorità richiesta lo consente, l'autorità richiedente e le parti processuali possono assistere all'esecuzione della rogatoria. Pertanto, anche se è pur sempre l'autorità straniera richiesta a compiere l'atto istruttorio secondo le regole previste dalla legge locale, tuttavia l'autorità italiana richiedente, titolare del processo, e le parti dello stesso processo, possono essere ammesse secondo le convenzioni internazionali e la disponibilità della stessa autorità straniera, a formulare o suggerire domande secondo lo spirito del modello accusatorio. Una conferma di questo risultato ermeneutico può trovarsi nel testo dell'art. 431 cod. proc. pen., come novellato dalla L. n. 479 del 1999, art. 26, il quale alle lettere d) ed f) dispone che sono inclusi nel fascicolo del dibattimento, e quindi sono suscettibili di essere letti ex art. 511 cod. proc. pen., non solo tutti i "documenti" acquisiti all'estero mediante rogatoria internazionale, ma anche i verbali degli "atti assunti" per rogatoria internazionale quando si tratti di atti non ripetibili o di atti ai quali i difensori sono stati posti in grado di assistere e di esercitare le facoltà loro consentite dalla legge italiana. Si tratta di un normale strumento giuridico che l'ordinamento mette a disposizione del giudice, il quale quindi è tenuto ad utilizzarlo allorchè si renda necessario sentire in contraddittorio il teste residente all'estero. In conclusione, può ritenersi che, per rispettare il principio del contraddittorio nella formazione della prova fissato dall'art. 111 Cost., comma 4, è necessario e sufficiente che le parti abbiano avuto la possibilità di interloquire dialetticamente nell'assunzione della prova, anche se in concreto non l'abbiano esercitata. Per rispettare poi la deroga consentita dall'art. 111 Cost., comma 5, è necessario che sia stata ritualmente, ma inutilmente, richiesta l'escussione del dichiarante attraverso una rogatoria internazionale "concelebrata" o "mista" del tipo di quella prevista dall'art. 4 della citata Convenzione, potendo in tal caso ritenersi verificata un'assoluta ed oggettiva impossibilità di procedere all'esame dibattimentale nel contraddittorio delle parti. In altre parole, un'assoluta impossibilità di assumere la prova in contraddittorio si potrà verificare solo quando il giudice, dopo avere esperito tutte le opportune e necessarie attività dirette a localizzare il teste, lo abbia inutilmente citato a comparire ed abbia tentato, altrettanto inutilmente, di fare assumere la prova per rogatoria internazionale "concelebrata" o "mista", senza raggiungere lo scopo per ragioni a lui non imputabili e insuperabili, ad esempio per la mancanza di convenzioni di assistenza giudiziaria con lo Stato di residenza del teste (cfr., in questo senso, Sez. 3, sent. n. 10199 del 22/11/2005, dep. 2006, Marku, Rv. 234561; Sez. 3, sent. n. 12940 del 08/03/2006, Boscaneanu, Rv. 234637; Sez. 2, sent. n. 41260 del 14/11/2006, Nicodemo, Rv. 235388; Sez. 3, sent. n. 25979 del 23.4.2009, Remling, Rv. 243956; Sez. 2, sent. n. 5101 del 17.12.2009, dep. 2010, Gentile, Rv. 246277). Una impossibilità assoluta ed oggettiva di esame in contraddittorio si potrà anche verificare nel caso di irreperibilità del soggetto residente all'estero (cfr. Corte cost., ord. n. 375 del 2001). Anche in questa ipotesi andrà applicata - sempre che il soggetto fosse effettivamente residente all'estero già al momento in cui rese le dichiarazioni della cui lettura si tratta - la disposizione dell'art. 512-bis cod. pen., la quale detta appunto, per le "dichiarazioni rese da persona residente all'estero", una disciplina speciale e derogatoria rispetto a quella più generale posta dall'art. 512 cod. pen. in ordine alla lettura di atti per sopravvenuta impossibilità di ripetizione. Con la conseguenza che non è necessario il requisito della imprevedibilità della sopravvenuta impossibilità di ripetizione, requisito richiesto dall'art. 512 ma non dall'art. 512- bis cod. proc. pen., stante la finalità della norma che riguarda soggetti che possono trovarsi anche per brevissimo tempo e di passaggio in Italia. Se invece il soggetto al momento della deposizione era anche di fatto residente in Italia, non vi sono ragioni per non applicare l'art. 512 e derogare alla necessita del requisito, altresì, della imprevedibilità. 10. In conclusione, va affermato il seguente principio di diritto. "Affinchè, ai sensi dell'art. 512-bis cod. proc. pen., possa disporsi la lettura dei verbali di dichiarazioni rese da persona residente all'estero è, tra l'altro, necessario: a) che vi sia stata una effettiva e valida notificazione della citazione del teste, secondo le modalità previste dall'art. 727 cod. proc. pen. per le rogatorie internazionali o dalle convenzioni di cooperazione giudiziaria, e che l'eventuale irreperibilità del teste sia vendicata mediante tutti gli accertamenti opportuni e necessari in concreto, non essendo sufficienti la mancata notificazione o le risultanze anagrafiche o verifiche meramente burocratiche; b) che l'impossibilità dell'esame dibattimentale del teste sia assoluta ed oggettiva, non potendo consistere nella mera impossibilità giuridica di disporre l'accompagnamento coattivo nè in circostanze dipendenti dalla libera volontà del dichiarante o in situazioni temporanee o in difficoltà logistiche o economiche; c) che sia stata inutilmente richiesta, ove possibile, la escussione del dichiarante attraverso una rogatoria internazionale "concelebrata" o "mista" del tipo di quella prevista dall'art. 4 della Convenzione Europea di assistenza giudiziaria in materia penale firmata a Strasburgo il 20 aprile 1959". 11. L'ordinanza di rimessione ha posto un quesito anche in relazione alla applicazione dell'art. 526 c.p.p., comma 1-bis, ed all'elemento della volontà del dichiarante residente all'estero di sottrarsi all'esame dibattimentale. Come è noto l'art. 111 Cost., comma 4, seconda parte, Cost. dispone che "La colpevolezza dell'imputato non può essere provata sulla base di dichiarazioni rese da chi, per libera scelta, si è sempre volontariamente sottratto all'interrogatorio da parte dell'imputato o del suo difensore". In puntuale applicazione di questo principio costituzionale, l'art. 526 cod. proc. pen., comma 1-bis (aggiunto dalla L. 1 marzo 2001, n. 63, art. 19) dispone a sua volta che "La colpevolezza dell'imputato non può essere provata sulla base di dichiarazioni rese da chi, per libera scelta, si è sempre volontariamente sottratto all'esame da parte dell'imputato o del suo difensore". Trattasi, come è evidente, di una disposizione riproduttiva della norma costituzionale. Al fine di dare una corretta interpretazione della disposizione, è però indispensabile tenere anche presenti le norme della Convenzione Europea per la salvaguardia dei diritti dell'uomo e delle libertà fondamentali (CEDU), firmata il 4 novembre 1950 e resa esecutiva nel nostro ordinamento con L. 4 agosto 1955, n. 848, ed in particolare l'art. 6, comma 3, lett. d) - riprodotto pressochè identicamente nell'art. 14, comma 3, lett. e), del Patto internazionale sui diritti civili e politici, adottato il 16 dicembre 1966, ratificato dall'Italia il 15 settembre 1978 e reso esecutivo con L. 25 ottobre 1977, n. 881 - il quale prevede che "ogni accusato ha in particolare il diritto di interrogare o far interrogare i testimoni a carico ed ottenere la convocazione e l'interrogatorio dei testimoni a discarico nelle medesime condizioni dei testimoni a carico", sancendo il diritto dell'imputato di confrontarsi con il suo accusatore. Nella giurisprudenza della Corte EDU (sent. 6 maggio 1985, Bonish c. Austria) questa disposizione costituisce specificazione del principio di equità processuale ed espressione della disciplina concernente qualsiasi tipo di prova, sicchè il diritto alla prova implica anche quello alla sua effettiva assunzione in contraddittorio. In particolare, deve considerarsi l'interpretazione e l'attuazione data al suddetto principio convenzionale dalla giurisprudenza della Corte di Strasburgo, la quale lo ha specificato enunciando la regola che le dichiarazioni destinate a un impiego determinante ai fini decisori e, quindi, gli elementi di prova sui quali si può fondare una condanna penale devono essere assunti in presenza dell'imputato e in una udienza pubblica, sempre che l'imputato non abbia volontariamente rinunciato al contraddittorio o esso non si sia potuto espletare per effetto di una condotta illecita. Questa regola, secondo la Corte, presenta poi due eccezioni. La prima prevede che, qualora in determinate circostanze sia necessario fare ricorso a deposizioni raccolte in segreto prima del dibattimento, queste possono essere ammesse e utilizzate "soltanto se all'imputato sia concessa un'occasione adeguata e sufficiente di contestare la testimonianza a carico" e cioè di interrogare l'autore della dichiarazione o al momento della deposizione o anche successivamente (sentenze 27 febbraio 2001, Luca c. Italia; 19 ottobre 2006, Majadallah c. Italia; 13 ottobre 2005, Bracci c. Italia). Secondo la Corte Europea, quindi, il confronto non deve avvenire necessariamente nel dibattimento, essendo sufficiente anche un contraddittorio differito e cioè successivo alla dichiarazione. La seconda eccezione prevede che, quando non sia stata assicurata all'imputato una occasione adeguata e sufficiente di contestare la dichiarazione raccolta in segreto, è necessario che la sentenza di condanna non si fondi nè in modo esclusivo nè in modo determinante sulle dichiarazioni dell'accusatore rese in assenza di contraddittorio. Occorre, cioè, che la condanna sia basata anche su altri elementi di prova, i quali rendano non rilevante il mancato rispetto del diritto a confrontarsi con l'accusatore. Ne deriva che l'acquisizione come prova di dichiarazioni assunte senza contraddittorio non risulta di per sè in contrasto con l'art. 6 della CEDU, ma sussistono precisi limiti alla loro utilizzazione probatoria, al fine di impedire che l'imputato possa essere condannato sulla base esclusiva o determinante di esse. Pertanto, l'ammissibilità di una prova testimoniale unilateralmente assunta dall'accusa può risultare conforme al dettato del citato art. 6, ma affinchè il processo possa dirsi equo nel suo insieme in base ad una lettura congiunta dell'art. 6, commi 1 e 3 lett. d), una condanna non deve fondarsi esclusivamente o in maniera determinante su prove acquisite nella fase delle indagini e sottratte alla verifica del contraddittorio, anche se differito. Il principio affermato dalla giurisprudenza Europea è dunque che "i diritti della difesa sono limitati in modo incompatibile con le garanzie dell'art. 6 quando una condanna si basa, unicamente o in misura determinante, su deposizioni rese da una persona che l'imputato non ha potuto interrogare o fare interrogare nè nella fase istruttoria nè durante il dibattimento" (sent. 14 dicembre 1999, A.M. c. Italia; sent. 13 ottobre 2005, Bracci, cit; sent. 9 febbraio 2006, Cipriani c. Italia; sent. 19 ottobre 2006, Majadallah, cit.; sent. 18 maggio 2010, Ogaristi c. Italia), e ciò anche quando il confronto è divenuto impossibile per morte del dichiarante o per le sue gravi condizioni di salute (sent. 7 agosto 1996, Ferrantelli e Santangelo c. Italia; sent. 5 dicembre 2002, Craxi c. Italia), ovvero quando l'irreperibilità del dichiarante sia giuridicamente giustificata da un diritto di costui al silenzio, come nel caso di coimputati (sent. 20 aprile 2006, Carta e. Italia) o di imputati di reato connesso (sent. 27 febbraio 2001, Luca e. Italia). In sostanza, dall'art. 6 della CEDU, per come costantemente e vincolativamente interpretato dalla Corte di Strasburgo, discende una norma specifica e dettagliata, una vera e propria regola di diritto - recepita nel nostro ordinamento tramite l'ordine di esecuzione contenuto nella L. 4 agosto 1955, n. 848, art. 2 - che prescrive un criterio di valutazione della prova nel processo penale, nel senso che una sentenza di condanna non può fondarsi, unicamente o in misura determinante, su deposizioni rese da una persona che l'imputato non ha potuto interrogare o fare interrogare nè nella fase istruttoria nè durante il dibattimento. 12. L'ordinanza di rimessione ha posto il quesito esclusivamente con riguardo alla norma nazionale dell'art. 526 c.p.p., comma 1-bis, ed in particolare limitatamente alla valutazione dell'elemento della volontà del dichiarante residente all'estero di sottrarsi all'esame dibattimentale, prospettando che, secondo alcune decisioni, è decisivo che la mancata presenza del teste all'esame sia volontaria, mentre, per altre decisioni, occorre la prova (diretta o logica) che l'assenza sia determinata da una chiara volontà di sottrarsi al contraddittorio. Se ci si pone in questa prospettiva - ossia se si considera esclusivamente la norma nazionale - il dubbio va risolto preferendo l'interpretazione adeguatrice che riduca al massimo i possibili casi di contrasto con la norma ed i principi convenzionali (e quindi sia maggiormente conforme agli stessi), ossia l'interpretazione che assegni il significato più ampio all'elemento della volontaria sottrazione all'esame per libera scelta, così determinando la più estesa applicazione della regola probatoria che impedisce al giudice di fondare la condanna su risultanze pure ritualmente acquisite alla sua conoscenza. L'elemento in esame, pertanto, deve ravvisarsi tutte le volte che la mancata presenza del teste residente all'estero debba ritenersi volontaria, perchè il soggetto, avendone comunque avuto conoscenza, non si è presentato all'esame in dibattimento o in rogatoria, quali che siano i motivi della mancata presentazione, purchè ovviamente riconducibili ad una sua libera scelta, e cioè ad una scelta non coartata da elementi esterni. Al quesito proposto dalla sezione rimettente deve quindi rispondersi nel senso che non occorre la prova di una specifica volontà di sottrarsi al contraddittorio, ma è sufficiente la volontarietà dell'assenza del teste determinata da una qualsiasi libera scelta (anche per difficoltà economiche, disagi del viaggio, mancanza di interesse, e così via), sempre che non vi sia la prova o la presunzione di una illecita coazione, di una violenza fisica o psichica, o di altre illecite interferenze o elementi esterni che escludano una libera determinazione (ad es., soggetto detenuto all'estero; grave infermità fisica; timori per le propria incolumità per altre vicende personali; pressioni di tipo economico). Nel caso di specie, i giudici hanno espressamente ritenuto che l'impossibilità dell'esame era dovuta alla totale mancanza di volontà della teste di tornare in Italia per mancanza di interesse. Pertanto, a prescindere dal rilevato errore sulla acquisibilità delle dichiarazioni, avrebbero comunque dovuto applicare il criterio dell'art. 526 c.p.p., comma 1-bis, col conseguente divieto di affermare la responsabilità dell'imputato esclusivamente sulla base di tali dichiarazioni. Nel presente processo, peraltro, il problema della volontarietà dell'assenza si potrebbe riproporre qualora, nel giudizio di rinvio, si dovesse accertare l'irriperibilità della teste (dato che in ben due su tre notificazioni la stessa è stata qualificata come "inconnu"). Secondo la giurisprudenza di questa Corte, la irreperibilità del teste è un elemento neutro, in base al quale soltanto non si può presumere una volontà di sottrarsi all'esame, quando manchino indici sintomatici in questo senso, quale l'avvenuta citazione del teste per l'udienza, dato che l'irreperibilità sopravvenuta a tale notizia può certamente assumere il connotato della libera scelta di sottrarsi all'esame (Sez. U, sent. n. 36747 del 28/05/2003, Torcasio, Rv. 225470; Sez. 6, sent. n. 39985 del 09/10/2008, Iamundo, Rv. 241864; Sez. 1^, sent. n. 23571 del 20/06/2006, Ogaristi, Rv. 234281). Va peraltro anche ricordato che proprio in relazione a quest'ultima sentenza è di recente intervenuta condanna dell'Italia da parte della Corte EDU (sent. 18/05/2010, Ogaristi c. Italia). Occorre quindi precisare - al fine di giungere, anche per questa ipotesi, ad una interpretazione che eviti il più possibile i contrasti con la norma Europea - che non è indispensabile che il teste sia stato raggiunto da una citazione, ai fini della dimostrazione della sua volontà di sottrarsi al contraddittorio, in quanto tale volontà potrebbe presumersi anche sulla base di elementi diversi dalla avvenuta citazione. 13. Il giudice del rinvio, se le dichiarazioni saranno acquisibili dovrà comunque valutare se esse siano utilizzabili a fini di ritenere provata la colpevolezza dell'imputato e compiere altresì il necessario vaglio sulla loro attendibilità soggettiva e oggettiva che è sempre richiesto ma che, in casi come questo, è dovuto con la massima oculatezza e rigore, in ragione della peculiare natura delle dichiarazioni acquisite, in assenza di contraddittorio, da una sola delle parti deputate alla ricerca degli elementi utili al processo. In particolare, il giudice dovrà tenere conto sia della regola di inutilizzabilità probatoria desumibile dall'art. 526 c.p.p., comma 1- bis, - inutilizzabilità soggettivamente orientata (riguardando la posizione del solo imputato) e oggettivamente delimitata (attenendo alla sola prova della "colpevolezza") - sia delle regole di valutazione discendenti dalla norma convenzionale dianzi richiamata. Su questo punto, infatti, la giurisprudenza di questa Corte più recente ed assolutamente maggioritaria ritene che è possibile, e quindi doveroso, dare alle norme di valutazione probatoria nazionali una interpretazione adeguatrice che le renda conformi alla norma della CEDU. Si è in questo senso affermato che l'art. 526 c.p.p., comma 1-bis, pone "una norma di chiusura, che impone una regola di valutazione della prova sempre applicabile anche con riferimento a dichiarazioni che risultino legittimamente acquisite alla stregua della disciplina sulle letture dibattimentali, le quali, quindi, non potrebbero, di per sè sole, fondare la dichiarazione di colpevolezza dell'imputato" e che, in ogni caso, anche non accogliendo questa soluzione, si può giungere ugualmente ad una doverosa interpretazione adeguatrice attraverso "una rigorosa applicazione di consolidati principi giurisprudenziali, formulati con specifico riferimento alla testimonianza della persona offesa o danneggiata dal reato ... ma estensibili in ogni caso di dichiarazioni predibattimentali dell'irreperibile", con la conseguenza che le dichiarazioni acquisite mediante lettura, alla luce dei principi posti dall'art. 111 Cost. e dall'art. 6 della CEDU, come interpretato dalla Corte EDU, "devono essere valutate dal giudice di merito con ogni opportuna cautela, non solo conducendo un'indagine positiva sulla credibilità sia soggettiva che oggettiva, ma anche ponendo in relazione la testimonianza con altri elementi emergenti dalle risultanze processuali" (Sez. 2, sent. n. 43331 del 18/10/2007, Poltronieri, Rv. 238199). Nello stesso senso si è sostenuto che, nel caso di dichiarazione predibattimentale legittimamente acquisita, deve poi comunque trovare applicazione il principio ricavabile dall'art. 6, commi 1 e 3, lett. d), della CEDU, come interpretato dalla Corte di Strasburgo - principio che "bene può integrare gli approdi interpretativi in materia di valutazione della prova ex art. 192 cod. proc, pen." - secondo cui "la dichiarazione accusatoria della persona offesa, acquisita fuori dalla fase processuale vera e propria ed in assenza della possibilità presente o futura di contestazione del mezzo stesso in contraddicono con la difesa, per sostenere l'impianto accusatorio deve trovare conforto in ulteriori elementi che il giudice, con la doverosa disamina critica che gli è richiesta dalle norme di rito, individui nelle emergenze di causa". E ciò perchè si tratta "di una regola di giudizio tutt'altro che estranea al sistema vigente così come già interpretato dalla giurisprudenza" in caso di responsabilità ritenuta, senza riscontri oggettivi, esclusivamente sulla base di dichiarazioni della persona offesa (Sez. 5, sent. n. 21877 del 26/03/2010, T., Rv. 247466). E si è anche rilevato - in un caso in cui il giudice del merito aveva escluso la volontaria scelta del teste di sottrarsi all'esame dell'imputato - che una sentenza di condanna che si fonda sulle sole dichiarazioni rese dai testi fuori del contraddicono con la difesa ed acquisite a norma dell'art. 512 cod. proc. pen. è in sintonia con i principi costituzionali ma non con quelli desumibili dall'art. 6 della CEDU, con la conseguenza che l'obbligo del giudice nazionale di dare alle norme interne una interpretazione conforme ai precetti della CEDU come interpretati dalla Corte EDU, viene adempiuto ritenendo che "La regola dettata dall'art. 526 c.p.p., comma 1-bis, vieta al giudice di fondare, in modo esclusivo o significativo, l'affermazione della responsabilità penale su atti di cui è stata data lettura per sopravvenuta impossibilità di ripetizione" (Sez, 3, sent. n. 27582 del 15/06/2010, Rotaru, Rv. 248052; nel senso della possibilità, e quindi della necessità, di una interpretazione adeguatrice delle norme di valutazione probatoria nazionali con la norma CEDU, v. anche Sez. 1, sent. n. 44158 del 23/09/2009, Marinkovic, Rv. 245556; Sez. 1, sent. n. 20254 del 06/05/2010, Mzoughin, Rv. 247618). In senso contrario si riscontra un solo precedente massimato, secondo il quale, nella valutazione delle dichiarazioni predibattimentali ritualmente acquisite di soggetti per i quali non possa dirsi provata la volontà di sottrarsi all'esame in contraddicono, non rileva l'eventuale violazione dell'art. 6, comma 3, lett. d), della CEDU, in quanto le norme della Convenzione "ancorchè direttamente vincolanti, nell'interpretazione fornitane dalla Corte di Strasburgo, per il giudice nazionale, non possono tuttavia comportare la disapplicazione delle norme interne con esse ipoteticamente contrastanti, se e in quanto queste ultime siano attuative di principi affermati dalla Costituzione, cui anche le norme convenzionali devono ritenersi subordinate, condizione soddisfatta, nella specie, dall'applicabilità dell'art. 111 Cost., comma 5" (Sez. 5, sent. n. 16269 del 16/03/2010, Benea, Rv. 247258). Questa conclusione non può però essere condivisa sia perchè, come subito si vedrà, non sussiste il ritenuto contrasto con l'invocata norma costituzionale, sia comunque perchè essa in sostanza è elusiva della questione, la quale non consiste semplicemente nello stabilire se la norma nazionale incompatibile abbia valore costituzionale o sia attuativa di principi costituzionali, bensì nel verificare se alla norma nazionale (legislativa o costituzionale) possa darsi una interpretazione tale da renderla non incompatibile con quella convenzionale. 14. Orbene, una siffatta interpretazione adeguatrice deve ritenersi possibile. Non vi sono pertanto ostacoli alla conferma del ricordato indirizzo maggioritario, che peraltro è quello che consente di allinearsi alla giurisprudenza Europea e di rispettare gli obblighi internazionali assunti dall'Italia, evitando di incrementare la lunga collezione di condanne da parte della Corte di Strasburgo. Va ricordato che la norma in questione, essendo stata recepita con un atto avente forza di legge, ha anch'essa, quanto meno, forza e valore di legge, anche se poi, sotto altri profili, funge anche da parametro di costituzionalità, ossia da norma interposta, ai sensi dell'art. 117 Cost., comma 1, tanto da essere stata anche collocata ad un livello sub-costituzionale (Corte cost., sentenze nn. 348 e 349 del 2007 e successive). Inoltre, non si tratta di una norma-principio, ossia di una norma generica ed aspecifica, che di solito si ritiene, in quanto tale, insuscettibile di automatica operatività e di immediata applicazione da parte del giudice (Sez. 1, sent. n. 2549 del 16/04/1996, Persico, Rv. 204733), bensì di una norma che è stata resa specifica e dettagliata dalla giurisprudenza della Corte EDU, sicchè non vi sono ostacoli alla sua immediata operatività ed alla sua diretta applicabilità da parte del giudice italiano (come perspicuamente affermato da Sez. U, sent. n. 15 del 23/11/1988, dep. 1989, Polo Castro, Rv. 181288, che esattamente ha rilevato che "ove l'atto o il fatto normativo internazionale contenga il modello di un atto interno completo nei suoi elementi essenziali, tale cioè da poter senz'altro creare obblighi e diritti, l'adozione interna del modello di origine internazionale è automatica (adattamento automatico)"). Si è però da alcuni ritenuto che la norma stessa sarebbe in contrasto: a) da un lato, con l'art. 526 c.p.p., comma 1-bis, il che dovrebbe appunto comportare la sua inapplicabilità, quale che sia poi la sua posizione nel sistema delle fonti (restando invero in questa sede irrilevante stabilire se la norma convenzionale è, rispetto a quella interna, posteriore o anteriore nel tempo e se, in tal caso, essa sia stata implicitamete abrogata, rectius sia stato abrogato in parte qua l'ordine di esecuzione, sempre che fosse ancora possibile la risoluzione dell'antinomia anche con il criterio cronologico dopo la modifica dell'art. 117 Cost., comma 1, e salva appunto l'illegittimità costituzionale della norma legislativa successiva per violazione indiretta dell'art. 117 Cost., comma 1); b) in ogni caso, da un altro lato, con l'art. 111 Cost., comma 5 nonchè con l'art. 111 Cost., comma 4, seconda parte, il che dovrebbe comportare la sua (eventualmente sopravvenuta) illegittimità costituzionale. Se veramente vi fosse incompatibilità tra norme interne e norma convenzionale, spetterebbe alla Corte costituzionale risolvere sia la questione di legittimità costituzionale delle disposizioni legislative interne per contrasto con la norma CEDU, sia la questione dell'eventuale contrasto tra la norma CEDU e la norma costituzionale (eventualmente operando una adeguata interpretazione di quest'ultima o un ragionevole bilanciamento tra il vincolo derivante dagli obblighi internazionali e la tutela degli interessi costituzionalmente protetti contenuta in altri articoli della Costituzione). E' però principio pacifico ed innumerevoli volte ribadito dalla Corte costituzionale che il giudice ha il precipuo obbligo di tentare preliminarmente, attraverso l'utilizzo di tutti gli ordinari strumenti ermeneutici, di giungere ad una interpretazione convenzionalmente adeguatrice del sistema normativo nazionale, tale da renderlo conforme alle norme della CEDU o non incompatibile con le stesse. Nella specie, come già rilevato, una tale interpretazione adeguatrice è senz'altro possibile. Ed infatti, quanto all'art. 111 Cost., comma 5, può rilevarsi che questo detta norme sulla formazione ed acquisizione della prova, mentre la regola convenzionale in esame pone un criterio di valutazione della prova dichiarativa regolarmente acquisita (Sez. 5, sent. n. 16269 del 16/03/2010, Benea, Rv. 247258). La deroga al principio della formazione dialettica della prova autorizza l'acquisizione al processo dell'atto compiuto unilateralmente, ma non pregiudica la questione del valore probatorio che ad esso, in concreto, va attribuito. Non vi è quindi incompatibilità tra la norma CEDU e l'art. 111 Cost., comma 5. Quanto all'art. 111 Cost., comma 4, seconda parte, ed all'art. 526 c.p.p., comma 1-bis, può, in primo luogo farsi ricorso al tradizionale criterio ermeneutico della presunzione di conformità delle norme interne successive rispetto ai vincoli internazionali pattizi, ossia alla presunzione che il legislatore (di revisione costituzionale ed ordinario) non abbia inteso sottrarsi all'obbligo internazionale assunto dallo Stato, non volendo incorrere nella conseguente responsabilità per inadempimento nei rapporti con gli altri Stati. Il criterio della interpretazione conforme alle norme dei trattati è stato del resto di recente riaffermato dalla Corte costituzionale (sent. n. 349 del 2007), secondo la quale anzi il criterio opera anche quando l'obbligo internazionale è successivo alla disciplina legislativa interna e trova fondamento positivo nell'art. 117 Cost., comma 1. Nel caso di specie questo criterio ermeneutico acquista poi tanto più valore in quanto è pacifico - per espressa dichiarazione di intenti del legislatore - che l'art. 526 cod. proc. pen., comma 1-bis è stato introdotto dalla L. 1 marzo 2001, n. 63, art. 19, a mò di traduzione codicistica (con aggiustamenti esclusivamente formali) del precetto recato dall'art. 111 Cost., comma 4, seconda parte, come novellato dalla legge costituzionale n. 2 del 1999, e che quest'ultima, a sua volta, si proponeva proprio di rendere espliciti a livello costituzionale i principi del giusto processo enunziati dall'art. 6 della Convenzione Europea dei diritti dell'uomo, così come elaborati dalla giurisprudenza della Corte di Strasburgo. Sarebbe quindi incongruo ritenere che il legislatore, proprio nel momento in cui ha operato una revisione dell'art. 111 Cost. al fine introdurvi i principi convenzionali sul giusto processo, abbia poi posto invece una norma incompatibile con quella convenzionale. La differenza di formulazione rispetto alla norma CEDU non può pertanto essere intesa nel senso di una volontà del legislatore di impedire l'applicazione della regola convenzionale. La diversità di articolazione delle norme non esclude che esse costituiscono comunque applicazione di un identico o analogo principio generale inteso a porre un rigoroso criterio di valutazione delle dichiarazioni dei soggetti che la difesa non ha mai avuto la possibilità di esaminare e ad eliminare o limitare statuizioni di condanna fondate esclusivamente su tali dichiarazioni. Le norme nazionali e convenzionali, dunque, rispondono ad una ratto e perseguono finalità non dissimili. E' stato perciò esattamente osservato che proprio la circostanza che il nuovo testo dell'art. 111 Cost., trova la sua origine in fonti convenzionali internazionali "invita l'interprete a non isolarsi in un contesto nazionale, ma a cercare quella che è stata chiamata una "osmosi" tra le diverse formulazioni, della normativa convenzionale e di quella nazionale, ordinaria e costituzionale" (Sez. 2, sent. n. 43331 del 18/10/2007, Poltronieri, cit). Ben può escludersi, pertanto, una totale non conformità tra l'art. 111 Cost., comma 4, e la regola convenzionale in esame, come enucleata dalla Corte EDU, e tanto più può escludersi che vi sia tra questa regola e l'art. 526 c.p.p., comma 1-bis, una assoluta e puntuale incompatibilità, tale da far sì che l'applicazione dell'una escluda l'applicazione dell'altro. Da un altro punto di vista può rilevarsi che l'art. 526 c.p.p., comma 1-bis, (riproducendo l'art. 111 Cost., comma 4) pone un limite alla utilizzazione probatoria delle dichiarazioni non rese in contraddittorio valevole per alcune determinate ipotesi. La norma convenzionale pone una analoga regola di valutazione probatoria delle stesse dichiarazioni valevole anche per altre ipotesi. Ora, la norma nazionale dice solo che in quelle ipotesi si applica quella regola, ma non dice anche che in ipotesi diverse debba valere un opposto criterio, ossia non esclude che anche nelle altre ipotesi possa applicarsi un analogo criterio di valutazione probatoria, ricavato in via interpretativa dalle norme o dai principi in materia o anche posto da una diversa norma comunque operativa nell'ordinamento. La norma nazionale, in applicazione del principio generale del giusto processo, pone una determinata tutela per l'imputato, ma non esclude che una tutela più estesa possa essere posta o ricavata da norme diverse. Del resto, se si considera il rapporto tra il principio generale del contraddittorio nella formazione della prova nel processo penale posto dalla prima parte dell'art. 111 Cost., comma 4 e la regola posta dalla seconda parte del medesimo comma, si deve convenire che questa regola va intesa non già come eccezione, bensì come svolgimento ed attuazione del principio generale. Essa pertanto non può essere considerata come eccezionale, sicchè identica o analoga regola di valutazione probatoria legittimamente può essere prevista per ipotesi ulteriori. E proprio in questa direzione si è posto il prevalente indirizzo interpretativo dianzi ricordato che ha ricavato una regola di valutazione identica o analoga a quella convenzionale (e valevole anche al di là delle ipotesi specificamente previste dall'art. 526 c.p.p., comma 1-bis) dai consolidati principi giurisprudenziali, formulati in riferimento alla testimonianza della persona offesa o danneggiata dal reato o anche dagli approdi interpretativi in materia di valutazione della prova ex art. 192 cod. proc. pen., ossia da regole di giudizio già presenti nel sistema vigente. Ed effettivamente, il criterio di valutazione posto dalla norma convenzionale ben si integra nel sistema degli altri criteri di valutazione ricavati da norme nazionali. Può, ad esempio, farsi riferimento ad una interpretazione sistematica del principio costituzionale del contraddittorio nella formazione della prova e della regola di giudizio formalizzata nell'art. 533 c.p.p., comma 1, e compendiata nella formula "al di là di ogni ragionevole dubbio", per dedurne che, nel caso concreto, il dato probatorio costituito esclusivamente da dichiarazioni rese senza la possibilità di contraddittorio e prive di qualsiasi elemento di riscontro, ha un ridotto valore euristico, costituisce una fonte ontologicamente meno affidabile, e quindi non è idoneo a fondare la certezza processuale della responsabilità dell'imputato. Nella stessa prospettiva, si è richiesta una rigorosa applicazione dei principi giurisprudenziali sulla valutazione delle dichiarazioni rilasciate dalla persona offesa o danneggiata dal reato, ritenuti - stante l'identità di ratio estensibili a tutti i casi di impossibilità di ripetizione di dichiarazioni predibattimentali e che impongono al giudice una cauta ed approfondita indagine sulla credibilità di dette dichiarazioni, da valutarsi ponendole in relazione con altri elementi emergenti dalle risultanze processuali (Sez. 2, sent. n. 43331 del 18/10/2007, Poltronieri, Rv. 238199, cit.)- Analogamente, si è fatto ricorso all'applicazione analogica dell'art. 192 c.p.p., comma 3, che prevede, per le dichiarazioni di certi soggetti, la valutazione unitamente ad altri elementi di prova che ne confermino l'attendibilità (Sez. 5, sent. n. 21877 del 26/03/2010, T., Rv. 247466, cit.). E' quindi conforme al sistema ritenere che analoghi criteri valutativi, ed in particolare la necessità di esaminare le dichiarazioni congiuntamente ad altri elementi di riscontro, debbano operare anche quando l'imputato non abbia mai avuto la possibilità di interrogare il dichiarante, considerando che l'assenza del controesame abbassi fortemente il grado di attendibilità della prova, rispetto al modello ideale della testimonianza raccolta con l'esame incrociato. Del resto, nel quadro di una razionale e motivata valutazione delle prove, il metodo con cui è stata assunta la dichiarazione è rilevante almeno quanto la qualifica del dichiarante (che in alcuni casi, come per l'imputato di reato connesso o del testimone assistito, richiede la presenza di riscontri esterni che ne confermino l'attendibilità). 15. Venendo al caso di specie, va anzitutto osservato che è meramente apparente la motivazione della sentenza impugnata sulla effettività e regolarità della notificazione della citazione alla teste persona offesa residente all'estero. La Corte d'appello ne ha, invero, ritenuto la validità perchè vi sarebbe stato il rifiuto della destinataria di ricevere l'avviso. Sennonchè, come già evidenziato, dagli atti emerge che, delle tre raccomandate inviate alla persona offesa, due (la prima e la terza) ritornarono con l'annotazione "inconnu", ossia "sconosciuta all'indirizzo", mentre la seconda (quella ritenuta dai giudici del merito regolare) ritornò con la crocetta apposta non già sulla casella con la dicitura "refusè", ossia "rifiutato" (come affermato dalla corte d'appello), bensì sulla casella con la dicitura "non reclamè", ossia "non richiesta" o "non ritirata". Si tratta cioè di una situazione che pare riconducibile all'ipotesi della "compiuta giacenza" presso l'ufficio postale, la quale presuppone che il destinatario non abbia personalmente opposto il rifiuto sopraindicato. Non risulta poi che, a fronte del mancato reperimento della destinataria nell'indirizzo indicato, siano stati effettuati ulteriori avvisi da parte dell'agente postale e compiute altre attività di indagine e comunque nemmeno risulta che, a fronte della obiettiva incertezza derivante dalle diverse indicazioni contenute nelle varie notifiche, sia stata disposta e compiuta, ex art. 187 cod. proc. pen., una qualche attività probatoria, necessaria per accertare la reale residenza della teste o la sua eventuale irreperibilità. In ogni modo, la Corte d'appello non poteva ritenere sufficiente la circostanza (peraltro non corrispondente al vero) che nella seconda notifica la teste avrebbe rifiutato di ricevere il plico senza tenere conto che sia nella precedente sia nella successiva notificazione la destinataria era risultata sconosciuta. In sostanza, manca una adeguata e congrua motivazione sull'esistenza del presupposto per l'applicazione dell'art. 512-bis cod. proc. pen., consistente nell'avvenuta regolare citazione del teste. In secondo luogo, la motivazione è erronea laddove la Corte d'appello ha ritenuto che vi fosse una oggettiva ed assoluta impossibilità di ripetizione dell'esame in contraddittorio esclusivamente per la mancanza di strumenti coattivi che consentissero realisticamente di ottenere la presenza della teste in dibattimento in tempi ragionevoli. Questa interpretazione si pone contro i principi di diritto dianzi enunciati in tema di impossibilità assoluta ed oggettiva di riesame del teste residente all'estero, impossibilità che non può ravvisarsi qualora non sia stata nemmeno tentata la rogatoria internazionale "concelebrata", secondo il modello previsto dall'art. 4 della Convenzione Europea di assistenza giudiziaria in materia penale. Infine, la motivazione è erronea anche laddove il Tribunale ha ravvisato "la intuibile e comprensibile, per molteplici motivi, anche economici, assoluta mancanza della volontà e della possibilità di una turista danese di tornare in Italia solo per rendere testimonianza" e la Corte d'appello, non correggendola, ha in sostanza confermato questa motivazione, senza poi trame le dovute conseguenze in relazione alla applicazione dell'art. 526 c.p.p., comma 1-bis. Ed invero, se era stata accertata la volontà della teste (per molteplici motivi, anche economici) di non tornare in Italia solo per rendere testimonianza, risultava anche accertato che la teste si era volontariamente sottratta, per sua libera scelta, all'esame. In ogni caso, quindi, i giudici avrebbero dovuto accertare se sussistevano altri elementi probatori di riscontro alle dichiarazioni rese alla polizia giudiziaria, le quali di per sè sole non erano idonee a fondare una affermazione di colpevolezza (tanto più in considerazione dei particolari aspetti del caso concreto: natura del toccamento, denuncia tradotta da un agente di polizia interprete di lingua inglese e non di lingua danese). 16. La sentenza impugnata deve dunque essere annullata per violazione di legge e per vizio di motivazione, con rinvio per nuovo esame alla Corte d'appello di Reggio Calabria (avendo quella di Messina una sola sezione), che si uniformerà ai principi di diritto dianzi enunciati. P.Q.M. P.Q.M. Annulla la sentenza impugnata e rinvia per nuovo giudizio alla Corte di appello di Reggio Calabria. Così deciso in Roma, il 25 novembre 2010. Depositato in Cancelleria il 14 luglio 2011 Utente: BOSSI BUSCAGLIA DULIO . Tutti i diritti riservati - © copyright 2012 - Dott. A. Giuffrè Editore S.p.A.	<urn:uuid:6882bc73-e3f5-432a-88ca-28a49ccebbe6>	HuggingFaceFW/finepdfs/tree/main/data/ita_Latn/train	finepdfs	ita_Latn	82,673
Keski-Suomen TE-toimisto Lausunto 13.08.2021 Asia: VN/698/2021 Hallituksen esitys eduskunnalle työnhakijan palveluprosessin ja eräiden työttömyysetuuden saamisen edellytysten uudistamista koskevaksi lainsäädännöksi Lausunnonantajan lausunto Yleistä lausuttavaa esitetyistä muutoksista? Keski-Suomen TE-toimisto toteaa, että työvoimapalveluiden kehittäminen ja näin myös asiakkaiden palveluihin panostaminen sekä prosesseja kehittämällä että resursseja lisäämällä on kannatettavaa ja koko yhteiskuntaa hyödyttävää. Työnhaun vahva alku tukitoimineen edistää työllistymistä ja ehkäisee tehokkaasti pitkäaikaistyöttömyyttä. Esitetyissä muutoksissa sekä asiakkaalle että TE-palveluiden työntekijöille kohdentuu uudenlaisia vaatimuksia. Esitetty järjestelmä on varsin monimutkainen erityisesti asiakkaille, joten tulisi pohtia myös sitä, kuinka ymmärrettävänä ja selkeänä se hahmottuu asiakkaille. Monimutkaisuutta lisää myös se, että eri tilanteissa oleviin asiakkaisiin kohdentuu keskenään hyvin erilaisia vaatimuksia. Yksilöllisen, asiakaskohtaisen palvelun lisääminen on kannatettavaa. Esityksen mukainen erittäin vahva henkilökohtainen palveluote kuitenkin edellyttää selvästi nykytilannetta pienempiä asiakasmääriä virkailijaa kohden, riittäviä toimitiloja ja toimivaa ajanvarausjärjestelmää sekä asiakkaan aloitteellisuutta (esim. työnhaun kirjaukset). TE-palvelujen tilanne tällä hetkellä on se, että jo nykyisen lainsäädännön edellyttämät palvelut määräaikoineen on haasteellista toteuttaa nykyisillä resursseilla. Hallituksen esityksessä työnhakijan palveluprosessin ja eräiden työttömyysetuuden saamisen edellytysten muutokset tuovat merkittäviä lisäyksiä nykyiseen käytäntöön. Muutosten toimeenpano edellyttääkin merkittävää lisäresursointia työvoimapalveluihin, jotta prosessit etenisivät hallituksen esityksessä kuvatulla tavalla. Esitetyt muutokset tapaamismäärineen ja -aikatauluineen ovat haaste henkilö- ja tilaresursseille. Esitetyistä muutoksista saa käsityksen, että jatkossa TE-toimistot seuraavat haastatteluaikataulujen toteutumista yms. suoritteita. Keski-Suomen TE-toimisto haluaakin kiinnitettävän huomiota siihen, että hallituksen esityksessä huomioitaisiin enemmän palvelujen sisältöä ja laatua kuin määrällisiä tavoitteita. Esitetyissä muutoksissa pääpaino on tiiviissä haastatteluprosessissa ja asiakkaiden oman työnhaun seurannan tehtävissä. Hallituksen esityksestä jää kaipaamaan tietoa siitä, miten asiantuntijat huolehtivat jatkossa asiakkaiden työnvälittämistä ja työtarjouksia koskevista tarpeista. Keski-Suomen TE-toimisto toteaa, että uudistuksen onnistumista ei tulisi vaikeuttaa säätämällä lakiin liian tiukasti vaatimuksia, jotka voidaan nähdä jo nyt osittain haasteellisena toteuttaa. Kaikkien työnhakijoiden prosessit eivät etene samassa tahdissa ja asiakkaiden tarpeet ovat hyvinkin erilaisia, joten lakiin tulisi jättää mahdollisuus viranomaisen harkinnalle siitä, ketkä asiakkaista tarvitsevat eniten tukea (vrt. tukea tarvitsevat eniten pitkäaikaistyöttömät ja syrjäytyneet, kuin ne työnhakijat, jotka liikkuvat ja työllistyvät omatoimisesti). Toisin sanoen säädökseen asetettaisiin tavoitteet ja se, miten niihin pyrittäisiin ns. malli, mutta viranomaiselle jätettäisiin harkintavalta siihen, millä toimilla ja aikataulutuksella kunkin asiakkaan tapauksessa tavoitteisiin päästäisiin. Lausuttavaa vaikutusten arvioinnista; taloudelliset vaikutukset? Hallituksen esitys on merkittävästi nykyistä palvelujärjestelmää velvoittavampi sekä viranomaisen että asiakkaan näkökulmasta. Jotta tämä onnistuisi, se edellyttäisi huomattavasti enemmän henkilöresursseja, kuin mitä siihen ollaan nyt panostamassa sekä panostusta teknologian kehittämiseen ja myös sen hyödyntämiseen. Työnhakijoilla on myös erilaiset valmiudet sähköiseen asiointiin, joten erityistä huomiota tulisi kiinnittää myös palvelujen toimivuuteen ja helppokäyttöisyyteen. Hallituksen esitys lisäisi työttömyysturvaseuraamusten muuttamisen johdosta myös työttömyysturvamenoja. Tosin muutos aiheuttaisi sen, että toimeentulo- ja asumistuesta aiheutuvat menot vähenisivät. Työnhakijan näkökulmasta tulisi huomiota kiinnittää myös siihen, että esim. tiheät kasvokkain järjestettävät haastattelut aiheuttavat työnhakijalle kustannuksia. Tässä olisi hyvä ottaa huomioon viranomaisen harkintavalta ja myös asiakkaan toive siitä, ketkä hyötyvät kasvokkain järjestettävästä tapaamisesta ja ketkä sähköisistä palveluista. Lausuttavaa vaikutusten arvioinnista; vaikutukset viranomaisten toimintaan (ml. resursseja koskevat asiat)? Keski-Suomen TE-toimisto toteaa, että aikaisemmin asiakaspalvelua ja -ohjausta on keskitetty enemmän verkkopalveluihin. Hallituksen esityksen mukaisesti asiakkaita kohdattaisiin tulevaisuudessa enemmän henkilökohtaisesti ja jopa samassa fyysisessä tilassa kuin aikaisemmin. Tämä suuntaus tuo haasteita resursseihin ja myös toimitilojen riittävyyteen. Herääkin kysymys siitä, mennäänkö mallissa enemmän taaksepäin kuin eteenpäin. Kasvokkaisen asiakaspalvelun lisääminen on tärkeä ja hyvä tavoite. Yhteydenottotavoissa tulisi kuitenkin ottaa huomioon asiakkaiden erilaisuus. Esityksen tulisi mahdollistaa yhteydenottotavan mukauttaminen asiakkaan palvelutarpeeseen sekä huomioida sähköisten palvelujen mahdollisuudet. Kuvallinen etäyhteys tulisi olla mahdollista rinnastaa kasvokkaiseen palveluun silloin, kun paikanpäällä tapaaminen ei tuo erityistä lisäarvoa. Lausuttavaa vaikutusten arvioinnista; vaikutukset työllisyyteen? Esitetyt vaikutukset työllisyyteen tukee etenkin niiden henkilöiden työllistymistä, joilla on eri syistä haasteita työllistyä uudelleen. Tähän kuitenkin tarvitaan riittävät henkilöresurssit, jotta malli toteutuisi. Tehostettu palveluprosessi varmasti edistää asiakkaiden nopeampaa työllistymistä, mutta tämä edellyttää myös, että alueella on avoimia työpaikkoja tarjolla. Lausuttavaa vaikutusten arvioinnista; muut vaikutukset? Kuten aikaisemmin jo todettiin, hallituksen esitys on merkittävästi nykyistä palvelujärjestelmää velvoittavampi sekä viranomaisen että asiakkaan näkökulmasta. Esitetyt muutokset monimutkaistavat työnhakijoiden palveluprosessia ja työttömyysetuuden maksamisen perusteita. Asiakkailla tulee olemaan haasteita mieltää, mitä heidän tulisi tehdä milloinkin. Haasteita saattaa tulla myös siinä, että asiakas ei välttämättä ymmärrä TE-toimiston "jatkuvia" yhteydenottoja. Palvelujärjestelmän tulisikin enemmän vastata asiakkaiden yksilöllisiä tarpeita kuin palvelun aikataulutusta. Julkisesta työvoima- ja yrityspalvelusta annettu laki; yleistä lausuttavaa työnhakijan palveluprosessista? Hallituksen esityksessä on määritelty asiakasprosessin muodostuvan alkuhaastattelusta, työnhakukeskustelusta ja täydentävistä työnhakukeskusteluista. Esityksen mukaan henkilökohtaisen tapaamisen tai yhteydenoton (alkuhaastattelun) tulisi toteutua viiden arkipäivän kuluessa työnhaun alkamisesta. Lisäksi esityksessä todetaan, että alkuhaastattelu järjestettäisiin kaikille työnhakijoille riippumatta siitä, onko henkilö työtön. Nykyisin työnhakijan ensimmäinen haastattelu tulee järjestää kahden viikon kuluessa työnhaun alkamisesta, jollei se työnhakijan tilanne huomioon ottaen ole ilmeisen tarpeetonta. Nykyisen lainsäädännön määräaikojen noudattaminen on tämän hetken resursseilla haasteellista. KeskiSuomen TE-toimisto katsoo, että esitetyn uuden mallin määräaika alkuhaastattelun järjestämiseen on varsin lyhyt, koska pelkästään jo asiakkaan kontaktointiin ja ajanvaraukseen saattaa mennä aikaa useita päiviä. Lisäksi 2,5 kk:n työnhaun täydentävä työnhakukeskustelu ja 3 kk:n työnhakukeskustelu, suunnitelman päivityskeskustelu ovat lähellä toisiaan siitä näkökulmasta, että todellisuudessa 3 kk:n keskustelu tulee tehdä ennen 3 kk:n määräajan umpeutumista, jottei siitä aiheudu ns. suunnitelmavelkaa. Esitetty uusi malli vaatiikin paljon lisäresursseja ja toimivan ajanvarausjärjestelmän sekä yhteydenpidon asiakkaan ja palvelun järjestävän organisaation välillä. Esityksen mukaan alkuhaastattelu tulisi järjestää TE-toimiston tai kuntakokeilun toimipisteessä, ellei muu järjestämistapa olisi tarkoituksenmukaisempi esim. erityisen pitkien asiointimatkojen tai työttömyyden tiedossa olevan lyhyen keston takia, taikka sen vuoksi, että työnhakija on vielä työssä, eikä voi osallistua alkuhaastatteluun paikan päällä. Keski-Suomen TE-toimisto toteaa, että esim. asiakkaiden liikkumiseen tulisi määrittää matkustamiseen tarvittava aika- tai kilometriraja (huom. syrjäseudut), jonka mukaan asiakkaiden voidaan edellyttää matkustavan työllisyyden hoidon toimipaikkaan. Toisaalta voisi olla hyvä pohtia muitakin tapaamisen vaihtoehtoja, kuten hyödyntämällä esim. sähköisiä palveluja / kasvokkain tapahtuvaa sähköistä etäpalvelua tms. Keski-Suomen TE-toimisto toteaa, että uudessa mallissa olisi hyvä antaa enemmän mahdollisuuksia käyttää viranomaisen harkintaan, niin kuin nykyisessäkin lainsäädännössä on. Julkisesta työvoima- ja yrityspalvelusta annettu laki; lausuttavaa osa-aikaista työtä tekevien palveluprosessista? Yritysten työvoimatarpeet ovat tänä päivänä varsin moninaisia. TE-hallinnon asiakkaista osa työllistyy määräaikaisesti ja kausiluonteisesti vuodesta toiseen. Esitetty malli ei ota huomioon työmarkkinoilla vallitsevaa tilannetta, jossa monet työnantajat tarvitsevat työvoimaa joustavasti. Esimerkiksi useissa palvelualojen tehtävissä työt keskittyvät iltoihin ja/tai viikonloppuihin. Huomiota tulisikin kiinnittää myös siihen, ettei vaikeuteta työvoimatarpeeltaan vaihtelevien alojen toimintaedellytyksiä ohjaamalla työvoimaa muille aloille. Julkisesta työvoima- ja yrityspalvelusta annettu laki; lausuttavaa koulutuksessa olevien palveluprosessista? Hallituksen esityksestä nousee useita kysymyksiä esiin. Tarkoitetaanko esityksessä sitä, että kaikkien koulutusten (omo, tv-koulutus jne.) aikana kaikki asiakkaat pitää kontaktoida? Onko tarkoituksenmukaista kontaktoida asiakasta, jos hän on jo valvotussa ohjauksessa / palvelupolulla (usein myös TE-toimiston ostamassa palvelussa)? Aiheutetaanko kontaktoinnilla asiakkaalle jopa turhaa hämmennystä, ja antaako TE-toimiston välikontaktointi lisäarvoa asiakkaalle ja viranomaiselle? Olisiko luontevaa, että kontaktointi olisi vasta palvelun jälkeen? Koulutuksessa olevien työnhakija-asiakkaiden määrä on huomattava ja esityksen perusteella TEtoimiston on keskitettävä resurssia nykyistä enemmän myös koulutuksessa olevien työnhakijaasiakkaiden palveluun. Hallituksen esittämä resurssilisäys ei riitä alkuunkaan kattamaan lisääntynyttä työmäärää. Julkisesta työvoima- ja yrityspalvelusta annettu laki; lausuttavaa muistutuksesta? JTYPL:n 2 luvun 14 §:ään ehdotetaan otettavaksi säännös muistutuksesta. Muistutuksella ei olisi vaikutusta työnhakijan oikeuteen saada työttömyysetuutta eikä muistutuksen antaminen edellyttäisi, että työnhakijan menettelyä on pidettävä työvoimapoliittisesti arvioituna moitittavana. Muistutuksen tarkoituksena olisi varmistua siitä, että työnhakija tietää, kuinka hänen tulee toimia työnhaussaan ja mitä työttömyysetuuden saaminen häneltä edellyttää. Hallituksen esityksen mukaan muistutuksella ei olisi vaikutuksia työnhakijan oikeuksiin ja velvollisuuksiin eikä sen antamiseen olisi mahdollista hakea oikaisua eikä siitä tehtäisi valituskelpoista päätöstä. Asiakkaan työnhaun velvoittavuudesta muistuttaminen on kannatettavaa, koska sen avulla työnhakija voi saada tiedon esimerkiksi hänelle asetetun velvoitteen täyttämisestä. Tosin työnhakijoilla tulisi olla selkeä käsitys siitä, että työnhakija on muistutuksesta huolimatta ensisijaisesti itse vastuussa velvollisuuksiensa täyttämisestä. Keski-Suomen TE-toimisto on kuitenkin huolissaan siitä, kuinka paljon muistutuksen lisääminen säännökseen lisää työmäärää. Keski-Suomen TE-toimisto toteaakin, että muistutukset ja huomautukset tulisi lähteä automaattisesti järjestelmästä, ei asiantuntijatyönä. Hallituksen esityksestä saa käsityksen, että muistutus on enemmän asiakkaan neuvontaa ja ohjausta. Pohdittavaksi jääkin, miten arvioidaan, jos muistutus jää tekemättä, seuraako laiminlyönnistä sanktioita? Tulisiko muistutuksesta antaa tarkempia sisällöllisiä perusteita? Julkisesta työvoima- ja yrityspalvelusta annettu laki; yleistä lausuttavaa työnhakuvelvollisuudesta? Aktiivinen työnhakuvelvollisuus on kannatettavaa, ja se myös edellyttää työnhakijan omatoimisuutta. Keski-Suomen TE-toimisto kuitenkin toteaa, että esitetty järjestelmä on hieman monimutkainen. Periaatteita ja poikkeamia olisi syytä vielä selkeyttää. Keski-Suomen TE-toimisto pitää tärkeänä, että työnhakuvelvoitteeseen jätettäisiin esitettyä enemmän mahdollisuuksia yksilölliseen harkintaan niin, että asiakkaiden tilanne voitaisiin paremmin kokonaisvaltaisesti huomioida. Hallituksen esityksen kohdassa 4.1.4. todetaan, työnhakukeskusteluissa ja täydentävissä työnhakukeskusteluissa painopiste olisi kuitenkin työnhaun tukemisessa ja työnhakijan ohjaamisessa, ja työttömyysetuuden saamisen edellytysten täyttymisen seurannan kannata keskeistä olisi verkkopalveluiden käyttö. Kohta aiheuttaa kysymyksiä mm. siinä, tukeeko asiakastietojärjestelmän toiminnallisuudet sitä, että asiantuntijan ei tarvitse pitää rinnalla omaa seurantaa työnhaun ja suunnitelman toteutumisesta ja lähteekö asiakkaalle järjestelmästä automaattisesti selvityspyyntö, mikäli hän ei ole raportoinut verkkopalvelussa työnhakuaan tai suunnitelman toimeenpanoa? Hakuvelvollisuus on kannatettavaa asettaa, tosin määrällisen hakuvelvollisuuden seuranta on taas haastavaa. Keski-Suomen TE-toimisto toteaa, että työnhakijan vastuulle tulisi jättää hakuvelvoitteen täyttämisen ilmoittaminen, ja sen seuranta tulisi automatisoida. Hakuvelvollisuus lisää osaltaan yhdenvertaisuutta (työtarjouksia ei tehdä kaikille, hakuvelvollisuus koskee kaikkia). Hakuvelvollisuuden lähtökohtana 1 haku / vko pidetään sopivana. Hakuvelvollisuus kannustaa heikommilla työmarkkina-alueilla asuvia /syrjäseudulla asuvia laajentamaan työnhakualuetta ja harkitsemaan työperäistä muuttoa toiselle paikkakunnalle. Hakuvelvollisuus voi siten myös helpottaa kohtaanto-ongelmia ja yritysten rekrytointiongelmia. Hakuvelvollisuudessa on otettu myös huomioon työnhakijan yksilöllinen tilanne ja TE-toimisto pitää tarkoituksenmukaisena, että hakuvelvollisuutta voi joidenkin työnhakijoiden osalta madaltaa laissa tarkoin määritellyin perustein työnhakijan yksilöllinen tilanne huomioiden. Työnantajien osalta taas pohdittavaksi jää se, millaisena velvoite koetaan työnantajien näkökulmasta. Vastaako työnhakuvelvollisuus työnantajan rekrytointiongelmiin vai kuormittuvatko työnantajat saadessaan työhakemuksia vain työnhakuvelvollisuuden muodolliseksi täyttämiseksi? Julkisesta työvoima- ja yrityspalvelusta annettu laki; lausuttavaa osa-aikaista työtä tekevien työnhakuvelvollisuudesta? Ehdotettu esitys osa-aikatyössä olevien määrälliseksi työnhakuvelvoitteeksi (yksi hakemus kolmessa kuukaudessa) on pieni. Nykyisen lainsäädännön mukaan osa-aikatyötä tekeväksi määritellään vähintään 4 tuntia viikossa työtä tekevä henkilö. Osa-aikatyötä tekevän määritelmän työajan yläraja on enintään 80 prosenttia alalla sovellettavasta kokoaikaisen työntekijän enimmäistyöajasta. Osaaikatyötä tekevien työnhakijoiden tekemän työmäärän vaihteluväli on siis suuri. Esitys ei huomioi suurta vaihteluväliä. Esimerkiksi 4 tuntia viikossa työskentelevän työnhakijan on haettava vain yhtä työpaikkaa kolmessa kuukaudessa, kun sama työnhakuvelvoite koskisi myös 30 tuntia viikossa työskentelevää. TE-toimisto pitää määrällistä työnhakuvelvoitetta osa-aikatyötä tekevien osalta täysin riittämättömänä, jos henkilön viikoittainen työmäärä on pieni. Julkisesta työvoima- ja yrityspalvelusta annettu laki; lausuttavaa koulutuksessa olevien työnhakuvelvollisuudesta? Työn hakeminen opintojen aikana ja työnhakuvelvoitteen asettaminen koulutuksessa oleville, on opintojen päättymisen jälkeisen nopean työllistymisen kannalta perusteltua. Esitetty työnhakuvelvollisuus yli kuukauden kestävässä koulutuksessa olevalle lisää TE-toimiston työmäärää huomattavasti esimerkiksi työtarjousten tekemisen osalta. Koulutuksessa olevien asiakkaiden määrä on huomattava ja esityksen perusteella TE-toimiston on keskitettävä resurssia nykyistä enemmän myös koulutuksessa oleviin työnhakija-asiakkaisiin. Hallituksen esittämä resurssilisäys ei riitä kattamaan lisääntynyttä työmäärää. Koulutuksessa olevien työnhakuvelvollisuudessa tulisi kiinnittää huomiota myös siihen, onko vaarana koulutuksen keskeytymisen lisääntyminen, jos asiakkaita velvoitetaan työnhakuun koulutuksen keskellä. Sekä siihen, miten keskeyttäminen vaikuttaa palveluntuottajaan esim. opiskelijoiden jatkuvaan liikehdintään ja opiskelijamäärien vaihteluun. Lisäksi tulisi miettiä myös sitä, tulisiko asiakkaalle seuraamuksia, jos asiakas keskeyttää koulutuksen ja haettu työ kestääkin vähemmän aikaa kuin koulutus olisi kestänyt, ja näin työn päätyttyä hän palaisikin takaisin työttömäksi työnhakijaksi, koska ei enää pääsisi takaisin samaan koulutukseen. Julkisesta työvoima- ja yrityspalvelusta annettu laki; lausuttavaa työnhakuvelvollisuuden asettamatta jättämisestä? Hallituksen esityksen kohdassa 4.1.3. todetaan, että "Määrällinen työnhakuvelvoite jätettäisiin asettamatta työnhakijoille, joiden työttömyys on pitkittynyt ja joilla on tarvetta sosiaali-, terveys- ja kuntoutuspalveluille.". Keski-Suomen TE-toimisto toteaa, että mikäli tarkoitus on se, että tilanne koskee asiakkaita, joilla molemmat asiat pätevät samanaikaisesti, tulisi tämä jotenkin tarkentaa lauseessa. Muuten tulkintana voi olla se, että työttömyyden pitkittyminen poistaa määrällisen työnhakuvelvoitteen. Lisäksi samassa kohdassa todetaan, että " Lisäksi edellytettäisiin, että henkilön tilanne on tosiasiallisesti sellainen, ettei työmarkkinoille suuntautuminen ole ajankohtaista.". KeskiSuomen TE-toimisto toteaa, että vaikka edellä mainitut kohdat on tarkoitettu toisiaan täydentäväksi, tulisi tekstiä tarkentaa. Lausetta tulisi tarkentaa sen osalta, mikä voi olla tällainen tosiasiallinen tilanne, koska muutoin soveltaminen jää tulkinnanvaraiseksi ja asiakkaat tulevat eriarvoisesti kohdelluiksi. Jos henkilöllä on esim. lapsia ja hän itse haluaa hoitaa niitä kotona, hän ei tosiasiallisesti ole työmarkkinoiden käytettävissä eikä hänen näin ollen pitäisi olla työttömyysetuusjärjestelmän piirissä. Julkisesta työvoima- ja yrityspalvelusta annettu laki; muuta lausuttavaa? Ei muuta lausuttavaa. Työttömyysturvalaki; lausuttavaa työstä eroamisen perusteella asetettavasta seuraamuksesta? Korvauksettoman määräajan puolittamisen 90 päivästä 45 päivän mittaiseksi saattaa lisätä työstä eroamisen seurauksena syntyvää työttömyyttä. Työnhakijan kynnys erota epämieluisasta työpaikasta madaltuu, kun itse aiheutetun työttömyyden työttömyysturvaa parannetaan. Korvauksettoman määräajan puolittamisen ei voi nähdä auttavan työvoimapulasta kärsiviä yrityksiä. Keski-Suomen TE-toimisto ei pidä tarkoituksenmukaisena lyhentää työstä eroamisen perusteella asetettavaa korvauksetonta määräaikaa. Korvauksettoman määräajan puolittaminen lisää julkisen talouden työttömyysturvamenoja. Toisaalta välillisesti säästöjä voi syntyä, mikäli lyhemmät korvauksettomat määräajat vähentävät työttömyysetuuspäätösten aiheuttamien muutoksenhakujen määrää ja myös TE-toimiston asiakaspalveluun tulevia kontakteja. Hallituksen esityksen mukaan työsuhteen päättymisen perusteella asetetut korvauksettomat määräajat on rajattu toistuvan menettelyn arvioinnin ulkopuolelle. Työstä eroaminen ja sitä kautta itse aiheutettu työttömyys, on kuitenkin työvoimapoliittisesti arvioituna selkeästi moitittavaa menettelyä, jolloin ko. korvauksettomat määräajat olisi loogista huomioida toistuvan menettelyn arvioinnissa. Työttömyysturvalaki; lausuttavaa työstä kieltäytymisen perusteella asetettavasta seuraamuksesta? Keski-Suomen TE-toimisto toteaa, että hallituksen esityksen työstä kieltäytymisen päteviin syihin liittyvät tarkennukset ovat tarpeellisia. Työnhakija-asiakkaat kieltäytyvät työstä hyvin moniin eri syihin vedoten, jolloin syiden tarkempi kirjaus lakiin lisää työnhakijoiden yhdenvertaista kohtelua ja osaltaan vähentää tulkinnanvaraisuutta. Hallituksen esityksen mukaan korvauksettoman määräajan kesto puolittuu tilanteissa, joissa työnhakija kieltäytyy varmasta työpaikasta ja pienenee muiden työstä kieltäytymisten osalta 60 päivästä 45 päivään. Työstä kieltäytymisen työttömyysturvaseuraamuksen lieventäminen ei ole tarkoituksenmukaista tilanteessa, joissa työmarkkinoilla on työvoimapulaa ja yrityksen kohtaavat rekrytointivaikeuksia. Työnhakijan tärkein velvollisuus on hakea työtä, eikä korvauksettoman määräajan kohtuullistaminen työstä kieltäytymisen osalta ole perusteltua. Työttömyysturvalaki; lausuttavaa porrastetusta seuraamuksesta? Keski-Suomen TE-toimisto toteaa, että porrastettu malli on varmasti työnhakijalle kohtuullisempi kuin nykyinen malli. Mallissa tulisi kuitenkin analysoida tarkemmin sitä, voidaanko odottaa, että työttömyysturvaseuraamusten lieventäminen lisäisi työllisyyttä ja synnyttäisin hallituksen kaavailemat työllisyysvaikutukset. Kaavaillut muutokset lisäävät työttömyysturvakustannuksia. Kustannuksia on toki arvioitu lakiesityksessä, mutta jää epäselväksi se, millaisen painoarvon kustannusten lisääntyminen on saanut lakiehdotusten lopullisessa muotoilussa. Suomelle tyypillisen korkean rakenteellisen työttömyyden tilanteessa tarvittaisiin etuusjärjestelmään pikemminkin työn vastaanottamista sekä ammatillista ja maantieteellistä liikkuvuutta edistäviä muutoksia. Etuusjärjestelmään nyt kaavaillut muutokset lisäävät pahimmillaan entuudestaan työmarkkinoiden jäykkyyksiä. Eikö tulisi luoda kannusteita vastaanottaa erilaisia työmahdollisuuksia sen sijaan, että turvataan etuuksia niistä kieltäydyttäessä. Onko esitystä laadittaessa riittävässä määrin punnittu sitä, tuleeko yksilön etu asettaa etusijalle suhteessa yhteiskunnan tarpeisiin. Etuusjärjestelmä on kallis ja heikentää julkista taloutta. Lisäksi työvoimapula on merkittävä yritysten kasvun este, mikä edelleen heikentää talouden kantokykyä. Eikö yksilön vastuuta oman toimeentulon hankkimisessa tulisi myös lainsäädännössä ja etuusjärjestelmässä korostaa sen heikentämisen sijaan. Hallituksen esityksen mukainen porrastettu seuraamuksen määräytymisperusteet voi olla hankala selittää asiakkaalle asiakaspalvelun yhteydessä ja TE-toimiston virkailijoiden on oltava tarkkana, jotta työssäolovelvoite tulee lausutuksi oikein. Nykyinen URA-tietojärjestelmä ei juuri tue virkailijaa virheettömään työskentelyyn. Uuden tietojärjestelmän olisi tärkeää ottaa huomioon kompleksinen lainsäädäntö ja esimerkiksi estää virheellisten lausuntojen antaminen. Keski-Suomen TE-toimisto toteaa, että olisi selkeämpää varsinkin asiakkaille mutta myös viranomaiselle, jos seuraamukset olisivat mahdollisimman yksinkertaiset ja selkeät. Työttömyysturvalaki; muuta lausuttavaa? Keski-Suomen TE-toimisto toteaa, että työttömyysturvalainsäädäntö ei nykyisellään tunnista riittävän hyvin erilaisia työn tekemisen muotoja. Työttömyysturvalain seuraamusjärjestelmän seuraamusten kohtuullistaminen voi olla perusteltua muutoin kuin itse aiheutetun työttömyyden ja työstä kieltäytymisen kohdalla. Lausuttavaa työllisyyden edistämisen kuntakokeilusta annetun lain muuttamisesta? Ei lausuttavaa. Lausuttavaa muiden lakien muuttamisesta? Tulisiko yhdenmukaistaa kaikki työllisyydenhoitoon liittyvät lait esim. työttömän määritelmän yhdenmukaistaminen niin JTYPL:ssa kuin TTL:ssa. Lausuttavaa muutosten voimaantulosta ja siirtymäajan järjestelyistä? Esitetty uusi malli on lyhyellä ajalla jo toinen iso muutos TE-palveluiden toimintatapoihin. Lisäksi tulisi huomioida se, että samanaikaisesti TE-toimistoissa ollaan ottamassa käyttöön uutta asiakastietojärjestelmään. Tärkeää olisikin, että tuleva uudistus tapahtuisi hallitusti sekä riittävän ajoissa ja riittävillä resursseilla. Hyvänä pidetään kuitenkin sitä, että siirtymäaikana voidaan toteuttaa muun muassa uusien henkilöiden rekrytointi. TE-palveluiden asiakaspalvelutyö edellyttää monipuolista osaamista ja asiakastiedon riittävää kartuttamisesta ennen kuin henkilö voi palvella asiakkaita. Osaavan henkilöstön löytäminen saattaa aiheuttaa haasteita, koska tehtävään joudutaan palkkaamaan uutta henkilöstöä, joilla ei välttämättä ole aiempaa TE-palvelujen kokemusta, joten perehtymiseen tarvitaan myös riittävästi aikaa. Uusien henkilöiden tehtäviin perehtymisen lisäksi tulisi huomioida myös se, että myös kokeneet TEasiantuntijat tarvitsevat konkreettista työtään tukevaa tietoa hyvissä ajoin ennen uuden työvoimapalvelumallin käyttöönottoa. Tosin sanoen, ei riitä, että TE-toimisto rekrytoi ja itse perehdyttää uudet asiantuntijat, vaan myös kokeneet asiantuntijat tarvitsevat sparrausta uudentyyppiseen asiakasohjaukseen. Lausuntopalvelu.fi 10/12 Lausuttavaa suhteesta perustuslakiin ja säätämisjärjestyksestä? Ei lausuttavaa. Muuta lausuttavaa? Keski-Suomen TE-toimisto haluaa todeta, että toimiston osalta resurssilisäys pohjoismaisen työvoimapalvelumallin toimeenpanoon ei ole suuri. Resurssien osalta on tärkeää huomioida se, että asiantuntijan tehtäväkenttään sisältyy paljon muitakin tehtäviä kuin asiakkaiden haastattelu ja merkittävä osa TE-toimiston asiantuntijoista työskentelee suoran asiakastyön sijaan erilaisten hallinnollisten tehtävien parissa. Kuntakokeiluissa kunnat voivat täydentää TE-toimistosta siirtyneitä resursseja omilla resursseillaan ja pääsevät työ- ja elinkeinoministeriön tekemällä resurssijaolla TEtoimistoja selvästi alempiin asiakasmääriin asiantuntijaa kohden. Hallituksen esityksessä lisätään asiantuntijoiden työtehtäviä ja palveluodotuksia (mm. koulutuksessa ja työssä olevien henkilöiden tiivis kontaktointi ja työnhaun tuki) jo valmiiksi haastavassa työmarkkinatilanteessa. Kuten aikaisemmin on jo todettu, asiakkaiden työnhauntilanteet ovat hyvin vaihtelevia. Kaikkien työnhakijoiden prosessit eivät etene samassa tahdissa ja asiakkaiden tarpeet ovat hyvinkin erilaisia. Hallituksen esityksessä tulisi huomioida paremmin asiakkaiden yksilöllinen palvelutarve, ja viranomaisen harkintavalta siitä, ketkä asiakkaista tarvitsevat eniten tukea (vrt. pitkäaikaistyöttömät ja syrjäytyneet - liikkuvat ja itse työllistyvät työnhakijat). Toisin sanoen säädökseen asetettaisiin tavoitteet ja malli - miten tavoitteisiin pyrittäisiin, mutta viranomaiselle jätettäisiin harkintavalta siihen, millä toimilla ja aikataulutuksella kunkin asiakkaan tapauksessa tavoitteisiin päästäisiin. Keski-Suomen TE-toimisto toteaakin, että hallituksen esityksessä esitettyjen muutosten toimeenpanemiseksi työ- ja elinkeinotoimistojen resursseja tulisi vahvistaa merkittävästi, jotta uudistus toteutuisi esitetyn mukaisesti. Säynätmäki Tuula Keski-Suomen TE-toimisto Ruohtula Johanna Lausuntopalvelu.fi 11/12 Keski-Suomen TE-toimisto Lausuntopalvelu.fi 12/12	<urn:uuid:79ce615b-e5aa-43cd-b831-5d961e5326f9>	HuggingFaceFW/finepdfs/tree/main/data/fin_Latn/train	finepdfs	fin_Latn	26,820
Sport Management- Sport Administration and Events Why Sport Administration and Events? The Sport Management Major is designed to meet the growing interest in the business, administration, marketing, and management of sport programs and facilities. Graduates may choose to pursue advanced degrees in such topics as administration, marketing, MBAs, law school, and facility management. The concentration in Sport Administration and Events prepares students to enter the field with the necessary knowledge in motivating a team, sports law, leadership, and operations. What jobs and graduate programs can I join with this Major? -Rutgers Global Sports Business Masters Program -Event/Facility Magement in: -Professional Teams and Leagues -Colleges and Universities -High School/Youth -Corporate Business -MBA Programs -Contract Negotiation Manager -Law School -Sports General Manager -Sport Training Centers -Olympics -Sport Camps -Sport Franchises What can I be doing outside from the academic requirements to prepare for a Career in Administration and Events? -Join a club- Kinesiology and Health, Association of Marketing and Strategy, DECA, National Society of Leadership and Success, Phi Beta Lambda, Recreation Sports Clubs, Rutgers Undergraduate Women in Business, Rutgers Sports Business Association, Unified Sports Club, - Gain as much experience as possible through volunteering, internships- working with sports event planners, event promoters -Build relationships with professors, student athletes, college sports directors, coaches, and internship supervisors -Consider graduate schools like sport business, sport law, marketing, business school, psychology -Work with administrators in schools or sporting events. -Seek leadership roles in campus organizations. Serve as a peer advisor, tutor, resident assistant, etc. Curriculum Requirements- Sport Management Major Sport Administration and Events Sample Course Plan of Study Sport Management Major with Sport Administration and Events Concentration The above sample plan is for the Major only. Students must also satisfy their school requirements. Sport Management- Sport Administration and Events What Electives Should I Take as Part of This Concentration? The following courses are great to take to enhance your Sport Administration Curriculum: 01:955:306-Finance in Sport 01:955:317- Ethics and Value in Sport 01:955:331- Gender Issues in Sport 01:955:332- Leadership Development in Sport 01:955:342- Independent Study in Sport Management Contact Suggestions for Independent Study: Prof. Art Berke Prof. Latisha Forster-Scott Prof. Jason Henderson Prof. Mike Finkelstein 01:955:412- Advanced Sport Marketing Professional Associations to Join Related to Sport Management Association for Women in Sport Media Athletic Equipment Managers' Association National Intramural-Recreational Sports Association North American Society for Sport Management Sport Marketing Association National Association of Sports Agents and Athlete Representatives National Association of Collegiate Directors of Athletics Cannot use this course to fulfill more than one requirement	<urn:uuid:11b30a40-b8d7-4511-9e4f-dc3515d140f2>	HuggingFaceFW/finepdfs/tree/main/data/eng_Latn/train	finepdfs	eng_Latn	3,177
Autorizzazione ad applicare il numero di identificazione (1370) dell'organismo notificato Bureau Veritas Italia SpA Letter of authorisation to affix the Bureau Veritas Italia SpA notified body number (1370) N° CE-1370-PED-A2-TUL 001-17-ITA Bureau Veritas Italia SpA, agendo nell’ambito del contratto 7017217 e della sua notifica (Numero dell’organismo notificato 1370) limitatamente all’applicazione del modulo A2 dell’Allegato III della direttiva “Attrezzature a Pressione” n° 2014/68/UE, autorizza il richiedente ad apporre il numero di identificazione 1370 insieme alla marcatura CE sui prodotti di seguito identificati: Bureau Veritas Italia SpA, acting within the scope of the contract 7017217 and of its notification (Notified Body number 1370), for module A2 according to the annex III of the Pressure Equipment directive n° 2014/68/EU, authorises the applicant to affix the identification number 1370 accompanying the CE marking, on the items of equipment identified hereinafter. \| Fabbricante (Nome) / Manufacturer (Name): \| TUBIFICIO LOMBARDO S.R.L. \| \|------------------------------------------\|---------------------------\| \| Indirizzo / Address: \| VIA GIOVANNI XXIII, 1 \| \| \| 46030 , SAN NICOLO’ PO , Italy \| \| Mandatario (Nome) / Authorised representative (Name): \| N.A. \| \| Indirizzo / Address: \| N.A. \| \| Nome - Marchio commerciale: \| TUBIFICIO LOMBARDO S.R.L. \| \| Descrizione dell’attrezzatura / Equipment description: \| Tubazioni per fluidi Gr.2 – Tubazioni per acqua surriscaldata con TS 120°C max e min PSxDN = 1000 Group 2 fluids piping – Superheated water piping TS 120°C max and min PSxDN = 1000 \| \| Identificazione delle attrezzature (elenco in allegato, se necessario): Equipment concerned (list attached where necessary) \| DN50 - DN65 - DN80 - DN100 - DN125- DN150 - DN200 \| Questa autorizzazione è concessa / This authorisation is granted: fino a data di scadenza, gg/mm/aaaa) / up to (expiration date, dd/mm/yyyy): 11/05/2018 Natura ed ubicazione della marcatura dell’attrezzatura: Nature and location of the marking of the equipment Targhetta adesiva fissata alla tubazione Adhesive tag fixed to tube La marcatura CE alla quale si riferisce la presente autorizzazione è destinata in primo luogo alle autorità di controllo degli Stati Membri e non all’utente finale. La presente autorizzazione è presunta nulla ed il fabbricante si farà esclusivo carico delle conseguenze della sua utilizzazione, in caso di modifiche apportate all’attrezzatura che possano influire sulla conformità ai requisiti essenziali di sicurezza o sulle condizioni di utilizzo previste e, in generale, se il fabbricante non rispetta uno qualsiasi degli obblighi imposti dalla Direttiva 2014/68/UE del 15 maggio 2014 così come recepita nelle leggi nazionali applicabili. The CE marking referred to in this letter is intended for the Member States surveillance authorities, and not for the final consumer. This authorisation shall be deemed to be void and the manufacturer shall alone bear any consequences pursuant to its use, in case of modification to the equipment where this may affect conformity with the essential safety requirements or the prescribed conditions for use of the equipment; and generally where the manufacturer fails in particular to comply with any of his obligations under directive nr 2014/68/EU of 15 may 2014 as transposed in the applicable law(s). \| Fatto a Made at \| Il (gg/mm/aaaa) On (dd/mm/yyyy) \| Approvato e Registrato in Approved and Recorded in \| Firmato da Signed by \| Firma autorizzata dall’Organismo Notificato N° 1370 Signature Authorized by Notified Body No 1370 \| \|-----------------\|-------------------------------\|--------------------------------------------------\|----------------------\|---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------\| \| MILANO \| 11/05/2017 \| Italy \| GABRIELE FRACASSI \| \| Codice di Registrazione / Registration Code: 2017/000987/CE-1370-PED Il presente documento è soggetto al contratto di Confindustria e alla Condizione Generale di Vendita, allegate al contratto firmate dai signatari. The present document is subject to the terms of General Conditions of Services attached to the agreement signed by the signatories. Il presente documento non può essere riprodotto, se non dal fabbricante nel rispetto delle disposizioni del contratto stipulato con Bureau Veritas Italia SpA The present document shall not be reproduced, except by the manufacturer in compliance with the provisions of the contract entered into between the local Bureau Veritas entity and the manufacturer.	<urn:uuid:123718d6-e21c-4293-b32b-711dc92c4a7b>	HuggingFaceFW/finepdfs/tree/main/data/ita_Latn/train	finepdfs	ita_Latn	4,863
Select Jewellery & Watches (676) Fri, 22nd Oct 2021, Live Online \| Viewing in Connaught St, London Viewing Times: Viewing Closed Lot 43 Estimate: £700 - £1000 + Fees A pair of diamond earrings Each designed as a foliate cluster, pavé-set with brilliant-cut diamonds, clip and articulated post fittings Dimensions: Length: 2.7cm	<urn:uuid:0db6a980-d5c6-4448-a45f-71964b990147>	HuggingFaceFW/finepdfs/tree/main/data/eng_Latn/train	finepdfs	eng_Latn	336
DOHODA O HMOТNEJ ZOДPOВЕДНОСТИ Zamestnávateľ: ............................................................................................................................... ....................................................................................................................................................... v zastúpení ........................................................................................................... funkcia ........................................ ....................................................................................................................................................... a zamestnanec ........................................................................................................ nar. ...................... bydlisko ............................................................................................................................. uzavreli dňa ................................................. túto dohodu o hmotnej zodpovednosti 1. Zamestnanec ........................................................................................................ prevzal dňa .............. funkciu ............................................................................................................................. V súvislosti s prevzatím tejto funkcie prevzal(a) na základe inventarizácie¹): ........................................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................................... 2. Zamestnanec ........................................................................................................ sa zaväzuje - všetky hodnoty riadne a bežne vyúčtovať a urobiť všetko, aby nevznikli škody na zverenom majetku, - preberá na základe tejto dohody hmotnú zodpovednosť za prevzaté a zverené hodnoty uvedené v bode 1 ako aj hodnoty, ktoré prevezme v súvislosti s vykonávaním svojej funkcie, - preberá zodpovednosť za prípadný schodok na týchto hodnotách, pokiaľ by nepreukázal(a), že tento schodok nezavinil(a) - ........................................................................................................................................... - ........................................................................................................................................... - ........................................................................................................................................... 3. Pre prípad účovného schodku na zverených hodnotách, za ktoré prevzal(a) hmotnú zodpovednosť, sa zamestnanec zaväzuje nahradiť ho v plnej finančnej hodnote. 4. Zamestnanec sa zaväzuje písomne upozorniť bez meškania svojho nadriadeného na všetky nedostatky, ktoré by znemožňovali správne vykonávať svoju funkciu spojenú s hmotnou zodpovednosťou, a to písomne. 5. Zamestnávateľ sa zaväzuje vytvoriť a dodržiavať také pracovné podmienky, ktoré by zamestnancovi umožňovali riadne vykonávať funkciu spojenú s hmotnou zodpovednosťou. V ........................................................................................................ dňa ........................................ ....................................................................................................................................................... ....................................................................................................................................................... pečiatka a podpis zamestnávateľa ........................................................................................................ podpis zamestnanca	<urn:uuid:a643d4dd-4c34-4012-a71d-b77d5d4ef0cb>	HuggingFaceFW/finepdfs/tree/main/data/slk_Latn/train	finepdfs	slk_Latn	3,826
MAT: RECONOCE ASIGNACION EXPERIENCIA DE SORAYA QUINTANA BREVIS DECRETO (E) Nº 1692 / 2013 FECHA, 27 MAR 2013 VISTOS: Las facultades que me confiere la Ley Nº 18.695, Orgánica Constitucional de Municipalidades, refundida con sus textos modificatorios, lo dispuesto en el D. F. L. Nº 1 "Fija texto refundido, coordinado y sistematizado de la Ley Nº 19.070, que aprobó el Estatuto de los Profesionales de la Educación, y de las Leyes que lo complementan", Ley Nº 19.543 "Regula el traspaso de Servicios Municipales entre las Municipalidades de las comunas que indican", D.F.L. Nº 1 del 05.04.94. "Fija el Texto refundido, coordinado y sistematizado del Código del Trabajo". CONSIDERANDO: 1.- Decreto (A) Nº 677 del 23.05.2000, Reemplaza Decreto Alcaldicio Nº 520 del 19.05.1999 hasta el Delega Atribuciones al Director DAEM; 2.- Certificado de fecha 25/03/2013 del Director de la Escuela Michaihue de la Comuna de San Pedro de la Paz, certifica que trabajó como Profesora de Integración desde el 02/03/2007 al 28/02/2009. 2 años 3.- Contrato de Trabajo con fecha 03/03/2010 entre la Corporación Municipal de Desarrollo Social de Iquique y doña Soraya Quintana Brevis, trabajó como docente desde el 03/03/2010 al 28/02/2011, como Profesora especialista de Integración: 11 meses y 29 días. 4.- Certificado de fecha 14/08/2012 de la Directora del Colegio College certifica que la señorita Soraya Paola Quintana Brevis, trabajó como Docente de Integración desde el 03/05/2010 al 23/07/2011: Se considera desde el 1/03/2011 al 23/07/2011: 6 meses y 23 días. 5.- Certificado de fecha 19/03/2013 del DAEM de la Comuna de Chillán, trabajó como Docente desde el 08/03/2012 al 28/02/2013: 11 meses y 24 días. 6.- Decreto Nº 1375 del 08/02/2013, de I. Municipalidad de Chillan Viejo nombra a contrata en el DAEM de la comuna de Chillán Viejo con 44 horas cronológicas semanales, desde el 01.03.2013 al 28/02/2014: (Se considera hasta 25/03/2013 por la fecha del presente Decreto Alcaldicio): 25 días RESUMEN: 4 años 7 meses y 11 días. DECRETO: 1.- Reconócese, asignación de experiencia a la Profesional de la Educación como sigue: NOMBRE : SORAYA PAOLA QUINTANA BREVIS ESTABLECIMIENTO : ESCUELA LOS COLIHUES Y ESCUELA NEBUCO RUN : 15.280.693-0 FECHA DE ANTIGÜEDAD : 15/08/2008 Nº DE BIENIOS : 2 PORCENTAJE : 13,42 % 2.- Impútese el gasto que irroga la ejecución del presente Decreto Alcaldicio al Subtítulo 21, Ítem 02. ANÓTESE, COMUNÍQUESE Y ARCHÍVESE: MONICA VARELA YAÑEZ DIRECTORA DAEM. (R) FRANCISCO FUENZALIDA VALDES SECRETARIO MUNICIPAL DISTRIBUCION: Secretaría Municipal, Educación, Interesado, Carpeta personal, Finanzas DAEM.	<urn:uuid:43583379-9136-40fb-b349-03d36d4cbedc>	HuggingFaceFW/finepdfs/tree/main/data/spa_Latn/train	finepdfs	spa_Latn	2,638
bâtiment Professionnels du comment réduire le coût des travaux grâce aux aides consultez-nous gratuitement sur les aides disponibles conseiller sur les règlementations en vigueur accompagner sur présenter les équipements et matériaux performants les audits énergétiques conseiller sur la fiscalité pour plus d'informations consultez notre site comment réduire le coût des travaux grâce aux aides Tous les conseils sont neutres, indépendants et totalement gratuits ! L' Agence Locale de l'Énergie et du Climat (ALEC) – Nancy Grands Territoires, association à but non lucratif fondée en 2007, porte le dispositif INFO   ÉNERGIE qui a pour but d'informer, sensibiliser et accompagner tous les consommateurs d'énergie à la maîtrise de leurs consommations et de leurs dépenses dans une optique de développement durable. Que peut vous apporter l'Espace Info > énergie ? Un aperçu des dispositifs d'aides existants : > Crédits d'impôts 30% > éco-Prêt à taux 0 > TVA à taux réduit > Certificats d'économie d'énergie (CEE) > Aides locales Une estimation des aides par rapport au coût des travaux grâce au logiciel de l'Ademe « Simul'Aides  ». Une analyse approfondie et des conseils pour obtenir les aides. les aides peuvent réduire la facture totale des travaux de 20 à 30%. Un accompagnement personnalisé : > Chiffrages précis > Démarches administratives > Règlementation et fiscalité *(hors Anah) agence locale de l'énergie et du climat nancy grands territoires 10, Promenade émilie du Châtelet 54000 NANCY - 03.83.37.25.87 - email@example.com	<urn:uuid:ba6c0633-cd36-4760-b702-f803fe0c9d7b>	HuggingFaceFW/finepdfs/tree/main/data/fra_Latn/train	finepdfs	fra_Latn	1,557
Ποιός είναι αυτός ο Κύπριος που διάλεξε ο Ντέκλαν Ντόνελαν για βοηθό σκηνοθέτη; Η θρυλική ομάδα Cheek By Jowl του διάσημου Άγγλου σκηνοθέτη θέατρου Ντέκλαντ Ντόνελαν αρχίζει μια περιοδεία από Ταιβάν μέχρι Ρουμανία με την φημισμένη παράσταση «Κρίμα που είναι Πόρνη». Η είδηση όμως δεν είναι αυτή. Η είδηση είναι πως αυτή την φορά βοηθός σκηνοθέτης του Ντόνελαν είναι ο 34χρονος Κύπριος σκηνοθέτης Πάρις Ερωτοκρίτου Πηγή:www.lifo.gr Πρώτα άκουσα ένα επιφώνημα ενθουσιασμού και μετά την φράση"Ο Ντόνελαν με προσέλαβε ως βοηθό σκηνοθέτη". Η σύνδεση δεν ήταν πολύ καλή, εκείνος περπατούσε κάπου στο Λονδίνο, εγώ κάπου στην Παλιά Λευκωσία. Σε λίγες μέρες ερχόταν στην Κύπρο όπως με ενημερώσε, "θα τα πούμε από κοντά" του είπα και κάπως έτσι κλείσαμε το τηλέφωνο. Προφανώς και αγωνιούσα να μάθω όλες τις λεπτομέρειες αυτής της απρόσμενης εξέλιξης. Γιατί όταν μιλάμε για τον Ντέκλαν Ντόνελαν, τότε είναι απαραίτητες όλες οι λεπτομέρειες. Δεν είναι απλά ένας σπουδαίος σκηνοθέτης, αλλά ένας καλλιτέχνης που μαζί με την ομάδα του Cheek by Jowl, έχει γράψει ιστορία στο χώρο του παγκόσμιου θεάτρου κυρίως για την "φρέσκα οπτική" του απέναντι σε κλασσικά έργα καθώς και για την ζωντάνια των παραστάσεων του. Βάση τους τα τελευταία χρόνια είναι το πολιτιστικό κέντρο Barbican καθώς και οι ομάδες θεάτρου που έχουν συγκροτήσει σε Παρίσι και Μόσχα. Πώς προέκυψε λοιπόν αυτή η φοβερή συνεργασία; Πως ο Ντόνελαντ επέλεξε αυτό τον Κύπριο σκηνοθέτη για βοηθό του; Έπρεπε να μάθω όλο το στόρι… Τον Πάρι Ερωτοκρίτου τον ήξερα χρόνια τώρα. Γνωστός στο χώρο του Κυπριακού θεάτρου σαν ένας από τους πιο "τολμηρούς" σκηνοθέτες της νέας γενιάς όπου με την ομάδα του Fresh Target Theatre έχει ανεβάσει (εδώ και στην Αθήνα) παραστάσεις που σχολιάστηκαν και έκαναν αίσθηση. Δύο περίπου χρόνια πριν αποφασίσε να κάνει μια παύση. Να ξαναβάλει τον εαυτό του σε μα δοκιμασία πειραματισμού, να παίξει με τα όρια του και να εξελίξει τις δυνατότητες του. Έκανε αίτηση στην σπουδαία ακαδημία Royal Academy of Dramatic Art (RADA), στο Λονδίνο, για να φοιτήσει σαν σκηνοθέτης. Η συγκεκριμένη ακαδημία δέχεται μόνο τρείς σκηνοθέτες κάθε χρόνο και ο Πάρις ήταν ανάμεσα σε αυτούς. Κάπως έτσι λοιπόν ξεκίνησε για κείνον μια καινούργια περιπέτεια και μια ασκητική σχεδόν ζωή, η οποία σήμερα τον φέρνει πλάι στον διάσημο Ντέκλαν Ντόντελαν και του χαρίζει την δυνατότητα να ζήσει όχι απλά μια θεατρική εμπειρία αλλά μια εμπειρία ζωής. Ας πάρουμε τα πράγματα από την αρχή. Κάθεται απέναντι μου, στο λευκό καναπέ, είναι απόγευμα, κάνει κρύο, έχουμε την σόμπα πετρελαίου αναμμένη και πίνουμε τσάι χαμομήλι. "Παράξενο το πώς τα φέρνει η ζωή", του λέω, εκείνος χαμογελάει γιατί ξέρει τι εννοώ, και εννοώ πως όλη αυτή η ιστορία έχει μια σειρά από συμπτώσεις που αποδεικνύουν πως τελικά τίποτα τυχαίο και κυρίως τίποτα αδύνατο. Ήταν το 2004, δέκα χρόνια πριν, ο Πάρις σπούδαζε τότε ηθοποιός στην Αθήνα, είχε ήδη τελειώσει την νομική και αποφάσισε να κάνει την προσωπική του επανάσταση ακολουθώντας εκείνο που πάντα ήταν το όνειρο του. Να ασχοληθεί με το θέατρο. Τυχαία έπεσε στα χέρια του το βιβλίο "The actor and the target". Συγγραφέας του ο Ντέκλαν Ντόνελαν. Δεν τον ήξερε, δεν είχε ακούσει ξανά το όνομα του, το βιβλίο του όμως το ρούφηξε, το διάβαζε ξανά και ξανά για χρόνια, το είχε μετατρέψει σε βίβλο του. «Ο τρόπος που προσέγγιζε την τέχνη του ηθοποιού ήταν φοβερά απελευθερωτικός» μου λέει και ζητώ διευκρινίσεις. «Ο Ντόνελαν εξηγεί σ'αυτό το βιβλίο πως πάντα υπάρχΠρώτα άκουσα ένα επιφώνημα ενθουσιασμού και μετά την φράση"Ο Ντόνελαν με προσέλαβε ως βοηθό σκηνοθέτη". Η σύνδεση δεν ήταν πολύ καλή, εκείνος περπατούσε κάπου στο Λονδίνο, εγώ κάπου στην Παλιά Λευκωσία. Σε λίγες μέρες ερχόταν στην Κύπρο όπως με ενημερώσε, "θα τα πούμε από κοντά" του είπα και κάπως έτσι κλείσαμε το τηλέφωνο. Προφανώς και αγωνιούσα να μάθω όλες τις λεπτομέρειες αυτής της απρόσμενης εξέλιξης. Γιατί όταν μιλάμε για τον Ντέκλαν Ντόνελαν, τότε είναι απαραίτητες όλες οι λεπτομέρειες. Δεν είναι απλά ένας σπουδαίος σκηνοθέτης, αλλά ένας καλλιτέχνης που μαζί με την ομάδα του Cheek by Jowl, έχει γράψει ιστορία στο χώρο του παγκόσμιου θεάτρου κυρίως για την "φρέσκα οπτική" του απέναντι σε κλασσικά έργα καθώς και για την ζωντάνια των παραστάσεων του. Βάση τους τα τελευταία χρόνια είναι το πολιτιστικό κέντρο Barbican καθώς και οι ομάδες θεάτρου που έχουν συγκροτήσει σε Παρίσι και Μόσχα. Πώς προέκυψε λοιπόν αυτή η φοβερή συνεργασία; Πως ο Ντόνελαντ επέλεξε αυτό τον Κύπριο σκηνοθέτη για βοηθό του; Έπρεπε να μάθω όλο το στόρι… Τον Πάρι Ερωτοκρίτου τον ήξερα χρόνια τώρα. Γνωστός στο χώρο του Κυπριακού θεάτρου σαν ένας από τους πιο "τολμηρούς" σκηνοθέτες της νέας γενιάς όπου με την ομάδα του Fresh Target Theatre έχει ανεβάσει (εδώ και στην Αθήνα) παραστάσεις που σχολιάστηκαν και έκαναν αίσθηση. Δύο περίπου χρόνια πριν αποφασίσε να κάνει μια παύση. Να ξαναβάλει τον εαυτό του σε μα δοκιμασία πειραματισμού, να παίξει με τα όρια του και να εξελίξει τις δυνατότητες του. Έκανε αίτηση στην σπουδαία ακαδημία Royal Academy of Dramatic Art (RADA), στο Λονδίνο, για να φοιτήσει σαν σκηνοθέτης. Η συγκεκριμένη ακαδημία δέχεται μόνο τρείς σκηνοθέτες κάθε χρόνο και ο Πάρις ήταν ανάμεσα σε αυτούς. Κάπως έτσι λοιπόν ξεκίνησε για κείνον μια καινούργια περιπέτεια και μια ασκητική σχεδόν ζωή, η οποία σήμερα τον φέρνει πλάι στον διάσημο Ντέκλαν Ντόντελαν και του χαρίζει την δυνατότητα να ζήσει όχι απλά μια θεατρική εμπειρία αλλά μια εμπειρία ζωής. Ας πάρουμε τα πράγματα από την αρχή. Κάθεται απέναντι μου, στο λευκό καναπέ, είναι απόγευμα, κάνει κρύο, έχουμε την σόμπα πετρελαίου αναμμένη και πίνουμε τσάι χαμομήλι. "Παράξενο το πώς τα φέρνει η ζωή", του λέω, εκείνος χαμογελάει γιατί ξέρει τι εννοώ, και εννοώ πως όλη αυτή η ιστορία έχει μια σειρά από συμπτώσεις που αποδεικνύουν πως τελικά τίποτα τυχαίο και κυρίως τίποτα αδύνατο. Ήταν το 2004, δέκα χρόνια πριν, ο Πάρις σπούδαζε τότε ηθοποιός στην Αθήνα, είχε ήδη τελειώσει την νομική και αποφάσισε να κάνει την προσωπική του επανάσταση ακολουθώντας εκείνο που πάντα ήταν το όνειρο του. Να ασχοληθεί με το θέατρο. Τυχαία έπεσε στα χέρια του το βιβλίο "The actor and the target". Συγγραφέας του ο Ντέκλαν Ντόνελαν. Δεν τον ήξερε, δεν είχε ακούσει ξανά το όνομα του, το βιβλίο του όμως το ρούφηξε, το διάβαζε ξανά και ξανά για χρόνια, το είχε μετατρέψει σε βίβλο του. «Ο τρόπος που προσέγγιζε την τέχνη του ηθοποιού ήταν φοβερά απελευθερωτικός» μου λέει και ζητώ διευκρινίσεις. «Ο Ντόνελαν εξηγεί σ'αυτό το βιβλίο πως πάντα υπάρχουν δύο όψεις του νομίσματος. Κι'αν θέλεις να προσεγγίσεις ένα ρόλο πρέπει να ψάχνεις και τις δύο αυτές όψεις. Επίσης σου μαθαίνει πως να μην κλείνεσαι στο καβούκι σου, να μην σκέφτεσαι μόνο τον εαυτό σου πάνω στην σκηνή. Η αίσθηση που μου άφησε το βιβλίο ήταν πως αυτός ο τύπος εχει μια φοβερά φρέσκα ματιά στην οποία ήθελα να εντρυφήσω γιατί την έβρισκα πολύ επελευθερωτική». Άρχισε έκτοτε να παρακολουθεί την δουλειά του, να ψάχνει πληροφορίες για την ομάδα Cheek By Jowl και τις παραστάσεις που ανέβαζαν. Και ύστερα πέρασαν τα χρόνια. Λονδίνο δύο χρόνια πριν. Μπαίνοντας στη RADA, o κάθε ένας από τους τρείς σκηνοθέτες που φοιτούν στην ακαδημία, καλείται να βρει ένα μέντορα. Ο Πάρις ζητά αμέσως επαφή με τον Ντόνελαν. Δυστυχώς δεν είναι εφικτό να γίνει ο μέντορας του γιατί εκείνη την εποχή ο Ντόνελαν βρισκόταν στην Μόσχα και αργότερα θα πήγαινε στην Γαλλία. Συμφωνούν ωστόσο να συναντηθούν μόλις ο Ιρλανδός σκηνοθέτης επέστρεφε στο Λονδίνο. Ο Πάρις του εκφράζει την επιθυμία του να γνωριστούν απο κοντά, ο Ντόνελαν αποδέχεται και έτσι φτάνουμε σε κείνο το πρωινό στο καφέ του Ντομινίκ. «Είχα τεράστια αγωνία όχι μόνο γιατί θα γνώριζα κάποιον ο οποίος έκανε πολύ σημαντικά πράγματα στο θέατρο και μάλιστα όχι μόνο σε μια χώρα αλλά σε τρείς (Αγγλία, Ρωσσία, Γαλλία) αλλά και γιατί ήθελα πολύ να ανταποκρίνεται στην εικόνα που είχα ήδη σχηματίσει στο μυαλό μου για κείνον.». Ήταν γύρω στις 11 το πρωί, ο Ντόνελαν καθόταν στο βάθος της καφετέριας, είχε ήδη μια άλλη συνάντηση, ζήτησε από το Πάρι δέκα λεπτά για να τελειώσει το προηγούμενο ραντεβού, η αγωνία κορυφωνόταν. «Και τελικά;» τον ρωτώ για να επισπεύσω το σασπενς. «Μου έκανε την καλύτερη εντύπωση. Ζεστός, φιλικός χωρίς καμία επάρση, χωρίς να σου βγάζει την αίσθηση ότι ξέρει τα πάντα, χωρίς να το παίζει γκούρου ή αυθεντικά παρότι όλα όσα έχει κάνει στο θέατρο είναι ιδιοφυή. Είναι σχεδόν εξήντα χρόνων και το βλέμμα του έχει ακόμα εκείνη την παιδική περιέργεια. Ένα βλέμμα που θέλει να τρυπώνει κάτω από το κάθε τί. Μια αεικίνητη ενέργεια, αυτό μου έβγαζε σαν άνθρωπος». Μιλούσανε για το θέατρο, εκείνος έκανε κυρίως ερωτήσεις στο Πάρι, ποιό θέατρο τον ενδιαφέρει, γιατί ήρθε στην Αγγλία, τί του αρέσει περισσότερο στους Cheek By Jowl και άλλα διάφορα. Συμφωνήσαν να κρατήσουν επαφή. "Ένιωσα ότι υπήρξε μια χημεία μεταξύ μας, έφυγα ενθουσιασμένος που είχα την ευκαιρία να συνομιλήσω με κάποιον τον οποίο θαύμαζα". Η δεύτερη συνάντηση έγινε στο σπίτι του Ντόνελαν, αρκετούς μήνες μετά. Κάθισαν στον κήπο του, έχει ένα υπέροχο κήπο, μου λέει, και πάλι μιλούσαν για θέατρο και για αυτή την ιδιαίτερη ματιά που έχει ο Ντόνελαν πάνω σε κλασσικά κείμενα. "Ποιά είναι αυτή η ιδιαίτερη ματιά;" τον ρωτώ. "Ο Ντόνελαν επικεντρώνεται στην τέχνη του ηθοποιού. Και επιζητά να συνεργάζεται με ηθοποιούς που παράγουν υλικό και όχι απλά εκτελούν. Τελευταία η τέχνη του ηθοποιού πέφτει σε δεύτερη μοίρα. Ενώ στο Ντέκλαν δεν ισχύει κάτι τέτοιο. Ο ηθοποιός είναι πρωταρχικό στοιχείο γι'αυτό και οι παραστάσεις του είναι τόσο ζωντανές, έχουν εκείνη την ενέργεια που βγαίνει από τους κώδικες επικοινωνίας που δεν είναι μόνο λεκτικοί". Μερικούς μήνες μετά ο Πάρις λαμβάνει ένα τηλεφώνημα. Ο Ντόνελαν ζητά να συναντηθούν ξανά. "Νόμιζα ότι επρόκειτο για μια συνάντηση όπως τις υπόλοιπες" μου λέει. Δεν ήταν όμως. Ο Ιρλανδός σκηνοθέτης του γνωστοποιεί την πρόθε΄ση του να ανεβάσει ξανά την θρυλική παράσταση "Κρίμα που είναι πόρνη" η οποία μάλιστα θα περιόδευε σε διάφορες χώρες του κόσμου. "Ζητώ βοηθό σκηνοθέτη" του είπε ο Ντόνελαν "κι'αν σε ενδιαφέρει μπορείς να κάνεις αίτηση". Έτσι και έγινε. Ο Πάρις Ερωτοκρίτου κάνει τη αίτηση του και λίγες μέρες μετά μαθαίνει πως έχει επιλεχθεί ως βοηθός σκηνοθέτη του διάσημου Ιρλανδού καλλιτέχνη. Έπιασε αμέσως δουλειά. Ο Ντόνελαν θα έφευγε για την Ρωσσία, ανάθεσε στον Πάρι να κάνει το κάστιγκ των ηθοποιών που θα άλλαζαν από την προηγούμενη παράσταση. "Πώς είναι να δουλεύεις μαζί του;" τον ρωτώ και κείνος χαμογελάει."Είναι καταπληκτικό. Μαθαίνεις τόσα πολλά. Τόσα πολλά. Είναι πολύ απαιτητικός και θέλει να του λύνεις πολλά πρακτικά θέματα ώστε να μένει απερίσπαστος στο καλλιτεχνικό κομμάτι. Το σπουδαίο όμως είναι ότι θέλει να ξέρει την άποψη σου, σε κάνει να νιώθεις μέρος της ομάδας και έχει απίστευτο χιούμορ. Το τί ιστορίες μας περιγράφει από την ζωή του δεν μπορεις κάν να φανταστείς". Σε λίγες μέρες η παράσταση "Κρίμα που είναι Πόρνη" ανεβαίνει στην Αγγλία για να ταξιδέψει τέλος του μήνα στην Ταιβάν και αργότερα Ρουμανία, Ολλανδία και ξανά Αγγλία. Ο Ντόνελαν δεν πρόκειται να ακολουθήσει την περιοδεία, άρα το βάρος πέφτει πάνω στον Πάρι Ερωτοκρίτου να φροντίζει ώστε το καλλιτεχνικό επίπεδο της να παραμένει εκεί όπου το έχει θέσει ο Ντόνελαν. "Αγωνιάς γι'αυτή τη περιοδεία;" τον ρωτώ και βέβαια αγωνιά γιατί έχει πλήρη επίγνωση πως πρόκειται για μια εμπειρία ζωής που αναμφισβήτητα θα τον μάθει πολλά και ενδεχομένως θα του αποκαλύψει μια καινούργια οπτική γωνία. Φεύγει για αυτό το ταξίδι έχοντας ήδη στις αποσκευές του ό,τι αποκόμισε από το RADA όπου μέσα από μια σκληρή εκπαίδευση, μεσα από πρακτικές εφαρμογές και όχι θεωρίες και μέσα από συναντήσεις με μεγάλους σκηνοθέτες του Αγγλικού θεάτρου που επισκέπτονταν την σχολή για σεμινάρια (βλέπε Μάικ Λη) έμαθε πως τελικά η καλύτερη προετοιμασία για ένα σκηνοθέτη είναι να έχει τα μάτια του ανοιχτά στην ζωή. Ο κάθε σκηνοθέτης, στο τέλος της φοίτησης του στο RADA, πρέπει να παρουσιάσει την δική του παράσταση. Η σχολή του παρέχει όλες τις διευκολύνσεις και από κει και πέρα έγκειται στον ίδιο να επιλέξει τον τρόπο με τον οποίο θα δείξει που τον έβγαλε όλη αυτή η "μαθησιακή" του εμπειρία αλλά και η καλλιέργεια του ταλέντου του. Ο Πάρις ανεβάσε το έργο "Love and Money" του Ντένις Κέλι και κερδίσε επευφημητικές κριτικές. «Ήταν ένα έργο που είχα στο μυαλό μου εδώ και πολύ καιρό» μου λέει. «Το είχα προτείνει και στην Κύπρο, στο ΘΟΚ, και στην Ελλάδα στην Στέγη Γραμμάτων και Τεχνών, αλλά χωρίς αποτέλεσμα. Τόσο πίστευα σ'αυτό το έργο που το είχα δώσει για μετάφραση, στην Σώτη Τριανταφύλλου, πριν ακόμα είμαι σίγουρος αν θα το ανέβαζα ή όχι». Ο λόγος που του είχε σφηνωθεί στο μυαλό το συγκεκριμένο έργο ήταν η φοβερή ευαισθησία που έβγαινε μέσα από το γράψιμο του συγγραφέα. «Έχει μια ευαισθησία που δεν βρίσκεις συχνά σε σύγχρονα θεατρικά κείμενα και ένα χιούμορ το οποίο δεν είναι κυνικό». «Θα έλεγες ότι άλλαξε η σκηνοθετική σου ματιά μέσα από όλη αυτή την εμπειρία της σχολής αλλά και της επαφής σου με σπουδαίους σκηνοθέτες;» τον ρωτώ. «Αναμφισβήτητα άλλαξε», μου επιβεβαιώνει. Παλιά ήτανε προσκολλημένος στην καλή προετομασία, σχεδόν τελειομανής, τώρα συνειδητοποίησε πως είναι καλύτερα να χαλαρώνει, να έχει μεν ένα όραμα αλλά να αφήνεται σε ό,τι ενδεχομένως θα του αποκαλύψει η διαδικασία. Να αφήνεται σε ένα παιγνίδι, να αφήνει τα πράγματα λίγο πιο χύμα, λίγο πιο «βρώμικα» και όχι τόσο τακτοποιημένα και καθαρά. «Και τώρα τί θέατρο θες να κάνεις;»τον ρωτώ παρότι είμα σίγουρη πως θα ήταν καλύτερο να του έκανα αυτή την ερώτηση μετά το τέλος της περιοδείας με τους Cheek By Jowl και αφού έχει βιώσει από "πρώτο χέρι" τί σημαίνει ζωντανό θέατρο. Ας είναι ομως. "Λοιπόν;" "Προηγουμένως δεν μπορούσα να αποβάλω από πάνω μου το πολιτικό στοιχείο. Τώρα θέλω να κάνω ένα θέατρο το οποίο να επικεντρώνεται όχι μόνο στο τί είναι καλό και τί είναι κακό αλλά κυρίως στο τί είναι ανθρώπινο. Είτε είναι καλό, είτε είναι κακό, είτε είναι κοινωνικά αποδεχτό, είτε δεν είναι. Δεν ξέρω κατα πόσο θα μπορέσω να το εκφράσω. Πρέπει ίσως να μάθω να διαβάζω καλύτερο και τον εαυτό μου και τον κόσμο για να τα καταφέρω. Μόνο έτσι θα σπάσω αυτή την μεβράνη με την οποία μας μεγαλώνουν, μια μεβράνη προστασίας η οποία εγκλωβίζει τελικά την ενέργεια της ζωής. Και πρέπει να σπάσεις αυτή την μεβράνη αν αυτό που επιδιώκεις είναι ένα ζωντανό θέατρο. Ένα θέατρο που να πάλλεται, που να έχει μέσα του ζωή. Εκεί θέλω να πάω…" -‐ See more at: http://www.elenixenou.com/content/%CF%80%CE%B1%CF%81%CE%B9%CF%83-‐ %CE%B5%CF%81%CF%89%CF%84%CE%BF%CE%BA%CF%81%CE%B9%CF%84%CE% BF%CF%85#sthash.RCrm9hj1.dpuf ουν δύο όψεις του νομίσματος. Κι'αν θέλεις να προσεγγίσεις ένα ρόλο πρέπει να ψάχνεις και τις δύο αυτές όψεις. Επίσης σου μαθαίνει πως να μην κλείνεσαι στο καβούκι σου, να μην σκέφτεσαι μόνο τον εαυτό σου πάνω στην σκηνή. Η αίσθηση που μου άφησε το βιβλίο ήταν πως αυτός ο τύπος εχει μια φοβερά φρέσκα ματιά στην οποία ήθελα να εντρυφήσω γιατί την έβρισκα πολύ επελευθερωτική». Άρχισε έκτοτε να παρακολουθεί την δουλειά του, να ψάχνει πληροφορίες για την ομάδα Cheek By Jowl και τις παραστάσεις που ανέβαζαν. Και ύστερα πέρασαν τα χρόνια. Λονδίνο δύο χρόνια πριν. Μπαίνοντας στη RADA, o κάθε ένας από τους τρείς σκηνοθέτες που φοιτούν στην ακαδημία, καλείται να βρει ένα μέντορα. Ο Πάρις ζητά αμέσως επαφή με τον Ντόνελαν. Δυστυχώς δεν είναι εφικτό να γίνει ο μέντορας του γιατί εκείνη την εποχή ο Ντόνελαν βρισκόταν στην Μόσχα και αργότερα θα πήγαινε στην Γαλλία. Συμφωνούν ωστόσο να συναντηθούν μόλις ο Ιρλανδός σκηνοθέτης επέστρεφε στο Λονδίνο. Ο Πάρις του εκφράζει την επιθυμία του να γνωριστούν απο κοντά, ο Ντόνελαν αποδέχεται και έτσι φτάνουμε σε κείνο το πρωινό στο καφέ του Ντομινίκ. «Είχα τεράστια αγωνία όχι μόνο γιατί θα γνώριζα κάποιον ο οποίος έκανε πολύ σημαντικά πράγματα στο θέατρο και μάλιστα όχι μόνο σε μια χώρα αλλά σε τρείς (Αγγλία, Ρωσσία, Γαλλία) αλλά και γιατί ήθελα πολύ να ανταποκρίνεται στην εικόνα που είχα ήδη σχηματίσει στο μυαλό μου για κείνον.». Ήταν γύρω στις 11 το πρωί, ο Ντόνελαν καθόταν στο βάθος της καφετέριας, είχε ήδη μια άλλη συνάντηση, ζήτησε από το Πάρι δέκα λεπτά για να τελειώσει το προηγούμενο ραντεβού, η αγωνία κορυφωνόταν. «Και τελικά;» τον ρωτώ για να επισπεύσω το σασπενς. «Μου έκανε την καλύτερη εντύπωση. Ζεστός, φιλικός χωρίς καμία επάρση, χωρίς να σου βγάζει την αίσθηση ότι ξέρει τα πάντα, χωρίς να το παίζει γκούρου ή αυθεντικά παρότι όλα όσα έχει κάνει στο θέατρο είναι ιδιοφυή. Είναι σχεδόν εξήντα χρόνων και το βλέμμα του έχει ακόμα εκείνη την παιδική περιέργεια. Ένα βλέμμα που θέλει να τρυπώνει κάτω από το κάθε τί. Μια αεικίνητη ενέργεια, αυτό μου έβγαζε σαν άνθρωπος». Μιλούσανε για το θέατρο, εκείνος έκανε κυρίως ερωτήσεις στο Πάρι, ποιό θέατρο τον ενδιαφέρει, γιατί ήρθε στην Αγγλία, τί του αρέσει περισσότερο στους Cheek By Jowl και άλλα διάφορα. Συμφωνήσαν να κρατήσουν επαφή. "Ένιωσα ότι υπήρξε μια χημεία μεταξύ μας, έφυγα ενθουσιασμένος που είχα την ευκαιρία να συνομιλήσω με κάποιον τον οποίο θαύμαζα". Η δεύτερη συνάντηση έγινε στο σπίτι του Ντόνελαν, αρκετούς μήνες μετά. Κάθισαν στον κήπο του, έχει ένα υπέροχο κήπο, μου λέει, και πάλι μιλούσαν για θέατρο και για αυτή την ιδιαίτερη ματιά που έχει ο Ντόνελαν πάνω σε κλασσικά κείμενα. "Ποιά είναι αυτή η ιδιαίτερη ματιά;" τον ρωτώ. "Ο Ντόνελαν επικεντρώνεται στην τέχνη του ηθοποιού. Και επιζητά να συνεργάζεται με ηθοποιούς που παράγουν υλικό και όχι απλά εκτελούν. Τελευταία η τέχνη του ηθοποιού πέφτει σε δεύτερη μοίρα. Ενώ στο Ντέκλαν δεν ισχύει κάτι τέτοιο. Ο ηθοποιός είναι πρωταρχικό στοιχείο γι'αυτό και οι παραστάσεις του είναι τόσο ζωντανές, έχουν εκείνη την ενέργεια που βγαίνει από τους κώδικες επικοινωνίας που δεν είναι μόνο λεκτικοί". Μερικούς μήνες μετά ο Πάρις λαμβάνει ένα τηλεφώνημα. Ο Ντόνελαν ζητά να συναντηθούν ξανά. "Νόμιζα ότι επρόκειτο για μια συνάντηση όπως τις υπόλοιπες" μου λέει. Δεν ήταν όμως. Ο Ιρλανδός σκηνοθέτης του γνωστοποιεί την πρόθε΄ση του να ανεβάσει ξανά την θρυλική παράσταση "Κρίμα που είναι πόρνη" η οποία μάλιστα θα περιόδευε σε διάφορες χώρες του κόσμου. "Ζητώ βοηθό σκηνοθέτη" του είπε ο Ντόνελαν "κι'αν σε ενδιαφέρει μπορείς να κάνεις αίτηση". Έτσι και έγινε. Ο Πάρις Ερωτοκρίτου κάνει τη αίτηση του και λίγες μέρες μετά μαθαίνει πως έχει επιλεχθεί ως βοηθός σκηνοθέτη του διάσημου Ιρλανδού καλλιτέχνη. Έπιασε αμέσως δουλειά. Ο Ντόνελαν θα έφευγε για την Ρωσσία, ανάθεσε στον Πάρι να κάνει το κάστιγκ των ηθοποιών που θα άλλαζαν από την προηγούμενη παράσταση. "Πώς είναι να δουλεύεις μαζί του;" τον ρωτώ και κείνος χαμογελάει."Είναι καταπληκτικό. Μαθαίνεις τόσα πολλά. Τόσα πολλά. Είναι πολύ απαιτητικός και θέλει να του λύνεις πολλά πρακτικά θέματα ώστε να μένει απερίσπαστος στο καλλιτεχνικό κομμάτι. Το σπουδαίο όμως είναι ότι θέλει να ξέρει την άποψη σου, σε κάνει να νιώθεις μέρος της ομάδας και έχει απίστευτο χιούμορ. Το τί ιστορίες μας περιγράφει από την ζωή του δεν μπορεις κάν να φανταστείς". Σε λίγες μέρες η παράσταση "Κρίμα που είναι Πόρνη" ανεβαίνει στην Αγγλία για να ταξιδέψει τέλος του μήνα στην Ταιβάν και αργότερα Ρουμανία, Ολλανδία και ξανά Αγγλία. Ο Ντόνελαν δεν πρόκειται να ακολουθήσει την περιοδεία, άρα το βάρος πέφτει πάνω στον Πάρι Ερωτοκρίτου να φροντίζει ώστε το καλλιτεχνικό επίπεδο της να παραμένει εκεί όπου το έχει θέσει ο Ντόνελαν. "Αγωνιάς γι'αυτή τη περιοδεία;" τον ρωτώ και βέβαια αγωνιά γιατί έχει πλήρη επίγνωση πως πρόκειται για μια εμπειρία ζωής που αναμφισβήτητα θα τον μάθει πολλά και ενδεχομένως θα του αποκαλύψει μια καινούργια οπτική γωνία. Φεύγει για αυτό το ταξίδι έχοντας ήδη στις αποσκευές του ό,τι αποκόμισε από το RADA όπου μέσα από μια σκληρή εκπαίδευση, μεσα από πρακτικές εφαρμογές και όχι θεωρίες και μέσα από συναντήσεις με μεγάλους σκηνοθέτες του Αγγλικού θεάτρου που επισκέπτονταν την σχολή για σεμινάρια (βλέπε Μάικ Λη) έμαθε πως τελικά η καλύτερη προετοιμασία για ένα σκηνοθέτη είναι να έχει τα μάτια του ανοιχτά στην ζωή. Ο κάθε σκηνοθέτης, στο τέλος της φοίτησης του στο RADA, πρέπει να παρουσιάσει την δική του παράσταση. Η σχολή του παρέχει όλες τις διευκολύνσεις και από κει και πέρα έγκειται στον ίδιο να επιλέξει τον τρόπο με τον οποίο θα δείξει που τον έβγαλε όλη αυτή η "μαθησιακή" του εμπειρία αλλά και η καλλιέργεια του ταλέντου του. Ο Πάρις ανεβάσε το έργο "Love and Money" του Ντένις Κέλι και κερδίσε επευφημητικές κριτικές. «Ήταν ένα έργο που είχα στο μυαλό μου εδώ και πολύ καιρό» μου λέει. «Το είχα προτείνει και στην Κύπρο, στο ΘΟΚ, και στην Ελλάδα στην Στέγη Γραμμάτων και Τεχνών, αλλά χωρίς αποτέλεσμα. Τόσο πίστευα σ'αυτό το έργο που το είχα δώσει για μετάφραση, στην Σώτη Τριανταφύλλου, πριν ακόμα είμαι σίγουρος αν θα το ανέβαζα ή όχι». Ο λόγος που του είχε σφηνωθεί στο μυαλό το συγκεκριμένο έργο ήταν η φοβερή ευαισθησία που έβγαινε μέσα από το γράψιμο του συγγραφέα. «Έχει μια ευαισθησία που δεν βρίσκεις συχνά σε σύγχρονα θεατρικά κείμενα και ένα χιούμορ το οποίο δεν είναι κυνικό». «Θα έλεγες ότι άλλαξε η σκηνοθετική σου ματιά μέσα από όλη αυτή την εμπειρία της σχολής αλλά και της επαφής σου με σπουδαίους σκηνοθέτες;» τον ρωτώ. «Αναμφισβήτητα άλλαξε», μου επιβεβαιώνει. Παλιά ήτανε προσκολλημένος στην καλή προετομασία, σχεδόν τελειομανής, τώρα συνειδητοποίησε πως είναι καλύτερα να χαλαρώνει, να έχει μεν ένα όραμα αλλά να αφήνεται σε ό,τι ενδεχομένως θα του αποκαλύψει η διαδικασία. Να αφήνεται σε ένα παιγνίδι, να αφήνει τα πράγματα λίγο πιο χύμα, λίγο πιο «βρώμικα» και όχι τόσο τακτοποιημένα και καθαρά. «Και τώρα τί θέατρο θες να κάνεις;»τον ρωτώ παρότι είμα σίγουρη πως θα ήταν καλύτερο να του έκανα αυτή την ερώτηση μετά το τέλος της περιοδείας με τους Cheek By Jowl και αφού έχει βιώσει από "πρώτο χέρι" τί σημαίνει ζωντανό θέατρο. Ας είναι ομως. "Λοιπόν;" "Προηγουμένως δεν μπορούσα να αποβάλω από πάνω μου το πολιτικό στοιχείο. Τώρα θέλω να κάνω ένα θέατρο το οποίο να επικεντρώνεται όχι μόνο στο τί είναι καλό και τί είναι κακό αλλά κυρίως στο τί είναι ανθρώπινο. Είτε είναι καλό, είτε είναι κακό, είτε είναι κοινωνικά αποδεχτό, είτε δεν είναι. Δεν ξέρω κατα πόσο θα μπορέσω να το εκφράσω. Πρέπει ίσως να μάθω να διαβάζω καλύτερο και τον εαυτό μου και τον κόσμο για να τα καταφέρω. Μόνο έτσι θα σπάσω αυτή την μεβράνη με την οποία μας μεγαλώνουν, μια μεβράνη προστασίας η οποία εγκλωβίζει τελικά την ενέργεια της ζωής. Και πρέπει να σπάσεις αυτή την μεβράνη αν αυτό που επιδιώκεις είναι ένα ζωντανό θέατρο. Ένα θέατρο που να πάλλεται, που να έχει μέσα του ζωή. Εκεί θέλω να πάω…" -‐	<urn:uuid:20c7fae5-e3ad-47fd-b544-4b4981ee42d5>	HuggingFaceFW/finepdfs/tree/main/data/ell_Grek/train	finepdfs	ell_Grek	22,143
SUONO 10601010 black 10601011 white 10601012 silver LDR recommends Philips lamps ACCESSORIES Compact, quality 500W/650W Fresnel spotlight, ideal for professional applications in smaller venues. The softedged beam is adjustable by a screwfocus mechanism, and the design also includes a glass reflector and a doublemicroswitch interlock for safe lamp replacement. A colour frame, safety guard and 1,5m mains cable are all included as standard. Illuminatore fresnel da 500/650W per uso professionale su piccole scene. Produce un fascio di luce molto morbido, regolato da accurata messa a fuoco con vite senza fine. E' dotato di specchio in vetro, di un efficace sistema di bloccaggio forcella e di doppio microinterruttore di sicurezza. Fornito di serie completo di telaio portagelatina, rete di protezione e 1,5m cavo di alimentazione.	<urn:uuid:7b3ae6c1-be09-4671-9ec0-ba7803eb7d97>	HuggingFaceFW/finepdfs/tree/main/data/ita_Latn/train	finepdfs	ita_Latn	840
Szent Mihály Görögkatolikus Óvoda, Általános Iskola és Alapfokú Művészeti Iskola INTÉZKEDÉSI TERV A Szent Mihály Görögkatolikus Óvoda, Általános Iskola és Alapfokú Művészeti Iskolában az alábbi eljárásrendet alkalmazzuk a 2021-2022. tanévben a járványügyi készenlét idején _____________________ Keczán Szilárd Intézményvezető Nyíradony, 2021. augusztus 31. Szent Mihály Görögkatolikus Óvoda,Általános Iskola és Alapfokú Művészeti Iskola 4254 Nyíradony Árpád tér 10 Tel/Fax: 06/52-203-786 e-mail: email@example.com Az Emberi Erőforrások Minisztériuma a Nemzeti Népegészségügyi Központtal és az Operatív Törzzsel együttműködve, intézkedési tervben foglalta össze a szükséges intézkedéseket a 2021/2022. tanévben a köznevelési intézményekben a járványügyi készenlét idején alkalmazandó eljárásrendről. A protokoll bevezetéséről és alkalmazásáról az intézményvezető köteles gondoskodni a fenntartó feladata a megvalósítást ellenőrizni. 1. FELKÉSZÜLÉS A NEVELÉSI ÉVRE, TANÉVKEZDÉSRE - Az intézmény épületeiben a tanévkezdés előtt alapos, mindenre kiterjedő fertőtlenítő takarítás történt. - Az Oktatási Hivatal honlapján Tanévnyitó 2021 címen aloldalt alakított ki, amelyen keresztül az aktuális információk mellett a járvány elleni védekezésre való felkészüléssel kapcsolatos és a köznevelési intézményeket érintő kiemelt hírek, tájékoztatók, feladatok kerültek közzétételre. 2. AZ INTÉZMÉNYEK LÁTOGATÁSA, RENDEZVÉNYEK, KIRÁNDULÁSOK A nevelési-oktatási intézményt kizárólag egészséges, tüneteket nem mutató gyermek, tanuló látogathatja. Kérjük a szülőket, hogy amennyiben gyermeküknél tüneteket észlelnek, a NNK aktuális eljárásrendje alapján gondoskodjanak orvosi vizsgálatról. A szülő köteles az iskolát értesíteni, ha a gyermeknél koronavírus-gyanú vagy igazolt fertőzés van. - Szülők az iskola épületébe csak ügyintézés céljából léphetnek be. - Az oktatásban és nevelésben, illetve az intézmény működtetésében csak egészséges és tünetmentes dolgozó vehet részt. - A tornaterem, tornaszoba, a szaktantermek, a nyelvi bontó termek és az informatika termek kivételével az osztályok ugyanazt a tantermet használják. Ezekben a tantermekben és az osztálytermekben naponta történik a fertőtlenítés. - Nagy létszámú tanuló vagy pedagógus egyidejű jelenlétével járó (pl.: tanévnyitó ünnepség, szent Liturgia, kulturális program) rendezvény megszervezése során tekintettel vagyunk az alábbiakra: létszámkorlát szigorú betartása, a résztvevők körének korlátozása, az alapvető egészségvédelmi intézkedések, szabályok betartása (távolságtartás, kézfertőtlenítés, szellőztetés). , Szent Mihály Görögkatolikus Óvoda,Általános Iskola és Alapfokú Művészeti Iskola 4254 Nyíradony Árpád tér 10 Tel/Fax: 06/52-203-786 e-mail: firstname.lastname@example.org - Az osztálykirándulásokat és a tanulmányi kirándulásokat egy napos vagy többször egy napos formában, szálláshely igénybevétele nélkül szervezzük meg, belföldi úti céllal. - A szülők személyes megjelenésével járó szülői értekezleteket online formában tartjuk meg. A szükséges információkat elektronikus felületeken küldött üzenet formájában juttatjuk el a szülőkhöz. 3. EGÉSZSÉGÜGYI SZEMPONTBÓL BIZTONSÁGOS KÖRNYEZET KIALAKÍTÁSA - Az intézmény bejáratánál szenzoros vírusölő hatású kézfertőtlenítőt biztosítunk, melynek használata minden belépő számára kötelező. Az intézményben, étkezések előtt és után alaposan mossunk kezet vagy fertőtlenítsük a kezünket. Az óvodások és a tanulók esetében inkább javasolt a szappanos kézmosás. - A szociális helységekben biztosítjuk a szappanos kézmosási lehetőséget, melyet kiegészítünk az osztálytermekben elhelyezett vírusölő hatású kézfertőtlenítési lehetőséggel. Kéztörlésre papírtörlőt biztosítunk. - A személyi higiéne alapvető szabályairól a tanulóknak részletes, az adott korosztálynak megfelelő szintű tájékoztatást adunk. Felhívjuk a tanulók figyelmét az úgynevezett köhögési etikettre: papír zsebkendő használata köhögéskor, tüsszentéskor, majd a használt zsebkendő szemetes kukába dobása és alapos kézmosás, kézfertőtlenítés. - Az iskolában használt taneszközöket, sporteszközöket rendszeresen fertőtlenítjük. A fertőtlenítő takarítás során kiemelt figyelmet fordítunk arra, hogy a kézzel gyakran érintett felületek – a padok, asztalok, székek, az ajtó-, ablakkilincsek, korlátok, villany- és egyéb kapcsolók, informatikai eszközök (billentyűzet, monitor, egér, egérpad, stb.), mosdók csaptelepei, WC lehúzók, stb. –, valamint a padló és a mosható falfelületek vírusölő hatású szerrel fertőtlenítésére kerüljenek. - Zárt térben a kórokozók koncentrációjának csökkentése érdekében kiemelt figyelmet fordítunk a folyamatos vagy rendszeres, fokozott intenzitású természetes szellőztetésre, mely vonatkozik minden zárt térre, így a folyosókra, valamint a szociális helyiségekre is. A helyiségek ablakát időjárás függvényében lehetőség szerint nyitva tartjuk. Szent Mihály Görögkatolikus Óvoda,Általános Iskola és Alapfokú Művészeti Iskola 4254 Nyíradony Árpád tér 10 Tel/Fax: 06/52-203-786 e-mail: email@example.com 4. ÉTKEZTETÉSRE VONATKOZÓ SZABÁLYOK - Fokozottan ügyelünk az étkezés helyszínének tisztaságára, a rendszeres fertőtlenítésére. A felületek tisztításakor törekszünk a környezet vírusmentességének megőrzésére, a munkafolyamatok megfelelő szétválasztásával, valamint gyakoribb fertőtlenítéssel. - Az étkezéseket úgy szervezzük meg, hogy az osztályok, óvodai csoportok keveredése elkerülhető legyen, sorban állás esetén a védőtávolság betartható legyen. - Étkezés előtt és után kiemelt figyelmet fordítunk a gyermekek alapos szappanos kézmosására és kézfertőtlenítésére. - Az étkezéseket úgy szervezzük meg, hogy az osztályok keveredését elkerüljük, ezért az osztályok lépcsőzetes beosztás szerint étkeznek. Fokozottan ügyelünk arra, hogy sorban állás esetén a védőtávolság betartható legyen. - Kiemelt fontosságú feladatként kezeljük a gyermekek által használt edények, evőeszközök, poharak, tálcák megfelelő hatásfokú fertőtlenítő mosogatását, a tiszta evőeszközök, poharak, tányérok, tálcák cseppfertőzéstől védett tárolását, tálalásnál az evőeszközök, tányérok, poharak gyermekek általi tapogatásának elkerülését. - Az étkeztetést végző személyzet számára vírusölő hatású, alkoholos kézfertőtlenítő szert biztosítunk, és azt rendszeresen kötelesek használni. Fokozott figyelemmel kísérjük a dolgozók egészségi állapotát. 5. ISKOLA- EGÉSZSÉGÜGYI ELLÁTÁS SZABÁLYAI - Az iskolai szűrővizsgálatok és az iskola-egészségügyi ellátás során az ide vonatkozó szabályokat betartjuk. Ennek megfelelően, amennyiben az egészségügyi ellátás korlátozásának elrendelésére nem kerül sor, a szűrővizsgálatokat, és egyéb feladatokat maradéktalanul elvégezzük. - A személyes találkozást igénylő teendők esetében – védőnői szűrővizsgálatok, tisztasági vizsgálatok, védőoltások, stb. – a feladatok elvégzése a járványügyi óvintézkedések (személyi higiéné, a használt eszközök fertőtlenítése, szellőztetés, zsúfoltság kerülése, maszkhasználat) figyelembe vételével történik. Szent Mihály Görögkatolikus Óvoda,Általános Iskola és Alapfokú Művészeti Iskola 4254 Nyíradony Árpád tér 10 Tel/Fax: 06/52-203-786 e-mail: firstname.lastname@example.org - Amennyiben az egészségügyi ellátás során a gyermeknél fertőzés tünetei észlelhetők, a fertőzöttet azonnal elkülönítjük, valamint a további vizsgálatok felfüggesztésre kerülnek; a helyiséget és az eszközöket pedig fertőtlenítéssel, és alapos szellőztetéssel hozzuk ismét használható állapotba. 5. TANULÓI HIÁNYZÁSOK KEZELÉSE - Annak a tanulónak az iskolai hiányzását, aki a vírusfertőzés szempontjából veszélyeztetett csoportba tartozik tartós betegsége vagy pl. immunszupprimált állapota miatt, erről orvosi igazolással rendelkezik, és azt bemutatja, esetleges hiányzását igazolt hiányzásnak tekintjük. - Igazolt hiányzásnak tekintjük továbbá, ha a tanuló hatósági karanténba kerül, a részére előírt karantén időszakára. A karantén időszakban a tanuló az otthona elhagyása nélkül, a pedagógusokkal egyeztetett kapcsolattartási és számonkérési forma mellett, részt vehet az oktatásban. - A tanuló távolmaradásával kapcsolatos valamennyi szabály a nevelési-oktatási intézmények működéséről és a köznevelési intézmények névhasználatáról szóló 20/2012. (VIII. 31.) EMMI rendeletben foglaltak szerint érvényes, azok betartása szerint járunk el. 6. TEENDŐK BETEG SZEMÉLY ESETÉN - Amennyiben egy gyermeknél, pedagógusnál, vagy egyéb dolgozónál fertőzés tünetei észlelhetők, haladéktalanul elkülönítjük, értesítjük az iskolaegészségügyi orvost, aki az érvényes eljárásrend szerint dönt a további teendőkről. Gyermek esetén értesítjük a szülőt/gondviselőt, akinek a figyelmét felhívjuk arra, hogy feltétlenül keressék meg telefonon a gyermek háziorvosát/házi gyermekorvosát, és azt követően az orvos utasításainak alapján járjanak el. - A beteg gyermek felügyeletét ellátó személynek kesztyű és maszk használata kötelező. - A tanuló az iskolába – hasonlóan más megbetegedésekhez – kizárólag orvosi igazolással térhet vissza. - Amennyiben felmerül a COVID-19 fertőzés gyanúja, fontos, hogy megfelelő felkészültséggel rendelkező egészségügyi dolgozó kerüljön értesítésre. A háziorvos, házi gyermekorvos, illetve a kezelőorvos jogosult a COVID-19 fertőzés gyanújára vonatkozóan nyilatkozni. Amennyiben fennáll a gyanú, nekik kötelességük az NNK Szent Mihály Görögkatolikus Óvoda,Általános Iskola és Alapfokú Művészeti Iskola 4254 Nyíradony Árpád tér 10 Tel/Fax: 06/52-203-786 e-mail: email@example.com által kiadott aktuális eljárásrendnek megfelelően ellátni a beteggel kapcsolatos teendőket. - Amennyiben krónikus betegséggel élő gyermek az új koronavírus okozta járványügyi helyzet miatt speciális eljárást, védelmet igényel, erről a kezelőorvosnak kell döntenie, mely alapján tesszük meg a szükséges intézkedéseket. - Amennyiben krónikus betegséggel élő gyermek az új koronavírus okozta járványügyi helyzet miatt speciális eljárást, védelmet igényel, erről a kezelőorvosnak kell döntenie, mely alapján a szükséges intézkedéseket meg kell tenni. 7. INTÉZKEDÉSEK FERTŐZÉSSEL ÉRINTETT INTÉZMÉNYEK ESETÉBEN - Annak érdekében, hogy szükség esetén intézményünk felkészült legyen a tantermen kívüli, digitális munkarendre való áttérésre, a nevelőtestületünk kidolgozta a saját protokollját és felkészült a bevezetésére fel . Ehhez az Oktatási Hivatal honlapján közzétételre kerülő módszertani ajánlást követtük. - A járványügyi intézkedések meghatározása (beleértve a karantén elrendelését, feloldását stb.) a területi népegészségügyi hatóság, míg a tanügyi intézkedésekre (így a rendkívüli szünet vagy a tantermen kívüli, digitális munkarend elrendelésére vagy visszavonására) vonatkozó javaslat felterjesztése az Emberi Erőforrások Minisztériuma feladata. - Amennyiben köznevelési intézményünkben COVID-19 fertőzés ténye igazolódik, arról a területi népegészségügyi hatóságot, azaz a Megyei/Fővárosi Kormányhivatal népegészségügyi feladatkörben eljáró járási/kerületi hivatalát, és a firstname.lastname@example.org címen az Emberi Erőforrások Minisztériumát haladéktalanul tájékoztatni kell. - Az NNK - a területi népegészségügyi hatóság, azaz a Megyei/Fővárosi Kormányhivatal népegészségügyi feladatkörben eljáró járási/kerületi hivatala által elvégzett járványügyi vizsgálat és kontaktkutatás eredménye alapján – az azonnali intézkedésekről az EMMI Köznevelésért Felelős Államtitkárságát tájékoztatja azon köznevelési intézmények, illetve feladatellátási helyek alapadatai megadásával együtt, amelyekről bebizonyosodik, hogy az intézménnyel jogviszonyban álló tanuló, pedagógus vagy egyéb személy tesztje koronavírusSzent Mihály Görögkatolikus Óvoda,Általános Iskola és Alapfokú Művészeti Iskola 4254 Nyíradony Árpád tér 10 Tel/Fax: 06/52-203-786 e-mail: email@example.com pozitív. - A közneveléssel összefüggő egyes kormányrendeletek módosításáról szóló 417/2020. (VIII. 30.) Korm. rendelet 26.§ értelmében a koronavírus-világjárvány által okozott fertőzés vagy fertőzött személyek megjelenése a nevelési-oktatási intézményben a nemzeti köznevelésről szóló 2011. évi CXC. törvény 30. § (5) bekezdése szerinti megyére, fővárosra kiterjedő veszélyhelyzetnek minősül. Ennek megfelelően koronavírus érintettség esetén az adott intézményben vagy település intézményeiben csak az Oktatási Hivatal rendelhet el rendkívüli szünetet. - Az adatok alapján az EMMI és az NNK közösen megvizsgálja, hogy szükséges-e elrendelni az intézményben más munkarendet. Az intézményben vagy azon belül meghatározott osztályokban a tantermen kívüli, digitális munkarend határozott időre történő bevezetéséről az Operatív Törzs dönt. Az intézmény haladéktalanul tájékoztatást kap a döntésről. Az átállást okozó állapot megszűnése után az intézmény jelzést kap arra, hogy térjen vissza a normál munkarend szerinti oktatás folytatására. A további népegészségügyi döntéseket az NNK és az érintett szervezetek hozzák meg és hajtják végre. - A tantermen kívüli, digitális munkarendben a nevelés-oktatás, a tanulási folyamat ellenőrzése és támogatása a pedagógusok és a tanulók online vagy más, személyes találkozást nem igénylő kapcsolatában – elsősorban digitális eszközök alkalmazásával – történik. A tanulók a tantermen kívüli, digitális munkarend elrendelését követő naptól az iskolát oktatási célból nem látogathatják. - Amennyiben nevelési-oktatási intézményünkben átmenetileg elrendelésre kerül a tantermen kívüli, digitális munkarend, a gyermekfelügyeletet az érintett intézményben megszervezzük a szülők támogatása érdekében. - A gyermekfelügyelet során a gyermekétkeztetési feladat ellátójának változatlanul biztosítania kell a gyermekétkeztetést. 8. KOMMUNIKÁCIÓ - Felhívjuk az iskola közösségéhez tartozók – szülők, pedagógusok, tanulóink – figyelmét, hogy hiteles forrásokból tájékozódjanak. Az oktatással kapcsolatos híreket a www.kormany.hu és a www.oktatas.hu felületein lehet/kell követni.	<urn:uuid:e4840eaf-acc8-4d83-b7a6-768b31e60454>	HuggingFaceFW/finepdfs/tree/main/data/hun_Latn/train	finepdfs	hun_Latn	13,849
NEW ZEALAND ADULT RESPIRATORY NURSING KNOWLEDGE & SKILLS FRAMEWORK 2016 Hongihongi te rangi hou Smell the fresh air ## Contents Background - Revision of the Respiratory Knowledge and Skills Framework 4 - Consultation for this Document 4 - 2010 Development Committee 5 - 2016 Review Committee 5 Levels of Practice - NCNZ Domains of Practice (indicated by numbers after each knowledge/skill statement) 7 - What are the Benefits of a Knowledge and Skills Framework? 9 - How to Use the Respiratory Knowledge and Skills Framework 10 - Criteria for Clinical Competency Evaluation 10 - The Bondy Assessment Tool 12 - Who Can Assess the Nurse? 13 - Definitions of Terms 14 Competent (ALL Nurses) - Aspect of Care: Physiology and Pathophysiology 15 - Aspect of Care: Respiratory Assessment of the stable and acute patient, including investigations 15 - Aspect of Care: Pharmacological Management 16 - Aspect of Care: Non-Pharmacological Management 17 - Aspect of Care: Health Promotion 17 Proficient & Expert (MANY & FEW Nurses) - Aspect of Care – Physiology and Pathophysiology 18 - Aspect of Care – Respiratory Assessment: The Non-Acute Patient 19 - Aspect of Care – Respiratory Assessment: The Acute Patient 23 - Aspect of Care – Respiratory Assessment: Investigations 26 - Aspect of Care – Pharmacological Management: Medications 31 - Aspect of Care – Pharmacological Management: Oxygen Therapy 36 - Aspect of Care – Non-Pharmacological Management: Self Management 38 - Aspect of Care – Non Pharmacological: Pulmonary Rehabilitation 39 - Aspect of Care – Non Invasive Ventilation (NIV) 43 - Aspect of Care – Health Promotion 46 Supporting Guidelines and Literature - Useful Websites 51 - Useful Publications 52 Background It is acknowledged that an individual’s response to their health condition is influenced by knowledge, cultural and social influences and level of self-efficacy. It is important for nurses to demonstrate a fundamental level of knowledge, competence and confidence supported by a Knowledge and Skills Framework (KSF). The New Zealand Adult Respiratory Nursing KSF (henceforth called “Respiratory KSF”) 2010 was developed to describe the knowledge and skills related to Registered Nurses caring for patients with commonly experienced respiratory conditions in the adult population, including chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), asthma, bronchiectasis and pneumonia. The Respiratory KSF 2010 acknowledged the diversity of culture in the New Zealand setting. Morbidity, including rates of hospitalisation, is higher for Maori and Pacific than for non-Maori (Ministry of Health, 2005). The Respiratory KSF is underpinned by the Nursing Council of New Zealand’s (NCNZ) competency domains for the RN scope of practice and is linked to national and international guidelines. The Respiratory KSF 2010 was endorsed by the Thoracic Society of Australia and New Zealand (TSANZ), the TSANZ Nurses Special Interest Group (SIG) NZ, NZNO and by the College of Nurses Aotearoa (NZ). The development group acknowledged the NZ Diabetes KSF (2009) as a guiding document. The Respiratory KSF 2010 was endorsed by the National Nursing Consortium. Revision of the Respiratory Knowledge and Skills Framework In 2015, representatives from the Respiratory Nurses Section NZNO and the TSANZ Nurses SIG (NZ) undertook to review the 2010 version to ensure that the Respiratory KSF was up to date and relevant to all nurses. The reviewed document includes added patient outcomes, new and revised Aspects of Care, and updated reference guidelines. Consultation for this Document Consultation was widely sought for the 2016 document. Feedback was received from MidCentral DHB; Tu Kotahi Maori Asthma Trust; Auckland District Health Board; Aotearoa College of Diabetes Nurses; Canbreathe; Southern DHB; Asthma Auckland; Asthma New Zealand; Hawkes Bay District Health Board; Capital & Coast District Health Board; Cardio-Respiratory Integrated Specialist Services Christchurch Hospital; Lakes DHB; Clinical Care and Resources Subcommittee (CCRS) of TSANZ. 2010 Development Committee Diana Hart; RN, MN, NP Nurse Practitioner, Counties Manukau DHB Elly Grant; RN, PG Cert Primary Care Nurse Specialist, He Oranga Pai Health Centre, Temuka Glenda Sullivan; RN, PG Cert Clinical Nurse Specialist, Waikato DHB Glenys Martin; RN, PG Cert Clinical Nurse Specialist, Canterbury DHB Lorraine Forbes-Faulkner; RN, BN Clinical Nurse Manager, Counties Manukau DHB Marina Lambert; RN, MN, NP Nurse Practitioner, MidCentral Health Meg Goodman; RN, BHSc, MN Primary Health Care Nurse Specialist, Counties Manukau DHB Victoria Perry; RN, MN, NP Nurse Practitioner, MidCentral Health 2016 Review Committee Betty Poot; RN, NP, BBS, MHSc Nursing Nurse Practitioner, Hutt Valley DHB Clinical Lecturer, Victoria University of Wellington Deborah Box; BN, RN, PG Cert Clinical Nurse Specialist, South Canterbury DHB Kirsten Lassey; BSc, BN, RN, MN Clinical Nurse Manager; Clinical Nurse Specialist, Hutt Valley DHB Liz Fellerhoff; RN, MN Clinical Nurse Specialist, Wairarapa DHB Marina Lambert; RN, MN, NP Nurse Practitioner, MidCentral DHB Victoria Perry; RN, MN, NP Nurse Practitioner, MidCentral DHB Levels of Practice Competent (ALL Nurses) All registered nurses (RN), regardless of their practice setting will have contact with individuals and families who have respiratory conditions and require competent knowledge and skills in respiratory nursing. They are expected to act as a resource within their practice setting to unregistered health care providers and individuals/families/whānau with respiratory conditions. In addition their practice should include: an awareness of local services to support individuals and families; have an ability to access local and national respiratory guidelines; be involved in quality activities, and be involved in the development of local guidelines and policies. Expert (FEW nurses) FEW registered nurses work as expert respiratory nurses. They require advanced knowledge and skills and care for those with complex and unpredictable health needs. Their practice includes: leading the development and adjustment of clinical management/care plans; encourage and role model best practice; demonstrate effective nursing leadership, management and consultancy; work across settings and within interdisciplinary environments; lead practice and service development; initiate and lead research activities; represent nursing at a strategic level of interdisciplinary planning; contribute locally, nationally, and globally to the development, implementation and evaluation of clinical guidelines in respiratory care. Proficient (MANY nurses) MANY registered nurses require specialty knowledge and skills in respiratory nursing to enable them to care for individuals and families with respiratory conditions, specifically those who are at risk for disease progression and complications. Their practice will also include: assisting with the development/adjustment of clinical management/care plans; participate in, and where appropriate lead quality/service activities such as clinical audit; develop local guidelines and policies in the practice setting, as well as contributing to the development of national guidelines. NCNZ Domains of Practice (indicated by numbers after each knowledge/skill statement) Domain One – Professional Responsibility This domain contains competencies that relate to professional, legal and ethical responsibilities and cultural safety. These include being able to demonstrate knowledge and judgement, and being accountable for actions and decisions, while promoting an environment that maximises health consumer safety, independence, quality of life and health. Domain Two – Management of Nursing Care This domain contains competencies related to assessment, and managing health consumer care, which is responsive to the consumers’ needs, and which is supported by nursing knowledge and evidence-based research. Domain Three – Interpersonal Relationships This domain contains competencies related to interpersonal and therapeutic communication with health consumers, other nursing staff, and interprofessional communication and documentation. Domain Four – Interprofessional Health Care & Quality Improvement This domain contains competencies to demonstrate that, as a member of the health care team, the nurse evaluates the effectiveness of care and promotes a nursing perspective within the interprofessional activities of the team. New Zealand Registered Nurse Adult Respiratory Knowledge & Skills Framework NCNZ Domains of Practice - Professional Responsibilities - Management of Nursing Care - Interpersonal Relationships - Interprofessional Health Care & Quality Improvement Levels of Practice - Registered Nurses: All Nurses, Fundamental, Generalist (Competent) - PG Cert (Proficient) - PG Dip Masters (Expert) Aspects of Care - Physiology & Pathophysiology - Respiratory Assessment - The non-acute patient - The acute patient - Investigations - Pharmacological - Medications - Oxygen - Non-Pharmacological - Self management - Pulmonary rehabilitation - Palliative care - Smoking cessation - Non Invasive Ventilation - Health Promotion Practice, Service, Clinical & Health Outcomes Post Registration Education Pathway - NETP - Short Courses - PG Cert - PG Dip - MN What are the Benefits of a Knowledge and Skills Framework? - Assists in identifying and developing a range of clinical skills - Seeks to reduce risk by establishing a minimum standard of nursing care - Provides guidance to employers for different levels of nursing practice - Supports nurses progressing to advanced practice roles - Provides reference points for planning educational programmes and clinical preparation in practice setting - Provides a mechanism for nurses to measure health outcomes and effectiveness of practice - Provides a mechanism for portfolio development for Professional Development Recognition Programmes and NCNZ requirements for ongoing registration - Can inform curriculum development for undergraduate and post graduate registered nursing programmes. How to Use the Respiratory Knowledge and Skills Framework The following section has suggestions on how to get the most benefit from the Respiratory KSF. The nurse must demonstrate or provide evidence that their experiences, and knowledge and skills meet the identified level within the Respiratory KSF. - Start at the competent (ALL) section before moving on to proficient (MANY) and expert (FEW) knowledge and skills as appropriate - Complete self assessment to ascertain current knowledge and skill level and identify areas for development - Meet with your clinical supervisor or mentor and determine the definitions of terms applicable to your practice - Identify the types of evidence required for each Aspect of Care. This will be varied and may include direct observation; case reviews; providing education sessions; post graduate papers; evidence of self directed learning and demonstrating skills/knowledge learnt - Develop a plan for your professional development relevant to your workplace and the skills required. Identify barriers to your plan and discuss these with your clinical supervisor or mentor - Develop a timeframe to achieve the required knowledge and skills in relation to your plan Criteria for Clinical Competency Evaluation Self Assessment Score Self-assessment should be undertaken for each competency, using the below scoring system: 1 – No previous experience 2 – Experienced but needs review 3 – Experienced 4 – Can teach and help others to learn The Bondy Assessment Tool (see next page) Competency-based practice can be assessed using the Bondy Assessment Tool. Bondy placed particular emphasis upon the amount of supervision required to perform tasks. A variety of methods are utilized to assess learning outcomes, including demonstration of clinical competencies assessment and care planning, presentations in the form of case reviews, exemplars and reflection on practice. These activities assist the nurse to reflect on practice, develop new knowledge and plan their further development. The following criteria are used for evaluating competency: Standard of Procedure – looks at safety, accuracy and outcome Quality of Performance – includes the use of time, space, equipment and expenditure of energy Level of Assistance Required – includes supportive cues (eg “that’s right”, “keep going”), which don’t change what the nurse is doing, or directive cues (eg prompting for missed assessment) which direct or correct the nurse Five levels of competency are identified using a scale of 1-5: Dependent, Marginal, Assisted, Supervised and Independent Independent means meeting the criteria identified in each of the three areas above. It does not mean without observation, as the performance must be observed to be rated independently by someone other than the nurse carrying out the procedure. \| Scale Label \| Score \| Standard of Procedure \| Quality of Performance \| Level of Assistance Required \| \|---------------------\|-------\|--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------\|-----------------------------------------\|------------------------------------------------------------------\| \| Independent \| 5 \| Safe Accurate Achieved intended outcome Behaviour is appropriate to outcome \| Proficient Confident Expedient \| No supporting cues required \| \| Supervised \| 4 \| Safe Accurate Achieved intended outcome Behaviour is appropriate to outcome \| Proficient Confident Reasonably expedient \| Requires occasional supportive cues \| \| Assisted \| 3 \| Safe Accurate Achieved most objectives for intended outcome Behaviour generally appropriate to context \| Proficient throughout most of performance when assisted \| Required frequent verbal and occasional physical directives in addition to supportive cues \| \| Marginal \| 2 \| Safe only with guidance Not completely accurate Incomplete achievement of intended outcome \| Unskilled Inefficient \| Required continuous verbal and frequent physical directive cues \| \| Dependent \| 1 \| Unsafe Unable to demonstrate behaviour Lack of insight into behaviour appropriate to context \| Unskilled Unable to demonstrate behaviour and procedure \| Required continuous verbal and physical directive cues \| \| x \| 0 \| Not observed \| \| \| \| Recognition of Prior Learning \| \| Certifications gained, demonstration, oral presentation, and/or challenge test may be used as evidence \| \| \| Source: Bondy, K.N. (1983). "Criterion-Referenced Definitions for Rating Scales in Clinical Evaluation. Journal of Nursing Education, 22(9), 376–382. Who Can Assess the Nurse? Assessment is part of the teaching and learning process, designed to assist the nurse to evaluate their own progress, facilitate feedback, assist with the identification of learning needs and establish that the nurse has achieved the required knowledge and skills. Therefore, it is recommended that the assessor evaluating the nurse against each competency is a registered nurse who has achieved a higher level on the Respiratory KSF, and has completed a recognised workplace assessor’s course. ## Definitions of Terms (These definitions are a guide for knowledge and skills in respiratory nursing. Select those relevant to your area of practice) \| Pulmonary Anatomy and Physiology \| Core Respiratory Conditions \| Other Respiratory Conditions \| Relevant Co-morbidities \| Health History \| \|----------------------------------\|-----------------------------\|------------------------------\|-------------------------\|---------------\| \| □ Alveolar sacs \| □ Asthma \| □ Bronchiolitis \| □ Anxiety, panic & depression \| □ Cognitive/Psychosocial factors \| \| □ Normal respiratory breathing cycle \| □ Bronchiectasis \| □ Cystic Fibrosis \| □ Breathing pattern disorder \| □ Family/Social/Housing history \| \| □ Pulmonary tree \| □ Bronchitis \| □ Interstitial Lung Disease \| □ Cardiac disease \| □ Functional capacity \| \| □ Upper respiratory tract \| □ Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD) \| □ Lung cancer \| □ Cerebrovascular disease \| □ Medications & allergies \| \| \| □ Emphysema \| □ Pleural effusion \| □ Diabetes \| □ Nutritional status \| \| \| □ Pneumonia \| □ Pneumothorax \| □ Gastro-oesophageal reflux \| □ Occupational history \| \| \| \| □ Pulmonary embolism \| □ Osteoporosis \| □ Respiratory/Medical history \| \| \| \| □ Tuberculosis \| □ Renal disease \| □ Sleep patterns \| \| \| \| \| □ Sleep disordered breathing \| □ Smoking status \| \| \| \| \| □ Upper airways disease \| □ Social supports \| \| \| \| \| □ Cognitive impairment \| □ Symptom history \| \| \| \| \| \| □ Chest discomfort/Pain/Dyspnoea \| \| Physical Assessment \| Advanced Physical Assessment \| Respiratory Medications \| Other Medications \| Over-The Counter/Complementary Medications \| \|---------------------\|-------------------------------\|-------------------------\|-------------------\|------------------------------------------\| \| □ Accessory muscle use \| □ Adventitious breath sounds \| □ Inhaled Corticosteroids \| □ Antibiotics \| □ Alternative therapies (including St John’s Wort) \| \| □ Blood pressure \| □ Anterior/posterior chest diameter \| □ Leukotriene Receptor Antagonists \| □ Antihistamines \| □ Antihistamines \| \| □ Breathing pattern \| □ Cardiac assessment \| □ Short/Long-acting Anticholinergic \| □ Immunotherapy \| □ Intra-nasal sprays \| \| □ Heart rate \| □ Girth measurement \| □ Short/Long-acting Beta agonists \| □ Pseudo-ephedrine \| □ Mucolytics \| \| □ Pulse oximetry \| □ Neck circumference \| □ Methylxanthines \| □ Smoking cessation medication \| □ Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory \| \| □ Normal/abnormal breath sounds \| \| □ Oral steroids \| □ Vaccines \| □ Rongoa \| \| □ Respiratory rate \| \| □ Oxygen \| □ Morphine \| □ NRT \| \| □ Sputum \| \| \| □ Anxiolytics \| \| \| Common Diagnostic Tests \| Other Diagnostic Tests \| Assessment Tools \| Evidence Based Guidelines \| \|-------------------------\|------------------------\|------------------\|--------------------------\| \| □ Serial peak flow \| □ Bone densitometry \| □ Asthma Control Test (ACT) \| □ Advanced Care Planning \| \| □ Spirometry (Pre/Post) \| □ CT and High resolution CT \| □ Breathlessness scores \| □ Asthma and Peak flow \| \| □ Pulse oximetry/Arterial/Venous blood gas \| □ ECG \| □ COPD Assessment Test (CAT) \| □ Bronchiectasis \| \| □ CRP/D Dimer/proBNP \| □ Full Pulmonary Function Testing \| □ Cognitive testing \| □ Chronic cough \| \| □ Electrolytes/Renal function \| □ Sleep studies \| □ Depression/Anxiety Assessment Tests \| □ COPD \| \| □ Haematology profile \| □ Walking tests (6 minute walk test, shuttle) \| □ Peak flow \| □ Pneumonia \| \| □ HbA1c/Iron studies \| \| □ Pneumonia scores \| □ Pulmonary Rehabilitation \| \| □ Liver function \| \| □ Quality of Life scores \| □ Oxygen therapy \| \| □ Quantiferon \| \| □ Sleep Disorder Risk Assessments \| □ Sleep Apnoea \| \| □ Sputum culture \| \| □ Spirometry \| □ Smoking Cessation & NRT \| \| □ Thyroid function \| \| \| □ Spirometry \| \| □ Chest x-ray \| \| \| □ Tuberculosis \| ## Competent (ALL Nurses) \| Objective \| Knowledge/Skill (NCNZ Domain) \| Met \| Not Met \| Initial/ Date \| \|--------------------------------------------------------------------------\|--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------\|-----\|---------\|---------------\| \| Aspect of Care: Physiology and Pathophysiology \| Demonstrate knowledge of Pulmonary Anatomy and Physiology (1,2) \| \| \| \| \| \| Discuss the pathophysiology, and causes associated with Core Respiratory Conditions (1,2) \| \| \| \| \| \| Discuss the causes, signs and symptoms associated with Core Respiratory Conditions (1,2) \| \| \| \| \| Aspect of Care: Respiratory Assessment of the stable and acute patient, including investigations \| Demonstrate an awareness of Evidence Based Guidelines for Core Respiratory Conditions (1,2,3,4) \| \| \| \| \| \| Undertake a comprehensive Health History using an appropriate nursing assessment framework, and identify risk factors associated with Core Respiratory Conditions (1,2,3,4) \| \| \| \| \| \| Demonstrate awareness of patients’ individual needs, including cognition, developmental stage and cultural affiliation. Demonstrate knowledge of Maori Models of Health or others as appropriate (1,2,3,4) \| \| \| \| \| \| Assess the knowledge base, health literacy and self-management capabilities of the client/whanau/family regarding their condition, perspective of diagnosis, and signs and symptoms as part of a Comprehensive Health History (1,2,3,4) \| \| \| \| \| \| Discuss management options for environmental factors affecting Core Respiratory Conditions (1,2,3,4) \| \| \| \| \| \| Demonstrate an understanding of Relevant Co-morbidities and their impact on Core Respiratory Conditions (1,2,3,4) \| \| \| \| \| \| Demonstrate ability to undertake a competent Physical Assessment. Understand potential causes of abnormal findings (1,2,3,4) \| \| \| \| \| \| Demonstrate competent Physical Assessment skills to identify signs of respiratory distress in Core Respiratory Conditions, taking into account the patient’s usual stable state (1,2,3,4) \| \| \| \| \| \| Demonstrate appropriate nursing intervention and prescribed treatment for the respiratory patient in acute respiratory distress, assess response and consult with wider health team as appropriate (1,2,3,4) \| \| \| \| \| \| Discuss the role of spirometry in assessment, diagnosis and health monitoring and describe referral process. Discuss the limitations of spirometry (1,2,4) \| \| \| \| \| Objective \| Knowledge/Skill (NCNZ Domain) \| Met \| Not Met \| Initial/ Date \| \|-----------\|---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------\|-----\|---------\|---------------\| \| \| If spirometry is part of the practice setting, discuss quality framework (infection control, calibration), and demonstrate ability to perform a spirometry test with a client as per Evidence Based Guidelines, including identifying factors contributing to poor test quality (1,2,4) \| \| \| \| \| \| Understand the different purposes of peak flow recordings (including peak flow diaries for diagnosis, monitoring and action plans; pre/post peak flows; measuring response to treatment), and normal variation as per Evidence-Based Guidelines (1,2,4) \| \| \| \| \| \| Demonstrate correct peak flow technique, and recognise poor effort and technique (1,2,4) \| \| \| \| \| \| Discuss clinical rationale for Common Diagnostic Tests and Assessment Tools (1,2,4) \| \| \| \| \| \| Demonstrate an understanding of the role of pulse oximetry, its uses, limitations and common errors (1,2) \| \| \| \| \| \| Demonstrate understanding of the implications of Blood Gas results for oxygen prescription (1,2) \| \| \| \| \| \| Demonstrate an understanding of the relationship between Core Respiratory Conditions and sleep (1,2) \| \| \| \| \| Aspect of Care: Pharmacological Management \| Describe the classes of inhaled Respiratory Medications, and oral corticosteroids, and their intended effects, clinical indications, side effects (1,2,3) \| \| \| \| \| \| Discuss the recommendations regarding nebulisers versus spacers (1,2,3) \| \| \| \| \| \| Demonstrate ability to assess clinical response to Respiratory Medications and Other Medications (1,2,3) \| \| \| \| \| \| Demonstrate ability to teach, assess and review a patient using inhaled Respiratory Medications, including technique, patient ability, patient preference, and appropriateness of device (1,2,3) \| \| \| \| \| \| Demonstrate ability to recognise concordance/drug misuse relating to prescribed regimen (1,2,3) \| \| \| \| \| \| Demonstrate awareness of impact of Rongoa/Over-The-Counter/Alternative Medication use and the associated risks (1,2,3) \| \| \| \| \| \| Describe principles/indications/contraindications for the administration of acute and long-term oxygen therapy for Core Respiratory Conditions as per Evidence Based Guidelines (1,2) \| \| \| \| \| \| Discuss the appropriate use of equipment in the administration of oxygen therapy (1,2) \| \| \| \| \| \| Understand the clinical signs, symptoms and risks of hypoxia, hyperoxia and hypercapnia (1,2) \| \| \| \| \| Objective \| Knowledge/Skill (NCNZ Domain) \| Met \| Not Met \| Initial/ Date \| \|-----------\|--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------\|-----\|---------\|---------------\| \| Aspect of Care: Non-Pharmacological Management \| Demonstrate knowledge of non-pharmacological strategies to assist the patient with Core Respiratory Conditions to manage dyspnoea and related symptoms (1,2) \| \| \| \| \| \| Demonstrate an awareness of the importance of education and individualised self-management plans for a patient with a Core Respiratory Condition (1,2,4) \| \| \| \| \| \| Demonstrate knowledge of the principles and benefits of pulmonary rehabilitation (1,2,3) \| \| \| \| \| \| Understand the availability of local pulmonary rehabilitation programs and alternative options, and referral processes (1,2,3) \| \| \| \| \| Aspect of Care: Non-Invasive Ventilation (NIV) \| Demonstrate an understanding of the different types of NIV therapy (CPAP, Bi-level, Adaptive servo-ventilator (ASV)), the reasons for use, and where to go for further support (1,2,3) \| \| \| \| \| \| Demonstrate an understanding of the respiratory physiology during sleep and how this might impact on Core Respiratory Conditions (1,2,3) \| \| \| \| \| Aspect of Care: Health Promotion \| Understand relationship between smoking behaviour (including marijuana and other illegal substances) and respiratory disease, and the beneficial effects of cessation (1,2) \| \| \| \| \| \| Discuss prevalence and patterns of smoking exposure in New Zealand, including among Maori and Pacific people (1,2) \| \| \| \| \| \| Discuss importance of determining and documenting smoking status for all patients and families (1,2) \| \| \| \| \| \| Discuss strategies to support quit attempts, including referral to support services as appropriate (1,2) \| \| \| \| \| \| Undertake formal smoking cessation training program (1,2) \| \| \| \| \| \| Discuss the role of spirometry in health screening (1,2) \| \| \| \| \| \| Discuss the indications and contra-indications for the annual influenza and other vaccines in those with Core Respiratory Conditions (1,2) \| \| \| \| \| \| Understand the impact of environmental exposure including housing, home/work environment and socio-economic factors on those with Core Respiratory Conditions (1) \| \| \| \| ## Proficient & Expert (MANY & FEW Nurses) \| Aspect of Care – Physiology and Pathophysiology \| Objective \| Proficient (NZNC Domain) (MANY Registered Nurses) \| Expert (NZNC Domain) (FEW Registered Nurses) \| Assessment \| \|-----------------------------------------------\|-----------\|--------------------------------------------------\|---------------------------------------------\|------------\| \| To demonstrate knowledge of pathophysiology relating to respiratory conditions \| 1. Demonstrate an in-depth knowledge of normal Pulmonary Anatomy and Physiology and the pathophysiology of Core Respiratory Conditions in acute and chronic phases (1,2) \| 1. Demonstrate an in-depth knowledge and comprehensive understanding of the anatomy, physiology and biochemistry of respiratory systems as evidenced by completion of a post-graduate paper in physiology and pathophysiology (1,2) \| □ P □ E Self Assessment Score: [ ] Bondy Score: [ ] Evidence/Comments: Initial : Date: \| Patient Outcome: The patient will receive appropriate care and information relating to their respiratory condition \| Objective \| Proficient (NZNC Domain) (MANY Registered Nurses) \| Expert (NZNC Domain) (FEW Registered Nurses) \| Assessment \| \|-----------\|--------------------------------------------------\|---------------------------------------------\|------------\| \| To demonstrate clinical assessment of the patient to assess and determine patient risk status and health needs \| 1. Demonstrate the ability to take a focused Health History, and demonstrate ability to discuss potential differential diagnoses related to Core Respiratory Conditions. Able to perform an assessment of a patient presenting with symptoms of sleep disordered breathing. (1,2,3,4) \| 1. Complete a comprehensive, focused Health History, and demonstrate ability to provide differential diagnoses. Integrate any existing Core, and Other Respiratory Conditions, and Relevant Co-morbidities to articulate clinical decision-making process (1,2,3,4) \| □P □E Self Assessment Score: [ ] Bondy Score: [ ] Evidence/Comments: Initial : Date: \| \| Patient Outcome: The patient will receive appropriate assessment to enable diagnosis/differential diagnoses \| 2. Discuss environments and occupations commonly identified as risk factors for Core Respiratory Conditions, relating history to current symptoms, and referring appropriately (1,2,4) \| 2. Demonstrate an in-depth understanding of environmental and occupational factors and their effect on lung pathology, initiating further investigations and referral as appropriate (1,2,4) \| □P □E Self Assessment Score: [ ] Bondy Score: [ ] Evidence/Comments: Initial : Date: \| \| Objective \| Proficient (NZNC Domain) (MANY Registered Nurses) \| Expert (NZNC Domain) (FEW Registered Nurses) \| Assessment \| \|-----------\|--------------------------------------------------\|---------------------------------------------\|------------\| \| 3. Demonstrate the ability to undertake a Physical Assessment, identifying normal and abnormal findings (1,2,3,4) \| 3. Demonstrate the ability to undertake an Advanced Physical Assessment, interpreting normal and abnormal findings. Consider differential diagnoses, initiate further investigations and refer as appropriate. Evidenced by completion of a post-graduate advanced assessment paper (1,2,3,4) \| □P □E Self Assessment Score: [ ] Bondy Score: [ ] Evidence/Comments: Initial : Date: \| \| 4. Demonstrate the ability to access and utilise local, regional, national and international guidelines relating to Core Respiratory Conditions and treatments (pharmacological and non-pharmacological) (1,2,4) \| 4. Develop, contribute to, and promote local, regional, national and international guidelines relevant to Core and Other Respiratory Conditions. Utilises guidelines related to Relevant Co-morbidities (1,2,4) \| □P □E Self Assessment Score: [ ] Bondy Score: [ ] Evidence/Comments: Initial : Date: \| \| Aspect of Care – Respiratory Assessment: The Acute Patient \| Objective \| Proficient (NZNC Domain) (MANY Registered Nurses) \| Expert (NZNC Domain) (FEW Registered Nurses) \| Assessment \| \|----------------------------------------------------------\|------------------------------------------------------------------------\|-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------\|----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------\|------------\| \| \| To provide appropriate assessment, management and review of the respiratory patient when presenting acutely \| 1. Can identify assessment frameworks and best practice guidelines for Core Respiratory Conditions to assist with assessing and triaging of acuity (1,2,3,4) \| 1. Identify and use assessment frameworks and best practice guidelines for Core, and Other Respiratory Conditions in the assessing and triaging of acuity (1,2,3,4) \| P \| \| \| Patient Outcome: \| 2. Is able to discuss the presenting symptoms of a patient in respiratory distress due to Core Respiratory Conditions and appropriate treatments (pharmacological and non-pharmacological) (1,2,3,4) \| 2. Demonstrate the ability to assess the patient in respiratory distress and provide differential diagnoses for Core and Other Respiratory Conditions as well as Relevant Comorbidities. Recognises need for advanced care planning/palliative care, and initiates/refers as appropriate (1,2,3,4) \| E \| Self Assessment Score: [ ] Bondy Score: [ ] Evidence/Comments: Initial: [ ] Date: [ ] \| Objective \| Proficient (NZNC Domain) (MANY Registered Nurses) \| Expert (NZNC Domain) (FEW Registered Nurses) \| Assessment \| \|-----------\|--------------------------------------------------\|---------------------------------------------\|------------\| \| 3. Demonstrate the ability to assess response to intervention(s) and refer as appropriate (1,2,3,4) \| 3. Initiate treatment and referral as appropriate and is able to assess and evaluate the impact of the intervention(s) (1,2,3,4) \| P E \| Self Assessment Score: [ ] Bondy Score: [ ] Evidence/Comments: Initial : Date: \| \| 4. Demonstrate an awareness of the impact of an acute respiratory presentation on existing Relevant Co-morbidities and subsequent interventions (1,2,3,4) \| 4. Demonstrate the ability to assess the impact of an acute respiratory presentation on existing Relevant Co-morbidities and subsequent interventions including palliative care (1,2,3,4) \| P E \| Self Assessment Score: [ ] Bondy Score: [ ] Evidence/Comments: Initial : Date: \| \| Objective \| Proficient (NZNC Domain) (MANY Registered Nurses) \| Expert (NZNC Domain) (FEW Registered Nurses) \| Assessment \| \|-----------\|-------------------------------------------------\|---------------------------------------------\|------------\| \| To use appropriate and safe investigations to assist diagnosis and assess respiratory status \| 1. Demonstrate understanding of spirometry results including FEV$_1$, FVC and the FEV$_1$/FVC ratio (normal, obstructive and restrictive patterns). Discuss how these relate to the Core Respiratory Conditions (1,2,3,4) \| 1. Demonstrate comprehensive understanding of spirometry results, and integrate findings into patient’s Health History. If applicable to practice setting, demonstrate understanding of full pulmonary function test results (1,2,3,4) \| P E \| \| Patient Outcome: The patient will receive safe and appropriate respiratory investigations \| 2. If relevant to your practice, demonstrate ability to undertake spirometry testing as per competent knowledge and skills. Evidenced by undertaking accredited spirometry course (1,2,3,4) \| 2. As per Proficient (1,2,3,4) \| P E \| Self Assessment Score: Bondy Score: Evidence/Comments: Initial : Date: \| Objective \| Proficient (NZNC Domain) (MANY Registered Nurses) \| Expert (NZNC Domain) (FEW Registered Nurses) \| Assessment \| \|-----------\|--------------------------------------------------\|---------------------------------------------\|------------\| \| 3. If undertaking spirometry as part of your practice, demonstrate understanding of the quality framework including infection control/calibration of spirometry testing equipment and identify factors which contribute to poor test quality (1,2,3,4) \| 3. As per Proficient (1,2,3,4) \| □P □E Self Assessment Score: [ ] Bondy Score: [ ] Evidence/Comments: Initial : Date: \| \| 4. Demonstrate appropriate initiation of/recommendation for Common Diagnostic Tests and Assessment Tools in response to Physical Assessment and Health History of patients, and discuss possible causes and appropriate response to abnormal results (1,2,3,4) \| 4. Demonstrate appropriate initiation of Common and Other Diagnostic Tests and Assessment Tools in response to Physical and Advanced Assessment and Health History. Understand potential effects of disease processes, medications and lifestyle behaviours. Initiate appropriate follow up and referrals in response to abnormal findings (1,2,3,4) \| □P □E Self Assessment Score: [ ] Bondy Score: [ ] Evidence/Comments: Initial : Date: \| \| Objective \| Proficient (NZNC Domain) (MANY Registered Nurses) \| Expert (NZNC Domain) (FEW Registered Nurses) \| Assessment \| \|-----------\|--------------------------------------------------\|---------------------------------------------\|------------\| \| 5. Demonstrate knowledge of thoracic anatomy landmarks on normal chest x-ray (1,2,4) \| 5. Identify abnormal changes on chest x-ray, and demonstrate appropriate management or follow-up in response to these changes or the radiologist report (1,2,4) \| P E \| Self Assessment Score: [ ] Bondy Score: [ ] Evidence/Comments: Initial : Date: \| \| Objective \| Proficient (NZNC Domain) (MANY Registered Nurses) \| Expert (NZNC Domain) (FEW Registered Nurses) \| Assessment \| \|-----------\|--------------------------------------------------\|---------------------------------------------\|------------\| \| To safely administer and manage respiratory medications, and provide appropriate information and education \| 1. Demonstrate knowledge of classes and sub-classes of Respiratory Medications and their indications for prescribing within diagnostic groups, according to disease-specific treatment guidelines (1,2,4) \| 1. Successfully complete a post-graduate pharmacology paper, enabling articulation and integration into practice of the pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of Respiratory and Other Medications (1,2,4) \| □P □E \| \| Patient Outcome: Patient will receive appropriate medication, including assessment, information and education relating to their respiratory medications \| 2. Demonstrate and articulate an understanding of the effects, side effects, interactions, contra-indications, doses, modes of administration, monitoring parameters and any Special Authority requirements for Respiratory Medications (1,2,4) \| 2. Demonstrate and articulate a comprehensive understanding of the effect, side effects, interactions, contra-indications, doses, modes of administration, monitoring parameters and any Special Authority requirements for Respiratory and Other Medications (1,2,4) \| □P □E \| Self Assessment Score: [ ] Bondy Score: [ ] Evidence/Comments: Initial : Date: \| Objective \| Proficient (NZNC Domain) (MANY Registered Nurses) \| Expert (NZNC Domain) (FEW Registered Nurses) \| Assessment \| \|-----------\|--------------------------------------------------\|---------------------------------------------\|------------\| \| 3. Describe the different delivery mechanisms for inhaled Respiratory Medications (including nebulisers), and discuss the advantages and disadvantages of each. Able to recommend the most appropriate device for a patient (1,2,4) \| 3. As per proficient (1,2,4) \| □P □E Self Assessment Score: [ ] Bondy Score: [ ] Evidence/Comments: Initial : Date: \| \| 4. Demonstrate ability to recognise non-concordance, drug misuse and possible inappropriate prescribing, and identify possible solutions in partnership with the patient and prescriber (1,2,3,4) \| 4. Recognise non-concordance, drug misuse and inappropriate prescribing, and identify solutions in partnership with the patient and prescriber. Demonstrate knowledge of processes to address identified drug misuse (1,2,3,4) \| □P □E Self Assessment Score: [ ] Bondy Score: [ ] Evidence/Comments: Initial : Date: \| \| Objective \| Proficient (NZNC Domain) (MANY Registered Nurses) \| Expert (NZNC Domain) (FEW Registered Nurses) \| Assessment \| \|-----------\|--------------------------------------------------\|---------------------------------------------\|------------\| \| 5. Demonstrate assessment of patient/whanau and the social/cultural/financial influences which impact on their decision making behaviour related to medication use (1,2,3,4) \| 5. Demonstrate a comprehensive assessment of patient/whanau and the social/cultural/financial influences which impact on their decision making behaviour related to medication use. Develops strategies to address issues identified (1,2,3,4) \| P E \| Self Assessment Score: [ ] Bondy Score: [ ] Evidence/Comments: Initial : Date: \| \| 6. Describe potential interactions of Respiratory Medications with other prescribed and Over-The Counter/Complementary Medications (1,2,3,4) \| 6. Integrate a knowledge of Respiratory Medications, and potential interactions with other prescribed and Over-The Counter/Complementary Medications to optimise and recommend medication adjustments appropriately Demonstrates knowledge of the impact of alcohol, nicotine and other substances on dose regimen and monitoring (1,2,3,4) \| P E \| Self Assessment Score: [ ] Bondy Score: [ ] Evidence/Comments: Initial : Date: \| \| Objective \| Proficient (NZNC Domain) (MANY Registered Nurses) \| Expert (NZNC Domain) (FEW Registered Nurses) \| Assessment \| \|-----------\|--------------------------------------------------\|---------------------------------------------\|------------\| \| 7. \| Is aware of the use of Rongoa and Over-The Counter/Complementary Medications commonly utilised for respiratory conditions (1,2,4) \| Is aware of the use of Rongoa and Over-The Counter/Complementary Medications commonly utilised for respiratory conditions, and common interactions with prescribed medications (1,2,4) \| P E Self Assessment Score: [ ] Bondy Score: [ ] Evidence/Comments: Initial : Date: \| \| Objective \| Proficient (NZNC Domain) (MANY Registered Nurses) \| Expert (NZNC Domain) (FEW Registered Nurses) \| Assessment \| \|-----------\|--------------------------------------------------\|---------------------------------------------\|------------\| \| To enable the safe administration and appropriate management of oxygen therapy, including assessment and education \| 1. Demonstrate an understanding of the principles of acute oxygen therapy, and long-term oxygen therapy in a patient with a Core Respiratory Condition as per Evidence Based Guidelines (1,2) 2. Demonstrate knowledge of the clinical signs, symptoms and outcomes of hypoxia, hyperoxia and hypercapnia (1,2) \| 1. Demonstrate an in-depth knowledge of the principles of acute and long-term oxygen therapy in a patient with a Core or Other Respiratory Condition as per Evidence Based Guidelines (1,2,4) 2. Demonstrates an in-depth knowledge of the clinical signs, symptoms and outcomes of hypoxia, hyperoxia and hypercapnia (1,2) \| P E Self Assessment Score: [ ] Bondy Score: [ ] Evidence/Comments: Initial: Date: P E Self Assessment Score: [ ] Bondy Score: [ ] Evidence/Comments: Initial: Date: \| Patient Outcome: The patient will receive appropriate education and care to enable self management of oxygen therapy to an optimum standard. \| Objective \| Proficient (NZNC Domain) (MANY Registered Nurses) \| Expert (NZNC Domain) (FEW Registered Nurses) \| Assessment \| \|--------------------------------------------------------------------------\|---------------------------------------------------\|-----------------------------------------------\|------------\| \| 3. Demonstrate an understanding of the indications and contraindications for administration of both acute and long-term oxygen therapy (1,2) \| 3. Demonstrate an in-depth understanding of the indications and contraindications for administration of both acute and long-term oxygen therapy. Is able to articulate the inclusion criteria for long-term oxygen therapy in patients with Core and Other Respiratory Conditions (1,2) \| □P □E Self Assessment Score: [ ] Bondy Score: [ ] Evidence/Comments: Initial : Date: \| 4. Demonstrate the appropriate use and care of equipment in the provision of oxygen therapy. Identify potential risks and issues with equipment use and works in partnership with the patient to find solutions (1,2) \| 4. Demonstrate an in-depth knowledge of the appropriate use and care of equipment required in the provision of oxygen therapy including patient/whānau education. Is proactive in identifying potential issues with equipment use, and works in partnership with the patient to find solutions (1,2) \| □P □E Self Assessment Score: [ ] Bondy Score: [ ] Evidence/Comments: Initial : Date: \| \| Aspect of Care – Non-Pharmacological Management: Self Management \| \|---------------------------------------------------------------\| \| Objective \| \| To optimise self-management, minimise symptom load, and improve quality of life for a patient with a respiratory condition \| \| Patient Outcome: The patient will have access to information and education about non-pharmacological aspects of managing a respiratory condition \| \| Proficient (NZNC Domain) (MANY Registered Nurses) \| Expert (NZNC Domain) (FEW Registered Nurses) \| \|--------------------------------------------------------\|--------------------------------------------------\| \| 1. Demonstrate the utilisation of non-pharmacological strategies including breathing control/relaxation/sputum clearance, to assist the patient with a Core Respiratory Condition to manage dyspnoea and related symptoms (1,2,3,4) \| \| 1. Demonstrate advanced skills in the utilisation of non-pharmacological strategies to assist the patient with Core, and Other Respiratory Conditions to manage dyspnoea and related symptoms and incorporate these into a comprehensive self-management plan (1,2,3,4) \| \| 2. Demonstrate an understanding of the importance of education and individualised self-management plans. Demonstrate the ability to develop a self-management plan for a patient with a Core Respiratory Condition (1,2,3,4) \| \| 2. Demonstrate ability to create complex, individualised self-management plans for patients with Core, and Other Respiratory Conditions, and evaluate their effectiveness (1,2,3,4) \| \| Assessment \| \|----------------\| \| P E \| \| Self Assessment Score: [ ] \| \| Bondy Score: [ ] \| \| Evidence/Comments: \| \| Initial : Date: \| --- New Zealand Adult Respiratory Nursing Knowledge and Skills Framework 2016 TSANZ Nurses SIG (NZ) & College of Respiratory Nurses NZNO \| Aspect of Care – Non Pharmacological: Pulmonary Rehabilitation \| Objective \| Proficient (NZNC Domain) (MANY Registered Nurses) \| Expert (NZNC Domain) (FEW Registered Nurses) \| Assessment \| \|---------------------------------------------------------------\|------------------------------------------------------------------------\|-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------\|----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------\|------------\| \| \| To optimise self-management and improve quality of life for a patient with a respiratory condition through support and advocacy of Pulmonary Rehabilitation \| 1. Demonstrate a knowledge of pulmonary rehabilitation and understand the assessment process identifying possible reasons for inclusion and exclusion (1,2,3,4) \| 1. Demonstrate a comprehensive knowledge of pulmonary rehabilitation and provide appropriate assessment and referral to pulmonary rehabilitation programmes (1,2,3,4) \| P \| \| \| Patient Outcome: \| The patient will have access to exercise and education, ideally in a Pulmonary Rehabilitation Program, to receive maximal support and improvement in quality of life \| \| E \| Self Assessment Score: Bondy Score: Evidence/Comments: Initial : Date: \| Objective \| Proficient (NZNC Domain) (MANY Registered Nurses) \| Expert (NZNC Domain) (FEW Registered Nurses) \| Assessment \| \|-----------\|--------------------------------------------------\|---------------------------------------------\|------------\| \| 2. Participate and assist with provision and evaluation of pulmonary rehabilitation programmes in conjunction with the multi-disciplinary team (1,2,3,4) \| 2. Participate, lead, evaluate and further develop pulmonary rehabilitation programmes in conjunction with the multi-disciplinary team (1,2,3,4) \| □P □E Self Assessment Score: [ ] Bondy Score: [ ] Evidence/Comments: Initial : Date: \| \| 3. Promote pulmonary rehabilitation within the region, encouraging participation and referral, including alternatives if pulmonary rehabilitation is not available or suitable (1,2,3,4) \| 3. As per Proficient (1,2,3,4) \| □P □E Self Assessment Score: [ ] Bondy Score: [ ] Evidence/Comments: Initial : Date: \| \| Objective \| Proficient (NZNC Domain) (MANY Registered Nurses) \| Expert (NZNC Domain) (FEW Registered Nurses) \| Assessment \| \|-----------\|--------------------------------------------------\|---------------------------------------------\|------------\| \| 4. Demonstrate a knowledge of physiotherapy and breathing exercises which may benefit those with Core Respiratory Condition (1,2,3,4) \| 4. Demonstrate a comprehensive knowledge of physiotherapy and breathing exercises which may benefit those with Core and Other Respiratory Condition (1,2,3,4) \| P E Self Assessment Score: [ ] Bondy Score: [ ] Evidence/Comments: Initial: Date: \| Terms in italics refer to headings in the ‘Definitions of Terms’ Table, page 13 \| Aspect of Care – Non Invasive Ventilation (NIV) \| Objective (Complete this aspect of care if NIV is part of your regular practice) \| Proficient (NZNC Domain) (MANY Registered Nurses) \| Expert (NZNC Domain) (FEW Registered Nurses) \| Assessment \| \|-----------------------------------------------\|---------------------------------------------------------------------------------\|--------------------------------------------------\|---------------------------------------------\|------------\| \| To enable the safe administration and appropriate management of non invasive ventilation (CPAP & Bi-level), including assessment, support and education \| 1. Demonstrate knowledge of the clinical signs, symptoms and outcomes of type 1 & 2 respiratory failure related to Core Respiratory Conditions that require non-invasive ventilation (1,2) \| 1. Demonstrate an in-depth knowledge of the clinical signs, symptoms and outcomes of type 1 & 2 respiratory failure related Core or Other Respiratory Conditions that require non-invasive ventilation (1,2) \| □P □E Self Assessment Score: [ ] Bondy Score: [ ] Evidence/Comments: Initial : Date: \| \| Patient Outcome: The patient will receive appropriate education and care to enable management of non invasive ventilation to an optimum standard. \| 2. Demonstrate an understanding of the indications and contraindications for administration of both acute and long-term non-invasive ventilation (1,2) \| 2. Demonstrate an in-depth understanding of the indications and contraindications for administration of both acute and long-term non invasive ventilation. Is able to articulate the inclusion criteria for long-term non invasive ventilation in patients with Core and Other Respiratory Conditions (1,2) \| □P □E Self Assessment Score: [ ] Bondy Score: [ ] Evidence/Comments: Initial: Date: \| \| Knowledge \| Skills \| \|---------------\|------------\| \| Knowledge of the pathophysiology of respiratory diseases and their management \| Skills in the assessment, monitoring and management of patients with respiratory diseases \| \| Knowledge of the principles of pharmacology and the use of medications for the treatment of respiratory diseases \| Skills in the administration of medications for the treatment of respiratory diseases \| \| Knowledge of the principles of infection control and prevention \| Skills in the implementation of infection control measures \| \| Knowledge of the principles of patient education and counselling \| Skills in the provision of patient education and counselling \| \| Knowledge of the principles of health promotion and disease prevention \| Skills in the promotion of healthy lifestyles and the prevention of respiratory diseases \| New Zealand Adult Respiratory Nursing Knowledge and Skills Framework 2016 TSANZ Nurses SIG (NZ) & College of Respiratory Nurses NZNO \| Objective \| Proficient (NZNC Domain) (MANY Registered Nurses) \| Expert (NZNC Domain) (FEW Registered Nurses) \| Assessment \| \|--------------------------------------------------------------------------\|--------------------------------------------------\|-----------------------------------------------\|------------\| \| 3. Demonstrate the appropriate use and daily care of equipment in the provision of non invasive ventilation. Identify issues with equipment use and seeks appropriate solutions (1,2) \| 3. Demonstrate an in-depth knowledge of the appropriate use and daily care of equipment required in the provision of non invasive ventilation including patient/whanau education. Is proactive in identifying potential issues with equipment use, and work in partnership with the patient to find solutions (1,2) \| P E \| Self Assessment Score: [ ] Bondy Score: [ ] Evidence/Comments: Initial : Date: \| \| Aspect of Care – Health Promotion \| Objective \| Proficient (NZNC Domain) (MANY Registered Nurses) \| Expert (NZNC Domain) (FEW Registered Nurses) \| Assessment \| \|----------------------------------\|-----------\|-------------------------------------------------\|---------------------------------------------\|------------\| \| \| To optimise a healthy lifestyle for a patient with, or at risk of a respiratory condition \| 1. Is able to articulate the Evidence Based Guidelines and relevant literature that supports the annual influenza and other vaccines in those with Core Respiratory Conditions (1,2) \| 1. Demonstrate an in-depth knowledge of the Evidence Based Guidelines and relevant literature that supports the annual influenza and other vaccines in those with Core and Other Respiratory Conditions. Is aware of funding/support available to patients that may not be eligible for funded vaccines through the NZ pharmaceutical schedule (1,2,4) \| □P □E Self Assessment Score: [ ] Bondy Score: [ ] Evidence/Comments: Initial : Date: \| \| \| Patient Outcome: The patient will receive appropriate advice and support to enable them to live a healthy lifestyle \| 2. Demonstrate the ability to assess the patient’s environment (including home, work and other), identify and manage risks and refers appropriately for those with Core Respiratory conditions (1,2) \| 2. Demonstrate a comprehensive assessment of the patient’s environment: (including home, work and other); identify and manage risks; identify relevant investigations and refers appropriately for those with Core and Other Respiratory conditions (1,2) \| □P □E Self Assessment Score: [ ] Bondy Score: [ ] Evidence/Comments: Initial : Date: \| \| Objective \| Proficient (NZNC Domain) (MANY Registered Nurses) \| Expert (NZNC Domain) (FEW Registered Nurses) \| Assessment \| \|-----------\|--------------------------------------------------\|---------------------------------------------\|------------\| \| 3. Articulates Evidence Based Guidelines and relevant literature that supports the promotion of a healthy lifestyle through regular exercise in those with Core Respiratory Conditions. Is able to identify situations where exercise may be contra-indicated (1,2,3). \| 3. Demonstrate an in-depth knowledge of the Evidence Based Guidelines and relevant literature that supports the promotion of a healthy lifestyle through regular exercise in those with Core Respiratory and other Conditions. (1,2) \| P E Self Assessment Score: [ ] Bondy Score: [ ] Evidence/Comments: Initial : Date: \| \| 4. Articulates Evidence Based Guidelines and relevant literature that supports a health lifestyle through a healthy diet and maintaining a healthy weight for those with Core Respiratory Conditions. Identifies strategies/treatment options to increase or decrease weight and refer appropriately (1,2,3). \| 4. Demonstrate an in-depth knowledge of the Evidence Based Guidelines and relevant literature that supports a healthy lifestyle through a healthy diet and maintaining a healthy weight for those with Core Respiratory and Other Conditions (1,2,3) \| P E Self Assessment Score: [ ] Bondy Score: [ ] Evidence/Comments: Initial : Date: \| \| Topic \| Title \| URL \| \|-----------------------------\|----------------------------------------------------------------------\|---------------------------------------------------------------------\| \| Advance Care Planning \| Advance Care Planning: A guide for the New Zealand health care workforce \| [https://www.health.govt.nz/system/files/documents/publications/advance-care-planning-aug11.pdf](https://www.health.govt.nz/system/files/documents/publications/advance-care-planning-aug11.pdf) \| \| Asthma \| GINA Report, 2014 \| [http://www.ginasthma.org/local/uploads/files/GINA_Report_2014_Aug12.pdf](http://www.ginasthma.org/local/uploads/files/GINA_Report_2014_Aug12.pdf) \| \| \| Australian Asthma Handbook, 2014 \| [http://www.asthmahandbook.org.au/](http://www.asthmahandbook.org.au/) \| \| \| British Guideline on the Management of Asthma, 2012 \| [https://www.brit-thoracic.org.uk/document-library/clinical-information/asthma/btssign-asthma-guideline-2014/](https://www.brit-thoracic.org.uk/document-library/clinical-information/asthma/btssign-asthma-guideline-2014/) \| \| \| NICE Quality Standards for Asthma, 2013 \| [www.nice.org.uk/guidance/qs25/resources/guidance-quality-standard-for-asthma-pdf](www.nice.org.uk/guidance/qs25/resources/guidance-quality-standard-for-asthma-pdf) \| \| Bronchiectasis \| British Guideline for non-CF Bronchiectasis, 2010 \| [https://www.brit-thoracic.org.uk/document-library/clinical-information/bronchiectasis/bts-guideline-for-non-cf-bronchiectasis/](https://www.brit-thoracic.org.uk/document-library/clinical-information/bronchiectasis/bts-guideline-for-non-cf-bronchiectasis/) \| \| \| Clinical Guideline for Chronic Suppurative Lung Disease and Bronchiectasis in Children and Adults in Australia and New Zealand, 2014 \| [http://www.thoracic.org.au/imagesDB/wysiwyg/BEposstatement_2014_revised_TSANZ_website_v3_WR_FINAL.pdf](http://www.thoracic.org.au/imagesDB/wysiwyg/BEposstatement_2014_revised_TSANZ_website_v3_WR_FINAL.pdf) \| \| Cardiovascular Risk Assessment \| Cardiovascular Risk Assessment and Diabetes Screening, 2012 \| [https://www.health.govt.nz/publication/new-zealand-primary-care-handbook-2012](https://www.health.govt.nz/publication/new-zealand-primary-care-handbook-2012) \| \| COPD \| NICE COPD Guidelines, 2014 \| [http://pathways.nice.org.uk/pathways/chronic-obstructive-pulmonary-disease](http://pathways.nice.org.uk/pathways/chronic-obstructive-pulmonary-disease) \| \| \| Global Strategy for the Diagnosis, Management and Prevention of COPD, 2015 \| [http://www.goldcopd.org/guidelines-global-strategy-for-diagnosis-management.html](http://www.goldcopd.org/guidelines-global-strategy-for-diagnosis-management.html) \| \| \| The COPD-X Plan: Australian and New Zealand guidelines for the management of COPD, 2014 \| [http://copdx.org.au/](http://copdx.org.au/) \| \| Topic \| Title \| URL \| \|-----------------------\|----------------------------------------------------------------------\|---------------------------------------------------------------------\| \| Cystic Fibrosis \| Cystic Fibrosis Pulmonary Guidelines: chronic medications for \| [http://www.atsjournals.org/doi/pdf/10.1164/rccm.200705-664OC](http://www.atsjournals.org/doi/pdf/10.1164/rccm.200705-664OC) \| \| \| maintenance of lung health, 2007 \| \| \| \| Standards of Care for Cystic Fibrosis in New Zealand, 2011 \| [http://www.cfnz.org.nz/wp-content/uploads/Standard-of-Care-NZ-2011.pdf](http://www.cfnz.org.nz/wp-content/uploads/Standard-of-Care-NZ-2011.pdf) \| \| \| Cystic Fibrosis Pulmonary Guidelines: treatment of pulmonary \| [http://www.atsjournals.org/doi/pdf/10.1164/rccm.200812-1845PP](http://www.atsjournals.org/doi/pdf/10.1164/rccm.200812-1845PP) \| \| \| exacerbations, 2009 \| \| \| Chronic Cough \| CICADA: Cough in Children and Adults: Diagnosis and Assessment. \| [https://www.mja.com.au/journal/2010/192/5/cicada-cough-children-and-adults-diagnosis-and-assessment-australian-cough](https://www.mja.com.au/journal/2010/192/5/cicada-cough-children-and-adults-diagnosis-and-assessment-australian-cough) \| \| \| Australian cough guidelines summary statement., 2010 \| \| \| \| Recommendations for the Management of Cough in Adults, 2006 \| [http://thorax.bmj.com/content/61/suppl_1/1](http://thorax.bmj.com/content/61/suppl_1/1) \| \| Oximetry \| Clinical use of pulse oximetry: Official guidelines from the Thoracic Society of Australia and New Zealand 2014 \| [http://www.thoracic.org.au/clinical-documents/command/download_file/id/34/filename/Pretto_et_al-2014-Respirology.pdf](http://www.thoracic.org.au/clinical-documents/command/download_file/id/34/filename/Pretto_et_al-2014-Respirology.pdf) \| \| Oxygen Therapy \| BTS Guideline for Emergency Oxygen use in Adult Patients, 2008 \| [https://www.brit-thoracic.org.uk/document-library/clinical-information/oxygen/emergency-oxygen-use-in-adult-patients-guideline/](https://www.brit-thoracic.org.uk/document-library/clinical-information/oxygen/emergency-oxygen-use-in-adult-patients-guideline/) \| \| \| Adult Domiciliary Oxygen Therapy - Clinical Practice Guideline, 2014 \| [http://www.thoracic.org.au/imagesDB/wysiwyg/OxygenGuidelines_March2014_FINAL.pdf](http://www.thoracic.org.au/imagesDB/wysiwyg/OxygenGuidelines_March2014_FINAL.pdf) \| \| \| Thoracic Society of Australia and New Zealand Oxygen Guidelines for Acute Oxygen Use in Adults: ‘Swimming between the flags’ 2015 \| [http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/resp.12620/pdf](http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/resp.12620/pdf) \| \| Palliative Care \| The Palliative Care Handbook. Guidelines for Clinical Management and Symptom control 2012 \| [http://www.hospice.org.nz/cms_show_download.php?id=377](http://www.hospice.org.nz/cms_show_download.php?id=377) \| \| Topic \| Title \| URL \| \|-----------------------\|----------------------------------------------------------------------\|---------------------------------------------------------------------\| \| Peak Flow \| Peak expiratory flow: conclusions and recommendations of a Working Party of the European Respiratory Society, 1997 \| [http://www.spirxpert.com/ERSstatement.pdf](http://www.spirxpert.com/ERSstatement.pdf) \| \| \| Patient information: How to use a peak flow meter (Beyond the Basics), 2014 \| [http://www.uptodate.com/contents/how-to-use-a-peak-flow-meter-beyond-the-basics](http://www.uptodate.com/contents/how-to-use-a-peak-flow-meter-beyond-the-basics) \| \| Pneumonia \| Community Acquired Pneumonia in Adults, 2009 \| [https://www.brit-thoracic.org.uk/guidelines-and-quality-standards/community-acquired-pneumonia-in-adults-guideline/annotated](https://www.brit-thoracic.org.uk/guidelines-and-quality-standards/community-acquired-pneumonia-in-adults-guideline/annotated) \| \| Pulmonary Rehabilitation \| British Thoracic Society Guideline on Pulmonary Rehabilitation, 2013 \| [https://www.brit-thoracic.org.uk/document-library/clinical-information/pulmonary-rehabilitation/bts-guideline-for-pulmonary-rehabilitation/](https://www.brit-thoracic.org.uk/document-library/clinical-information/pulmonary-rehabilitation/bts-guideline-for-pulmonary-rehabilitation/) \| \| \| Pulmonary Rehabilitation Toolkit, 2013 \| [http://www.pulmonaryrehab.com.au/index.asp?page=2](http://www.pulmonaryrehab.com.au/index.asp?page=2) \| \| Sleep Apnoea \| Management of Obstructive Sleep Apnoea/Hypopnoea Syndrome in Adults, 2003 \| [http://www.sign.ac.uk/pdf/sign73.pdf](http://www.sign.ac.uk/pdf/sign73.pdf) \| \| \| Clinical Guideline for the Evaluation, Management and Long-term Care of Obstructive Sleep Apnoea in Adults, 2009 \| [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2699173/](http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2699173/) \| \| Smoking Cessation \| The New Zealand Guidelines for helping people to stop smoking, 2014 \| [http://www.health.govt.nz/publication/new-zealand-guidelines-helping-people-stop-smoking](http://www.health.govt.nz/publication/new-zealand-guidelines-helping-people-stop-smoking) \| \| \| ABC For Smoking Cessation Quick Reference Card, 2014 \| [https://www.pharmac.health.nz/assets/smoking-cessation-abc-quick-reference-card.pdf](https://www.pharmac.health.nz/assets/smoking-cessation-abc-quick-reference-card.pdf) \| \| Spirometry \| Standardisation of Spirometry, 2005 \| [http://www.thoracic.org/statements/resources/pft/PFT2.pdf](http://www.thoracic.org/statements/resources/pft/PFT2.pdf) \| \| \| Spirometry in Practice – a practical guide to using spirometry in primary care, 2005 \| [https://www.brit-thoracic.org.uk/document-library/delivery-of-respiratory-care/spirometry/spirometry-in-practice/](https://www.brit-thoracic.org.uk/document-library/delivery-of-respiratory-care/spirometry/spirometry-in-practice/) \| \| Tuberculosis \| Guidelines for Tuberculosis control in New Zealand 2010 \| [www.health.govt.nz/publications/guidelines-tuberculosis-control-new-zealand-2010](www.health.govt.nz/publications/guidelines-tuberculosis-control-new-zealand-2010) \| \| Useful Websites \| \| \|--------------------------------------------------------------------------------\|------------------------------------------------------------------\| \| Advance Care Planning \| [http://www.advancecareplanning.org.nz/](http://www.advancecareplanning.org.nz/) \| \| The Thoracic Society of Australia and New Zealand (TSANZ) \| [http://www.thoracic.org.au/](http://www.thoracic.org.au/) \| \| The Asthma Foundation of New Zealand \| [http://asthmafoundation.org.nz/](http://asthmafoundation.org.nz/) \| \| Asthma New Zealand \| [http://www.asthma-nz.org.nz/](http://www.asthma-nz.org.nz/) \| \| National Institute for Health and Care (NICE) \| [http://www.nice.org.uk/](http://www.nice.org.uk/) \| \| The British Thoracic Society (BTS) \| [https://www.brit-thoracic.org.uk/](https://www.brit-thoracic.org.uk/) \| \| The European Respiratory Society (ERS) \| [http://www.ersnet.org/](http://www.ersnet.org/) \| \| The American Thoracic Society (ATS) \| [http://www.thoracic.org/](http://www.thoracic.org/) \| \| Up-To-Date \| [http://www.uptodate.com](http://www.uptodate.com) \| \| The Cochrane Library \| [http://www.cochranelibrary.com/](http://www.cochranelibrary.com/) \| \| The Best Practice Advocacy Centre (BPAC) \| [http://www.bpac.org.nz/](http://www.bpac.org.nz/) \| \| New Zealand Formulary \| [http://nzformulary.org/](http://nzformulary.org/) \| \| NZNC RN Scope of Practice Competencies \| [http://www.nursingcouncil.org.nz/Nurses/Scopes-of-practice/Registered-nurse](http://www.nursingcouncil.org.nz/Nurses/Scopes-of-practice/Registered-nurse) \| \| NZNC Standards and Guidelines \| [http://www.nursingcouncil.org.nz/Publications/Standards-and-guidelines-for-nurses](http://www.nursingcouncil.org.nz/Publications/Standards-and-guidelines-for-nurses) \| \| Maori Health Strategy \| [http://www.health.govt.nz/publication/he-korowai-oranga-maori-health-strategy](http://www.health.govt.nz/publication/he-korowai-oranga-maori-health-strategy) \| \| Medsafe \| [http://medsafe.govt.nz/](http://medsafe.govt.nz/) \| \| Topic \| Publication \| \|-----------------------\|-----------------------------------------------------------------------------\| \| Breathing Dysfunction \| Bradley, D. & Clifton-Smith, T. (2002). Breathing Works for Asthma. New Zealand: Tandem Press \| \| \| Bradley, D. & Clifton-Smith, T. (2008). Managing your asthma using the Bradcliff Breathing Method: Dynamic breathing for asthma. Random House: Auckland \| \| Health Literacy \| Jones B, Ingham TR, Reid S, Davies C, Levack W, and Robson B. He Māramatanga Huangō: Asthma Health Literacy for Māori Children in New Zealand, University of Otago, March 2015. \| \| Maori Health \| Durie, M.H. (2001). Whaiora. Maori Health Development. Oxford University Press: Auckland \| \| \| Gordon, M. (2002). Manual of Nursing Diagnosis (10th ed.) St Louis: Mosby \| \| \| Pene, R. (1991). Te Wheke: A celebration of infinite wisdom. Ao ako Global Learning NZ \|	24a3d62f-aa64-48f1-b26b-75a022ac9bf4	HuggingFaceFW/finepdfs/tree/main/data/eng_Latn/train	finepdfs	eng_Latn	80,199
PRORAM TIP Forslag til gjennomføring av dagen - Det vil bli en kort gjennomgang av HMS reglene, før konkurransen starter,30min.	<urn:uuid:488ff2cd-f374-4777-b42e-590927c24b3a>	HuggingFaceFW/finepdfs/tree/main/data/nob_Latn/train	finepdfs	nob_Latn	129
To the Members of the California State Senate: I am returning Senate Bill 52 without my signature. This bill requires a charter city with a population of at least 2.5 million people to establish an independent redistricting commission, if one is not already required by the city's charter. While I agree with the goal of the author's proposal, this bill is contingent on the enactment of Assembly Bill 1248, which I have vetoed. For this reason, I cannot sign this bill. Sincerely, Gavin Newsom	<urn:uuid:54b3c0c7-e433-4a34-b2f5-21aa89853ac7>	HuggingFaceFW/finepdfs/tree/main/data/eng_Latn/train	finepdfs	eng_Latn	500
Clifton R. Topp 5920 Sun Ridge Drive Rock Springs, Wyoming 82901 7/18/15 To Whom It May Concern: Tim Boulware worked for me during my tenure as General Manager at Wyo Radio in Rock Springs, Wyoming from January of 2010 to August of 2012. Tim was part of the number one morning show in southwest Wyoming with the late Bill Luzmoor. The Wyoming Association of Broadcasters recognized Tim and Bill as the number one morning show in the state of Wyoming. Tim was our News and Sports Director plus performed some personality bits with Bill. Tim was also the Operations Manager and was responsible for maintaining the computer system, some commercial production, and of course was our exclusive sports play by play announcer. Tim was energetic and never left a project undone and would stay until the job was completed. Tim is a real trooper who works very hard. I was impressed with Tim's work ethic and his high level of ethics and always ready to do the "right thing". Doing the right thing means a lot to management as it creates a high level of trust that you need in any organization. Tim wanted to broadcast some of the American Legion games in Rock Springs. As our sales team was tied up with other projects, the only way to make this happen was for Tim to sell sponsorships himself. He took on the project and sold to advertisers that weren't currently on the air. He did a great job. The Rock Springs and Green River area was very accepting of Tim on the morning show and his great play by play talent displayed on the games he broadcast for us. Tim was thorough and studied the team and players in depth before air time to sound professional and make the listener aware of the teams involved. Tim would make a great hire for this position you are seeking to fill. I recommend Tim very highly. If I were to go back into broadcasting again Tim would be my first hire. Yours truly Clifton R. Topp	<urn:uuid:089968a0-e0ae-4d83-bb39-de7c3522a428>	HuggingFaceFW/finepdfs/tree/main/data/eng_Latn/train	finepdfs	eng_Latn	1,920
Nilofar Bayat: jugadora de baloncesto refugiada en España «Fui la primera en entrar al equipo de baloncesto en mi país y siempre he luchado por las mujeres.» Nilofar Bayat El pasado 15 de agosto, los talibanes tomaron la ciudad de Kabul en Afganistán y al mismo tiempo todos los sueños de libertad con los que soñaban todas las mujeres. Sus condiciones de vida se habían mejorado estos últimos 20 años después de la caída del régimen de los talibanes, pero ahora que han vuelto, las mujeres están en gran peligro. Hemos escuchado muchos testimonios de mujeres que quieren huir de su país de origen o de otras que han podido escapar del inﬁerno que les espera allí. Pero hoy quiero escribir sobre una deportista afgana cuya historia me emocionó y que, por suerte, ha podido escapar y se encuentra hoy a salvo en España, en la ciudad de Bilbao. nº 77 - septiembre de 2021 Nilofar Bayat tiene 28 años, es abogada y capitana del equipo de baloncesto en silla de ruedas en Afganistán. También es defensora de los derechos de las mujeres. Si el único hecho de ser mujer ya es un problema frente al régimen de los talibanes, ser deportista, educada y defensora de los derechos de las mujeres son circunstancias muy agravantes. Por todas estas razones y por miedo a que la mataran a ella y/o a su familia, Nilofar no tuvo más remedio que hacerlo todo para escapar. Gracias al Gobierno español y al impulso del club del Bidaibideak Bilbao BSR, después de pedir ayuda en las redes sociales, Nilofar pudo huir con su marido Ramish, también jugador en silla de ruedas, y llegar a Bilbao. Para ella es un alivio haber escapado de los talibanes que fueron responsables de la amputación de su pierna, y de la muerte de su padre y de su hermano cuando solo tenía dos años. Nilofar declaró: «No hay futuro, ni esperanza ni nada por lo que volver» y acaban de "destruir todo por lo que he trabajado tan duro estos últimos años". En efecto, pocas semanas después de esta declaración, y entre otras medidas restrictivas, el nuevo régimen talibán anuncia que las mujeres ya no pueden practicar deporte porque dejarían ver su cara y su cuerpo, lo que es contrario a la ley islámica de la sharía. Sigue muy preocupada por toda la gente que no tuvo su suerte, pero al mismo tiempo muy agradecida y contenta por esta suerte y nueva etapa que le reserva la vida. Ahora, quiere volver a jugar a baloncesto, su pasión que le permite escapar por un rato de esta realidad: "cuando estoy en la cancha, me olvido de todo lo que está pasando en mi país, pero también de que tengo discapacidad". El baloncesto es muy importante y salvador para ella, que empezó a interesarse en este deporte cuando vio hombres practicar baloncesto en silla de ruedas. Desde entonces, se involucró mucho para componer un equipo femenino afgano, lo que no fue fácil en un país donde muchas personas sufren de una discapacidad debida a los atentados o a la poliomielitis. Desde que llegó a España, Nilofar Bayat recibió varias ofertas para jugar en muchos equipos pero terminó aceptando la propuesta del Bidaibideak Bilbao BSR que, además de darle una oportunidad a ella, dieron también una a su marido que podrá jugar en el mismo club: "es fantástico que ambos podamos seguir creciendo y mejorando juntos», declaró la jugadora. nº 77 - septiembre de 2021 Este testimonio es una pequeña luz de esperanza en una actualidad muy preocupante y le deseo lo mejor a Nilofar, que pueda seguir con su sueño y con su lucha. Nilofar es una referencia y un ejemplo para todas las mujeres. "Cuando empecé me prometí a mi misma que haría algo para que las siguientes generaciones tuvieran la oportunidad que yo no tuve." (Nilofar Bayat) REFERENCIA CURRICULAR Agathe Ripoche es titular de un máster de Estudios Hispánicos en Francia (Clermont-Ferrand) y de un máster de Igualdad de género en la universidad Complutense de Madrid. Le interesa mucho el deporte femenino. Convencida de que el deporte debe ser tanto femenino como masculino, está involucrada en este tema para que poco a poco cambien las mentalidades. Ha creado un blog, titulado Balle de sexisme, para informar y denunciar el sexismo y las discriminaciones que sufren las mujeres. Secciones: Deportistas, Ellas	<urn:uuid:420d12a0-97e2-42e3-be7c-6b1c68ffa585>	HuggingFaceFW/finepdfs/tree/main/data/spa_Latn/train	finepdfs	spa_Latn	4,250
Remaches de Clavo y de Expansión ISO/TS 16949:2009 \| CLAVE \| D DIAMETRO DE VASTAGO \| L LARGO NOM. DE VASTAGO \| C DIAMETRO DE CABEZA \| A RANGO MAX. DE AGARRE \| RESISTENCIA AL CORTE \| RESISTENCIA A LA TENSION \| BROCA / DIAM. DE BARRENO RECOMENDADOS \| \|--------\|-----------------------\|--------------------------\|----------------------\|------------------------\|----------------------\|-------------------------\|-------------------------------------\| \| \| mm \| pulg \| mm \| pulg \| mm \| pulg \| kg \| lb \| kg \| lb \| # \| 0.097 - 0.100 \| \| AS-32 \| 2.4 \| 3/32 \| 5.5 \| 0.215 \| 4.8 \| 0.190 \| 3.2 \| 0.125\| 57 \| 125 \| 79 \| 175 \| #41 \| \| AS-34 \| \| \| 8.6 \| 0.340 \| \| \| 6.4 \| 0.250\| \| \| \| \| \| \| AS-41 \| \| \| 4.7 \| 0.187 \| \| \| 1.6 \| 0.062\| \| \| \| \| \| \| AS-42 \| \| \| 6.4 \| 0.250 \| \| \| 3.2 \| 0.125\| \| \| \| \| \| \| AS-43* \| \| \| 8.0 \| 0.312 \| \| \| 4.8 \| 0.190\| \| \| \| \| \| \| AS-44* \| 3.2 \| 1/8 \| 9.5 \| 0.375 \| 6.4 \| 0.250 \| 6.4 \| 0.250\| 95 \| 210 \| 147 \| 325 \| #30 \| \| AS-45* \| \| \| 11.0 \| 0.437 \| \| \| 8.0 \| 0.312\| \| \| \| \| \| \| AS-46* \| \| \| 12.7 \| 0.500 \| \| \| 9.5 \| 0.375\| \| \| \| \| \| \| AS-48 \| \| \| 15.9 \| 0.625 \| \| \| 12.7 \| .500 \| \| \| \| \| \| \| AS-52 \| \| \| 6.7 \| 0.265 \| \| \| 3.2 \| 0.125\| \| \| \| \| \| \| AS-54* \| \| \| 9.9 \| 0.390 \| \| \| 6.4 \| 0.250\| \| \| \| \| \| \| AS-56* \| 4.0 \| 5/32 \| 13.0 \| 0.515 \| 8.0 \| 0.312 \| 9.5 \| 0.375\| 154 \| 340 \| 222 \| 490 \| #20 \| \| AS-58 \| \| \| 16.2 \| 0.640 \| \| \| 12.7 \| 0.500\| \| \| \| \| \| \| AS-510 \| \| \| 19.4 \| 0.765 \| \| \| 15.9 \| 0.625\| \| \| \| \| \| \| AS-62 \| \| \| 7.4 \| 0.290 \| \| \| 3.2 \| 0.125\| \| \| \| \| \| \| AS-64 \| \| \| 10.5 \| 0.415 \| 9.5 \| 0.375 \| 6.4 \| 0.250\| \| \| \| \| \| \| AS-66 \| \| \| \| \| 14.2 \| 0.560 \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| AS-66CA\| \| \| 14.0 \| 0.540 \| \| \| 9.5 \| 0.375\| \| \| \| \| \| \| AS-66CAG\| \| \| 15.9 \| 0.625 \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| AS-68 \| \| \| \| \| 9.5 \| 0.375 \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| AS-68CA\| \| \| 17.0 \| 0.665 \| 14.2 \| 0.560 \| 12.7 \| 0.500\| \| \| \| \| \| \| AS-68CAG\| \| \| 15.9 \| 0.625 \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| AS-610 \| \| \| \| \| 9.5 \| 0.375 \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| AS-610CA\| \| \| 20.0 \| 0.790 \| 14.2 \| 0.560 \| 15.9 \| 0.625\| 202 \| 445 \| 327 \| 720 \| #11 \| \| AS-610CAG\| \| \| 15.9 \| 0.625 \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| AS-612 \| \| \| \| \| 9.5 \| 0.375 \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| AS-612CA\| \| \| 23.2 \| 0.915 \| 14.2 \| 0.560 \| 19.1 \| 0.750\| \| \| \| \| \| \| AS-612CAG\| \| \| 15.9 \| 0.625 \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| AS-614 \| \| \| \| \| 9.5 \| 0.375 \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| AS-614CA\| \| \| 26.4 \| 1.040 \| 14.2 \| 0.560 \| 22.2 \| 0.875\| \| \| \| \| \| \| AS-614CAG\| \| \| 15.9 \| 0.625 \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| AS-616 \| \| \| \| \| 9.5 \| 0.375 \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| AS-616CA\| \| \| 29.5 \| 1.165 \| 14.2 \| 0.560 \| 25.4 \| 1.000\| \| \| \| \| \| \| AS-84 \| \| \| 11.4 \| 0.450 \| \| \| 6.4 \| 0.250\| \| \| \| \| \| \| AS-86 \| 6.4 \| 1/4 \| 14.6 \| 0.575 \| 12.6 \| 0.497 \| 9.5 \| 0.375\| 340 \| 750 \| 476 \| 1050 \| #F \| \| AS-88 \| \| \| 17.8 \| 0.700 \| \| \| 12.7 \| 0.500\| \| \| \| \| \| \| SS-44 \| 3.2 \| 1/8 \| 9.5 \| 0.375 \| 6.4 \| 0.250 \| 6.4 \| 0.250\| 134 \| 295 \| 193 \| 425 \| #30 0.129 - 0.133 \| \| SS-64 \| \| \| 10.5 \| 0.415 \| \| \| 6.4 \| 0.250\| \| \| \| \| \| \| SS-66 \| \| \| \| \| 9.5 \| 0.375 \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| SS-66CAG\| 4.8 \| 3/16 \| 14.0 \| 0.540 \| \| \| 9.5 \| 0.375\| 268 \| 590 \| 370 \| 815 \| #11 0.192 - 0.196 \| \| SS-68 \| \| \| 17.0 \| 0.665 \| \| \| 12.7 \| 0.500\| \| \| \| \| \| \| SS-610 \| \| \| 20.0 \| 0.790 \| \| \| 15.9 \| 0.625\| 202 \| 445 \| 327 \| 720 \| \| \| AA-44 \| 3.2 \| 1/8 \| 9.5 \| 0.375 \| 6.4 \| 0.250 \| 70 \| 155 \| 107 \| 235 \| \| \| \| \| AA-54 \| 4.0 \| 5/32 \| 9.9 \| 0.390 \| 8.0 \| 0.312 \| 6.4 \| 0.250\| 102 \| 225 \| 159 \| 350 \| #20 0.160 - 0.164 \| \| AA-66 \| 4.8 \| 3/16 \| 14.0 \| 0.540 \| 9.5 \| 0.375 \| 9.5 \| 0.375\| 143 \| 315 \| 227 \| 500 \| #11 0.192 - 0.196 \| *Stock en Anodizado Duralox, Negro, Natural, Oro y Blanco. Para acero se ofrece Zincado y Pintura Electrostática. Remaches de Clavo Sellados \| CLAVE \| D DIAMETRO DE VASTAGO \| L LARGO NOM. DE VASTAGO \| C DIAMETRO DE CABEZA \| A RANGO MAX. DE AGARRE \| RESISTENCIA AL CORTE \| RESISTENCIA A LA TENSION \| BROCA / DIAM. DE BARRENO RECOMENDADOS \| \|--------\|-----------------------\|--------------------------\|----------------------\|------------------------\|---------------------\|-------------------------\|--------------------------------------\| \| \| mm \| pulg \| mm \| pulg \| mm \| pulg \| mm \| pulg \| kg \| lb \| kg \| lb \| # \| \| AS-64S \| \| \| 12.2 \| 0.480 \| \| \| 6.4 \| 0.250 \| \| \| \| \| \| \| AS-66S \| 4.8 \| 3/16 \| 15.4 \| 0.605 \| 9.5 \| 0.375 \| 9.5 \| 0.375 \| 261 \| 575 \| 381 \| 840 \| 11 \| \| AS-68S \| 4.8 \| 3/16 \| 18.5 \| 0.730 \| \| \| 12.7 \| 0.500 \| \| \| \| \| \| Remaches de Clavo Multiagarre Diseñados para sujetar diferentes espesores de material. No requieren perforaciones exactas, ya que su expansión radial sella el barreno donde se aplica. \| CLAVE \| D DIAMETRO DE VASTAGO \| L LARGO NOM. DE VASTAGO \| C DIAMETRO DE CABEZA \| A RANGO MAX. DE AGARRE \| \|----------------\|-----------------------\|--------------------------\|----------------------\|------------------------\| \| \| mm \| pulg \| mm \| pulg \| mm \| pulg \| mm \| pulg \| \| AS - 54 BMA \| 4.0 \| 5/32 \| 10.8 \| 0.425 \| 8.0 \| 0.312 \| 6.4 \| 0.250 \| \| AS - 64 BMA \| \| \| 11.2 \| 0.440 \| \| \| 6.4 \| 0.250 \| \| AS - 66 AMA \| \| \| 15.0 \| 0.593 \| 9.5 \| 0.375 \| 9.5 \| 0.375 \| \| AS - 66 BMA \| \| \| 15.7 \| 0.620 \| \| \| 9.5 \| 0.375 \| \| AS - 68 BMA \| 4.8 \| 3/16 \| 18.5 \| 0.730 \| \| \| 12.7 \| 0.500 \| \| AS - 64 CAG BMA\| \| \| 11.2 \| 0.440 \| 15.9 \| 0.625 \| 6.4 \| 0.250 \| \| AS - 68 CAG BMA\| \| \| 18.5 \| 0.730 \| \| \| 12.7 \| 0.500 \| \| AS - 68 AMA \| \| \| 9.9 \| 0.390 \| 9.5 \| 0.375 \| 11.8 \| 0.468 \| \| CLAVE \| DIAMETRO NOMINAL \| D \| DIAMETRO DE VASTAGO \| C \| DIAMETRO DE CABEZA \| L \| RANGO DE AGARRE \| BROCA / DIAM. DE BARRENO RECOMENDADOS \| \|---------\|------------------\|---\|---------------------\|---\|--------------------\|---\|-----------------\|--------------------------------------\| \| 2-1-04 \| 5/32 \| \| \| \| \| \| \| # 20 0.160 - 0.164 \| \| 3-1-03 \| \| \| \| \| \| \| 0.078 a 0.141 \| \| \| 3-1-05 \| \| \| \| \| \| \| 0.047 a 0.109 \| \| \| 3-1-07 \| \| \| \| \| \| \| 0.109 a 0.172 \| \| \| 3-1-09 \| \| \| \| \| \| \| 0.172 a 0.234 \| \| \| 3-1-11 \| \| \| \| \| \| \| 0.234 a 0.297 \| \| \| 3-1-13 \| \| \| \| \| \| \| 0.297 a 0.359 \| \| \| 3-1-15 \| \| \| \| \| \| \| 0.359 a 0.422 \| \| \| 3-1-17 \| \| \| \| \| \| \| 0.422 a 0.484 \| \| \| 3-1-20 \| \| \| \| \| \| \| 0.484 a 0.547 \| \| \| 3-1-28 \| \| \| \| \| \| \| 0.610 a 0.672 \| \| \| 3-1-28 \| \| \| \| \| \| \| 0.860 a 0.922 \| \| \| 3-2-04 \| 3/16 \| \| \| \| \| \| 0.078 a 0.141 \| # 11 \| \| 3-2-05 \| \| \| \| \| \| \| 0.109 a 0.172 \| 0.192 - 0.196 \| \| 3-2-06 \| \| \| \| \| \| \| 0.141 a 0.203 \| \| \| 3-2-07 \| \| \| \| \| \| \| 0.172 a 0.234 \| \| \| 3-2-08 \| \| \| \| \| \| \| 0.203 a 0.266 \| \| \| 3-2-09 \| \| \| \| \| \| \| 0.234 a 0.297 \| \| \| 3-2-12 \| \| \| \| \| \| \| 0.328 a 0.391 \| \| \| 3-4-12 \| \| \| \| \| \| \| 0.328 a 0.391 \| \| \| 3-4-14 \| \| \| \| \| \| \| 0.391 a 0.453 \| \| \| 3-4-15 \| \| \| \| \| \| \| 0.422 a 0.484 \| \| \| 3-5-12 \| \| \| \| \| \| \| 0.328 a 0.391 \| \| \| 3-5-17 \| \| \| \| \| \| \| 0.484 a 0.547 \| \| \| 4-1-03 \| \| \| \| \| \| \| 0.047 a 0.109 \| \| \| 4-1-05 \| \| \| \| \| \| \| 0.109 a 0.172 \| \| \| 4-1-07 \| \| \| \| \| \| \| 0.172 a 0.234 \| \| \| 4-1-09 \| \| \| \| \| \| \| 0.234 a 0.297 \| \| \| 4-1-11 \| \| \| \| \| \| \| 0.297 a 0.359 \| \| \| 4-1-13 \| 1/4 \| \| \| \| \| \| 0.359 a 0.422 \| # F \| \| 4-1-15 \| \| \| \| \| \| \| 0.422 a 0.484 \| 0.257 - 0.261 \| \| 4-1-17 \| \| \| \| \| \| \| 0.484 a 0.547 \| \| \| 4-1-21 \| \| \| \| \| \| \| 0.610 a 0.672 \| \| \| 4-1-28 \| \| \| \| \| \| \| 0.860 a 0.922 \| \| \| 4-2-07 \| \| \| \| \| \| \| 0.172 a 0.234 \| \| Remaches de Clavo INDUX ofrece una extensa línea de remaches de clavo y de expansión fabricados bajo las Normas IFI y SAE que garantizan el mejor desempeño y funcionalidad. Descripción de la Clave \| MATERIAL DEL NÚCLEO \| MATERIAL DEL CLAVO \| DIÁMETRO DE VASTAGO \| RANGO MÁXIMO DE AGARRE \| CARACTERÍSTICAS ESPECIALES \| ACABADOS \| \|---------------------\|--------------------\|----------------------\|-------------------------\|---------------------------\|----------\| \| A: ALUMINIO \| A: ALUMINIO \| EN MULTIPLOS DE 1/32" \| EN MULTIPLOS DE 1/16" \| S: SELLADO \| AN: ANODIZADO NEGRO \| \| B: ACERO \| B: ACERO \| \| \| CA: CABEZA ANCHA \| AU: ANODIZADO ORO \| \| \| \| \| \| CAG: CABEZA ANCHA GRANDE \| DL: DURALOX \| \| \| \| \| \| BMA: MULTIAGARRE TIPO 'A' \| 012: PINTADO BLANCO \| AS-32 AS-41 AS-42 AS-43 AS-44 AS-45 AS-46 AS-48 AS-52 AS-54 AS-56 AS-58 AS-510 AS-62 AS-64 AS-66 AS-66CA AS-66CAG AS-68 AS-68CA AS-68CAG AS-612 AS-612CA AS-614 AS-614CA AS-614CAG AS-616 AS-616CA AS-84 AS-86 AS-88 ESCALA 1:1 Pinzas Remachadoras Remachadoras P7 y P9 con sistema de tres mordazas. Aplican remaches de aluminio y acero hasta 5/32" y 3/16" respectivamente. Remachadora P8 para remaches de 1/8", 5/32", 3/16" y 1/4". Remachadora Neumática PH II. Aplica remaches de cualquier diámetro. www.indux.com.mx	a6434565-6f92-4c56-8ea3-ad5d03834793	HuggingFaceFW/finepdfs/tree/main/data/spa_Latn/train	finepdfs	spa_Latn	16,923
Assicurazione per cure dentaire Assicurazione malattie complementare secondo LCA 75%, massimo CHF 2000 per anno civile Condizioni supplementari (CS) Edizione 01.2013 La base delle Condizioni supplementari qui di seguito riportate (CS) è costiutita dalle Condizioni generali d'assicurazione (CGA) dell'Assicurazione per cure dentarie della CSS Assicurazione SA, qualora le presenti CS non prevedano regolamentazioni divergenti. Indice Art. 1 Condizioni d'ammissione 1.1 Sia la prima stipulazione di questa assicurazione per cure dentarie, come pure il passaggio da un livello assicurativo con minore entità di prestazioni a uno con maggiore entità di prestazioni può avvenire con o senza attestato del dentista. 1.2 La copertura assicurativa per i postumi d'infortunio non può essere esclusa. Art. 2 Prestazioni assicurate 2.1 In un caso assicurativo, la CSS eroga prestazioni a titolo integrativo e successivamente alle prestazioni di altre assicurazioni sociali, in modo particolare dell'Assicurazione obbligatoria delle cure medico-sanitarie secondo la Legge sull'assicurazione malattie (LAMal) e/o dell'Assicurazione infortuni secondo la Legge federale sull'assicurazione contro gli infortuni (LAINF). L'entità delle prestazioni è per ogni anno civile del 75%, al massimo CHF 2000, dell'importo fatturato dal dentista. 2.2 L'entità delle prestazioni comprende: a) visite di controllo e trattamenti (anestesie, radiografie, otturazioni, estrazioni dentarie, placca di Michigan) b) il 100% dei costi dell'igiene dentale, al massimo CHF 75 c) il 75% dei costi per trattamenti di protesi dentarie (corone, denti a perno, impianti, barre, ponti, protesi parziali o totali), interventi provvisori e riparazioni, al massimo CHF 1000. Art. 3 Diritto alle prestazioni 3.1 Le prestazioni sono computate alla somma delle prestazioni assicurate per anno civile, secondo le date di trattamento risp. di esecuzione. I costi che si verificano dopo l'esaurimento del diritto non possono essere riportati all'anno successivo. 3.2 Le prestazioni risp. i contributi previsti nelle presenti CS saranno erogati nella misura concordata esclusivamente a titolo integrativo e successivamente alle assicurazioni menzionate all'art. 17.1 CGA. La parte di costi coperta da queste assicurazioni, nonché le partecipazione ai costi derivanti da queste assicurazioni non sono assicurate indipendentemente dal fatto che le assicurazioni menzionate siano stipulate o meno. 3.3 Se l'art. 2 non vi sono regolamentazioni divergenti, saranno rimborsati al massimo i costi effettivamente insorti e comprovati. Art. 4 Partecipazione alle spese Le partecipazioni ai costi risultano dall'entità delle prestazioni secondo l'art. «Prestazioni assicurate». Art. 5 Limitazioni delle prestazioni 5.1 In deroga all'art. 14.10 CGA, in caso di stipulazioni senza attestato dentistico, per tutti i trattamenti la CSS fornisce prestazioni al più presto a decorrere dal secondo anno assicurativo. 5.2 A complemento di quanto stabilito all'art. 14 CGA, non vengono rimborsate prestazioni per le correzioni della posizione dei denti (trattamenti di chirurgia mascellare e ortodonzia, misure di carattere ortodontico). 5.3 A complemento di quanto stabilito all'art. 14 CGA, non vengono assunte prestazioni neppure per lo sbiancamento dei denti (bleaching) \| 2 \| Art. 6 Sistema bonus-malus 6.1 Il sistema bonus-malus si articola in cinque livelli: ogni livello corrisponde a una determinata percentuale del premio indicato nella tariffa. 6.2 Nel caso di una stipulazione senza attestato dentistico, la persona assicurata viene ripartita nel livello di bonus 1, nel caso di una stipulazione con attestato dentistico avviene una ripartizione nel livello di bonus 4. 6.3 Se la persona assicurata non riscuote prestazioni durante un anno (periodo di osservazione dal 01.09. al 31.08.), il bonus aumenta sempre di un livello; il differimento viene computato quando si stabilisce il livello del bonus. 6.4 Se in un anno la CSS rimborsa prestazioni sino a CHF 1500 compresi (periodo d'osservazione dal 01.09. al 31.08.), il bonus si riduce di un livello; se le prestazioni rimborsate superano i CHF 1500, il bonus si riduce di due livelli. 6.5 Le prestazioni per igiene dentale non vengono computate. Form. 437Zi-08.17-bibu	<urn:uuid:5b8c2618-dbef-4a01-bf6d-50303a0e7e74>	HuggingFaceFW/finepdfs/tree/main/data/ita_Latn/train	finepdfs	ita_Latn	4,281
Chaque mois, retrouvez le Camion Bleu France Services proche de chez vous Le Camion bleu du Valenciennois \| LIEUX DE STATIONNEMENT HABITUELS \| HORAIRES \| SEPTEMBRE \| OCTOBRE \| NOVEMBRE \| \|---\|---\|---\|---\|---\| \| Square de la République \| 9h30 à 12h30 et 13h30 à 16h \| Mardi 3 septembre \| Mardi 1er octobre \| Mardi 5 novembre \| \| Place du Général de Gaulle \| 9h30 à 12h30 et 13h30 à 16h \| Lundi 2 septembre \| Lundi 7 octobre \| Lundi 4 novembre \| \| 1, place Pierre Delcourt (face à la mairie) \| 9h30 à 12h30, et 13h30 à 16h \| Mercredi 25 septembre \| Mercredi 23 octobre \| Mercredi 27 novembre \| \| Grand Place \| 9h à 13h \| Vendredi 20 septembre \| Vendredi 18 octobre \| Vendredi 15 novembre \| \| Place Baudin \| 9h30 à 12h30 et 13h30 à 16h \| Jeudi 5 septembre \| Jeudi 3 octobre \| Jeudi 7 novembre \| \| Place Paul Eluard \| 9h30 à 12h30 et 13h30 à 16h \| Jeudi 26 septembre \| Jeudi 24 octobre \| Jeudi 28 novembre \| \| Place Léon Gambetta \| 9h30 à 12h30 et 13h30 à 16h \| Mercredi 11 septembre \| Mercredi 9 octobre \| Mercredi 13 novembre \| \| Rue Jean Jaurès (parking des ateliers) \| 9h30 à 12h30, et 13h30 à 16h \| Mardi 24 septembre \| Mardi 22 octobre \| Mardi 26 novembre \| \| Place de la République \| 9h à 13h \| Vendredi 6 septembre \| Vendredi 4 octobre \| FÉRIÉ \| \| Place Roger Salengro \| 9h30 à 12h30 et 13h30 à 16h \| Lundi 23 septembre \| Lundi 28 octobre \| Lundi 25 novembre \| \| 29, rue Champagne (devant le centre social) \| 9h30 à 12h30 et 13h30 à 16h \| Jeudi 19 septembre \| Jeudi 17 octobre \| Jeudi 21 novembre \| \| Place Roger Salengro \| 9h30 à 12h30 et 13h30 à 16h \| Jeudi 12 septembre \| Jeudi 10 octobre \| Jeudi 14 novembre \| \| Grand Place \| 9h30 à 12h30 et 13h30 à 16h \| Mercredi 18 septembre \| Mercredi 16 octobre \| Mercredi 20 novembre \| \| 341, rue du Capitain Deken \| 9h à 13h \| Vendredi 27 septembre \| Vendredi 25 octobre \| Vendredi 22 novembre \| \| 95 rue Alexandre Dubois \| 9h à 13h \| Vendredi 13 septembre \| Vendredi 11 octobre \| Vendredi 8 novembre \| \| 101, rue Faubourg de Tournai parking CCAS \| 9h30 à 12h30 et 13h30 à 16h \| Mercredi 4 septembre \| Mercredi 2 octobre \| Mercredi 6 novembre \| \| Salle Schuman (à côté de la piscine) \| 9h30 à 12h30 et 13h30 à 16h \| Mardi 17 septembre \| Mardi 15 octobre \| Mardi 19 novembre \| \| Rue du Chauffour - École Jean Moulin \| 9h30 à 12h30 et 13h30 à 16h \| Lundi 9 septembre \| Lundi 14 octobre \| FÉRIÉ \| \| Place Carpentier \| 9h30 à 12h30 et 13h30 à 16h \| Lundi 16 septembre \| Lundi 21 octobre \| Lundi 18 novembre \| \| 1, rue André Michel \| 9h30 à 12h30 et 13h30 à 16h \| Mardi 10 septembre \| Mardi 8 octobre \| Mardi 12 novembre \| *Jours de marché 01-Six calendriers MFS (L 420 x H 297 mm)-Septembre à Décembre 2024.indd 5 INFORMATION Le Camion bleu est accessible aux personnes à mobilité réduite ou par courriel : email@example.com Prise de rendez-vous fortement conseillée par téléphone au03 59 73 24 60 Consultez les dates exactes des permanences du Camion bleu du Valenciennois sur lenord.fr 07/06/2024 09:12:30	<urn:uuid:ff7d6e55-873e-458c-8228-a5d078953590>	HuggingFaceFW/finepdfs/tree/main/data/fra_Latn/train	finepdfs	fra_Latn	2,965
Quality Welding Solutions Coated Electrode for Overlay Welding and Hardfacing CLASSIFICATION DIN 8555 : E10-UM-60 G EN 14700 : E Fe15 AWS A5.13 : E FeCr-A1 GENERAL DESCRIPTION L SD-Cr is a basic coated electrode that is highly resistant to abrasion wear caused by coarse hard minerals. It has a highly concentrated chromium carbide in its structure. APPROVALS GOST, SEPRO, TSE APPLICATIONS Bucket conveyors, extruder screws, dragline buckets, dredgers, scrappers, screw conveyors, press screws, heads in ceramic industry, mixer blades and grinding rollers can be hardfaced with L SD-ABRA Cr. It should not be used for more than three passes. Interpass temperature should be 300-500°C. In applications requiring a thick deposit metal, L P-308Mn or L P-312 should be used for buffering. It is crucial to have a buffer layer with AS P-308Mn for 12-14 % Mn containing steels before hardfacing applications. WELDING PARAMETERS / PACKING AND DIAMETER INFORMATIONS / WELDING POSITIONS Current Type and Polarity : DC (+) ; AC min 65 V Liability : All information in this data sheet is based on the best available knowledge, is subject to change without notice and can only be considered as suitable for general guidance. Fumes : Consult information on Welding Safety Sheet, available upon request. Lion International Middle East FZC P.O. Box 41654, W/H No. 1K-01/4, Hamriyah Free Zone, Sharjah, UAE. T: +971 6 5260461 F: +971 6 5260561 E: email@example.com www.lionintweld.co.uk L SD-Cr CHEMICAL COMPOSITION (W%), TYPICAL, ALL WELD METAL C Cr 4.50 33.00 MECHANICAL PROPERTIES, TYPICAL, ALL WELD METAL : 58 - 62 HRC Hardness Carbide hardness: 1400 - 1500 HV	<urn:uuid:7ada5b33-e517-4339-beff-d350c88b9bef>	HuggingFaceFW/finepdfs/tree/main/data/eng_Latn/train	finepdfs	eng_Latn	1,689
20 ο Διεθνές Βραβείο Ποίησης και Θεάτρου "Castello di Duino" 2023-2024 ΟΡΟΙ ΣΥΜΜΕΤΟΧΗΣ - ΑΙΤΗΣΗ On line registration form https://castellodiduinopoesia.org/bandi-stranieri/ ``` Διαγωνιστικό Τμήμα Ι: Βραβείο Ατομικού Ποιήματος: Προθεσμία, 15 Νοεμβρίου 2023 Διαγωνιστικό Τμήμα ΙΙ: Θεατρικός Διάλογος ή Μονόλογος: Προθεσμία, 20 Δεκεμβρίου 2023 Διαγωνιστικό Τμήμα ΙΙΙ: Ειδική προθεσμία για τα σχολεία: Προθεσμία: 31 Δεκεμβρίου 2023 ``` Οι όροι συµµετοχής στον Διαγωνισμό πρέπει να τηρούνται αυστηρά. Η µη τήρηση των όρων συνεπάγεται τον αποκλεισμό από το Διαγωνισμό. ΟΡΟΙ ΣΥΜΜΕΤΟΧΗΣ: - Απευθύνεται αποκλειστικά σε νέους ως 30 ετών - Δωρεάν συµµετοχή - Ο Διαγωνισμός είναι θεματικός Το θέµα της 20ης έκδοσης είναι "YOU and ME" - Who are we? Maybe two primary colors where the rainbow comes from? The theme "You and Me" is just a suggestion that can be poetically elaborated according to the inspiration and sensitivity of the individual authors! - Ποιοι είμαστε; Ίσως δύο βασικά χρώματα από τα οποία γεννιέται το ουράνιο τόξο; Το θέμα ΄΄Εσύ και Εγώ'' αποτελεί μόνο μία πρόταση-υπόδειξη η οποία μπορεί να επεξεργαστεί ποιητικά σύμφωνα με την έμπνευση και ευαισθησία του κάθε ποιητή. Ι. Δυνατότητα συμμετοχής στα παρακάτω Διαγωνιστικά Τμήματα: 1. ΒΡΑΒΕΙΟ «ΑΤΟΜΙΚΟΥ ΠΟΙΗΜΑΤΟΣ» Για τη συµµετοχή πρέπει να σταλεί ένα µόνο ανέκδοτο ποίημα, που να µην έχει βραβευτεί στο παρελθόν, όχι μεγαλύτερο από 35 στίχους. Δεχόμαστε τα ποιήματα στη μητρική γλώσσα των υποψηφίων αρκεί να συνοδεύονται με την μετάφραση στα αγγλικά, γαλλικά, ιταλικά ή ισπανικά. Για τα ποιήματα γραμμένα στην ιταλική γλώσσα είναι υποχρεωτική η μετάφραση στα αγγλικά. Μία Διεθνής Κριτική Επιτροπή, αποτελούμενη από ποιητές και κριτικούς ειδικούς σε πολλές γλώσσες θα αξιολογήσει τα ποιήματα στις πρωτότυπες γλώσσες (επίσημη γλώσσα της χώρας προέλευσης). Τα ποιήματα πρέπει να σταλούν µέχρι τις 15 Νοεμβρίου 2023. Μπορείτε να στείλετε τα ποιήματα με δύο τρόπους: α) O N L I N E με την συμπλήρωση του εντύπου στο ακόλουθο link: https://castellodiduinopoesia.org/bandi-stranieri/ στη συνέχεια πατήστε την σημαία της χώρας και θα βρείτε στο τέλος της ιστοσελίδας θα βρείτε τοONLINE REGISTRATION FORM β) µέσωταχυδρομείου μαζί µε την αίτηση συµµετοχής στην ακόλουθη διεύθυνση: Ottavio Gruber/Gabriella Valera Gruber,Via Matteotti 21, I-34138 Trieste – ITALIA. Για την προαναφερόμενη προθεσμία λαμβάνεται υπόψη η σφραγίδα του ταχυδρομείου. Σε κάθε περίπτωση δεν θα ληφθούν υπόψη ποιήματα που θα φτάσουν αφότου έχει ξεκινήσει η διαδικασία αξιολόγησης από την κριτική επιτροπή. Τα ποιήματα δίνονται ανώνυμα στα µέλη της κριτικής επιτροπής, ώστε να εξασφαλιστεί η αμερόληπτη και αντικειμενική αξιολόγησή τους. Βραβεία: - 1 ο Βραβείο 500,00€ - 2 ο Βραβείο 400,00 - 3 ο Βραβείο 300,00€. - Τιμητικό μετάλλιο της Προεδρίας της Ιταλικής Δημοκρατίας ή ειδικό βραβείο της κριτικής επιτροπής - Τιμητική πλακέτα "Sergio Penco" η οποία θα απονεμηθεί στο καλύτερο ποίημα από νέους ποιητές κάτω από 16 χρονών. - Ο Διαγωνισμός διοργανώνεται από το σύλλογο «Ποίηση και Αλληλεγγύη» και συνδέεται µε φιλανθρωπικούς σκοπούς. Η νικητές είναι υποχρεωμένοι να παραχωρήσουν ένα µέρος του χρηματικού ποσού, 100,00€, 100,00, 100,00 από κάθε ως άνω χρηματικό Βραβείο, για ένα ανθρωπιστικό σκοπό της επιλογής τους, που θα πραγματοποιηθεί κατά προτίμηση στη χώρα προέλευσής τους. Άλλα βραβεία - Τα ποιήματα των νικητών και µια επιλογή από τα καλύτερα ποιήματα θα δημοσιευτούν δωρεάν σε δίγλωσση έκδοση (ιταλικά και αγγλικά) με τον πρόλογο και την επιμέλεια του Ottavio Gruber από τον εκδοτικό οίκο Battello Stampatore Trieste Italy - Άλλες τιμητικές διακρίσεις και μικρότερα βραβεία προβλέπονται για τα καλύτερα ποιήματα των παιδιών κάτω από 16 χρονών. Οι βραβευμένοι ποιητές καλούνται κατά τη διάρκεια της τελετής απονομής βραβείων να διαβάσουν τα ποιήματα στη μητρική τους γλώσσα. Τα ίδια ποιήματα θα αναγνωστούν και στα ιταλικά και θα είναι διαθέσιμα στα αγγλικά για το διεθνή κοινό. 2. ΒΡΑΒΕΙΟ "ΘΕΑΤΡΟΥ" (Μονολόγος ή διάλογος µεταξύ δύο προσώπων). Για τη συµµετοχή σ'αυτό το διαγωνιστικό τµήµα πρέπει να σταλεί ένα θεατρικό κείµενο, όχι µεγαλύτερο από 5 σελίδες σε word µε συνολικό όριο τους 10.000 χαρακτήρες (συµπεριλαµβανοµένων των κενών). Η µη τήρηση αυτού του όρου συνεπάγεται τον αποκλεισµό από το διαγωνισµό. - Τα κείµενα πρέπει να σταλούν µέχρι τις 20 Δεκεμβρίου 2023 Τα κείμενα μπορούν να σταλούν στη μητρική γλώσσα των υποψηφίων, αλλά ΠΡΕΠΕΙ υποχρεωτικά να συνοδεύονται από µια ΑΡΙΣΤΗ ΜΕΤΑΦΡΑΣΗ ΣΤΑ ΙΤΑΛΙΚΑ: τα κείμενα θα αξιολογηθούν στα ιταλικά, ΔΕΝ είναι δυνατή η αξιολόγηση των κειµένων στη γλώσσα του πρωτοτύπου: α) µέσω ηλεκτρονικού ταχυδρομείου, στη διεύθυνση email@example.com. Το κείµενο πρέπει να σταλεί ως συνηµµένο αρχείο σε µορφή word ή rtf. Η αποστολή σε Στο µήνυµα, και όχι στο συνηµµένο αρχείο, πρέπει να συμπεριληφθεί και η αίτηση συµµετοχής διαφορετική μορφή συνεπάγεται αποκλεισμό από το Διαγωνισμό. (βλ. παρακάτω). β) µέσω ταχυδρομείου μαζί µε την αίτηση συµµετοχής στην ακόλουθη διεύθυνση: Ottavio Gruber /Gabriella Valera Gruber, Via Matteotti 21, I-34138 Trieste–ITALIA. Για την προαναφερόμενη προθεσμία λαμβάνεται υπόψη η σφραγίδα του ταχυδρομείου. Σε κάθε περίπτωση δεν θα ληφθούν υπόψη ποιήματα που θα φτάσουν αφότου έχει ξεκινήσει η διαδικασία αξιολόγησης από την κριτική επιτροπή. Τα κείμενα δίνονται ανώνυμα στα µέλη της κριτικής επιτροπής ώστε να εξασφαλιστεί η αμερόληπτη και αντικειμενική αξιολόγησή τους. Βραβεία: - Πρώτο, Δεύτερο και Τρίτο Βραβείο: τιμητική διάκριση, πλακέτα ή κύπελλο, που θα κάνει µνεία του ονόματος του νικητή - Τα έργα των νικητών και αυτά στα οποία θα απονεμηθεί τιμητική διάκριση θα παρουσιαστούν (απαγγελία) σε ένα σημαντικό θέατρο της Τεργέστης κατά τη διάρκεια της τελετής απονομής βραβείων και θα αναρτηθούν στην ιστοσελίδα του Διεθνούς Διαγωνισμού. - Τιμητικές διακρίσεις (Με επισήμανση του λόγου διάκρισης) Τα σχολεία θεάτρου μπορούν να συμμετάσχουν ακολουθώντας τους ειδικούς όρους για τα σχολεία. 3. Ειδικοί όροι για τα ΣΧΟΛΕΙΑ (σχολεία, ομάδες που δουλεύουν σε γηροκομεία, νοσοκομεία, φυλακές, κέντρα αποκατάστασης) Προθεσµία 31 Δεκεμβρίου 2023 Τα σχολεία συµµετέχουν µε συλλογικές εργασίες ποίησης και θεατρικού μονολόγου. Οι καθηγητές (ή υπεύθυνοι των ομάδων) μπορούν να στείλουν τις συλλογικές εργασίες (µία ή πάνω από µία) από µία ομάδα μαθητών, από τους μαθητές µίας ολόκληρης τάξης ή και από μαθητές από διαφορετικές τάξεις. Οι εργασίες αυτές αξιολογούνται ως συλλογική εργασία και βραβεύονται µε κριτήριο την διαπιστωμένη ικανότητα των εργασιών να ωθήσουν τους μαθητές στην ποιητική γραφή. BΡΑΒΕΙΟ: Στο σχολείο που παρουσιάζει την καλύτερη εργασία θα απονεμηθεί ένα Βραβείο των 500 ων ευρώ υπό τον όρο ότι το χρηµατικό ποσό θα δοθεί για έναν φιλανθρωπικό σκοπό της επιλογής των καθηγητών και των µαθητών. Τιµητικές διακρίσεις προβλέπονται για τα καλύτερα σχολεία που θα συµµετάσχουν στο Διαγωνισμό. Σε όλους τους καθηγητές και µαθητές που θα συµμετάσχουν στον Διαγωνισμό θα αποσταλεί µία βεβαίωση συµµετοχής, εφόσον ζητηθεί. Στο πλαίσιο του προγράμματος Απονομής Βραβείων θα αφιερωθεί ολόκληρη ημέρα για την βράβευση των σχολικών ομάδων που θα διακριθούν και θα έρθουν στη Τεργέστη ώστε να δοθεί η ευκαιρία στους εκπαιδευτικούς που επιμελήθηκαν τη συµµετοχή στον Διαγωνισμό του σχολείου τους να παρουσιάσουν την εργασία τους και να δοθεί η ευκαιρία σε όλους τους παρευρισκόμενους µαθητές να διαβάσουν τα ποιήματα ή τον μονόλογό τους. Ο τόπος και ο χρόνος που θα λάβει χώρα η εκδήλωση αυτή θα γνωστοποιηθεί εγκαίρως. Η επίσημη τιμητική διάκριση του σχολείου θα απονεμηθεί στον υπεύθυνο εκπαιδευτικό κατά την διάρκεια της Απονομής Βραβείων στο Castello di Duino. Τα σχολεία πρέπει να στείλουν τις εργασίες τους εις διπλούν µέσω ταχυδρομείου στην ακόλουθη διεύθυνση: Ottavio Gruber /Gabriella Valera, Via Matteotti 21, 34138, Trieste (Italy) συμπεριλαμβάνοντας την ειδική αίτηση εγγραφής (βλ. παρακάτω: Αίτηση συµµετοχής για τα σχολεία). Επιθυμητή είναι η αποστολή των εργασιών και µέσω ηλεκτρονικού ταχυδρομείου στην διεύθυνση firstname.lastname@example.org. Ανακοίνωση των αποτελεσµάτων Τα ονόµατα των νικητών και των συµµετεχόντων που διακρίθηκαν θα δημοσιοποιηθούν εως τις 15 Φεβρουαρίου 2024 στην ιστοσελίδα του διαγωνισμού www.castellodiduinopoesia.org , και ανακοινωθούν μέσω social media. Η νικητές και οι συµµετέχοντες που διακρίθηκαν θα ειδοποιηθούν µέσω ηλεκτρονικού ταχυδροµείου και/ή µέσω τηλεφώνου. Η τελετή Απονοµής Βραβείων θα λάβει χώρα στις 17 Μαρτίου 2024 στο Κάστρο του Duino (Castello di Duino – 34011 Duino Aurisina (Trieste) – Italia). ONLINE REGISTRATION FORM https://castellodiduinopoesia.org/bandi-stranieri/ στη συνέχεια πατήστε την σημαία της χώρας και θα βρείτε στο τέλος της ιστοσελίδας θα βρείτε το ONLINE REGISTRATION FORM την οποία πρέπει να συμπληρώσετε με τα προσωπικά στοιχεία σας και να κάνετε Clic on "Send" Αίτηση συµµετοχής (για τα διαγωνιστικά τμήματα ποίησης και θεάτρου) First Name: Last name: Date of birth: Address: Zip Code: Telephone: ________________________________________________________________ E-mail: ____________________________________________________________________ Nationality: Title of Poem: DECLARATION: I declare that the poem(s) [title of your poems] which I am entering into the "Castle of Duino" international competition - is my original work which is unpublished and never awarded in any competition. I consent to its eventual publication or presentation to the public. I declare that I am/am not (selected whichever is applicable) a member of the SIAE or similar society for the protection of copyright. Participants consent to the use of their personal data for the requirements of the competition, and for the publication in accordance with the law. They can demand in every moment to cancel their data from the competition's electronic database. Place: Date Signature Αίτηση συµµετοχής Σχολείων (Ποίησης και θεάτρου) Name of the teacher: Surname of the teacher: School: List of the participants students: Address of the school: Zip Code: City: Country: Phone: E-mail of the school: E-mail of the teacher: DECLARATION: I declare that the work [title of the work] which I am entering into the "Castle of Duino" international competition - is my original work which is unpublished and never awarded in any competition. I consent to its eventual publication or presentation to the public. I declare that I am/am not (selected whichever is applicable) a member of the SIAE or similar society for the protection of copyright. Participants consent to the use of their personal data for the requirements of the competition, and for the publication in accordance with the law. They can demand in every moment to cancel their a from the competition’s electronic database. Place: Date Signature	<urn:uuid:2b5043b7-27cf-4983-9d80-5cb7d48b91a8>	HuggingFaceFW/finepdfs/tree/main/data/ell_Grek/train	finepdfs	ell_Grek	10,774
2017 Mid Ohio Bikers Calendar Business Meeting at 7 p.m. on 3rd Tues. each month \| January '17 \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \|---\|---\|---\|---\|---\|---\|---\| \| Su M Tu W Th F Sa \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| 1 \| 2 \| 3 \| 4 \| 5 \| 6 \| 7 \| \| 8 \| 9 \| 10 \| 11 \| 12 \| 13 \| 14 \| \| 15 \| 16 \| 17 \| 18 \| 19 \| 20 \| 21 \| \| 22 \| 23 \| 24 \| 25 \| 26 \| 27 \| 28 \| \| 29 \| 30 \| 31 \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| 1 \| 2 \| 3 \| \|---\|---\|---\|---\|---\|---\| \| 5 \| 6 \| 7 \| 8 \| 9 \| 10 \| \| 12 \| 13 \| 14 \| 15 \| 16 \| 17 \| \| 19 \| 20 \| 21 \| 22 \| 23 \| 24 \| \| 26 \| 27 \| 28 \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| 1 \| 2 \| 3 \| \|---\|---\|---\|---\|---\|---\| \| 5 \| 6 \| 7 \| 8 \| 9 \| 10 \| \| 12 \| 13 \| 14 \| 15 \| 16 \| 17 \| \| 19 \| 20 \| 21 \| 22 \| 23 \| 24 \| \| 26 \| 27 \| 28 \| 29 \| 30 \| 31 \| \| April '17 \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \|---\|---\|---\|---\|---\|---\|---\| \| Su M Tu W Th F Sa \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| 1 \| \| 2 \| 3 \| 4 \| 5 \| 6 \| 7 \| 8 \| \| 9 \| 10 \| 11 \| 12 \| 13 \| 14 \| 15 \| \| 16 \| 17 \| 18 \| 19 \| 20 \| 21 \| 22 \| \| 23 \| 24 \| 25 \| 26 \| 27 \| 28 \| 29 \| \| July '17 \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \|---\|---\|---\|---\|---\|---\|---\| \| Su M Tu W Th F Sa \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| 1 \| \| 2 \| 3 \| 4 \| 5 \| 6 \| 7 \| 8 \| \| 9 \| 10 \| 11 \| 12 \| 13 \| 14 \| 15 \| \| 16 \| 17 \| 18 \| 19 \| 20 \| 21 \| 22 \| \| 23 \| 24 \| 25 \| 26 \| 27 \| 28 \| 29 \| \| 30 \| 31 \| \| \| \| \| \| \| October '17 \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \|---\|---\|---\|---\|---\|---\|---\| \| Su M Tu W Th F Sa \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| 1 \| 2 \| 3 \| 4 \| 5 \| 6 \| 7 \| \| 8 \| 9 \| 10 \| 11 \| 12 \| 13 \| 14 \| \| 15 \| 16 \| 17 \| 18 \| 19 \| 20 \| 21 \| \| 22 \| 23 \| 24 \| 25 \| 26 \| 27 \| 28 \| \| 29 \| 30 \| 31 \| \| \| \| \| \| \| 1 \| 2 \| 3 \| 4 \| 5 \| \|---\|---\|---\|---\|---\|---\| \| 7 \| 8 \| 9 \| 10 \| 11 \| 12 \| \| 14 \| 15 \| 16 \| 17 \| 18 \| 19 \| \| 21 \| 22 \| 23 \| 24 \| 25 \| 26 \| \| 28 \| 29 \| 30 \| 31 \| \| \| \| August '17 \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \|---\|---\|---\|---\|---\|---\|---\| \| Su M Tu W Th F Sa \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| 1 \| 2 \| 3 \| 4 \| 5 \| \| 6 \| 7 \| 8 \| 9 \| 10 \| 11 \| 12 \| \| 13 \| 14 \| 15 \| 16 \| 17 \| 18 \| 19 \| \| 20 \| 21 \| 22 \| 23 \| 24 \| 25 \| 26 \| \| 27 \| 28 \| 29 \| 30 \| 31 \| \| \| \| June '17 \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \|---\|---\|---\|---\|---\|---\|---\| \| Su M Tu W Th F Sa \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| 1 \| 2 \| 3 \| \| 4 \| 5 \| 6 \| 7 \| 8 \| 9 \| 10 \| \| 11 \| 12 \| 13 \| 14 \| 15 \| 16 \| 17 \| \| 19 \| 20 \| 21 \| 22 \| 23 \| 24 \| 25 \| \| 25 \| 26 \| 27 \| 28 \| 29 \| 30 \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| 1 \| \|---\|---\|---\|---\|---\|---\| \| 3 \| 4 \| 5 \| 6 \| 7 \| 8 \| \| 10 \| 11 \| 12 \| 13 \| 14 \| 15 \| \| 17 \| 18 \| 19 \| 20 \| 21 \| 22 \| \| 24 \| 25 \| 26 \| 27 \| 28 \| 29 \| \| Su M Tu W Th F Sa \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \|---\|---\|---\|---\|---\|---\|---\| \| \| \| \| 1 \| 2 \| 3 \| 4 \| \| 5 \| 6 \| 7 \| 8 \| 9 \| 10 \| 11 \| \| 12 \| 13 \| 14 \| 15 \| 16 \| 17 \| 18 \| \| 19 \| 20 \| 21 \| 22 \| 23 \| 24 \| 25 \| \| 26 \| 27 \| 28 \| 29 \| 30 \| \| \| Litter clean up \| December '17 \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \|---\|---\|---\|---\|---\|---\|---\| \| Su M Tu W Th F Sa \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| 1 \| 2 \| \| 3 \| 4 \| 5 \| 6 \| 7 \| 8 \| 9 \| \| 10 \| 11 \| 12 \| 13 \| 14 \| 15 \| 16 \| \| 17 \| 18 \| 19 \| 20 \| 21 \| 22 \| 23 \| \| 24 \| 25 \| 26 \| 27 \| 28 \| 29 \| 30 \| \| 31 \| \| \| \| \| \| \| Club Weekly Rides April 22 at 9am; June 13 at 6pm Aug 15 at 6pm; Oct 14 at 9am Sunday 1:00 @ Lex. Park Thursday 6:00 @ Lex. Park to Bellville for dinner Tuesday 8:30am @ Millsboro Rd. to Bellville Schedule of Rides Free Local Weekly Rides Tues 6:00 @ Y-Not - Fast ride Wed 6:00 @ Y-Not - No-one left behind Wed 6:00 @ Cycling Sports Center - All levels Thurs 6:00 @ Y-not - Beginners ride Large Organized Rides [42]	<urn:uuid:619bb14e-e3d7-4c5b-98da-1facb5e7c185>	HuggingFaceFW/finepdfs/tree/main/data/eng_Latn/train	finepdfs	eng_Latn	3,395
ZÁPISNICA z 5. zasadnutia obecného zastupiteľstva dňa 29. júna 2022 v Nižnej Slanej V súlade s rokovacím poriadkom pre zvolávanie zasadnutí obecného zastupiteľstva podľa zákona číslo 369/90 Zbierky zákonov o obecnom zriadení v znení neskorších zmien a doplnení na deň 29. júna 2022 bolo zvolané mimoriadne 5. zasadnutie Obecného zastupiteľstva Obce Nižná Slaná v roku 2022. Všetci poslanci boli na rokovanie pozvaní telefonicky aj elektronicky a pozvánkami oboznámení s programom rokovania. Z celkového počtu 9 poslancov sa podľa prezenčnej listiny na dnešnom zasadnutí zúčastňuje 7 poslancov, teda zasadnutie obecného zastupiteľstva je v zmysle § 12 odsek 7 Zákona SNR číslo 369/90 Zbierky zákonov o obecnom zriadení uznášaniaschopné. Ospravedlnili sa: Katarína Semanová, Maroš Bober Podľa rokovacieho poriadku boli za návrhovú komisiu určení poslanci: Beáta Jungerová, Branislav Grančák, Agnesa Benediková Za overovateľov boli určení poslanci: Bc. Dobruša Borošová, Ladislav Mako Za zapisovateľa bol určený: Mgr. Tomáš Ladňák Starosta obce Tibor Jerga Overovatelia zápisnice Bc. Dobruša Borošová Ladislav Mako ZÁPISNICA z 5. zasadnutia obecného zastupiteľstva dňa 29. júna 2022 v Nižnej Slanej Mimoriadne zasadnutie obecného zastupiteľstva obce Nižná Slaná dňa 29. júna 2022 otvoril a viedol starosta obce Tibor Jerga. Zasadnutia sa zúčastnili poslanci: Bc. Dobruša Borošová, Beáta Jungerová, Stanislav Beňo, Agnesa Benediková, Branislav Grančák, Zoltán Tóth a Ladislav Mako. Na zasadnutí obecného zastupiteľstva nebol prítomný hlavný kontrolór obce Ing. Peter Majorčík, ktorý však poslal svoj komentár k zasadnutiu. Okrem nich sa na zasadnutí nezúčastnili ďalší hostia. Zasadnutie obecného zastupiteľstva (ďalej len „OZ") sa začalo o 18:30 hod. po skončení zasadnutia č. 04/2022. K materiálom obecného zastupiteľstva neboli vznesené pripomienky. K bodu neboli vznesené nijaké pripomienky. Obecné zastupiteľstvo v Nižnej Slanej uznesením číslo 5/1/2022-1 A. schvaľuje program obecného zastupiteľstva podľa priloženej pozvánky. B. volí návrhovú komisiu v zložení: Beáta Jungerová, Branislav Grančák, Agnesa Benediková C. určuje overovateľov zápisnice v zložení: Bc. Dobruša Borošová, Ladislav Mako Hlasovanie poslancov k uzneseniu číslo 5/1/2022-1: PRÍTOMNÍ POSLANCI: 7 Bc. Borošová, Jungerová, Grančák, Beňo, Benediková, Tóth, Mako ZA: PROTI: 7 0 ZDRŽAL SA: 0 Obecné zastupiteľstvo v Nižnej Slanej uznesením číslo 5/1/2022-2 berie na vedomie plnenie uznesení prijatých na predchádzajúcich obecných zastupiteľstvách. Bc. Borošová, Jungerová, Grančák, Beňo, Benediková, Tóth, Mako ZÁPISNICA z 5. zasadnutia obecného zastupiteľstva dňa 29. júna 2022 v Nižnej Slanej Hlasovanie poslancov k uzneseniu číslo 5/1/2022-2: PRÍTOMNÍ POSLANCI: 7 Bc. Borošová, Jungerová, Grančák, Beňo, Benediková, Tóth, Mako ZA: 7 Bc. Borošová, Jungerová, Grančák, Beňo, Benediková, Tóth, Mako PROTI: 0 ZDRŽAL SA: 0 K bodu neboli vznesené nijaké pripomienky. Mgr. Tomáš Ladňák prečítal odkaz od hlavného kontrolóra obce, ktorý poslal e-mailom. Podľa neho, citujeme: „Konsolidovaná výročná správa je dôležitý dokument a obsažný, ale myslím že je urobená korektne a gratulujem tvorcom ako aj tímu obce a zastupiteľstvu za vedenie obce. Želám hodne síl do posledných mesiacov volebného obdobia. Chyby, ktoré som si všimol nie sú závažného charakteru." Obecné zastupiteľstvo v Nižnej Slanej 5/2/2022 berie na vedomie Konsolidovanú výročnú správu Obce Nižná Slaná za rok 2021 pripravenú ekonómkou obce Nižná Slaná Petrou Roxerovou. Hlasovanie poslancov k uzneseniu číslo 5/2/2022: PRÍTOMNÍ POSLANCI: 7 Bc. Borošová, Jungerová, Grančák, Beňo, Benediková, Tóth, Mako ZA: 7 Bc. Borošová, Jungerová, Grančák, Beňo, Benediková, Tóth, Mako PROTI: 0 ZDRŽAL SA: 0 K bodu neboli vznesené žiadne pripomienky. Mgr. Tomáš Ladňák prečítal odkaz od hlavného kontrolóra obce, ktorý poslal e-mailom. Podľa neho, citujeme: „Ukončenie nájomnej zmluvy je logickým dôvodom vzhľadom na neefektívnosť prevádzky a vytvárania prípadného dlhu voči obci, avšak toto mal byť zo strany nájomcu jeden z prvých krokov ktoré bolo treba urobiť keď sa rozhodoval o nájme. Situácia s energiami sa však v krátkej dobe tak zmenila v neprospech podnikateľov že to ani nemohli predpokladať. Súhlasím s ukončením nájmu." ZÁPISNICA z 5. zasadnutia obecného zastupiteľstva dňa 29. júna 2022 v Nižnej Slanej Obecné zastupiteľstvo v Nižnej Slanej 5/3/2022 A. schvaľuje zrušenie nájomnej zmluvy č. ONS/02/2022 uzavretej dňa 20. 06. 2022 medzi Obcou Nižná Slaná a Stanislavou Gunárovou v zmysle článku 3, bodu 2. tejto zmluvy písomnou dohodou. B. ukladá uzavretie písomnej dohody o ukončení Zmluvy o nájme nebytových priestorov č. ONS/02/2022 medzi zmluvnými stranami z predmetnej zmluvy k dátumu 30. 06. 2022. Hlasovanie poslancov k uzneseniu číslo 5/3/2022: PRÍTOMNÍ POSLANCI: 7 Bc. Borošová, Jungerová, Grančák, Beňo, Benediková, Tóth, Mako ZA: 7 Bc. Borošová, Jungerová, Grančák, Beňo, Benediková, Tóth, Mako PROTI: 0 ZDRŽAL SA: 0 Bod rokovania Diskusia č. 4 Starosta obce vyzval hostí na diskusiu a na zapojenie sa do nej. Agnesa Benediková uviedla, že je potrebné poprosiť Petru Roxerovú, aby sa venovala aj inventarizácii. Ladislav Mako uviedol, že je potrebné nájsť človeka, ktorý inventúru preverí a prípadne aj dokončí. Branislav Grančák hovorí, že na to je kompetentnou osobou hlavný kontrolór obce. Agnesa Benediková hovorí, že tieto problémy, ktoré v obci sú, vznikajú z osobných problémov medzi jednotlivými ľuďmi. Stanislav Beňo uvádza, že sa toto všetko malo stopnúť a nemalo sa to ani riešiť. Je jasné, že ani on si nevykonával svoju prácu a povinnosti čestne. Vidí za tým aj „obrat vetra". Tibor Jerga poznamenal, že už teraz po novom začína byť zlý aj Ján Bendik a hasiči. Pravda je aj tak podľa neho na jeho strane, nie na strane pána Bolačeka. Vzhľadom k tomu, že už nikto nemal ďalšie vecné príspevky do diskusie a nikto nemal záujem vystúpiť s príspevkom, starosta poďakoval prítomným za účasť a ukončil zasadnutie obecného zastupiteľstva o 18:50 hod.	<urn:uuid:a6f581f8-4b5b-4365-9f03-e69aa7b00d6c>	HuggingFaceFW/finepdfs/tree/main/data/slk_Latn/train	finepdfs	slk_Latn	6,100
Vodič za pacijente KIRURŠKO LIJEČENJE RAKA DOJKE KBC SESTRE MILOSRDNICE 2 Ova je knjižica osmišljena da vam pruži osnovne informacije o tome što od nas možete očekivati. Odgovore na dodatna pitanja možete potražiti na navedenim linkovima na internetu ili u razgovoru s našim osobljem. Kako bi se osiguralo optimalno liječenje, potrebna je suradnja liječnika različitih specijalizacija. Tijekom liječenja na Klinici za tumore na raspolaganju vam je: Kirurška ambulanta, Internističko-onkološka ambulanta, Radioterapijska ambulanta, Ultrazvuk, Mamografija i Magnetska rezonancija, Anesteziološka ambulanta, Ambulanta za bol i Ambulanta za prehranu te Genetsko savjetovalište, zatim Citologija, Hematološki i biokemijski laboratorij, Patologija, te pripadajući odjeli u slučaju hospitalizacije. Slika 1. – Klinika za tumore, KBC Sestre milosrdnice, Ilica 197, Zagreb Rak dojke čini 24% malignih oboljenja žena u Hrvatskoj (2300 novooboljelih svake godine; http://www.hzjz.hr/rak/novo.htm). U većini europskih zemalja, zbog sve boljih dijagnostičkih i terapijskih metoda te programa probira, raste broj novootkrivenih slučajeva s istodobnim smanjenjem smrtnosti i produljenjem života. Informiranost o postojećim mogućnostima liječenja i njihovu utjecaju na kvalitetu života postaje sve važnija odrednica pri odabiru liječenja. Tablica 1. – Broj novooboljelih žena od zloćudnih bolesti u Hrvatskoj 2012. DOJKE Dojke se sastoje od mliječnih žlijezdi i izvodnih kanalića koji postaju sve širi prema bradavici. Potporno tkivo čine masne stanice i vezivo, koje dijelom u obliku tračaka formira tkivo dojke vezujući ga za ovojnicu prsnih mišića i kožu te na taj način dojci daje oblik. Tkivo dojke se mijenja tijekom reproduktivnog razdoblja ovisno o dijelu menstrualnog ciklusa, a nakon prestanka menstruacije žlijezde postupno gotovo u potpunosti zamjenjuje masno tkivo. Slika 2. – Anatomija FAKTORI RIZIKA Pokazalo se da dob i duljina izloženosti dojke djelovanju hormona koji se javlja tijekom svakoga menstrualnog ciklusa ima najveći utjecaj na razvoj raka koji nije nasljedan. Prisutnost promjena u dojci (atipična duktalna/lobularna hiperplazija i lobularni karcinom in situ) koje su dokazane citološkom obradom ili biopsijom nakon sumnjivog nalaza mamografije ili ultrazvuka upućuju na veliku vjerojatnost razvoja raka dojke. Prethodno potvrđen i odstranjen zločudni tumor na dojci također povećava vjerojatnost da će se pojaviti novi tumor u istoj ili suprotnoj dojci. Obiteljska anamneza (majka ili sestre s dijagnosticiranim rakom dojke ili jajnika) zahtijeva preglede najmanje 10 godina prije nastupa bolesti u člana obitelji zbog učestalije povećanog rizika oboljevanja u odnosu na opću populaciju. U Hrvatskoj je dostupno genetsko testiranje za nasljedni rak dojke (mutacije na genima BRCA1 i BRCA2), koje može pružiti dodatnu informaciju o riziku obolijevanja. Testiranje se provodi na Institutu Rudjer Bošković, a zasad ga HZZO ne pokriva. DIJAGNOZA Rak dojke može se manifestirati kao opipljiva promjena, zadebljanje ili upalna promjena (crvenilo ili tvrdoća dijela dojke). Navedene promjene nisu uvijek znak raka dojke, ali ako se pregledom pronađu, zahtijevaju daljnju obradu. Rak se može otkriti i prije nego što nastupe takve promjene nekom od metoda probira odnosno ultrazvukom i/ili mamografijom. U slučaju da postoji nekoliko sumnjivih promjena, može se predložiti magnetska rezonancija. Slika 3. - Mamografija Slika 4. - Ultrazvuk tkiva dojke Slijedeći korak je biopsija (liječnik tanjom ili debljom iglom uzima uzorak stanica/tkiva, koje zatim pod mikroskopom pregledava patolog kako bi utvrdio je li riječ o raku). Ako to nije dovoljno za postavljanje konačne dijagnoze, radi se tzv. kirurška biopsija. U operacijskoj sali pravi se mali rez i promjena se odstranjuje u cijelosti ili se odstranjuje jedan njezin dio kako bi se analizirala pod mikroskopom. Ovisno o veličini promjene, zahvat se izvršava u lokalnoj anesteziji (ubod i umrtvljivanje okolne regije) ili u općoj anesteziji. Sve su te pretrage potrebne kako bi se saznalo o kojoj je vrsti tumora riječ, kako bi se planiralo daljnje liječenje. VRSTE RAKA DOJKE Tumorske stanice mogu nastati iz svih dijelova dojke. Najčešće se abnormalne stanice javljaju u režnjićima žlijezda. Ako se iz njih nisu proširile, riječ je o tzv. lobularnom karcinomu in situ. To nije rak, već samo upućuje na povećanu vjerojatnost njegova razvijanja. Duktalni karcinom in situ znači da se tumorske stanice nalaze samo u mliječnim kanalićima. Invazivni (infiltrativni) rak nastaje kad se tumorske stanice počinju širiti izvan režnjića odnosno mliječnih kanalića. Uz tumor u dojci mogu biti prisutne i upalne promjene, pa govorimo o upalnom raku dojke. Naposljetku i stanice strome mogu početi nekontrolirano rasti, ali takvi su tumori izrazito rijetki. Ako se rak proširio u limfne čvorove u pazuhu ili u druge organe (mozak, pluća, jetra, kosti), govorimo o metastatskoj bolesti za koju je potrebna sistemska terapija (lijekovi koji ne djeluju samo na mjestu gdje je rak nastao nego po cijelom tijelu – na primjer kemoterapija). KIRURŠKO LIJEČENJE Operacija je obično prvi izbor u liječenju karcinoma. Moguće je odstraniti tumor s više ili manje okolnog tkiva, odnosno s odstranjenjem pazušnih limfnih čvorova ili bez njihova odstranjenja. Izbor vrste operacije ovisi o više čimbenika – prije svega o veličini tumora, veličini dojke, broju sijela tumora u dojci te sposobnosti pacijentice za naknadnu radioterapiju. MASTEKTOMIJA ili ABLACIJA DOJKE Odstranjuje se čitava dojka (uključujući i bradavicu). Ako se odluči za takvu operaciju, pacijentica treba razmisлити o mogućnostima rekonstrukcije/proteze dojke za vrijeme prvog zahvata ili naknadno. Slika 5. – Stanje prije i poslije mastektomije Odstranjeno se tkivo može nadomjestiti umjetnim implantatom ili se za to upotrebljava tkivo iz drugog mjesta na tijelu. Slika 6. i 7. – Mastektomija i stanje nakon rekonstrukcije vlastitim tkivom – dijelom mišića iz leđa SEGMENTEKTOMIJA/KVADRANTEKTOMIJA (poštedna operacija) Odstranjuje se samo tumorsko tkivo s rubom normalnog tkiva oko njega. Slika 8. – Stanje nakon poštedne operacije BIOPSJA/DISEKCIJA LIMFNIH ČVOROVA Limfni se čvorovi odstranjuju kako bi se utvrdilo je li se tumor u njima proširio. Ako hitni patohistološki nalaz učinjen tijekom operacije potvrdi dijagnozu raka dojke, odstranjuju se i limfní čvorovi u pazuhu u istoj operaciji. Ako tijekom odstranjivanja tumora u dojci na hitnoj patološkoj analizi nije moguće odrediti o kakvom je tumoru riječ, biopsija ili disekcija pazušnih limfnih čvorova napraviti će se nekoliko dana nakon prvog zahvata, kad stigne konačni nalaz patologa. Slika 9. – Prikaz dijelova dojke i limfnih putova KONAČNI PATOHISTOLOŠKI NALAZ Sadrži podatke o vrsti tumora, njegovoj veličini, zahvaćenosti limfnih čvorova i prisutnosti hormonskih receptora na stanicama tumora (estrogenskih, progesteronskih i HER2-Neu). Ovisno o navedenim značajkama tumora, kad bude poznat konačni patohistološki nalaz, predložit ćemo Vam plan daljnje liječenja. ONKOLOŠKA TERAPIJA I RADIOTERAPIJA Ovisi o patohistološkom nalazu te individualnoj procjeni s obzirom na dob, rizične faktore i preferencije pacijenta. Poštedne operacije dojke najčešće prati radioterapija te kemoterapija i/ili hormonska terapija u slučaju zahvaćenosti i limfnih čvorova u pazuhu. Detaljnije informacije o mogućnostima, eventualnim komplikacijama i komplementarnosti s drugim načinima liječenja možete dobiti u Zavodu za nuklearnu medicinu i onkologiju KBC-a Sestre milosrdnice. KIRURŠKE KONTROLE Ako postoperativni tijek protekne uredno, za četiri do pet dana bit ćete otpušteni na kućno liječenje. Tijekom boravka na odjelu imat ćete dren koji je postavljen za vrijeme operacije (prozirna gumena cijev koja odvodi sadržaj koji se normalno nakuplja na mjestu odstranjenog tkiva). Dren se odstranjuje kada se smanji količina tekućine koju odvodi te prije odlaska iz bolnice. Tijekom boravka na odjelu pokazat ćemo vam osnovne vježbe razgibavanja odnosno rehabilitacije ruke (pretjerana pošteda ruke s namjerom da štitite mjesto koje je operirano može ozbiljno narušiti normalni opseg pokreta). Prva kontrola na odjelu/ambulanti je za otprilike osam dana od zahvata, kad se vade šavovi. Sljedeća je za mjesec dana (postoji mogućnost nakupljanja seroma, bistre tekućine koja se nakuplja u pazuhu – prvih nekoliko tjedana nakon operacije češće dolazite na kontrole koje uključuju punkciju kojom se odstranjuje višak tekućine pazuha). Naposljetku, dolazite za 3 do 6 mjeseci te za godinu dana i dalje po dogovoru ovisno o dotad provedenom liječenju. Ostale kontrole planiraju se individualno i u koordinaciji s onkologom te najčešće treba priložiti nalaz tumorskih markera i nalaz ultrazvuka dojki odnosno mamografije. Daljnje pretrage ovise o specifičnim simptomima, primjerice rentgenogram pluća, ultrazvuk abdomena, rentgenogram kostiju ili CT odnosno PET/CT. KOMPLIKACIJE U postoperativnom razdoblju moguća je pojava infekcije (upale) u području rane, koja se očituje crvenilom i povišenom temperaturom. Može se javiti i hematom (krvni podljev) koji ovisi o vrsti zahvata i u većini slučajeva se spontano povlači. Nakon evakuacije limfnih čvorova pazuha, česta popratna pojava je serom (nakupina bistre tekućine u pazuhu), koji se evakuira punkcijom u nekoliko navrata nakon zahvata. Također, moguća je pojava limfedema ruke. Srećom, riječ je o rijetkoj komplikaciji koju u tom slučaju nastojimo izliječiti fizikalnom terapijom. REHABILITACIJA Postupci moraju biti individualno prilagođeni te se početi provoditi neposredno nakon operacije. Tijekom postoperativnog boravka na odjelu fizioterapeut će vam pokazati osnovne vježbe. Cilj je smanjiti mogućnost razvoja limfedema ruke, održati opseg pokreta, osobito ramena i povratiti snagu. Uz vježbe, dio terapije može biti i limfna drenaža te elektroterapijski postupci. U slučaju potrebe za daljnjom terapijom bit ćete upućeni fizijatru. PSIHOLOŠKO SAVJETOVANJE Na razini naše Bolnice organizirana je Psihoonkološka ambulanta (utorkom 14 – 16 sati u Klinici za psihijatriju, kod prof. dr. sc. Krsta Katinića) i Obiteljsko savjetovalište za psihoonkologiju (četvrtkom 12 – 18 sati u Klinici za onkologiju i nuklearnu medicinu). Psihološka savjetovališta postoje i u sklopu Centra za palijativnu skrb (Šalata 3b, Zagreb) i udruge “Sve za nju” (Kneza Mislava 10, Zagreb). GENETSKO SAVJETOVANJE Ukoliko postoji više članova vaše uže obitelji koji su oboljeli od raka dojke i/ili maternice i/ili jajnika, ili se bolest javila prije 40e godine života, postoji stanovita vjerojatnost da se radi o nasljeđnom tipu raka ili razvoju raka u sklopu sindroma. U tim slučajevima na raspolaganju vam je genetsko savjetovanje te ukoliko se tijekom savjetovanja pokaže opravdanim bit će vam ponuđeno testiranje na primjerice mutacije BRCA1/2 gena. PROJEKTI U tijeku je vrednovanje kvalitete liječenja u našoj ustanovi odnosno prospektivno praćenja kvalitete života u pacijentica koje liječimo. Za vrijeme hospitalizacije bit će vam ponuđeno sudjelovanje u istraživanjima. Unaprijed vam zahvaljujemo na sudjelovanju budući da nam informacije dobivene na taj način pomažu u planiranju vašeg liječenja. SAVJETI ZA PO DOMA Što god vas opušta i čini da se osjećate bolje poslije operacije u načelu je preporučljivo. PREHRANA Za vrijeme i nakon liječenja važno je pravilno se hraniti kako bi se osjećali dobro, imali energije, unijeli odgovarajuću količinu hranjivih tvari i spriječili prekomjerno dobivanje na težini. Pokušajte unositi mnogo tekućine, jesti nekoliko manjih obroka tijekom dana (umjerene porcije bjelančevina u svim obrocima, hranu bogatu vlaknima, ograničite rafinirane šećere). Za vrijeme kemoterapije probavni sustav je osjetljiviji na trovanje hranom, pa je bitno da pazite da je namirnica pravilno obrađena, skladištena i pripremljena. Pokušajte smanjiti unos alkohola. Ne uzimajte nikakve nadomjeske prehrani ako ih nije propisao onkolog ili ga niste o tome obavijestili jer mogu utjecati na terapiju. FIZIČKA AKTIVNOST Fizička aktivnost u granicama u kojima vas ne umara i povratak svakodnevnim aktivnostima iz razdoblja prije boravka u bolnici (primjerice na posao ako vaše zanimanje to dopušta) pomaže da lakše prebrodite dijelove liječenja. ALTERNATIVNE METODE LIJEČENJA Ne postoje dokazi da liječe rak. Međutim, moguće je da neki od pripravaka, kad se uzimaju u isto vrijeme kao i kemoterapija, uzrokuju teške nuspojave. Molimo da ako se odlučite za ‘kombinirano’ liječenje, zapišete o kojim je preparatima riječ i obavijestite o tome svog onkologa. POPIS POJMova: Biopsija – kirurško uzimanje dijela tkiva ili organa za patohistološku analizu Carcinoma in situ – preinvazivni (pretklinički) intaepitelni oblik karcinoma koji nije probio bazalnu membranu Citologija – znanost o stanicama Edem (oedema) – nakupljanje tekućine u tkivnim prostorima. Može biti upalan i neupalan. Eksudat – edemska tekućina s visokim sadržajem bjelančevina, najčešće je posljedica upale, a može sadržavati i gnoj, krv i sl. Etiologija – objašnjava uzroke bolesti, odnosno njihovo porijeklo Gen – nasljedna jedinica, dio DNK na kromosomu Gradus – stupnjevanje zločudnosti novotvorine, a procjenjuje se na temelju mikroskopskih obilježja kao što su regularnost i veličina jezgara, brojnost mitoza, zrelost stanica i sl. Hereditaran – genetski prenosiv s roditelja na potomke Hiperplazija – povećanje tkiva ili organa zbog umnažanja stanica Inflamacija – upala, odgovor organizma na oštećenje Kemoterapija – liječenje neke bolesti kemijskim tvraima Mutacija – promjena gena i li kromosoma Novotvorina, neoplazma (grč. neos - nov, plasia - rast) ili tumor (lat. tumor - oteklina) patološka je tvorba nastala kao posljedica prekomjernog umnažanja abnormalnih stanica koje nadmašuje rast normalnih tkiva. Novotvorine mogu biti zločudne (maligne) i dobroćudne (benigne). Maligni na mjestu na kojem se šire prožimaju okolno tkivo i daju metastaze (udaljene presadnice koje nisu u dodiru s primarnim tumorom, a nastale su nakon što su se tumorske stanice udaljile od tumora i proširile tijelom), dok benigni tumori ne daju metastaze na druge organe i ne infiltriraju se u okolno zdravo tkivo, već ga potiskuju. Zločudni oblik naziva se i rak (lat. cancer - rak rana, neizlječiva rana). Znanost koja se bavi proučavanjem novotvorina naziva se onkologija. Novotvorinski biljezi (tumorski markeri) – specifične tvari koje se nalaze u nekim tumorskim stanicama ili ih one luče, a dokazuju se imunohistokemijskim metodama. Njihovo postojanje i dokazivanje vrlo je korisno u dijagnostici novotvorina prije terapije, nakon i za vrijeme praćenja nakon terapije. Prognoza – proricanje ishoda neke bolesti na temelju stanja bolesnika Presadak (transplantat) – tkivo ili organ koji se koristi radi nadomještanja oštećenog ili insuficijentnog tkiva ili organa Recidiv – ponovni rast identične novotvorine, na mjestu gdje je tretirana primarna novotvorina Linkovi Na hrvatskom jeziku http://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rak_dojke http://www.rak-dojke.hr http://europadonna.hr/ http://www.svezanju.hr/o-nama/rak-dojke.html http://www.nadazarakdojke.info/rak_dojke Na engleskom jeziku http://www.cancer.gov/cancertopics/types/breast http://www.mdanderson.org/patient-and-cancer-information/cancer-information/cancer-types/breast-cancer/index.html http://www.mskcc.org/mskcc/html/88141.cfm http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Breast_cancer http://www.breastcancer.org/ http://www.mayoclinic.com/health/breast-cancer/DS00328 http://www.eortc.be/home/BCG/default.html Na njemačkom ili francuskom jeziku http://www.cancerdusein.org/cds/ http://ww5.komen.org/ http://groups.eortc.be/qol/qolg_activities.htm KIRURGIJA – KONTAKT Konzultacije u ambulanti uz telefonsku predbilježbu: 3783 511, 13 – 14 sati Kirurški odjeli (ako ostajete u bolnici radi kirurškog liječenja bolesti dojke): Onkoplastika - 3783 542; Kirurška onkologija- 3783 544. Raspored liječnika u kirurškoj ambulanti: \| Radno vrijeme \| Ambulanta 1 \| Ambulanta 2 \| \|---------------\|-------------\|-------------\| \| ponedjeljak \| Tomislav Orešić Gordan Tometić \| Andrej Roth \| 9-12 \| \| \| \| \| 12-14 \| \| utorak \| Danko Velimir Vrdoljak Goran Mušterić \| Zvonimir Zore \| 9-12 \| \| \| \| \| 7-9 \| \| \| \| \| 9-12 \| \| srijeda \| Mladen Stanec Ilija Guteša \| Iva Kirac \| 9-12 \| \| \| \| \| 12-14 \| \| četvrtak \| Miroslav Lesar \| Mirko Gulan \| 9-12 \| \| \| \| \| 12-14 \| \| petak \| Ivan Milas \| Ivan Penavić Domagoj Eljuga \| 9-12 \| \| \| \| \| 12-14 \| Kirurški pregled sastoji se od uzimanja podataka o dosadašnjim bolestima, rizičnim faktorima i bolestima u obitelji (korisno je zabilježiti ako netko u obitelji boluje od bolesti dojke ili jajnika), palpacije obje dojke i pazuha, uz uvid u nalaze Mamografije i ultrazvuka. Postoji individualizirani protokol kirurških kontrola ovisno o dijagnozi. Za svaki pregled potrebno je donijeti važeću uputnicu. Autori: Iva Kirac, Jelena Barbarić, Marija Kovačević-Vlahov, Petar Kirac, Mladen Stanec, Danko Velimir Vrdoljak Ilustracije i dizajn: Iva Višošević Uredila: Katarina Luketina Lektorirala: Ana Bilić Priprema za tisak: Uvez d.o.o. Nakladnik: KBC Sestre milosrdnice, Klinika za tumore 1. elektroničko izdanje, 2016. (prema 2. tiskanom izdanju iz 2015.) ISBN (e-oblik): 978-953-7822-28-6 Ovo djelo je dano na korištenje pod licencijom Creative Commons Imenovanje-Nekomercijalno-Bez prerada 3.0 Hrvatska	<urn:uuid:5a166434-a0ac-4b52-986a-8cc9f271dac1>	HuggingFaceFW/finepdfs/tree/main/data/hrv_Latn/train	finepdfs	hrv_Latn	17,780
St Michael And All Angels, Ledbury & Saint John The Baptist, Eastnor October 2020 Magazine Please visit our websites www.ledburyparishchurch.org.uk and www.eastnorchurch.org.uk facebook page fb.me/stmichaelsledbury and twitter feed @LedburyParish for updates and information Editorial Rector's Reflections What Does It Mean To Have Faith In God? The first of a series of articles by Revd. David Hazell MA Prison's Week - Report from James Stewart + Food Behind Bars Herefordshire Harvest - The Borderlands Rural Chaplaincy Psalm 91 - God's Shield of Protection - Bill MacKenzie shares this Commentary Book Review by Bill MacKenzie 1 Corinthians 13, 'for a Pandemic' - Discovered by Ian James whilst on holiday Autumn letter from Eastnor - from Joan Wakeling The Starthrower and Thomas Merton's Prayer Max and the Market Secretary's Scribbles Treasurer's Report How Firm A Foundation Advertisers Church Officers and other information CONTENTS – OCTOBER 2020 Editorial HARVEST If you have never heard the mountains singing, or seen the trees of the field clapping their hands, do not think because of that that they don't. Ask God to open your ears so you may hear it and your eyes so you may see it, because, though few men ever know it, they do, my friend, they do. McCandlish Phillips It was very good to join in with Bishop Richard when he visited St. Michael's during his pilgrimage journey visiting all the churches in the Hereford Diocese. I certainly felt that, even though we had never met, I already knew him, because of his inspiring weekly talks online. Bit sad that he didn't come on his motorbike, but maybe next time! Some serious topics in this month's magazine, all needing much prayer. Harvest 2020 and this year we know that the extreme weather conditions combined with the Pandemic have meant that the Harvest is not plentiful. This impacts greatly on our County and the Borderlands Rural Chaplaincy provides a vital help to our farming community. PLEASE lift up our young people to the Lord in your prayers. Their local plight and present lack of a meeting place should concern us all greatly and I think something to which we can apply the "What would Jesus do?" question. Helen I'Anson Rector's Reflections Autumn and harvest is a time to reflect and be thankful, a time to enjoy and appreciate the beauty around us, the harvest of root, fruit and grain and all the effort put in by many for us to benefit from; a time to let the beauty of the mists, turn even ugly views into gentle visions that delight. It's a time to pause, in the midst of life's ups and downs, a time to put anxieties into some perspective. And even as we celebrate this year's harvest, we turn towards next year, preparing, dividing, sowing. For many, plans for next year's garden are high on their priorities. all of us can plant a garden in our daily lives and here's how: Whether or not you have any land or space or you're a gardener, First come to what will be your garden alone, while the dew is still there. three rows of peas. Then… Plant… 1 Peace of mind 3 Peace of soul 2 Peace of heart four rows of squash 2 Squash grumbling 1 Squash gossip 3 Squash selfishness four rows of lettuce 4 Squash indifference 1 Lettuce be faithful 3 Lettuce be patient 2 Lettuce be kind 4 Lettuce really love one another. 1 Turnip for church Turnips are important and unsung garden staples! 2 Turnip to serve To conclude our garden we must have thyme and plenty of it 3 Turnip to help one another. 1 Thyme for God 3 Thyme for prayer 2 Thyme for reading the bible 4 Thyme for family and friends 5 Thyme for community All will grow best in the Light of the Son! There can be much fruit in your garden, because you reap what you sow!! Water generously with patience and cultivate with love. Gardening tips thanks to a church magazine from a land far away and a long time ago What does it mean to have faith in God? I often come across the idea that atheists and agnostics are freethinkers who are unencumbered by the burden of old myths and legends and that there is no credible evidence for the existence of God. This thought is familiar to me, because I used to think it. According to this view it is often said that without credible evidence faith is in fact "blind" and so opposed to reason. What's more, if there were good evidence then faith wouldn't be needed because the evidence would compel us to believe. Some have even gone so far as to say that faith is a delusional exercise of putting one's head in the sand. Whilst I would never have suggested a believer was delusional, I did think that he or she was taking a blind leap of faith that required switching their brain off. Yet to my surprise, when I began exploring the Christian faith, I was encouraged to examine the evidence and to use my mind to reason things through. As I began to explore I realised that, far from needing to switch off one's brain at the church door, the bible and the biblical worldview invites us to think and values the use of the mind. Let me briefly illustrate this: Now Jesus did many other signs in the presence of the disciples, which are not written in this book; but these are written so that you may believe that Jesus is the Christ, the Son of God and that by believing you may have life in His name. (John 20:30-31) Three of the biographies of Jesus' life record that He taught that we are to love God with our heart, soul, strength and mind (Matthew 22:37, Mark 12:30, and Luke 10:27). The other biography explicitly states that Jesus lived in such a way as to provide evidence for His claim that He was Son of God and that the author of that biography has presented some of this evidence for the benefit of those, like ourselves, who can't be witnesses. He writes, The author of these biographies clearly understood themselves to be writing historically reliable accounts of Jesus' life, not myth or legend. Commenting on the character of John's biography of Jesus, C. S. Lewis, author of the Narnia series and an Oxford don who specialised in literature, observed, I have been reading poems, romances, vision literature, legends, myths all my life. I know what they are like. I know that not one of them is like this. Of this text there are only two possible views. Either this is reportage … Or else, some unknown writer in the second century, without known predecessor, or successor, suddenly anticipated the whole technique of modern, novelistic, realistic narrative. Lewis' point is simple, that the New Testament accounts of Jesus' life are evidence that Christianity is neither myth nor legend, and should be approached as historical evidence. Even if all Christians are mistaken, their life is not based on myth or legend but on the misinterpretation of the historical evidence about an extraordinary life, the strength of which has seemed compelling for countless thoughtful, rational people. From these few passages and there are many more examples, it becomes clear that not only does the bible expect and encourage people to use their mind and engage reason when they approach the questions of God and Christian faith but that it also supplies evidence for the answers. Much ink has been spilled trying to argue that faith is the surrender of the mind or reason. From a Christian perspective, 'faith is being sure of what we hope for and certain of what we do not see' (Hebrews 11:1). In essence, this is the same as holding a belief; as I have already shown, the bible encourages us to employ our mind in forming our beliefs. We are not asked to be sure without evidence. Faith quite simply is not the surrender of the mind or reason. Faith goes where evidence points. There comes a point when someone is sufficiently convinced by the evidence that Christianity is true that they choose to trust God and begin to live there life accordingly. This is not the surrender of reason; it is the fruit of reason applied to their life. So where does the idea of blind faith come from? It stems from a dominant view held within our society, which asserts that the process for establishing truth is reserved for the sciences, particularly the natural sciences. On this view anything that cannot be demonstrated through the scientific process of experimental observation cannot be held to be true. Consequently, because God cannot be proved using this scientific method, it is irrational to believe in God. The success of the scientific method in helping us explain the world has made this seem an attractive position to hold but it comes with some problems. Secondly, if we apply this rule beyond the question of God we would find that many of the things that we cherish and hold to be true could not be reasonably accounted for. Firstly, how can we scientifically prove the idea that nothing should be believed to be true unless it has satisfied the criteria of scientific knowledge? We can't. It doesn't meet its own standards for truth. How, for example, can we scientifically prove the value of human life? In fact, in most areas of our life we hold reason, experience and testimony to be credible reasons and evidence for believing something. For example, how can we scientifically account for the widely held belief in human rights? Should we abandon these because they fall beyond the scientific method? Of course not; so why should it be any different for belief in God? In my next article I intend to reflect a little more on the question of science and belief in God, so I'll pause here. In the meantime, I'll close with a quotation from the biblical book Proverbs (18:15): "An intelligent heart acquires knowledge and the ear of the wise seeks knowledge". The Bible encourages us to take our head out the sand, to acquire knowledge and form our lives according to the evidence, which for those who find the evidence for the Christian faith compelling includes trusting in God. Revd. David Hazell MA PRISONS WEEK 11th – 17th October 2020 For over 40 years the ecumenical organisation Prisons Week has promoted this annual week of prayer for our prison communities – for prisoners, their families, and all who serve in our prisons, and also for victims of crime and all involved in the criminal justice system. It remains a sad and readily observable truth that prisons are rarely mentioned in the prayers in the Sunday services in our parish churches and cathedrals. Yet our prisons are at present very troubled places, beset by underfunding and staff shortages and with rising levels of violence, drug abuse, self-harm, and mental illness. They are now also having to cope with the Covid-19 pandemic. This creates very particular difficulties in what are closed communities for the prisoners – yet with daily access from staff who come in from the community outside. In order to prevent the spread of the virus regimes are severely restricted with prisoners having much less time out of their cells and work and other activities largely suspended. Family visits are also very limited. All of this can inevitably cause tensions to rise. To encourage prayer and to raise awareness about these largely hidden communities where men and women are imprisoned in our name Prisons Week produces a prayer leaflet each year. This year it is entitled United in Lockdown, and in the introduction Rachel Treweek, the Bishop of Gloucester and Bishop for Women's prisons, writes this: Prisoners know all about lockdown in ways which are far starker than the 'stay at home' experience people have lived during the viral pandemic. However, beyond the walls of prison people of all ages have had to learn how to navigate uncertainty and many people feel fearful, bewildered, and out of control. In past months there has been a loss of freedom to be with loved ones, even when at the point of death. For some people there has been overwhelming pain and sadness. Some people have felt lonely and isolated whilst others have longed for space away from other people. All of this is experienced within the walls of prisons 365 days a year. This Prisons Week as we pray for all those connected with the criminal justice system in any way including all prison staff and families of prisoners as well as prisoners themselves, let us not talk of social distancing but rather of physical distancing. Let us pray for social connection and restored relationship and an openness to the generous love of God who longs to draw close to every individual person, treasured and known by name. We pray that amid both places of brokenness and beauty there might be a discovery of inner freedom and peace which is rooted in the love, hope and peace of God revealed in Jesus Christ and present through the power of the Holy Spirit, never locked down. You can download the prayer leaflet from the Prisons Week website: www.prisonsweek.org and I urge you to do this. The leaflet provides you with a daily pattern of prayer for the week, and it can then serve as a reminder to you to keep our prisons in your prayers in the months ahead. James Stewart Food Behind Bars 'Food Behind Bars', founded by journalist Lucy Vincent, is a national campaign to improve prison food, in the belief that food can impact everything from mental health to self-esteem, issues that are most acute in prisons. Its aim is to educate prisoners on the benefits of cooking and eating well in a practical and engaging way, so that they might be equipped with the increased knowledge and wellbeing that they need to succeed 'on the outside'. Prisons have been on a restricted regime since lockdown started, with no family visits, no education, no work and prisoners restricted to cells 23 hours a day. the prison, with proceeds going to Food Behind Bars. Food Behind Bars first big project as a charity was to organise a recipe competition with Brixton Prison. Inmates were asked to create a recipe within the national daily prison-food budget (£2.10 per prisoner, which would normally cover the cost of three meals a day). Forty recipes were submitted and the winning dish (A Bangladeshi chicken curry) is now on the menu at Nanban, a restaurant ten minutes away from HEREFORDSHIRE HARVEST "The good person brings good things out of the good stored up in their hearts" Luke 6:45 Levels of depression in the farming industry are thought to be increasing and suicide rates in agriculture workers are amongst the highest in any occupational group, affecting 1 in 5 people. This could equate to 20% of the farming workforce. It is an industry with the poorest safety record of any in the UK and stress can be a factor in many of the accidents, injuries and illnesses taking place on farms. A stressed farmer is a farmer potentially at risk of injury or accident. The Borderlands Rural Chaplaincy is a 'church without walls' committed to serving our rural populations and a confidential listening ear offering pastoral support to farmers, farming families and agricultural communities. Here is their information:- Borderlands Rural Chaplaincy (BRC) is a partnership between the Methodist and Anglican Church. Launched in 2013, it has three objectives: - To be an advocate for the farming and land-based sectors, helping to inform policy - To provide pastoral care working alongside church ministers and pastoral teams - To develop theological resources and contribute to the wider ministry of the church The geographical area covered by BRC (Shropshire, Herefordshire & Eastern Powys) includes more than 5,000 farms and 6 cattle markets, in which farming accounts for about 10% of Gross Domestic Product and, in parts of the area, 10% of local employment. The issues affecting farmers are diverse, ranging from "external" issues such as the political uncertainty over Brexit and the future of the Single Farm Payment (which makes the difference between economic viability or not in about 75% of local farms), the challenges of climate change and extreme weather, animal pests and diseases (especially the impact of bovine TB) and more localised issues such as the problems that can be encountered within families living and working together, the age demographic of the sector, farm succession, farm accidents and mental health. BRC's expertise lies in providing confidential support to families and individuals who need help and the ability to signpost to a wide variety of specialist help. To achieve this, BRC works collaboratively with both statutory agencies, local network and charities. This collaborative approach is facilitated by an annual "stakeholder event" held at Hereford's Rural Business Advice Day, which brings together the agencies, charities and networks that work with the rural communities in Herefordshire and thereby helps to share knowledge of what is available and foster closer working relationships. Before Covid, the Chaplaincy provided bespoke chaplains at three local markets, and it had launched "the Butty Van", a farmer's breakfast hosted monthly on a different farm, run by local volunteers but with a discrete Chaplaincy presence. Covid has temporarily both stopped on-farm and market meetings, but – like many others – wherever possible BRC has turned to web-based solutions, and there are plans to launch an extended series of events when lockdown rules permit. BRC is able to feed back about the issues it deals with on the ground in order to inform local policy, for example as a member of the Herefordshire Mental Health Partnership Board. For further information: https://www.borderchaplain.org/ Psalm 91 – God's Shield of Protection 1 Those who live in the shelter of the Most High will find rest in the shadow of the Almighty. 2 This I declare of the LORD: He alone is my refuge, my place of safety; he is my God, and I am trusting him. 3 For he will rescue you from every trap and protect you from the fatal plague. 4 He will shield you with his wings. He will shelter you with his feathers. His faithful promises are your armour and protection. 5 Do not be afraid of the terrors of the night, nor fear the dangers of the day, 7 Though a thousand fall at your side, though ten thousand are dying around you, these evils will not touch you. 6 nor dread the plague that stalks in darkness, nor the disaster that strikes at midday. 8 But you will see it with your eyes; you will see how the wicked are punished. 9 If you make the LORD your refuge, if you make the Most High your shelter, 10 no evil will conquer you; no plague will come near your dwelling. 11 For he orders his angels to protect you wherever you go. 12 They will hold you with their hands to keep you from striking your foot on a stone. Commentary We decide to trust in God's shelter for our well-being. THIS IS THE COVENANT WE MAKE WITH GOD TO PLACE OUR LIVES UNDER HIS WING TO TRUST HIM FOR OUR SECURITY! THIS TAKES AN ACT OF FAITH! There is power in declaring aloud this Psalm! The narrator (in blue), who some believe to be the priest, covers all eventualities from the devil's entrapment schemes and even plagues. Sheltering under God's feathery wings is better than the protection of armour! It is up to us to run to God with our mouths; run to God with our hearts; run to God with our faith – just like little chicks who run to the mother hen for shelter. NO FEAR! Day or night, in time of plagues or any other disasters; even when we see others fall around us…. THIS IS THE TIME TO STAND UP IN FAITH!..... "These evils will not touch you" IF! It is this decision to stand in faith seeking God's protection around us that is at the heart of Psalm 91. Wow! Neither evil conqueror nor plague to fear. God will release his angelic host to be our shield against the devils schemes! 13 You will trample down lions and poisonous snakes; you will crush fierce lions and serpents under your feet! 14 The LORD says, "I will rescue those who love me. I will protect those who trust in my name. I will rescue them and honour them. 15 When they call on me, I will answer; I will be with them in trouble. 16 I will satisfy them with a long life and give them my salvation." ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ In her book, Psalm 91, Peggy Joyce Ruth quotes war correspondent C B Morelock's report of an unexplained miraculous occurrence: sixty German aircraft strafed more than four hundred men who were pinned down on the sandy Dunkirk beaches without the benefit of anyplace to take cover. Although the men were repeatedly attacked by machine guns and bombed by the enemy aircraft, not a single man was hit. Every man in that group left the beach without a scratch. Morelock stated, "I have personally been told by Navy men who picked up those particular survivors from Dunkirk, that the men not only recited Psalm 91, but they shouted it aloud at the top of their lungs!" – SAYING OUR TRUST OUT LOUD RELEASES FAITH! It is GOD'S FAITHFULNESS to his promises that is our shield. It is not solely our faithfulness! God is faithful to the promises He has made. The enemy is under my feet! Behold, I (Jesus) have given you authority to tread on serpents and scorpions, and over all the power of the enemy, and nothing will injure you. Luke 10:19 This is God speaking to us, to those who have made in faith the Covenant in Verse 2 The weapons of our warfare are not of the flesh but have divine power to destroy strongholds. We destroy arguments and every lofty opinion raised against the knowledge of God, and take every thought captive to obey Christ. 2 Corinthians 10:4-5 When Captain Sullenberger landed his stricken plane in the Hudson River on board was Andrew, having just made it through his second military posting to Afghanistan (Andrew met up with his fiancée Stephanie in New York and they were now flying home). Every day his parents prayed Psalm 91 over him while he was overseas. "NOTHING IN THE WORLD is more reliable than God's promises – when we believe them, refuse to waver and make His Word our final authority for every area of life. There is however, a uniqueness about this psalm. Promises of protection can be found throughout the Bible, but Psalm 91 is the only place in the Word where all of the protection promises are brought together in one collection – forming a covenant written through the Holy Spirit. How powerful is that! I believe Psalm 91 is a covenant – a spiritual contract that God has made available to His children." Peggy Ruth Joyce Book Revue 'Psalm 91, God's shield of Protection ' by Peggy Joyce Ruth "This book, Psalm 91, has become one of my all-time favourites. It's an awesome book and I have purchased many copies to share with friends and family. Thank you so much for writing it. Glory to God for giving us this amazing scripture and for giving you the ability, tools, and drive to complete it! Praise God and thank you!" These are the words of one reader of Peggy's book on Psalm 91. Another, Attorney Jackie Barrow, could not at first understand why someone would write a whole book on a single Psalm! She soon an incredible promise of protection from God… I am an attorney. I give my attorney associates copies of your book. Literally everyone I have shared your book with ended up sharing it with someone else because it was so meaningful to them. Your book, Psalm 91, is awesome! ..." had her answer! "Wow! This book was meant for me. Right then. Right now. This book was meant for me and for all my family and friends too. It is powerful. And it explains things. It is about a psalm that is There are six revues in the front of the book and everyone has gone on to buy multiple copies for friends and family. Why? Well, Peggy reveals how this Psalm is the only place in the Bible where all God's promises of protection – against plague, violence, entrapment and even demonic attack etc - are brought together. We can dwell 'in the shadow of the Almighty' because His faithfulness can be our 'shield and rampart'. Verse 2 is a wonderful way that we can respond IN FAITH! The book is in three sections. The second section is full of testimonies of people who have indeed experienced God's faithfulness The first interprets each verse and reveals the power of faith to believe each promise in the Psalm. in His promises. The final short section personalises the Psalm by leaving spaces for your or other people's names. I first read this book when we were in Exmouth and commended Psalm 91 and the book to many people. Just recently I obtained another copy and have been greatly blessed by discovering it again. I too have bought additional copies to share such good news especially in a time when there is uncertainty, even fear (Chapter 11: No Plague Comes Near My Family). Bill MacKenzie 1 Corinthians 13 for a pandemic We can have all the best technology, fantastic preachers and music that doesn't lag or jump, but if we don't love We can talk all the good sense in the world, know all the risks and have faith enough that God will stop this virus in its tracks(and He does), but if we don't love, we've got nothing. we're nothing but electronic feedback or an unmuted attempt at singing on zoom. We can spend our days shopping for others and our nights on the phone to the lonely and isolated until we're run ragged and exhausted, but if we don't love, we've got nowhere. Love does not delight in our leader's failings but rejoices with the truth. Love waits patiently 2 metres away in the supermarket, love is kind to those who feel forgotten, it does not envy the furloughed or take pride in its status as a 'key worker', it doesn't blame others for the virus's spread or seek to make money from other people's misfortune. It doesn't get angry at its rights being taken away nor does it keep records of its neighbours breaking lock-down. It always protects, always trusts, always hopes, always perseveres. Love never fails. For now we see but through a screen darkly, then we will see face to face. This virus will mutate or die. Church will change – as it has before and will do again. Scientific knowledge will move on leaving what we have now in the dust. For now we may only see in part but that doesn't mean we have a partial gospel and one day we shall see the full picture. Before this pandemic we knew nothing of R-rates, social distancing and lock-down, now we know better and have put our past understandings behind us. Now I know in part; then I shall know fully even as I am fully known. And now these three remain: faith, hope and love. But the greatest of these is love. -------------------- Found by Ian James while on holiday Acknowledgement to Carew Methodist Church newsletter, Pembrokeshire Eastnor Autumn Letter 'Here we go again' – as expected we are heading towards another lockdown of one sort or another! Time to see what God can do with us during lockdown times. Are there neighbours we can get to know? Is there a book we can write to encourage people? Shall we get back the skill of letter writing? The loneliest folk may also be without internet and really out of the internet loop; they would LOVE a letter, on nice paper – most of us have some somewhere! What about contacting the local care home about a 'pen pal'? I am writing to myself as well as you – lots of these things I have still not done. We have rejoiced to share the Lord's supper again at Eastnor and a good number attended, we also sung 'Happy Birthday' to Hilda, our organist, who still faithfully attends, although organ music is not allowed at present. Our first stage of the renovation has been completed and the scaffolding came down early in September. The weathervane cockerel gleams in the sunshine now that it, along with the clock face, has been regilded. The tower committee are now turning their attention to getting faculty and plans complete for the remining work such as the video, the kitchenette, the loo, and the window repairs. The committee have worked so hard and done an excellent job so far. Meanwhile the church bats are making themselves very much at home; we thank Ruth, our cleaner, for coping with the aftermath. Thought for the week - If Jesus was walking through this area this week, where would He be, what would He be doing and who would he stop to talk to? He dwells in us. We are His presence, are we in those same places with those same people? Walk with God through the coming months – He is always with us, even through Covid and He is always at work. May we know His presence and hear His guiding voice. Rev Joan www.eastnorchurch.org.uk The Star Thrower A man was walking on the beach one day and noticed a boy who was reaching down, picking up a starfish and throwing it into the ocean. As he approached, he called out, "Hello! What are you doing?" The boy looked up and said, "I'm throwing starfish into the ocean." "Why are you throwing starfish into the ocean?" asked the man. "The tide stranded them. If I don't throw them in the water before the sun comes up, they'll die" came the answer. "Surely you realise that there are miles of beach and thousands of starfish. You'll never throw them all back, there are too many. You can't possibly make a difference". The boy listened politely, then picked up another starfish. As he threw it back into the sea, he said, "It made a difference for that one." The Starthrower Foundation exists in Haiti to provide educational opportunities for teens and young adults whose parents have died. ---- Making a difference one life at a time ---- Thomas Merton was an American Catholic writer and mystic Trappist monk of the Abbey of Gethsemene. He was ordained to the priesthood in 1949 and given the name Father Louis. Thomas Merton's Prayer - A Prayer that Anyone can Pray "My Lord God, I have no idea where I am going. I do not see the road ahead of me. I cannot know for certain where it will end. Nor do I really know myself and the fact that I think I am following your will does not mean that I am actually doing so. But I believe that the desire to please you does in fact please you. And I hope that I have that desire in all that I am doing. I hope that I will never do anything apart from that desire. And I know that if I do this you will lead me by the right road, though I may know nothing about it. Therefore will I trust you always, though I may seem to be lost and in the shadow of death. I will not fear, for you are ever with me, and you will never leave me to face my perils alone." Max andThe Market It is a joy to see the return of the Friday Market in the Burgage Hall. The hall is re-organised to comply with restrictions in a great way and I am particularly happy to see all the lovely cut flowers on offer as, due to the fact that our garden is described by Tom Grant as "The smallest garden I have ever seen" I use the market as my weekly 'cutting garden'! I bought some particularly delicious Challah bread last week alongside a large bag of purple basil (My efforts to grow this herb in a pot being constantly thwarted by some insect/creature.) Max always has some fresh dressed crab on his stall and I have been making this crab dish as a fishy treat. It is rich, so a gratin dish would serve four for lunch/supper with delicious bread and salad leaves alongside, or it will easily fill six ramekin dishes as a starter. Crab Gratin 335g. butter Small onion or banana shallot finely chopped Half a teaspoon cayenne pepper 1tablespoon flour 100 ml milk 75ml dry cider 250ml double cream 2 teaspoons mustard Freshly grated nutmeg and lemon juice to taste 2 dressed crabs 35g grated cheddar 30g fresh breadcrumbs 1 tablespoon chopped parsley Preheat oven to 190c gas mark 5. Cook over a medium heat until the onion is soft but not browned. Melt butter in pan and add onion. Add cayenne and flour and stir to make a roux. Take off heat and add mustard nutmeg and lemon juice. Slowly add milk and cider stirring constantly. Add cream and simmer. Spread the crab into the dish, with the brown meat underneath. Bake for about 15/20 minutes, until top is nice and golden. Pour over the cream mixture and sprinkle on the cheese, breadcrumbs and parsley. SECRETARY'S SCRIBBLES Your PCC met again towards the end of September. Some possible help is on the horizon. As part of its recovery plan from the Covid-19 outbreak the government has allocated funding to Historic England. This is intended to provide work for conservation-grade craftsmen and -women to prevent their skills being lost. The Church of England will be bidding for some of that money to use on church and cathedral projects. As a major church we have been asked to bid for some of it. We considered how best to achieve our plans for the various capital projects that we have on the go. It is a constant task to keep a church as old as ours in good repair so that it can continue to be used by this and future generations for the worship and proclamation of God. Those of you around the church on 21 September may have noticed steeplejacks up the spire. They were there to assess the work needed to make the spire watertight, which it isn't at present. This may form part of our bid for funding. The 2019 Annual Report and Accounts was printed in time for our earlier attempt to hold the APCM, which had to be postponed because of lockdown. Paper copies will be made available in the church, but it will also be posted on the church website. Finally, for those of you, like me, who cannot wait for the Annual Parochial Church Meeting, the PCC has agreed that it will be held on Thursday 15 October. We will meet in the church to allow for social distancing. The date is, of course, subject to any changes that may be made to government policy on meetings and the like and to any changes in advice from the diocese. Andrew Beech Treasurer's Report Last November the PCC agreed a revised budget for the church. Events since March have meant that we needed to tear up that budget and start again and at its September meeting the PCC agreed a revised budget for the General Fund and looked at the impact of our maintenance plans on our maintenance reserves. The projection for the general fund was that, if offerings from the congregation are more or less the same as in 2019, a reasonable estimate is that we should be able to cover our running costs and minor maintenance up to the end of 2021 even with income from other sources reduced. However there would be no surplus for other projects. When charitable giving is taken into account there will be a small deficit. When we looked at the impact of major maintenance on our maintenance reserves, we could see that if we undertook all the maintenance in the Fabric Sub Committee schedule and received no grants we will have spent all our maintenance reserves by the end of 2022. However I have to say that there are so many uncertainties that the one certainty is that the budget for the general fund is likely not to be an accurate prediction! For example we don't know if there will be further restrictions on our movements, or what events we may or may not be able to hold. We don't know if we will be faced with expensive running repairs, such as last year's repair to the heating. We don't even know whether we will have a cold or mild winter. So what does the general fund budget do? The first thing to say is that it is not a strait jacket. If there are new ministries or activities we feel God wants us to take on we shouldn't say we can't do it because it is not in the budget. However, it is a tool we can use in looking at the impact on our finances – are we receiving or spending more or less than we predicted? Does it look as if we will have spare funds? The second thing is that it lets us identify where things are costing more or less than we thought they should. Should we be looking at trimming costs in some areas and expanding in others? Should we be asking ourselves to prayerfully consider our giving? On maintenance, you will be aware that the Fabric Sub Committee is working hard to access any grant funding available – more forms to fill in! Also the figures we have are the best estimate at present – when we get quotes they may be more or less than we thought. And an old building like ours is good at throwing up unwelcome maintenance surprises… However it does look as if when we consider the plans for reordering the building we will need also to look at external funding. Cath Beech How firm a foundation, you saints of the Lord, Is laid for your faith in His excellent Word! What more can He say than to you He has said, To you who for refuge to Jesus have fled? "Fear not, I am with you, O be not dismayed; For I am your God, and will still give you aid; I'll strengthen you, help you, and cause you to stand, Upheld by my righteous, omnipotent hand. "When through the deep waters I call you to go, The rivers of sorrow shall not overflow; For I will be with you, your troubles to bless, And sanctify to you your deepest distress. "When through fiery trials your pathway shall lie, My grace, all-sufficient, shall be your supply; The flame shall not hurt you; I only design Your dross to consume and your gold to refine. "E'en down to old age all my people shall prove My sovereign, eternal, unchangeable love; And then, when grey hair shall their temples adorn, Like lambs they shall still in my bosom be borne. "The soul that on Jesus has leaned for repose, I will not, I will not desert to his foes; That soul, though all hell should endeavour to shake, I'll never, no never, no never forsake." This encouraging hymn is included at the request of Julia Warren and seems a good note to end this month's magazine on. If you would like to advertise in this magazine, please contact Helen on 01531 634 543 Email email@example.com Church Officers Assistant Churchwardens: Sue Simpson, Peter Tattersall, Richard Thursby Office Secretary: Sarah Williams (Tel. 01531 631 531, Email: firstname.lastname@example.org) For further information ring the church office or look on the church web site(www.ledburyparishchurch.org.uk) Contributions for the November magazine must reach Helen by 18 th October at the latest. Helen I'Anson (telephone: 01531 634 543 email: email@example.com) and will be published at the beginning of November. If you know of anyone who you think might be interested in what the church is doing, especially if for some reason they are unable to get to church, please take a copy of the magazine for them. This is your magazine. If you have any thing you would like to contribute such as an answer to prayer or a suggestion for an article, please contact the editor for the month.	<urn:uuid:f32ab5cf-d577-4b3a-be39-aecf57d6cebd>	HuggingFaceFW/finepdfs/tree/main/data/eng_Latn/train	finepdfs	eng_Latn	38,715
Antrag zur Änderung des Bebauungsplans B 1206 der Stadt Wuppertal Ziel und Zweck der Planung Auf den zusammenliegenden Grundstücken zwischen der Hatzfelder-, Carnaper- und Schützenstraße in Wuppertal - Barmen befinden sich derzeit größtenteils leerstehende, ehemals industriell genutzte Gebäude. Der nördliche Bereich des Grundstücks wird derzeit von Lidl (Bestandsschutz) mit einer Verkaufsfläche von rund 799 m² zzgl. 38 m² Bäckerei genutzt, im Osten des Grundstücks befindet sich ein Aldi Markt mit ca. 799 m² Verkaufsfläche mit vorgelagerter Tankstelle. Die insgesamt rund 35.700 m² Grundstücksfläche mit unterschiedlichen Eigentümern, sollen einer neuen Nutzung zugeführt werden. Die Firma Kleinpoppen Projekte plant hier den Erwerb der Grundstücke und die Entwicklung eines Möbelvollsortiments mit einer maximalen Verkaufsfläche von 28.000 m² zzgl. Lager. Der Möbelvollsortimenter selbst wird folgende Sortimente führen: Nicht-zentrenrelevant: Möbel, Küchen, Bettwaren (inkl. Matratzen & Lattenroste) Teppiche, Farben, Tapeten, Bodenbeläge, Haus- und Heimtextilien, Gardinen, Rollos, Markisen (inkl. Zubehör), Lampen, Leuchten, Bilder, Bilderrahmen, Kinderwagen Zentrenrelevant: Haushaltswaren, Glas, Porzellan, Keramik, Babyausstattung (inkl. Hygiene, Spielwaren) und ggf. weitere Servicebereiche wie Bäcker oder Kiosk. Die zentrenrelevanten Randsortimente werden auf max. 10 % der Verkaufsfläche begrenzt und übersteigen auch die im Grundsatz 6 des sachlichen Teilplans „Großflächiger Einzelhandel“ aus dem LEP NRW festgelegten 2.500 m² nicht. Die städtebaulichen Auswirkungen eines solchen Möbelhausvorhabens auf die Barmer Innenstadt und andere Zentrale Versorgungsbereiche im Einzugsgebiet werden von der BBE Handelsberatung untersucht. Darüber hinaus soll die Nahversorgungssituation im Bereich Schützenstrasse neugeordnet werden. Ziel ist, die Umsiedlung und gleichzeitige Erweiterung des derzeit bestehenden Lidl-Marktes von der Hatzfelder Str. an einen siedlungsintegrierten Standort im Bereich der Schützenstraße. Durch die Aufgabe des Aldi-Marktes an der Schützenstraße wird sich die Verkaufsfläche für Lebensmittel trotz der Erweiterung des Lidl-Marktes zukünftig reduzieren. Der Lidl-Markt wird ca. 90 % nahversorgungsrelevante und max. 10% zentrenrelevante Sortimente führen. Des zu entwickelnden verkehrlichen Erschließungskonzeptes liegt eine Anzahl von 647 Stellplätzen davon 269 oberirdisch, davon ca. 120 für den Lidl-Markt und 378 Stellplätze in einem ebenfalls auf dem Grundstück geplanten Parkhaus, zu Grunde. Ungefähr 150 dieser Parkhausstellplätze werden voraussichtlich an die Wuppertaler Stadtwerke (WSW) vermietet. Hintergrund ist der Umbau des WSW Gebäudes und der dafür nachzuweisenden, erforderlichen Stellplätze. Es sollen zukünftig ebenfalls die Verkehrssituation inkl. Prognosefall an den verschiedenen Knotenpunkten entlang der Carnapera Straße sowie die derzeitige Straßenführung und eventuelle Verbesserungsmöglichkeiten geprüft werden. Mit freundlichen Grüßen i. A. Nico Schawohl Kleinpoppen-Projekte Projektentwickler Villa Lindenhof Neuenhofer Str. 39 • 42657 Solingen Tel: +49 - 212 - 20 86 30 Fax: +49 - 212 - 20 87 66 Hauptanschrift email@example.com www.kleinpoppen-projekte.de	<urn:uuid:fbfa3d9c-3708-4846-aacb-3230521d68cd>	HuggingFaceFW/finepdfs/tree/main/data/deu_Latn/train	finepdfs	deu_Latn	3,242
Terremoto. Nelle tendopoli dell'Emilia rimangono gli immigrati MARTEDÌ 04 SETTEMBRE 2012 Laurea On Line 5 facoltà senza test di ammissione con e-Campus. Contattaci ora! www.uniecampus.it Mentre si smantellano le ultime strutture provvisorie, l'80% degli ospiti è straniero. Protezione Civile: "Sistemeremo tutti entro l'autunno" Roma - 4 settembre 2012 - Si svuotano le tendopoli allestite in Emilia per la prima accoglienza dopo il sisma dello scorso maggio, ma gli ultimi a lasciarle sono gli immigrati. Tra le province di Bologna, Modena e Reggio Emilia erano stati sistemati circa 15mila sfollati. Ad oggi nelle tendopoli ne rimangono 3.327. "Gli stranieri sono circa l'80%, i bambini under 14 sono 624, mentre gli anziani over 65 sono 202" spiega oggi il neodirettore della Protezione Civile dell'Emilia Romagna Maurizio Mainetti. "Stiamo procedendo con la fase di riduzione e accorpamento dei campi - prosegue Mainetti - mantenendo l'obiettivo di sistemare tutti entro l'autunno". Un obiettivo che si raggiungerà anche trovando case in affitto o montando dei moduli abitativi. Privi di seconde abitazioni e di una rete familiare a cui appoggiarsi, gli immigrati subiscono in maniera particolare l'emergenza. Proprio per agevolare quanti a causa del terromoto hanno perso casa e lavoro, e quindi anche i requsiti per rimanere in Italia, la durata dei permessi di soggiorno in scadenza è stata prorogata di dodici mesi. Vuoi Aiuto Per Gli Esami? Ti Aiutiamo Noi! Scegli Cepu™. Informati Subito Sui Nostri Corsi. www.cepu.it	<urn:uuid:ff6ce098-6225-45ac-a088-9d207fb7cd3b>	HuggingFaceFW/finepdfs/tree/main/data/ita_Latn/train	finepdfs	ita_Latn	1,539
CHAPTER XIV 1847–48 DEATH OF MY FATHER—VISIT OF THE QUEEN AND PRINCE CONSORT TO INVERARAY—BANQUET TO LORD DALHOUSIE—LITERARY WORK It was in the middle of this time of economic difficulties and anxieties that I succeeded to the dukedom and estates, by my father’s death in April, 1847. A man of sweeter nature than my father never breathed. I have already indicated some elements in my own mind and education which I have derived from him. They did not belong to the sphere of either literature or politics, but they did belong to a sphere much more important. He indoctrinated me deeply with the love of science, in the highest acceptation of that word. The lesson he taught of a supreme regard for accuracy in all observation and in all work was a lesson inseparably connected with that supreme love of truth for its own sake which I have at least desired to cultivate, and which I regard as an inheritance from him. Soon after my succession to the family estates, a friend of mine, who was a great agricultural improver, and an excellent judge of the value of land, offered to buy the island of Tiree, at a price which represented an income of £1,400 a year. As my returns from the estate were then nil, this offer was pecuniarily a great temptation. But I declined the transaction, influenced largely by my reluctance to diminish still further the family estates, and also by my liking for the island, ever since I had seen its charms in the summer of 1840, when I was enchanted with its wealth of sky and sea, its long, beautiful bays of pure white sand, its rich pastures, its air ringing with the song of skylarks, its multitude of corn-crakes, whose curious cry I have always loved, and its rocks full of shining crystals of felspar and hornblende. Besides all this, I felt sure that the new proprietor would deal rather too summarily with the excessive population. I considered that although in a sense that overpopulation was the fault of the people, it was also in a sense the fault of my predecessors. If they had kept watch, and had fully enforced the rules of the estate against subdivision, the evil would not have arisen. On the whole, therefore, I considered it my duty to continue my connection of ownership with the estate and people, and to deal with the problem of overpopulation by such voluntary emigration as I could persuade the people to adopt, and by such permanent rules of management as would compel the idle or incompetent to make way for others. For this purpose I instructed my local agents to turn out no tenant who continued to pay those reasonable rents which had been determined a good deal by custom, founded on the stock which each possession could support, and in all cases to add any holdings vacated to the nearest neighbour who could manage an enlarged holding. I instructed them never to put up vacated crofts to competition. I thus sacrificed the higher rents which men might be tempted to offer, but I laid the foundation for larger and more comfortable farms and an improved class of tenants. This system was steadily pursued for forty years, when it was arrested, if not wholly stopped, by the Crofter Act. Fortunately, however, it had been in operation so long that it had already secured such an improved condition of the people that no distress has ever since afflicted that island, whilst other islands of the Hebrides have had seasons of sore distress when public subscriptions were required to relieve them. On my father's death, we broke up the establishment at Inveraray, and retired to our own quiet house at Rosneath, where we remained until the autumn, when we were anxious to have a change, and arranged with the Sutherlands to visit them at Dunrobin. Our plan was to join the Duke, who then had a yacht, at Portree in Skye, and to go with him by sea to Lochinver, on the west coast of his county. From that point we were to post by land across the county to Dunrobin. Some time before we started, we heard a vague report that the Queen might possibly visit the west coast of Scotland, and that, if so, Her Majesty might wish to see Inveraray. It was, however, a mere rumour, which we did not think very probable. We therefore carried out our plan, by taking the public steamer from Oban to Portree. As far as the Point of Ardnamurchan, this passage was well known to me, but beyond that point it was all new. We were delighted with the scenery, and at one spot, between Skye and the mainland, near the mouth of Loch Hourn, we saw an effect of light and shadow on the sea and on some boats which has remained in my memory ever since as the most beautiful thing of the kind I have ever seen. We reached Portree late at night, but were soon on board the Ondine schooner yacht, where we found the Duke of Sutherland. Next morning we were off at daybreak, and on coming on deck I found we were sailing fast before a fair wind past the beautiful and very peculiar mountains of Western Ross and Sutherland. We reached Lochinver early in the day, and I was delighted with a form and structure of Highland scenery the like of which I had never seen before. But hardly had we been settled for more than a day in Assynt, when the post brought us letters from the Duchess of Sutherland to say that the rumour about the Queen was no longer doubtful, but that it had been settled that Her Majesty was to visit the West of Scotland, and wished to see Inveraray. There was nothing for us to do but to retrace our steps as fast as we could. We embarked again in the Ondine, and were wafted back to Portree, where we caught the steamer for Oban, and drove post-haste to Inveraray. We heard that the Queen’s time could not afford more than a mere call, rather than a visit, and that Her Majesty could only spend some two or three hours at Inveraray. This, of course, limited our reception duties to a luncheon and a drive. But we had no establishment at all at that moment, and hardly knew how we could meet the occasion. From all difficulties on this head, however, we were speedily relieved by the unfailing affection and kindness of my dear mother-in-law, who wrote to us that she would come herself with as many servants as could be needed. I gave notice at once to a large number of the county gentlemen, who responded to our invitation to meet the Sovereign with a heartiness which I remember and record with gratitude. They came in large numbers in Highland dress, and made a gallant show. On the 18th of August the Queen’s squadron of five warships and the royal yacht came steaming up the reaches of Loch Fyne, and, with the royal standard flying at the main of the leading vessel, afforded a beautiful sight. The quay was lined by Highland gentlemen, who also stood as a guard round the table at which Her Majesty and the Prince Consort, with the suite, were seated. After luncheon we drove the Queen and Prince, with the Duchess of Sutherland, up Glenshira, thus showing Her Majesty some of our finest trees and avenues and the vistas of a very peculiar and beautiful valley. German Princes know fine woods when they see them. Prince Albert was much struck with our silver firs, which are, indeed, among the very finest in Scotland, many of them exceeding 120 feet in height, with a girth of from 13 to 20 feet. The drive ended at the pier, and there we again to visit the West of Scotland, and wished to see Inverary. There was nothing for us to do but to retrace our steps as far as we could. We embarked again in the steamer, and were well off back to Inveraray, where we caught the steamer for Oban, and drove most home to Inverary. We heard that the Queen's time could not afford more than one or two short visits, and that Her Majesty would only spend some two or three hours at Inverary. This, of course, limited our reception duties to a half-hour at a drive. But we had no expectation at all at that moment, and hardly knew how we were to use the occasion. From all appearances on the day, however, we were speedily relieved, to the great satisfaction and kindness of my dear people, who seemed to be so glad that she would come, that they were sure that no less could be needed. I have the honour to be, your obedient servant, [Signature] The Queen's visit to Inverary was a memorable event in the history of the town. The people of Inverary were overjoyed at the opportunity to meet their queen, whom they remembered with great fondness. They came in large numbers, dressed in Highland dress, and made a gallant show. On the 18th of August, the Queen's squadron of five warships and the royal yacht came steaming up the Sound of Loch Linnhe, and, with the royal standard flying from the mast of the leading vessel, attended a grand reception. The Queen was lined by Highland men, who formed a guard round the table where she sat with the Prince Consort, with the Duchess of Sutherland, and the Princess of Wales. Some of our finest Highlanders were present, and the visitors of a very peculiar character. I cannot know fine Highlanders among them, because it was much too cold for them; indeed, among them were some of the finest Highlanders, exceeding in height from 13 to 20 feet. They were on the pier, and there we again THE TOWN OF INVERARAY, JAN., 1882. From a picture by The Duke of Argyll. The following is a list of the most common types of software that are used in the field of computer science: 1. Operating Systems: These are the programs that manage the hardware and software resources of a computer system. 2. Programming Languages: These are the languages used to write computer programs. 3. Database Management Systems: These are the programs that manage the storage, retrieval, and manipulation of data. 4. Web Development Tools: These are the tools used to create websites and web applications. 5. Graphics Software: These are the programs used to create and edit digital images. 6. Video Editing Software: These are the programs used to edit video footage. 7. Audio Editing Software: These are the programs used to edit audio recordings. 8. CAD (Computer-Aided Design) Software: These are the programs used to create technical drawings and designs. 9. Animation Software: These are the programs used to create animated graphics and videos. 10. Game Development Tools: These are the tools used to create video games. 11. Data Analysis Software: These are the programs used to analyze large amounts of data. 12. Project Management Software: These are the programs used to manage projects and tasks. 13. Collaboration Software: These are the programs used to collaborate with others on projects and tasks. 14. Security Software: These are the programs used to protect computers from viruses and other threats. 15. Virtual Reality Software: These are the programs used to create virtual environments. attended Her Majesty on her re-embarkation, and, with the assembled gentlemen of the county and of the place, wished Her Majesty a prosperous prolongation of her cruise round the western coasts. We had no idea, however, of giving up our visit to Sutherland. We should naturally have taken the route by the Caledonian Canal to Inverness, but the Duchess intended, as usual, to post all the way to Dunrobin, and invited us to travel with her in the same carriage—an offer we joyfully accepted, since to both of us every pleasure in life was made more pleasant by her society. Her abounding vitality, her intense enjoyment in, and quick eye for, beauty of every kind, and, last not least, her affectionate nature, made companionship with her a perpetual delight. To travel in an open carriage through a beautiful country was always a great enjoyment to me, but the enjoyment was doubled under such conditions. We had a very pleasant journey, going to Taymouth the first night, and there renewing the memories of our first meeting five years before. By beautiful Killiecrankie we took the great road to Inverness, and thence to Sutherland, by Dingwall and the shores of the Cromarty Firth. The east coast of Sutherland is another world from the western coast, of which I had only a glimpse at Lochinver. It is hardly Highland in character. The hills are low and rounded, whilst great stretches of level land intervene between them and the sea. But I was delighted with the situation of Dunrobin—perched on the top of an old coast-line, overlooking the open sea, and having below the windows some good trees, with a lovely old-fashioned garden. At night the column of light cast by the moon on such a sea, seen from such an elevation, was really glorious. It is one of the peculiarities of the place, of which my wife had often told me, and I was not disappointed. After a most happy visit in Sutherland for a few weeks, we returned South and rejoined our children at Rosneath. Very soon thereafter I was called upon to discharge a duty which was my first introduction to the public in a new capacity. The occasion was a remarkable one. Among the members of both Houses of Parliament who used to take notice of me when I was a constant attendant at debates in 1841-1843, there was one young man of growing distinction—my cousin, the Earl of Dalhousie. He had always been most kind to me, and we used to have frequent talks for a few minutes at the steps of the throne in the House of Lords when he was Lord Ramsay. He was a valued member of Sir Robert Peel’s Administration, in which he held the important post of President of the Board of Trade, at a time when the great rush of railway enterprise cast upon that department the solution of many difficult problems. In this work he earned a great reputation as a man of business of remarkable ability. When in 1847 the Governor-Generalship of India fell vacant, the Whig Government was antecedently disposed to conciliate the Peelite party, which was then standing by them in defence of Free Trade. They therefore offered this great office to Lord Dalhousie, and he was advised to accept it by all his political friends. Before leaving England it was proposed to give him a banquet in Edinburgh, which men of all parties were to attend. An invitation came to me to be present at this banquet on September 14th, 1847. At first I was disposed to decline the invitation, being then on a visit to my father’s widow at Ardencaple, where I was enjoying the pleasures of memory in the haunts of my boyhood. My wife, however, with a true woman’s instinct, strongly urged me to go, and I went. When I repaired to an office where the tickets were issued, my extremely youthful appearance led to some questions being put to me, and on giving my name I saw the surprise excited. I was, however, assigned a place at the banquet next to Lord Dalhousie, and at his right hand. The chairman was the Duke of Buccleuch. It was an immense assemblage. It included men of all parties in the State, although, perhaps, the Conservative element predominated, since Lord Dalhousie had, as Lord Ramsay, been well known in Edinburgh during his contests for the seat. The dining-tables stretched across a great hall from one platform to another, and faces at either end were barely recognisable from the other. The duty assigned to me was to respond to the toast of 'The House of Lords.' Ordinarily this is a formal toast, and my very recent succession to the peerage would have made it natural for me to treat it formally and as shortly as possible. Yet I felt this to be impossible. I liked Lord Dalhousie, and I was really somewhat excited by the success of the only relation of my mother's who had come across my observation in the paths of public life. On the other hand, if I diverged from the task assigned to me, I was in danger of trespassing on the 'toast of the evening' and forestalling the duty of the chairman. Great audiences, expecting important speeches as the main business of the day, are apt to be impatient of preliminary formalities. I felt that nothing would save me from a position of some awkwardness except success. What I did say I must say well, so that the execution should cover what might be open to criticism in the design. I was therefore very nervous before rising, but when I sat down I was greatly encouraged by the kind applause with which my short speech* * [Note by Editor.—The conclusion of the speech alluded to is here inserted. After replying to the toast of 'The House of Lords,' the Duke, addressing the chairman, said: 'And now, my Lord Duke, having discharged, however imperfectly, the duty which has been imposed upon me by the position I have the honour to hold, I trust I may be allowed to take up another task more grateful to my own feelings. I trust I may be allowed to add my humble voice of sincere and hearty congratulation to one whom I am proud to call my noble friend was received, but still more so when Lord Dalhousie, turning to me, said: 'Well, Argyll, you see you have won a great success. Allow me to give you one word of advice. Don't be in a hurry to speak when you go to the House, and don't speak too often. But when any question comes up which you feel you really understand, and on which you have something really to say, step out into the debate and join in it, and then by the time I come back from India I'll find you high enough.' and kinsman, on the occasion which we are met to celebrate to-night. To be deemed capable of the government of British India by a man's own political party is an honour and a distinction of no mean kind. But to be judged, not by his own party, but by all parties, by the universal acclamations of all his countrymen—this is the honour enjoyed by my noble friend to-night. Nor would I omit to congratulate my noble friend on the nature of that appointment in itself. Of all the offices connected with the government of this great Empire and of its vast dependencies, there is none, in my opinion, to be compared with this. My noble friend does not go out, as another eminent Scotsman has lately done (Lord Elgin as Governor-General of Canada), to preside over a people instinct with the energies of the Saxon race, whose progress nothing can impede and no individual exertions can well accelerate. He does not go out to the task—more difficult, as it seems to me, than pleasing—of endeavouring to reconcile the forms and principles of monarchical government with the democratic tendencies of a great rising colony. In India we rule over a people inferior to ourselves, indeed, in knowledge, civilization and religion, but equal to ourselves, I do believe, in all the capabilities of human improvement—moral, political, social, and religious—a people full of the splendid germs of Eastern genius and intellect. It is with them that the influence of the great and good among us may bear glorious fruit. My noble friend leaves his own country with the blessings and the prayers of all who know him. We trust he will return to it again with the blessings and the prayers of those millions over whom he is now called to rule.'] After the banquet I returned to Rosneath, where I spent the rest of the autumn and all the winter at our happy and beautiful home. This seems the fitting place to mention a subject to which I need not recur. I succeeded to the estates under conditions of considerable difficulty. My uncle had left a large debt, which my father had not been able to diminish. Under these circumstances, I had to live at a very moderate rate of expenditure, especially as I determined to carry on all improvements out of revenue, and not out of loans chargeable on the estate. In this rather difficult struggle I was heartily seconded by my wife, to whom in this matter I owe a tribute of gratitude. At the opening of the session of 1848 we went up to town, and I took my seat in the House of Lords as Baron Sundridge, an English barony which had been conferred on my grandfather, the name being that of a village in Kent near a place—Coombe Bank—which had belonged to his brother, Lord Frederick Campbell. This was my formal title in the House of Lords, and under this name, during thirty years, I was always called to speak by the Clerk at the Table. On taking my seat, I was somewhat puzzled where to sit. Parties are less rigidly separated in the Lords than in the Commons; but, still, I did not wish to sit on the Whig side of the House. Although a Peelite, I had a great respect and admiration for Lord Derby, and, rather for the sake of being sufficiently near to hear him well, I took my first seat immediately behind him. The cordiality of his reception when he saw me convinced me that he put an interpretation upon my doing this which I by no means intended. Thereafter I drew off, and tried the cross-benches. But I felt at once that it would be impossible to speak with any comfort from that position, which is the worst in the House. I therefore settled on what is called the 'Duke's bench,' next the Woolsack, on the left of the Throne. That is the bench on which I have sat all my life, except, of course, when in office. There I found, an invariable occupant of it, the Earl of Aberdeen, and thus, from sitting constantly beside him, I formed an intimate friendship, which till his death was one of the happinesses of my life. There was no man in the House against whom I had originally a greater prejudice. I had attributed to him more than to any other the catastrophe of the disruption of the Church of Scotland. I had a general notion that he was what the Scots call a 'dour' man—obstinate and narrow-minded. This impression melted away like snow in a thaw when I came to know him personally. He was, indeed, silent and reserved, but his voice, when he did speak, was unmistakably the voice of sincerity and truth. With an immense knowledge of men and of affairs, he possessed penetrating observation, with the calmest and most measured judgment. There was an indefinable charm in him which stole upon me, gradually at first, but which took entire possession of me at last. Absolute sincerity and truthfulness of character was the fundamental note in a perfect harmony. I became strongly attached to him, and I was gratified to find that he liked me. Mindful of Dalhousie's advice, I did not speak at all for several months. My first speech was on the Bill for the admission of Jews to Parliament, by exempting them from that part of the Parliamentary oath which invoked 'the true faith of a Christian.' This Bill had been repeatedly passed by the Commons, and always thrown out by the Lords. It was a very unfavourable opportunity for me, because I could not be enthusiastic either way. I had some difficulty in making up my mind how to vote. There were several arguments on both sides which I rejected altogether. Arnold's opinions had not been without influence upon me. Although a Liberal—almost a Radical—on most questions, he had been an eager opponent of this concession. I had never, indeed, accepted Arnold's doctrine of the identity of Church and State. But, on the other hand, I had not submitted to the axiom that, under no circumstances, had the State a right to make religious faith a condition of the highest rights of citizenship. Neither could I admit Macaulay's dictum that Christianity had no more to do with legislation than with 'cobbling.' I felt and saw that our noble system of laws was founded on the teachings of Christianity. So far, therefore, I was in favour of Arnold's pleas for exclusion. On the other hand, I felt that, practically, theological arguments had become alien to the work of legislation, and that the banishment of these from debates was due mainly to the divisions of Christians between themselves, so that a small element of Jewish members would practically make no difference in the matter. I was therefore in favour of leaving constituencies free to exercise their own judgment as to the religion of their members. It is needless to say that this was a position unfavourable to effective speaking, because unfavourable to the energy of strong convictions. My speech was therefore short, but it was real as far as it went; it was fairly well delivered, and it made, on the whole, a favourable impression on the House. The year 1848 was the year of the fall of the French monarchy and of an epidemic of revolutionary violence over almost the whole of Europe. Every throne was shaken except our own and those of Russia and Belgium. The Chartists thought they could imitate the Continental mobs, and had the folly to announce a mass meeting on Kennington Common for the 10th of April. The Duke of Wellington knew how to take advantage of the tactical mistake which placed the Thames and its bridges between the mob and their objective, the Houses of Parliament and offices of Government. He had troops concealed everywhere where they could possibly be required; but the vapouring fool who led the mob—Fergus O'Connor—flinched from any contest. The whole thing turned out a ridiculous fiasco. The alarm had been so great that an immense number of the well-to-do classes had offered their services to the Government as special constables, and were drilled in squads in various convenient places. One incident occurred which was very comical to me. My old travelling friend, the doctor, was in London, and was one of those who volunteered. He was tall and thin, with weak legs, which could hardly have stood in a scrimmage with the mob. On the drill-ground he found himself alongside of a very short man with an immense nose, and small, cunning-looking eyes. On inquiry, he found to his surprise that this ugly little man was Prince Louis Napoleon, at that time only known by his grotesque invasion of France with a captive eagle, but who was destined, before the year was ended, to be the elected President of the new French Republic, with his foot evidently planted on the steps of an imperial throne. We did not leave our quiet home at Rosneath during the earlier months of the year, and it was difficult in the peacefulness of its woods and waters, and in sight of the calm outlines of its 'everlasting hills,' to realize the noise of the voices outside and the tumults of the people. But when we went to town there were two figures which, owing to the Revolutions, passed across my stage of vision, and which remain impressed upon my memory. One was the old exiled King, Louis Philippe; the other was the young Prince Frederick, eldest son of the Crown Prince of Prussia. The first of these I saw when we went with the Duchess of Sutherland to pay our respects to him at Claremont. It is curious what an atmosphere of sorrow envelops certain places which have been the scene of some peculiarly mournful death. The Princess Charlotte had died at Claremont in 1817—six years before I was born, and ten years before I could well have really understood the universal mourning which that tragic death had caused. And yet it is a fact that I did remember the bated breath with which, in my childhood, I had heard my father and other relatives speak of that cruel blow to a nation's love and to a nation's hopes. A splendid and most pathetic sermon of Dr. Chalmers—read in somewhat later years—had no doubt left its effect upon me. And so it was that, when I went to Claremont, I was a great deal more curious to see the house and place than to see the old exile to whom the still living husband of the Princess Charlotte, King Leopold, had assigned it as a refuge. The ex-King received us very courteously. But he was a most unimpressive old man. His personal history had indeed been an honourable one. He had supported himself through many years of poverty and exile, and as King he had at least committed no conspicuous fault. But I confess I could not help looking at him as the son and representative of that Égalité of the Revolution who had had the baseness to vote for the death of his cousin, King Louis XVI. I could not wish success to a dynasty with such a terrible blot on its escutcheon. His Queen was as full of dignity and distinction in her manners and in her face as he was deficient in both. The other figure I have referred to as one which I encountered at this time was of a very different type. Nowhere had lawless mobs been more violent than in Berlin. The reigning King was a well-meaning but a weak and impulsive man, bending before every wind that blew. In moments of revolution, when authority is at an end and anarchy reigns supreme, every constituted Government must depend on its armed force. And the military were marched into Berlin. But just when they were called upon to act, the King gave way, and they were ordered to retire before an armed mob. Of course the whole army felt it bitterly. Young Prince Frederick, the second heir to the throne, full of the spirit of his profession—nowhere more proud and sensitive than in Prussia—was one of the officers who thought themselves exposed to a dishonour. He came to England, and I was presented to him at a large party at Stafford House. He was then a beautiful youth, with a charming countenance and the most noble aspect. Of course I spoke to him sympathetically, because all the world was wondering at and deploring the weakness of his uncle. I found that the young Prince could hardly speak of it. He told me—and a soldier could say no more—that he felt inclined to break his sword. This is the last symbol of a military humiliation. Among our first guests after we established ourselves at Inveraray were the Earl of Ellesmere, with his wife and daughters. His society was one of my greatest pleasures, partly from the strong affection between him and my wife, but not less on account of my own appreciation of his many charming qualities. Full of poetry and of art, with an intense love of Nature and of the natural sciences, he had that pleasant element of wonder which, if it sometimes tends a little to credulity, is not only natural, but legitimate in creatures such as we are, 'moving about in worlds not realized'—creatures that must be perpetually stupid if they do not habitually wonder. At that time he was much excited about the unabated chaos of the Continental Revolutions. The enlightened course he took in supporting Sir Robert Peel, when so many deserted him, showed that he was no old-fashioned Tory. But he hated mob rule, as every man ought to hate it, and I well recollect his first observation to me after entering our door: 'It seems to me that the devil has got a lease of the world.' However, we soon escaped from the odious spectacle then presented by politics on the Continent. It happened to be a glorious autumn in the Highlands. Ellesmere was enchanted by our woods and waters. By a happy circumstance, too, the upper reaches of Loch Fyne were then, as often in those days, visited by an immense shoal of herring, which brought a large fleet—almost 100 boats—to catch them. The sails of this large fleet, as they unmoored from the creeks and stole out to set their nets in the sunset lights, were really a vision of glory, and it was a great pleasure to me to see the intense enjoyment of it in the large, dark, contemplative eyes of 'Uncle Francis.' I could not help observing in him one curious example of the power of association. The scenery of Argyllshire is widely different from that of the northern counties. It is much greener, more wooded, less predominantly heathery or rocky. Ellesmere had an eye too highly cultivated not to appreciate the more fertile but less familiar aspect of our south-western coasts. But there was one drive near Inveraray which for several miles was almost destitute of trees, whilst the pastoral surfaces were comparatively poor. He saw at once the greater likeness to his native Sutherland, and one gnarled oak-stem, twisting its crooked way from out of the splintered fragments of a huge rock, seemed to give him more lively pleasure than all the splendid beeches and chestnuts of which we were specially proud. But the years 1847 and 1848 produced other fruits in my life than those hitherto mentioned. It then became a habit with me, which has never been wholly abandoned, to have some literary work on hand, lying behind, as it were, all other avocations, and occupying very often a large portion of my thoughts, even in the midst of pleasures and amusements. Then, also, I acquired a power and habit of abstraction which enabled me during my whole life to dispense entirely with any separate room for my own study, even when actually writing. I always wrote in the same room in which my wife sat with her children. My work of composition, so far as thinking is concerned, was carried on at all times and all seasons, and the actual writing was accomplished with ease in the quiet evenings which we generally enjoyed in a retired country life. I never could set myself down alone, to work at anything for a definite time. My mind had the habit of being steeped in some one subject of recurring contemplation, and very often while fishing or shooting, or simply enjoying beautiful scenery, I have found myself busy thinking how best to express some unobserved distinction or to convey some important argument. I was never disturbed by hearing family conversation, but I would have been disturbed, on the contrary, if I had been left alone. I mention this feature in my intellectual and literary work because I rather think it is peculiar. It accounts for my having repeatedly written on subjects which seemed remote from my better-known pursuits. I have no boast to make of it as a method, because it was never deliberately adopted as such. On the contrary, I have often wondered at and envied the power possessed by many men of sitting down at a given hour and spending a given time upon some definite literary work, and then dismissing it from their minds till the hour returns. But I see that my own looser habit had at least some great advantages. I was never under any temptation to write for writing’s sake—to fill up a given time and a given number of pages—which is known as ‘padding.’ I am not conscious of having written a single line merely to fill up space, or to serve any other purpose than the expression of some definite idea, contributing to the understanding of the subject in hand. This is an invaluable result, especially in all writings of a controversial kind, because it tends to keep up the impression of truthfulness and sincerity, upon which all persuasiveness absolutely depends. I have introduced this subject here, not only because of its importance as a biographical detail, but because I have now to explain my first appearance as an author in any form more serious than a pamphlet. Ever since my reading and reflections on the questions raised by the Reformation in Scotland—that is, for more than seven years—I had realized that those questions were far wider than the mere local controversy in which I had felt called upon to engage. Those questions cut deep into the largest of all subjects—namely, the nature and constitution of the Church of Christ. The air of those years was full of movement, and even of excitement, upon questions which all ultimately turned on that fundamental problem. I have already mentioned the interest I felt in the peculiar views of Arnold. When Gladstone published his book on Church and State, I began reading it with eagerness, and then dropped it with something very like disgust. Its narrow Anglicanism was what struck me most. High-sounding general principles tied down to purely provincial applications; those principles pleaded just in so far as they might cover the particular Church to which the writer belonged, and then abandoned when they would cover the case of any community other than his own—this was all I saw in that celebrated book. In 1845 I had seen the author of it resigning his seat in Peel’s Government because he could not by his vote support his own principles. Then I had watched from the beginning the progress of the Oxford Movement, noting especially that its central idea was a theory on the nature and authority of the Church which differed from that of Rome in nothing except in the absence of a central authority or head. I had watched the secessions to Rome which carried off so many leaders of the Movement, and I had wondered why this was wondered at. It was a book by a certain Bishop Sage, written in this sense, which fired the train that had long been laid in my mind, ready to catch when some spark should fall upon it. I had an inborn tendency to write, and throughout life I have found it to be a most powerful instrument of self-education. We cannot explain our ideas to other men without a strong and continuous effort to make them clear and definite to ourselves. I felt much dissatisfaction with many current impressions of the doctrines and the nature of the Christian Church which were really fundamental in the results of the Scottish Reformation. The views I took of them did not coincide with those of any party, and yet I saw that they were securely founded on the unquestionable facts of history, whilst they threw an important light on the difficulties of our own time. Therefore, seizing on an appropriate title—'Presbytery Examined'—which was supplied to me by the controversial essay of Bishop Sage, I began in 1847 to embody my thoughts in an article, intended for the Edinburgh Review. After my usual manner of working, it occupied all the moments of my time not otherwise engaged during 1847 and part of 1848. On sending it to the then editor of the Edinburgh Review, Mr. Macvey Napier, I received a very kind reply, expressing the greatest interest in my paper, and paying high compliments to its literary merits, but explaining that it was not quite suitable for his Review, and strongly advising me not to cut it down, but to expand it and publish it in a separate form. This advice entirely harmonized with my own views, and I accordingly set to work to complete the essay and to widen its scope. It was published in 1848, under the title 'Presbytery Examined: An Essay, Critical and Historical, on the Ecclesiastical History of Scotland since the Reformation.' The main propositions which I think I established in this essay were these: that partly out of the historical circumstances under which the Reformation took place in Scotland, and partly out of a careful and deliberate interpretation of the New Testament narratives and teaching, the Scottish Reformers evolved and established a system which is unique in Europe. It was the publication of this book in 1848 that first brought me into personal relations with Gladstone. As his book on a kindred theme had been reviewed by Macaulay in the Edinburgh Review, so Gladstone determined to review my very different opinions in the Quarterly. This he did in an anonymous article, which, however, was known to be by him. Of course such a review in that great organ of literary opinion, and by such a distinguished writer, was in itself a tribute to the book having at least some relative importance; but Gladstone's paper went beyond this. It was not only most courteous to me personally, but it was highly complimentary to the literary merits of my essay. It was not wonderful that on some points he misunderstood my position. I therefore ventured to address him by letter, with some explanations. To this letter I received a most characteristic reply—not fully admitting, yet not denying, the authorship, and asserting the right of anonymous authorship to defend its own incognito. It was probable, he said, that neither a full admission nor a complete denial might represent the truth. I understood this mysterious language to refer to cases in which the editor of a review cuts out, or even inserts, passages in a way to alter the character of a paper. But I knew that no such tricks could possibly be played by the editor of the Quarterly in dealing with the writings of a man like Gladstone. The article was obviously and notoriously his, and the rest of his reply practically owned it. I have no recollection now of the points in question between us, but the rather gratuitous introduction of such an ambiguous suggestion has remained vividly impressed upon my memory. On my return to London in the spring of 1849, I called upon Gladstone for the first time. He was most kind and courteous, and I liked him personally from that moment. But I may as well explain here at once that on Church questions I never felt it worth while to talk with him. That was the one subject on which I always realized that there was a fundamental indelibility in his opinions, and an equally fundamental indelibility in mine. He instinctively disliked the Church of Scotland far more keenly than he disliked the Presbyterian system when not recognised by the State. On the other hand, although I never was a Presbyterian in the same sense in which he was an Episcopalian—that is to say, although I never could regard our local ecclesiastical system as one of Divine and universal obligation—I revolted against the Anglican pretensions which made a corresponding claim in their own favour, and which even made the whole system of the Christian Church dependent on one method of appointing one rank or order in its ministry. It was said of me by a critic in later years that I was 'a born controversialist,' and it is true that I have been engaged in many controversies during my life; but I never was a controversialist in personal discussion. On the contrary, I habitually avoided it, and during the many years in which I was on the most intimate footing with Gladstone I never felt the least temptation to enter with him on 'Church Principles.' When I published my book in 1848, I felt that on this subject I had had my say. From that date I turned my literary attention to other subjects—to the advance of the physical sciences, and to the bearing of the new philosophy, to which they were giving birth, upon the older problems of the world and upon the fundamental principles of Christian belief. I left the field of mere ecclesiastical controversy with delight. I felt how unreasoning and unreasonable the disputants generally were—how dominated by personal associations, by clap-trap words and phrases, and by party antagonisms. I have lived to see a good many of the opinions expressed in my essay of 1848 receive the sanction of events and of high authority. In Scotland I have seen the Established Church attain a great revival, because it has been found to have retained all the freedom needed in the independent exercise of its spiritual discipline and jurisdiction. I have seen a marked disposition to enter upon those temperate reforms of its worship which I then ventured to recommend. I have seen probably the most learned man who has worn a mitre in the Church of England since the Reformation publish a paper on the nature of the Christian ministry which corresponds closely with the view to which I had been then led, and which emphatically denies to the Christian Church the possession of any sacrificing priesthood. I have also lived to see a recrudescence of the Romanizing tendency which followed the Oxford Movement. I resume, therefore, with satisfaction, the narrative of my life, at a time when it took a somewhat new direction, and when I left behind me a class of controversy which is only too apt to narrow the mind and to end in no valuable result.	<urn:uuid:3375f95a-c4b2-44b0-8ffc-face0cda257e>	HuggingFaceFW/finepdfs/tree/main/data/eng_Latn/train	finepdfs	eng_Latn	43,347
Chapter 1 Contested Cultural Heritage: A Selective Historiography Helaine Silverman Although "contested cultural heritage" has not always been speciﬁed in these words, the concept has been cogently present for at least 25 years in anthropology, archaeology, history, geography, architecture, urbanism, and tourism (to name the most obvious disciplines) and is now a framework driving much applied research in these ﬁelds internationally. This is because we live in an increasingly fraught world where religious, ethnic, national, political, and other groups manipulate (appropriate, use, misuse, exclude, erase) markers and manifestations of their own and others' cultural heritage as a means for asserting, defending, or denying critical claims to power, land, legitimacy, and so forth. This introductory essay presents a selective historiography of contested cultural heritage as I perceive its development, illustrated by some of the better known cases of its instantiation and augmented by the contributions to this volume. I emphasize the more tangible aspects of cultural heritage (a bias from my training as an archaeologist) [Note 1] and draw heavily from anthropological/archaeological literature where academic attention to the issues has been greatest and whose practitioners dominate the roster of authors herein. Shifting the Paradigm Attention to contested cultural heritage is, fundamentally, awareness of the construction of identity and its strategic situationality and oppositional deployment—the knowledge that "self and society are not . . . given, as fully formed, ﬁxed, and timeless, as either integrated selves or functionally consistent structures. Rather, self and society are always in production, in process. . ." (Bruner 1983a:2–3). This statement was revolutionary at the time it was made and came from the heart of cultural anthropology in a volume entitled Text, Play and Story: The Construction and Reconstruction of Self and Society (Bruner 1983b). Its most compelling exempliﬁcation was Bruner and Gorfain's (1983) analysis of the dialogic narration and paradoxes of Masada, Israel's physically dramatic and ideologically sanctiﬁed site H. Silverman ( B ) Department of Anthropology, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL 61801, USA e-mail: email@example.com 1 of Jewish heroism and resistance. Bruner and Gorfain recognized the multivocality of the Masada epic, identifying its competing political, moral, authoritative, and religious aspects. In so doing their study transcended a contribution to anthropological theory: in retrospect it can be seen as a pioneering recognition of heritage sites as sites of contestation [Note 2]. "Masada" (Bruner and Gorfain 1983) was virtually contemporaneous with two full-scale ethnographies of contested cultural heritage, one about Greece and the other about Quebec. These are the earliest such studies I am able to identify. Like "Masada," Herzfeld's (1982) study of Greek national identity was explicit about the role of contested cultural heritage in the push and pull of nation building and its larger geopolitical context: In 1821 the Greeks arose in revolt against the rule of Turkey and declared themselves an independent nation. . . they proclaimed the resurrection of an ancient vision. . . That vision was Hellas. . . This unique nation-state would represent the ultimate achievement of the Hellenic ideal and, as such, would lead all Europe to the highest levels of culture yet known. Europeans in other lands. . . were not uniformly impressed by the modern Greeks' claim to represent [Classic Greek culture]. By what token could the latter-day Greeks portray themselves as the true descendants of the ancient Hellenes. . . Were they still . . . the same as the Greeks of old? . . . they were not . . . Greek scholars constructed cultural continuity in defense of their national identity. . . . . . . the idea of Greece—like any symbol—could carry a wide range of possible meanings . . . Such is the malleable material of which ideologies are made. . . . . paradox. . . difﬁculties threatened the coherence of the national ideology . . . (Herzfeld 1982:3–4, 6; emphasis in original) Handler (1985, 1988) studied Quebécois interest in their own French-origin cultural patrimony as opposed to the central discourse of Canadian national culture. In Quebec, cultural patrimony became a matter of provincial, which is to say local, concern and was deeply imbricated in new understandings and practices that challenged historic, mainstream patterns. At the same time, Lowenthal (1985) published his more sweeping, inﬂuential, and transdisciplinary meditation on how the (Western) past has been understood, fashioned, and altered so as to become a usable, albeit "weighty" heritage. In The Past Is A Foreign Country Lowenthal illuminated how history, memory, and the physical remains of the past are employed to reveal the past and also how they enable creation of a past of our own liking—thus, a malleable past. He introduced concepts such as selective erosion, invention, and oblivion—the practice of which, on the ground, subsequently became demonstrated in almost countless studies including various in the present volume. Obviously, Lowenthal was not writing in a vacuum (as his extensive bibliography conﬁrms), and here it is important to observe that he cited Hobsbawn's (1983) renowned essay on invented traditions, a concept that has become tremendously signiﬁcant in heritage studies, particularly concerning intangible practices and debates over authenticity (see especially Bruner 1994; see e.g., Churchill 2006). Archaeology participated in anthropology's "cultural turn" [Note 3], and in 1986 a veritable tsunami in archaeology was unleashed at a major international conference held in Southampton, UK—the ﬁrst World Archaeological Congress (WAC)—whose agenda focused on critical awareness of the treatment of the past in the present, concern with stakeholder empowerment and social justice, and related political and theoretically linked matters (see Campion 1989; Cleere 1989; Gathercole and Lowenthal 1990; Layton 1989; Miller et al. 1989; Shennan 1989). [WAC] insisted on recognizing that science, far from being politically neutral, constitutes a value system linked to dominant social interests, and the idea of science "being open to all" is ultimately a belief about the way the world should be, rather than how it is. WAC made clear statements that archaeology had long served state interests in shoring up nationalist identities and asserting territorial domains. At the same time, WAC put itself forward as a forum not merely for professional archaeologists and allied scientists, but for everyone interested in the past, with native people from underdeveloped countries speciﬁcally encouraged . . . Since 1986, WAC has constituted itself as a uniquely representative nonproﬁt organization of worldwide archaeology that recognizes the historical and social role, and the political context, of archaeology, and the need to make archaeological studies relevant to the wider community. It especially seeks to debate and refute institutionalized views that serve the interests of a privileged few to the detriment of disenfranchised others. WAC explicitly values diversity against institutionalized mechanisms that marginalize the cultural heritage of indigenous peoples, minorities and the poor. . . . attention to local archaeological communities trying to protect archaeological sites, or indigenous groups protecting sacred sites from industrial encroachment or tourism development. . .. "value-committed archaeologies" . . . or "engaged archaeology." . . . archaeology carries in it a source of empowerment, not only in the generalized sense, as a means of knowledge production about the past, but more speciﬁcally as a means to grant time-depth and legitimation to individuals, groups or nations. . . . political commitment and ethical judgement COUNT in archaeology and constitute an important FOCUS of inquiry . . . interaction is taking place, accords are being struck and native voices are empowered to be involved in archaeological research. Community-based archaeology projects not only incorporate local knowledge, history, education and work schedules into research agendas, but the very objectives of archaeological research are now being set by local communities, as "value committed" archaeologists put themselves at the service of endangered ethnic minorities. In fact, this is the archaeology of the future. The discipline of archaeology is no longer the exclusive province of white European upper-class men, and there is no going back to a pre-WAC era of exclusionary, hierarchical and scientized knowledge that marginalizes the multivocal archaeology from the peripheries. The question of "who controls the past?" is no longer a conundrum because it must be generally conceded that there are many pasts and they will be known differently from many views. (Gero 2009, emphasis in original) WAC consolidated its philosophy and membership in 1990 at its second meeting, held in Venezuela (see especially Stone and Molyneaux 1994; Bond and Gilliam 1994a). Here archaeologists explicitly took on the issues of power inherent in professional archaeological practice, societal norms, and governmental political policy, arguing that "social constructions of the past are crucial elements in the process of domination, subjugation, resistance and collusion. Representing the past and the way of life of populations is an expression and a source of power. These representations may frame relationships of social inequality, and can be intimately related to structures of power and wealth. They contain ideological and hegemonic properties that represent historical and sectional interests" (Bond and Gilliam 1994b:1). Although the United States Congress surely was not reading academic literature, it is not coincidental that NAGPRA (Native American Graves Protection and Repatriation Act) was passed in the same year as the WAC-2 conference. The civil rights concerns that were mobilizing Native American communities and their nonindigenous allies were consilient with the kinds of issues motivating WAC activism worldwide (e.g., Hammil and Cruz 1989). Indigenous peoples of Canada, Australia, and elsewhere around the world were now vociferously insisting on physical and ideological control of—or least participation in decision-making about—their cultural heritage, from sequestered human remains to sites to exhibited artifacts (e.g., Mamani Condori 1989; Rakotoarisoa 1989; Richardson 1989)—indeed, to the representation of themselves in the everyday (see e.g., Michaels 1987). And they were questioning the exclusive validity of Western science itself (e.g., EchoHawk 2000). This assertion extended to the landscape itself whose occupation and use came to the fore as a prime battleground for contested claims between original inhabitants and more recent settlers, visitors, and overseers (e.g., Bender 1993; Bender and Winer 2001; Flood 1989; McNiven and Russell 2005; Smith 2001). In response to events on the ground, scholars were recognizing the landscape as socially constructed and engaged (e.g., Ashmore and Knapp 1999; Corner 1999; Cosgrove 1984; David and Wilson 2002; Duncan and Ley 1993; Hirsch and O'Hanlon 1995; Rotenberg 1995; Silverman 1990)—including landscape contestations in art (e.g., Cosgrove and Daniels 1988; McGill 1990) and as mapped (e.g., Bassett 1998; Cosgrove 1999; Edney 1990; Jackson 1989; Silverman 2002a; Wood 1992). Indeed, in 1992 "cultural landscape" became clearly acknowledged as heritage by UNESCO in the World Heritage Convention (http://whc.unesco.org/en/culturallandscape/), and in 2000 the European Landscape Convention was signed, recognizing cultural and historical landscapes in Europe (Scazzosi 2004). Museums—as the premier sites of representation—were drawn into the paradigm shift as well. Their watershed was the Smithsonian's co-publication of Exhibiting Cultures. The Poetics and Politics of Museum Display (Karp and Lavine 1991) and Museums and Communities. The Politics of Public Culture (Karp et al. 1992). The book titles are self-explanatory. No longer were museums to be uncontested, authoritative spaces for the presentation and interpretation of dominant versions of history and culture. A new self-awareness among curators (certainly those trained in the social sciences) was leading to a new museology, informed by the same discourses rocking anthropology, archaeology, and allied ﬁelds. The changes can be seen in an extraordinarily proliﬁc sequence of publications that cumulatively constitute the intellectual foundations of the contemporary ﬁeld of museum studies [Note 4]. Within this arena, issues of contested cultural heritage have ﬁgured prominently, whether concerning the representation of African prehistory and the "ethnographic present" in white-dominated museums on and off the "Dark Continent" (e.g., Coombes 1994; Hart and Winter 2001; Schildkrout 1991; Kreamer 2006; see also Hall 1994; Spiegel 1994) or how Americans view the West of lore (see Dubin 1999a; Wallach 1994)—to cite just two dramatic examples [Note 5]. There was, then, in the 1980s an explosion of new ideas about cultural heritage [Note 6]. Contestation of cultural heritage lay evident before the academic eye, ripe for intervention and interpretation. The Paradigm Realized A continuous stream of publications in the 1990s consolidated the Kuhnian paradigm shift toward a socially engaged, politically aware study of the past that regards heritage as contested, recognizes the role of power in the construction of history, focuses on the production of identity, emphasizes representation and performance, and preferentially analyzes formerly colonial states and societies and their subaltern populations. The 1990s also witnessed the creation of new journals dedicated in signiﬁcant part to expositions within the paradigm, notably International Journal of Cultural Property (founded in 1992) and International Journal of Heritage Studies (founded in 1994). The shift in the heritage paradigm was particularly evident in Americanist scholarship for the USA has seen its share of contestation as previously disenfranchised groups have pushed to have their voices heard in the story of America. Two dramatic cases rocked the American archaeological world in the 1990s. They involved the serendipitous discovery of human remains and the resultant claims made by the descendant communities of historically abused minority groups to own and interpret the cultural heritage they argued belonged to them. Another example is Colonial Williamsburg, where the disenfranchised population was historically eliminated from the historical script. The ﬁrst case was the conﬂict over the discovery of an African burial ground in lower Manhattan in 1991, located where a new federal ofﬁce building was being constructed (see, e.g., Harrington 1993; McCarthy 1996). The African American community of New York City was galvanized by the discovery (as were many others since slavery was not widely known to have been practiced in northern cities). Both the United States Government Services Administration (GSA) and the original contract archaeology team showed insensitivity to the academic let alone immense emotional and cultural signiﬁcance of the ﬁnd. Indeed, excavation to remove the burials began without a research design, without communication with the vibrant African American community, and with no African American expert participation in the project. At the time the mayor of New York City was himself African American and he became ofﬁcially involved. Eventually, the rapid extraction of burials was halted, the contract ﬁrm was ﬁred, a new contract ﬁrm was hired, and careful excavation of the burials under a sound research program was begun in consultation with African American scholars from Howard University, the premier historically black educational institution of the USA. Notwithstanding the loss of data and ethical tribulations, important information about the African Burial Ground was recovered, the slave remains were reburied, and today a beautiful National Historic Landmark stands as a memorial on this sacred ground. The problem of contested heritage surrounding the African Burial Ground was serious. The GSA simply did not recognize the site as cultural heritage; the original contract archaeology ﬁrm was similarly driven by economics and efﬁciency. But legitimate stakeholder claims to their cultural heritage triumphed when not just the ﬁeld project but also the analysis and interpretation were conducted by qualiﬁed scholars of the descendant community (see, e.g., Blakey 1998). The second case concerned the ﬁnd now known as Kennewick Man. Discovered in 1996 along the Columbia River in Washington state, controversy over the cultural afﬁliation of the skull ("Caucasian" or Native American Indian but without speciﬁc tribal origin; see Owsley and Jantz 2002) led to more than a decade of legal wrangling between archaeologists wanting to study it for its scientiﬁc information and Native American groups (supported by many other archaeologists) arguing that in their worldview no issue of ancestral migration into the continent was involved since their cosmology stated they had always been on the land (for a precise summary of the case, see Burke et al. 2008). Whose cultural heritage Kennewick Man was, and who had the moral and legal right to interpret and dispose of the "Ancient One," became enveloped in the recently passed NAGPRA law (see, e.g., Mihesuah 2000), the burst of dialogue between Native American peoples and archaeologists (a handful of whom were themselves Native American) (Bray 2001; Swidler et al. 1997; Watkins 2000; and the 1990s-dominated bibliographies in the previous references; the "Working Together" column in the 1990s SAA Bulletin, published by the Society for American Archaeology), and the development of a professional code of ethics by the Society for American Archaeology (Lynott and Wylie 1995). We can also consider the ramiﬁcations of the paradigm at Colonial Williamsburg, one of the country's most visited historic places, where the sanitized white representation of pre-Revolutionary War- and Revolutionary War-era Virginia was challenged because the narrative and performance excluded the African slaves who had serviced the ﬁne Georgian homes 200 years earlier. Colonial Williamsburg, a private, (self-professed) patriotic organization administering America's premier remaining colonial town, had to come to grips with the nation's shameful past. The Colonial Williamsburg Foundation implemented, with difﬁculty, new historical scripts acknowledging class distinctions and, especially, the existence of slavery (Handler and Gable 1997). But the "Other Half" optional tour through Colonial Williamsburg was not without its own contestation as tourists (black and white) accepted and rejected the facts and enactments put before them (Handler and Gable 1997). Most notorious was the controversy that arose in 1999 when Colonial Williamsburg innovated a slave auction, as would have happened in its era. Enslaving Virginia weaves the shameful history of human bondage into the fabric of storytelling at Williamsburg, underscoring a Revolution fought for the liberty of some, but not all. This edgy new representation of Colonial life casts costumed actors as slave leaders and slave owners while paying tourists ﬁnd themselves in the roles of slaves. The reenactments are so realistic that some audience members have attacked the white actors in the slave patrol, who have had to ﬁght to keep their decorative muskets. And when some early performances drove young children to tears, Williamsburg added "debrieﬁng" sessions afterward to help calm them. One visitor even attempted to lead his own revolt against the slave handlers. "There are only three of them and a hundred of us!," he yelled. The actors had to step out of character to restrain him. At an attraction that historically has appealed almost exclusively to whites, the skits have stoked particularly strong emotions among African Americans, some of whom welcome frank discussion of a topic often given short shrift, even as they and others are discomﬁted by repeated images of subjugation. Several black actors have refused to portray slaves because they ﬁnd it demeaning and emotionally wrenching. (Eggen 1999: A1) Writing before Handler and Gable (1997) published their study of Colonial Williamsburg, Mondale (1994:17) generalized that "the intentionally preserved past (under the sponsorship of private and public agencies) is much more likely to conserve history as an amenity and an objet d'art, as quaintspace, than as an elemental, almost desperate struggle for shared meaning." His statement was prescient in its correct characterization of Colonial Williamsburg. And it anticipated current debates about the impacts of inscribing sites on UNESCO's World Heritage List, a topic requiring separate treatment. Recovering an excluded past may be as difﬁcult as including it. This is what we saw above concerning the controversy over representing slavery (and see Dann and Seaton 2002). Tunbridge and Ashworth addressed this issue by introducing the important concept of "dissonant heritage": "the heritage creation process is controversial in a number of respects. . ..The idea of dissonance . . . keeps at the forefront the ideas of discrepancy and incongruity. Dissonance in heritage involves a discordance or lack of agreement and consistency. . . [Also, the concept implies] a state of psychic tension caused by the simultaneous holding of mutually inconsistent attitudes or the existence of a lack of consonance between attitudes and behaviour. . . [Dissonance] is intrinsic to the nature of heritage. . . At its simplest, all heritage is someone's heritage and therefore logically not someone else's" (1996:20–21) (see also Meskell 2002:566). Mondale (1994) takes a broad view on the issue of the "problematic past" and its conservation in the sense of remembrance, inclusion, and commemoration. He indicates the conundrums of "what to remember and what to forget. Selecting particular pasts to conserve is necessarily a matter of continuous negotiations among all interested parties" (Mondale 1994:15). Bruner (1996) provides us with a particularly compelling example from Ghana where the expectations of African American tourists concerning slave history at its source differ from Ghanaians' interest in the larger sweep of their history in which the dungeons of Elmina Castle (where slaves were held prior to their forced embarkation to the New World) played just one part. African American cultural heritage necessarily is different from Ghanaian and what emerges from the engagement are conﬂicting interpretations, contested claims of narrative ownership, and administratively enforced differentiation of patterns of site usage. Elmina Castle has multiple stakeholders and the process of history building is ongoing. Indeed, cultural heritage may be very painful or troublesome, depending on the group you belong to, resulting in contestation of history and heritage. Lennon and Foley's (2000:46–65) treatment of the Nazi death camps in Poland exempliﬁes this: Jewish pain, enduring Polish anti-semitism. We could readily consider the struggle between multiple parties over Ground Zero in New York City as another example. Sather-Wagstaff (2009) cogently presents its transformation into a tourist attraction, while Meskell (2002) anticipates its transformation into a heritage site; these processes are occurring as economic developers and various municipal, state, and national authorities seek to impose their differing visions on this sacralized terrain. In their introduction to The Excluded Past, MacKenzie and Stone (1994:1) are concerned with "the struggles that take place between subordinated groups who seek access to, and a re-evaluation of, their past, and those who wish to deny them this goal" and why exclusion and omission happen. Forces of discriminatory ideology, power, social fabric, custom, and religious dogma may be responsible, among other factors. Typically, exclusion is directed at minority groups in a society. But an indigenous majority may be similarly dispossessed as was the case, for instance, in Zimbabwe (Pwiti and Ndoro 1999; see chapter by Larkin). At its worst the exclusion of heritage leads to violence—violence toward cultural heritage that in the act of destruction of inanimate objects implicates loss of human life. Sadly, too many examples can be given, for example, the 1992 destruction of the Babri Masjid (mosque) in Ayodhya, India, by Hindu militants, which provoked riots across the subcontinent in which more than 2,000 people were killed. Hindus claimed that the mosque (built in 1528) was constructed over the temple site where Lord Rama was born. The Muslim destruction of the Hindu shrine (real or conceived) in 1528 assumed extraordinary signiﬁcance four and half centuries later when fueled by particular contingencies (see discussion in Johnson-Roehr 2008; see also Dalrymple 2005; compare to the current struggle over Spain's Great Mosque of Cordoba: see Ruggles in this volume). Within the literature Bernbeck and Pollock's 1996 paper on the Ayodhya tragedy particularly interests me because their argument is phrased very much in terms of the archaeological literature of the time, with an emphasis on the linkages between archaeology, ethnicity, nationalism, and identity (see, e.g., Arnold 1990; Chapman 1994; Kohl and Fawcett 1995; Rowlands 1994; Schmidt and Patterson 1995; Shennan 1989; Smith 1989; also see Jones 1997, which was published the next year, and Meskell 1998, which was published the year after). In addition to Ayodhya (Lal 2001; Sharma 2001), mention can be made of the Turkish invasion of Cyprus in 1974 (Jansen 2005 and Knapp; Antoniadou 1998) and the Balkans War in 1991–1995 (Barakat et al. 2001; Chapman 1994; Sulc 2001), each replete with massive destruction of the cultural monuments and materials as well as human lives. It is small wonder that archaeologists remain engaged with contested heritage (see especially Golden 2004). A different kind of violence in the contestation of cultural heritage has occurred in Britain, leading to a novel proposal by archaeologist Barbara Bender (1998) that is intellectually grounded in the paradigm shift I have been discussing. In 1985 (see Chippendale 1986) and again in 1988, there were violent clashes at Stonehenge (England's premier World Heritage Site) between New Age Druid cultists (accompanied by assorted others) and the site-protecting police. Since the mid-1970s "wierdos" (sic: Bender 1998:127) had been holding a Free Festival at Stonehenge, eventually attracting as many as 50,000 people. When police acted to evict these appropriators so as to protect the site from damage and, in Bender's opinion, acting on behalf of "English Heritage and the parts of the Establishment to promote a socially empty view of the past in line with modern conservative sensibilities" (1998:131), world heritage came into conﬂict—not just contestation over meaning—with a new group of stakeholders holding their own, non-archaeological, non-scientiﬁc interpretation of the great monument. Bender's remarkable mitigation of the struggle over use of the site was to create a "Stonehenge Belongs To You And Me" mobile exhibition in consultation with a group of free festivalers and travelers (1998:149). Her goal was to legitimize the different voices in English heritage, rather than conceding all authority to English Heritage itself. Today there is negotiated access to the site (Darvill 2007; Stone 2008). Amidst the many archaeological case studies of contested cultural heritage being produced in the 1990s, there were also important contributions from cultural anthropology (including the study by Handler and Gable discussed above). Several of Edward Bruner's studies are particularly noteworthy. In addition to Elmina Castle discussed above (Bruner 1996), Bruner (1993) studied New Salem, Illinois, where Abraham Lincoln lived for 6 years (1831–1837) as a young man, long before the apotheosis of the Civil War. Illinoisans claim New Salem as the place that transformed Lincoln into the ﬁgure he became as an adult—apocryphal New Salem is folded into the "Lincoln legend." Scholars argue that the tourist-impelled interpretation of Lincoln in the town is greatly exaggerated and inaccurate. Thus, New Salem is a contested site where history and popular interpretation of Abraham Lincoln clash. Bruner's (Bruner and Kirshenblatt-Gimblett 1994) study of Maasai tourism in Kenya interrogates another kind of contested heritage—that desired by tourists who come to Mayers Ranch to see the enactment of "a colonial drama of the savage pastoral Maasai and the genteel British" and participate in a simulacrum of former colonial privilege. The Maasai performers who participate in the show manipulate social relationships with their white patrons and tourists so as to use their traditions to their own advantage, notably to earn money with which to live and propagate a Maasai way of life out of the view of tourists and their handlers. Michael Herzfeld's (1991) inﬂuential study of the contest for ownership and interpretation of the past on Crete is fascinating because the actors in the conﬂict are all Cretan, consisting of local people in a formerly Venetian town (Rethemnos) pitted against the bureaucracy in charge of historic preservation. At issue is local, lived heritage ("social time") versus the ofﬁcially privileged architectural heritage of the thirteenth through seventeenth centuries ("monumental time"), and the disputed ownership of history. Michel-Rolph Trouillot has provided another holistic theoretical framework for understanding how power operates in the production and documentation of history. In so doing he explained the dynamics of heritage contestation: . . . historical production occurs in many sites. But the relative weight of these sites varies with context. . . History is always produced in a speciﬁc historical context. (1995:22) . . . History as a social process involves people in three distinct capacities: 1) as agents or occupants of structural positions; 2) as actors in constant interface with a context; and 3) as subjects, that is, as voices aware of their vocality (1995:23) . . . differential exercise of power . . .makes some narratives possible and silences others (1995:25) . . . Power is constitutive of the story . . . power itself works together with history (1995:28) . . . facts are not created equal: the[ir] production . . . is always also the creation of silences. (1995:29) (emphasis in the original) We clearly see these factors at work in the contributions to this volume (see below). Apprehending Contested Heritage in the New Millennium The new millennium is seeing an ever growing and diversifying interest in the ﬁeld of heritage studies. This is readily apparent in a rich crop of authored and edited volumes and in the need of the ﬁeld for more topical publication venues, thus generating Public Archaeology (founded in 2000), Journal of Social Archaeology (founded in 2001), CRM: The Journal of Heritage Stewardship (founded in 2003), Archaeologies. Journal of the World Archaeological Congress (founded in 2005), and Heritage Management (founded in 2008). Several principal focuses have emerged dominant amidst the suite of issues I have identiﬁed above in my survey of the literature from the previous decades. There is signiﬁcant overlap and cross-cutting in my categories below, which certainly can be reconﬁgured differently, but all instantiate contestation of heritage—inevitable because of heritage's intimate association with identity in its multiple domains of performance. Indeed, virtually the entire contents of the journal Archaeologies (see above) are devoted to critical contestations. As Ashworth et al. (2007:2, 3) recognize, "The inevitable outcome is that conﬂicts of interest are an inseparable accompaniment to heritage as practice and process. . . open to constant revision and change and [heritage] is also both a source and a repercussion of social conﬂict." Based on the larger ﬁeld of heritage scholarship concerning or invoking contestation, I would suggest the following as some of the major arenas of investigation evident in the new literature: (1) manufacture, marketing and consumption of heritage; (2) foreign ownership of trafﬁcked illegal antiquities from source countries; (3) public outreach by heritage personnel (archaeologists, historians, museums, etc.) to previously disenfranchised stakeholder groups; (4) the concept of "value" including questions about UNESCO's actions in the work of cultural heritage; (5) local and national deployments of cultural heritage in a global world; (6) heritage and politics; (7) intangible heritage; (8) intersections of heritage with human and cultural rights (this issue is expressly addressed in Silverman and Ruggles 2007a [see also Ruggles and Silverman 2009b] and will not be further considered here, being a topic exceeding the scope of the volume at hand; this particular ﬁeld is likely going to explode in importance in coming years [Note 7]). Manufacture, Marketing, and Consumption of Heritage Signiﬁcantly increased world tourism has led to the outright marketing of major historic and archaeological sites by their national and international promoters, bringing more issues of consumption and contestation of heritage into play. Rowan and Baram's (2004) edited volume focuses on marketing heritage and consuming the past. I note two chapters in particular concerning the outright promotion of archaeological sites for the purpose of attracting tourist revenue. Ardren (2004) observes that the so-called Maya Riviera is crowded with Maya-themed hotels but the Maya people stafﬁng the mass tourism industry receive poor wages and work in less than ideal conditions. And insofar as actual native Maya communities are concerned, there is little economic beneﬁt from the massive ancient heritage industry. Addison (2004) demonstrates that road signage in Jordan, a Moslem country rich in Islamic monuments, effaces that heritage from the tourist landscape by directing travelers almost exclusively to Christian sites. "It is not that the [Islamic] sites are unsigned. Every one of the Islamic holy sites, even in the most remote villages, is signed, but the signs are never visible from the heavily traveled tourist roads" (Addison 2004:238). Not only does the Jordanian heritage bureaucracy invest most heavily in Christian sites, favoring them over Islamic sites in terms of preservation, but also "Islamic heritage—history, religion, pilgrimage and Muslims themselves— are deliberately obscured from Western visitors" (Addison 2004:245). Addison believes that this Jordanian policy was inﬂuenced by the "eagerly awaited inﬂux of millennium-minded Christian tourists" expected to appear in the year 2000. For this reason (among others), Jordan deliberately effaced its own national identity "and in particular its Islamic heritage" (Addison 2004:246). Of course, as Addison points out, the year 2000 was immediately followed by the September 11 attack and the second Palestinian intifada in 2001. Tourism to Jordan plunged. In response, "tourists must be courted into a landscape as free as possible of any hint of threat or discomfort. . . the Hashemite regime in particular has worked overtime to conﬁgure itself as a secular, Western-identiﬁed state" (Addison 2004:246). AlSayyad's (2001) Consuming Tradition, Manufacturing Heritage. Global Norms and Urban Forms in the Age of Tourism is an important contribution identifying the commodiﬁcation of traditional and historic environments for the purpose of tourism under the global regime. "[N]ations, regions and cities have utilized and exploited vernacular built heritage to attract international investors at a time of ever-tightening global economic competition. . . the tourist industry has introduced new paradigms of the vernacular and/or traditional, based on the production of entire communities and social spaces that cater almost exclusively to the 'other' " (AlSayyad 2001:vii). Additional studies substantiate AlSayyad's statement. Shepherd (2009), for instance, gives multiple examples from China—for instance the newly renamed town of Shangri-La in northern Yunnan Province, which directly alludes to James Hilton's utopia. Meskell (2005) critiques the performance of ancient Egypt at the Pharaonic Village in Cairo. I have noted the Mochica Village that has been created on the grounds of the Royal Tombs of Sipán Museum in Lambayeque, Peru (Silverman 2005). Magnoni et al. (2007) demonstrate the enfolding of the ancient Maya landscape with the contemporary heterogeneous Maya in the production— by indigenous peoples as well as national tourism ofﬁces and the economic forces of globalization—of El Mundo Maya for the Ruta Maya tourist circuit (discussed below) (see also Ford, this volume) [Note 8]. Mortensen (2009) uses the phrase "creating Copán" to express the effort of the tourism "industry" (sensu strictu) to manufacture a tourist product in the context of a global commodity chain linking "the ﬂows of people, technology, goods, capital and services between countries and regions" (Mortensen 2009:180). Kelli Ann Costa (2004) has dealt with the organization of tourism and presentation of historic sites in Ireland. Her follow-up book, Coach Fellas (Costa 2009), speciﬁcally considers Irish tour bus drivers who simultaneously perform as guides and are the crucial element in branding "people and place" as distinctively and authentically Irish. However, as she demonstrates, that vision of heritage contrasts with realities of contemporary Irish economic development. Philip Duke's (2007) monographic study of tourism on Crete is especially interesting for its detailed observations of which archaeological sites are visited, what their condition is, if they are managed, and how foreign tourists encounter the Minoan past. As with Herzfeld's (1991) study of the more recent Venetian period Cretan past, locals are not sufﬁciently consulted in issues pertaining to the cultural heritage. Duke laments that "locals must continuously contest their access to the past of their own island, a past that is largely deﬁned by academics, government bureaucrats, and the tourist industry" (2007:62). As interesting is Duke's observation that the larger—in terms of tourist numbers—draw of Crete is not its prehistory but its magniﬁcent beaches. Duke cites a study by two tourism specialists who conducted an economic analysis in 2005 in which they analyzed what would make Crete's two most important archaeological attractions—Knossos and the Iraklio Museum— more appealing to tourists, since archaeological sites were not being sufﬁciently exploited as a resource. Their study advocated provision of amenities at the sites, "such as restaurants and audiovisual equipment." Duke criticizes their study for emphasizing "the means of delivery rather than the contents of the message itself," in other words, "the past has been coopted by the tourist industry" (2007:64). Kreutzer's (2006) analysis of the economics of archaeological heritage management brings into focus the contest between archaeologists and developers working with income-seeking national governments. This is an issue familiar to Andeanists, for at various times in the past decade or so plans have been ﬂoated in Peru to privatize the more spectacular components of this country's remarkable precolumbian landscape. In Cuzco such plans have sometimes prompted mass protests. I have written about the resentment in Cuzco concerning entrance fees at particular monuments of the ofﬁcial tourist circuit, which inhibit or dissuade locals from enjoying their own cultural heritage, and the problem of "museumiﬁcation," which generates an ongoing struggle between residents, municipal authorities, the private sector, and the global tourism industry (Silverman 2006a). Kreutzer recognizes the key issue: "The economics of privatisation policies threaten to disenfranchise the public from its own past" (2006:53). Appadurai takes a more general approach to the economics of the past: "The past is a scarce resource because its construction is subject to cultural as well as material constraints" (2007:48). He suggests that the economy governing the production of the past be examined. A promising strategy for the future relationship between economics and cultural heritage was presented by Jeff Morgan, founder of the Global Heritage Fund (GHF), in his interview with Brian Williams on Fox News on September 28, 2009 as part of the channel's G20 meeting coverage [Note 9]. GHF works through partnerships with foreign governments and private entities (such as businesses, individual entrepreneurs, NGOs). Over the past 7 years that GHF has been in existence (it was founded by Mr. Morgan in 2002), it has invested $15 million in projects; my understanding is that these monies have been matched in the destination countries. In the interview Mr. Morgan addressed the potential for cultural tourism to help developing countries, since making sites accessible necessarily involves development such as road building and other infrastructural improvements of the kind governments are expected to provide. Mr. Morgan argued that investment in showcase archaeological sites can help people living in poor countries (where individual income is "$2/day") by boosting those countries' economies through cultural tourism to the sites. For instance, he noted that Guatemala receives $400 million/year from Tikal. (It would be interesting to know what Guatemala does with that money.) Mr. Morgan advocates capacity building of governments and local communities. He is hopeful that GHF "can elevate the global crisis of our endangered heritage, and offer positive solutions for preservation and community development." The former goal is obvious: stop looting, stop uncontrolled development that destroys archaeological sites, stop destruction of the environment in which the targeted site is located. The latter goal is the one with which archaeologists, especially, have been concerned within the framework of "public outreach" as I discuss below. Most striking is the inclusion of cultural heritage preservation, as promoted by GHF, in the framework of the G20's global economic concerns and policies. This is dramatic testimony not just to the extraordinary power-brokering ability of Mr. Morgan and GHF's already impressive track record, but to the truly global signiﬁcance of the marketing and consumption of cultural heritage—i.e., tourism—ideally with concomitant positive social, economic, and political development. But therein lies the proverbial rub for it is not a given that all domains will perceive widely shared positive results. Such outcomes must be speciﬁcally programmed. Illegal Antiquities, Ownership, and Nationalism Archaeologists have been concerned with looting and its resultant trafﬁcking in illegal antiquities for quite some time. Following passage of UNESCO's 1970 "Convention on the Means of Prohibiting and Preventing the Illicit Import, Export and Transfer of Ownership of Cultural Property," the Journal of Field Archaeology pioneered, in its very ﬁrst issue in 1974, a regular feature column called "The Antiquities Market. News and Commentary on the Illicit Trafﬁc in Antiquities." The goal of this section was stated to be "the proper recovery and the protection of antiquities." But at this time concern with looting and trafﬁcking was largely academic and abstract: for archaeologists the pathology was the loss of context with which to reconstruct ancient civilizations; for UNESCO the issue was glibly glossed as "universally recognized" "respect" for the cultural heritage of "all nations" as well as nations respecting their own cultural heritage as a "basic element [of] national culture." Deeper analysis was missing on the role of certain material culture in the performance and reproduction of identity within societies and in the construction of nationalism. Particularly with the Native American Indian empowerment movement in the USA, ultimately culminating in NAGPRA in 1990, interest in illegal antiquities expanded to encompass the role of ethnographic as well as ancient material culture in the societies from which it was being removed. The Ethics of Collecting Cultural Property (Messenger 1989) was a state-on-the-art volume reﬂecting the broadened concerns of the time: Whose culture? Whose property? In a more recent volume, Brown (2003) has been explicit about the contestation of cultural heritage inherent in too many dealings between indigenous peoples/communities and the empowered establishment, across the realms of intellectual property rights, intangible heritage, and land. Hollowell (2009) presents a highly nuanced discussion of legal looting for in her case study there is a contestation of cultural heritage in the mind of every Native person on St. Lawrence Island who chooses to dig on community land so as to recover artifacts that can be sold to art dealers. "Diggers often felt emotionally torn between selling a unique object and wanting it to stay on the island. . .. In spite of their alienability, artifacts remained important cultural symbols for St. Lawrence Islanders" (Hollowell 2009:225). It is not just "peoples" who seek the return of and/or control over their own cultural heritage. Countries—understood as those entities seated at the United Nations—increasingly in this decade are seeking the repatriation of particular objects. These countries are usually in the developing world, but not always (for instance Greece—see below—is a member of the European Union). We should be interested in why countries want to exercise their "right to those cultural properties which form an integral part of their cultural heritage and identity (i.e., their 'national patrimony')" (Warren 1989:8) and how those objects or cultural properties are manipulated in discourse and actuality. Greece's dispute is only one of various involving source countries in the context of nationalism, tourism, and a coveted stake on the world stage (Greenﬁeld 2007). Egypt seeks the return of the Bust of Nefertiti from the Berlin Museum and the Rosetta Stone from the British Museum, iconic objects that are huge tourist draws to their respective museums (see discussion in chapter by Ikram); indeed, in October 2009 Egypt announced it had cut all cooperation with France's Louvre Museum until it secures the return of its Pharaonic materials housed there. Nigeria wants to repatriate the Bénin bronzes from the British Museum (Greenﬁeld 2007:124–128; see also Coombes 1994). Of particular interest are the series of Web articles by Dr. Kwame-Opoku (e.g., 2008) in which he argues, "How do a people remember their history when the records have been stolen by another State? The human rights of the African peoples. . . are being violated by this persistent and deﬁant refusal to return cultural objects [that] were not produced by the Europeans and Americans and were not meant for their use. Such a refusal also violates the freedom of religion in so far as many of the stolen African objects, for instance . . . the Benin altars . . . are necessary for the traditional practice of beliefs. . . Most of these objects should have been returned when the African countries gained Independence in the 1960s. The refusal to return the objects relating to power and culture is a denial of the right to selfdetermination." Peru is still embroiled in legal wrangling with Yale University over the repatriation of Hiram Bingham's collections from Machu Picchu, Peru's most famous archaeological site (Lubow 2007 inter alia). Eliane Karp-Toledo (2008), wife of Peru's former president, Alejandro Toledo, wrote in an Op-Ed piece for The New York Times, "I fail to understand the rationale for Yale to have any historical claim to the artifacts. . . .The agreement reﬂects a colonial way of thinking . . . I wonder if it is pure coincidence that Yale delayed negotiations with Toledo, Peru's ﬁrst elected indigenous president, until Peru had a new leader [Alan García, the current president] who is frankly hostile to indigenous matters. Why is it so hard for Yale to let go of these collections. . . Yale must ﬁnally return the artifacts that symbolize Peru's great heritage." Inca heritage and the precolumbian past have been fundamental in the construction of the imagined community called the Peruvian nation (e.g., Silverman 1999, 2002b). And the list goes on. The massive looting of the Iraq National Museum in April 2003 is widely acknowledged to have been undertaken for proﬁt rather than symbolic cultural erasure (Brodie 2006; Polk and Schuster 2005; Rothﬁeld 2009; Stone and Bajjaly 2008 inter alia; see the more complex argument by Starzmann 2008), nor was looting restricted to the museum (see Rothﬁeld 2008). Nationalism, however, came into play with the (quasi) reopening of the museum in Baghdad in 2009, a tangible effort to reforge the nation in this country with a long history of implication of archaeology in nation building (see Bernhardsson 2005 for an excellent survey). As reported widely in the international press, the reopening was controversial within Iraq with various factions (politicians, Ministry of Culture, Ministry of Tourism, Shia and Sunni fundamentalists) differing on whether the move was premature, whether the museum had enough security, and if pre-Islamic materials should be exhibited. Nuri al-Maliki and senior ofﬁcials were widely quoted as saying that they wished to demonstrate that the capital was secure and normal life was returning. Indeed, antiquities need not be mobile for them to be removed from context— what looting and trafﬁcking do. Violence to the archaeological record reached a culmination with the complete destruction of the Bamiyan Buddhas by the Taliban in Afghanistan in 2001, which was televised and condemned globally. As a warring party and de facto government, the Taliban contravened the 1954 Hague Convention, which seeks to protect monuments in times of violent conﬂict. This tangible and symbolic act was the most dramatic contestation of cultural heritage yet seen, for it simply denied and erased a block of time (everything pre-Islamic) as heritage at all. The Taliban asserted ownership over that cultural heritage, which it denied as heritage, and the right to dispose of it. Taking place in a country without a descendant community (there are no Buddhists in Afghanistan), the destruction also was a contestation of the right of the international community—including UNESCO—to intervene in foreign soil and to assert humankind's ownership of the world's cultural heritage, deﬁned universally, but, of course, from a Western perspective (see Meskell 2002:564). Public Outreach One of the most dramatic changes in the heritage ﬁeld has been in the area of public outreach, a catch-all term I will use here to encompass a range of practices such as interpretation, educational dissemination, civic engagement, community development projects—basically, everything that would fall within the purview of applied anthropology. The clearest evidence of the change can be seen in a story told by Paul Shackel about an old, mud-coated sign, dating to the mid-1970s, that he found on the grounds of Harpers Ferry National Park: "Yes—we are archaeologists. Yes— we are doing archaeology. Please do not disturb us." (Shackel 2002:157). No longer does that attitude obtain. Public outreach is manifested in sensitivity to stakeholders, whether they are a descendant community or non-related neighbors living in proximity to something that has been identiﬁed as "heritage" (on the latter, see Atalay 2007 for an especially interesting study). That label of "heritage" may spring from what Smith (2006) has called "authorized heritage discourse" (top-down), or the assertion of heritage may be locally generated (bottom-up). Public outreach is a decision by authorities (be they archaeologists or others) to relinquish exclusive control of the past and to transcend the purely academic or self-serving results of research. Although still not widely enough accepted let alone enacted (see, e.g., McManamon 2000), this new model of présent-ing the past surged into the mainstream of heritage practice over the course of the 1990s and into the current century (see, e.g., Lynott and Wylie 1994; Watkins et al. 2000; Little 2002; Derry and Malloy 2003; Shackel and Chambers 2004; Silverman 2006b; Little and Shackel 2007). Smith and Wobst (2005:6) write, "Traditionally, archaeology has been done 'on' not 'by,' 'for,' or 'with' Indigenous peoples. . . . these groups are in disadvantaged positions in comparison to the dominant populations. Especially in developing countries, they are those people whose voices are the least likely to be heard." A signiﬁcant amount of applied research has been conducted by Australians "on" and more recently "with" the Aboriginal people of this continent. The scholars involved are deeply committed to assisting and enabling the Aboriginals to defend their land rights and customs in what has been a centuries-long contestation of indigenous culture versus a hostile dominant Anglo society. Flood (1989) provides a succinct summary of the development of cultural heritage legislation through the beginning of meaningful collaborations between white scholars and Aboriginal stakeholders. Yet the secondary title of her paper—"the development of cultural resource management in Australia"—is markedly different in its abstraction (one might say "objectiﬁcation") from the wording chosen in more recent works. Lilley and Williams (2005) are open about the skepticism and open hostility of Aboriginal peoples toward archaeology and anthropology. They recognize that Aboriginals may perceive complicity in the study of their past in perpetuating colonial subjugation and that the "ﬁght by non-Indigenous people against racism and human rights abuses is a form of paternalism" (Lilley and Williams 2005:228). They advocate "mutuality in a difﬁcult postcolonial milieu" (2005:230): "equitable and mutually beneﬁcial working relationships between archaeologists and Indigenous people, and on that basis help . . . advance the development of a tolerant, just, and open society. . .recognize . . . the need of all parties (. . . 'stakeholders') to come to grips with the past so they can make sense of the present and head more conﬁdently into the future" (2005:234). McNiven and Russell take the stakeholder argument one step further in a position that bores deepest into the uncomfortable contestation of cultural heritage between its cultural afﬁliates and ("good guy") non-afﬁliate researchers. They write, We fundamentally disagree with the stakeholder paradigm and interest-group model. Indigenous peoples are not mere stakeholders in their heritage—they own that heritage and have the right to fully control if and how research is undertaken on that heritage. . .. As such, they may wish (or not wish, as the case may be) to have non-Aboriginal guests research their cultural sites on their own terms and conditions. . . . The stakeholder model has appeal among many archaeologists and cultural heritage managers because it facilitates management of archaeological sites and associated conﬂicts over how such sites should be treated. Under the guise of democratization of the management process, the entire ownership issue is sidestepped and Indigenous peoples are reduced to mere participants in the management of Indigenous sites. (2005:236, emphasis added) It is not just Indigenous/Aboriginal people who have been disenfranchised. In the USA, African Americans and other minorities have been poorly served in the national interpretation of the past, until recently. Recent examples of empowering outreach toward contested cultural heritage in the context of disenfranchised people include Mullins' (2004, 2007) applied archaeology project in Indianapolis, undertaken at the behest of the stakeholders themselves, that has reclaimed a rich but invisible African American history in a blighted neighborhood (see also Jackson 2009). James Wescoat (2007), a geographer and landscape scholar, describes a major project that has been mitigating Hindu–Muslim tension in a contested shrine at Champaner-Pavagadh in Gujarat, India—ground zero in 2002 of violent conﬂict—through a clever cultural heritage conservation and ethnic conciliation project. Activist or to some degree socially engaged scholars are attempting to "do good." But we must recognize that public outreach is rife with tension or its potential. Almost universally, for one group to claim its heritage and desire to manipulate it in some manner to its own beneﬁt will bring it into contestation, even conﬂict with another group—let alone when some group wishes to act upon a heritage that is not culturally its own. These problematic issues are developed in the case studies presented in the edited volume I have cited above. Anne Pyburn (2006, 2007) has been sanguine in her assessment of the potential for the scholar himself/herself to be drawn into local/local–national disputes once the Pandora's Box of engagement is opened. It is nice [for the archaeologist] to bring wages into a poor village. It may not be nice to undermine the local political order by paying wages and giving power to village factions who oppose the local majority. . . It is also not really nice to tell local people who have been in mortal conﬂict with their government for generations over their land rights that you have come to take away the ancient altar their ancestors put on the land, so that the government can protect it for them. . .. Heritage can affect people's life chances in the modern world, and consequently archaeologists cannot be the only arbiters of the past that we hope to reclaim. (2006:264) Value and UNESCO With promulgation of the World Heritage Convention (Convention Concerning the Protection of the World Cultural and Natural Heritage) in 1972, UNESCO became the foremost heritage authorizer, establishing the ground rules for the 185 signatories (as of June 2008) to this international document. Since its inception, however, scholars have recognized inherent problems in key principles of the document, in addition to obstacles concerning its implementation. Byrne criticized the western hegemonic aspect of archaeological heritage management, which has been imposed as well as spread by an ideology that takes "universal value" as inherent and that privileges those sites which are "intelligible to the Occidental mind and . . . the Western way of experiencing the past" (1991:276). This would explain why 132 states-parties generated World Heritage Sites in only 82 countries as of 1992 (20 years after the Convention was signed) with the disparity largely coming from the non-Western world. Pressouyre worried that the Convention "condemns to oblivion the forms which have not been accepted into the history of civilization and the history of art" (1996:47). The disparity between, especially, European sites on the World Heritage List and sites in non-Western countries continues although UNESCO is striving to diminish the imbalance (see related discussion in Labadi 2007). Pressouyre identiﬁed three types of fundamental contradiction in the World Heritage Convention: "impingement of [national] sovereignty, transfer of sovereignty [as when Germany was uniﬁed], properties endangered due to internal conﬂict [as when Yugoslavia broke up]" (1996:9). He also went on to indicate a contradiction between the Convention's requirement of uniqueness and representativeness (1996:16). For instance, "no absolute masterpiece (neither a Greek temple, nor a Maya pyramid, nor a Hindu pagoda) can pretend to be universally recognized" (1996:18). Smith has analyzed heritage as a social and cultural practice and process (2006:13) that legitimates particular spokespersons and managers of "the past" (2006:29); "alternative and subaltern ideas about 'heritage' [are undermined]. . . as a result of the naturalizing effects of . . . the 'authorized heritage discourse' " (2006:11). That "authorized heritage discourse" makes heritage innately valuable (2006:29). It is the basic criterion of "outstanding universal value" in the Convention that many ﬁnd most objectionable because it is both elusive and Western-biased (see, e.g., Cleere 2001; Pomeroy 2005; Tunbridge and Ashworth 1996:21). Because World Heritage Sites are more prone to attract tourism than other sites (indeed, this may be the key reason why countries compete to have their sites placed on the UNESCO list), another issue of value is implicated in the listing beyond alleged "universal value." It is the value of these sites to stakeholders below the level of UNESCO, the global tourism industry, and the nation-state. What is their value and who decides? We can see this issue played out in microcosm—outside the sphere of World Heritage Sites—in Gordillo's (2009) study of architecturally modest historical sites in northern Argentina. Stakeholder attitudes there ranged from disinterest, to mild curiosity, to antagonism toward the ruins—the latter in terms of a conﬂict over preservation versus use of the land for an industry that would provide badly needed jobs versus perceived tourism potential. Four case studies in a recent Getty volume (de la Torre 2005) explore "heritage values" as these impact site management. The Getty studies emphasize preservation of the signiﬁcance and values of a place/site—to be elicited from various stakeholders replete with the conﬂicts and contestations that may emerge, such as no value being attached, or symbolic value at odds with potential economic value (on cultural heritage from the point of view of a team of economists, see Hutter and Rizzo 1997). In an article in a recent issue of The Economist ("The Limits of Soft Cultural Power," September 12, 2009, p. 65), the director of the World Heritage Centre says that UNESCO should be protecting not buildings but human values (undeﬁned). But, he continues, "the process breaks down in countries where governance hardly exists. And places where tourism and other economic activities are expanding uncontrollably may also trample on UNESCO's high principles, which seek to preserve the integrity of sites and their surroundings." Responding to the worldviews, politics, economic constraints, and pressures of 185 countries, UNESCO is itself conﬂicted over its own cultural heritage policies. A country's nominations to the UNESCO World Heritage List can reﬂect conﬂicts over cultural heritage at home. Mexico is a case in point. In a fascinating study Bart van der Aa (2005) has analyzed Mexico's 22 World Heritage Sites in terms of their antiquity (precolumbian, colonial, post-colonial) and nature. He is able to demonstrate a careful, deliberate balance practiced by Mexico in nominating, almost in tandem, one archaeological site and one historic site each year beginning with the ﬁrst nomination in 1987. Such a pattern cannot be coincidental and van der Aa relates it to the particularities of Mexico's ofﬁcial construction of national identity which overtly privileges "mestizo," the combination of indigenous and Spanish. He sees each of the identities comprising Mexico's ofﬁcial national identity as contested. Indigenous people are still at the bottom of the social ladder notwithstanding the nation's appropriation of the greatest of their centers (he does not develop the argument further, but it would be in government and private architecture, marketing for tourism, and so on). Those people descended from the Spanish conquistadores are tainted by the brutality of the conquest and conversion to Catholicism. Since the Mexican Revolution that which is "pure Spanish" has been ofﬁcially de-emphasized or denied in favor of the hybrid culture. Inasmuch as under conditions of globalization, in which UNESCO participates, it is important for all countries to be represented on the World Heritage List for the marketing of national identity, Mexico has chosen to value sites representing the diverse components of its history. Furthermore, Mexico has now added a group of post-colonial sites to the Tentative List submitted to UNESCO. While one may certainly question the "outstanding universal value" of the Rivera and Kahlo Museum or the railway station at Aguascalientes (among other Tentative List sites), it is very interesting that Mexico, unlike the vast majority of states-party to the World Heritage Convention, is moving its concept of cultural heritage into the present era, seeing it as dynamic and in process. Van der Aa (2005:140) makes the important observation that heritage selection has a temporal character (i.e., nominations are a product of their contemporary times). Mexico is undertaking "an orientation towards new kinds of heritage that might represent 'real' Mexicanness. It is, at the same time, a movement away from the former, one-sided, stress on pre-colonial and colonial heritage" (van der Aa 2005:141, emphasis in original). Finally, UNESCO faces contestation of its own "universal" authority and the value of its product. Two high-proﬁle, efﬁcient, private, heritage-protecting organizations with politically unencumbered budgets and personnel—World Monuments Fund and GHF—conduct surgically effective interventions around the world (see GHF discussion above). And, in 2009, the Cotsen Institute of Archaeology at University of California at Los Angeles (UCLA) launched a "Sustainable Preservation Initiative," directed by Lawrence Coben, which seeks to move heritage work further into the ﬁeld of social responsibility through its explicit attention to stakeholder communities under the slogan "Saving Sites By Transforming Lives." Local, National, International, and Global Intersections Smith and Wobst (2005:6) have argued, "More and more decisions that affect Indigenous peoples and their communities are made at the global level, far away from local realities. . ..often Indigenous peoples have neither voice nor representation in the global decision-making that affects their lives. Archaeologists have a responsibility to facilitate Indigenous voices [and] enable the voices of Indigenous peoples to be heard and inform decision-making at the global level." Silberman (1995:257) has incisively argued that "the archaeology of every new nation addresses both a domestic and an international audience." Today, tensions in the local, national, international, and global interface lie at the heart of contested cultural heritage. This fact is precisely apprehended by Lisa Breglia: For regional and national institutions charged with preserving and promoting culture, heritage comprises material spaces of intervention, such as archaeological ruins, used to produce symbolic meanings that forge identity, belonging, and community at regional and national levels. . .. Cultural heritage sites are key accoutrements of the . . . state as an 'imagined community'. . . But their material and symbolic signiﬁcance does not stop at the nation's territorial borders. Cultural heritage sites are sites of international interest for tourism and conservation/preservation interests, as well as for academic researchers. (2009:61) One of the most stunning cases of the intersection of local, national, international, and global interests in cultural heritage occurred in 1997 when 58 foreign tourists were massacred at the Temple of Hatshepsut, just outside the Valley of the Kings, in Luxor, Egypt. This was not purely a barbarism of fundamentalist Islam. The pathologies leading to the massacre had begun decades before with the Egyptian government's attempt to remove and resettle the local population in Gourna, whose homes sat over ancient tombs, which the Gournis had been looting for generations if not centuries (Fathy 1969; Mitchell 2001). Architect Hassan Fathy's plan to provide the Gournis with better housing in New Gourna, a town of his own creation, was resisted by the populace ("Even the peasant is slow to take an interest in proposals for bettering his condition. He is apathetic and dumb, he has no education, no conception of national affairs, no status. He does not believe that he can help himself or make himself heard." [Fathy 1969]) and delayed by ofﬁcialdom ("cooperating with the bureaucracy is like wading through a bog. . . we are all at the mercy of a system of ofﬁcial procedure that everybody hates" [Fathy 1969]) (see Mitchell 2001). Meskell (2005) and Mitchell (2001, 2002) brought Fathy's tale of the two towns up to date, beginning in 1991 when Egypt began to aggressively pursue tourism in the context of liberalization and privatization. The same conﬂict between tradition and modernity that Fathy railed against came into play once more, with tourism being "a means to modernization, transforming its heritage into a tourist product and proﬁt-making capital" (Meskell 2005:131; Mitchell 2002:250, n.14:362–363). Most Gournis have not wanted to leave their homes and move to New Gourna, not in Fathy's era and not since then (Mitchell 2001:217–218). The Egyptian government (backed by ICOMOS, the World Bank, USAID, see Meskell 2005:133–134; Mitchell 2001:222) has not wanted them to loot or intrude on the "past perfect" image of the west bank of the Nile River. In the 1990s the effort to evict the Gournis was "linked not just to arguments about archaeological preservation, but to demands to create a proper tourist experience. National heritage is now to be shaped by the forces and demands of a worldwide tourist industry" (Mitchell 2001:228). Gournis have made money, in varying degrees, from the tourism industry (directed at a pre-Islamic past that they do not necessarily claim as their own; see discussion in Meskell 2003) while being captive to its ﬂuctuations. The attack was as much a protest against Cairo as it was against the West. The ancient Egyptian temple was the ideal vehicle for the murderers to assert their claims. Recent studies of contemporary Maya populations in Central America also have emphasized multi-scalar antagonisms. Mortensen (2007) has written about the disparate treatment of the idolized ancient Maya and their downtrodden descendants in Copán, Honduras. The "ancient Maya have been transformed through archaeology and tourism into a valuable worldwide commodity" (Mortensen 2007:135), whereas the history of the larger number of non-Maya indigenous people and those populations themselves are ofﬁcially marginalized. Nor is the situation of the contemporary Maya much better. Frühsorge (2007) considers pan-Maya activism in Guatemala with regard to particular Maya groups and with regard to the state. Since the end of the civil war in Guatemala in 1996, heritage claims to spectacular Maya sites and sacred landscapes are contested by the lowland indigenous Maya and highland Ladino elite (who assert Maya and indigenous descent). As Frühsorge recognizes, there are tensions between local and national histories, which are exacerbated by the privileging of the Classic Period Maya. The living Maya of Mexico also are center stage in recent considerations of local, national, international, and global interconnections. Breglia has analyzed a particular situation on the Yucatán Peninsula, where the local Maya group is so feisty that "they do not even consider themselves to be descendants of the ancient Maya" whose Chunchucmil ruins partially overlap the community's federal land grant (2009:55). Notwithstanding the income earned by community members through participations in six seasons of excavation conducted by Breglia, "few embraced the archaeological signiﬁcance of the site [and they had their own] construction of a competing notion of heritage that challenged the nascent archaeological discourse" (Breglia 2009:56). These Maya were concerned with protecting their rights under the national land grant system (ejido). Breglia's analysis is exemplary in cautioning archaeologists, state, and international heritage management policy: "While cultural patrimony is linked with the state, national, and international discourses of universal cultural value and 'good' . . . the concept of patrimonio ejidal is a locally constructed and historically embedded concept tied to experiences of . . .debt peonage . . . and the socioeconomic transformations of the rural landscape" (Breglia 2009:57–58). Local people may feel much more inclined, based on experience and knowledge, to stake their future on the land rather than the promises held out to them by tourism development in the global context. The issue is further informed by the Mexican constitution, which gives the nation inalienable rights over archaeological remains rather than individuals or local communities. Thus, Breglia concludes that "distinct regional and even local (site-speciﬁc) understandings of Maya cultural heritage exist both in tandem and in tension with the Mexican nationalist discourse on cultural heritage, as well as with the criteria of universal cultural value deﬁned by UNESCO" (2009:60). The issue of land rights and cultural heritage manifested in archaeological sites (see Breglia above), particularly World Heritage Sites, necessarily creates linkages at all levels of administration, from the local community to UNESCO. Gillespie's (2009) treatment of Angkor provides the maximal case in point. Here, in a region decimated by the murderous Khmer Rouge regime (as occurred throughout Cambodia), some one hundred villages occupy the Archaeological Park. Land is vitally important to these impoverished farmers and is recognized as such by the government "so much so that the concept of security of tenure has become securely ensconced in the country's development rhetoric" (Gillespie 2009:339). The Archaeological Park has been zoned with decreasing degrees of protection emanating out from the high-proﬁle core encompassing 208 sq km in which residential use and commercial development are prohibited. Moreover, Gillespie notes an "apparent lack of community consultation on issues, particularly that of security of tenure for residents within the Park" (2009:345). Although management of Angkor is a work in progress, the pressure of tourism must be gaining. I can envision a future situation in which Cambodia is de-mined, new archaeological sites are opened for tourism to relieve pressure on Angkor's monumental core, and farmers under new conditions of political freedom begin to protest for land rights that will earn them immediate tangible beneﬁts rather than the often elusive and inequitably distributed income from tourism. Indeed, Gillespie observes that compensation provisions have been overlooked in the 2001 Land Law, whose Article 5 is basically an eminent domain argument: "No person may be deprived of his ownership [of land] unless it is in the public interest" (cited in Gillespie 2009:347)—and, indeed, UNESCO's concept of "outstanding universal value" is interwoven with the codiﬁed idea that World Heritage Sites "belong to all peoples of the world, irrespective of the territory on which they are located" (http://whc.unesco.org/en/about/, emphasis added). The tangible beneﬁt of World Heritage Sites in developing countries readily accrues to the national government through tourism income and economic development, usually to regional governments, and certainly to private enterprise. At the local level these beneﬁts may be far less or even missing. This issue of disparity was a key point of departure for my own project in Cuzco, former capital of the Inca Empire and today Peru's premier tourist destination. Among my goals was to assess local opinion about the beneﬁts of tourism in this World Heritage Site (see, especially, Silverman 2002b, 2006a). I was surprised to ﬁnd a signiﬁcant range of public opinion, for where I saw exploitation the local population often saw opportunity—some work is better than no work, basically—notwithstanding an almost uniformly sanguine realization about economic inequities and the loss of social space in the historic center. Indeed, a fundamental theme throughout manifold studies of cultural heritage is the social construction of space and its obligatory counterpart, the contestation of space. Several fascinating studies about local–national conﬂict over cultural heritage rights in Bolivia have recently been published. They concern disputes over the transfer of archaeological materials from their point of origin (local, indigenous) to a new place of display (national capital, hispanic, mestizo) and the repatriation of these materials. The most salient case concerns Aymara political mobilization which ﬁnally (and recently) culminated in this historically disenfranchised ethnic group gaining control over their ancestral site of Tiwanaku (a World Heritage Site) with tangible and intangible beneﬁts accruing, including the return of the renowned Bennett Monolith of Tiwanaku from a trafﬁc roundabout in La Paz to a new site museum on the altiplano under Aymara control (Scarborough 2008; see also Hastorf 2006:87). At the time (early 1930s), the removal of the Monolith from Tiwanaku, following its discovery, was framed as an act of rescue (protection from the local Aymara inhabitants, regarded as ignorant and destructive), but clearly it also was an appropriation of the indigenous past by a dominant society that had utter disdain for the civilization's descendants (indeed, it was disputed whether the ancestral Aymara had even created Tiwanaku). When the Monolith was ﬁnally returned to Tiwanaku and the Aymara, the context of the cultural restitution was one of rising political power for indigenous peoples. A comparable story is told by Benavides (2004:164–178) concerning a precolumbian Ecuadorian carved monolith, known as San Biritute, which a local community claiming descent from the ancient culture wanted repatriated. It had been removed by force in 1952 and taken to the coastal city of Guayaquil. Now, in 1994, the comuna wanted it back and said they'd been trying to get it for decades. For the comuneros the monolith had ritual power, particularly to produce rain. In Guayaquil the archbishop wanted it put in a museum, not returned to the community where it could generate cultism. The conservative mayor of Guayaquil agreed and the monolith is exhibited in the museum where it can be seen but not worshipped. This struggle between a rural community and a major city over a precolumbian icon revealed a contest that "has very little to do with historical reasoning per se and much more to do with history's relationship with political authority and power" (Benavides 2004:174–175). Benavides provides other material supporting his overall argument that in Ecuador (as elsewhere) historical representation plays a fundamental role "in the maintenance and functioning of national political domination" (Benavides 2004:179). Especially with Gupta and Ferguson's (1992) attention to interconnectedness of space under conditions of human mobility and transnational cultural ﬂows and Appadurai's (1996) discussion of the production of locality, the situation of heritage is yet more complicated. With the realization that we live under conditions of globalization, claims to cultural heritage now involve, among other important aspects, the role of diasporic populations. Hodder writes, "With globalisation 'others' have become less strange and have been imported into all societies as a result of human mobility, migration and tourism" (1998:127). Orser (2007) identiﬁed this issue clearly when he wrote about contestations between Irish Americans and the Irish living in Ballykilcline, Ireland over the rights of heritage. Diaspora is at the heart of Bruner's (1996) discussion of African American pilgrimage to slave sites in Ghana (see also Landry, this volume). Moreover, in this age of multiculturalism and in keeping with UNESCO's mantra of world heritage and universal value, all groups can claim what otherwise would be the heritage of others, supported, when necessary, by differing degrees of argumentation and historical legitimacy. In the Political Arena Cultural heritage policies and practices are inherently political, lending themselves to manipulation: What is considered heritage? Why? By whom? Why? What is not? Why? What is well managed? Why? What is ignored or erased? Why? What is included in the discourse of nationhood? Why? What is excluded? Why? Who beneﬁts from repatriation or cultural restitution? Why? Earlier and recent literature bear directly on these questions. In an oft-cited article Appadurai wrote that the past is "collectively held, publicly expressed and ideologically charged. . . versions of the past . . . are likely to vary within the groups that form a society. . . discourse concerning the past between social groups is an aspect of politics, involving competition, opposition and debate" (1981:202). Rafael Samuel, the famous Marxist historian of British urban life, was also concerned with the politics of heritage, writing, "Politically, heritage. . . draws on a nexus of different interests. It is intimately bound up with competition for land use, and struggle for urban space. Whether by attraction or repulsion it is shaped by changes in technology. It takes on quite different meanings in different national cultures, depending on the relationship of the state and civil society, the openness or otherwise of the public arena to initiatives which come from below or from the periphery" (2008:287). Istanbul is an excellent example of the political aspects of heritage. The city has been a microcosm of Turkey's ethnic mixing for centuries. Bartu (2001) recounts the intersection of heritage politics and urban development through consideration of debates over historic preservation and revitalization of the Pera/Beyoglu district, which was established in the thirteenth century by Genoese traders and functioned as an independent enclave in an otherwise Byzantine context. Under the Ottomans in the ﬁfteenth century it still maintained its independence and trading preeminence. In the nineteenth century it welcomed native minorities: Jews, Armenians, Greeks. Basically it was the non-Muslim district of the city and it became the most prosperous, progressive, and cosmopolitan. It was the European face of Istanbul and Turkey. When a mayor of Istanbul proposed massive urban renewal plans for Istanbul in the 1980s, to transform it into a global city, debate raged about Pera/Beyoglu. Couldn't it just be demolished since it wasn't Turkish? Bartu says, "Such a view demonstrated both the power of the Turkish nationalist project and its ambivalent relationship with Europe" (2001:138). Others defended the district with nostalgia for its glorious past, now run down. Was the district "heritage" and was it worth preserving? The questions surrounding the district became more complicated with the ascendancy of an Islamist municipal government in 1994 for whom Pera/Beyoglu represented cosmopolitan degeneration. Remarkably, though, the new party embraced architectural historic preservation and tolerance. Bartu's study demonstrates how fragile the politics of heritage are, and how amenable to political exploitation cultural heritage is. Egypt exempliﬁes similarly entangled plural pasts. "Egypt's effective past is materially that of its Islamic heritage and the more recent European inlay. The Pharaonic past is a political card. It can arouse passionate responses. . . but it has not effectively become an integral or a predominant element of the materiality of Egyptian life" (Hassan 1998:212). I reached a similar conclusion in my study of the appropriation of the past in the coastal city of Nazca, Peru, famous for its World Heritage Site of giant geoglyphs traced on a vast plain. Although the iconography of the geoglyphs and memorabilia of them are abundantly visible in town, virtually no one draws a cultural connection to the precolumbian past (Silveman 2002b). And in Cuzco, where Inca ancestry is far more tangibly obvious in the built environment, cultural practices, and racial descent of the population, it is the Catholic present that is the material stuff of daily practice; "playing Inca" is basically restricted to those earning a direct income from such performances and to civically prescribed events—notwithstanding the frequent prideful statement among the populace at large of "I am descended from the Incas" (Silverman 2002b). Dictators, in particular, as strong political actors, have the wherewithal, if so desired, to intervene in cultural heritage programmatically and rapidly. In this volume Higueras discusses Mussolini's actions on the Roman landscape. Gilkes also considers fascist Italy noting that "the fascists in Italy could draw inspiration directly from the everyday environment of the classical remains that littered Italian towns and cities. . . By overstepping the middle ages and other 'ages of decadence,' the fascists linked themselves to the Romans, whose imperial might and penchant for territorial aggrandizement were exemplars of what could be achieved by the fascist 'new men' " (2006:35). Italian territorial reach extended to Albania, across the Adriatic Sea, where series of archaeological projects were commissioned to support Mussolini's interpretation of history (Gilkes 2006). Fascist archaeology also crossed the Mediterranean Sea into Libya, where "based on [an] extremely simple view of history, the fascists postulated that in antiquity there would have been large numbers of Latin immigrants who came to the Tripolitanian part of the Roman province of Africa Proconsularis" (Altekamp 2006:63). "As a consequence, the presentation of Roman Tripolitania demanded monumental restoration and reconstruction" (Altekamp 2006:64). Today, cultural heritage in Libya is under the control of a different dictator, Muammar Gaddaﬁ, during whose rule ﬁve archaeological sites have been inscribed on UNESCO's World Heritage List: a Roman city (Leptis Magna in 1982), a Phoenician trading post (Sabratha in 1982), a Greek colonial city (Cyrene in 1982), an oasis town (Ghadames in 1988), and a rock art site (Tadrart Acacus in 1985). In the week-long celebration of Ghaddaﬁ's 40-year reign, events were held at the four World Heritage List (WHL) built sites as well as in Tripoli. This use of ancient sites for political reinforcement, of course, is not uncommon—the Shah of Iran held a blowout party at Persepolis; Evo Morales of Bolivia and Alejandro Toledo of Peru both took presidential oaths of ofﬁce at their countries' signature sites, Tiwanaku and Machu Picchu, respectively. Although Ghaddaﬁdoes not appear to invest signiﬁcantly in cultural heritage projects, he is not ideologically adverse to these pre-Islamic sites and draws on them when convenient. To have sites on the World Heritage List is to be a member of the world community. This reality seems not to be lost on dictators worldwide. Politics and heritage are deeply entwined right now in a high-stakes game for legal international recognition, tourism, and investment in the Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia (FYROM), today the self-named Republic of Macedonia, versus Greece. On its "Permanent Mission to the United Nations" webpage, Macedonia has coined the slogan ". . .Cradle of Culture, Land of Nature. . ." and in Spring 2009 Macedonia launched an exceptionally appealing TV promotional ad, "Macedonia—Timeless" (http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=fP_bSxRIz-I), immediately contested by an unofﬁcial YouTube response, "Macedonia is Greece" (http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=fP_bSxRIz-I). Macedonia's appropriation of Alexander the Great as the name of its international airport in Skopje, the capital, is so signiﬁcant on the international stage that President Obama has been pressured by three hundred academic classicists to urge FYROM "to forego its hero-based focus, since they believe that the inhabitants, who are primarily Slavic-speaking, have no legitimate claim to the heritage of Alexander" (Rose 2009). Multi-ethnic states face particular challenges (internal and external) in the adjudication and management of their cultural heritage, including that which is extraterritorial. Just as Greece claims that the Republic of Macedonia/FYROM is Greek, with its Slavic population dating to 1,000 years after Alexander the Great, so UNESCO's "efforts to preserve Tibetan cultural sites as examples of tangible world heritage [coincide with] Chinese state policies to strengthen political claims to Tibet through the promotion of cultural and heritage ties between China and Tibet" (Shepherd 2009:57). In 1994 three major sites in Lhasa (Potala Palace, Jokhang Temple, Norbulingka) were listed by UNESCO as a single World Heritage Site ensemble on the World Heritage List, along with China's other World Heritage Sites (cultural, natural, mixed), thus internationally afﬁrming China's control of Tibet while promoting tourism to this already appealing destination and justifying modernization and economic development while reiteratively facilitating Chinese authority and also the disappearance of authentic Tibetan culture. Shepherd argues convincingly that "UNESCO plays into the ongoing Chinese state project of creating an 'imagined community' across space and through time" (2009:64). UNESCO, which vociferously proclaims itself to be apolitical, is content to attempt to encourage physical preservation of the monuments it has listed as universal world heritage. What China does with that designation, short of actions that would require UNESCO putting Lhasa on the notorious List of World Heritage in Danger, is China's business. Of particular interest in terms of multi-ethnic states is the agreement between ﬁve countries to participate in a mutually beneﬁcial transnational tourist circuit called "La Ruta Maya." The idea was proposed by ofﬁcials of the National Geographic Society (!) to the governments of Mexico, Guatemala, Belize, Honduras, and El Salvador, each of which accepted. It has been a success most especially for the Central American signatories. Belize, in particular, has beneﬁtted as an Englishspeaking country now with a signiﬁcant independent tourism that combines ruins with spectacular beaches (compare with Crete, discussed above). Non-specialized travel agencies offer "Route of the Maya" tours, most typically covering the four smaller countries (Mexico is usually its own trip). Travel brochures emphasize the Maya past and living Maya communities. And here is where a paper by Rosemary Joyce becomes most interesting. In addition to questioning what makes one Maya site worthy of the UNESCO World Heritage designation but not others, and recognizing the intersection of archaeological authority with the global space of tourism and global cultural capital, Joyce (2003) worries that "mayaness" is being used for nation building in countries with multiple ethnic groups. Mayanization deprivileges other ethnic groups, such as the Lenca of western Honduras. Indeed, it is an accident of political borders that Copán is in Honduras rather than Guatemala as it is so near that border, just south of Quirigua, and so unlike the rest of Honduras' archaeological record. Cooperative international politics among countries that in the past have sometimes fought wars with each other have produced, in association with the global tourism industry and global capital, a strong Maya–non-Maya dichotomy in Central America. Interestingly, however, Honduras is starting to establish a pluralistic discourse about its national identity, recognizing its multiple ethnic groups while still privileging Copán. Guatemala and El Salvador similarly are starting to produce a multicultural ideology. Yet it is Maya sites that hold national attention as when Copán was chosen as the venue for an indigenous protest. "[T]he tactic drew on the rhetoric of mayanization and the conﬂation of Honduras with Copán that was part of long-established nationalist discourse. Pan-Indian activism had come to Honduras and when it did, it used the international visibility of the classic Maya site, and the indigenous authenticity of the contemporary Chorti Maya, to advance a uniquely modern cause" (Joyce 2003:93). Politics of a different kind are implicated in the Musée du Quai Branly, the brainchild of former French president Jacques Chirac, which opened in 2006. The museum houses collections formerly in the Musée de l'Homme and Musée des Arts d'Afrique et d'Océanie, both created to showcase France's colonial holdings. Although the Musée du Quai Branly (a neutral, geographically based name chosen to avoid controversy) is new, its exhibition script is traditional notwithstanding dramatic (though severely underlit) presentation and marketing as "arts premiers"— world class art—rather than being relegated to the status of anthropological or natural history curiosity. Internecine museum politics intervened in the birth of the Musée de Quai Branly for it faced challenges from other museums in Paris over which had the right to maintain and exhibit certain categories of material (Price 2007). International politics are in evidence in that this material culture had been obtained from non-Western peoples who were in no position to resist relinquishing it and who ultimately had no role in its re-presentation in the Musée de Quai Branly. By maintaining possession rather than repatriating various items (notably those which are ethnographic with known ceremonial uses or religious connotation), Chirac and his museum were sustaining a colonial stance as much as non-Western peoples were being "honored." Rather, Musée du Quai Branly has not "confront[ed] the full story of France's past as a colonial power, . . . invite[d] meaningful participation by members of the fourthworld cultures represented in its collections, and . . . acknowledge[d] the continuing dynamism of those cultures in the twenty-ﬁrst century" (Price 2007:178). Finally, for as much as UNESCO can be decried as Western in orientation (see above and see below), nevertheless one is tempted to think that there are times when action should be taken concerning cultural heritage. Meskell (2002:565) raises this point concerning various erasures being perpetrated in one country against the heritage originating from another country or culture or group. In these cases, such as Saudi Arabia demolishing an Ottoman fort in Mecca, "neither the U.S. or UNESCO has intervened for a number of reasons: politics, timing, and cultural value" (Meskell 2002:565). There is, then, a "political dimensionality of heritage and what constitutes worth saving" (Meskell 2002:565, emphasis in original). Intangible Heritage Interest in intangible heritage as a major locus of manifold contestation has surged to the fore coincident with UNESCO's promulgation of the Universal Declaration on Cultural Diversity in 2001 and the Convention for the Safeguarding of the Intangible Heritage in 2003 (see Ruggles and Silverman 2009a; Smith and Akagawa 2009; note the founding of the International Journal of Intangible Heritage in 2006). But even before these documents were promulgated, scholars were recognizing fundamental problems in the doctrine of universality and linking of "heritage" to economic development through tourism. Ucko, for instance, noted an "inherent assumption by archaeologists and national legislators that 'the past' is a national asset whose rights and interests must take precedence over the more particularized rights of groups which are often called ethnic" (1989:xii). Since 2003 there has been particular concern with the potential for state abuse contained within the UNESCO documents. Pyburn writes, "Also common are situations in which preservation itself is a means of oppression, as when descendant groups have their cultural identity enforced and economic disadvantages naturalized by constant ofﬁcial and public rhetoric about cultural continuity, authentic heritage, and characterization of the poor as 'traditional' and 'living in the past' " (2007:172). Pyburn's point is reiterated by Cojti Ren (2006:12), who writes of the situation of the Maya of Guatemala, "to be considered 'authentic Maya,' we must conserve the cultural practices and traits of our great past, such as the rituals, the cosmovision, the art, and the agriculture. Even dress and physical traits must be maintained as the traits of 'the real Mayas of the past.' Otherwise our identity is questioned." Smith has argued that the rhetoric of heritage disempowers "the present from actively rewriting the meaning of the past [and] the use of the past to challenge and rewrite cultural and social meaning in the present becomes more difﬁcult" (2006:29). These apparently unanticipated conundrums of the UNESCO convention are also highlighted by Silverman and Ruggles (2007b:3): "while heritage can unite, it can also divide. . . it can be a tool for oppression"; they speak of the "uneasy place" of heritage in the UNESCO convention. Logan (2007:37) worries that while it is implicit in the convention that all cultures should be preserved and protected equally, there are some aspects of various peoples' cultures that other societies might wish to see abandoned as being objectionable. The convention, then, is mired in the "clash between universalism and cultural relativism" (Logan 2007:39). Logan recognizes three types of conﬂict surrounding the cultural rights the convention is supposed to mitigate: (1) governments of multi-ethnic countries may ﬁnd it convenient to abrogate the rights of their minorities so as to force assimilation and compliance with the regime; (2) selective interpretations of cultural heritage are used to inﬂuence mainstream cultural identity and opinion to the detriment of human rights; (3) there are "inherent contradictions in the human rights framework of concepts and instruments themselves [because] cultural rights can be in direct conﬂict with other human rights, particularly the rights of individuals and children and women as groups." Elazar Barkan (2007) raises similar problems with the convention, using as his examples the bioprospecting of National Geographic Society's Genographic Project and the plight (or not) of Muslim women encumbered (or not) by dress codes and behavioral restrictions (or not). This Volume In the context of the preceding pages I now brieﬂy present the contributions to this volume. As with the discussion above, the papers can be organized in a number of cogent ways. The framework I present below is not intended to hinder the linkages among the papers but to highlight particular arguments made in terms of the venues of contestation of cultural heritage. The papers are very rich and I only touch on some of their dimensions. Contested Spaces of Religion and Nationalism Ruggles deals with the contestation for space (social, religious, political, cultural) in Spain between the Catholic majority and the Moslem minority that once—long ago and for centuries—was the controlling force in Spain. Although Moslems were expelled in 1492, today a new kind of Moslem reconquista is taking place, with globalization being the context and facilitator of the immigration of a new wave of Moslem migrants into Spain. Moslems have reentered Spain. They claim their former Great Mosque in Cordoba for worship and assert social, political, cultural, and physical space for the performance of identity. They are in conﬂict with the dominant, majority Catholic population, which has historicized the pre-1492 past and uses the mosque as the Cathedral it has been for the past centuries (indeed, archaeological remains of a church underlie the mosque as well as being superimposed). At issue is Spain's Moslem community's demand to publicly perform their "differentness" from Spanish Catholic culture. The Great Mosque of Cordoba is the vehicle for a larger debate over the legitimacy of this "other" population in Spain. This debate is signiﬁcantly informed by Spanish fear of Islamic terrorism, given attacks suffered by Spain. Yet, since the demise of Franco's regime, Spanish law guarantees religious freedom. Religion and politics form the theme of Hartnett's paper as well. The centurieslong ﬁght between Catholics and Protestants in Ireland has many manifestations, one of which is the painting of wall murals in Belfast, Northern Ireland. Republicans and Loyalists contest their right for space in the city, on the land. They assert contesting claims for political and cultural power and autonomy. Here the issue of Catholic versus Protestant strife in Northern Ireland is informed by centuries of dispute and violence, much as dispute and violence characterized ﬁrst the Moslem conquista of Spain and then the Catholic reconquista. Space is the terrain of contestation in Belfast. As with Cordoba, there is contestation over space of performance of identity, identity being based on a number of cultural features such as religion. Landry's paper also considers regime change, in this case from Communist to post-Communist in Benin, west Africa. Today various supra-national forces inﬂuence decisions being made in Benin that concern the country's economy. One of these—and by no means insigniﬁcant—is UNESCO's promotion of the Slave Route, which engenders tourism that brings in foreign currency. This tourism is transnational with links being forged between Benin and Afro-American communities across the Atlantic: African American tourists from the USA and the descendant communities of Haiti and Brazil. In addition to slave heritage, Vodun religion is signiﬁcant in the engagement of Haiti, Brazil, and Benin, most notoriously Haiti. Landry is concerned with contests over history and the space of Vodun, with the right to interpret and proﬁt from it, indeed to share it. Owning and Displaying the National Past Ikram and Kynourgioupoulou focus on the role of iconic elements of the ancient past in countries that have been conquered and colonized. In both cases—Egypt and Greece—we are drawn back to the UK, for the Rosetta Stone is in the British Museum, as are the more hotly contested Parthenon Marbles (see Fitz Gibbon 2005; Hitchens 1997). Even more so than the Rosetta Stone, the Bust of Nefertiti in Berlin is Egypt's focus for repatriation. Both authors raise issues that transcend legal arguments over legitimate ownership. At issue is the role of the visible past in the construction of national identity. Today this is further enhanced by the global phenomenon of tourism: Greece and Egypt both have massive tourism industries. The new Acropolis Museum in Athens and the new museum being built on the Giza Plateau can both expect to see even greater attendance if they are able to display these two great icons of their respective pasts. Zobler's paper is a fascinating discussion about forces of nationalism and regionalism in a country having a brilliant, long ancient past and a recent history of colonialism, the latter within the context of frequent European domination of an Islamic country. The museum, as an institution, is well known as a venue for the attempted creation of national identity as well as contestation or rewriting of history. The three museums analyzed by Zobler constitute a superb illustration of intra-national contests of history and identity. Higueras considers nationalism and its relationship to a country's archaeological/historical past. His paper has two major thrusts, one of which is concerned with the visions of history that were inscribed on the Roman urban landscape by political actors in successive regimes—the Roman Empire, the liberal period, the Fascist State. Higueras, like Ikram, Kynourgiopoulou, and Landry, is concerned with the "value" of cultural heritage in its respective nation-states. When Italy came into being Rome immediately inherited a landscape of monuments to former greatness and development of the city led to new archaeological discoveries. These were put at the service of creating a new national sentiment overriding local identities. Then, when Mussolini came to power, he exalted the classical Roman heritage. Erasing the Past The second theme of Higueras' paper concerns the erasure of heritage in Rome: past negation in favor of future creation. Mussolini selectively appropriated the past; a past that was not considered useful was a disposable past. Mussolini self-gloriﬁed through remodeling of the urban landscape—at grave consequence for the residents of Rome's gutted vernacular landscape dating to the thirteenth through eighteenth centuries. Larkin's paper deals with Zimbabwe, which is notorious for the erasure of its precolonial history by the brutal colonial regime that controlled the indigenous Shona people for generations. The almost achieved erasure of the site of Great Zimbabwe, so as to rewrite history and thereby claim territory, has few equals in the annals of the destruction of cultural heritage (see, e.g., Fagan 1981:44–46; Ndoro 1999). Complicated Identities The larger focus of Larkin's paper is the complicated identities of Zimbabwe's stone carving artists, who are encumbered by the historical trauma, contradictions of colonialism, and prejudices and stereotyped expectations of the international art world. Some of the Zimbabwean artists seek to participate in the international art world as named ﬁne artists, without reference to their national or ethnic identity at all; they eschew Shona cultural heritage in their work. Other artists explicitly draw on traditional themes of indigenous identity in the production of ethnographic art. Ofﬁcial authentiﬁcation, gallery owners nationally and internationally, and the tourist industry all intervene in the scripting and success of artists' work, not always to the satisfaction of the artists themselves. Galaty deals with a region where inter-ethnic strife has been so pervasive that it gave the world a word to describe its pathology: balkanization. The Balkans have long been the terrain of social, political, cultural, and religious contestation. In the Balkans new national borders complicate ancient and deeply held identities. Both in ancient times and recently, central powers have used heritage in creative ways to undercut rival claims to territory and move boundaries. The tensions inherent in the Balkans—and which erupted into multi-party war following the collapse of Yugoslavia—have presented special challenges to the government ofﬁcials charged with managing heritage resources and developing them for tourism. Cultural heritage management in the Balkans is a highly politically-charged process, and it may be some time before we see a "Balkan Route" promoting inter-nation tourism like the Maya Route through Central America, nor is there a "mega-ethnic" identity—such as "Maya"—with which people can self-servingly identify. Fantasy and Nation The intersection of identity and scientiﬁc versus pseudoscientiﬁc knowledge is the basis of Hanks' very original contribution. She interrogates belief in ghosts and the hunt for them in historical buildings in England. Her sensitively attuned ethnography interprets ghost hunting as reﬂecting a national anxiety in Britain about "Englishness," which she relates to England's bloody historical disputes over religious legitimacy (Catholic vs. Protestant/Church of England) and to today's waves of immigrants who culturally, racially, and religiously do not conform to "Englishness" yet who are part of the national body politic in this multicultural country. As is well known, new nations seek master narratives on which to create a sense of nationhood, an imagined community. Of particular interest is the case of the "Pyramids of Bosnia," related by Galaty and well publicized (see, e.g., Bohannon 2006, 2008), whose promotion by their "discoverer" is an attempt to generate a prideful and potentially proﬁtable past on which to build a new nationalism. Archaeologists around the world, and many in the ofﬁcial Bosnian archaeological community, have condemned the interpretation of natural hills as the world's largest and oldest pyramids. But for the town of Visoko, in which they are located, this notoriety is fueling cottage industries servicing curious tourists. Hanks' and Galaty's contributions also share attention to "bottom-up" constructions of heritage and how these may challenge ofﬁcial versions of history. In Hanks' case, ghost tours "democratize" history, opening it up to alternate interpretations produced by non-credentialed members of the public who nevertheless are fully integrated into the nation. Galaty considers "how people on the margins of states negotiate, and help produce, history and heritage"—in this case tribal peoples largely isolated from the capital center of power yet, as he shows, "anything but passive participants in heritage creation and management." Environmental Heritage The Maya of El Pilar are the speciﬁc focus of Anabel Ford in her pithy contribution concerning archaeology's discovery of a new Maya center in the "romantic" or "foreboding" jungle. She is concerned with the purpose this placement on the world map of knowledge will serve to the local people of the community who are, and should be, the primary stakeholders in the future of that past. She criticizes the homogenization of "Maya" by the tourism industry and by the stratosphere of political power (i.e., NAFTA leaders) and argues that we should be focusing on the long-term success of the Maya forest adaptation rather than putting yet another temple site in the public domain of mass tourism whose script of "lost" or "perished" civilizations runs counter to historical fact. Ford emphasizes that the Maya at El Pilar, as elsewhere, are concerned with very present issues of a disputative nature: land tenure, social space in their respective nations, their representational appropriation in museums and other institutions, etc. Archaeologists can (judiciously) play a positive role in these contemporary matters through promotion and involvement in development projects, commitment to environmental issues in which the Maya ﬁgure prominently, and speciﬁcally with regard to the cross-border Maya, advocacy of a Peace Park serving to improve relations between Belize and Guatemala through adherence to sustainable agricultural and shared tourism policies, among other undertakings. A Future Without Contestation? As the scores of case studies presented in this introduction sadly illustrate, cultural heritage is an ever-present venue for contestation, ranging in scale from competitively asserted to violently claimed/destroyed. Can cultural heritage be well managed and beneﬁcially promoted while simultaneously being kept within essentially benign parameters so as to efface or diminish contestation? This is difﬁcult to achieve since heritage belongs to particular groups intra-nationally and notwithstanding UNESCO's attempt to generate a feel-good, international ethos of world cultural heritage and universal value. On the other hand, projects such as those undertaken by GHF offer some cause for optimism, though bear in mind that GHF is targeting unique sites, not entire national scenarios. Let's play a mind game using Fekri Hassan's (1998:212–213) imagining of an idealistic future for cultural heritage in Egypt. The multiple dimensions encompassed in his prescription could well be contemplated by many of the states-party signatories of the World Heritage Convention and certainly merit critical discussion in forums around the world. Here I remove Hassan's speciﬁc references to Egypt and Pharaonic, Hellenistic, and Islamic heritage, substituting A, B, C to enable the reader to insert the names of any country's particular history of cultural development, whether Western or non-Western: A stable political future of [name of country] depends upon an ability to integrate its pasts and recognize its ["A", "B" and "C"] heritage, and to place that variegated heritage within the course of a global civilization. [The country]'s links with the West are not limited to the recent history of confrontation, colonization, and decolonization. An active cultural and educational program to engage the public and schoolchildren in archaeological activities that show [the country]'s long multicultural and rich past is essential to combat . . . a loss of afﬁliation, which is exploited by subversive extreme religious parties [substitute name of any negative group]. Hassan's recommendation linking knowledge and tolerance—if combined with equitable economic and development policies, enfranchising politics, and thoughtful social planning—might begin to establish the basis for a better present and future in societies around the world. In this scenario, cultural heritage could not only achieve the debatable and nebulous universal value dictated by UNESCO but also promote manifold beneﬁts in local and national communities. Notes 1. While tangible and intangible heritage are intimately linked, intangible heritage per se has received much recent attention with passage of UNESCO's Convention for the Safeguarding of the Intangible Heritage in 2003 (see discussion of the development of this concept in Ruggles and Silverman 2009a; see also Ruggles and Silverman 2009b; Smith and Akagawa 2009). 2. This may explain, furthermore, why Masada was not inscribed on the World Heritage List until 2001. And it is manifest in the careful wording of Jerusalem's inscription on the World Heritage List (1981, 2000): see http://whc.unesco.org/ en/tentativelists/1483/ and http://whc.unesco.org/en/list/148 (accessed September 14, 2009), including the fact that the ﬁrst inscription was proposed by Jordan, not Israel. 3. The cultural turn invokes contingency, agency, practice, social construction, attention to interpretive strategies, cultural contexts, and singular stories and places or micro history, etc. (see Bonnell and Hunt 1999). For instance, Sewell understands culture as "contradictory . . . loosely integrated . . . contested . . . subject to constant change . . . [and] weakly bounded" (Sewell 1999:53–54). Raymond Williams (1958) anticipated the cultural turn a generation before, stressing that society, history, ideology, art, class, and democracy are sites of ideological struggle. 4. The development of the literature, as I see it selectively, includes—chronologically—these highlights: Cameron 1971; Hudson 1977; Haraway 1984–1985; Lumley 1988; Vergo 1989; Weil 1990; Ames 1992; Hooper-Greenhill 1992, 2000; Findlen 1994; Kaplan 1994; McClellan 1994; Sherman and Rogoff 1994; Bennett 1995; Duncan 1995; MacDonald and Fyfe 1996; Barringer and Flynn 1998; Conn 1998; Yanni 1999; Black 2000; Asma 2001; Kreps 2003; Peers and Brown 2003; Anderson 2004a; Bennett 2004; Karp et al. 2006; Levin 2007; Ostow 2008. And see references in Note 5 below. I also note the numerous museum journals with critical (rather than practical) contributions, including: Museum Anthropology (founded in 1976 and in sync with changes in anthropology overall), Journal of the History of Collections (founded in 1989), Museum International (founded in 1997), Museum and Society (founded in 2003), Collections (founded in 2004), Museums and Social Issues (founded in 2006), and Museum History Journal (founded in 2008). Although my literature list is culled, I think it fairly represents the explosion of critical museum inquiry beginning in the mid-1980s and increasing dramatically in the 1990s until the present—i.e., the paradigm shift discussed by Harrison (1993) and Anderson (2004b). The literature on museums is by now so vast (including publications by ICOM and UNESCO) that it exceeds the purview and possibilities of this chapter. 5. Other prominent examples of contested heritage in the museum include: Anderson and Reeves 1994; Clifford 1997; Crooke 2001; Dubin 1999b; Henderson and Kaeppler 1997; Holo 1999; Luke 2002; Price 2007; Simpson 1996; Stanworth 1994; Zolberg 1996. 6. I would add Henri Lefebvre's (1989) The Production of Space, whose unifying spatial theory—conjoining ideological, social, relational, political, performative, physical, and temporal aspects—was consilient with the social constructivism of contemporary anthropology. Clear antecedents to Lefebvre are Norberg-Schulz (1971) and Relph (1976). 7. At the time this volume goes to press, Langﬁeld et al. (2009) has not yet been released. See also the brief essay on this topic by George Nicholas and Julie Hollowell on the WAC website: http://www.worldarchaeologicalcongress.org/site/nicholas_hollowell.php (accessed September 1, 2009). 8. Any treatment of Maya archaeological tourism must acknowledge an earlier, comprehensive, pathbreaking work: Quetzil Castañeda's (1996) In the Museum of Maya Culture. Touring Chichén Itzá, in which he argued that "the invention of the Maya as a culture derives from the historical complicities between Maya peoples, anthropological practices, tourist businesses, regional politics, nation building, New Age spiritualists, and international relations between Mexico and the United States." 9. The whole interview can be watched at this url: http://cts.vresp.com/c/?GlobalHeritageFund/ e90eb825cd/be52bcbf00/3457febab4 References Addison, Erin 2004. The roads to ruins: Accessing Islamic heritage in Jordan. In Marketing heritage: Archaeology and the consumption of the past, ed. Yorke Rowan and Uzi Baram, 229–247. Walnut Creek, CA: AltaMira. Altekamp, Stefan 2006. Italian colonial archaeology in Libya 1913–1942. In Archaeology under dictatorship, ed. Michael L. Galaty and Charles Watkinson, 55–71. New York, NY: Springer. Ames, Michael M. 1992. Cannibal tours and glass boxes. The anthropology of museums. Vancouver: UBC Press. Anderson, Gail 2004a. Reinventing the museum. Historical and contemporary perspectives on the paradigm shift, ed. Gail Anderson. Walnut Creek, CA: Rowan & Littleﬁeld. 2004b. Introduction: Reinventing the museum. In Reinventing the museum. Historical and contemporary perspectives on the paradigm shift, ed. Gail Anderson, 1–7. Walnut Creek, CA: Rowan & Littleﬁeld. Anderson, Margaret, and Andrew Reeves 1994. Contested identities: Museums and the nation in Australia. In Museums and the making of 'ourselves.' The role of objects in national identity, ed. Flora E. S. Kaplan, 79–124. London: Leicester University Press. Appadurai, Arjun 1981. The past as a scarce resource. Man (N.S.) 16: 201–219. 1996. Modernity at large. Minneapolis, MN: University of Minnesota Press. 2007. The globalization of archaeology and heritage. A discussion with Arjun Appadurai. Journal of Social Archaeology 1(1): 35–49. Ardren, Traci 2004. Where are the ancient Maya in ancient Maya archaeological tourism? Advertising and the appropriation of culture. In Marketing heritage. Archaeology and the consumption of the past, ed. Yorke Rowan and Uzi Baram, 103–113. Walnut Creek, CA: AltaMira. Arnold, Bettina 1990. The past as propaganda. Totalitarian archaeology in nazi Germany. Antiquity 64: 464–478. Ashmore, Wendy, and A. Bernard Knapp, eds. 1999. Archaeologies of landscape. Contemporary perspectives. Oxford, MA: Blackwell. Ashworth, G. J., Brian Graham, and J. E. Tunbridge. 2007. Pluralising pasts. Heritage, identity and place in multicultural societies. London: Pluto Press. Asma, Stephen T. 2001. Stuffed animals and pickled heads. The culture and evolution of natural history museums. Oxford, MA: Oxford University Press. Atalay, Sonya L. 2007. Global application of indigenous archaeology: Community based participatory research in Turkey. Archaeologies 3(3): 249–270. Barakat, Sultan, Craig Wilson, Vjekoslava Sankovic Simcic, and Marija Kojakovic 2001. Challenges and dilemmas facing the reconstruction of war-damaged cultural heritage: The case study of Pocitelj, Bosnia-Herzegovina. In Destruction and conservation of cultural property, ed. Robert Layton, Peter G. Stone, and Julian Thomas, 168–181. London: Routledge. Barkan, Elazar 2007. Genes and burkas: Predicaments of human rights and cultural property. In Cultural heritage and human rights, ed. Helaine Silverman and D. Fairchild Ruggles, 184–200. New York, NY: Springer. Barringer, Tim, and Tom Flynn, eds. 1998. Colonialism and the object. Empire, material culture, and the museum. London: Routledge. Bartu, Ayfer 2001. Rethinking heritage politics in a global context: A view from Istanbul. In Hybrid urbanism. On the identity discourse and the built environment, ed. Nezar AlSayyad, 131–155. Westport, CT: Praeger. Bassett, Thomas 1998. Indigenous mapmaking in intertropical Africa. In Cartography in the traditional African, American, Arctic, Australian, and Paciﬁc societies (The history of cartography, volume two, book three), eds. David Woodward and G. Malcolm Lewis, 24–48. Chicago, IL University of Chicago Press. Benavides, O. Hugo 2004. Making Ecuadorian histories. Four centuries of deﬁning power. Austin, TX: University of Texas Press. Bender, Barbara 1993. Stonehenge—Contested landscapes (Medieval to present-day). In Landscape. Politics and perspectives, ed. Barbara Bender, 245–279. Oxford, MA: Berg. 1998. Stonehenge. Making space. Oxford, MA: Berg. Bender, Barbara, and Margot Winer, eds. 2001. Contested landscapes: Movement, exile and place. Oxford, MA: Berg. Bennett, Tony 1995. The birth of the museum. History, theory, politics. London: Routledge. 2004. Pasts beyond memory. Evolution, museums, colonialism. London: Routledge. Bernbeck, Reinhard, and Susan Pollock 1996. Ayodhya, archaeology and identity. Current Anthropology 37(Supplement):S138–S142. Bernhardsson, Magnus T. 2005. Reclaiming a plundered past. Archaeology and nation building in modern Iraq. Austin, TX: University of Texas Press. Black, Barbara J. 2000. On exhibit. Victorians and their museums. Charlottesville, VA: University Press of Virginia. Blakey, Michael. 1998. The New York African burial ground project: An examination of enslaved lives, a construction of ancestral ties. Transforming Anthropology 7(1): 53–58. Bohannon, John. 2006. Mad about pyramids. Science 313(5794): 1718–1720. 2008. The man who went up a hill and came down a pyramid. Discover29(11): 64–69. Bond, George C., and Angela Gilliam. 1994a. Social construction of the past: Representation as power, ed. George Clement Bond and Angela Gilliam. London: Routledge. 1994b. Introduction. In Social construction of the past: Representation as power, ed. George Clement Bond and Angela Gilliam, 1–22. London: Routledge. Bonnell, Victoria E., and Lynn Hunt. 1999. Introduction. In Beyond the cultural turn: New directions in the study of society and culture, ed. Victoria E. Bonnell and Lynn Hunt, 1–32. Berkeley, CA: University of California Press. Bray, Tamara ed. 2001. The future of the past. Archaeologists, native americans and repatriation. New York, NY: Garland. Breglia, Lisa. 2009. When patrimonies collide. The case of Chunchumil, Yucatán. In Ethnographies & archaeologies. Iterations of the past, ed. Lena Mortensen and Julie Hollowell, 55–70. Gainesville, FL: University Press of Florida. Brodie, Neil. 2006. The plunder of Iraq's archaeological heritage, 1991–2005, and the London antiquities trade. In Archaeology, cultural heritage, and the antiquities trade, ed. Neil Brodie, Morag M. Kersel, Christina Luke, and Kathryn Walker Tubb, 206–226. Gainesville, FL: University Press of Florida. Brown, Michael F. 2003. Who owns native culture? Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press. Bruner, Edward M. 1983a. Introduction. The opening up of anthropology. In Text, play, and story: The construction and reconstruction of self and society, ed. Edward M. Bruner, 1–16. Washington, DC: American Ethnological Society. 1983b. Text, play, and story: The construction and reconstruction of self and society, ed. Edward M. Bruner. Washington, DC: American Ethnological Society. 1993. Lincoln's new salem as a contested site. Museum Anthropology 17(3): 14–25. 1994. Abraham Lincoln as authentic reproduction: A critique of postmodernism. American Anthropologist 96(2): 397–415. 1996. Tourism in Ghana: The representation of slavery and the return of the black diaspora. American Anthropologist 98(2): 290–304. Bruner, Edward M. and Phyllis Gorfain. 1983. Dialogic narration and the paradoxes of Masada. In Text, play, and story: The construction and reconstruction of self and society, ed. Edward M. Bruner, 56–79. Washington, DC: American Ethnological Society. Bruner, Edward M., and Barbara Kirshenblatt-Gimblett. 1994. Maasai on the lawn: Tourist realism in east Africa. Cultural Anthropology 9(2): 435–470. Burke, Heather, Claire Smith, Dorothy Lippert, Joe Watkins, and Larry Zimmerman eds. 2008. Kennewick man. Perspectives on the ancient one. Walnut Creek, CA: Left Coast Press. Byrne, Denis. 1991. Western hegemony in archaeological heritage management. History and Anthropology 5: 269–276. Cameron, Duncan. 1971. The museum, a temple or the forum? Curator 14(1): 11–24. Campion, T.C. ed. 1989. Centre and periphery: Comparative studies in archaeology. One World Archaeology. London: Unwin Hyman. Castañeda, Quetzil. 1996. In the museum of Maya culture. Touring Chichén Itzá. Minneapolis, MN: University of Minnesota Press. Chapman, John. 1994. The destruction of a common heritage: The archaeology of war in Croatia, Bosnia and Herzegovina. Antiquity 68(258): 120–126. Chippendale, Christopher. 1986. Stoned henge: Events and issues at the summer solstice, 1985. World Archaeology 18(1): 38–58. Churchill, Nancy. 2006. Dignifying carnival: The politics of heritage recognition in Puebla, Mexico. International Journal of Cultural Property 13: 1–24. Cleere, H. F. ed. 1989. Archaeological heritage management in the modern world. One World Archaeology. London: Unwin Hyman. Cleere, H. F. 2001. The uneasy bedfellows: Universality and cultural heritage. In Destruction and conservation of cultural property, ed. Robert Layton, Peter G. Stone, and JulianThomas, 22–29. One World Archaeology. London: Routledge. Clifford, James. 1997. Museums as contact zones. In Routes: Travel and translation in the late twentieth century, ed. James Clifford, 188–219. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press. Cojti Ren, Avexnim. 2006. Maya archaeology and the political and cultural identity of contemporary Maya in Guatemala. Archaeologies 2(1): 8–19. Conn, Steven. 1998. Museums and American intellectual life, 1876–1926. Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press. Coombes, Annie. 1994. Reinventing Africa. Museums, material culture and popular imagination Yale University Press. Corner, James, ed. 1999. Recovering landscape. Princeton, NJ: Princeton Architectural Press. Cosgrove, Denis. 1984. Social formation and symbolic landscape. Madison, WI: University of Wisconsin Press. 1999. Mappings, ed. Denis Cosgrove. London: Reaktion. Cosgrove, Denis, and Stephen Daniels. 1988. The iconography of landscape. Cambridge, MA: Cambridge University Press. . New Haven, CT: Costa, Kelli Ann. 2004. Conﬂating past and present: Marketing archaeological heritage sites in Ireland. In Marketing heritage. Archaeology and the consumption of the past, ed. Yorke Rowan and Uzi Baram, 69–91. Walnut Creek, CA: AltaMira. 2009. Coach fellas. Heritage and tourism in Ireland. Walnut Creek, CA: Left Coast Press. Crooke, Elizabeth. 2001. Confronting a troubled history: Which past in northern Ireland's museums? International Journal of Heritage Studies 7(2): 119–136. Dalrymple, William. 2005. India: The war over history. The New York Review of Books, April 7, 62–65. Dann, Graham, M.S., and A. V. Seaton, eds. 2002. Slavery, contested heritage and thanatourism. London: Routledge. Darvill, Timothy. 2007. Research frameworks for world heritage sites and the conceptualization of archaeological knowledge. World Archaeology (39)3: 436–457. David, Bruno, and Meredith Wilson, eds. 2002. Inscribed landscapes. Marking and making place. Honolulu, HI: University of Hawaii Press. De La Torre, Marta, ed. 2005. Heritage values in site management. Four case studies. Los Angeles, CA: Getty Conservation Institute. Derry, Linda, and Maureen Malloy eds. 2003. Archaeologists and local communities: Partners in exploring the past. Washington, DC: Society for American Archaeology. Dubin, Steven C. 1999a. A matter of perspective: Revisionist history and "the west as America." In Displays of power. Controversy in the American museums from the 'enola gay' to 'sensation,' ed. Steven C. Dubin, 152–185. New York, NY: New York University Press. 1999b. Displays of power. Controversy in the American museums from the 'Enola Gay' to 'sensation.' New York, NY: New York University Press. Duke, Philip. 2007. The tourists gaze, the cretans glance. Archaeology and tourism on a Greek island. Walnut Creek, CA: Left Coast Press. Duncan, Carol. 1995. Civilizing rituals. Inside public art museums. London: Routledge. Duncan, James, and David Ley, eds. 1993. Place/Culture/Representation. London: Routledge. Echo-Hawk, Roger C. 2000. Ancient history in the new world: Integrating oral traditions and the archaeological record in deep time. American Antiquity 65(2): 267–290. Edney, Matthew. 1990. Mapping an empire. The geographical construction of British India, 1765–1843. Chicago, IL University of Chicago Press. Eggen, Dan. 1999. In Williamsburg, the painful reality of slavery. The Washington Post, July 7, A1. Fagan, Brian. 1981. Two hundred and four years of African archaeology. In Antiquity and man. Essays in honour of Glyn Daniel, ed. John D. Evans, Barry Cunliffe, and Colin Renfrew, 42–51. London: Thames and Hudson. Fathy, Hassan. 1969. Gourna: A tale of two villages. Cairo: Ministry of Culture. Findlen, Paula. 1994. Possessing nature. Museums, collecting and scientiﬁc culture in early modern Italy. Berkeley, CA: University of California Press. Fitz Gibbon, Kate. 2005. The Elgin marbles. In Who owns the past? Cultural policy, cultural property, and the law, ed. Kate Fitz Gibbon, 109–119. New Brunswick, NJ: Rutgers University Press. Flood, Josephine. 1989. "Tread softly for you tread on my bones": The development of cultural resource management in Australia. In Archaeological heritage management in the modern world, ed. H. F. Cleere, 79–101. One World Archaeology. London: Unwin Hyman. Frühsorge, Lars. 2007. Archaeological heritage in Guatemala: Indigenous perspectives on the ruins of Iximche. Archaeologies 3(1): 39–58. Gathercole, Peter, and David Lowenthal, eds. 1990. The politics of the past. One World Archaeology. London: Unwin Hyman. Gero, Joan. 2009. The history of World Archaeological Congress. http://www.worldarchaeologicalcongress. org/about-wac/history/146-history-wac. Accessed 15 Sep 2009. Gilkes, Oliver. 2006. The Trojans in Epirus. Archaeology, myth, and identity in inter-war Albania. In Archaeology under dictatorship, ed. Michael L. Galaty and Charles Watkinson, 33–54. New York, NY: Springer. Gillespie, Josephine. 2009. Protecting world heritage: Regulating ownership and land use at Angkor archaeological park, Cambodia. International Journal of Heritage Studies 15(4): 338–354. Golden, Jonathan. 2004. Targeting heritage: The abuse of symbolic sites in modern conﬂicts. In Marketing heritage. archaeology and the consumption of the past, ed. Yorke Rowan and Uzi Baram, 183–202. Walnut Creek, CA: AltaMira. Gordillo, Gastón. 2009. The ruin of ruins. On the preservation and destruction of historical sites in northern Argentina. In Ethnographies & archaeologies. Iterations of the past, ed. Lena Mortensen and Julie Hollowell, 30–54. Gainesville, FL: University Press of Florida. Greenﬁeld, Jeanette. 2007. The return of cultural treasures. Third Edition. Cambridge, MA: Cambridge University Press. Gupta, Akhil, and James Ferguson. 1992. Beyond "culture": Space, identity, and the politics of difference. Cultural Anthropology 7(1): 6–23. Hall, Martin. 2004. Lifting the veil of popular history: Archaeology and politics in urban Cape Town. In Social construction of past: Representation as power, ed. George Clement Bond and Angela Gilliam, 167–184. London: Routledge. Hammil, Jan, and Robert Cruz. 1989. Statement of American Indians against desecration before the World Archaeological Congress. In Conﬂict in the archaeology of living traditions, ed. R. Layton, 195–200. One World Archaeology. London: Routledge. Handler, Richard. 1985. On having a culture. Nationalism and the preservation of Quebec's Patrimoine. In Objects and others. Essays on museums and material culture, ed. George W. Stocking, Jr., 192–217. Madison, WI: University of Wisconsin Press. 1988. Nationalism and the politics of culture in Quebec. Madison, WI: University of Wisconsin Press. Handler, Richard, and Eric Gable. 1997. The new history in an old museum. Creating the past at Colonial Williamsburg. Durham, NC: Duke University Press. Haraway, Donna. 1984–1985. Teddy bear patriarchy: Taxidermy in the garden of Eden, New York City, 1908–1936. Social Text 11:20–64. Harrington, Spencer P. M. 1993. New York's great cemetery imbroglio. Archaeology, March–April 1993, 30–38. Hart, David, and Sarah Winter. 2001. The politics of remembrance in the New South Africa. In Archaeologies of the contemporary past, ed. Victor Buchli and Gavin Lucas, 84–93. London: Routledge. Harrison, Julia. 1993. Ideas of museums in the 1990s. Museum Management and Curatorship 13: 160–176. Hassan, Fekri. 1998. Memorabilia. Archaeological materiality and national identity in Egypt. In Archaeology under ﬁre. Nationalism, politics and heritage in the eastern mediterranean and middle east, ed. Lynn Meskell, 200–216. London: Routledge. Henderson, Amy, and Adrienne L. Kaeppler eds. 1997. Exhibiting dilemmas. Issues of representation at the smithsonian. Washington, DC: Smithsonian Institution Press. Herzfeld, Michael. 1982. Ours once more. Folklore, ideology, and the making of modern Greece. Austin, TX: University of Texas Press. 1991. A place in history. Social and monumental time in a Cretan Town. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press. Hirsch, Eric, and Michael O'Hanlon, eds. 1995. The anthropology of landscape. Perspectives on place and space. Oxford, MA: Clarendon Press. Hitchens, Christopher. 1997. The Elgin marbles. Should they be returned to Greece? London: Verso. Hobsbawm, Eric. 1983. Introduction: Inventing traditions. In The invention of tradition, ed. Eric Hobsbawm and Terence Ranger, 1–14. Cambridge, MA: Cambridge University Press. Hodder, Ian. 1998. The past as passion and play. Çatalhöyük as a site of conﬂict in the construction of multiple pasts. In Archaeology under ﬁre. Nationalism, politics and heritage in the eastern mediterranean and middle east, ed. Lynn Meskell, 124–139. London: Routledge. Holo, Selma Reuben. 1999. Beyond the Prado. Museums and identity in democratic Spain. Washington, DC: Smithsonian Institution Press. Hollowell, Julie. 2009. Standpoints on stewardship in a global market for the material past. In Ethnographies & archaeologies. iterations of the past, ed. Lena Mortensen and Julie Hollowell, 218–239. Gainesville, FL: University Press of Florida. Hooper-Greenhill, Eilean. 1992. Museums and the shaping of knowledge. London: Routledge. 2000. Museums and the interpretation of visual culture. London: Routledge. Hudson, Kenneth. 1977. Museums for the 1980s: A survey of world trends. Paris: UNESCO/Macmillan. Hutter, Michael, and Ilde Rizzo, eds. 1997. Economic perspectives on cultural heritage. New York: St. Maarten's Press. Jackson, Antoinette. 2009. Conducting heritage research and practicing heritage resource management on a community level—Negotiating contested historicity. Practicing Anthropology 31(3): 5–10. Jackson, Peter. 1989. Maps of meaning. London: Unwin Hyman. Jansen, Michael. 2005. War and cultural heritage. Cyprus after the 1974 Turkish invasion. Minneapolis, MN: University of Minnesota Press. Johnson-Roehr, Susan. 2008. The archaeological survey of India and communal violence in post-independence India. International Journal of Heritage Studies 14(6): 506–523. Jones, Sian. 1997. The archaeology of ethnicity. Constructing identities in the past and present. London: Routledge. Joyce, Rosemary. 2003. Archaeology and nation building: A view from Central America. In The politics of archaeology and identity in a global context, ed. Susan Kane, 79–100. Boston, MA: Archaeological Institute of America. Kaplan, Flora E. S., ed. 1994. Museums and the making of 'ourselves.' The role of objects in national identity, ed. Flora E. S. Kaplan, 79–124. London: Leicester University Press. Karp, Ivan, and Steve D. Lavine, eds. 1991. Exhibiting cultures. The poetics and politics of museum display. Washington, DC: Smithsonian Institution Press. Karp, Ivan, Christine Mullen Kreamer, and Steven D. Lavine, eds. 1992. Museums and communities. The politics of public culture. Washington, DC: Smithsonian Institution Press. Karp, Ivan, Corinne A. Kratz, Lynn Szwaja, and Tomás Ybarra-Frausto, eds. 2006. Museum frictions. Public cultures/global transformations. Durham, NC: Duke University Press. Karp-Toledo, Eliane. 2008. The lost treasure of Machu Picchu. Op-Ed. The New York Times, 8 Dec. Knapp, Bernard, and Sophia Antoniadou. 1998. Archaeology, politics and the cultural heritage of Cyprus. In Lynn Meskell, 13–43. London: Routledge. Kohl, Philip L., and Clare Fawcett, eds. 1995. Nationalism, politics and the practice of archaeology. Cambridge, MA: Cambridge University Press. Kreamer, Christine Mullen. 2006. Shared heritage, contested terrain: Cultural negotiation and Ghana's Cape Coast Castle museum exhibition "crossroads of people, crossroads of trade." In Museum frictions. Public cultures/global transformations, ed. Ivan Karp, Corinne A. Kratz, Lynn Szwaja, and Tomás Ybarra-Frausto, 435–468. Durham, NC: Duke University Press. Kreps, Christina. 2003. Liberating culture. Cross-cultural perspectives on museums, curation, and heritage preservation. London: Routledge. Kreutzer, Daniel D. 2006. Privatising the public past: The economics of archaeological heritage management. Archaeologies 2(2): 52–66. Kwame-Opoku, Dr. 2008. Ten essential points on the continued detention of the Benin bronzes by European and American museums. http://www.modernghana.com/news/184756/50/ten-essential-points-onthe-continued-detention-of.html. Accessed 20 Sep 2009. Labadi, Sophia. 2007. Representations of the nation and cultural diversity in discourses on world heritage. Journal of Social Archaeology 7(2): 147–170. Archaeology under ﬁre, ed. Lal, B. B. 2001. A note on the excavations at Ayodhya with reference to the Mandir-Masjid issue. In Destruction and conservation of cultural property, ed. Robert Layton, Peter G. Stone, and Julian Thomas, 117–126. London: Routledge. Langﬁeld, Michele, William S. Logan, and Mairead Nic Craith, eds. 2009. Cultural diversity, heritage and human rights: Intersections in theory and practice. London: Routledge. Layton, R., ed. 1989. Conﬂict in the archaeology of living traditions. One World Archaeology. London: Routledge. Lefebvre, Henri. 1991. The production of space. Malden, MA: Blackwell (ﬁrst English translation) Lennon, John, and Malcolm Foley. 2000. Dark tourism. The attraction of death and disaster. London: Continuum. Levin, Amy K. 2007. Deﬁning memory. Local museums and the construction of history in America's changing communities. Plymouth, UK: AltaMira. Lilley, Ian, and Michael Williams. 2005. Archaeological and indigenous signiﬁcance. A view from Australia. In Heritage of value, archaeology of renown, ed. Clay Mathers, Timothy Darvill, and Barbara J. Little, 227–247. Gainesville, FL: University Press of Florida. Little, Barbara J., ed. 2002. Public beneﬁts of archaeology. Gainesville, FL: University Press of Florida. Little, Barbara J., and Paul A. Shackel, eds. 2007. Archaeology as a tool of civic engagement. Lanham, MD: AltaMira. Logan, William S. 2007. Closing pandora's box: Human rights conundrums in cultural rights protection. In Cultural heritage and human rights, ed. Helaine Silverman and D. Fairchild Ruggles, 33–52. New York, NY: Springer. Lowenthal, David. 1985. The past is a foreign country. Cambridge, MA: Cambridge University Press. Lubow, Arthur. 2007. The possessed. The New York Times Magazine, 24 June. Luke, Timothy W. 2002. Museum politics. Power plays at the exhibition. Minneapolis, MN: University of Minnesota Press. Lumley, Robert. 1988. The museum time-machine. Putting cultures on display. London: Routledge. Lynott, Mark J., and Alison Wylie, eds. 1995. Ethics in American archaeology. Challenges for the 1990s American Archaeology. MacDonald, Sharon, and Gordon Fyfe. 1996. Theorizing museums. Representing identity and diversity in a changing world. Oxford, MA: Blackwell. MacKenzie, Robert, and Peter Stone. 1990. Introduction: The concept of the excluded past. In The excluded past. Archaeology in education, ed. P. Stone and R. MacKenzie, 1–14. One World Archaeology. London: Unwin Hyman. Magnoni Aline, Traci Ardren, and Scott Hutson. 2007. Tourism in the Mundo Maya: Inventions and (mis)representations of Maya identities and heritage. Archaeologies 3(3): 353–383. Mamani Condori, Carlos. 1989. History and prehistory in Bolivia: What about the Indians? In Conﬂict in the archaeology of living traditions, ed. R. Layton, 46–59. One World Archaeology. London: Routledge. . Washington, DC: Society for McCarthy, John P. 1996. Who owns these bones? Public Archaeology Review4(2): 3–12. McClellan, Andrew. 1994. Inventing the louvre. Art, politics, and the origins of the modern museum in eighteenthcentury Paris. Berkeley, CA: University of California Press. McGill, Douglas C. 1990. Michael Heizer. Efﬁgy Tumuli. The reemergence of ancient mound building. New York, NY: Harry N. Abrams. McManamon, Francis P. 2000. Archaeological messages and messenger. Public Archaeology 1(1): 5–20. McNiven, Ian J., and Lynette Russell. 2005. Appropriated pasts. Indigenous peoples and the colonial culture of archaeology. Lanham, MD: AltaMira. Meskell, Lynn. 1998. Archaeology under ﬁre. Nationalism, politics and heritage in the eastern mediterranean and middle east, ed. Lynn Meskell. London: Routledge. 2002. Negative heritage and past mastering in archaeology. Anthropological Quarterly 75(4): 557–574. 2003. Pharaonic legacies: Postcolonialism, heritage and hyperreality. In The politics of archaeology and identity in a global context, ed. Susan Kane, 149–171. Boston, MA: Archaeological Institute of America. 2005. Sites of violence: Terrorism, tourism, and heritage in the archaeological present. In Embedding ethics, ed. Lynn Meskell and Peter Pels, 123–146. Oxford, MA: Berg. Messenger, Phyllis Mauch, ed. 1989. The ethics of collecting cultural property. Whose culture? Whose property? NM: University of New Mexico Press. Michaels, Eric. 1987. Aboriginal content: Who's got it—Who needs it? Art & Text 23–24: 58–78. Mihesuah, Devon A., ed. 2000. Repatriation reader. Who owns American Indian remains? Lincoln, NH: University of Nebraska Press. Miller, Daniel, Michael Rowlands, and Christopher Tilley, eds. 1989. Domination and resistance. One World Archaeology. London: Unwin Hyman. Mitchell, Timothy. 2001. Making the nation: The politics of heritage in Egypt. In Consuming tradition, manufacturing heritage. Global norms and urban forms in the age of tourism, ed. Nezar AlSayyad, 212–239. London: Routledge. 2002. Rule of experts. Egypt, techno-politics and modernity. Berkeley, CA: University of California Press. Mondale, Clarence. 1994. Conserving a problematic past. In Conserving culture. A new discourse on heritage, ed. Mary Hufford, 15–23. Urbana, IL: University of Illinois Press. Mortensen, Lena. 2007. Working borders: The contexts of copán archaeology. Archaeologies3(2): 132–152. 2009 Producing copán in the archaeology industry. In Ethnographies & archaeologies. Iterations of the past, ed. Lena Mortensen and Julie Hollowell, 178–198. Gainesville, FL: University Press of Florida. Mullins, Paul. 2004. African-American heritage in a multicultural community. In Places in mind: Public archaeology as applied anthropology, ed. Paul A. Shackel and Erve Chambers, 57–69. London: Routledge. 2007. Politics, inequality, and engaged archaeology: Community archaeology along the color line. In Archaeology as a tool of civic engagement, ed. Barbara J. Little and Paul A. Shackel, 89–108. Lanham, MD: AltaMira. Albuquerque, Ndoro, Webber. 1999. Great Zimbabwe. In Lessons from the past, ed. Kenneth Feder, 31–35. Mountain View, CA: Mayﬁeld Publishing. Norberg-Schulz, Christian. 1971. Existence, space and architecture. New York, NY: Praeger. Orser, Charles. 2007. Transnational diaspora and rights of heritage. In Cultural heritage and human rights, ed. Helaine Silverman and D. Fairchild Ruggles, 92–105. New York, NY: Springer. Ostow, Robin, ed. 2008. (Re)visualizing national history: Museums and national identities in Europe in the new millennium. Toronto: University of Toronto Press. Owsley, Douglas W., and Richard L. Jantz. 2002. Kennewick man –A kin? Too distant. In Claiming the stones. Naming the bones. Cultural property and the negotiation of national and ethnic identity, ed. Elazar Barkan and Ronald Bush, 141–161. Los Angeles, CA: Getty Publications. Peers, Laura, and Aliso K. Brown, eds. 2003. Museums and source communities: A Routledge reader. London: Routledge. Polk, Milbry, and Angela M. H. Schuster. 2005. The looting of the Iraq museum. The lost legacy of ancient Mesopotamia. New York, NY: Harry N. Abrams. Pomeroy, Melanie. 2005. Assessing the cultural signiﬁcance of world heritage sites. In Heritage of value, archaeology of renown, ed. Clay Mathers, Timothy Darvill, and Barbara J. Little, 301–316. Gainesville, FL: University Press of Florida. Pressouyre, Léon. 1996. The world heritage convention twenty years later. Paris: UNESCO Publishing. Price, Sally. 2007. Paris primitive. Jacques Chirac's museum on the Quai Branly. Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press. Pwiti, Gilbert, and Webber Ndoro. 1999. The legacy of colonialism: Perceptions of the cultural heritage in Southern Africa, with special reference to Zimbabwe. African Archaeological Review 16: 143–153. Pyburn, K. Anne. 2007. Archaeology as activism. In Cultural heritage and human rights, eds. Helaine Silverman and D. Fairchild Ruggles, 172–183. New York ,NY: Springer. 2006. Exhibiting archaeology. Site museums and cultural resource management in Latin America. In Archaeological site museums in Latin America, ed. Helaine Silverman, 256–266. Gainesville, FL: University Press of Florida. Rakotoarisoa, Jean-Aimé. 1989. The burden of an encumbered inheritance upon the study of the past of Madagascar. In Conﬂict in the archaeology of living traditions, ed. R. Layton, 82–87. One World Archaeology. London: Routledge. Relph, E. 1976. Place and placelessness. London: Pion. Richardson, Lori. 1989. The acquisition, storage, and handling of aboriginal skeletal remains in museums: An indigenous perspective. In Conﬂict in the archaeology of living traditions, ed. R. Layton, 185– 188. One World Archaeology. London: Routledge. Rose, Brian. 2009. Everyone's hero. Ancient models, modern identity. Archaeology Magazine, Sep/Oct:editorial. Rotenberg, Robert. 1995. Landscape and power in Vienna. Baltimore, MD Johns Hopkins University Press. Rothﬁeld, Lawrence. 2008. Antiquities under siege: Cultural heritage protection after the Iraq war. Lanham, MD: AltaMira. 2009. The rape of Mesopotamia. Behind the looting of the Iraq museum. Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press. Rowlands, Michael. 1994. The politics of identity in archaeology. In Social construction of the past: Representation as power, ed. George Clement Bond and Angela Gilliam, 129–143. London: Routledge. Ruggles, D. Fairchild, and Helaine Silverman. 2009a. From tangible to intangible heritage. In Intangible heritage embodied, ed. D. Fairchild Ruggles and Helaine Silverman, 1–14. New York, NY: Springer. Ruggles, D. Fairchild, and Helaine Silverman, eds. 2009b. Intangible heritage embodied. New York, NY: Springer. Samuel, Raphael. 2008. Politics. In The heritage reader, ed. Graham Fairclough, Rodney Harrison, John H. Jameson, and John Schoﬁeld, 274–293. London: Routledge [originally 1994]. Sather-Wagstaff, Joy. 2009. Folk epigraphy at the world trade center, Oklahoma city, and beyond. In Intangible heritage embodied , ed. D. Fairchild Ruggles and Helaine Silverman, 169–184. New York: Springer. Scarborough, Isabel. 2008. The Bennett monolith: Archaeological patrimony and cultural restitution in Bolivia. In Handbook of South American archaeology, ed. Helaine Silverman and William H. Isbell, 1089–1101. New York, NY: Springer. Scazzosi, Lionella. 2004. Reading and assessing the landscape as cultural and historical heritage. Landscape Research 29(4): 335–355. Schildkrout, Enid. 1991. Ambiguous messages and ironic twists: "into the heart of Africa" and "the other museum." Museum Anthropology 15(2): 16–23. Schmidt, Peter R., and Thomas C. Patterson, eds. 1995. Making alternative histories. The practice of archaeology and history in non-western Settings. Santa Fe, NM: School of American Research Press. Sewell, William H. 1989. Concepts of culture. In Beyond the cultural turn, ed. Victoria E. Bonnell and Lynn Hunt, 35–61. Berkeley, CA: University of California Press. Shackel, Paul A. 2002. Broadening the interpretations of the past at Harpers Ferry National Historical Park. In Public beneﬁts of archaeology, ed. Barbara J. Little, 157–166. Gainesville, FL: University Press of Florida. Shackel, Paul A., and Erve Chambers, eds. 2004. Places in mind: Public archaeology as applied anthropology. New York, NY: Routledge. Sharma, Ram Sharan. 2001. The Ayodhya issue. In Destruction and conservation of cultural property, ed. Robert Layton, Peter G. Stone, and Julian Thomas, 127–138. London: Routledge. Shennan, S. J., ed. 1989. Archaeological approaches to cultural identity. One World Archaeology. London: Unwin Hyman. Shepherd, Robert. 2009. Cultural heritage, UNESCO, and the Chinese State. Heritage Management2(1): 55–80. Sherman, Daniel J., and Irit Rogoff, eds. 1994. Museum culture. Histories, discourses, spectacles. Minneapolis, MN: University of Minnesota Press. Silberman, Neil Asher. 1995. Promised lands and chosen peoples: The politics and poetics of archaeological narrative. In Nationalism, politics, and the practice of archaeology, ed. Philip L. Kohl and Clare Fawcett, 249–262. Cambridge, MA: Cambridge University Press. Silverman, Helaine. 1990. Beyond the pampa: The geoglyphs in the valleys of Nazca. National Geographic Research 6(4): 435–456. 1999. Archaeology and the 1997 Peruvian hostage crisis. Anthropology Today15(1): 9–13. 2002a. To be human is to dwell: Settlement patterns and social geographies. In Ancient nasca settlement and society, ed. Helaine Silverman, 1–20. Iowa City, IA: University of Iowa Press. 2002b. Touring ancient times: The present and presented past in contemporary Peru. American Anthropologist 104(3): 881–902. 2005. Embodied heritage, identity politics, and tourism. Anthropology and Humanism 30(2): 141–155. 2006a. The historic district of Cusco as an open-air museum. In Archaeological site museums in Latin America, ed. Helaine Silverman, 159–183. Gainesville, FL: University Press of Florida. 2006b. Archaeological site museums in Latin America, ed. Helaine Silverman. Gainesville, FL: University Press of Florida. Silverman, Helaine, and D. Fairchild Ruggles. 2007a. Cultural heritage and human rights, ed. Helaine Silverman and D. Fairchild Ruggles. New York, NY: Springer. 2007b. Cultural heritage and human rights. In Cultural heritage and human rights, ed. Helaine Silverman and D. Fairchild Ruggles, 3–22. New York, NY: Springer. Simpson, Moira G. 1996. Making representations. Museums in the post-colonial era. London: Routledge. Smith, Anthony D. 1989. The ethnic origin of nations. Oxford, MA: Basil Blackwell. Smith, Claire, and H. Martin Wobst. 2005. Decolonizing archaeological theory and practice. In Indigenous archaeologies: Decolonizing theory and practice, ed. Claire Smith and H. Martin Wobst, 4–14. One World Archaeology. London: Routledge. Smith, Laurajane. 2006. The uses of heritage. London: Routledge. Smith, Laurajane, and Natsuko Akagawa, eds. 2009. Intangible heritage. New York, NY: Routledge. Smith, Rhona K. M. 2001. Traditional lands and cultural rights: The Australian experience. International Journal of Human Rights 5(3): 1–18. Spiegel, Andrew D. 1994. Struggling with tradition in South Africa: The multivocality of images of the past. In Social construction of the past: Representation as power, ed. George Clement Bond and Angela Gilliam, 185–202. London: Routledge. Stanworth, Karen. 1994. The politics of display: A "literary and historical" deﬁnition of Quebec in 1830s British North America. In Art apart. Art institutions and ideology across England and North America, ed. Marcia Pointon, 120–141. Manchester: Manchester University Press. Starzmann, Maria Theresia. 2008. Cultural imperialism and heritage politics in the event of armed conﬂict: Prospects for an "activist archaeology." Archaeologies 4(3): 368–389. Stone, Peter. 2008. Stonehenge—A ﬁnal solution? In The heritage reader, ed. Graham Fairclough, Rodney Harrison, John H. Jameson, and John Schoﬁeld, 524–535. London: Routledge. Stone, Peter, and Joanne Farchakh Bajjaly, eds. 2008. The destruction of cultural heritage in Iraq. Suffolk, UK: Boydell Press, Woodbridge. Stone, Peter G., and Brian L. Molyneaux, eds. 1994. The presented past: Heritage, museums and education. One World Archaeology. London: Routledge. Sulc, Branka. 2001. The protection of Croatia's cultural heritage during war, 1991–1995. In Destruction and conservation of cultural property, ed. Robert Layton, Peter G. Stone, and Julian Thomas, 157–167. London: Routledge. Swidler, Nina, Kurt E. Dongoske, Roger Anyon, and Alan S. Downer, eds. 1997. Native Americans and archaeologists. Stepping stones to common ground. Walnut Creek, CA: AltaMira. Trouillot, Michel-Rolph. 1995. Silencing the past. Power and the production of history. Boston, MA: Beacon. Ucko, Peter. 1989. Foreword. In Archaeological heritage management in the modern world, ed. H. F. Cleere, ix–xiv. One World Archaeology. London: Unwin Hyman. Van der Aa, Bart. 2005. World heritage as a means of marking Mexican identity. In Senses of place: Senses of time, ed. G. J. Ashworth and Brian Graham, 133–148. London: Ashgate. Vergo, Peter, ed. 1989. The new museology. London: Reaktion. Wallach, Alan. 1994. The battle over "The west as America," 1991. In Art apart. Art institutions and ideology across England and North America, ed. Marcia Pointon, 89–101. Manchester: Manchester University Press. Walsh, Kevin. 1992. The museum as a facilitator. In The representation of the past. Museums and heritage in the post-modern world, ed. Kevin Walsh, 160–175. London: Routledge. Warren, Karen J. 1989. Introduction. A philosophical perspective on the ethics and resolution of cultural properties issues. In The ethics of collecting cultural property. Whose culture? Whose property?, ed. Phyllis Mauch Messenger, 1–25. Albuquerque, NM: University of New Mexico Press. Watkins, Joe. 2000. Indigenous archaeology. American Indian values and scientiﬁc practice CA: AltaMira. Watkins, Joe, K. Anne Pyburn, and Pam Cressey. 2000. Community relations: What the practicing archaeologist needs to know to work effectively with local and/or descendant communities. In Teaching archaeology in the twenty-ﬁrst century, ed. Susan Bender and George Smith, 730–781. Washington, DC: Society for American Archaeology. Weil, Steven. 1990. Rethinking the museum. Washington, DC: Smithsonian Institution Press. Wescoat, James L., Jr. 2007. The Indo-Islamic garden: Conﬂict, conservation, and conciliation in Gujarat, India. In Cultural heritage and human rights, ed. Helaine Silverman and D. Fairchild Ruggles, 53–77. New York, NY: Springer. Williams, Raymond. 1958. Culture and society, 1780–1950. London: Chatto & Windus. Wood, Denis. 1992. The power of maps. New York, NY: Guilford Press. . Walnut Creek, Yanni, Carla. 1999. Nature's museums. Victorian science and the architecture of display. Baltimore, MD: Johns Hopkins University Press. Zolberg, Vera. 1996. Museums as contested sites of remembrance: The Enola Gay affair. In Theorizing museums. Representing identity and diversity in a changing world, ed. Sharon MacDonald and Gordon Fyfe, 69–82. Oxford: Blackwell.	<urn:uuid:a9dbc19a-f71f-4323-8682-62d7b6aab542>	HuggingFaceFW/finepdfs/tree/main/data/eng_Latn/train	finepdfs	eng_Latn	157,730
FUNDACION MUSEOS DE LA CIUDAD ÁREA DE CONTRATACIONES -2018 PROCESOS DE CONTRATACION Y COMPRAS PÚBLICAS DE BIENES Y SERVICIOS \| TIPO DE CONTRATACION \| NÚMERO TOTAL ADJUDICADOS \| VALOR TOTAL ADJUDICADOS \| NÚMERO TOTAL FINALIZADOS \| VALOR TOTAL FINALIZADOS \| \|---\|---\|---\|---\|---\| \| REGIMEN ESPECIAL \| 7 \| 78.891,42 \| 4 \| 34.499,66 \| \| CATÁLOGO ELÉCTRONICO \| 156 \| 940.408,44 \| 153 \| 939.658,34 \| \| SUBASTA INVERSA ELECTRÓNICA \| 4 \| 41.629,00 \| 4 \| 41.629,00 \| \| INFIMA CUANTÍA \| 76 \| 131.797,26 \| 68 \| 120.882,26 \|	<urn:uuid:d2c80bd7-4594-48cc-8d8e-baa32d50ac54>	HuggingFaceFW/finepdfs/tree/main/data/spa_Latn/train	finepdfs	spa_Latn	515
СЕРТИФИКАТ № 42864/22/S УДОСТОВЕРЯВА, ЧЕ СИСТЕМАТА ЗА УПРАВЛЕНИЕ НА КАЧЕСТВОТО НА IT IS HEREBY CERTIFIED THAT THE QUALITY MANAGEMENT SYSTEM OF НЕЙВЪЛ ТЕХНОЛОДЖИ БЪЛГАРИЯ ЕООД NAVAL TECHNOLOGY BULGARIA LTD УЛ. АКСАКОВ 11А, ЕТ. 4, АП. 2, СОФИЯ 1000, БЪЛГАРИЯ 11A, AKSAKOV STR., FL. 4, AP. 2, 1000 SOFIA, BULGARIA ЗА СЛЕДНИТЕ ОПЕРАТИВНИ СТРУКТУРИ / IN THE FOLLOWING OPERATIONAL UNITS БУЛ. ВЛАДИСЛАВ ВАРНЕНЧИК 256, ЕТ. 9, ТЦ ВАРНА ТАУЪРС, ВАРНА 9000, БЪЛГАРИЯ 256, VLADISLAV VARNENCHIK BLVD., FL. 9, MALL VARNA TOWERS, 9000 VARNA, BULGARIA СЪОТВЕТСТВА НА СТАНДАРТ / IS IN COMPLIANCE WITH THE STANDARD ISO 9001:2015 С ОБЛАСТ НА ПРИЛОЖЕНИЕ / FOR THE FOLLOWING FIELD(S) OF ACTIVITIES ИНЖЕНЕРНИ УСЛУГИ В ОБЛАСТТА НА КОРАБОСТРОЕНЕТО С НАСОЧЕНОСТ КЪМ ВОЕННОМОРСКИТЕ ПРОЕКТИ. ENGINEERING SERVICES IN SHIPBUILDING WITH A FOCUS ON NAVAL PROJECTS. Валидността на този сертификат зависи от годишните / шестмесечните одити и от цялостния преглед на системата за управление на всеки три години. The validity of this certificate is dependent on an annual / six monthly audit and on a complete review, every three years, of the management system Използването и валидността на сертификата зависят от спазването на правилата на RINA за сертификация на системи за управление на качеството. The use and validity of this certificate are subject to compliance with the RINA document: Rules for the certification of Quality Management Systems Първо издание First Issue 29.06.2022 Валидност до Expiry Date 28.06.2025 Последна промяна Revision date 29.06.2022 Kalin Panev Bulgaria Certification Head RINA Services S.p.A. Via Corsica 12 - 16128 Genova Italy SGQ № 002 A Signatory of EA, IAF and ILAC Mutual Recognition Agreements CISQ е Италианската Федерация на Органите по Сертифициране на Система за управление CISQ is the Italian Federation of management System Certification Bodies	d077081c-894b-422a-a724-f0b7e7ba01b6	HuggingFaceFW/finepdfs/tree/main/data/bul_Cyrl/train	finepdfs	bul_Cyrl	1,878
gemäß Wohnflächenberechnung vom 28.06.2024 CONCEPT BAU GmbH für Zapf Kreuzstein Development GmbH · Hans-Cornelius-Straße 4 · 82166 Gräfelfing 0 1m 2m 3m Planungshilfe im Maßstab 1:75 Vorbehaltlich Änderungen aufgrund von technischen Notwendigkeiten. Die angegebenen Flächen wurden nach Rohbaumaßen ermittelt. Einzelne Änderungen vorbehalten. Illustrationen aus Sicht des Illustrators. Möblierung im Preis nicht enthalten. Vorab-Grundrisse, Planungsstand 28.06.2024 EV Elektroverteilung HKV Heizkreisverteiler HHK Handtuchheizkörper RR Regenrohr WM Waschmaschine	<urn:uuid:54c2a291-7de0-4e91-aa27-ac50aa2256a0>	HuggingFaceFW/finepdfs/tree/main/data/deu_Latn/train	finepdfs	deu_Latn	580
FORMANDO EL CAPITAL HUMANO EN UN MÉXICO QUE ENVEJECE Un informe del Consejo Binacional México-Estados Unidos Instituto Tecnológico Autónomo de México (ITAM) Center for Strategic and International Studies (CSIS) Mexico Project y Global Aging Initiative FORMANDO EL CAPITAL HUMANO EN UN MÉXICO QUE ENVEJECE UN INFORME DEL CONSEJO BINACIONAL MÉXICO-ESTADOS UNIDOS Autor RICHARD JACKSON Con la contribución de GABRIEL ARRISUEÑO FAJARDO KEISUKE NAKASHIMA Traducción al español GABRIEL ARRISUEÑO FAJARDO Instituto Tecnológico Autónomo de México (ITAM) Center for Strategic & International Studies (CSIS) Mexico Project y Global Aging Initiative Diciembre 2005 Sobre el CSIS El Centro de Estudios Estratégicos e Internacionales (CSIS) es un centro de investigación de políticas públicas bipartidario y sin fines de lucro fundado en 1962 para proveer asesoría estratégica y soluciones políticas prácticas a líderes en temas de seguridad mundial. A través de los años, CSIS ha crecido hasta convertirse en una de las organizaciones más grandes entre las de su clase, con un personal de aproximadamente 200 trabajadores que incluye más de 120 analistas que estudian los constantes cambios en la situación de la seguridad internacional alrededor del mundo. CSIS está organizado en tres áreas programáticas, que en conjunto le permiten ofrecer asesoría estratégica y soluciones integrales a los desafíos a la seguridad global. En primer lugar, CSIS analiza las nuevas tendencias en seguridad mundial con programas focalizados en el sistema económico y financiero internacional, la cooperación internacional, la seguridad energética, la tecnología y biotecnología, los cambios demográficos, la pandemia del VIH/SIDA y la gobernabilidad. En segundo lugar, CSIS posee uno de los programas más completos en seguridad estadounidense e internacional, el cual propone reformas en políticas y organización de la defensa nacional, la estructura de las fuerzas armadas y su base industrial y tecnológica y ofrece soluciones a los desafíos de proliferación de armas, terrorismo transnacional, seguridad nacional y reconstrucción post-conflicto. En tercer lugar, CSIS es la única institución de su tipo que cuenta con expertos especializados en cada una de las regiones más pobladas del globo. Sobre el ITAM El Instituto Tecnológico Autónomo de México (ITAM) es una universidad privada sin fines de lucro. Fue fundado en 1946 por la Asociación Mexicana de Cultura, A.C. formada por industriales y banqueros con el interés de promover la educación superior enfocada a negocios y economía. El ITAM tiene como propósito formar hombres y mujeres capaces de actuar de manera informada, racional, responsable, crítica y comprometida con la creación, la dirección y la orientación de la opinión pública, de las instituciones y de las obras; también busca que sean capaces de crear y de difundir conocimientos del más alto nivel ético, científico, tecnológico y profesional, que permitan a la sociedad tomar conciencia de su problemática y que contribuyan a su comprensión y solución. Intenta alcanzar estos objetivos por medio de las funciones de docencia, investigación y desarrollo de acuerdo con su misión y con su naturaleza universitaria, apoyándose en las pautas de excelencia de su propia organización. En cada una de estas funciones, consolida sus logros institucionales, aprovecha y desarrolla sus ventajas comparativas. Actualmente, el ITAM ofrece diez programas de licenciatura y más de 40 programas de diplomado. Su Centro de Investigación y Estudios de Posgrado lleva a cabo investigación aplicada a través de los siguientes centros especializados: Centro de Investigación y Análisis Económico, Centro para Estudios de Competitividad, Centro de Análisis de Políticas Públicas y el Centro de Estudios y Programas Interamericanos. Photo credit Purepecha girl in class © Danny Lehman/Corbis © 2005 by the Center for Strategic and International Studies All rights reserved Contenido Sobre el Consejo Binacional México-Estados Unidos .................................................. iv Agradecimientos ........................................................................................................... vii 1. México en una encrucijada ....................................................................................... 1 2. Las dimensiones del desafío demográfico de México ............................................. 6 3. Prioridades de política para un México que envejece ............................................ 18 4. Conclusión ............................................................................................................... 33 Anexo A: Sobre las fuentes de información estadística .............................................. 36 Anexo B: Una guía para las fuentes citadas en los cuadros ....................................... 39 Anexo C: Mesa redonda “Formando el capital humano en un México que envejece” .... 41 Anexo D: Sobre el Mexico Project y el Global Aging Initiative ................................... 43 Sobre el Consejo Binacional México-Estados Unidos El Consejo Binacional México-Estados Unidos está conformado por distinguidos ciudadanos de ambas naciones que comparten el compromiso de promover las relaciones entre Estados Unidos y México y desarrollar una agenda de colaboración que afronte los desafíos y las oportunidades que surgen como consecuencia de esta relación. El Consejo, que es co-patrocinado por el Centro de Estudios Estratégicos e Internacionales (CSIS) en Washington, D.C. y por el Instituto Tecnológico Autónomo de México (ITAM) en México D.F., organiza mesas redondas y otras reuniones de alto nivel con el fin de generar nuevas ideas y recomendaciones específicas sobre una amplia gama de temas que afectan la agenda bilateral. Seguidamente, las instituciones co-patrocinadoras supervisan la investigación y redacción de informes que desarrollan las ideas analizadas en los eventos. Luego de su revisión por el Consejo, los informes son presentados a autoridades políticas claves en los gobiernos y congresos de ambos países. Entre los hechos que pueden ocurrir en las próximas décadas, pocos tendrán un impacto tan profundo en la economía y en la sociedad de México como el dramático envejecimiento de su población. El Consejo considera que los temas analizados en Formando el Capital Humano en un México que Envejece son de vital importancia y que merecen toda la atención de los líderes políticos de México y de los Estados Unidos. Por ello, nos complace incluir este informe entre nuestras publicaciones. Sin embargo, cabe señalar que los informes del Consejo Binacional México-Estados Unidos no son trabajos de consenso y no necesariamente gozan del acuerdo de todos los miembros del Consejo y las opiniones expresadas en los mismos no pueden ser atribuidas a ninguno de los miembros en particular. A continuación, una lista completa de los miembros del Consejo Binacional México-Estados Unidos: Miembros Anne Armstrong Presidente, Comité Ejecutivo CSIS Bernard Aronson Socio Director Acon Investments, LLC John Bailey Profesor y Director, Proyecto México Georgetown University Wayne Berman Presidente Federalist Group Jorge Brake Presidente Proctor & Gamble de México Luis Felipe Bravo Mena Past-Presidente Partido Acción Nacional (PAN) Stephen Burrows Director General Anheuser-Busch Internacional Micael Cimet Presidente, División América Latina EDS Mike DeWine (R-OH) Senado de los Estados Unidos Jorge Dominguez Catedrático y Director Weatherhead Center for International Affairs Harvard University David Dreier (R-CA) Cámara de Representantes de los Estados Unidos William Glade Profesor de Economía University of Texas - Austin Carlos Guzmán Presidente Hewlett-Packard de México Hunter L. Hunt Presidente Hunt Power Company Enrique Jackson Coordinador del Grupo Parlamentario del Partido Revolucionario Institucional (PRI) del Senado de México James R. Jones Co-Presidente Manatt, Jones Global Strategies Jim Kolbe (R-AZ) Cámara de Representantes de los Estados Unidos Barry McCaffrey (General en Retiro) Presidente B.R. McCaffrey & Associates Violy McCausland Presidente Violy & Company John McIntire Socio Principal y socio fundador Nexos Capital Partners, LLC Thomas “Mack” McLarty Vicepresidente Kissinger McLarty Associates Carlos Medina Plascencia Senado de México Francisco Molina Oficial Mayor Secretaria de la Función Pública (SFP) Manuel Angel Nuñez Soto Ex-Gobernador Estado de Hidalgo, México Brian O’Neill Presidente para América Latina J.P. Morgan Ed Pastor (D-AZ) Cámara de Representantes de los Estados Unidos Jesús F. Reyes-Heroles Presidente Grupo de Economistas Asociados Alfonso Romo Presidente y Director General Savia, S.A. de C.V. Andrés Rozental Presidente Consejo Mexicano de Asuntos Internacionales Federico Sada Presidente y Director General Grupo Vitro Alfonso Sánchez Anaya (PRD) Miembro Partido Revolucionario Democrático Fernando Senderos Presidente de la Junta Directiva Grupo Desc Jaime Serra Puche Socio Gerente Serra & Asociados Internacional Chandler Stolp Catedrático, LBJ School of Public Affairs University of Texas – Austin Omar Villareal Vicepresidente Corporativo y Presidente, América Latina Norte Motorola, Inc. José Miguel Vivanco Director Ejecutivo, División de las Américas Human Rights Watch Paul Volcker Expresidente de la Reserva Federal de los Estados Unidos Sidney Weintraub William E. Simon Chair in Political Economy CSIS Martin Werner Director General, Banca de Inversión Goldman Sachs México Deborah Wince-Smith Presidente Council on Competitiveness Lorenzo Zambrano Presidente del Consejo y Director General CEMEX Al Zapanta Presidente y Director General Cámara de Comercio México-EE.UU. Copatrocinadores Institucionales Armand Peschard-Sverdrup Director, Proyecto México CSIS Rafael Fernández de Castro Director, Relaciones Internacionales Instituto Tecnológico Autónomo de México (ITAM) Sara R. Rioff Investigadora Asociada, Proyecto México CSIS Agradecimientos El Consejo Binacional México-Estados Unidos quiere expresar su agradecimiento a un conjunto de personas e instituciones por sus contribuciones a Formando el Capital Humano en un México que Envejece. En primer lugar, el Consejo agradece al autor del informe, Richard Jackson, Director del Global Aging Initiative de CSIS. La hoja de ruta que ofrece a México para navegar su inminente transformación demográfica se nutre de su amplio conocimiento de los desafíos (y oportunidades) que las sociedades en proceso de envejecimiento alrededor del mundo enfrentan. El Consejo quiere asimismo reconocer las importantes contribuciones de Armand Peschard-Sverdrup, Director del Mexico Project de CSIS y de Sara Rioff, Investigadora Asociada del Mexico Project. Su profundo conocimiento de la realidad económica, social y política de México contribuyó a modelar el informe de principio a fin. Fue necesaria la estrecha colaboración de ambos programas de CSIS para hacer realidad esta publicación. Adicionalmente, el Consejo agradece a Jonathan Haseltine, quien fuera Presidential Management Fellow en el Mexico Project. El Consejo Nacional de Ciencia y Tecnología (CONACYT) financió generosamente el proyecto. El Consejo está particularmente agradecido con Jaime Parada Ávila, Director General de CONACYT, y con Efrain Aceves Piña, Director de Cooperación internacional de CONACYT, por creer en el proyecto. El Consejo se complace también en reconocer la importante contribución de las casi dos docenas de líderes de opinión y expertos en políticas públicas que participaron en la mesa redonda “Formando el Capital Humano en un México que Envejece”, organizada por el Consejo Binacional México-Estados Unidos el 29 de octubre de 2004. En la jornada de discusión, los participantes realizaron numerosos aportes, los mismos que han enriquecido el informe. En el Anexo C se incluye una lista completa de los participantes. Por su parte, el autor reconoce las importantes contribuciones de Gabriel Arrisueño Fajardo y Keisuke Nakashima. Gabriel, consultor del Global Aging Initiative (GAI), realizó un invaluable trabajo de investigación en media docena de temas, que van desde las reformas económicas y educativas en México hasta el desarrollo de la competitividad y de la ciencia y tecnología. Él es también el responsable de la traducción del informe al español. Keisuke, Investigador Asociado del Global Aging Initiative, trabajó incansablemente en casi todos los aspectos del informe, desde la investigación hasta la comprobación de datos. Keisuke es también responsable de la elaboración de los cuadros estadísticos. Sin las contribuciones de Gabriel y Keisuke, el resultado final hubiese sido mucho más modesto. El autor también desea reconocer la valiosa contribución de Neil Howe, su viejo amigo y colaborador, quien le brindó asesoría estratégica en momentos cruciales, y de los varios talentosos becarios que trabajaron en el proyecto: Maira Vaca-Baqueiro, Eva Natali y Younkyung Cho. El autor tiene una especial deuda de gratitud con la recientemente fallecida Delal Baer, quien proporcionó inestimable información en la etapa de diseño del proyecto; y con Paul Hewitt, ex-Director del GAI y actual Deputy Commissioner for Policy del U.S. Social Security Administration, quien contribuyó a poner en marcha el proyecto. A lo largo del camino, el autor recurrió a la asesoría de un conjunto de expertos. En particular, el autor quiere expresar su agradecimiento a Miguel Ángel Tamayo y Juan Manuel García de la Secretaría de Educación Pública, quienes pacientemente absolvieron sus numerosas preguntas acerca de los aspectos más complejos del sistema educativo mexicano y los programas de capacitación de trabajadores. Jorge Gallardo, representante de CONACYT en la Embajada de México en los Estados Unidos, mostró la misma disponibilidad para brindar información acerca de las iniciativas, actividades y programas existentes en el campo de la ciencia y la tecnología. Rebeca Wong de la Universidad de Maryland y Estela Rivero-Fuentes del Banco Mundial emitieron valiosos comentarios sobre asuntos relativos a la demografía y al desarrollo del capital humano. Sylvester Schieber, Director del Research and Information Center de Watson Wyatt Worldwide, brindó invaluable información en relación con la economía y el sistema de pensiones de México. Aun cuando el autor reconoce agradecidamente la ayuda recibida en la investigación que antecedió a la redacción de Formando el Capital Humano en un México que Envejece, él asimismo asume la responsabilidad por las limitaciones del mismo. México en una encrucijada México es aún una nación joven en términos demográficos, preocupada con los desafíos que toda nación joven enfrenta: educar a la juventud, crear empleos para una fuerza laboral en crecimiento y construir una economía moderna. Sin embargo, México está ad portas de iniciar una sorprendente transformación demográfica. Actualmente, hay nueve mexicanos menores de 20 años por cada adulto mayor de 65 años. De acuerdo con las proyecciones de las Naciones Unidas, en 45 años, en el año 2050, habrá tantos adultos mayores como niños. Para entonces, uno de cada cinco mexicanos tendrá 65 años o más; la misma proporción que las Naciones Unidas calculan para los Estados Unidos$^1$ (Ver Cuadro 1). La forma en la que México atraviese esta transición demográfica determinará en gran medida si alcanza su aspiración de convertirse en una economía próspera y desarrollada. Durante los próximos veinticinco años, mientras su población sea aún joven y se encuentre en proceso de crecimiento, México tiene que mejorar las capacidades de su fuerza laboral, desarrollar empresas internacionalmente competitivas, mejorar la productividad y elevar los niveles de vida de su población. Asimismo, debe implementar un sistema de asistencia al adulto mayor capaz de mantener a un mayor número de éstos sin sobrecargar el presupuesto público ni los mecanismos de soporte familiar. Si México falla, la transición demográfica puede acarrearle graves dificultades económicas en el resto del siglo. México se encuentra en una encrucijada similar a aquella que enfrentan otros países en desarrollo. A lo largo de Latinoamérica y del este asiático, la disminución de la fecundidad y el incremento de la longevidad están generando la misma transformación demográfica. Aunque estos países cuentan en su mayoría con poblaciones relativamente jóvenes, éstas se encuentran a punto de iniciar un dramático proceso de envejecimiento. La mayoría de estas naciones, a pesar de ser relativamente pobres, está tratando de alcanzar mejores niveles de vida y de integrarse a la economía global. A fines de los años ochenta, México se embarcó en un ambicioso programa de reformas económicas y políticas. En muchos aspectos, este programa ha sido un éxito rotundo. El presupuesto está casi equilibrado y la moneda es estable. El comercio internacional y la inversión extranjera directa han crecido rápidamente desde la entrada en vigencia del Tratado de Libre Comercio de América del Norte (TLCAN) en 1994. Al mismo tiempo, --- $^1$ Todas las proyecciones demográficas mencionadas en el presente informe se refieren a la “variante mediana” de las Naciones Unidas; la medida más comúnmente utilizada por los demógrafos. Estas proyecciones, así como todas las demás fuentes de información, son explicadas en el Anexo A “Sobre las fuentes de información estadística” al final del informe. Cuando la ola de envejecimiento finalice su recorrido, la población de México será tan vieja como la de los Estados Unidos. Adultos mayores (65 años y más) como porcentaje de la población de México y los Estados Unidos, histórico y proyecciones de la ONU, 1970-2050 \| Años \| México \| EEUU \| \|------\|--------\|------\| \| 1970 \| 4% \| 10% \| \| 1980 \| 4% \| 11% \| \| 1990 \| 4% \| 12% \| \| 2000 \| 5% \| 13% \| \| 2010 \| 6% \| 14% \| \| 2020 \| 7% \| 15% \| \| 2030 \| 8% \| 16% \| \| 2040 \| 9% \| 17% \| \| 2050 \| 10% \| 18% \| Fuente: ONU (2003) Cuadro 1 México ha logrado fortalecer sus instituciones democráticas. El país está también llevando a cabo nuevas inversiones estratégicas en educación y en ciencia y tecnología, con el fin de promover lo que la administración del Presidente Vicente Fox llama “competitividad real”. Estas medidas están comenzando a obtener resultados mientras las empresas mexicanas gradualmente escalan posiciones en la llamada “cadena global de valor”. En su informe Global Competitiveness Report 2004-2005, el Foro Económico Mundial consideró a México como la segunda economía más competitiva de Latinoamérica, siendo superada únicamente por Chile. No obstante el progreso alcanzado, México está encontrando dificultades en el camino a su modernización. El proceso de reforma, desde la política fiscal hasta la política laboral, después de un comienzo auspicioso, se encuentra actualmente estancado. Un gobierno dividido y la proximidad de las elecciones presidenciales del 2006 hacen que las perspectivas para que el ejecutivo y el legislativo puedan en el corto plazo ponerse de acuerdo y continuar con las reformas no sean muy alentadoras. Mientras tanto, la economía no está creando suficientes puestos de trabajo y la mayoría de los que genera son en el sector informal. Enormes desigualdades en los niveles de ingreso persisten entre los ricos y los pobres, las zonas urbanas y rurales, la mayoría y las minorías étnicas. La migración a los Estados Unidos ha alcanzado niveles sin --- 2 Secretaría de Economía, Política Económica para la Competitividad, disponible online en http://www.economia.gob.mx/?P=1363. 3 Foro Económico Mundial, Global Competitiveness Report 2004-2005 (Geneva: Foro Económico Mundial, 2004). precedentes. Lo que resulta aún más grave es la persistencia de una profunda brecha entre las capacidades de los trabajadores mexicanos y las demandas de la economía global del mañana. De acuerdo con casi cualquier criterio, desde el rendimiento educativo hasta la productividad laboral, México se encuentra rezagado en comparación con los países desarrollados en cuanto al desarrollo del capital humano. Al mismo tiempo, a raíz del surgimiento de China, India y otras economías de acelerado crecimiento en el este y sur de Asia, México está perdiendo rápidamente su tradicional ventaja consistente en la abundancia de mano de obra barata. En relación con el mantenimiento de la población adulta mayor, México no está todavía preparado. Es cierto que la reforma estructural llevada a cabo a fines de los noventa creó un sistema de capitalización individual que promete hacer más manejable la carga que supone una población adulta mayor cada vez más numerosa. Sin embargo, solamente una minoría de los trabajadores participa en el sistema de pensiones. La mayoría de mexicanos continúa dependiendo de la forma tradicional de seguridad social: sus hijos. Pero mientras la tasa de fecundidad decrece y el proceso de urbanización separa a las familias, las redes informales de asistencia se están debilitando incluso antes de que llegue la ola de envejecimiento. El envejecimiento de México eleva la apuesta en el drama de su desarrollo. Los actuales países desarrollados se convirtieron en sociedades solventes antes de envejecer. Con los actuales índices de crecimiento económico, a México le tomará al menos medio siglo alcanzar los niveles de vida de los que gozan actualmente los países desarrollados. A menos que su crecimiento económico se acelere tremendamente, México tendrá que pagar por una ola de envejecimiento comparable a la de los países desarrollados con solamente una fracción de la riqueza y el ingreso de éstos (Ver Cuadro 2). Afortunadamente, México cuenta con una amplia ventana de oportunidad para prepararse para este desafío. La ola de envejecimiento y el consecuente aumento significativo en los costos de dependencia no arribarán con toda su fuerza sino hasta los años 2030. En los siguientes veinticinco años, el clima demográfico en México será relativamente favorable. La disminución en el número de niños dependientes de cada persona adulta en edad de trabajar tendrá lugar en forma mucho más acelerada que el aumento en el número de adultos mayores. Mientras tanto, el número de mexicanos en edad de trabajar alcanzará cifras récord. Durante este período de “bono demográfico” los impactos económicos del envejecimiento de la población tenderán a ser positivos. Mientras el número de dependientes no trabajadores disminuye en relación con el número de adultos en edad de trabajar, los niveles de vida per cápita podrían mejorar más rápidamente. El incremento de la edad promedio en México podría venir acompañado del aumento en los niveles de ahorro e inversión. Al mismo tiempo, un crecimiento más lento de la fuerza laboral podría incentivar a los empleadores a crear más puestos de trabajo en actividades intensivas en capital (altamente remuneradas) en vez de en actividades intensivas en trabajo (mano de obra barata). En décadas recientes, Taiwán, Corea del Sur y otros tigres asiáticos han logrado traducir su bono demográfico en un crecimiento económico más rápido. México podría hacer lo mismo si es que toma hoy las medidas políticas y legislativas apropiadas. El presente informe analiza las formas en que las tendencias demográficas pueden redefinir la economía y la sociedad en México en los siguientes cincuenta años. El informe se centra en las implicaciones del envejecimiento de la población mexicana respecto del capital humano y en cómo la demografía puede ayudar u obstruir las iniciativas para su desarrollo; y cómo estas iniciativas pueden ser repensadas a fin de hacerlas más efectivas. Al mismo tiempo, el informe presta particular atención a la identificación de sinergias demográficas y económicas entre México, los Estados Unidos y Canadá que podrían ser aprovechadas para beneficio de los tres países. El objetivo es ayudar a México a aprovechar su bono demográfico y al mismo tiempo a prepararse para la ola de envejecimiento que se adivina amenazadora más allá del horizonte. El informe se basa en la abundante literatura existente en los campos de envejecimiento poblacional, desarrollo económico y formación de capital humano. Al mismo tiempo, recoge las contribuciones de la mesa redonda “Formando el Capital Humano en un México que Envejece”, organizada por el Consejo Binacional México-Estados Unidos y que reunió aproximadamente dos docenas de expertos mexicanos y estadounidenses.$^4$ El Capítulo 2 del informe describe la inminente transformación demográfica de México y los desafíos —y oportunidades—que ésta conlleva. El Capítulo 3 analiza los obstáculos que México debe superar con el fin de aprovechar su bono demográfico y $^4$ La mesa redonda tuvo lugar en CSIS el 29 de octubre de 2004. En el Anexo C del presente informe se incluye una lista de los participantes. Una transcripción completa de las deliberaciones puede ser obtenida en www.csis.org/gai. prepararse para afrontar la ola de envejecimiento. En este tercer capítulo, se identifican cinco prioridades de política para un México en proceso de envejecimiento: educar a la nueva generación, mejorar las capacidades de la actual fuerza laboral, invertir en ciencia y tecnología, completar el programa de reformas económicas y políticas y crear una red universal de asistencia al adulto mayor. En el tratamiento de cada uno de estas prioridades, se analiza aquellos logros ya conseguidos por México así como lo que queda por hacer. Finalmente, una conclusión resume los puntos principales del informe. El presente informe encuentra razones para confiar en que México navegará exitosamente a través de su transformación demográfica. Los líderes de opinión y los actores políticos en México son cada vez más conscientes del desafío. Asimismo, el gobierno ha tomado importantes medidas para enfrentarlo, desde la reforma educativa hasta la reforma del sistema de pensiones. Sin embargo, también se advierte que el desafío demográfico es más grande de lo que comúnmente se piensa y que los obstáculos que quedan por sortear en el camino hacia un exitoso final son todavía numerosos e intimidantes. CAPÍTULO 2 Las dimensiones del desafío demográfico de México Afrontar el desafío poblacional requerirá un cambio en las actitudes y expectativas tan grande como la misma transformación demográfica. La actual generación de líderes mexicanos creció en una era de juventud abundante y de preocupaciones acerca de un crecimiento poblacional incontrolable. Desde la Segunda Guerra mundial, la población de México se ha cuadruplicado de aproximadamente 25 millones de habitantes a 106 millones de habitantes. La explosión poblacional ha contribuido a moldear la vida en el México moderno, afectando aspectos que van desde la escasez de agua hasta la falta de vivienda. Por décadas, el problema consistió en tener demasiados hijos. Resulta difícil de creer que en el futuro el problema será que habrá demasiados adultos mayores. Por supuesto, México es todavía una sociedad joven. La edad promedio es 25 años, lo que significa que aproximadamente la mitad de los mexicanos son niños o adolescentes. En 2050 habrá 28 millones de adultos mayores en México; un número superior a la población total del país en 1950. Los adultos mayores (considerados como tales aquellas personas de 65 años o más) constituyen solamente el cinco por ciento de la población, un porcentaje no muy distinto a aquel existente desde tiempos inmemoriables. Sin embargo, una transformación demográfica sin paralelo histórico está tomando fuerza. De acuerdo con las proyecciones de las Naciones Unidas, la edad promedio en México será 42 años en el año 2050; mientras que el porcentaje de ancianos alcanzará el 20 por ciento de la población. Para entonces, habrá 28 millones de adultos mayores mexicanos; un número superior a la población total de México en una fecha tan reciente como 1950. La transformación demográfica de México es el resultado de dos fuerzas fundamentales: la disminución en la fecundidad y el incremento de la longevidad. La primera de estas fuerzas está disminuyendo el número relativo de jóvenes en la población, mientras la segunda está incrementando el número relativo de adultos mayores. Apenas en la mitad de los años sesenta, la tasa de fecundidad en México era 7.2; una de las más altas del mundo. Sin embargo, en los años setenta, la tasa de fecundidad comenzó a decrecer en forma acelerada bajando a 4.7 en 1980 y a 3.4 en 1990. En el año 2004, la tasa de natalidad descendió hasta 2.2, cifra ligeramente superior a la llamada tasa de reemplazo (2.1) que se requiere para mantener una población estable a través del tiempo (Ver Cuadro 3). Mientras la tasa de fecundidad ha disminuido, las mejoras en la alimentación, sanidad y servicios de salud han causado un incremento dramático en la esperanza de vida de la población. En 1900, la esperanza de vida en México era de solamente 25 años. Hoy en día, ésta ha alcanzado los 75 años, lo que coloca a México a la par con algunos países desarrollados, incluyendo a los Estados Unidos (Ver Cuadro 4). Detrás de la ola de envejecimiento de México: una dramática disminución de la tasa global de fecundidad. Tasa global de fecundidad en México, 1960-2004 \| Año \| Tasa \| \|-----\|------\| \| 1960 \| 7.3 \| \| 1970 \| 6.8 \| \| 1980 \| 4.7 \| \| 1990 \| 3.4 \| \| 2000 \| 2.4 \| \| 2004 \| 2.2 \| Fuente: CONAPO (2005a y 2005b) Cuadro 3 Detrás de la ola de envejecimiento de México: un aumento igualmente dramático de la longevidad. Esperanza de vida al nacer en México y los Estados Unidos, 1900-2002 \| Año \| México \| EEUU \| \|-----\|--------\|------\| \| 1900 \| 25 \| 47 \| \| 1920 \| 34 \| 54 \| \| 1940 \| 39 \| 63 \| \| 1960 \| 57 \| 70 \| \| 1980 \| 67 \| 74 \| \| 2002 \| 75 \| 77 \| Fuente: CONAPO (2005b), Astorga, Bergés y Fitzgerald (2004), y National Center for Health Statistics (2004) Cuadro 4 México no es el único país en desarrollo que está envejeciendo rápidamente. Mientras los niveles de vida han mejorado en décadas recientes, la tasa de fecundidad y la esperanza de vida han aumentado en todo Latinoamérica y en la mayor parte de países en desarrollo. Ambas tendencias parecen ser la consecuencia del desarrollo económico y no hay señales de que las mismas vayan a variar. La gran mayoría de demógrafos concuerda en que la esperanza de vida en México continuará aumentando. Aun cuando la fecundidad es más difícil de predecir, son pocos los que creen que la actual tendencia decreciente se revertirá. La tasa de fecundidad ha decrecido por debajo del índice de reemplazo entre las más pudientes y mejor educadas mujeres mexicanas. Es también considerablemente más baja en los estados altamente urbanizados que en los estados más rurales.$^5$ Tanto la ONU como el Consejo Nacional de Población (CONAPO) proyectan que, conforme la tendencia a la urbanización continúe y los ingresos y la educación mejoren, la tasa de fertilidad continuará decreciendo. La transformación demográfica de México está recibiendo un impulso adicional por parte del envejecimiento de la generación del “baby boom” o, mejor dicho, “child boom” de posguerra. Muchos países desarrollados, de manera especial Canadá y los Estados Unidos, experimentaron un aumento en la fecundidad en las primeras décadas de la posguerra. México experimentó también dicho incremento, pero el mismo fue el resultado de una acelerada disminución de la mortalidad infantil más que de un aumento en la fecundidad. Aun cuando los índices de supervivencia infantil empezaron a mejorar sustantivamente en la década de 1940, los nacimientos no empezaron a disminuir hasta los años setenta. El resultado fue un aumento dramático en el tamaño de las familias. Actualmente, el enorme número de nacidos durante el “boom” engrosa las filas de la población adulta. Sin embargo, eventualmente, esta generación empezará a cruzar la línea de la tercera edad. Cuando esto suceda, sus miembros darán un impulso adicional a la ola de envejecimiento. El envejecimiento de la población pondrá a prueba la capacidad de México para proveer a su población adulta mayor de niveles de vida decentes sin imponer una carga demasiado pesada sobre la población joven. Hoy en día, el gobierno se encuentra ya preocupado de cómo pagar por las obligaciones no financiadas producto de su generoso sistema de pensiones para servidores públicos, las cuales alcanzan un enorme 50 por ciento del PIB.$^6$ En 2004, el Congreso aprobó una controvertida reforma que reduce los beneficios de un grupo de servidores públicos especialmente privilegiado: los empleados del Instituto Mexicano de Seguridad Social (IMSS). Sin embargo, el mayor problema consiste en que la mayoría de adultos mayores en México no cuenta con ningún tipo de beneficios pensionarios. En total, únicamente el 20 $^5$ Rodolfo Tuirán, Virgilio Partida, Octavio Mojarro y Elena Zúñiga, “Fertility in Mexico: Trends and Forecast”, informe presentado en la reunión de expertos de Completing The Fertility Transition (Nueva York: Naciones Unidas, 2002). $^6$ Fondo Monetario Internacional (FMI) Mexico: Selected Issues, IMF Country Report No. 02/238 (Washington, D.C.: FMI, octubre 2002). por ciento de la población adulta mayor recibió una pensión en 2001. Entre aquéllos en situación de pobreza, el porcentaje de los que cuentan con una pensión es insignificante: solamente ocho por ciento de aquéllos que viven en zonas urbanas y uno por ciento de los que viven en zonas rurales. El gobierno está tratando de extender la cobertura pensionaria a la totalidad de la fuerza laboral, lo cual significa que el número de beneficiarios podría aumentar en el futuro. No obstante, pocos trabajadores del inmenso sector informal mexicano han sido incorporados al sistema y los índices de evasión son altos, incluso entre los trabajadores del sector formal. En 2004, únicamente el 40 por ciento de la fuerza laboral de México contribuyó al sistema público de pensiones (Ver Cuadro 5). La cobertura de servicios de salud enfrenta una situación similar. Más de la mitad de hogares (55 por ciento en 2002) no cuentan con seguro de salud, ya sea público o privado. El Seguro Popular, una nueva iniciativa del gobierno de Fox, ha empezado a extender la cobertura entre los que no cuentan con un seguro. Sin embargo, tanto la participación en el programa como los beneficios del mismo son restringidos. Solamente una minoría de mexicanos contribuye al sistema público de pensiones. Las cifras de los trabajadores del sector público corresponden a 2002. Fuente: Budebo (2003) y AIOS (2004) Las alternativas para los mexicanos no afiliados al sistema público de pensiones son limitadas. Unos cuantos cuentan con pensiones provistas por sus empleadores para reemplazar lo que el gobierno no puede suministrarles. Aunque los planes de jubilación auspiciados por los empleadores existen, éstos no son frecuentes fuera de las corporaciones multinacionales. Adicionalmente, la mayoría de los adultos mayores no puede depender de sus ahorros personales. De éstos, solamente el cuatro por ciento de los hombres y dos por ciento de las mujeres perciben algún tipo de renta. Continuar trabajando surge, pues, como una alternativa obvia a recibir los beneficios de la jubilación. En realidad, la mayoría de los mexicanos entre los 60 y 70 años de edad y un gran porcentaje de los mayores de 70 continúa trabajando. Sin embargo, para estos trabajadores es cada vez más difícil competir con cohortes más jóvenes, saludables y mejor educadas. Un estudio reciente del mercado laboral concluyó que los salarios de los trabajadores de mayor edad estaban disminuyendo en relación con los de los trabajadores más jóvenes y advirtió que esta tendencia podría acentuarse en el futuro.$^7$ Lo cierto es que, para muchos, si no para la mayoría de adultos mayores mexicanos, la única protección contra una ancianidad desamparada es la familia. De acuerdo al censo nacional del año 2000, 73 por ciento de adultos mayores de 60 años vivían con sus hijos u otros parientes (Ver Cuadro 6). Aún aquéllos que viven solos por lo general dependen económicamente de sus hijos. De acuerdo a un estudio, dos tercios de los hombres mexicanos de sesenta años de edad o más que viven solos o con sus esposas manifestaron recibir algún tipo de asistencia de parte de sus familias.$^8$ Esta asistencia puede provenir de sus hijos, ya sea que vivan cerca de ellos o en el extranjero. Un porcentaje significativo de las remesas del extranjero—que alcanzaron la suma de 16.6 billones de dólares en 2004 y que después de las ventas del petróleo constituyen la segunda fuente de ingresos provenientes del exterior de México, es enviado a los padres ancianos. La mayoría de adultos mayores mexicanos todavía vive con sus familias. Adultos mayores mexicanos (60 años y más), por composición del hogar, como porcentaje del total en 2000 - Viven solamente con su cónyuge: 16% - Viven solos: 9% - Otro: 2% - Viven con sus hijos y parientes: 73% Fuente: De Vos (2004) --- $^7$ Jorge Meléndez, “Population Aging and the Labor Market: Issues Relevant for Social Security in Mexico”, informe presentado en la 4ta International Research Conference on Social Security (Antwerp, 5-7 de mayo de 2003). $^8$ Susan De Vos, Patricio Solís y Verónica Montes de Oca, “Receipt of Instrumental Assistance and Extended Family Residence Among Elders in Mexico”, CDE Working Paper No. 2001-18 (Madison, Wis.: Center for Demography and Ecology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, octubre 2001). El problema es que en el futuro la familia podría no ser capaz de cumplir su rol tradicional. Hoy en día, los adultos mayores por lo general tienen tres o cuatro hijos que comparten la responsabilidad de mantenerlos. Sin embargo, el déficit de fecundidad en México cambiará pronto esta ecuación. En los años 2030, los adultos mayores tendrán en promedio únicamente dos o tres hijos. La ocurrencia de un fenómeno que los demógrafos llaman “el envejecimiento de los envejecidos” (“the aging of the aged”) agravará el problema. Mientras que el número de mexicanos de 65 a 74 años crecerá cinco veces entre los años 2000 y 2050, el número de adultos de 85 años o más crecerá más de nueve veces (Ver Cuadro 7). Lo que hace tan onerosa esta tendencia es el hecho de que los índices de discapacidad se incrementan significativamente con la edad, incluso entre la población adulta mayor. En otras palabras, no solamente habrá más adultos mayores que mantener por cada hijo, sino que también los adultos mayores serán más viejos y vulnerables. Las cohortes más ancianas crecerán más aceleradamente que todas las demás. Cambio porcentual en la población adulta mayor mexicana por grupos de edad, proyecciones de la ONU: 2000-2050 \| Edad \| Cambio porcentual \| \|------------\|-------------------\| \| 65-74 años \| 401% \| \| 75-84 años \| 591% \| \| 85 años y más \| 858% \| Fuente: ONU (2003) Cuadro 7 Afortunadamente, la ola de envejecimiento en México y el consecuente desafío relativo a la dependencia de adultos mayores todavía están tomando forma más allá del horizonte. Durante los próximos veinticinco años, los cambios demográficos tenderán más a contribuir al mejoramiento que al deterioro de los niveles de vida en México. Cuando la tasa de fecundidad empieza a decrecer y la esperanza de vida empieza a incrementarse, los países en desarrollo ingresan a un período conocido como el “bono demográfico”. Este bono surge debido a que, inicialmente, la disminución en el número de dependientes menores de edad se produce en forma mucho más acelerada que el aumento en el número de dependientes. adultos mayores. El bono demográfico puede haber jugado un papel en impulsar el crecimiento económico de los tigres asiáticos en el último cuarto de siglo y podría hacer lo mismo por México en el próximo cuarto de siglo. El índice de dependencia infantil en México (el número de niños por cada cien adultos en edad de trabajar) ha disminuido ya de 147 en 1975 a 77 actualmente y seguirá disminuyendo hasta llegar a 46 en 2030. Debido a que la disminución en la población infantil está ocurriendo de manera más rápida que el aumento de la población adulta mayor, el índice de dependencia total (que comprende tanto a los menores como a los ancianos) está también decreciendo. Actualmente asciende a 87 y disminuirá hasta alcanzar el récord histórico de 65 en 2030; antes de revertir su dirección y aumentar rápidamente cuando la generación del “boom” comience a retirarse masivamente (Ver Cuadro 8). La otra cara de la moneda de la disminución relativa en el número de dependientes lo constituye el aumento relativo en el número de adultos en edad de trabajar. A lo largo de casi toda la historia mexicana hasta los años noventa, los adultos en edad de trabajar han representado apenas el 40 por ciento de la población. Este porcentaje llegó al 50 por ciento en 2000 y alcanzará su pico (alrededor de 60 por ciento) en 2030 (Ver Cuadro 9). Esta fase inicial de la transformación demográfica de México podría traer importantes beneficios económicos. La caída en el índice de dependencia infantil debería, al menos por un tiempo, ayudar a aliviar la presión existente sobre el presupuesto público y las redes de apoyo familiar. Obviamente, niños y adultos mayores no son equivalentes en sentido económico. El costo promedio de mantenimiento de un adulto mayor es superior al costo del sostenimiento de un niño. Por otro lado, el dinero destinado a mantener a los adultos mayores representa mayormente un gasto, mientras que aquel destinado a la niñez representa una inversión que puede generar beneficios para la sociedad en el futuro. Sin embargo, el pronunciado declive en el índice de dependencia infantil en México promete compensar en cierta medida la carga impuesta por el aumento de los costos de la dependencia de los adultos mayores. Este declive puede también acelerar el paso de la población femenina del ámbito doméstico a la economía de mercado, dando de esta manera un impulso adicional al crecimiento económico de México. Los niveles de ahorro podrían también aumentar conforme una mayor proporción de la población alcance la edad madura. Las personas tienden a adquirir créditos cuando jóvenes, a ahorrar cuando alcanzan la edad madura, y a gastar sus ahorros cuando envejecen. Este “ciclo de vida” del patrón de ahorro podría resultar en altos niveles de inversión y productividad así como en mejores salarios. Al mismo tiempo, familias menos numerosas se podrían ver inclinadas a invertir más en la “calidad” de sus hijos y consecuentemente en la futura fuerza laboral de México. En la mayoría de países, la transición demográfica de una situación de altas tasas de fecundidad y mortalidad (la norma en sociedades tradicionales) hacia una situación de bajas tasas de fecundidad y mortalidad (la norma en las sociedades modernas) ha sido acompañada por la formación y difusión entre la clase media de una ética que enfatiza la inversión en la niñez. La dramática desaceleración en la tasa de crecimiento de la población en edad de trabajar en México tiene también potenciales implicaciones positivas. Una fertilidad en declive no solamente resulta en un México más viejo, sino que también en un país en el que la fuerza laboral y la población crecen a un ritmo mucho más lento. La tasa de La desaceleración del crecimiento de la fuerza laboral podría hacer cambiar el foco de la economía de la mano de obra barata a la mano de obra calificada. crecimiento de la población en edad de trabajar en México decrecerá de un ritmo de 2.3 por ciento anual en la década de 2000-2010 hasta 1.6 por ciento anual entre los años 2010-2020, hasta 0.9 por ciento anual en la década de 2020-2030 y finalmente hasta 0.2 por ciento anual en la década siguiente. En total, la población en edad de trabajar de México crecerá un 25 por ciento durante la presente década (2000-2010), pero solamente 2 por ciento durante la década de los 2030 (Ver Cuadro 10). Conforme el crecimiento de la fuerza laboral se desacelere, el foco de la actividad económica mexicana podría desplazarse de industrias intensivas en trabajo hacia industrias intensivas en capital; lo cual es otra forma de decir que podría cambiar de mano de obra barata a mano de obra bien remunerada. El crecimiento de la fuerza laboral en México se desacelerará en forma gradual pero continua. Cambio porcentual en la población en edad de trabajar (20-64 años) en México y los Estados Unidos por década, proyecciones de la ONU, 2000-2050 \| Crecimiento anual promedio de la población en edad de trabajar \| \|------------------\|------------------\| \| México \| EEUU \| \| 2000-10 \| 2.3 % \| 1.1 % \| \| 2010-20 \| 1.6 % \| 0.5 % \| \| 2020-30 \| 0.9 % \| 0.3 % \| \| 2030-40 \| 0.2 % \| 0.6 % \| \| 2040-50 \| 0.3 % \| 0.6 % \| Fuente: ONU (2003) Las tendencias demográficas podrían también anunciar para México una nueva era de mayor integración económica y cooperación con sus vecinos del norte. Las olas de envejecimiento de Estados Unidos y Canadá se están acercando de forma mucho más rápida que la mexicana, lo cual significa que los costos de dependencia de la población adulta mayor de estos países se incrementarán antes y que el crecimiento de la fuerza laboral se desacelerará más rápido. Mientras la población en edad de trabajar de México crecerá a un ritmo de 1.6 por ciento anual en la segunda década de este siglo, la tasa de crecimiento de esta población ya habrá disminuido hasta un 0.5 por ciento anual en Estados Unidos y hasta un 0.3 por ciento anual en Canadá. A menos que el crecimiento de la productividad en estos dos países se acelere al mismo ritmo en que se desacelera el crecimiento del empleo, el crecimiento económico también se desacelerará. Mientras tanto, las fuerzas laborales en los países europeos y Japón habrán entrado en un pronunciado declive. Las Naciones Unidas proyectan que, en el año 2050, la población en edad de trabajar en Alemania será 19 por ciento más pequeña de lo que es hoy en día, mientras que en Japón será 36 por ciento más pequeña. Esta diferencia en el ritmo de envejecimiento tiene importantes implicaciones en relación con los flujos internacionales de capital humano y financiero. En las próximas décadas, los empleadores en los países desarrollados tornarán la mirada hacia México en búsqueda de mano de obra calificada; los inversionistas lo harán en espera de mayores retornos. No es del todo claro cómo las tendencias demográficas afectarán los niveles de migración en el futuro. Por un lado, el envejecimiento en México tenderá a reducir el flujo migratorio. En tanto el crecimiento de la fuerza laboral se desacelere y la mano de obra se vuelva relativamente escasa, un número creciente de mexicanos serán capaces de satisfacer sus necesidades económicas en su país. Por otro lado, el envejecimiento de las poblaciones de los Estados Unidos y Canadá tenderá a incrementar la demanda por inmigrantes, siendo ésta una de las razones por las cuales el U.S. Census Bureau y CONAPO predicen que México seguirá siendo un “país exportador” de emigrantes en el futuro próximo. Otra razón la constituye las extensas redes familiares y comunitarias de inmigrantes. Estas redes tienden a reducir los riesgos y a incrementar los beneficios de la migración. Los parientes y amigos de los inmigrantes ayudan a éstos a encontrar trabajo y les proveen apoyo social y cultural en la comunidad inmigrante a través de un lenguaje, comida, religión y costumbres familiares. Esto lleva a algunos demógrafos a concluir que la migración desde México a los Estados Unidos podría continuar en los niveles actuales incluso en el caso de que la brecha entre los salarios y niveles de vida que actualmente motivan la migración se estreche considerablemente.$^9$ Lo que sí es seguro es que la demanda de mano de obra calificada aumentará en Estados Unidos, Canadá y en otros países desarrollados que están envejeciendo a ritmo acelerado y que sufrirán la escasez de mano de obra. Si México no exporta sus trabajadores para satisfacer esta demanda, podría por el contrario atraer los puestos de trabajo. En efecto, si los trabajadores mexicanos adquieren las capacidades “exportables” requeridas por las corporaciones internacionales, podrían convertirse en una fuerza que impulse el crecimiento económico de Norteamérica y percibir los beneficios en forma de mejores salarios y más altos niveles de vida. Para los trabajadores jóvenes, las perspectivas a futuro son particularmente auspiciosas. Estos trabajadores no solamente cuentan con una mejor educación y están más familiarizados con las nuevas tecnologías, sino que además serán relativamente escasos. La disminución absoluta en el crecimiento de la fuerza laboral mexicana oculta tendencias diferentes para los distintos grupos de edad. Entre los años 2000 y 2025, el número de adultos de entre 50 y 64 años de edad crecerá en 142 por ciento, mientras que el número de adultos entre 20 y 29 años crecerá en solamente siete por ciento (Ver Cuadro 11). --- $^9$ Ver Neil Howe y Richard Jackson, Projecting Immigration: A Survey of the Current State of Practice and Theory (Washington, D.C.: Center for Strategic and International Studies, abril 2005). El número de trabajadores de edad avanzada continuará aumentando rápidamente, incluso cuando el número de trabajadores más jóvenes empiece a disminuir. Cambio porcentual en la población en edad de trabajar en México por grupos de edad, proyecciones de la ONU: 2000-25 and 2025-50 \| Edad \| 2000-25 \| 2025-50 \| \|------------\|---------\|---------\| \| 20-29 años \| 6.7% \| -18.3% \| \| 30-39 años \| 46.0% \| -9.9% \| \| 40-49 años \| 87.0% \| 2.2% \| \| 50-64 años \| 142.3% \| 35.7% \| Fuente: ONU (2003) Cuadro 11 Más allá de las sinergias en el mercado laboral, podrían también existir sinergias en los mercados de capital. El estancamiento o la disminución en el número de trabajadores en los países desarrollados podrían traducirse en un crecimiento económico más lento, una menor demanda por inversiones y en menores retornos al capital. Estos factores podrían convertir a México en un destino cada vez más atractivo para la inversión extranjera. La teoría económica sostiene que los capitales internacionales migran de países desarrollados en proceso de envejecimiento y más lento crecimiento económico a economías en desarrollo con poblaciones más jóvenes y de más rápido crecimiento económico. Históricamente, en México así como en el resto de países en desarrollo, estos flujos de capital han tomado la forma de inversión extranjera directa. En el futuro, México podría asimismo convertirse en el destino para los portafolios de inversión a gran escala a medida que las poblaciones en envejecimiento de Norteamérica y Europa inicien la búsqueda de lugares más lucrativos donde invertir sus ahorros para el retiro. Estos acontecimientos podrían recibir un impulso adicional si los Estados Unidos y otros países desarrollados reemplazan o acompañan sus sistemas pensionarios de reparto con sistemas de capitalización individual. Eventualmente, la jubilación segura de los retirados de Memphis o Madrid podría terminar dependiendo de las inversiones en la productividad de los trabajadores de México DF. Las importaciones netas de capital desde los países desarrollados podrían eventualmente disminuir o incluso desaparecer cuando la ola de envejecimiento llegue a los mismos con toda su fuerza en la década de 2020. Aún cuando es seguro que la demanda de inversión en los países desarrollados disminuirá a medida que sus poblaciones envejezcan, el pronunciado crecimiento en la proporción de jubilados podría afectar los niveles de ahorro en el sector privado. Mientras tanto, los sectores públicos a lo largo del mundo desarrollado podrían sufrir enormes y crecientes déficits. Casi todos los países desarrollados mantienen onerosos sistemas de reparto y programas de beneficios de salud cuyos costos se incrementarán considerablemente en las siguientes décadas. De acuerdo a las proyecciones de CSIS, el costo promedio del gasto público en programas de asistencia al adulto mayor en los países miembros del G-7 crecerá desde un 13 por ciento del PIB en 2000 hasta un 25 por ciento del PIB en 2040.$^{10}$ Aun si los países desarrollados reducen sustancialmente los beneficios, la mayoría de ellos, incluyendo a los Estados Unidos, tendrán problemas para mantener el equilibrio fiscal. La futura escasez de capital a escala global constituye un gran reto para México, ya que podría llegar a depender de sus propios ahorros para asegurar niveles adecuados de inversión interna. Sin embargo, dicha escasez también constituye una gran oportunidad; si se implementan las reformas adecuadas, México exportador de capital para los países desarrollados. En este nuevo rol, México se convertiría en el socio indispensable de los Estados Unidos y Canadá: No más una fuente de mano de obra barata, sino de mano de obra calificada y de ahorros escasos. $^{10}$ Neil Howe and Richard Jackson, The 2003 Aging Vulnerability Index: An Assessment of the Capacity of Twelve Developed Countries to Meet the Aging Challenge (Washington, D.C.: Center for Strategic and International Studies and Watson Wyatt Worldwide, marzo 2003). CAPÍTULO 3 Prioridades de política para un México que envejece El bono demográfico de México representa para éste una gran oportunidad. Los beneficios económicos que promete traer, sin embargo, no se encuentran garantizados. Demografía y destino no son lo mismo. Para aprovechar las tendencias poblacionales favorables de los próximos veinte años, es necesario que México dote a su fuerza laboral de las capacidades requeridas para competir en la economía global. Será también necesario invertir en las nuevas tecnologías que permitan a las empresas escalar posiciones en la cadena global de valor. Asimismo, el país tendrá que fortalecer los cimientos en los que se basa una exitosa economía de mercado; incluyendo mercados laborales flexibles, mercados de capitales desarrollados, e instituciones democráticas estables. Aun cuando México ha logrado considerables avances en todas estas áreas, todavía se requieren reformas estructurales con el fin de asegurar que un México en proceso de envejecimiento se convierta también en un país próspero. El tercer capítulo del informe identifica cinco prioridades de política, que van desde educar a la nueva generación hasta la creación de una red universal de asistencia para el adulto mayor. Cada una de estas prioridades constituye un aspecto crucial de la estrategia para afrontar la ola de envejecimiento y deben ser implementadas simultáneamente. 1. Educar a la nueva generación El nivel educativo de la fuerza laboral de México está por debajo del de los países desarrollados e incluso del de muchos países en desarrollo. En 2002, solamente 13 por ciento de mexicanos de 25 a 64 años de edad habían completado el nivel medio superior, mientras que únicamente 11 por ciento habían completado la educación superior (Ver Cuadro 12). En el campo educativo, así como en muchos otros aspectos de la vida en México, las estadísticas esconden las grandes diferencias existentes entre las regiones geográficas y entre los distintos grupos económicos y étnicos. Un adulto perteneciente al decil superior en la escala de ingreso tiene en promedio 12 años de educación, mientras que un adulto del decil inferior en la misma escala tiene un promedio de 3 años de educación. Entre la población indígena, en todos los niveles de ingreso, un adulto tiene en promedio solamente dos años de educación. El mejoramiento del nivel educativo de la población ha sido una prioridad para el gobierno mexicano desde la administración de Carlos Salinas de Gortari, en la segunda mitad de los años ochenta y principios de los noventa, y continúa siendo una prioridad para el gobierno de Fox. El número de niños que completan la educación básica (esto es, seis años de educación primaria más tres años de educación secundaria) ha aumentado significativamente. El acceso a la educación primaria es ahora casi universal, mientras que, de acuerdo a las últimas estadísticas gubernamentales, más del 80 por ciento de los menores tiene acceso a la educación secundaria. Este progreso se debe en parte al programa adecuadamente denominado Oportunidades. Este programa, que fuera inicialmente implementado a fines de los noventa por el Presidente Ernesto Zedillo bajo el nombre de Progresa y luego expandido y renombrado por Fox, entrega dinero en efectivo a las familias de bajos ingresos a cambio de que sus hijos continúen asistiendo a la escuela. Aproximadamente uno de cada dos hogares rurales en situación de pobreza y uno de cada veinte hogares urbanos en situación de pobreza participa actualmente en el programa. El número de mexicanos que han completado la educación media superior también ha aumentado considerablemente. El 21 por ciento de los adultos de 25 a 35 años de edad ha completado este nivel educativo. Entre los mexicanos de 18 años de edad, este porcentaje alcanza el 30 por ciento, lo que constituye más del doble del promedio para el total de adultos mayores de 18 años. Si bien Oportunidades fue originalmente dirigido a estudiantes de educación primaria y secundaria en zonas rurales, el gobierno de Fox ha extendido el programa a zonas urbanas y a estudiantes de educación media superior. Esta medida puede contribuir a elevar aún más los niveles de atención escolar en los próximos años. Conforme el número de niños que van a la escuela aumenta, se requiere también mejorar la calidad de la educación que éstos reciben. En el reciente Programa Internacional de Evaluación de Estudiantes 2003 (PISA, por sus siglas en inglés), considerado como la medida internacional de comparación de la calidad educativa por excelencia, los niños mexicanos de 15 años de edad finalizaron en último lugar entre sus pares de otros países de la Organización para la Cooperación y el Desarrollo Económicos (OCDE) en matemáticas, comprensión de lectura, y ciencias. La brecha existente entre los estudiantes mexicanos y aquellos de los países que obtuvieron los mejores resultados es considerable. Por ejemplo, el 50 por ciento de los estudiantes surcoreanos alcanzaron el más alto nivel de rendimiento en la prueba de matemáticas, mientras solamente tres por ciento de estudiantes mexicanos logró alcanzar este nivel.$^{11}$ De acuerdo a la OCDE, el decepcionante desempeño de los estudiantes mexicanos se debe a una variedad de factores, entre los cuales se encuentran una infraestructura inadecuada, la escasez de materiales educativos y equipos, una currícula desfasada y la falta de mecanismos que atribuyan responsabilidad a los maestros por el rendimiento estudiantil.$^{12}$ El gobierno mexicano está tomando medidas para solucionar el problema. A partir del gobierno de Salinas, algunas de las responsabilidades educativas han venido siendo transferidas por el gobierno federal a los gobiernos estatales y locales a fin de que el sistema responda más adecuadamente a las necesidades de los estudiantes. A su vez, el gobierno de Fox ha implementado un programa innovador denominado Escuelas de Calidad (PEC), que otorga financiamiento para proyectos locales de mejoramiento de las escuelas. Asimismo, las iniciativas Enciclomedia y E-Learning promocionan el uso de tecnologías de la información. Adicionalmente, se ha creado el Instituto Nacional de Evaluación de la Educación (INEE), que se encarga de la evaluación de la calidad educativa. Sin embargo, para ser efectiva, la reforma del sistema educativo podría requerir de medidas más radicales. En los Estados Unidos, durante los años ochenta y noventa, algunos gobiernos estatales y locales enfrentaron el problema del deterioro en el rendimiento educativo mediante la implementación de escalas de pago ligadas al rendimiento de los maestros, logrando de esta manera que éstos tengan que cumplir con ciertos objetivos básicos predeterminados. México debería considerar medidas similares. Sin embargo, para implementarlas tendrá que doblegar la resistencia del poderoso Sindicato Nacional de Trabajadores de la Educación. La carrera magisterial en México disfruta de varios privilegios, uno de los cuales es una estabilidad laboral casi absoluta. El gobierno está también facilitando el acceso a la educación superior. El Programa Nacional de Becas para la Educación Superior (PRONABES) del gobierno de Fox otorga ayuda económica a los estudiantes universitarios de menores recursos. Desde el inicio del programa, el número de estudiantes participantes ha crecido considerablemente, desde 44,000 en 2000/01 hasta un estimado de 160,000 en 2004/05. Más allá de programas de becas como PRONABES, la creación de un sistema de créditos para la educación superior $^{11}$ Organización para la Cooperación y el Desarrollo Económicos (OCDE) Learning for Tomorrow's World: First Results from PISA 2003 (París: OCDE, 2004). $^{12}$ Organización para la Cooperación y el Desarrollo Económicos (OCDE) Economic Surveys 2002-2003—Mexico (París: OCDE, 2004). a través del cual los estudiantes puedan adquirir préstamos con bajos intereses y sin garantía (algo muy frecuente en Estados Unidos y Canadá pero casi imposible de lograr en México) resulta de vital importancia. Aun cuando los mecanismos de ayuda económica por nivel de ingreso pueden contribuir a abrir las puertas de la universidad a los estudiantes menos privilegiados, la mayoría de economistas concuerda en que un sistema de préstamos garantizado por el gobierno, tal como el programa federal Stafford en los Estados Unidos, constituye un mecanismo de ayuda más eficiente. Adicionalmente, México está buscando expandir la cooperación en educación superior con sus vecinos de Norteamérica. Si bien México cuenta con varias instituciones de educación superior de prestigio, incluyendo al Centro de Investigación y Docencia Económicas, el Instituto Tecnológico de Monterrey, el Instituto Tecnológico Autónomo de México y la Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, las universidades extranjeras constituyen un recurso esencial para los estudiantes mexicanos y todo apunta a que lo seguirán siendo en el futuro. México participa en varios mecanismos de cooperación bilateral y trilateral, los mismos que tienen como objetivos la promoción del intercambio educativo, el desarrollo de una currícula común y la realización de proyectos de investigación conjuntos. Entre ellos, se encuentran la Comisión Binacional México-Estados Unidos, el Programa para la Movilidad en la Educación Superior de América del Norte, y el Consorcio para la Colaboración de la Educación Superior en América del Norte (CONAHEC por sus siglas en inglés). En parte, como resultado de estos programas, el número de estudiantes mexicanos que atienden instituciones de educación superior en Estados Unidos ha aumentado significativamente, de 6,650 in 1991/92 a 13,329 en 2003/04. Aun cuando México ha logrado considerables avances en el camino a la reforma educativa, el tramo que le queda por recorrer podría ser el más difícil. El porcentaje de mexicanos con educación media superior, incluso entre los adultos más jóvenes, es aún bajo, de acuerdo a los estándares internacionales. Solamente el 21 por ciento de mexicanos de entre 25 y 34 años han completado la educación media superior, mientras el 95 por ciento de sus pares surcoreanos lo ha hecho. Adicionalmente, la brecha educativa entre los ricos y pobres es todavía considerable. Mientras el 59 por ciento de los niños de entre 14 y 17 años que no se encontraban en situación de pobreza se matricularon en la escuela en 2002, únicamente el 24 por ciento de aquéllos en situación de pobreza lo hicieron. Asimismo, existen considerables diferencias entre las distintas regiones, estando los estados más pobres y más rurales del sur de México en una situación más precaria que la de los más prósperos estados del norte. A fin de hacer frente a estas necesidades, el Programa Nacional de Educación 2001-2006 del gobierno de Fox contempla el incremento del gasto --- 13 Gladys López-Acevedo y Angel Salinas, “The Distribution of Mexico’s Public Spending on Education”, Policy Research Working Paper WPS2402 (Washington, D.C.: Banco Mundial, julio 2000). educativo desde aproximadamente seis por ciento hasta el ocho por ciento del PIB.$^{14}$ Sin embargo, resulta incierto que el gobierno pueda obtener los recursos necesarios (o el apoyo en el Congreso) para alcanzar este ambicioso objetivo. 2. Mejorar las capacidades de la fuerza laboral Al mismo tiempo que educa a los trabajadores del mañana, México deberá también reeducar a la actual fuerza laboral. Aproximadamente 35 millones de mexicanos de entre 25 y 64 años de edad no han completado la educación media superior. Adicionalmente, al rededor de 11 millones de éstos, más de un cuarto del total, no han completado ni siquiera la primaria. Aunque el nivel educativo está mejorando rápidamente entre las nuevas cohortes que entran a formar parte de la fuerza laboral en México, ésta permanecerá dominada en las próximas décadas por cohortes de mano de obra relativamente no calificada. CSIS ha proyectado el nivel educativo promedio de la futura fuerza laboral de México usando dos escenarios: Un “escenario bajo” que asume que los índices a los cuales los jóvenes mexicanos completan actualmente los diferentes niveles educativos no aumentarán en el futuro, y un “escenario alto” en el cual el porcentaje de trabajadores que habrán completado la educación media superior alcanza en 2010 aquél de los países miembros del G-7 (Ver Cuadro 13). Incluso en el segundo escenario, bastante optimista, la proporción de mexicanos en edad de trabajar que habrán completado la educación media superior será menor a un cuarto en 2010 y menos de la mitad en 2020. El nivel educativo promedio de la fuerza laboral de México no alcanzará el nivel de los países desarrollados hasta la mitad del presente siglo. El gobierno mexicano ha implementado varias iniciativas con las cuales ha comenzado a afrontar el reto de la capacitación de los trabajadores. La más importante de estas iniciativas es el Programa para la Modernización de la Educación Técnica y la Capacitación (PMETyC). Este programa es el primero de su clase en Latinoamérica y capacita y certifica a los trabajadores en una o más de las aproximadamente 600 “competencias”. Estas competencias son identificadas con participación del sector privado y están diseñadas para reflejar los estándares de la industria y por lo tanto para ser transferidas de un puesto de trabajo a otro. Los trabajadores pueden obtener la certificación de sus competencias en instituciones educativas y centros de capacitación así como a través de la capacitación en el centro de trabajo. Otros programas están específicamente dirigidos a trabajadores de pequeñas y medianas empresas. Por ejemplo, a través del Programa de Apoyo a la Capacitación (PAC), el gobierno federal paga hasta el 50 por ciento del costo de la capacitación de un trabajador, mientras que los gobiernos estatales subsidian hasta un 30 por ciento adicional. $^{14}$ Secretaría de Educación Pública, Programa Nacional de Educación 2001-2006 (México DF: Secretaría de Educación Pública, septiembre 2001). Aun cuando los niveles de escolaridad están aumentando, México necesitará décadas para alcanzar a los países desarrollados. \| Año \| Escenario bajo \| Escenario alto \| \|-------\|----------------\|----------------\| \| 2002 \| 13% \| 13% \| \| 2010 \| 22% \| 22% \| \| 2020 \| 27% \| 43% \| \| 2030 \| 33% \| 59% \| \| 2040 \| 36% \| 73% \| \| 2050 \| 36% \| 84% \| Escenario bajo: Asume que los porcentajes de la población que completa los distintos niveles educativos no aumentarán en el futuro Escenario alto: Asume que el porcentaje de la población que completa el nivel medio superior alcanzará el nivel promedio de los países del G-7 en 2010 Fuente: Secretaría de Educación Pública (2004), OCDE (2004a), ONU (2003) y cálculos del autor Cuadro 13 Aun cuando estas iniciativas apuntan en la dirección correcta, su impacto ha sido relativamente modesto. Desde su establecimiento en 1995, el PMETyC ha atendido a 754,424 trabajadores y otorgado 231,662 certificados; un logro impresionante, que sin embargo alcanza a solamente una pequeña fracción de los trabajadores que deben mejorar sus capacidades. Aunque la necesidad es mayor en México, éste país invierte menos (en proporción al PIB) en “políticas activas de mercado laboral” que cualquier otro miembro de la OCDE. Asimismo, la proporción entre el gasto educativo tradicional y el gasto en capacitación laboral es aproximadamente de 100 a uno. En el futuro, el gobierno deberá incrementar el gasto directo en programas como el PMETyC el PAC. Asimismo, deberá evaluar la posibilidad de incentivar a los empleadores a invertir en el capital humano de sus trabajadores a cambio de beneficios tributarios. Mucho depende del resultado. Si México no logra proveer a la generación del “boom” con las capacidades para competir en el mercado laboral del mañana, ellos se convertirán en un ancla para la economía. La posible variación en el empleo de mano de obra barata al empleo de mano de obra calificada durante el período de bono demográfico podría no ocurrir. Y aún si ésta ocurre, los trabajadores más jóvenes tendrán que sostener a una generación anterior cuyos miembros serán crecientemente desempleados e incapaces de obtener un empleo. Los trabajadores más jóvenes podrían tener que mantener a una generación anterior cada vez más desempleada e incapaz de conseguir empleo. 3. Invertir en ciencia y tecnología El capital humano es un ingrediente esencial para elevar los niveles de vida de la población, pero no es el único. Conforme mejore las capacidades de sus trabajadores, México tendrá también que transformar su economía de la producción de bienes de bajo valor agregado, tales como textiles y acero, a la producción de bienes de alto valor agregado, tales como artefactos electrónicos, software, y productos farmacéuticos. Esto a su vez requerirá nuevas y considerables inversiones en ciencia y tecnología. Todas las economías emergentes exitosas experimentaron esta conversión en su camino al desarrollo y la mayoría invirtió asimismo en investigación y desarrollo experimental (IDE). Incluso China y la India, que son hoy en día los grandes reservorios de mano de obra barata, están actualmente realizando inversiones estratégicas que les permitirán competir en industrias de alta tecnología. México debe hacer lo mismo o resignarse a quedar rezagado en la competencia global por el desarrollo. Actualmente, México invierte en ciencia y tecnología una fracción de su ingreso nacional comparativamente pequeña. En 2001, el gasto total público y privado en IDE fue igual al 0.4 por ciento del PIB, comparado con 1.1 por ciento en China, 2.6 por ciento en Corea del Sur, y 2.7 por ciento en los Estados Unidos (Ver Cuadro 14). Aún incluyendo el gasto educativo en ciencia y tecnología en el total, la inversión anual en este campo no alcanza el uno por ciento del PIB. Lo mismo sucede en relación con el personal que labora en actividades de IDE. Solamente 1 de cada 1,000 trabajadores mexicanos labora en este tipo de actividades, comparado con uno de cada diez en Corea del Sur, Canadá y los Estados Unidos. México está tomando seriamente el imperativo científico y tecnológico. En 2002, el gobierno de Fox confirió autonomía presupuestaria al Consejo Nacional de Ciencia y Tecnología (CONACYT), un organismo que combina las funciones del U.S. National Science Foundation y del White House Office of Science and Technology Policy. Entre las variadas responsabilidades del CONACYT se encuentran la certificación de programas de postgrado, el otorgamiento de becas para estudios de postgrado, y la administración de fondos para centros de investigación públicos y privados. En los últimos años, el número de estudiantes de carreras científicas y tecnológicas que recibieron becas gubernamentales así como la cantidad de centros de investigación que recibieron fondos del gobierno han crecido significativamente. El Programa Especial de Ciencia y Tecnología del gobierno de Fox establece el objetivo de incrementar el gasto total en ciencia y tecnología en el largo plazo hasta aproximadamente dos por ciento del PIB, el equivalente al promedio de los países desarrollados.$^{15}$ Para lograr este objetivo se necesitarán no solamente recursos públicos, sino también privados. Actualmente, el sector privado contribuye con menos de un tercio del gasto total en IDE, lo que constituye un porcentaje bajo de acuerdo a los $^{15}$ CONACYT, Programa Especial de Ciencia y Tecnología (Pecyt) 2001-2006 (México DF: CONACYT, 2001). México necesita aumentar su bajo nivel de inversión en investigación y desarrollo experimental. \| País \| Número de investigadores por cada 1,000 trabajadores en 2002 \| \|---------------\|-------------------------------------------------------------\| \| México \| 0.7 \| \| China \| 1.1 \| \| Argentina \| 1.8 \| \| UE-15 \| 6.1 \| \| Corea del Sur \| 6.8 \| \| Canadá \| 7.1 \| \| EEUU \| 8.6 \| Gasto nacional en IDE, como porcentaje del PIB en 2001 \| País \| Porcentaje del PIB \| \|---------------\|--------------------\| \| México \| 0.4% \| \| Argentina \| 0.4% \| \| China \| 1.1% \| \| UE-15 \| 1.9% \| \| Canadá \| 2.0% \| \| Promedio OCDE \| 2.3% \| \| Corea del Sur \| 2.6% \| \| Estados Unidos\| 2.7% \| Fuente: OCDE (2004b) Cuadro 14 estándares internacionales. Por el contrario, en los Estados Unidos, el sector privado genera dos de cada tres dólares invertidos en IDE. El gobierno de Fox ha establecido incentivos tributarios con el fin promover la inversión privada en este campo. Desde el año 2001, las compañías que invirtieron en IDE han sido beneficiadas con un incentivo fiscal equivalente al 30 por ciento de su inversión. Bajo el liderazgo del CONACYT, México está asimismo tratando de aumentar el nivel de cooperación en desarrollo científico y tecnológico con varios países del mundo, tales como Corea del Sur y España. No sorprende que la relación con los Estados Unidos sea especialmente cercana. Recientemente, el CONACYT ha celebrado acuerdos de cooperación con una serie de instituciones de educación superior estadounidenses, tales como Harvard University, Georgetown University y la Universidad de Texas. Adicionalmente, está buscando celebrar un acuerdo trilateral sobre ciencia y tecnología con los países del TLCAN que crearía mecanismos concretos para promover y financiar proyectos conjuntos. 4. Completar el programa de reformas políticas y económicas A fin de que la economía mexicana escale posiciones en la cadena global de valor se requerirá una significativa redistribución del capital y del trabajo. Qué tan bien México responda al desafío dependerá de una variedad de factores económicos, institucionales y culturales, que van desde la flexibilidad del mercado laboral y el desarrollo de los mercados de capital hasta la fortaleza de la cultura empresarial y la durabilidad de las instituciones democráticas. Desde los años ochenta, México ha realizado enormes avances en cuanto a la modernización de su economía y la reforma de su sistema político. Sin embargo, este progreso ha sido desigual y ciertos problemas graves siguen sin resolverse. Al final, las inversiones en capital humano y en desarrollo científico y tecnológico podrían no rendir fruto si no se llegara a completar el programa de reformas iniciado en los años ochenta. La rigidez del mercado laboral mexicano podría constituir un gran obstáculo para hacer realidad los beneficios del bono demográfico. Desde normas que dificultan el despido de trabajadores improductivos hasta rígidas escalas de pago basadas en la antigüedad laboral y limitaciones a la contratación a tiempo parcial y a plazo determinado, la excesiva regulación en materia laboral incrementa el costo de hacer negocios y desalienta a los empleadores para crear nuevas empresas o expandir las existentes. Aunque muchos países en desarrollo (y también algunos países desarrollados) tienen leyes similares, las de México son particularmente inflexibles. En el informe Doing Business in 2004, el Banco Mundial evaluó a la flexibilidad de los mercados laborales de 133 países. México ocupó la posición 129, solamente por encima de Angola, Brasil, Panamá y Portugal.$^{16}$ La excesiva regulación laboral podría ser la principal razón por la que las empresas mexicanas invierten tan poco dinero en IDE. De acuerdo a un estudio reciente de la OCDE, las empresas en países con mercados laborales flexibles invierten casi 30 por ciento más en IDE que las empresas en países con leyes laborales más rígidas.$^{17}$ Junto con los altos costos laborales no remunerativos (el costo de las contribuciones por beneficios sociales alcanza entre el 20 y el 25 por ciento de la nómina), la excesiva regulación laboral es también la causa del paso de muchos trabajadores y empleadores mexicanos a la enorme y creciente economía informal. De acuerdo a la mayoría de las estimaciones, la economía informal de México representa entre un tercio y la mitad del empleo urbano y una proporción aún mayor del incremento total del empleo.$^{18}$ Los trabajadores del sector informal por lo general no pagan impuestos, lo que se traduce en menos ingresos para el gobierno e impuestos más altos para los trabajadores del sector formal. Adicionalmente, estos trabajadores no tienen la oportunidad de acceder a programas de capacitación laboral auspiciados por el gobierno o las empresas, lo que hace más difícil mejorar el nivel de sus capacidades laborales. Finalmente, estos trabajadores no perciben beneficios pensionarios, lo que los coloca en un mayor riesgo de caer en la pobreza en la vejez. Junto con la rígida normatividad laboral, los altos costos administrativos de empezar un negocio desincentivan la creación de empresas y empleo. De acuerdo al informe Doing $^{16}$ Banco Mundial, Doing Business in 2004: Understanding Regulation* (Washington, D.C.: Banco Mundial, 2003). $^{17}$ Giuseppe Nicoletti et al., “Product and Labor Market Interactions in OECD Countries”, Economics Department Working Paper No. 312 (Paris: OCDE, 2001). $^{18}$ Organización Internacional del Trabajo, Panorama Laboral 2004: America Latina y el Caribe (Lima: OIT, 2004). Business del Banco Mundial, el registrar una nueva compañía en México demora 51 días, comparado con solamente cuatro días en los Estados Unidos. El costo promedio para registrar una nueva empresa en México asciende a $1,110 (equivalente al 19 por ciento del ingreso per cápita anual), mientras que en los Estados Unidos asciende a solamente $210 (o menos del uno por ciento del ingreso per cápita anual). Adicionalmente, muchos empresarios mexicanos realizan “pagos extraoficiales” a fin de registrar empresas. De acuerdo a una encuesta reciente, el nueve por ciento de todas las nuevas empresas registradas en México realizó estos pagos en 2002; una proporción que se eleva a 30 por ciento en algunos estados.$^{19}$ Más allá de los altos costos administrativos, las empresas tienen también que afrontar la falta de capital de riesgo. Miguel de Icaza, un importante empresario mexicano, resume la situación de esta manera: “¿Quién en México invertiría para iniciar una empresa de alta tecnología? Hoy en día el dinero tiene que venir de nuestros bolsillos, o de un amigo de la familia... Esta no es la forma en la que se evoluciona del simple trabajo de ensamblaje”. $^{20}$ La dificultad para conseguir capital de riesgo es un síntoma de un problema más grave: El escaso desarrollo de los mercados de capitales mexicanos. A diferencia de la reforma laboral, que confronta la oposición de los sindicatos de trabajadores y que permanece estancada en el Congreso, la reforma financiera ha logrado ser implementada. En los últimos años, se han logrado importantes avances en la infraestructura financiera del país, incluyendo mejores mecanismos de supervisión y mayor protección a los accionistas minoritarios. En particular, el mercado de bonos se está desarrollando rápidamente, lo que está permitiendo a grandes empresas, que hasta hace poco debían recurrir a los mercados financieros internacionales, obtener capital de manera más eficiente en México. Sin embargo, a pesar del progreso reciente, los mercados de capitales mexicanos siguen estando poco desarrollados. Al final del año 2004, la capitalización total en el mercado accionario alcanzó únicamente el 26 por ciento del PIB, lo que equivale a un quinta parte del nivel de capitalización en los Estados Unidos (Ver Cuadro 15). Adicionalmente, el mercado accionario mexicano está altamente concentrado. En 2003, solamente 158 empresas estaban listadas en la Bolsa Mexicana de Valores. De éstas, las cinco principales empresas realizaron el 41 por ciento del total de capitalización. Mientras tanto, a pesar de que se encuentra en crecimiento, el valor total del mercado de bonos alcanza únicamente el 15 por ciento del PIB; lo que equivale a un treceavo del valor total del mercado de bonos en los Estados Unidos. La mayoría de economistas concuerda en que tarde o temprano un país en desarrollo necesita fortalecer y profundizar sus mercados de capitales. México no es la excepción. El país requiere de estos mercados para proveer capital para los millones de mexicanos que actualmente colocan sus ahorros en improductivos depósitos bancarios y bienes raíces, o simplemente bajo el colchón. Los necesita también para invertir $^{19}$ Consejo Coordinador Empresarial, México: Calidad del Marco Regulatorio en las Entidades Federativas. Estudio comparativo 2002 (México DF: Consejo Coordinador Empresarial, julio, 2003). $^{20}$ Ricardo Sandoval, “Mexico Works to Attract Tech Jobs”, The Washington Post (2 de enero de 2004). Los mercados de capital de México son aún relativamente poco desarrollados. Tipo de instrumento, como porcentaje del PIB, en México y los Estados Unidos, en 2003-2004 \| Tipo de Instrumento \| México \| EEUU \| \|---------------------\|--------\|------\| \| Depósitos bancarios \| 22% \| 52% \| \| Capitalización en el mercado accionario \| 26% \| 130% \| \| Mercado de bonos \| 15% \| 191% \| Fuente: Banco de México (2005), De la Torre y Schmukler (2004) y FMI (2004) Cuadro 15 eficientemente el capital en sus industrias y negocios más competitivos a escala global. Sin mercados financieros desarrollados, es posible que los mayores niveles de ahorro proyectados para las próximas dos décadas no sean destinados a inversiones que eleven la productividad o que no ayuden a elevar los niveles de vida. Sin estos mercados, México continuará dependiendo en demasía de la inversión extranjera directa. Los altos retornos de muchas de sus empresas más innovadoras y competitivas continuarán acumulándose en manos extranjeras en vez de mexicanas. La economía será también vulnerable a la escasez de capital cuando la ola de envejecimiento arribe en los países desarrollados. Para transformar su bono demográfico en un crecimiento económico más rápido, México necesitará algo más que un sector privado competitivo. El país requerirá asimismo de un sector público capaz de financiar ambiciosos programas para la formación de capital humano y un creciente desarrollo científico y tecnológico. Este aspecto constituye también materia de preocupación. A un nivel equivalente al 11 por ciento del PIB en 2003, la recaudación tributaria es baja en proporción a la economía del país, incluso para un mercado emergente. En años recientes, el gobierno ha dependido en gran medida de las exportaciones de petróleo para generar aproximadamente una tercera parte de sus ingresos. Sin embargo, la volatilidad del precio del petróleo dificulta la planificación y continuidad de programas de inversión a largo plazo. Parte de la solución consiste en simplificar el código tributario, corregir los vacíos legales e incrementar el número de contribuyentes. No obstante, una solución a largo plazo podría no ser posible a menos que el gobierno pueda atraer una mayor parte de la actividad económica al sector formal que paga impuestos. El punto de partida es la reforma laboral. Sin embargo, ésta por sí misma podría no ser suficiente. La voluntad de los ciudadanos de asumir su cuota de la carga tributaria depende significativamente del nivel de confianza en las instituciones públicas y en la convicción de que el gobierno está buscando alcanzar objetivos nacionales que gozan de consenso. Justificadamente o no, el nivel de confianza en las instituciones públicas en México permanece peligrosamente bajo, incluso para los niveles latinoamericanos. De acuerdo a la encuesta Latinobarómetro (2004), más de la mitad de los mexicanos consideran que es posible sobornar a un juez o a un empleado de un ministerio, mientras tres cuartos de la población consideran que el gobierno beneficia a unos cuantos intereses poderosos.$^{21}$ Al final, el cambiar estas actitudes hacia el gobierno puede ser tan importante como cualquier reforma económica. 5. Crear una red universal de asistencia al adulto mayor Aproximadamente uno de cada cuatro adultos mayores mexicanos viven en situación de pobreza; un porcentaje que podría crecer en el futuro a menos que México fortalezca su red de asistencia para la vejez. Imagine el lector, en las ciudades mexicanas, millones de los adultos actuales convirtiéndose, en los años 2030, en millones de ancianos indigentes sin beneficios de jubilación ni acceso a servicios de salud; o, en las zonas rurales del país, millones de ancianos abandonados sin descendientes que los mantengan. La recientemente fallecida Delal Baer advirtió acerca de una futura “catástrofe social” si México no se prepara para recibir la ola de envejecimiento.$^{22}$ Es cierto que México dio un gran paso adelante para afrontar este reto con la reforma pensionaria implementada por el gobierno de Zedillo en 1997. La reforma reemplazó el antiguo sistema de reparto para trabajadores del sector privado, que sufría de evasión generalizada y contribuciones cada vez más altas, con un nuevo sistema de capitalización individual inspirado en el sistema chileno. El nuevo sistema tiene el potencial de aumentar la posibilidad de auto-sostenimiento de los retirados del futuro y a la vez de reducir la carga tributaria de los trabajadores del mañana. A largo plazo, estos sistemas tienen importantes ventajas sobre los sistemas de reparto. A nivel macro, los sistemas de capitalización individual alivian la presión demográfica que afecta el presupuesto del gobierno y a la vez aumentar los niveles de ahorro e inversión. A nivel micro, fomentan el hábito de ahorro e incentivan los valores de mesura y de proveer para las generaciones posteriores. Asimismo, estos sistemas ofrecen a los trabajadores beneficios más grandes a cualquier nivel de contribución que los ofrecidos por los sistemas de reparto. En estos últimos, el retorno a las aportaciones está limitado por el nivel de crecimiento de la economía, $^{21}$ Corporación Latinobarómetro. Informe—Resumen Latinobarómetro 2004: Una Década de Mediciones (Santiago: Corporación Latinobarómetro, 13 de agosto de 2004). $^{22}$ M. Delal Baer, “Mexico at Impasse”, Foreign Affairs 83, No. 1 (enero/febrero 2004). mientras que en un sistema de capitalización individual equivalen al retorno al capital, que es por lo general mucho mayor; especialmente cuando la población se encuentra envejeciendo rápidamente. La reforma del sistema de pensiones en México no está trayendo todos los beneficios esperados. Aun cuando la mayoría de trabajadores del sector privado están nominalmente “afiliados” al sistema, en realidad solamente una minoría contribuye en forma regular. Una causa de ello es el alto costo de participación en el sistema. Las contribuciones por pensiones equivalen al 11.5 por ciento de los salarios y no constituyen por sí solas una carga exagerada. Pero el total de beneficios sociales (que, incluyendo compensaciones, guardería y seguro de salud alcanzan entre el 20 y el 25 por ciento de la nómina) son suficientemente altos para causar la evasión generalizada. Asimismo, las propias reglas del sistema podrían también estar incentivando la evasión o la contribución con el mínimo necesario para calificar para una pensión. Cualquier trabajador que hubiese estado aportando bajo el antiguo sistema en la fecha en que el nuevo fue implementado puede obtener la pensión que hubiese recibido bajo el antiguo sistema si ésta fuese mayor que la que recibiría bajo el nuevo sistema. A causa de ello, los mexicanos podrían tener que pagar a través de sus impuestos el costo total del antiguo sistema, como si la reforma no hubiera tenido lugar. Existe también un beneficio mínimo para todos los participantes. El problema es que este beneficio es tan alto que la mayoría de trabajadores de bajos salarios pueden calificar para obtenerlo, con lo cual se reducen los incentivos para ahorrar.$^{23}$ Al mismo tiempo, a nivel macro, la reforma de 1997 tampoco está obteniendo los beneficios esperados. Resulta dudoso que la reforma haya contribuido en parte alguna a elevar el nivel nacional de ahorro en México. Las Administradoras de Fondos para el Retiro o AFORES están sujetas a reglas de inversión restrictivas que hacen que la mayor parte de las contribuciones de los trabajadores sea invertida en deuda pública. En junio de 2004, el 86 por ciento de los depósitos del sistema privado se invirtió en valores emitidos por el gobierno; porcentaje impresionante en comparación con el 21 por ciento alcanzado en Chile. De esta forma, el gobierno está financiando el costo de la transición al sistema de capitalización individual a través del endeudamiento con aquellos que mantienen cuentas en dicho sistema. Esto trae como consecuencia que se neutralice el impulso a los ahorros del sector privado. Existe asimismo otro beneficio potencial del sistema de capitalización individual, como lo es la función que cumple en acelerar el desarrollo de los mercados de capitales. En un número cada vez mayor de países en desarrollo, desde Chile hasta Polonia, los sistemas de capitalización individual están contribuyendo a desarrollar y profundizar los mercados de $^{23}$ Olivia Azuara, “The Mexican Defined Contribution Pension System: Perspective for Low Income Workers”, informe introductorio para el estudio regional sobre reforma de la seguridad social (Washington, D.C.: Banco Mundial, junio 2003). capitales, fomentar una cultura de inversión en acciones y democratizar la tenencia de la riqueza. La reforma del sistema mexicano de pensiones está comenzando a arrojar resultados similares. La creciente demanda por parte de las AFORES es la causa del rápido crecimiento del mercado de bonos en México. Sin embargo, restricciones de inversión han impedido el surgimiento de similares sinergias positivas en el desarrollo del mercado accionario. No existe una solución única al problema del mantenimiento de los adultos mayores en México. Quizás la medida más importante consista en establecer una red básica de asistencia que proteja a todos los adultos mayores, sin importar si participan en los sistemas de seguridad social o no. Este mínimo de protección debería incluir la entrega de dinero en efectivo condicionada al nivel de ingresos ("means-tested"); la misma que debería ser financiada con ingresos generales del estado y no con contribuciones de los trabajadores. Esta perspectiva ha sido recomendada recientemente por el Banco Mundial.$^{24}$ Asimismo, debería incluir la cobertura básica de servicios de salud. El nuevo Seguro Popular del gobierno de Fox, que cubre los costos de los servicios básicos de salud de aproximadamente 1.5 millones de mexicanos, representa un paso importante en esta dirección. En relación con el sistema mexicano de capitalización individual, podría ser necesario implementar reformas estructurales para garantizar que éste alcance sus objetivos. La garantía de que los beneficios del nuevo sistema deben ser por lo menos equivalentes a los que otorgaba el sistema anterior tendrá que disminuir. Al mismo tiempo, las restricciones a las inversiones deberían ser atenuadas y, eventualmente, reemplazadas por la denominada “regla del hombre prudente”. A partir de 2005, se permitirá a las AFORES mexicanas invertir apenas el 15 por ciento de los depósitos en acciones, aunque estas inversiones tienen que realizarse a través de “instrumentos de inversión con capital protegido al vencimiento, ligados a índices accionarios” ultraseguros. Las AFORES han sido también autorizadas a invertir hasta el 20 por ciento de los depósitos en valores internacionales. Los encargados de la regulación del sistema de pensiones tendrán que cambiar la actitud descrita por Eric Anderson, gerente general de ING Investment Management México, como “mojarse solamente la punta de los pies”.$^{25}$ Aunque pueda iniciar una tormenta política, el gobierno debe reevaluar la participación de los servidores públicos en el sistema de capitalización individual. Ante la insistencia de los sindicatos del sector público, los trabajadores de este sector fueron exceptuados al momento de la implementación de la reforma; incluirlos en el sistema de capitalización individual puede generar un gran ahorro presupuestario. Más aún, asignar una participación en la reforma del sistema de pensiones a uno de los más poderosos y solventes segmentos de la fuerza laboral de México puede contribuir a asegurar la durabilidad política de la reforma. México cuenta todavía con tiempo suficiente para poner en práctica las reformas necesarias. El peligro consiste en que la amplia ventana de oportunidad demográfica podría hacer percibir estas reformas como menos urgentes. Los Estados Unidos y otros países desarrollados han sabido por no menos de un cuarto de siglo que el envejecimiento de sus poblaciones volvería sus sistemas de pensiones imposibles de financiar. Por desgracia, las $^{24}$ Robert Holzmann y Richard Hinz, Old-Age Income Support in the Twenty-first Century: An International Perspective on Pension Systems and Reform (Washington, D.C.: Banco Mundial, 2005). $^{25}$ Jennifer Galloway, “Going Global, At Last”, LatinFinance, No. 157 (junio 2004). democracias encuentran difícil el concentrarse en crisis de lenta evolución cuyas consecuencias no son inmediatamente evidentes. Al final, los países desarrollados han sido “sorprendidos” por una crisis que era completamente predecible. Estos países se encuentran ahora en la cresta de sus olas de envejecimiento sin tiempo suficiente para implementar las reformas de forma gradual. México haría bien en aprender de los errores de sus amigos y vecinos, que pueden ser más viejos, pero no necesariamente más sabios. CAPÍTULO 4 Conclusión Las esperanzas y aspiraciones de México para el futuro dependen de su capacidad para fortalecer su competitividad y elevar los niveles de vida de su población. No obstante el impresionante progreso alcanzado desde la “década perdida” de los ochenta, México se encuentra retrasado en la carrera internacional por el desarrollo. Aunque México ocupa la segunda posición entre los países de Latinoamérica en la última edición del informe Global Competitiveness Report del Foro Económico mundial, lo cierto es que se encuentra en el lugar 48 de 104 países del mundo que fueron analizados. De acuerdo a la medida de desarrollo más básica—crecimiento del ingreso per cápita—México se encuentra virtualmente paralizado. Desde 1980 hasta 2000, el PIB per cápita en México aumentó únicamente 15 por ciento, mientras que en los Estados Unidos aumentó 49 por ciento; en Chile, 98 por ciento; en Corea del Sur, 231 por ciento y en China, 401 por ciento (Ver Cuadro 16). En décadas recientes, el incremento en los niveles de vida en México se ha estancado. Cambio porcentual en PIB per cápita, expresado en poder de paridad de compra en dólares constantes: 1980-2000 \| País \| Cambio porcentual \| \|---------------\|-------------------\| \| China \| 401% \| \| Corea del Sur \| 231% \| \| Singapur \| 143% \| \| Chile \| 98% \| \| Estados Unidos\| 49% \| \| México \| 15% \| \| Brasil \| 8% \| \| Argentina \| 7% \| Fuente: Banco Mundial (2004) La transformación demográfica en la que México se está embarcando tiene el potencial tanto de ayudar como de obstaculizar su desarrollo económico. En el corto plazo, esta transformación incrementa las posibilidades de que México logre acelerar el proceso de mejora en los niveles de vida de su población. Si México opta por las medidas políticas y legislativas adecuadas, una edad promedio más avanzada, menos dependientes y un crecimiento demográfico menos acelerado pueden traducirse en una fuerza laboral y una economía más productiva en los próximos 25 años. Sin embargo, en el largo plazo, la transformación demográfica incrementa los costos económicos y sociales de un eventual fracaso. Con el creciente número de adultos mayores dependientes que amenaza con absorber una parte cada vez más grande de los salarios de sus parientes trabajadores, ya sea a través de las estructuras familiares o del presupuesto público, el lograr un rápido crecimiento económico resulta aún más crucial. Afortunadamente, México se encuentra en condiciones de afrontar el desafío del envejecimiento. El país cuenta con una numerosa e industriosa fuerza laboral. Su proximidad al mercado estadounidense y su membresía en el TLCAN le conceden una ventaja potencial por sobre otros competidores globales tales como China e India. Adicionalmente, los líderes mexicanos son cada vez más conscientes del reto que enfrentan y están comenzando a tomar las medidas necesarias. Las nuevas inversiones en educación, capacitación laboral y desarrollo científico y tecnológico muestran que México ha comenzado a construir los cimientos de su futuro éxito económico. Es cierto que todavía existen enormes obstáculos que deben ser superados y que el estancamiento del proceso político ha desacelerado la aprobación de las reformas; sin embargo, aquéllos que conocen a México, no dudan que el progreso continuará. Todo Norteamérica tiene un interés en el resultado final. Si México logra emerger exitoso, podría convertirse en el motor del crecimiento económico de la región y en una fuente de mano de obra calificada y de capital escaso, no solamente para los Estados Unidos y Canadá, sino también para otros países desarrollados que se encuentran envejeciendo rápidamente. Si México falla, las potenciales sinergias demográficas y económicas entre los países podrían no materializarse. En vez de ser el motor del desarrollo regional, México podría convertirse en un ancla para la economía de la región. Al mismo tiempo, el éxito o fracaso de los Estados Unidos cuando éste afronte su propio desafío demográfico podría afectar las expectativas de crecimiento de México. Los Estados Unidos se encuentran a punto de entrar a una espiral ascendente en gastos de jubilación y seguridad social. Esta espiral comenzará en apenas tres años, en 2008, cuando los primeros miembros de la generación del “boom” comiencen a calificar como beneficiarios para una jubilación anticipada. El país debería contar con un superávit presupuestal para prepararse para el reto fiscal que le espera. Sin embargo, el presupuesto tiene un déficit cada vez mayor que amenaza con bloquear inversiones productivas, tanto públicas como privadas. La actual dirección de la política fiscal estadounidense podría terminar afectando no sólo su propia competitividad, sino también la de México. El creciente costo de los programas de asistencia a los adultos mayores podría amenazar a los programas de educación y ciencia y tecnología que son piezas fundamentales de la cooperación entre México y los Estados Unidos. Al mismo tiempo las nuevas medidas tomadas en distintas áreas después del 11 de septiembre han comenzado a ejercer presión sobre otros aspectos de la relación entre ambos países. Nuevas regulaciones que restringen la emisión de visas de estudiante están haciendo más difícil para los mexicanos estudiar en los Estados Unidos. El lento progreso de las negociaciones bilaterales sobre la reforma migratoria ha dejado este aspecto de vital importancia en el limbo. Se espera que la nueva Alianza para la Seguridad y la Prosperidad de América del Norte (ASPN) provea un marco para una renovada y mayor cooperación. La ASPN, anunciada por los Presidentes George Bush y Vicente Fox y el Primer Ministro Paul Martin en marzo de 2005, ha sido diseñada para lograr mayor “seguridad, prosperidad y calidad de vida” para los ciudadanos de América del Norte. Para alcanzar esta visión, la ASPN hace hincapié en la vital importancia del desarrollo del capital humano y de políticas coordinadas en este respecto. Conjuntamente con una cooperación más estrecha en ciencia y tecnología, el tipo de estrategia para el desarrollo del capital humano que la ASPN promueve podría ser un factor clave para el mejoramiento de los niveles de vida en los tres países y para el incremento de la competitividad de la región. Conforme el siglo 21 avance, el dramático envejecimiento de las poblaciones alrededor del mundo traerá consigo enormes desafíos. Sin embargo, junto con estos desafíos surgirán también nuevas oportunidades. Entre éstas últimas, destaca la posibilidad de forjar lazos más estrechos e igualitarios entre los países en desarrollo y los desarrollados. No existe otro lugar con mayor potencial de ganancia reciproca en la solución que Norteamérica, en la que México, los Estados Unidos y Canadá son ya socios cercanos que comparten valores y aspiraciones comunes. Es tiempo que sus líderes aprovechen la oportunidad histórica que las tendencias demográficas ofrecen y que coloquen la búsqueda de soluciones conjuntas al desafío demográfico a la cabeza de la agenda bilateral y trilateral. Sobre las fuentes de información estadística En el proceso de investigación y redacción de Formando el Capital Humano en un México que Envejece, CSIS consultó docenas de estudios especializados, desde artículos académicos sobre demografía en México hasta informes oficiales del gobierno acerca de temas educativos y pensionarios. Asimismo, se basó en la más amplia gama de estudios sobre envejecimiento poblacional, desarrollo económico y formación del capital humano. Esta sección no tiene como objetivo pasar revista a toda esta bibliografía. Su propósito es más modesto: orientar al lector respecto de las principales fuentes de información que fueron consultadas durante la redacción del informe. La mayor parte de la información demográfica, incluyendo las cifras históricas y las proyecciones, fue obtenida de la División de Población de la ONU y se encuentra publicada como World Population Prospects.$^1$ Dicha información incluye temas tales como población total, población por grupos de edad, edad promedio e índices de dependencia. Para cierta información más específica se utilizaron las cifras del Consejo Nacional de Población (CONAPO) u otras fuentes. Este es el caso de las tasas globales de fecundidad,$^2$ esperanza de vida al nacer,$^3$ y la composición de los hogares de los adultos mayores.$^4$ Salvo donde se anota expresamente, todas las proyecciones demográficas citadas en el informe se refieren a la “variante mediana” de las Naciones Unidas (Revisión 2002); la medida más comúnmente utilizada por los demógrafos. Se decidió utilizar las proyecciones de las Naciones Unidas en vez de las elaboradas por CONAPO$^5$ a fin de facilitar las comparaciones internacionales. Esta elección, sin embargo, no afecta las conclusiones del informe. La información económica básica se obtuvo de fuentes de uso generalizado. Las cifras relativas a gastos, ingresos, y deuda gubernamentales fue obtenida del Banco de --- $^1$ World Population Prospects: The 2002 Revision, volúmenes 1 y 2 (Nueva York: División de Población de las Naciones Unidas, 2003). $^2$ CONAPO, Indicadores de Salud Reproductiva de la República Mexicana, disponible online en www.conapo.gob.mx; CONAPO, Indicadores Demográficos Básicos, disponible online en www.conapo.gob.mx; y Rodolfo Tuírán, Virgilio Partida, Octavio Mojarró y Elena Zúñiga, “Fertility in Mexico: Trends and Forecast”, informe presentado en la reunión de expertos de Completing The Fertility Transition (Nueva York: Organización de las Naciones Unidas, 11-14 de marzo de 2002). $^3$ Pablo Astorga, Ame R. Bergés y Valpy Fitzgerald, “The Standard of Living in Latin America during the Twentieth Century”, Discussion Papers in Economic and Social History No. 54 (Oxford: Universidad de Oxford, marzo 2004). $^4$ Susan De Vos, “Research Note: Revisiting the Classification of Household Composition among Elderly People”, Journal of Cross-Cultural Gerontology, Vol. 19, No. 2, 135–152 (junio 2004). $^5$ CONAPO, Proyecciones de la Población de México, 2000-2050 (México DF: CONAPO, diciembre 2002). México.\textsuperscript{6} La información sobre los mercados financieros de México, depósitos bancarios, capitalización en el mercado accionario y valor total del mercado de bonos, corresponde al Banco de México,\textsuperscript{7} el Grupo BMV,\textsuperscript{8} y el Banco Mundial,\textsuperscript{9} respectivamente. Las cifras de PIB y PIB per cápita fueron obtenidas del Banco Mundial—una vez más, con el fin de facilitar comparaciones internacionales.\textsuperscript{10} El PIB per cápita está siempre expresado en poder de paridad de compra frente al dólar (PPC) para permitir comparaciones de los niveles de vida entre diferentes países. Las tasas de participación en el empleo por grupos de edad fueron obtenidas de la base de datos LABORSTA de la Organización Internacional del Trabajo, la cual se encuentra disponible online en www.laborsta.ilo.org. Las cifras sobre flujos internacionales de capital son del Fondo Monetario Internacional.\textsuperscript{11} La información relativa a ingresos por hogar, tenencia de bienes y situación de pobreza proviene de estudios especializados del Banco Mundial y otras instituciones.\textsuperscript{12} La medida de pobreza utilizada en el informe requiere una explicación. En 2002, la Secretaría de Desarrollo Social de México estableció tres diferentes medidas de pobreza oficiales: pobreza de alimentos, pobreza de capacidades y pobreza patrimonial. El nivel más extremo de pobreza, la pobreza de alimentos, se refiere a un ingreso insuficiente para cubrir la alimentación diaria. Ésta es la medida de pobreza utilizada en el informe. El gobierno mexicano publica una gran cantidad de información sobre educación que abarca desde la matrícula escolar hasta los niveles de gasto en programas educativos. La mayoría de cifras se encuentran disponibles en línea en los sitios Web de la Secretaría de Educación Pública (www.sep.gob.mx), el Instituto Nacional para la Evaluación de la Educación (www.inee.edu.mx) y el Instituto Nacional de Estadística, Geografía e Informática (www.inegi.gob.mx). Las comparaciones internacionales de atención escolar y rendimiento estudiantil se basan en la información contenida en \textit{Education at a Glance} de la OCDE\textsuperscript{13} y el Programa Internacional de Evaluación de Estudiantes de la misma \begin{footnotesize} \begin{itemize} \item[6] Banco de México, \textit{Informe Anual 2003} (México DF: Banco de México, abril 2004). \item[7] Banco de México, Indicadores Económicos y Financieros, disponible online en www.banxico.org.mx. \item[8] Grupo BMV, \textit{Completando los Mercados: Informe Anual 2003} (México DF: Grupo BMV, 2004). \item[9] Augusto de la Torre and Sergio Schmukler, \textit{Whither Latin American Capital Markets?} (Washington, D.C.: Banco Mundial, octubre 2004). \item[10] \textit{World Development Indicators 2004} (Washington, D.C.: Banco Mundial, 2004). \item[11] \textit{Global Financial Stability Report: Market Developments and Issues} (Washington, D.C.: FMI; setiembre 2004). \item[12] Susan W. Parker y Rebeca Wong, “Welfare of Male and Female Elderly in Mexico: A Comparison”. En: \textit{The Economics of Gender in Mexico: Work, Family, State, and Market} (Washington, D.C.: Banco Mundial, 2001); Oliver Azuara, “The Mexican Defined Contribution Pension System: Perspective for Low Income Workers”, informe introductorio para el estudio regional sobre reforma de la seguridad social (Washington D.C.: Banco Mundial, 2003); \textit{Poverty in Mexico: An Assessment of Conditions, Trends and Government Strategy} (Washington, D.C.: Banco Mundial, 2004); y Rebeca Wong y Mónica Espinoza, “Economic Status of Middle and Old Age Population in Mexico: Preliminary Results from the Mexican Health and Aging Study”, informe preparado por la Gerontological Society of America, Boston, noviembre 2002. \item[13] Organización para la Cooperación y el Desarrollo Económicos (OCDE), \textit{Education at a Glance} (París: OCDE, 2004). \end{itemize} \end{footnotesize} organización, respectivamente. La información sobre educación por nivel de pobreza fue obtenida de un informe especial del Banco Mundial. Las cifras sobre capacitación laboral y educación de adultos provienen de la Secretaría de Educación y de la Secretaría de Trabajo y Previsión Social y están disponibles en línea en www.sep.gob.mx y www.stps.gob.mx, respectivamente. En algunos casos, información actualizada fue obtenida a través de la comunicación directa con autoridades del gobierno. Casi toda la información sobre ciencia y tecnología proviene de los informes estadísticos del Consejo Nacional de Ciencia y Tecnología, que se encuentran disponibles en línea en www.conacyt.mx. Las comparaciones internacionales sobre gastos y personal que labora en IDE se basan en los Main Science and Technology Indicators de la OCDE. Casi toda la información sobre los sistemas de pensiones mexicanos fue obtenida de fuentes gubernamentales y se encuentra disponible en línea en el sitio Web del Instituto Mexicano de Seguridad Social-IMSS (www.imss.gob.mx), el Instituto de Seguridad y Servicios Sociales de los Trabajadores del Estado-ISSSTE (www.issste.gob.mx) y la Comisión Nacional del Sistema de Ahorro para el Retiro-CONSAR (www.consar.gob.mx). La información relativa a los contribuyentes al sistema de capitalización individual y a la colocación de las inversiones proviene de la Asociación Internacional de Organismos de Supervisión de Fondos de Pensiones (AIOS). La información sobre las pensiones recibidas por los adultos mayores en México fue obtenida de estudios del Banco Mundial. La información sobre cobertura y gastos de servicios de salud se basa en los cálculos realizados por la OCDE y el Banco Mundial utilizando cifras del IMSS, el ISSSTE, y la Secretaría de Salud (SSA). Además de las fuentes de información utilizadas para la elaboración del informe, en algunos puntos del mismo se hace referencia a fuentes de información sobre temas específicos no mencionados en esta sección, tales como encuestas de opinión pública o estudios de competitividad internacional. En dichos casos, las fuentes son mencionadas directamente en las citas a pie de página. --- 14 Organización para la Cooperación y el Desarrollo Económicos (OCDE), Learning for Tomorrow's World: First Results from PISA 2003 (París: OCDE, 2004). 15 Banco Mundial, op. cit., Poverty in Mexico. 16 Organización para la Cooperación y el Desarrollo Económicos (OCDE), Main Science and Technology Indicators (Paris: OCDE, 2004). 17 Boletín Estadístico AIOS (AIOS; varios años). 18 Indermit S. Gill, Truman Packard, y Juan Yermo, Keeping the Promise of Social Security in Latin America (Washington, D.C.: Banco Mundial, 2004); y Banco Mundial, op. cit., Poverty in Mexico. 19 Organización para la Cooperación y el Desarrollo Económicos (OCDE), Health at a Glance (Paris: OCDE, 2003); y Banco Mundial, op. cit., Poverty in Mexico. ANEXO B Una guía para las fuentes citadas en los cuadros AIOS (2004): Boletín Estadístico AIOS, Vol. 11 (junio 2004). Astorga, Bergés y Fitzgerald (2004): Pablo Astorga, Ame R. Bergés y Valpy Fitzgerald, “The Standard of Living in Latin America during the Twentieth Century”, Discussion Papers in Economic and Social History No. 54 (Oxford: Universidad de Oxford, marzo 2004). Banco de México (2005): Banco de México, Indicadores Económicos y Financieros, disponible en línea en www.banxico.org.mx. Banco Mundial (2004): Banco Mundial, World Development Indicators 2004 (Washington, D.C.: Banco Mundial, 2004). Budebo (2003): Mario Gabriel Budebo, “The Views of the Regulators”. En: Pension Reforms: Results and Challenges (Santiago: Federación Internacional de Administradoras de Fondos de Pensiones, 2003). CONAPO (2005a): Consejo Nacional de Población, Indicadores de Salud Reproductiva de la República Mexicana, disponible en línea en www.conapo.gob.mx. CONAPO (2005b): Consejo Nacional de Población, Indicadores Demográficos Básicos, disponible en línea en www.conapo.gob.mx. De la Torre y Schmukler (2004): Augusto de la Torre y Sergio Schmukler, Whither Latin American Capital Markets? (Washington, D.C.: Banco Mundial, octubre 2004). De Vos (2004): Susan De Vos, “Research Note: Revisiting the Classification of Household Composition among Elderly People”, Journal of Cross-Cultural Gerontology, Vol. 19, No. 2, 135–152 (junio 2004). FMI (2004): Fondo Monetario Internacional, Global Financial Stability Report: Market Developments and Issues (Washington, D.C.: Fondo Monetario Internacional, septiembre 2004). National Center for Health Statistics (2004): National Vital Statistics Reports, Vol. 53, No. 6 (Hyattsville, Md.: National Center for Health Statistics, noviembre 10, 2004). OCDE (2004a): Organización para la Cooperación y el Desarrollo Económicos, Education at a Glance (París: OCDE, 2004). OCDE (2004b): Organización para la Cooperación y el Desarrollo Económicos, Main Science and Technology Indicators (París: OCDE, 2004). ONU (2003): Organización de las Naciones Unidas, World Population Prospects: The 2002 Revision, volúmenes 1 y 2 (Nueva York: División de Población de las Naciones Unidas, 2003). Secretaría de Educación Pública (2004): Sistema Educativo de los Estados Unidos Mexicanos, Principales Cifras, Ciclo Escolar 2003-2004 (México DF: Secretaría de Educación Pública, agosto 2004). ANEXO C Mesa redonda “Formando el capital humano en un México que envejece” El 29 de octubre de 2004, los dos co-patrocinadores del Consejo Binacional México-Estados Unidos, el Centro de Estudios Estratégicos e Internacionales (CSIS) y el Instituto Tecnológico Autónomo de México (ITAM), organizaron una mesa redonda en las oficinas de CSIS en Washington, D.C. Este evento reunió a un equipo de expertos de alto nivel de México y de los Estados Unidos quienes analizaron los efectos de la inminente transformación demográfica de México en la economía y la sociedad y, en particular, la necesidad de invertir en capital humano y en el desarrollo de la ciencia y la tecnología. La mesa redonda contó con los siguientes participantes: Susan Brandon Assistant Director, Social, Behavioral and Educational Sciences Office of Science and Technology Policy Executive Office of the President Elizabeth Gewurz Ramírez Mexico Desk U.S. Agency for International Development Lizete De La Torre García Director de Asuntos Gubernamentales para México y América Latina Cono Norte Intel Corporation Margot Gill Administrative Dean Graduate School of Arts and Sciences Harvard University Peter DeShazo Director, Americas Program CSIS Luis Manuel Guaida Escontría Director Guaida y Asociados Joseph Duffey Senior Vice President Laureate International Universities Paul Hewitt Deputy Commissioner for Policy US Social Security Administration Jorge Gallardo Casas CONACYT Representative to the United States Embassy of Mexico Francis Horvath Supervisory Economist Division of Labor Force Statistics U.S. Department of Labor Richard Jackson Senior Fellow and Director, Global Aging Initiative CSIS Edward Kadunc Director of the Mexico Office U.S. Agency for International Development James Lewis Senior Fellow and Director, Technology and Public Policy Program CSIS Gary Martin Economist, Foreign Labor Statistics Bureau of Labor Statistics U.S. Department of Labor Roberto Newell García Director General Instituto Mexicano para la Competitividad Steven Nyce Senior Research Associate Watson Wyatt Worldwide Scott Nystrom Senior Policy Analyst U.S. Senate Special Committee on Aging Arnold Packer Consultant Jeffrey Passel Principal Research Associate of the Population Studies Center Urban Institute Armand Peschard-Sverdrup Director, Mexico Project CSIS Kathy Rones Economic Officer Office of Mexican Affairs U.S. State Department Jaime Santibáñez Andonegui Director General Impulsa Sylvester Schieber Vice President and Director Watson Wyatt Worldwide Eduardo Solís Sánchez Director, Promoción de Inversión Secretaría de Economía Miguel Angel Tamayo Taype Coordinador General del Proyecto para la Modernización de la Educación Técnica Secretaría de Educación Pública Roberto Villarreal Gonda Jefe de Unidad de Políticas Económicas y Sociales Oficina de la Presidencia para las Políticas Públicas Sidney Weintraub William E. Simon Chair in International Political Economy CSIS James Whittaker Director of Governmental Affairs and Education Latin American Region Intel Corporation María Elena Zúñiga Herrera Secretaria General Consejo Nacional de Población Sobre el Mexico Project de CSIS Desde hace dos décadas, el Mexico Project de CSIS ha ejercido su liderazgo entre los centros de investigación de Washington por su dedicación a tiempo completo al estudio de México. Las principales fortalezas del programa son el nivel y dedicación de sus analistas, su reputación de objetividad y su extraordinaria capacidad para acceder a los círculos políticos tanto de México como de los Estados Unidos. Aprovechando las nuevas oportunidades creadas por la importancia que los gobiernos de Fox y Bush han otorgado a la relación México-Estados Unidos, así como los crecientes vínculos entre los congresos de ambos países, el Mexico Project analiza la totalidad de temas políticos tanto domésticos como bilaterales. Estos temas incluyen la creciente integración de las economías estadounidense y mexicana, el progreso de México hacia un gobierno democrático, la seguridad fronteriza, la política migratoria y la política regional sobre ciencia y tecnología. Para mayor información sobre el Mexico Project, por favor visite su sitio de internet en http://www.csis.org/americas/mexico/index.htm. Sobre el Global Aging Initiative de CSIS El Global Aging Initiative de CSIS (GAI) explora las implicaciones fiscales económicas, sociales y geopolíticas del envejecimiento y disminución de la población. CSIS creó el GAI en 1999 para generar conciencia sobre este desafío y para promover la implementación oportuna de reformas. Durante los seis últimos años, el GAI ha seguido un ambicioso programa educativo—llevando a cabo innovadores proyectos de investigación, publicando informes de alto nivel y organizando conferencias internacionales en Beijing, Berlín, Bruselas, París, Tokio, Washington y Zurich, las mismas que han reunido a líderes mundiales para discutir problemas compartidos y analizar soluciones comunes. Para mayor información acerca del Global Aging Initiative, por favor visite su sitio de internet en http://www.csis.org/gai.	<urn:uuid:0d7d515f-c1e2-458c-ae6b-2bf03b1c448f>	HuggingFaceFW/finepdfs/tree/main/data/spa_Latn/train	finepdfs	spa_Latn	121,101
Date Tuesday October 1, 2019 Wednesday October 2, 2019 Thursday October 3, 2019 Friday October 4, 2019 Time am (9:00-10:30) pm (1:00-2:30) pm (5:00-6:30) am (9:15-10:45) pm (1:00-2:30) pm (5:00-6:30) am (9:15-10:00) pm (12:45-1:30) pm (5:15-6:45) am (9:15-10:00) pm (1:00-4:30) pm (5:00-6:30) am (11:00-12:30) pm (3:00-4:30) pm (6:45-8:15) am (11:15-12:00) pm (3:00-4:30) pm (6:45-8:15) am (10:30-12:00) pm (7:00-8:30) am (10:30-12:00) pm (4:00-4:30) pm (6:45-8:15) Room Gallery 1 Gallery 2 Room 1 Room 2 Room 3 Other activities pm (1:40-3:10) pm (3:30-5:00) Registration Registration Opening & Plenary lecture Prof. Dr. Marc Stadler Poster Presentation Plenary lecture Prof. Dr. Xingzhong Liu 5. Biodiversity, Systematics & Ecology of Ascomycota Plenary lecture Prof.Dr. Haruki Yamada Registration Poster Presentation Poster Presentation 6. New taxonomic schemes in Penicillium and its implication for applied research 17. Biological interaction among fungi and other organisms Plenary Symposium Prof. Dr. Wieland Meyer Prof. Dr. Yuichi Yamaoka Dr. Rob A. Samson 7. Taxonomy, systematic and evolution of Aspegillus Closing 16. Environmental DNA as a tool for ecological research of Fungi 14. Conservation of fungal diversity SIG-1 Fungal molecular ecology and population genetics Keynote lecture Dr. Jennifer Luangsa-ard 18. Evolution and Diversification of Mycorrhizal fungi Keynote lecture Prof. Dr. Geon Sik Seo 19. Diversity of Entomopathogenic fungi 2. Species diversity of Oomycota 10. Biogeography and phylogeny of powdery mildew fungi 4. Diversity, Phylogeny & Ecology of Agaricomycotina 9. Fungal Genetics and Genomics SIG-2 Revisiting decay type: from physiology to ecosystem function of wood decay fungi Keynote lecture Prof. Dr. Wei-Chiang Shen 15. Aquatic fungi: Biodiversity, taxonomy, phylogeny, and potential applications 1. Biodiversity, Systematics & Ecology of Early diverging fungi 8. Genomics of filamentous fungi 20. Yin and yang effects of infection by mycoviruses Poster Mixer Poster Poster Poster Mixer Poster Poster lovesicks for Musroom Poster Hanging Poster Mixer Poster Poster Poster Mixer Poster Poster lovesicks for Musroom Tsu Poster Mixer Poster Poster Poster Mixer Poster Poster Poster remove Poster Hanging Poster Mixer Poster Poster Poster Mixer Poster Poster Poster remove Satellite workshop: SPRITS Satellite workshop: SPRITS 25. Microbiology in Asian Food Fermentation 11. Fungi in stress environment SIG-3 Understanding mycoparasitism: from De Bary to functional genomics Satellite workshop: SPRITS 23. Problems and prospects of mushroom industry in the developing countries 13. Fungal Plant Pathogens in Asia 12. Biological control of fungal diseases 24. Future perspective for the use of medicinal mushroom in health and disease states 22. Novel anti-infective agents and other useful secondary metabolites from filamentous fungi Pre-Congress workshop: Red List workshop Pre-Congress workshop: Red List workshop Pre-Congress workshop: Red List workshop Pre-Congress workshop: Red List workshop Pre-Congress workshop: Red List workshop 21. Collection of Yeasts in Asia IMA EC meeting IMA EC meeting IMA EC meeting IMA EC meeting AMA meeting AMA meeting Hall 2 Hall 1 Charged excursions Pre-workshop at Mie Univ. Hall 3 Banquete at Green Park	<urn:uuid:5931c4fb-7faa-4281-9731-8e1e468ea5e7>	HuggingFaceFW/finepdfs/tree/main/data/eng_Latn/train	finepdfs	eng_Latn	3,324
ZAPISNIK s IV. sjednice Nadzornog odbora trgovačkog društva Lovrinac d.o.o. Split, održane dana 18. 02. 2022. godine u prostorijama trgovačkog društva Lovrinac d.o.o., Split, Kavanjinova 12, s početkom u 7,30 sati Prisutni članovi Nadzornog odbora: - Igor Kundid - predsjednik Nadzornog odbora - Mirjana Ledić - članica Nadzornog odbora - Marina Lovrinčević - članica Nadzornog odbora - Marko Ćular - član Nadzornog odbora - Ivan Božinović - član Nadzornog odbora Ostali prisutni: - Petar Bilobrk - direktor TD Lovrinac d.o.o. - Ljiljana Filipović - rukovoditeljica PJ stručne službe TD Lovrinac d.o.o. Nakon utvrđenja činjenice da su prisutni svi članovi Nadzornog odbora, Predsjednik Nadzornog odbora Igor Kundid pozdravio je sve prisutne, te predložio sljedeći Dnevni red, koji je prethodno dostavljen članovima Nadzornog odbora u pozivu za sjednicu: 1. Verifikacija Zapisnika s prethodne sjednice 2. Godišnji popis-inventura na dan 31. 12. 2021. godine 3. Razno Otvorena je rasprava o Dnevnom redu te je stavljena na glasovanje i jednoglasno prihvaćen od strane članova Nadzornog odbora, zatim se prešlo na raspravljanje po pojedinim točkama. Ad. 1. Zapisnik s prethodne sjednice Nadzornog odbora jednoglasno je prihvaćen dizanjem ruku od strane članova Nadzornog odbora. Ad. 2. Pod drugom točkom Dnevnog reda prešlo se na raspravljanje o Izvješću o godišnjem popisu – inventuri za 2021. godinu, o čemu su članovi Nadzornog odbora dobili potrebne materijale prije sjednice. Direktor TD Lovrinac Petar Bilobrk je izvijestio članove Nadzornog odbora da je, sukladno odredbama članka 15. stavka 2. Zakona o računovodstvu obavljen redovan Godišnji popis imovine i obveza TD Lovrinac za 2021. godinu. Formirane su komisije koje su imale zadatka popisati sva sredstva, potraživanja i obveze, te nakon utvrđenog stvarnog stanja, predložiti otpise nenaplativih potraživanja i rashodovanih osnovnih sredstava, sitnog inventara, auto-guma i prodajne robe. Popisom su ustanovljena stvarna stanja imovine i obveza te su uspoređena s knjigovodstvenim stanjem gdje su utvrđena određena odstupanja. Popisne komisije su kod ukrasne robe – (Biondan) utvrdile manjak na četiri artikala koji se odnosi na lumine i križeve koji su oštećeni ili razbijeni. Oporezivi manjak navedene prodajne robe s PDV-om iznosi 4.099,46 kn po nabavnoj vrijednosti na što je obračunan PDV u iznosu 1.024,87 kn. Kod popisa pogrebne robe je utvrđen manjak zbog oštećenja četiri lijesa, sedam vreća za umrle, sedamaest garnitura, četiri limena lijesa i četiri torbe za ekshumaciju ukupne nabavne vrijednosti 6.534,46 kn, na što je obračunan PDV u iznosu 1.633,62 kn. Kod popisa materijala nije utvrđen manjak dok je oštećenje jednog kamenog Prilep Cokla dimenzije 90x22x18 evidentiran na dopušteni kalof materijala. Kod dugotrajne nefinancijske imovine i sitnog inventara predložena je za rashod dotrajala, neispravna i razbijena imovina čija je nabavna vrijednost 100,00% otpisana te nema sadašnje vrijednosti. Na temelju obrazloženja i prijedloga popisnih komisija utvrđeno je da su razlike između stvarnih i knjigovodstvenih stanja nastale iz objektivnih razloga, a ne zbog nemara zaposlenika i predlaže ih se evidentirati kao rashod. Također je popisana i financijska imovina kod koje se zbog nemogućnosti naplate predlažu za otpis ovršena potraživanja od 17 dužnika u ukupnom iznosu 75.864,48 kn, a svi se odnose na račune za pogrebne usluge. Slijedom iznesenoga, direktor predlaže Nadzornom odboru da prihvati rezultate godišnjeg popisa imovine i obveza za 2021. godinu. Vezano za ovu točku dnevnog reda, predsjednik Nadzornog odbora Igor Kundid postavio je pitanje na što se odnose potraživanja po osnovi prodaje na kredit-stanovi, na što mu je odgovoreno da se tu radi o potraživanju za stanove koje su radnici TD Lovrinac otplaćivali na rate već dugi niz godina, te da je ostalo još 5 ili 6 stanova na koje se odnose ova potraživanja. Nadalje, predsjednik Nadzornog odbora postavio je pitanje na što se odnosi iznos od 53.555,60 kn namjenskih depozita za garancije, na što mu je odgovoreno da se tu radi o bankarskim garancijama koje smo uplatili kao jamstvo za uredno izvršenje ugovora s Gradom Splitom (ugovor o obavljanju poslova prijevoza pokojnika koje se financiraju iz proračuna Grada), te s KBC Split (ugovor o preuzimanju i prijevozu pokojnika s lokaliteta Križine do nadležne patologije odnosno mrtvačnice Kliničkog zavoda za patologiju, sudsku medicinu i citologiju na lokalitetu Firule, te ugovor o preuzimanju i prijevozu anatomsko patološkog otpada). Također, upitao je na što se odnose nenaplaćena potraživanja od kupaca za koja su pokrenuti ovršni postupci, na što mu je odgovoreno da su to potraživanja za pogrebne račune, jer se sve ostale usluge i proizvodi obavljaju po izvršenoj naplati (npr. izgradnja spomenika ili kupnja grobnice realiziraju se nakon naplate). Pogrebna usluga se naplaćuje tek kad je izvršena, dakle nakon obavljenog ukopa pokojnika i u tom slučaju se ponekad dogodi da naručitelji ne plate uslugu u roku dospijeća. Tada ih se najprije telefonskim putem upozori na neizvršenu obvezu, te im se šalju opomene pred ovrhu zbog neplaćanja računa, te, ukoliko se ne odazovu i podmire svoje dugovanje, pokreću se ovrhe za nenaplaćeni iznos računa. Ovršena potraživanja se otpisuju, a kad se uspiju naplatiti knjiže se na Ostale prihode. Na dan 31. 12. 2021. godine oko 650.000,00 kn iznose potraživanja za pogrebne račune, uz napomenu da su tu uključeni i računi koji još nisu dospjeli. U pravilu se nakon 6-12 mjeseci od dana dospijeća pokreću ovršni postupci. U svakom slučaju, nema puno računa s preko godinu dana dospijeća koji nisu plaćeni, a ovdje je važno i napomenuti da mnogi svoj dug plaćaju u ratama. koje su relativno male, tako da se taj dug na kraju ipak podmiri, ali nakon nešto dužeg vremena. Što se tiče godišnje grobne naknade, također je pitao pokreće li TD Lovrinac ovršne postupke za dugovanja za godišnju grobnu naknadu, na što mu je odgovoreno da se na grobnu naknadu ne primjenjuju odredbe ovršnog zakona, budući da je Zakonom o grobljima propisano da se grobno mjesto za koje grobna naknada nije plaćena deset godina smatra napuštenim te se može ponovo dodijeliti na korištenje. Dakle, posljedica neplaćanja grobne naknade je gubitak prava korištenja grobnog mjesta, te se stoga ne može prisilno naplatiti navedeno dugovanje. Nije bilo dodatnih pitanja ni primjedbi o ovoj točki dnevnog reda, pa je Predsjednik Nadzornog odbora pozvao članove da dizanjem ruku potvrde prihvaćaju li rezultate godišnjeg popisa, te su svi članovi Nadzornog odbora jednoglasno donijeli Odluku o prihvaćanju Izvješća o godišnjem popisu-inventuri za 2021. godinu. Ad. 3. Pod točkom razno, direktor je u kratkim crtama upoznao članove Nadzornog odbora s najvažnijim aktualnostima koje su u tijeku, te je naveo da je prije nekoliko dana istekao rok za podnošenje molbi za zapošljavanje 4 grobara i 2 klesara. Natječaj je bio oglasaen na Zavodu za zapošljavanje. Pristigle su 32 molbe za grobara, a 5 za klesara, te su obavljeni razgovori s kandidatima i očekuje se u narednih 20-ak dana konačni odabir i sklapanje ugovora o radu, za početak na određeno vrijeme, a nakon toga i na neodređeno. Nadalje, direktor je izvijestio članove Nadzornog odbora da je u tijeku prikupljanje ponuda za izradu i ugradnju video nadzora na groblju Lovrinac. Također, direktor je upoznao članove Nadzornog odbora da je, na inicijativu gradskog vijećnika Davora Matijevića, sudjelovao na sastanku s nadležnim službama Grada Splita u vezi s mogućnostima izgradnje krematorija u Splitu. Direktor im je na tom sastanku detaljnije objasnio cjelokupnu problematiku isplativosti izgradnje krematorija u Splitu, te je zaključio da je sljedeći korak da nadležne službe Grada istraže isplativost izgradnje krematorija s obzirom na broj kremacija koje se godišnje obave na našem području. Kao zanimljivost, direktor je naveo da krematorij u Osijeku pali peć tek za kremaciju tri pokojnika istovremeno, jer im se jedino tako isplati paliti peć. S obzirom na mali interes za kremiranje u Splitu i okolici, evidentno je da je upitna isplativost takve jedne investicije. Vezano za to pitanje, direktor je prije nekoliko dana održao sastanak s predstavnicima jedne tvrtke iz Zagreba, koja je ovlašteni prodavatelj kremacijskih peći jednog renomiranog talijanskog proizvođača, te se čak razmatra mogućnost da se u postojeći prostor mrtvačnice na groblju Lovrinac ugradi kremacijska peć, ali i za to je potrebno ispitati isplativost takve investicije kao i mogućnosti financiranja. Vezano za očitovanje koje su članovi Nadzornog odbora zatražili na prethodnoj sjednici, a tiče se plana naknada za zaposlene koje su povećane za 2022. godinu, prije sjednice im je dostavljeno pismoeno obrazloženje. Tako je navedeno da su naknade za zaposlene planirane u 2022. godini u iznosu 950.000,00 kn, dok su u 2021. bile su planirane 850.000,00 kn što je povećanje od 100.000,00 kn ili 11,8% u odnosu na plan prethodne godine. Veći iznos naknada za zaposlene planiran je zbog povećanja broja radnika u ovoj godini (u tijeku je primanje 6 radnika) kao i mogućeg povećanja isplate otpremnine za odlazak u redovnu mirovinu (1 radnik). Također, moguća je isplata otpremnine radniku kojem ćemo zbog nepostojanja lakšeg radnog mjesta morati dati otkaz uz otpremninu (invalid rada) u zakonski utvrđenoj visini. Članica Nadzornog odbora Mirjana Ledić je predložila direktoru da se, u okviru zakonski propisanog neoporezivog iznosa, radnicima isplati stimulacija na račun otežanih uvjeta rada i povećanog obujma posla uslijed pandemije Covida-19 u posljednje dvije godine, s čime su se složili i ostali članovi Nadzornog odbora. Na kraju sjednice, članovi Nadzornog odbora su se osvrnuli na pismoeno obrazloženje o problemu otvorenih pitanja između TD Lovrinac i Grada Splita, a tiče se u prvom redu otkupa zemljišnih čestica potrebnih za širenje groblja, a o čemu su zatražili pismeno očitovanje na prethodnoj sjednici. Direktor im je dao detaljno pismeno obrazloženje o navedenoj problematici, uz napomenu da je komunikacija s Gradom Splitom poprično otežana, jer su službe u Gradu toliko inertne da jednostavno više ne znamo na koji način se postaviti. Posljednjih 12 godina nitko iz službi Grada Splita nije ozbiljno shvatio problem gradskog groblja te pravovremeno i ažurno rješavao imovinsko-pravne probleme. U tom razdoblju imali smo u gradskoj upravi nebrojene sastanke i do danas zapravo nije gotovo ništa napravljeno po ovom pitanju. Članovi Nadzornog odbora smatraju da direktor treba biti uporniji u svojoj komunikaciji s Gradom Splitom te im redovito predočavati stvarno stanje groblja, posebno broj slobodnih grobnica i grobnica koje su u izgradnji, te koliko ih se još potencijalno može izgraditi na preostalom prostoru. Predsjednik Nadzornog odbora predložio je da se i članovi Nadzornog odbora aktivnije uključe u rješavanje tih problema. Direktor je prihvatio taj prijedlog te im je obećao da će ih prvom idućom prilikom pozvati da mu se pridruže na sastanku s nadležnim službama u Gradu. Sjednica je završena u 09,30 sati. Predsjednik Nadzornog odbora: Igor Kundid Zapisnik vodila: Ivana Lončar Temeljem članka 25. Odluke o preoblikovanju javnog komunalnog poduzeća „Lovrinac“ Split i usklađenju sa Zakonom o trgovačkim društvima i Zakonom o komunalnom gospodarstvu (Izjava o usklađenju) pročišćeni tekst („Službeni glasnik Grada Splita“ br. 12/95 i 29/05), Nadzorni odbor TD Lovrinac d.o.o., na sjednici održanoj dana 18. 02. 2022. godine, donosi sljedeću ODLUKU Nadzorni odbor trgovačkog društva Lovrinac d.o.o. jednoglasno prihvaća Izvješće o godišnjem popisu-inventuri za 2021. godinu. Predsjednik Nadzornog odbora TD Lovrinac: Igor Kundid Klasa: 363-001/22-23/05 Ur.broj: 2181/01-16-22-03 Split, 18. 02. 2022.	<urn:uuid:f16ca047-ec0d-4e64-b2db-3091f9f9011d>	HuggingFaceFW/finepdfs/tree/main/data/hrv_Latn/train	finepdfs	hrv_Latn	11,824
Honey Creek Community School Minutes of March 23, 2011 Board of Trustees Meeting Call to Order: 6:18p.m. by Board President Simona Goldin Recording Secretary: Karen Giltrow Board Members Present: Carol Borgeson, Patrick Conlin, Simona Goldin, Brian Hockley (arrived at 6:38p.m.), Linda Knox, and Libby Sheldon. Community and Staff Members Present: Al Waters, Shellee Almquist, Sue Hofbauer, Karen Giltrow, and John Stahly. Board Spotlight: Honey Creek parent and former board member John Stahly reviewed the history of Academic Service-Learning at Honey Creek Community School. Consent Agenda: The February 2011 Financial and Expense reports were removed from the consent agenda and will be on the April 27, 2011 Board Agenda. Patrick Conlin moved, supported by Carol Borgeson to approve the February 16, 2011 Board Minutes. Motion was approved by all board members present. Public Participation: None. Finance Committee Report: Written report in board packet. Brian Hockley reviewed the MPSERS percent increase from 2009-2013. Fund Development Report: Written report in board packet. Linda Knox noted the committee continues to focus on researching what the role of the board is in overseeing and administration of fund development activities. The committee will discuss and determine the amount of the goal at their next meeting. Governance Committee Report: The Governance Committee did not meet. Outreach Committee Report: Written report in board packet. Libby Sheldon noted the committee plans to formulate and complete the website Request for Proposal at the April meeting. The next Outreach Committee meeting is scheduled for April 21, 2011. Strategy Committee Report: Written report in board packet. SWOT (strengths, weaknesses, opportunities, and threats) analyses dates have been scheduled. Administrators will meet on March 10 th , Teachers on March 16 th , Students on March 18 th and Parents on March 24 th . Faculty Liaison Report: No report. School Age Programs/Academic Service-Learning Report: Written report in board packet. Sue Hofbauer noted a correction on the written report under number of "free" days granted to children of staff and volunteers working for HCCS should read: 381 = approximately $4,381 (based on $11.50/condensed afternoon). PTO Report: None Director's Report: Written report in board packet. Al Waters reviewed the report with the board on the following: * Upcoming Special Education Millage on May 3, 2011. Millage information can be found at: http://www.wash.k12.mi.us/adminandcommdept/millage.php * Charter Schools FOIA Requests * Michigan Department of Education will audit the WISD, Honey Creek Community School, and Washtenaw Technical Middle College for compliance. * Reinstatement Hearing to take place at April 27, 2011 Board Meeting (during board closed session). * Terra Nova Assessments will begin next week. * Honey Creek school social worker and the middle school team are developing a program to be in place next year to address school climate and culture. * Faculty continues to work on elements of the School Improvement Plan and once completed will present to the community for comment. Old Business: None. New Business: Director Assessment Simona Goldin presented information on the Vanderbilt Assessment of Leadership in Education as another tool to evaluate the Director that would compliment the 360 Degree Director Assessment used last year. A discussion followed and a group consisting of Libby Sheldon, Simona Goldin, and Brian Hockley will meet and report their recommendations back to the board. Report Submission Process Linda Knox led a discussion on how and when committee reports should be sent out to the board. It was decided that committee reports be submitted to Karen Giltrow on the Friday before the scheduled board meeting to be sent out via email. Board Kudos: * To Nayan Khanna for creating and hosting a game of Fictional Character Jeopardy and to Ben Birdsall for emceeing a wonderful thumb wrestling tournament in extended after care, and for creating the championship belt for the winner (Zach Sabin). * To teachers, parents and students for participating in Student Parent Teacher Conferences. * To Honey Creek parents; Kelly Krawcke, Shannon Davis, Liza Green, Grant Greenberg, and Elaine Economou for sharing their professions during "Lunch with an Expert". * Congratulations to Honey Creek's Waste Limitation Management and Recycling Design Challenge Team (Laria Reynolds, Abby Kangas, Matthew Koziol, Jake Belcher, and Alex Quinn) for their moon water recycling unit project that has been selected for further judging. * To Cheryl Quinn, Rick Kangas, and Itzik Henig for their leadership of the Waste Limitation Management Team. * To the Wellness Committee for "Try It Tuesdays" and giving Honey Creek students the opportunity to sample deliciously prepared healthy food choices. Preparation for Board Communication: Libby Sheldon will prepare a board summary for the Honey Creek Newsletter. Public Participation: None Adjournment: Patrick Conlin moved to adjourn the meeting at 8:42p.m.	<urn:uuid:30a2eb05-fde2-4db1-a780-32ddd27032c6>	HuggingFaceFW/finepdfs/tree/main/data/eng_Latn/train	finepdfs	eng_Latn	5,120
Divadelní soubor Stonařov sehraje mírně politickou veselohru se zpěvy o třech dějstvích DESKOVÝ STATEK aneb seznamte se! Na motivy hry Václava Štech - Napoleon z předměstí aneb deskový statek pro potřeby Divadelního souboru Stonařov upravili Luděk Doležal a Milan Šindelář j.h. Odborná spolupráce: Milan Šindelář j. h. Texty písni: Luděk Doležal Nápověda: Zdeňka Málková Kostýmy a scéna: kolektiv Divadelního souboru Stonařov Režie: Luděk Doležal Hudbu složil: Lubomír Zadina j. h. Inspice: Marie Zvéřinová Světla: Emil Zvéřina Veselohra prvně sehrána počátkem r. 1908 na jevišti Městského divadla Král. Vinohradů. Osoby a obsazení: Alois Fistr, majitel realitní kanceláře ........................................ Stanislav Málek Julie, jeho dcera ................................................................. Ivana Lázničková / Markéta Sokolová j.h. JUDr. František Nekvinda .................................................. Pavel Holik j. h. Otto Turecký, stavitel ......................................................... Petr Blížkovský Revír z Chotýše, šlechtic .................................................... Martin Obořil Šorel, živnostník ............................................................... Jiří Pojer Němeček, zámečník .......................................................... Josef Láznička Kostomlatská, kontoáristka u Fistra ..................................... Milana Zámková Škodová, kontoáristka u Fistra ........................................... Dana Tothová Hedvika Hauenštajnová, majitelka realit .............................. Lenka Doležalová Stocková ze Zweibrücku, hraběnka ...................................... Anna Dvořáková Exner, majitel dvorce ......................................................... Jiří Musil j. h. Novotný, majitel domů ......................................................... Evžen Zámsk / Luděk Doležal Šulec, vrchní inženýr ......................................................... Ivan Šulc j. p. C. Harmonikáš ................................................................. Štěpán Malster j. h. / Lubomír Zadina j. h. Dějištěm hry jest sice pražské předměstí, ale příběh se stejně tak může odehrát v kterémkoliv jiném městě či městečku... neděle 4. listopadu 2018 v 16.00 hod. Zhoř, sál hostince U Vitků Cena místa 70,- Kč Předprodej lístků nezaveden. Začátek přesné, proto přijďte včas a zanechte doma všech hlásitých přístrojů Bellových!	<urn:uuid:83d99a3d-111b-4972-8f4c-ee937ae613c0>	HuggingFaceFW/finepdfs/tree/main/data/ces_Latn/train	finepdfs	ces_Latn	2,433
2020 Clinical Integration (CI) Pharmacy Program Endocrinology The following are Key Recommendations to help increase Payer Quality Scores: * Order a yearly BMP to assess electrolytes and renal function for patients prescribed ACE, ARB and diuretics! The following are Key Recommendations to help increase Medication Adherence: * For patients having medication affordability or adherence issues contact your NMPN Care Coordinator or the NMPN Pharmacy Team (listed in footer): The following are Key Recommendations to help increase Generic Prescribing: * Prescribe 90 day supplies of maintenance (chronic use) medications * Reinforce the value of generics with patients! Angiotensin Receptor Blockers (ARB) Recall: * To date, azilsartan, candesartan, eprosartan, olmesartan, and telmisartan, have not been included in the FDA recall * To date, select manufacturers and lot numbers of irbesartan, losartan, and valsartan have been included in the FDA recall \| Generic Name \| \| Brand Name \| \| Low Dose \| \| Medium Dose \| \| High Dose \| \| \|---\|---\|---\|---\|---\|---\|---\|---\|---\|---\| \| azilsartan \| \| Edarbi \| \| 40mg \| \| \| \| 80mg \| \| \| candesartan \| \| Atacand \| \| 4-8mg \| \| 16mg \| \| 32mg \| \| \| eprosartan \| \| Teveten \| \| \| \| 600mg \| \| \| \| \| \| irbesartan \| \| Avapro \| \| 75mg \| \| 150mg \| \| 300mg \| \| \| losartan \| \| Cozaar \| \| 25mg \| \| 50-100mg \| \| \| \| olmesartan \| \| Benicar \| \| <20mg \| \| 20mg \| \| 40mg \| \| \| telmisartan \| \| Micardis \| \| 20mg \| \| 40mg \| \| 80mg \| \| \| \| valsartan \| \| Diovan \| \| 40-80mg \| \| 80-160mg \| \| 320mg \| implicated to date in FDA recall Note: Blood pressure monitoring and dosage titration may be required following any ARB medication conversion. * Use generic Nesina (alogliptin) and generic Humalog (insulin lispro) May be great options for patients paying cash for their medications. Generic Nesina and generic Humalog are lower-cost options for patients unable to afford the other brand DPP-4 Inhibitors or other brand rapid acting (mealtime) insulin. * Note: some payers do not cover generic Nesina or generic Humalog. Reserve Januvia, Onglyza, and Trajenta as secondary options. * Use generic Crestor (rosuvastatin), generic Lipitor (atorvastatin), generic Pravachol (pravastatin), or generic Zocor (simvastatin). Reserve Livalo for those patients who do not tolerate or respond to one of the generic statins. * Use generic Synthroid (levothyroxine). Approximately 83% of all levothyroxine use within NM is generic! * Walmart offers 30 day supplies of levothyroxine for $4 and 90 day supplies for $10 Reserve Armour Thyroid, Nature-Throid, brand Synthroid, and brand Tirosint for those patients who do not tolerate or respond to generic levothyroxine. Evaluate the need for ongoing PPI therapy given associated risks! * Use generic AcipHex (rabeprazole), generic Nexium (esomeprazole), generic Prevacid (lansoprazole), generic Prilosec (omeprazole), or generic Protonix (pantoprazole) as secondary options. Avoid Dexilant! * Use Nexium 24HR OTC, Prevacid 24HR OTC, Prilosec OTC, or Zegerid OTC as initial therapeutic options. ****************************************************************************************************************************** High brand copays may result in the patient not obtaining the medication! Brand name and Non-Formulary medication prescribing may result in additional call-backs or faxes to the office from pharmacies, pharmacy benefit managers, and patients! ****************************************************************************************************************************** The above applies to outpatient prescribing only!	<urn:uuid:ecd7e9e3-2765-449c-8b3b-646c02b25641>	HuggingFaceFW/finepdfs/tree/main/data/eng_Latn/train	finepdfs	eng_Latn	3,669
Magaframe - Porte-documents A3 - par 2 Référence : I3480020 DESCRIPTION : Une solution d'affichage mural qui s'adapte à tous vos besoins. Simple et fonctionnel Esthétique Permet une actualisation rapide et instantanée Se décline en différentes couleurs Système d'affichage mural pour document au format A3 avec dos adhésif repositionnable et encadrement magnétique. INFORMATION PRODUIT Se décolle et se recolle à volonté pour déplacer facilement la pochette sur toutes surfaces lisses et rigides : portes, murs, vitres, etc. sans laisser de traces. Document lisible recto/verso lorsque le système d'affichage est positionné sur une surface vitrée ou une vitrine. Caractéristiques Dimensions A3 = 297 x 420 mm Existe en 3 coloris : noir, gris argenté et vert. Sachets de 2 pièces Powered by TCPDF (www.tcpdf.org) Tableau des déclinaisons possibles Réf. I3480020 Couleur - Noir Réf. I3480021 Couleur - Vert Réf. I3480022 Couleur - Argent Métallisé	<urn:uuid:37d20d8c-b927-499e-9bbb-36aaf73bff41>	HuggingFaceFW/finepdfs/tree/main/data/fra_Latn/train	finepdfs	fra_Latn	962
Economics Group Weekly Economic & Financial Commentary U.S. Review Losing Steam, Even With Larger Payroll Gains * May's larger-than-expected nonfarm employment gain did little to dispel the notion that economic activity is decelerating in the second quarter. * Lower paying occupations, including retail trade, the leisure and hospitality sector, temporary staffing and home health care, accounted for 103,000 of the 175,000 net new jobs in May, or close to 60 percent of the total. * Manufacturing continues to lose momentum, with employment declining for the third month in a row. Aggregate hours worked rose 0.1 percent, however. Global Review Production Is Up, Now We Need Trade to Recover * The global economy has started to show some interesting bits and pieces of good news on the production side lately, an indication that suggests the global economy is not slowing further. * Perhaps the only missing link would be some more evidence trade flows are growing, as much of the global economy is highly dependent on the trade sector to deliver the needed growth everybody is anticipating. The alternative would be to see a strengthening domestic consumer market for some of these economies and that seems to be a very difficult proposition today. German Merchandise Exports \| Actual Forecast Actual Forecast 2012 2013 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 1Q 2Q 3Q 4Q 1Q 2Q 3Q 4Q \| \| \| \| \| \|---\|---\|---\|---\|---\| \| Real Gross Domestic Product 1 2.0 1.3 3.1 0.4 Personal Consumption 2.4 1.5 1.6 1.8 \| 2.4 3.4 \| 1.5 1.9 1.9 2.4 2.6 2.0 \| 2.4 1.8 2.2 1.8 2.5 1.9 \| 1.8 2.0 2.4 2.1 \| \| Inflation Indicators 2 PCE Deflator 2.4 1.6 1.5 1.6 Consumer Price Index 2.8 1.9 1.7 1.9 \| 1.2 1.7 \| 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.3 1.2 1.2 \| 1.9 2.4 1.8 1.6 3.1 2.1 \| 1.0 1.7 1.3 1.9 \| \| Industrial Production 1 5.4 2.9 0.3 2.6 Corporate Profits Before Taxes 2 10.3 6.7 7.5 3.1 Trade Weighted Dollar Index 3 72.7 74.5 72.7 73.4 Unemployment Rate 8.3 8.2 8.0 7.8 Housing Starts 4 0.71 0.74 0.78 0.90 \| 4.4 3.6 76.2 7.7 0.96 \| 1.3 4.6 4.6 5.2 5.3 5.7 76.5 76.5 76.8 7.6 7.5 7.4 0.93 1.02 1.04 \| 5.7 3.4 3.6 26.8 7.3 6.8 75.4 70.9 73.5 9.6 8.9 8.1 0.59 0.61 0.78 \| 2.9 4.2 5.0 6.4 76.5 77.6 7.6 7.3 0.98 1.17 \| \| Quarter-End Interest Rates 5 Federal Funds Target Rate 0.25 0.25 0.25 0.25 Conventional Mortgage Rate 3.95 3.68 3.50 3.35 10 Year Note 2.23 1.67 1.65 1.78 \| 0.25 3.57 1.87 \| 0.25 0.25 0.25 3.50 3.55 3.60 1.90 1.95 2.00 \| 0.25 0.25 0.25 4.69 4.46 3.66 3.22 2.78 1.80 \| 0.25 0.25 3.56 3.85 1.93 2.25 \| Forecast as of: May 31, 2013 1 Compound Annual Growth Rate Quarter-over-Quarter 2 Year-over-Year Percentage Change 3 Federal Reserve Major Currency Index, 1973=100 - Quarter End 4 Millions of Units 5 Annual Numbers Represent Averages Source: U.S. Department of Commerce, U.S. Department of Labor, Federal Reserve Board, IHS Global Insight and Wells Fargo Securities, LLC Inside U.S. Review Still Losing Steam Despite Larger Payroll Gains May's larger-than-expected rise in nonfarm payrolls does not mark a significant change in the economic outlook. While hiring appears to have ramped up, a very large proportion of the jobs being added are in lower-paying sectors, most notably the leisure and hospitality sector, which added 43,000 jobs in May, and retail trade, which added 27,700 jobs. Temporary services and home health care round out the low-paying sectors. The four areas combined added 103,200 jobs, accounting for 58.9 percent of all jobs added in May, even though the four sectors make up just 24.4 percent of overall nonfarm employment. Employment in many higher-paying sectors has weakened. Manufacturing employment fell by 8,000, with most of the weakness coming in nondurable goods. Manufacturing employment has now fallen for three consecutive months and the diffusion index has been below 50 for the past two months. Aggregate hours worked in manufacturing rose 0.1 percent in May, so industrial production likely eked out a modest gain during the month. Manufacturers appear to be bearing the brunt of the global economic slowdown, which has cut into export growth. Employment also fell at railroads, trucking firms, shipping firms and at warehousing and storage businesses. Combined, these firms lost 4,000 jobs in May. The weakness in the manufacturing and distribution sector coincides with the recent slide in the ISM manufacturing survey, which has also fallen for the past three months. The May figures were even more attention-grabbing because the headline number dipped below the key 50.0 breakeven level, indicating that more manufacturers see business conditions weakening than see them strengthening. The new orders series, which is the most leading component of the ISM, fell 3.5 points to 48.8. The backlog of orders, which is a good predictor of manufacturing employment, fell 5.0 points to 48.0. Export orders and suppliers deliveries also declined, and the production series tumbled 4.9 points to 48.6. The weakness in the ISM report combined with declines in the related areas of the employment report has likely raised concerns at the Fed that slow global growth and sequester-related defense cutbacks are taking a heavier toll on the economy than previously thought. The Fed has consistently given the ISM numbers a great deal of weight because the report is timely and rarely revised in a meaningful way. The recent slide suggests overall economic activity has lost momentum, which is consistent with our forecast. With so much focus being paid to the question of when the Fed will begin to taper its securities purchases, or begin winding down QE, the conclusion that overall economic growth is slowing is the key takeaway from this week's economic reports. April's trade figures showed the trade deficit widening, with exports rising 2 percent and imports up 2.4 percent. Exports may have been bolstered by the timing of Chinese New Year; there was a large swing in the monthly balance with China that reversed a similar-sized move the previous month. April's stronger export figures do not likely mark the start of a significant rebound in exports. Job Growth In Selected Low Wage Professions Index, 100=Feb. 2010, Seasonally Adjusted ISM Manufacturing Composite Index Diffusion Index Retail Sales • Thursday Retail sales rose 0.1 percent in April, but underlying details suggested more resilient consumer spending than the headline. Excluding gasoline, sales rose 0.7 percent and are up 5.7 percent over the past year. Sales gains were broad based across store types, with only health, food and gasoline retailers seeing declines. Retail sales are expected to have climbed higher in May. Total sales are no longer being depressed by the drop in gasoline prices as the national average for a gallon of gas rose 5 cents in May. Moreover, consumers are feeling better about the economy. Confidence measures show consumer sentiment is nearing pre-recession levels, likely helped by continued improvement in the labor market and rising equity markets and home prices. However, the pace of disposable income growth remains paltry—up less than 2 percent over the past year—which will likely keep sales growth from accelerating substantially. Previous: 0.1% (Month-over-Month) Wells Fargo: 0.3% Consensus: 0.4% Finished Goods Producer Price Index Industrial Production • Friday Industrial production came in weaker than expected in April and fueled fears of another slowdown in the manufacturing sector. Manufacturing output fell 0.4 percent—its second straight monthly decline—with production pulling back across a wide array of industries. Production in the factory sector looks to have weakened further in May. The ISM index showed manufacturing activity contracted in May for the first time since November, while regional purchasing managers' indices also deteriorated. After a 0.5 percent decline in April, we expect industrial production to increase 0.2 percent in May. Overall production will likely get a small boost from utilities output as the weather normalized last month. However, manufacturing output will likely remain weak as soft global growth and a strengthening dollar weigh on foreign demand for U.S. produced products. Previous: -0.5% (Month-over-Month) Wells Fargo: 0.2% Consensus: 0.2% Producer Prices • Friday Inflation pressures throughout the pipeline have eased substantially over the past year. The producer price index fell 0.7 percent in April, bringing the year-over-year pace of wholesale inflation down to 0.6 percent. The slowdown in price growth has been led largely by a drop in energy prices, which fell 2.1 percent in April. Excluding food and energy, prices have trended only modestly higher in recent months and are up 1.7 percent since last April. With energy prices having stabilized over the past month, price pressures remain muted. Readings from the bulk of the May purchasing manufacturing indices showed price components either easing or remaining near the breakeven line of no change. Commodity prices continued to trend down in May, which should keep crude and intermediate prices well contained. Previous: -0.7% (Month-over-Month) Wells Fargo: -0.1% Consensus: 0.1% Global Review Production Is Up, Now We Need Trade to Recover The global economy has started to show some interesting bits and pieces of good news on the production side lately, an indication that the global economy may not be weakening further. Perhaps the only missing link today would be some more evidence that trade flows are growing once again as much of the global economy is highly dependent on the trade sector to deliver the needed growth everybody is anticipating. The alternative would be to see a strengthening domestic consumer market for some of these economies and that seems to be a very difficult proposition today. The stronger manufacturing PMI reported in the United Kingdom this week was a very positive development, with the number for May topping market expectations of 50.3 and coming in at 51.3 while at the same time we got a revision to April's number, which was originally reported at 49.8 and was revised up to 50.2. Granted, 51.3 probably is not qualitatively different from the 50.2 reported in April, but it is a first step in the right direction. Meanwhile, in Brazil, markets got a very strong reading for industrial production in April, coming in at 1.8 percent on a month-over-month basis and 8.4 percent on a year-over-year basis. While we mentioned that this number needed to be taken in perspective because of calendar differences between last year's Easter holiday week and Carnival and this year's calendar for those events, the number was nevertheless much stronger than the market was expecting, at 1.0 percent month over month and 7.4 percent year over year. Much of the recovery in industrial production was due to a recovery in manufacturing production and fundamentally automobile production, which tends to confirm that calendar effects were very important in this release. Nevertheless, the fact that the number was higher than expected is a good enough number, at least for now. But the best news came from Germany on Friday where industrial production surprised with a strong 1.8 percent print in April after a very good reading during the previous month and ended up three consecutive months of improvement, suggesting that the slowdown in Germany may be coming to an end. However, available data on the export/import sectors across the world are still not supportive of higher, or at least sustainable, economic growth across the world. In fact, very few countries for which we have available data until April/May of this year have either seen exports/imports improve or actually remain positive on a yearearlier basis, or even month over month. Rather, most of them were still suffering from very weak trade performance, which underscores the still fragile stance of the world economy. Once again, Germany was one of the exceptions during this week as it posted a very strong performance from imports and exports in April. Unfortunately, most other countries are not yet replicating what is happening in Germany. We would feel much more optimistic about the global economic outlook if we saw economic activity accelerating in more countries. Brazilian Industrial Production Index Year-over-Year Percent Change German Industrial Production Index Year-over-Year Percent Change Bank of Japan Meeting • Mon. & Tuesday Broad-ranging accommodative monetary policy initiatives together with stimulative fiscal policy have had undeniably positive effects in Japan. But despite a weakening in the Japanese yen and rising inflation expectations, volatility has been the driving theme in Japanese financial markets. Massive daily swings in stock prices and big flows in and out of government bonds have become de rigueur. Indeed, the Nikkei stock index has fallen more than 17 percent in the past few weeks, though on a year-to-date basis, the equity market index remains up more than 23 percent. The benchmark 10-year government bond reached a 13-month high on May 23. When the Bank of Japan meets next week, it will have to consider what additional measures it may add to its already complicated accommodation program to calm jittery domestic financial markets. U.K. Industrial Production Index Australian Unemployment Rate • Thursday We learned this week that first quarter GDP growth in Australia was weaker than expected. While the Reserve Bank (RBA) opted to leave rates unchanged at its meeting this week, it identified room for further accommodation in monetary policy if required. On Thursday of next week, we will get a look at the employment situation for May. A lackluster pace of job growth over the past year and a half resulted in the unemployment rate trending higher. Further deterioration here would seem to underscore the need for additional rate cuts, but a strong April jobs report resulted in strengthening of the Aussie dollar. This poses a tricky situation for the RBA, which has identified a too-strong domestic currency as a primary justification for further rate cuts. It seems a slow but steady pace of hiring, rather than robust job growth, would allow the economy to heal without raising pressure on the RBA to cut rates. Previous: 5.5% Consensus: 5.6% U.K. Industrial Production • Tuesday Industrial production (IP) in the United Kingdom increased 0.7 percent in March, beating expectations for a more incremental gain of just 0.2 percent. Combined with a stronger-than-expected first quarter GDP report, the gain in IP dialed back pressure on the Bank of England to expand its asset purchase program. We do believe the U.K. economy will continue to expand, and we take heart in the fact that purchasing managers' surveys there have moved further into expansion recently, but it is premature to celebrate a turnaround in the troubled factory sector. On a year-over-year basis, IP has been negative since April 2011, and demand for British goods and services in continental Europe is being weighed on by the ongoing recession in the Eurozone. Until we see improvement in the rest of Europe, it is tough to imagine big gains in U.K. industrial production. Previous: 0.7% (Month-over-Month) Consensus: 0.0% Interest Rate Watch Jobs Report Supports Economic Growth Outlook and Continued Fed Easing Friday's jobs report signaled continued job gains consistent with a slower pace of economic growth in the second quarter. Moreover, the rise in the unemployment rate signaled Fed policy would likely remain easy through at least September. However, while the current interest rate outlook is unchanged for the short-run, we have expressed our view before that current market interest rates are too low to be sustained over time. Current rates reflect the outsized demand by non-market buyers that do not mark-to-market, and thereby, we argue that there is no true riskfree benchmark interest rate to judge value in today's markets. Since today's rates are artificially low, the risk for decision makers is that rates in the future are likely to rise quicker than assumed, and that leaves many debtors with a refinancing risk that we suspect has not been discounted. Earlier today, Alan Greenspan indicated that the markets would find it difficult to handle the Fed's exit from the current easing policy, and we agree. First, while inflation is low, current inflation rates still exceed the nominal return on many money market instruments and much of the Treasury yield curve out to seven years. Therefore, any further back-up in rates in response to hints of the Fed tapering its purchases perhaps in the fourth quarter or early next year will further indicate losses on these portfolios. Second, further modest increases in interest rates, given the low level of rates on 10-year Treasuries for example, would produce negative total returns. Low interest rates provide very little cushion to investor returns as rates move up just a little bit. Finally, dollar depreciation, should it occur, could reduce total returns to foreign investors, potentially reducing the attractiveness of U.S. fixed income securities to them. Our outlook remains for no change in short-term interest rates but a gradual rise in long-term rates for the rest of this year. Yield Curve U.S. Treasuries, Active Issues Bank Lending Assets at U.S. Commercial Banks, YoY Percent Change Credit Market Insights Net Worth at All-Time High, But Households Remain Cautious In its recent Financial Accounts release (formerly known as Flow of Funds), the Fed revealed that household net worth rose to a record $70.3 trillion in the first quarter of 2013, bolstered by gains in financial assets and real estate holdings. In nominal terms this level surpasses the all-time high reached prior to the recession. As noted by the Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis, taking nominal net worth alone may overstate the recovery for many households. The nominal calculation does not account for price increases, population increases or the uneven distribution of wealth. These important caveats are likely the key to reconciling the disconnect between the run up in household wealth and other measures of households' financial conditions, including consumer sentiment, consumer spending and borrowing trends. Household borrowing has been particularly weak. Home mortgage debt outstanding fell for the sixteenth consecutive quarter, and while consumer credit is growing, the bulk of the gains have been in the form of student loans rather than in consumer spending related forms of debt. Although the recovery is gaining momentum, we suspect that the record high level of household net worth may be exaggerating the actual extent of real financial improvement, as many individuals hold on tight to their purse strings. Source: IHS Global Insight, Bloomberg LP and Wells Fargo Securities, LLC Current Assets 1-Week 4-Week Year-Ago Source: Freddie Mac, Federal Reserve Board and Wells Fargo Securities, LLC Topic of the Week Commercial Real Estate Enters New World With the exception of apartments, the unusually sluggish economic recovery has made for a painfully slow improvement in operating fundamentals and new construction. Lower interest rates and higher equity prices have helped lift commercial real estate prices, however, and investment flows have improved to a point that new construction has become an attractive alternative to leasing in many markets. The future promises a great deal of change. The supply of newly built rental apartments is expected to catch up and surpass demand later this year, which will begin to reverse the recent slide in vacancy rates and slow rent increases. The Fed also appears poised to begin to taper its monthly bond purchase program possibly as soon as late this year, which has already sent long-term interest rates higher and may slow the pace of asset price increases in general unless underlying economic conditions improve much more than they have to date. We are somewhat concerned that the pace of asset-price inflation has produced a sense that the underlying fundamentals have improved more than they actually have. While nonfarm employment growth improved during the first few months of 2013, the quality of jobs remains heavily skewed toward lower paying professions, which is weighing on income growth and consumer spending. The wealth effect from rising stock prices has helped offset some of this weakness but the benefits have largely been limited to higher-end merchants. Nonresidential construction activity has gotten off to a slow start this year. Several alternative energy projects were pulled forward into the fourth quarter of 2012 in order to beat expiring tax credits for some types of alternative energy investments. However, growth in the oil and gas sector remains solid. For more information on this topic, please see the Commercial Real Estate Chartbook: Quarter 1, available on the economics website. Subscription Info Wells Fargo's Weekly Economic & Financial Commentary is distributed to subscribers each Friday afternoon by e-mail. To subscribe please visit: www.wellsfargo.com/economicsemail The Weekly Economic & Financial Commentary is available via the Internet at www.wellsfargo.com/economics Via The Bloomberg Professional Service at WFRE. And for those with permission at www.wellsfargoresearch.com Market Data ♦♦♦♦ Mid-Day Friday Next Week's Economic Calendar Canada U.K. U.K. A ustralia Housing Starts IP (MoM) ILO Unem ploy m ent Rate Unem ploy m ent Rate Prev iou s (A pr) 1 7 4 .9 K Prev iou s (Mar) 0.7 % Prev iou s (Mar) 7 .8% Prev iou s (Apr) 5 .5 % Japan Eurozone Machine Tool Orders IP (MoM) Prev iou s (A pr) -2 3 .6 % Prev iou s (Mar) 1 .0% Note: (W) = Wells Fargo Estim ate (C) = Consensu s Estim ate Source: Bloomberg LP and Wells Fargo Securities, LLC Wells Fargo Securities, LLC Economics Group Wells Fargo Securities Economics Group publications are produced by Wells Fargo Securities, LLC, a U.S broker-dealer registered with the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission, the Financial Industry Regulatory Authority, and the Securities Investor Protection Corp. Wells Fargo Securities, LLC, distributes these publications directly and through subsidiaries including, but not limited to, Wells Fargo & Company, Wells Fargo Bank N.A., Wells Fargo Advisors, LLC, Wells Fargo Securities International Limited, Wells Fargo Securities Asia Limited and Wells Fargo Securities (Japan) Co. Limited. Wells Fargo Securities, LLC. ("WFS") is registered with the Commodities Futures Trading Commission as a futures commission merchant and is a member in good standing of the National Futures Association. Wells Fargo Bank, N.A. ("WFBNA") is registered with the Commodities Futures Trading Commission as a swap dealer and is a member in good standing of the National Futures Association. WFS and WFBNA are generally engaged in the trading of futures and derivative products, any of which may be discussed within this publication. The information and opinions herein are for general information use only. Wells Fargo Securities, LLC does not guarantee their accuracy or completeness, nor does Wells Fargo Securities, LLC assume any liability for any loss that may result from the reliance by any person upon any such information or opinions. Such information and opinions are subject to change without notice, are for general information only and are not intended as an offer or solicitation with respect to the purchase or sales of any security or as personalized investment advice. Wells Fargo Securities, LLC is a separate legal entity and distinct from affiliated banks and is a wholly owned subsidiary of Wells Fargo & Company © 2013 Wells Fargo Securities, LLC. Important Information for Non-U.S. Recipients For recipients in the EEA, this report is distributed by Wells Fargo Securities International Limited ("WFSIL"). WFSIL is a U.K. incorporated investment firm authorized and regulated by the Financial Services Authority. The content of this report has been approved by WFSIL a regulated person under the Act. WFSIL does not deal with retail clients as defined in the Markets in Financial Instruments Directive 2007. The FSA rules made under the Financial Services and Markets Act 2000 for the protection of retail clients will therefore not apply, not will the Financial Services Compensation Scheme be available. This report is not intended for, and should not be relied upon by, retail clients. This document and any other materials accompanying this document (collectively, the "Materials") are provided for general informational purposes only. SECURITIES: NOT FDIC-INSURED/NOT BANK-GUARANTEED/MAY LOSE VALUE	<urn:uuid:20b02e14-4baf-4669-b2df-60128254d16e>	HuggingFaceFW/finepdfs/tree/main/data/eng_Latn/train	finepdfs	eng_Latn	24,795
TUMAČ PLANSKOG ZNAKOVLJA GRANICE - GRANICA OBUHVATA UVJETI KORIŠTENJA PODRUČJA POSEBNIH UVJETA KORIŠTENJA ZAŠTIĆENI DJELOVI PRIRODE postojeće/planiрано - REGIONALNI PARK MURA -德拉VA - VODE - VODONOSNO PODRUČJE - VODOZAŠTITNO PODRUČJE III. ZONA ZAŠTITE - zona ograničenja i nadzora - - UREĐENJE VODOTOKA I VODA - REGULACIJSKI I ZAŠTITNI SUSTAV - BRANJENO PODRUČJE PODRUČJA PRIMJENE POSEBNIH MJERA UREĐENJA I ZAŠTITE - UREĐENJE ZEMLJIŠTA - PODRUČJE UGROŽENO BUKOM - PODRUČJE UGROŽENO BUKOM OD AERODROMA - PODRUČJE UGROŽENO BUKOM OD DRŽAVNE CESTE - GRANICA OGRANIČENJA VISINE GRADNJE UZ AERODROM OGRANIČENA VISINA IZGRADNJE UZ NAGIB OD 2,0 % OGRANIČENA VISINA IZGRADNJE UZ NAGIB OD 14,2 % MJ 1:1 000 Varaždinska Varaždin srpanj, 2017. Naziv prostornog plana: URBANISTIČKI PLAN UREĐENJA GOSPODARSKE ZONE MOTIČNJAK U VARAŽDINU - istočni dio Naziv kartografskog prikaza: UVJETI KORIŠTENJA, UREĐENJA I ZAŠTITE POVRŠINA Broj kartografskog prikaza: 3 Mjerilo kartografskog prikaza: 1:1.000 Odluka Gradskog vijeća Grada Varaždina o izradi Plana: "Službeni vjesnik Grada Varaždina" br. 9/15 Odluka Gradskog vijeća Grada Varaždina o donošenju Plana: "Službeni vjesnik Grada Varaždina" br. 7/17 Javna rasprava objavljena: Jutarnji list 18.10.2016. Javni uvid: od 25.10.2016. do 25.11.2016. Javna rasprava: 10.11.2016. Pečat tijela odgovornog za provođenje javne rasprave: Odgovorna osoba za provođenje javne rasprave: Urbanistički zavod grada Zagreba d.o.o. Zagreb, Ulica drage Domahy 4 Pečat pravne osobe koja je izradila plan: Odgovorna osoba: Darijen Belec, dipl.ing.grad. Pečat odgovornog voditelja: Odgovorni voditelj: Zoran Hebar, dipl.ing.arh. Pečat Gradskog vijeća Grada Varaždina: Predsjednik Gradskog vijeća Grada Varaždina: Damir Habijan, dipl.iur. Istovjetnost ovog plana s izvornikom overava: Pečat nadležnog tijela:	<urn:uuid:5dcfe0d3-d237-4d5c-8a18-76bae7297470>	HuggingFaceFW/finepdfs/tree/main/data/hrv_Latn/train	finepdfs	hrv_Latn	1,841

Subsets and Splits

No community queries yet

The top public SQL queries from the community will appear here once available.