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## INDIAN COUNCIL OF AGRICULTURAL RESEARCH
### Consolidated Annual Accounts 2016–17
**Income & Expenditure Account for the year ended 31st March 2017**
(Amount in Rupees)
| Schedule | Current Year | Previous Year |
|----------|--------------|---------------|
| **A. Income** | | |
| Income from Sales/Service | 8 | 565624963 | 525811280 |
| Grants in aid/subsidies | 9 | 53689130203 | 49626070447 |
| Fees/Subscriptions | 10 | 70182805 | 63642694 |
| Income from Investments | 11 | 0 | 0 |
| Income from Royalty, Publications | 12 | 10636118 | 16927992 |
| Interest earned | 13 | 1069382388 | 464624632 |
| Other Income | 14 | 1181083441 | 1075392939 |
| Prior Period Income | 15 | 1393628 | 867798 |
| **Total (A)** | | 56587433547 | 51773337781 |
| Schedule | Current Year | Previous Year |
|----------|--------------|---------------|
| **B. Expenditure** | | |
| Establishment expenses | 16 | 25535168430 | 24082866420 |
| Research & Operational Expenses | 17 | 3927434477 | 3667274214 |
| Administrative expenses | 18 | 5691254428 | 5120118515 |
| Grants and subsidies | 19 | 17869059250 | 17030756380 |
| Miscellaneous expenses | 20 | 1472898012 | 1218561147 |
| Depreciation | 5 | 3533348290 | 3256304215 |
| Prior period expenditure | 21 | 1795566 | 39053 |
| **Total (B)** | | 58030958453 | 54375919943 |
Balance being surplus/(Deficit) carried to corpus/Capital Fund
-1443524906 -2602582160
Sr. F&AO
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How Not To Be Wrong Download Online EBook Jordan Ellenberg Download Ebooks [EN] PDF, EPub, Mobi
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PDF File: How Not to Be Wrong
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How Not To Be Wrong Download Online EBook Jordan Ellenberg Download Ebooks [EN] PDF, EPub, Mobi
How Not to Be Wrong Download Online eBook Jordan Ellenberg Free eBook PDF/ePub/Mobi/Mp3/Txt, Are you looking for how not to be wrong PDF?. If you are areader who likes to download how not to be wrong Pdf to any kind of device,whether its your laptop, Kindle or iPhone, there are more options now than ever before. Perhaps because of the growing popularity of Kindle, or competitors like The Nook, or maybe just because people want choices, it is now possible to get how not to be wrong Pdf and any kind of Ebook you want downloaded to almost any kind of device!
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PDF File: How Not to Be Wrong
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Il giorno 05.10.2020 alle ore 8.30 si riunisce la commissione formata dai Prof.: NICOLA RENZI e WILMA LOK
| N.O. | Nominativo | Documento di identità | Firma del candidato | Risultato esame |
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| 1 | GAO MING | - | - | - |
| 2 | LANZILLOTTI FEDERICA| carta d'identità | presente | ammessa |
| 3 | PANAYIOTIS ANDREOU | carta d'identità | presente | ammesso |
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LA COMMISSIONE
Prof. NICOLA RENZI
Prof. WILMA LOK
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18 de abril de 2017
Denuncia Pública
GUERRILLERO INDULTADO ES ASESINADO CON TRES IMPACTOS DE ARMA DE FUEGO
El comando de la Zona Veredal Transitoria de Normalización, Ariel Aldana de las FARC-EP, ubicada en la vereda, La Variante, municipio de Tumaco – Nariño, informa a la opinión pública:
Que Luis Alberto Ortiz Cabezas, de seudónimo “Pepe”, miembro activo de la organización de las FARC-EP y beneficiario de la ley de amnistía e indulto, recobró su libertad en el último mes y que el día 16 de abril de 2017, siendo las 8:00 pm, en la Vereda la Guayacana, Corregimiento de Llorente, fue atacado con arma de fuego, lo que le causó la muerte; en ese momento, el compañero se encontraba en su casa, luego de haber salido de la cárcel de Vista Hermosa hace 15 días.
Este hecho criminal, que se suma a otros homicidios, causados según personas de la comunidad por un hombre apodado “Renol” quien pertenece a un grupo armado y hace presencia en la zona, evidencia una profunda preocupación e incertidumbre frente al incremento de homicidios en todo el municipio y nos genera una inquietud ¿qué
están haciendo las autoridades, en cuanto al cumplimiento de los compromisos acordados, en el sentido de combatir las bandas paramilitares al servicio de las mafias que se constituyen en amenaza real para la ciudadanía y los guerrilleros y milicianos excarcelados, que no cuentan con protección alguna; pasando por alto que la protección de la ciudadanía y de los excarcelados es condición para garantizar una paz estable y duradera y en cuánto a la protección de nuestro tránsito a convertirnos en un partido político civil, se refiere?
Comando de Dirección de la Zona Veredal Transitoria de Normalización Ariel Aldana.
Tumaco, Nariño.
Teléfono: 3206499356 – Correo electrónico: firstname.lastname@example.org
@ZVTNArielAldana
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MINISTERIO DE SALUD
SEGURO INTEGRAL DE SALUD
GUIA DE ORIENTACION PARA LA INCORPORACIÓN Y USO DE LAS TRANSFERENCIA FINANCIERAS EFECTUADAS POR EL SIS
OFICINA DE PLANEAMIENTO Y DESARROLLO
Abril 2010
INDICE
Introducción
Parte I. Procesos a nivel del Seguro Integral de Salud
Parte II. Procesos en el nivel de pliego regional y sus unidades ejecutoras
Glosario de Términos
Anexo: Estructura Funcional del SIS
GUIA DE ORIENTACION PARA LA INCORPORACIÓN Y USO DE LAS TRANSFERENCIA FINANCIERAS EFECTUADAS POR EL SIS
INTRODUCCIÓN
En los últimos años se están llevando a cabo cambios importantes en la forma de gestionar el presupuesto público, destacándose que la lógica de estos cambios se encuentra enmarcada en la importancia del producto y el óptimo uso de los insumos, es decir "La calidad de los bienes y servicios que un Estado provee a sus ciudadanos, de forma que contribuyan a mejorar sus condiciones de vida, se encuentran relacionados a dos importantes variables. Por un lado la identificación de las necesidades prioritarias de la población, y por otro, la calidad del gasto, entendida como el uso más eficiente y eficaz del gasto".
En relación a ello, el Ministerio de Economía y Finanzas (MEF) ha desarrollado la metodología de la Programación Presupuestaria Estratégica (PPE), con lo cual "las instituciones públicas podrán identificar adecuadamente las intervenciones más eficientes y eficaces contribuyendo a mejorar la calidad del gasto" 1 . En ese contexto debe de resaltarse que "en la PPE, para asegurar la calidad del gasto público, se debe asociar el gasto con los resultados obtenidos a partir del mismo. Esto ayudará a determinar si se debe incrementar el gasto en una particular intervención, o si se debe hacer cambios en las intervenciones por el bajo nivel de resultados obtenidos".
En consecuencia y como respuesta de la aplicación progresiva del Presupuesto por Resultados, se comenzó a realizar "... un proceso de diseño de intervenciones, orientadas a la generación de resultados...", que permitan promover y vincular la eficiencia y la efectividad con el crecimiento del país.
Las etapas de este proceso son identificables y conviene describirlas por su importancia, por ello ".....al proceso de diseño y construcción de las intervenciones se le ha denominado Programación Presupuestaria Estratégica y al producto del mismo se le ha denominado Programa Estratégico".
1/ En general los resultados se entienden como los cambios generados sobre las condiciones de vida a nivel de la población, mientras que los productos son los bienes y servicios provistos por el Estado. Por ejemplo, bajo el enfoque tradicional de productos, la acción pública se concentraría en la cantidad de vacunas provistas; mientras que el enfoque por resultados, se concentraría sobre la tasa de mortalidad infantil. mef.gob.pe/DNPP/PpR/PPSTR/presupuesto_resultados.pdf
Por otro lado, el Presupuesto por Resultados implica que la formulación presupuestaria es un proceso que asocia el gasto público con la entrega de productos y la obtención de resultados. Es decir, debe ser posible responder el para qué se gasta en relación a la cantidad y entrega de los productos, para finalmente poder vincular la eficacia del gasto con la obtención de resultados. En ese sentido el Seguro Integral de Salud, ha adecuado su estructura y procesos presupuestales a la nueva manera de gestionar el presupuesto.
El propósito de esta guía es el dar a conocer a las Unidades Ejecutoras relacionadas al sub sector público de salud los procesos internos del SIS asociados con las transferencias financieras, así como el de orientarlos a ellos y a los Pliegos Regionales en el proceso de incorporación en sus respectivos presupuestos de los recursos transferidos, en base a la normatividad vigente en materia presupuestal 2 .
Esta guía distingue para fines metodológicos los procesos presupuestarios relacionados a la incorporación y uso de las transferencias financieras del Seguro Integral de Salud – SIS, en dos niveles: a) Procesos a Nivel del Seguro Integral de Salud y b) Procesos a nivel de Pliego Presupuestario Regional; que incluye a sus unidades ejecutoras.
Oficina de Planeamiento y Desarrollo Seguro Integral de Salud
2 Ley Nº 28411 "Ley General del Sistema Nacional de Presupuesto"; Ley Nº 29429 "Ley de Presupuesto del Sector Público para el Año Fiscal 2010"; Resolución Directoral Nº 043-2009-EF/76.01 que aprueba la Directiva Nº 005-2009-EF/76.01 "Directiva para la Ejecución Presupuestaria".
I. PROCESOS A NIVEL DEL SEGURO INTEGRAL DE SALUD
1. Definición de la estructura funcional:
Los procesos en el sector público y por consecuencia en el SIS, plantean el diseño de acciones en función a la resolución de problemas críticos que afectan a la población y que requiere de la participación de diversos actores, que alinean su accionar en tal sentido.
En ese contexto, el SIS utiliza el Presupuesto por Resultados (PpR) como una nueva herramienta y enfoque para elaborar el Presupuesto Público, y que considera que las intervenciones financiables con los recursos públicos, se diseñan, ejecutan y evalúan en relación a los resultados que propician a favor de la población más pobre y vulnerable del país.
Como consecuencia la Estructura Funcional, en el Marco del PpR tiene por objetivo: "Lograr que el proceso de gestión presupuestaria se desarrolle según los principios y métodos del enfoque por resultados contribuyendo a construir un Estado eficaz, capaz de generar mayores niveles de bienestar en la población".
La estructura funcional del SIS, para el año 2010, se adjunta al presente como Anexo.
2. Consolidación de Producción de servicios a nivel nacional, PpR y no PpR, (base de datos del SIS).
Una vez consolidada la información sobre las prestaciones de salud realizadas por los establecimientos, la Oficina de Informática y Estadística – OIE la procesa de acuerdo con la Estructura Funcional del SIS, obteniéndose la información a nivel PpR y no PpR.
3. Valorización de la producción.
La Oficina de Informática y Estadística – OIE procesa la información para la valorización de la Producción, utilizando el tarifario vigente (RM Nº 2402009/MINSA), las listas de precios de medicamentos remitidas por la DIGEMID, y las reglas de consistencia y validación de las prestaciones (Resoluciones Jefaturales Nº 184 y 185 -2009/SIS).
4. Conversión de la producción valorizada a la estructura funcional, de acuerdo a los criterios establecidos en las definiciones operativas.
La OIE efectúa el proceso para la clasificación de las prestaciones de acuerdo a la Estructura Funcional y criterios operacionales, considerando las variables de: servicio, diagnóstico, medicamentos, edad, estancia hospitalaria, entre otros.
5. Pago o reembolso de la producción de acuerdo a la disponibilidad de recursos.
Con la información ya procesada de acuerdo con lo señalado en los puntos anteriores, la Gerencia de Financiamiento realiza la programación mensual de pagos, tanto lo que corresponde a PpR como a las prestaciones tarifadas y no tarifadas, ajustándola de acuerdo a la disponibilidad presupuestal.
6. Transferencia de acuerdo al Calendario de Compromisos Institucional – CCI, donde se diferencia transferencia de los programas estratégicos y no estratégicos.
Con la distribución realizada a nivel de la estructura funcional y con los criterios de priorización, la Gerencia de Financiamiento revisa que la transferencia se enmarque en el Calendario de Compromisos Institucional (CCI) gestionando la respectiva Resolución Jefatural que las aprueba.
El Compromiso y Devengado: Con la distribución realizada y aprobada a nivel la estructura funcional y fuentes de financiamiento del SIS, la Oficina de Administración efectúa las fases de compromiso y devengado para las más de 700 metas a nivel nacional.
El Giro: En base al CCI, se gestiona ante el Ministerio de Economía y Finanzas – Tesoro Público, la habilitación de recursos para las transferencias financieras a nivel nacional, con 48 horas de anticipación para poder realizar la fase de giro.
El Pago: Este proceso es automático y con la conformidad del Banco de la Nación se culmina la fase de pago.
7. Publicación de la Resolución Jefatural, Cartas Orden y archivo comprimido que contiene la transferencia financiera a nivel de estructura funcional, fuente de financiamiento, Unidad Ejecutora y Establecimientos de Salud en la Web Institucional del SIS.
Paralelamente a la ejecución de la fase de compromiso se publica en el diario oficial "El Peruano" y en el portal institucional del SIS la Resolución Jefatural que aprueba las transferencias financieras (http://www.sis.gob.pe/a_trans_trans_calen.html); así como la información detallada a nivel de Unidad Ejecutora y EESS (http://www.sis.gob.pe/a_trans_trans_porES.html).
A los dos días del Giro se publica en el portal institucional del SIS (http://www.sis.gob.pe/a_trans_trans_carta.html) la relación de cartas orden.
8. Las ODSIS a nivel nacional recopilan información de las resoluciones de incorporación para ser informados a la Oficina de Planeamiento y Desarrollo del SIS.
Con la información recopilada por las ODSIS, se verifica la incorporación de las transferencias de acuerdo al desagregado que remite el SIS por cada Unidad Ejecutora.
9. Seguimiento del gasto por Unidad Ejecutora 3 .
Las ODSIS se reúnen con las autoridades competentes de sus respectivas jurisdicciones para evaluar los resultados de la ejecución de las transferencias realizadas, y propiciar los ajustes necesarios para mejorar el uso eficiente y eficaz de estos recursos.
II. PROCESOS EN EL NIVEL DE PLIEGO REGIONAL Y SUS UNIDADES EJECUTORAS 4
La Unidad Ejecutora debe analizar la Estructura Funcional del SIS y adecuar la suya en el nivel de las finalidades del PpR. Con esta medida se evitan posibles errores y retrasos al momento de la incorporación y distribución de las transferencias financieras que realiza el SIS.
Las Unidades Ejecutoras revisan que las finalidades de las transferencias financieras estén acorde a la codificación de los programas estratégicos Programa Articulado Nutricional y Salud Materno Neonatal. En el caso de
3 Artículo 15º de la Ley Nº 29465, Ley de Presupuesto del Sector Público para el Año Fiscal 2010: "(…) La entidad pública que transfiere, (...), es responsable del monitoreo, seguimiento y cumplimiento de los fines, metas físicas y financieras para los cuales se les fueron entregados los recursos".
4 En relación a los puntos 1., 2., 3., 4. y 5. se ejecutaran una vez al año si se les remite la estimación de transferencia anual.
las finalidades no estratégicas, deberán adecuarlo a su Estructura Funcional, Plan Operativo Institucional (POI) y prioridades de salud, evitando crear nuevas finalidades no estratégicas en relación con las transferencias financieras del SIS.
1. Las Unidades Ejecutoras solicitan la incorporación de las transferencias financieras a nivel de la estructura funcional y clasificador de gasto, respetando los montos de las finalidades PpR 5 . Los montos que no corresponden a PpR deben incorporarse de acuerdo a sus prioridades sanitarias contempladas en su POI y enmarcadas en la normatividad SIS.
La solicitud de incorporación debe realizarse a nivel de fuente de financiamiento, meta (finalidad) y clasificador de gasto; priorizando sus necesidades y respectando los montos transferidos en los Programas Estratégicos. Los clasificadores de gasto a ser incorporados deben estar sustentados en las normas emitidas por el SIS.
2. El Pliego Presupuestario Regional consolida a nivel de las Unidades Ejecutoras las solicitudes de incorporación, verificando que los montos de los PpR se encuentren acorde a lo transferido por el SIS, pudiendo hacer uso de los archivos ubicados en el portal institucional del SIS (http://www.sis.gob.pe/a_trans_trans_porES.html).
3. El Pliego Regional, aprueba a través de Resolución Ejecutiva Regional la incorporación de los mayores fondos públicos.
De acuerdo al plazo establecido en la Resolución Jefatural de transferencias financieras del SIS, los Pliegos Regionales aprueban la incorporación de mayores fondos públicos dentro de los diez (10) días calendarios de publicada la Resolución Jefatural. En este punto se solicita al Pliego Regional el menor tiempo posible para su aprobación, permitiendo a las Unidades Ejecutoras oportunidad en la atención de sus necesidades.
4. El Pliego Regional publica en su portal Institucional la resolución de incorporación.
El Pliego Regional deberá publicar en su portal institucional la resolución de incorporación de mayores fondos públicos, dentro de los cinco (05) días de su aprobación.
5. Las Unidades Ejecutoras solicitan el Calendario de Compromisos Institucional (CCI).
En base a las transferencias financieras mensuales del SIS y a los compromisos devengados pendientes de pago las Unidades Ejecutoras
5 Artículo 80º de la Ley Nº 28411: "No pueden ser objeto de anulaciones presupuestarias los créditos presupuestarios asignados para el financiamiento de los Programas Presupuestales Estratégicos (…)"
solicitan al Pliego Regional los Calendarios de Compromisos Institucionales y de ser necesario, sus modificatorias.
6. El Pliego Regional a través de Resolución Ejecutiva Regional aprueba el Calendario de Compromisos Institucional.
A través de procedimientos establecidos, el pliego regional en el marco de los créditos presupuestarios y los sustentos de las Unidades Ejecutoras procede a aprobar o denegar la solicitud del CCI.
7. En la Unidad Ejecutora se realiza la ejecución de recursos SIS en el marco de la normatividad vigente.
Con el CCI aprobado, las unidades ejecutoras efectúan el gasto de los recursos transferidos por el SIS, debiendo respetar las normatividad vigente aprobada principalmente por el Ministerio de Economía y Finanzas, Ministerio de Salud y el Seguro Integral de Salud.
TRANSFERENCIAS FINANCIERAS SIS Y USO A NIVEL REGIONAL
GLOSARIO DE TERMINOS 6
Calendario de Compromisos Institucional – CCI 7 :
Es un acto administrativo que contiene la programación mensual de la ejecución de las obligaciones previamente comprometidas y devengadas.
Eficacia: Se refiere al grado de avance y/o cumplimiento de una determinada variable respecto a la programación prevista. Para efecto de la Evaluación Presupuestal, la Eficacia se aplica al grado de ejecución de los ingresos y gastos respecto al Presupuesto Institucional de Apertura (PIA) y el Presupuesto Institucional Modificado (PIM), así como al grado de cumplimiento de las Metas Presupuestarias.
Devengado 8 : El devengado es el acto administrativo mediante el cual se reconoce una obligación de pago, derivada de un gasto aprobado y comprometido, que se produce previa acreditación documentaria ante el órgano competente de la realización de la prestación o el derecho del acreedor.
Ejecución Financiera: La Ejecución Financiera de los Egresos comprende el registro del Devengado, girado y pago de los Compromisos realizados.
Ejecución Presupuestaria: La Ejecución Presupuestaria de los Egresos consiste en el registro de los Compromisos durante el Año fiscal. La Ejecución Presupuestaria de las Metas Presupuestarias se verifica cuando se registra el cumplimiento total o parcial de las mismas.
Estructura Funcional Programática: La Estructura Funcional Programática muestra las grandes líneas de acción que el Pliego desenvolverá durante el Año Fiscal a fin de lograr los Objetivos Institucionales propuestos, a través del cumplimiento de las Metas contempladas en el Presupuesto Institucional.
Función: Es una Categoría Presupuestaria que representa la mayor agregación de las acciones que desarrollan las Entidades del Estado respecto a un "deber primordial" de éste. Existen quince (15) Funciones registradas en el Clasificador de los Gastos públicos.
Gestión Presupuestaria: Es la capacidad de los Pliegos Presupuestarios para lograr sus Objetivos Institucionales, mediante el cumplimiento de las Metas Presupuestarias establecidas para un determinado Año Fiscal, aplicando los criterios de eficiencia, eficacia y desempeño.
POI: Plan Operativo Institucional
6 Pagina Web del Ministerio de Economía y Finanzas;
8 Numeral 18.2 de la Directiva Nº 005-2009-EF/76.01
http://www.mef.gob.pe/DNPP/glosario.php
7 Articulo 30º de la Ley Nº 28411, modificado por la Ley Nº 29465.
Pliego Presupuestario: Son las Entidades del Sector Público a las que se le ha aprobado una Asignación Presupuestaria en la Ley Anual de Presupuesto. Desde el punto de vista operativo, los Pliegos Presupuestarios son los organismos ejecutores responsables del cumplimiento de las Metas Presupuestarias y del logro de los Objetivos Institucionales trazados para cada Año Fiscal, responsabilizándose – igualmente- de la atención de los gastos adicionales no contemplados en el PIA que se presenten durante la Fase de Ejecución Presupuestal, de acuerdo a su disponibilidad presupuestaria y financiera existente.
Presupuesto Institucional: Es la previsión de Ingresos y Gastos, debidamente equilibrada, que las entidades aprueban para un Año Fiscal determinado. El Presupuesto Institucional debe permitir el cumplimiento de los Objetivos Institucionales y Metas Presupuestarias trazados para el Año Fiscal, los cuales se contemplan en las Actividades y Proyectos definidos en la Estructura Funcional Programática.
Presupuesto por Resultado – PpR: Conceptualización y metodología de presupuestar en el que cada incremento de gasto se vincula expresamente a un incremento en la producción de bienes, provisión de servicios públicos y/o en sus resultados.
Priorización de Metas: Es el proceso de selección de las Metas Presupuestarias, cuando los ingresos proyectados no cubren el total de Metas que se deseen ejecutar.
Proceso Presupuestario: Es el conjunto de Fases que deben desarrollarse para la aplicación del Presupuesto del Sector Público. Dichas Fases son: Programación, Formulación, Aprobación, Ejecución, Control y Evaluación.
Recursos Públicos: Son todos los recursos que administran las Entidades del Sector Público para el logro de sus Objetivos Institucionales, debidamente expresados a nivel de Metas Presupuestarias. Los Recursos Públicos se desagregan a nivel de Fuentes de Financiamiento y se registran a nivel de Categoría del Ingreso, Genérica del Ingreso, Sub Genérica del Ingreso y Específica del Ingreso.
Resultado: Es el Producto cuantificable y medible en un determinado Año Fiscal, de las Actividades y Proyectos contemplados en las Estructuras Funcionales Programáticas de los Pliegos. Para efectos presupuestales, los Resultados se definen a través de la Determinación de las Metas Presupuestarias, siendo éstas últimas las que permiten detallar el producto final a obtener durante un determinado Año Fiscal.
Saldo Presupuestal: Es el que resulta de deducir del Presupuesto Institucional Modificado (PIM), los compromisos efectuados a una determinada fecha.
ANEXO
ESTRUCTURA FUNCIONAL PARA EL AÑO FISCAL 2010
PLIEGO: 135 SEGURO INTEGRAL DE SALUD UNIDAD EJECUTORA: 001 SEGURO INTEGRAL DE SALUD [001091]
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Corinne Duncan, Director Jake Quinn, Board Chair Elizabeth Newman, Board Secretary John D. Watson III, Board Member Stephen G. Duncan, Board Member Linda Block, Board Member Buncombe County Election Services 77 McDowell St. Asheville NC, 28801
Re: Recommendations to ensure access for all voters in our community during the 2020 General Election.
The undersigned organizations know that you will be making important decisions on how to administer the upcoming election in light of the challenges presented by the COVID-19 pandemic. In order to secure safe voting options for all, including access for historically-marginalized Buncombe County voters, we put forth the following recommendations to defend and broaden voting options to:
1. Ensure that Black voters have access to the ballot by including the Dr. Wesley Grant Southside Center in the one-stop Early Voting plan for the 2020 General Election.
In the 2020 Primary Election, Buncombe County had over 70 polling places on Election Day. The Grant Center was one of only three polling places used by more than 200 Black voters and one of only eight polling places used by more than 100 Black voters.
The Grant Center serves the greatest share (7%) of Black registered voters in Buncombe County where only 5% of all registered voters in Buncombe are Black.
In the 2016 General Election during Early Voting, the Grant Center was used by 2,696 voters. Notably, 45% of Grant Center voters were Black in a county where over 64% registered voters are white.
2. Ensure that Buncombe County's youngest voters have access to the ballot by including UNC Asheville, Warren Wilson College, and AB-Tech in the one-stop Early Voting plan for the 2020 General Election.
Across the county the youth vote average is only 9% but both UNC Asheville and AB-Tech have much higher voter participation by youth voters.
In the 2016 General Election during Early Voting, 959 voters cast their ballots at AB-Tech and 33% of those voters were 18- to 25-years-old.
In the 2016 General Election during Early Voting, 3593 voters voted at UNC Asheville. 42% of voters were 18- to 25-years-old. Additionally, UNC Asheville is one of only five sites (out of 20) to serve more than 100 Hispanic/Latino voters.
UNC Asheville and Warren Wilson are both divided into two precincts. This division makes it even harder for students to vote on election day.
In addition to serving voters in the Swannanoa Valley, a site at Warren Wilson will also serve hundreds of students. 90% of WWC students live on campus along with many faculty and staff members. Students and faculty also do not have access to ART bus service from campus, which makes reaching other sites more difficult.
3. Keep sites open every weekend with robust hours during Early Voting, including Sundays, so that more working voters can access the ballot.
In the 2020 Primary Election, the two days of Saturday Early Voting saw more than double the number of votes per hour (46/hr) than the three weeks of weekday voting (22/hr). Despite there only being one Sunday, voters cast 13 votes per hour.
4. Ensure adequate staffing and sustaining realistic funding for this high turnout presidential election amid a global pandemic.
We acknowledge that many counties, including Buncombe County, may be facing budget cuts prompted by the current public health crisis. We also acknowledge that the public health crisis presents new expenses for administering an election. Including implementing new social distancing and sanitation procedures, and processing a potentially historic amount of absentee ballots.
In addition to defending Early Voting options and considering innovative ways to recruit poll workers, we would also encourage the county to consider advocating to state leaders for policies and practices that could alleviate financial burdens on local elections, including: swift dispensation of federal and state funds to supplement election shortfalls and contingencies; suspending the uniform Early Voting hours requirement for 2020; and assistance with poll worker recruitment and incentives.
5. Ensure that there are paper ballots available in Spanish and English.
There were 3,902 Hispanic/Latinx registered voters for the March 3rd Primary. Only 2% of all registered voters in Buncombe County are Hispanic/Latinx. During the 2020 primary election (Early Voting period and Election Day), 42% of all Hispanic/Latinx registered voters successfully cast a ballot. While the population is small, Hispanic/Latinx voters are voting and should have fair plans that serve them.
We would like to applaud the Board for including weekend hours with sites at UNC Asheville, AB-Tech, and the Grant Center in previous Early Voting plans. We know that without UNCA and AB Tech, youth voters go unserved. Without the Grant Center, Black voters will go unserved. Without full weekend hours, we will deprive voters of the most popular times to exercise their right. Without accessible ballots and safe voting options, folks in our county may have to decide between exercising their right to vote and their health.
Signed,
Sam Katz
President
American Civil Liberties Union of NC, WNC Chapter
Grace Long
President
American Civil Liberties Union of NC, UNC Asheville Chapter
Elina Morrison President Amnesty International, UNC Asheville Chapter
S. Elizabeth Snyder Founding Director Applied Culture Group
Elena Keller Intern for the Healthy Campus Initiative Be Well UNC Asheville, Healthy Campus Initiative
Alexandria Ravenel & Irrum Shah Co-Chairs Building Bridges of Asheville
Cheryl Orengo
Retiree
Buncombe County Public Health
Ron Katz
Steering Committee Member
Carolina Jews for Justice WNC
Phoebe (Janet) Kilby
Co-Convenor
Coming to the Table, Asheville Chapter
Edward Peters
Western NC Regional Organizer
Democracy North Carolina
Ames Simmons
Policy Director
Equality North Carolina
Brian Combs
Haywood St. Congregation
Founding Pastor
Ron Katz
Facilitator
Interfaith Initiative for Social Justice
Aiden Carson
Co-President
League of Women Voters of Asheville-Buncombe County
Rebecca Massey
Adult and Youth Literacy Director
The Literacy Council of Buncombe County
Stephanie Jones-Byrne
Malaprop's Bookstore/Cafe
Director of Marketing and Author Events
Devon Gill
President
Model United Nations at UNC Asheville
Caitlin Tricomi
Co-President
PERIOD. At UNC Asheville
Kathia Fuentes Beyhaut
President
Prospanica, UNC Asheville Chapter
Robert Thomas
Community Liaison
Racial Justice Coalition
Alan Ramirez
Bilingual Regional Organizer
Southerners On New Ground
Rev. Mark Ward
Lead Minister
Unitarian Universalist Congregation of Asheville
London Newton
Student Body President
UNC Asheville
Allison Gurliacci
UNC Asheville Psychedelic Club
Co-President
Libby Kyles Chief Executive Officer YWCA of Asheville
Shuli Arieh Archer
Associate Dean of Community Engagement Warren Wilson College
Here are some takeaways from this past primary and the 2016 general
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LE CLUB DE MARCHE L'ÉCUREUIL, LA TOUR-DE-PEILZ
a la tristesse de faire part du décès de
Monsieur
Soël DAOUD
époux de Madame Doris Daoud, dévouée membre du comité. A sa famille, nous présentons notre sincère sympathie.
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A GLIMPSE AT
JACKSON STEM
Middle School
Jackson Middle School is a rural public middle school located in Jackson, South Carolina. The school facility was built in 1955 due to the construction of the Savannah River Plant. It was converted to a middle school and opened the 1981-82 school year as Jackson Middle School.
Jackson STEM Middle School is one of only 54 schools in the world to receive national STEM certification through AdvancED, the nation's premier education accrediting agency. To earn this certification, Jackson STEM Middle School fully demonstrated the successful implementation of STEM programming.
In addition to STEM certification, Jackson Middle School has received numerous Palmetto Gold & Silver Awards from the State Department of Education, a Making Middle Grades Work Depth of Implementation Award and a STEM Implementation Award from the Southern Regional Education Board.
Our current school population of 351 students comes mostly from the Jackson and Beech Island areas. Our student body consists of 54% Caucasian/white students, 36% African American/black, and 4% Latino/Hispanic, and 6% Mixed Race and Other Nationalities
HTTPS://WWW.ACPSD.NET/DOMAIN/9
HTTPS://WWW.FACEBOOK.COM/JMSINDIANS/
Students are allowed to pursue their interests during STEM Club Days, Advisory Period, or after school. After-school activities include collaborating on group projects, practicing a musical instrument, or participating on a sports or academic competition team. Teachers are available for tutoring before and after school.
Parent and community involvement is important to Jackson. Parents may serve on the STEM Advisory Council, PTO, and School Improvement Council. We invite the community to our Veterans Day and Black History Programs, and STEM Literacy Nights. Our students have raised money for cancer awareness and the American Heart Association. They have made quilted placemats for senior citizens, greeting cards for VA Hospital patients, collected can goods and toiletries for charity, and walked to feed the hungry through UNICEF.
Our Engineering Design Process (EDP) is used throughout all classes as a thinking process that the STEM student adopts to solve problems and develop products for real world situations. Our STEM focus permeates instruction both inside and outside of the classroom through our Award Winning Future City and FLL Robotics Teams, Walls Down Interdisciplinary Unit Studies, and STEM Career Field Experiences!
SPECIAL NEEDS
We are committed to a quality educational experience for all students, including struggling learners and those with special needs. We have a part-time nurse, paraprofessionals, and provide reading and math intervention.
COMMUNICATION
SECURITY
We utilize our school website, ACPSD app, e-flyers, an automated calling system, Facebook, Twitter, Instagram, regular teacher communication, two-way communication apps, and teacher conferences to stay in consistent communication with the families we serve.
The safety of students and staff members is our top priority. The students and staff practice to prepare for emergency situations. The district completes automated background checks on all visitors and volunteers.
AIKEN
COUNTY
PUBLIC SCHOOLS
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Programa de las Naciones Unidas Para el Medio Ambiente
COMITÉ EJECUTIVO DEL FONDO MULTILATERAL PARA LA APLICACIÓN DEL PROTOCOLO DE MONTREAL Trigésima cuarta Reunión Montreal, 18 al 20 de julio 2001
Addendum
USO DEL 13 POR CIENTO ASIGNADO A LOS COSTOS DE APOYO (DECISIÓN 32/31)
Distr.
Limitada
UNEP/OzL.Pro/ExCom/34/52/Add.1 26 de junio de 2001
ESPAÑOL ORIGINAL: INGLÉS
Anexo I: Ejemplo específico "Formación en refrigeración en Jamaica"
Antecedentes:
El "Programa de formación en buenas prácticas de refrigeración " en Jamaica brinda un ejemplo específico de proyecto bilateral completo. La ejecución del programa se ha desarrollado de manera excelente merced a la magnífica cooperación con el oficial del ozono local. La Fase I de la formación concluyó tres meses después de aprobarse el proyecto y la Fase II quince meses después de la mencionada aprobación.
Aprobación del proyecto:
Número del proyecto:
JAM/REF/27/TRA/11
Proyecto aprobado por valor de:
EUA$ 45000
Importe aprobado del 13% de costos de apoyo al organismo:
EUA$ 5850
Calendario:
Circunstancias que han incidido en los costos de gestión y ejecución del proyecto:
1) Plazo de ejecución inferior a la media;
2) El PNUMA compró los equipos de formación;
3) Un representante del PNUMA participó en la Fase I de la formación;
4) Buena comunicación con la Oficina Nacional del Ozono con la consiguiente reducción de costos de ejecución;
5) No hubo que traducir las disposiciones contractuales exigidas;
6) Reducción de costos mediante economías de escala; véase, formación consecutiva en 4 países de la región, procedimiento de licitación conjunto y un formador par todos los países.
Uso del 13% asignado a los costos de apoyo al organismo (5850 EUA $)
Actividades del personal de la UNON
(52% de la cuota de apoyo al organismo)
| Cantidad | Actividad | Cuota asignada al organismo en EUA $ |
|---|---|---|
| 1 | Gestión financiera de la contribución de la contraparte del proyecto bilateral | N.a. |
| No cuantificable | Servicios contables | N.a. |
| No cuantificable | Servicios de recursos humanos | N.a. |
| No cuantificable | Servicios generales | N.a. |
| No cuantificable | Servicios de tecnologías de la información | N.a. |
| No cuantificable | Otros servicios de gestión y administrativos | N.a. |
| CUOTA DE APOYO AL ORGANISMO (52%): | | 3040 |
Actividades del personal financiero y administrativo del PNUMA en París
(48% de la cuota de apoyo al organismo)
| Cantidad | Actividad |
|---|---|
| 1 | Procesamiento del acuerdo de contribución bilateral con Environment Canada |
| 1 | Procesamiento del MOU con Jamaica para la organización local de la formación, incluidos 3 pagos |
| 1 | Procesamiento del MOU con HRAI Canada para impartir la formación, incluidos 2 pagos |
| 2 | Procesamiento de contratos comerciales con RTI Technologies USA para la compra de equipos, incluidos 2 pagos |
| 1 | Autorización de viajes y disposiciones para participantes del PNUMA |
| 1 | Gestión de la propiedad de los equipos de formación, incluido la transmisión de la propiedad |
| 1 | Gestión administrativa y del personal |
| 1 | Supervisión financiera y elaboración de informes |
| CUOTA DE APOYO AL ORGANISMO (48%): | |
Análisis de los costos del personal de la DITE del PNUMA que ejecutan el proyecto (no cubiertos por la cuota de apoyo al organismo)
| Cantidad | Actividad | Dedicación del personal en días |
|---|---|---|
| 1 | Interacción con el país para evaluar las necesidades de formación y preparar la propuesta de proyecto. | 0.25 |
| 1 | Preparación de la hoja de aprobación del proyecto y del presupuesto del proyecto. | 0.25 |
| 1 | Definición del enfoque de la formación y de su calendario. | 0.25 |
| 5 | Selección de contratistas potenciales, definición de las TOR y selección de criterios; negociación de contratos con el gobierno de Jamaica, el formador de HRAI, el proveedor de los equipos de Tecnologías RTI (2 contratos) y Environment Canada; autorización y seguimiento de las firmas. | 2 |
| 2 | Correo urgente | 0 |
| 1 | Preparación de los componentes de la formación, incluido el calendario, la nota de conceptos y el cuestionario de evaluación. | 1 |
| 1 | Coordinación con otras actividades de formación; reuniones; contratistas; organismos asociados e interesados. | 0.5 |
| 1 | Prestación de asesoramiento sustantivo y apoyo a la NOU en la preparación de la Fase I de la formación. | 2 |
| 7 | Peticiones de pagos y seguimiento de los mismos. | 0.5 |
| 1 | Preparación de las especificaciones de los equipos de formación; conducción del procedimiento de licitación y preparación del análisis de la licitación. Seguimiento de la compra de los equipos y despacho de aduanas. | 2 |
| 1 | Organización y despacho de documentos de formación y material expositivo y seguimiento de su llegada y despacho de aduanas. | 0.5 |
| 1 | Embarque de documentos y material expositivo | 0 |
| 1 | Participación en la Fase I de la formación, preparación de los informes internos y de misión, y seguimiento tras la finalización del taller. | 5 |
| 1 | Viajes y DSA para participar en la Fase I | 0 |
| 1 | Informe de finalización y divulgación del taller. | 1 |
| 1 | Supervisión, evaluación, seguimiento y elaboración de informes acerca de la Fase II del programa de formación, incluido el informe sobre la marcha de las actividades y los proyectos con demora en la ejecución. | 2 |
| 1 | Solicitud de la transmisión de la propiedad de los equipos de formación al país | 0.25 |
| 1 | Preparación del informe de finalización de proyecto. | 0.25 |
| 1 | Asistente del programa (seguimiento, mecanografiado de informes, cuestiones de logística para los talleres, etc.) | 5 |
| | Varios (comunicación, material de oficina, etc) | 0 |
| | Componente de supervisión del proyecto (examen gerencial) | 0.5 |
Observación: Estos servicios de gestión de proyectos y apoyo sustantivos eran necesarios para llevar a cabo la formación en refrigeración en Jamaica y se sufragaron con el presupuesto del proyecto. Estos fondos se emplean principalmente para cubrir los costos de personal correspondientes a los funcionarios de formación responsables de la preparación y ejecución de la Fase I de los programas de formación, y para la supervisión, evaluación, seguimiento y elaboración de informes sobre las Fases II y III. La mayoría de estas actividades son necesarias con independencia del tamaño del proyecto y del presupuesto del mismo.
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Makrolon ® SK1 sheet
Skylight prismatic
Makrolon® SK1 sheet's prismatic pattern is optimized to diffuse and distribute light while maintaining high light transmission, making it the material of choice for daylighting applications. The product is available with a UV enhanced cap layer in both clear and white. Makrolon SK1 can be drape or thermoformed for use in contoured applications such as domed skylights. In either flat or contoured geometries, it has a higher impact resistance compared to acrylic or glass. Makrolon SK1 has a Limited Product Warranty against breakage, yellowing, and loss of light transmission. The terms of the warranty are available upon request.
Applications
Awnings, entryway canopies, skylights, barrel vaults, glazed archways, covered pedestrian walkways, and sloped, vertical, and curved glazing
*Typical properties are not intended for specification purposes
**Some properties characterized using non-textured sheet
Makrolon ® SK1 sheet
Impact Resistance*
*Instrumented Impact per ASTM D 3763, sample thickness is 0.125˝ nominal
Smooth Surface - No Pattern
Regulatory code compliance and certifications
With respect to health, safety and environment precautions, the relevant Material Safety Data Sheets (MSDS) and product labels must be observed prior to working with our products.
119 Salisbury Road
Toll Free: 800.254.1707
Sheffield, MA 01257
Fax: 800.457.3553
The manner in which you use and the purpose to which you put and utilize our products, technical assistance and information (whether verbal, written or by way of production evaluations), including any suggested formulations and recommendations, are beyond our control. Therefore, it is imperative that you test our products, technical assistance, information and recommendations to determine to your own satisfaction whether our products, technical assistance and information are suitable for your intended uses and applications. This application-specific analysis must at least include testing to determine suitability from a technical as well as health, safety, and environmental standpoint. Such testing has not necessarily been done by Covestro.
sheets.covestro.com firstname.lastname@example.org
Unless we otherwise agree in writing, all products are sold strictly pursuant to the terms of our standard conditions of sale which are available upon request. All information and technical assistance is given without warranty or guarantee and is subject to change without notice. It is expressly understood and agreed that you assume and hereby expressly release us from all liability, in tort, contract or otherwise, incurred in connection with the use of our products, technical assistance, and information. Any statement or recommendation not contained herein is unauthorized and shall not bind us. Nothing herein shall be construed as a recommendation to use any product in conflict with any claim of any patent relative to any material or its use. No license is implied or in fact granted under the claims of any patent.
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| 3,044
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EDUCATION LAW ALERT November 2015
Federal Court in Florida Rules that Pregnancy-Based Discrimination is Actionable Under Title IX
On November 12, 2015, in Conley v. Northwest Florida State College, the United States District Court for the Northern District of Florida held that "Title IX's prohibition of discrimination 'on the basis of sex' encompasses pregnancy-based discrimination." Conley involved a student in the College's paramedic program who became pregnant. She alleged that after becoming pregnant, the College engaged in a number of acts that constituted pregnancy-based discrimination and, as a result, brought an action under Title IX. The College sought to dismiss Plaintiff's claim, contending that pregnancy-based discrimination is not actionable under Title IX.
Ultimately, the Court agreed with Plaintiff and permitted her claim to move forward. In its lengthy reasoning, the Court stated, "[a]lthough it is true that Congress has never amended Title IX's definition of sex to explicitly include pregnancy, the Court is not persuaded that this fact signals Congress's intent on the matter."
The opinion is not currently available online. Please feel free to contact our office for a copy. The full case citation is as follows: Conley v. Northwest Florida State College, 314CV00628MCREMT, 2015 WL 7180504 (N.D. Fla. Nov. 12 2015).
The IDEA Turns 40
The Individuals with Disabilities Education Act ("IDEA") is a federal statute providing that all students with disabilities in public schools receive, among other things, a free appropriate public education. This month marks 40 years since the IDEA was signed into law by President Gerald Ford. According to a release from the U.S. Department of Education ("US DOE"), there are currently over 6.9 million students with disabilities receiving special education and related services. US DOE also announced that it has launched a new website providing additional IDEA-related resources (http://ccrs.osepideasthatwork.org/).
Source: US DOE.
1DCA Rules in Favor of High-Performing Charter School in Action Against FL DOE
This month, the First District Court of Appeal in Department of Education v. Educational Charter Foundation of Florida resolved a statutory interpretation dispute (F.S. 1002.331) between the Florida Department of Education ("FL DOE") and a charter school. In the case, a highperforming charter school received a "C" school grade once during its first 3 years. As a result,
FL DOE sought to declassify the charter school as a high-performing charter school, arguing that it had to earn an "A" or "B" school grade in each of its first 3 years. The charter school argued that Florida law requires that it earn a "C" school grade or lower in any 2 years to lose its highperforming designation.
The trial court entered summary judgment in favor of the charter school, and the First District affirmed the trial court's decision.
Source: Opinion.
The Eleventh Circuit Rules on First Amendment Government Speech
Prior to serving as a math tutor in Palm Beach County, Plaintiff David Mech worked as a porn star, performing in hundreds of pornographic films. He now owns Dave Pounder Productions LLC, a pornography production company and "The Happy/Fun Math Tutor," a tutoring service. The Happy/Fun Math Tutor and Dave Pounder Productions share a mailing address in Boca Raton. Mech, wanting to take advantage of the Pam Beach County School Board's 2008 pilot program allowing schools to hang banners on their property recognizing the sponsors of school programs, inquired about displaying a banner for The happy/Fun Math Tutor at three Palm Beach County schools. Mech's banners hung at the schools without issue from 2011 until 2013, when the schools removed the banners after parents discovered the link between Dave Pounder Productions and The Happy/Fun Math Tutor and complained. Mech sued the School Board for violations of his First and Fourteenth Amendment rights and for breach of contract. The district court rejected Mech's Fourteenth Amendment claims, declined to exercise supplemental jurisdiction over his breach of contract claim, and granted the School Board's motion for summary judgment on the First Amendment claim, finding that the schools did not abridge the First Amendment because they removed the banners due to the common ownership of Mech's companies, not the content of the banners.
On November 23, 2015, the Eleventh Circuit issued an opinion affirming the district court's entry of summary judgment for the School Board on Mech's First Amendment claim, but on grounds separate and apart from those of the district court.
The Eleventh Circuit's discussion focused on whether The Happy/Fun Math Tutor's banners were, as Mech argued, private speech in a limited public forum – in which case the School Board would be prohibited from engaging in viewpoint discrimination under the First Amendment – or government speech – in which case the First Amendment would not apply. The Court relied on the recently decided Walker v. Texas Division, Sons of Confederate Veterans, Inc., _ U.S. _, 135 S.Ct. 2239 (2015) and Pleasant Grove City, Utah v. Summum, 555 U.S. 460, 129 S.Ct. 1125 (2009) to determine when speech qualifies as government speech. The three factors set forth by both Walker and Summum may be summarized as follows: (1) the historical message sent by the type of speech; (2) whether a reasonable observer would conclude that the government endorses with the message displayed; and (3) the amount of government control over the messages. Relying on those factors, the Court concluded that Mech's banners were, in fact, government speech. Notably, the Court found that while a medium that has long communicated government messages is more likely to be government speech, a historical pedigree to a message is not a prerequisite for government speech. Further, the banners were intended to thank the sponsors of the school for their funding, not as advertising for their respective businesses. The Court made clear that this sort of gesture of gratitude is a common form of government speech and easily distinguished the banners from other advertisements. Ultimately, the Court held that despite the lack of historical evidence, the banners exhibited strong indicia of government endorsement and control and thus, Mech's First Amendment claim failed.
Source: Opinion.
FL DOE Issues Important MTSS Technical Assistance Paper
School district responsibilities for implementing "Response to Intervention" ("RTI") or "MultiTiered System of Supports" ("MTSS") continue to be a hot topic and is sometimes the basis of claims that a school district violated the IDEA's Child Find provisions. Importantly, on November 20, 2015, the Florida Department of Education ("FL DOE") issued a new Technical Assistance Paper ("TAP") addressing MTSS and school district general education intervention requirements. All school district personnel in Florida responsible for MTSS should carefully review the TAP as it is the first significant guidance to be offered by FL DOE since 2011.
A copy of the TAP is available at the following link: 2015-151.
Major Sexting Scandal at Public High School in Colorado
As school districts continue to combat cyberbullying perpetrated through apps and social media, a major issue continues to arise through the United States – sexting among students. A recent scandal in Colorado highlights the potential ramifications of sexting in schools. Cañon City High School recently learned that students exchanged hundreds of nude photos of themselves, including some taken while on the school's campus. In addition to a felony police investigation, the school has already cancelled a football game and is investigating whether any adults are also involved.
Source: CNN.
7 th -grader Died Because School Failed to Stop Bullying Over Religion
Parents are suing the Moss Point School District, Magnolia Middle School principal Joanne Pettaway, and then-school Superintendent Maggie Griffen for failing to protect their son's religious freedom after he died from injuries he sustained from an attack and assault by his classmates at school. Lorel Ka'heim Malone was a deeply religious 12 year old boy who was harassed by classmates for his beliefs, size, clothes, and appearance for months leading up to his death. His parents had met with the school principal twice to discuss the situation and were told that the school would "get to the bottom of the matter."
The lawsuit claims that Lorel's death was caused by the indifference of the school district staff, coupled with a lack of training. The school district has not yet responded to the lawsuit.
.
Source: Miami Herald
From the Lighter Side: Judge Uses Taylor Swift Lyrics to Dismiss Case Against Swift
In a recent decision, apparent Taylor Swift fan, Judge Gail Standish, creatively used lyrics from Swift's hit songs to write her decision in a case in which Swift was a party. Swift was the defendant in a copyright action filed by Jessie Braham. Braham claimed Swift stole lyrics from one of his songs to create "Shake It Off". Judge Standish dismissed the lawsuit filed in the Central District of California without prejudice.
Source: Above the Law.
Firm News
Terry J. Harmon presented "2015 Legal Update: Title IX Sexual Violence Issues in Higher Education - A comprehensive update on 2015 higher education cases and investigations under Title IX in the area of sexual violence" at the 2015 Education Law Association Annual Conference held in Cleveland, Ohio, on November 5, 2015.
Past Issues of the Education Law Alert Available on Website
You may view past issues of the Education Law Alert on the Firm's website: www.sniffenlaw.com. After entering the Firm's website, click on the "Publications" page. Our Firm also highlights various articles of interest on our official Twitter feed, @Sniffenlaw.
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SWCFC and SWPSG FC Venue and Session Risk Assessment
16 Aug 2020
1. Venues
Linton Village College - 3G pitch only
2. Club Insurance
SWCFC and SWPSGFC are covered by BlueFin public liability insurance policies. Schedule and policy documents can be provided on request from the SWCFC or SWPSGFC commiIee
3. This risk assessment is valid as at 14 September 2020, in accordance with the latest FA and government guidance to cover Covid-19 and other idenPfied risks (link HERE). It shall be updated when either (a) the guidance and advice changes and/or (b) the acPviPes undertaken change.
4. For more info and club policies, see hIps://swcfc.club/info/
5. IdenPfied Risks
a. CommunicaPon with parents and stakeholders.
Special measures for running and organising a football training session, including contact training will be most effecPve if all stakeholders adhere to them. The club has produced it's own guidelines and process, so that everyone knows what to expect and what is expected of them. These guidelines are based on the naPonal guidance and best pracPce. Stakeholders will be asked to:
i. Not aIend if any of their household has shown Covid-19 symptoms within the last seven days.
ii. Bring their own water boIle
iii. Adhere to safety rules as published by the club
b. The club will take all consent and contact details from the player or parent/guardian as appropriate. This data will be stored safely to avoid any GDPR breaches. It shall be collected via email, with a clear consent statement to taking part in the acPviPes and also that no players nor parPcipants have shown symptoms in the last 7 days. NHS Test and Trace will be supported via the NHS Covid-19 app QR codes and by supplementary paper registers for anyone unable to use the app.
c. The faciliPes and equipment will be segregated between drop-off and playing areas. The club full guidance notes explains how this will be arranged to maintain 2 metres social distance. Special PPE equipment will be used in case of emergency first aid. Hand washing faciliPes and toilets are available in the sports centre.
There is ample car parking as well as marked drop off areas.
d. Equipment use will be limited and rules for touching and sharing equipment will be read out to all stakeholders before each session.
e. An individual risk assessment for each session will be produced.
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ORGANE SUBSIDIAIRE CHARGÉ DE L'APPLICATION
Deuxième réunion Montréal, Canada, 9-13 juillet 2018 Point 8 de l'ordre du jour
RECOMMANDATION ADOPTÉE PAR L'ORGANE SUBSIDIAIRE CHARGÉ DE L'APPLICATION
2/17. Prendre en compte les lignes directrices facultatives sur des garanties dans les mécanismes de financement de la diversité biologique lors de la sélection, conception et mise en œuvre de mécanismes de financement et lors de l'élaboration de garanties pour des instruments spécifiques
L'Organe subsidiaire chargé de l'application
Recommande à la Conférence des Parties d'adopter, à sa quatorzième réunion, une décision dans ce sens :
La Conférence des Parties
Rappelant la décision XII/3 dans laquelle la Conférence des Parties a adopté les lignes directrices facultatives sur des garanties dans les mécanismes de financement de la diversité biologique,
1. Souligne avec satisfaction la convergence qui apparait entre les processus actuels d'élaboration et/ou d'amélioration des systèmes de garanties des mécanismes de financement et les lignes directrices facultatives de la Convention sur les garanties dans les mécanismes de financement de la diversité biologique, et encourage tous ces processus à se référer davantage aux lignes directrices pour créer une plus grande convergence;
2. Reconnaît l'importance du régime foncier sur les territoires traditionnels (terres et eaux) des peuples autochtones et des communautés locales pour leur survie et leur mode de vie, et que des garanties solides et complètes soutenues par une responsabilité transparente et une vigilance constante sont requises conformément aux obligations et aux cadres internationaux tels que la Déclaration des Nations Unies sur les droits des peuples autochtones 1 et les instruments, décisions et directives de la Convention sur la diversité biologique, y compris avec la participation pleine et effective des peuples autochtones et des communautés locales et leur consentement préalable donné librement et en connaissance de cause, le consentement préalable en connaissance de cause, ou l'approbation et la participation des peuples autochtones et des communautés locales, conformément aux processus, politiques et lois nationaux, selon qu'il convient;
3. Prend note, en particulier, des processus entrepris par les entités opérationnelles des mécanismes de financement de la Convention-cadre des Nations Unies sur les changements climatiques pour concevoir, mettre en place et appliquer les systèmes de garanties qui protègeront tous les financements relatifs au climat étant sous leur responsabilité ;
1 Annexe de la Résolution 61/295/ de l'Assemblée générale
Distr. GÉNÉRALE
CBD/SBI/REC/2/17 13 juillet 2018
FRANÇAIS
ORIGINAL : ANGLAIS
Page 2
4. Se félicite, en particulier, du processus entrepris par le Fonds pour l'environnement mondial pour analyser et améliorer ses garanties environnementales et sociales ainsi que les systèmes correspondants de ses agences en notant que le résultat de ce processus sera applicable à tous les projets financés par le Fonds, et invite le Fonds à informer la Conférence des Parties de la manière dont il prend en compte les lignes directrices facultatives de la Convention sur les garanties dans les mécanismes de financement de la diversité biologique dans son important processus ;
5. Exhorte les Parties, les autres organisations parties prenantes et les autres institutions à continuer d'utiliser les lignes directrices facultatives de la Convention sur les garanties dans les mécanismes de financement de la diversité biologique en concevant et en utilisant leurs mécanismes de financement et en mettant en œuvre leurs systèmes de garanties, en faisant usage, si besoin, de la liste contenue dans l'annexe de la présente décision;
6. Invite également les Parties, les autres organisations parties prenantes et les autres institutions à partager leurs vues sur les expériences, les opportunités et les options pour faire avancer l'application des lignes directrices facultatives de la Convention sur les garanties dans les mécanismes de financement de la diversité biologique à la conception et au fonctionnement des mécanismes de financement de la diversité ;
7. Prie la Secrétaire exécutive de réunir des informations supplémentaires sur l'utilisation et la valeur des lignes directrices facultatives de la Convention sur les garanties dans les mécanismes de financement de la diversité biologique et autres directives utiles dans le cadre de la Convention, provenant des Parties, des autres organisations parties prenantes et des institutions internationales, en relation avec le développement et l'application de systèmes de garanties appropriés.
8. Demande également la Secrétaire exécutive d'inclure, pour examen en tant qu'élément possible de travail dans le programme de travail pleinement intégré prévu à l'article 8(j) et les dispositions connexes dans le cadre de la biodiversité pour l'après 2020, l'élaboration d'un cadre de garanties spécifiques sur les peuples autochtones et les communautés locales relevant de la Convention, sur la base des principes, normes et directives adoptés en vertu de la Convention et traitant toute lacune supplémentaire identifiée, sachant qu'une liste indicative des éléments et tâches possibles sera élaborée pour examen par la Conférence des Parties à sa quatorzième réunion et par le Groupe de travail sur l'article 8(j) et les dispositions connexes à sa onzième réunion.
Annexe
LISTE DE CONTRÔLE DES GARANTIES PRÉSENTES DANS LES MÉCANISMES DE FINANCEMENT DE LA DIVERSITÉ BIOLOGIQUE AU TITRE DE LA CONVENTION SUR LA DIVERSITÉ BIOLOGIQUE
Les questions suivantes pourraient être utilisées comme liste de contrôle pour vérifier la conformité aux lignes directrices facultatives de la Convention sur les garanties dans les mécanismes de financement de la diversité biologique.
Question générale sur les objectifs des lignes directrices facultatives de la Convention sur les garanties dans les mécanismes de financement de la diversité biologique
Le mécanisme de financement a-t-il un système de garanties conçu pour éviter ou atténuer efficacement ses impacts non intentionnels sur les droits et les moyens de subsistance des peuples autochtones et des communautés locales conformément aux lois nationales, et pour optimiser ses possibilités de les soutenir?
Directive A : Le rôle des fonctions de la diversité biologique et des écosystèmes pour les moyens de subsistance et la résilience, ainsi que les valeurs intrinsèques de la diversité biologique, devraient être reconnus dans la sélection, la conception et la mise en œuvre des mécanismes de financement de la diversité biologique.
A.1 Le rôle des fonctions de la diversité biologique et des écosystèmes pour les moyens de subsistance et la résilience est-il être reconnu dans la sélection, la conception et la mise en œuvre du mécanisme?
A.2 Les valeurs intrinsèques de la diversité biologique sont-elles reconnues?
Directive B : Les droits et responsabilités des acteurs et/ou des parties prenantes en rapport aux mécanismes de financement de la diversité biologique, doivent être soigneusement définis, au niveau national, d'une manière juste et équitable, avec la participation effective de tous les acteurs concernés, y compris le consentement préalable en connaissance de cause ou l'approbation et la participation des communautés autochtones et locales, compte tenu de la Convention sur la diversité biologique et des décisions, lignes directrices et principes pertinents s'y rapportant et, selon qu'il convient, de la Déclaration des Nations Unies sur les droits des peuples autochtones
B.1 Les droits et les responsabilités des acteurs et/ou des parties prenantes sont-ils soigneusement et équitablement définis?
B.2 Y-a-t-il eu une participation effective de tous les acteurs concernés dans la définition de ces rôles et de ces responsabilités?
B.3 Y-a-t-il eu un consentement préalable donné librement et en connaissance de cause, un consentement préalable en connaissance de cause ou une approbation et participation des peuples autochtones et des communautés locales dans la définition de ces rôles et de ces responsabilités?
B.4 Le mécanisme a-t-il tenu compte de la Convention sur la diversité biologique et de ses décisions, directives et principes et, selon qu'il convient, de la Déclaration des Nations Unies sur les droits des peuples autochtones?
Directive C : Les garanties en matière de mécanismes de financement de la diversité biologique devraient être fondées sur le contexte local, être développées en accord avec les processus propres à chaque pays menés par ces derniers ainsi qu'avec les législations et priorités nationales, et tenir compte des accords, des déclarations et des lignes directrices internationales pertinents, développés dans le cadre de la Convention sur la diversité biologique et, selon qu'il convient, de la Conventioncadre des Nations Unies sur les changements climatiques, des traités internationaux relatifs aux droits de l'homme et de la Déclaration des Nations Unies sur les droits des peuples autochtones, entre autres.
C.1 Les garanties des mécanismes de financement sont-elles bien ancrées aux réalités du terrain?
C.2 Les garanties sont-elles en accord avec les processus propres à chaque pays ainsi qu'avec les législations et les priorités nationales?
C.3 Prennent-elles en compte les instruments mentionnés au point B.4, la Convention-cadre des Nations Unies sur les changements climatiques, et les traités internationaux sur les droits de l'homme et d'autres, selon qu'il convient?
Directive D : Des cadres institutionnels appropriés et efficaces sont absolument essentiels pour que les garanties soient opérationnelles et doivent être mis en place, y compris des mécanismes d'application et d'évaluation qui assurent la transparence et la responsabilisation, ainsi que le respect des garanties appropriées.
D.1 Des cadres institutionnels appropriés et efficaces sont-ils en place pour assurer l'application des garanties?
D.2 Le système de garanties comprend-il des mécanismes d'application et d'évaluation?
D.3 Les exigences de transparence et de responsabilisation sont-elles inclues?
D.4 Toutes les parties prenantes concernées se conforment-elles aux garanties pertinentes?
Page 4
Des questions supplémentaires élaborées à partir des décisions, des orientation et des principes de la Convention sur la diversité biologique, pourraient comprendre les suivantes :
E. Existe-t-il des dispositions visant à promouvoir l'équité, ou à réduire les risques d'iniquité, dans le partage des avantages?
F. Des procédures d'étude d'impact culturel sont-elles comprises dans les instruments de garantie ? Incluent-elles spécifiquement le respect des valeurs spirituelles des peuples autochtones et des communautés locales?
G. Les usages coutumiers sont-ils inclus dans la prévention des risques?
H. Y-a-t-il des garanties liées aux savoirs traditionnels des peuples autochtones et des communautés locales, en particulier celles liées à la protection de leurs droits relatifs aux connaissances?
__________
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SEL Strategies to Flip the Script Around Student and Staff Supports
Teaching and learning are all about relationships, and yet health concerns are challenging our normal systems for building positive climates and supporting students and staff. Trauma informed re-entry as well as Social and Emotional Learning will play critical roles this year as we engage in various remote, in-person, and hybrid models during COVID. Join us for this engaging look at the challenges, strategies, and levers for positive change. This is a moving, interactive and highly engaging workshop that gives everyone an inspiring vision for what a powerful SEL program can and should be. It covers the basics, the data, the components and best practices of SEL. There are actionable strategies to move student supports to a more proactive rather than reactive model and tie in Social and Emotional Learning as foundational to that work. Most of all, it is a collaborative experience of what SEL feels like when done well.
You are invited to a Zoom meeting.
When: Aug 18, 2020 09:00-10:30 AM Mountain Time (US and Canada)
Register in advance for this meeting:
https://us02web.zoom.us/meeting/register/tZcod-yhqTsqGdCa50saAi9vbjmRaVbHiZ4d
After registering, you will receive a confirmation email containing information about joining the meeting.
BIO:
R. Keeth Matheny is a national award-winning teacher, author, and speaker. He was a 2015 winner of the Crystal Star Award for Excellence in supporting student success from the National Dropout Prevention Center. In addition, He is a member of the Aspen Institute's Social Emotional and Academic Development (SEAD) Council of Distinguished Educators. A passionate and dedicated former classroom teacher with over 25yrs experience. He created and taught an innovative social and emotional learning freshman seminar, which helped reduce freshman failures by 41% and discipline referrals by 71% at Austin High School over a four-year period. His class has had over 400 educators visit in his last 6 years, was featured in an article in The Atlantic, and has now spread to many more schools and districts. One of his former students, who went from "at risk" to ivy league, recently did a Ted talk and referenced the class he teaches. Keeth is a co-author of School-Connect a research and evidence-based social and emotional learning curriculum now in over two thousand secondary schools. He is an engaging frequent public speaker and keynote on SEL, school safety, and multi-tiered systems of student and staff supports. He was the keynote for twelve educational conferences in the past three years. His work and the schools he worked with have been frequently featured in national webinars, magazine articles, and journals of best practices. Since 2014, he has helped launch over three hundred SEL programs in secondary schools, has led over three hundred teacher trainings, and has presented at two congressional briefings on SEL, in Washington DC.
Website:
www.SELlaunchpad.com
Social Media:
Twitter @coach_rudy
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Erstellung eines Pumptracks?
Schüler des Schulhauses Rony haben beim Gemeinderat eine Petition zur Erstellung eines Pumptracks eingereicht.
Hünenberg Die Petition, welche die Schüler des Schulhauses Rony eingereicht haben, verlangt zusammenfassend, dass beim Schulhaus Rony oder an einem anderen geeigneten Ort eine spezielle Velostrecke (engl. Pumptrack) für «Velofreaks» geprüft und gebaut werden soll. Der Gemeinderat hat der Petition keine Folge gegeben. Ei- nerseits sind Bauarbeiten für die Sanierung und Erweiterung des Schulhauses Rony bereits so weit fortgeschritten, dass es nicht mehr möglich ist, zusätzlich einen Pumptrack zu bauen. Andererseits ist der Bau eines solchen Pumptracks mit erheblichen Kosten verbunden. Zudem wird in der Gemeinde Cham zurzeit für rund 450'000 Franken der erste permanente Pumptrack im KantonZuggebaut,dervonJungund Alt aus der Region benützt werden kann. Dessen Eröffnung ist für Ende Mai 2020 geplant. PD/DK
10. Klasse für Schüler aus Marly
Zwischen den Gemeinden Marly und Hünenberg besteht seit einigen Jahren eine Gemeindepartnerschaft. Die Schulen Marly und Hünenberg haben in den letzten Jahren die Zusammenarbeit auf der Sekundarstufe I intensiviert.
Hünenberg Während den Frühlings- und Herbstferien besuchen jeweils zehn bis 20 Jugendliche eine bis zwei Wochen Sprachaustausch in der Partnergemeinde. Auf Grund der positiven Erfahrungen an den Schulen Hünenberg haben in den letzten drei Jahren wiederholt Jugendliche aus Marly angefragt, ob sie hier in Hünenberg ein 10. Schuljahr absolvieren dürfen. Der Gemeinderat steht diesem Wunsch positiv gegenüber und hat beschlossen, dass Schüler aus Marly auf der
Die Gemeinden Hünenberg und Marly arbeiten eng zusammen. ZW Archiv
Sekundarstufe I das 10. Schuljahr absolvieren dürfen. Dabei stehen pro Schuljahr maximal drei Plätze zur Verfügung (ein Platz pro 3. Sekundarklasse). Die Kosten für Kost und Logis haben die Eltern zu bezahlen. Die schulischen Kosten übernimmt die Gemeinde. PD/DK
Erstes Jubiläum wird gefeiert
Am 19. Januar 2019 öffneten sich die Tore der FreestyleHalle Zug zum ersten Mal. Nun feiert sie am 28. Februar die einjährige Jubiläumsparty.
75 Jahre Samariterverein
Am 1. Februar feierte der Samariterverein Steinhausen sein 75-jähriges Bestehen, bei dem auch Präsident Guschti Schuler verabschiedet wurde.
Steinhausen Der Samariterverein Steinhausen feierte dieses Jahr Jubiläum. Bereits seit 75 Jahren sorgt er dafür, dass Verunfallte und Erkrankte erste Hilfe und Unterstützung erhalten.
Vereinsgründung
Nachdem 1940 die deutsche Wehrmacht eine neue Kriegstaktik auslöste, verlangte General Guisan die Schaffung von Ortswehren. Denen wurden Sanitätsgruppen zugeteilt. Mario Rosenberg und Franz Schnieper organisierten den ersten Samariterkurs in Steinhausen. Am 4. Februar 1945 folgte dann die offizielle Gründung des Vereins.
«Crash-Kurse» für Jedermann
Derzeit zählt der Samariterverein 26 aktive Mitglieder, die vergangenes Jahr auch an die Öffentlichkeit gingen. Vor dem Gemeindesaal spielte der Verein Notfallszenarien nach und bot der Öffentlichkeit «CrashKurse» in Herzwiederbelebung und Notfälle bei Kleinkindern an. 2020 folgen weitere Kurse.
Neuer Vorstand, v.l.n.r.: Ruth Lang, Lucia Marchese-Calluso, Christian Frei, Christoph Schiltner, Irene Bratschi und Heidi Zimmer. z.V.g.
Verabschiedung
Nach 14 Jahren wurde an der diesjährigen Versammlung Guschti
ZUGER KÖPFE
Neuer Messeleiter Messe Zug AG
Beat Baumann (61) wurde zum neuen Messeleiter der Messe Zug AG gewählt. Baumann hat viele Jahre als In-
Party Im November 2015 wurde das Projekt «Freestyle-Halle Zug» (FHZ) ins Leben gerufen. Engagierte, junge Menschen gründeten einen Verein und starteten die Planung und den Bau dieses Konzeptes. Die Idee dahinter: Interessen der Parkourund Skateboardsportler, sowie die Anliegen ähnlicher FreestylesportInteressegruppen in der Region Zug zu vertreten. Damit konnten sie einen Platz schaffen, an dem verschiedene Generationen und Interessen zusammenkommen und Freundschaften entstehen. Der Ver-
Schuler als Präsident verabschiedet. Mit der Wahl des neuen Präsidenten wurde auch der Vorstand erneuert.Diesersetztsichnunwiefolgt zusammen: Ruth Lang, Lucia Marchese-Calluso, Christian Frei, Irene Bratschi, Heidi Zimmer und Christoph Schiltner als neuer Präsident. Schuler beendete die Vereinsversammlung mit einer Dankesrede an alle Mitglieder und dem Zitat: «Die wichtigsten Menschen sind nicht die, die viel Wissen und Zertifikate besitzen, es sind die Menschen, die ein Herz voller Liebe haben, Ohren, die bereit sind zu zuhören und Hände, die bereit sind zu helfen». Weitere Informationen unter www.samariter-steinhausen.ch.
PD/NK
Kleine Artisten ganz gross
In der Zirkusschule «Grissini» werden Kinder und Jugendliche zu Artisten. Am Ende jedes Semesters wird der Trainingsraum zur Manege.
Unterhaltung Der Kinder- und Jugendzirkus «Grissini» zählt mittlerweilezueinemfestenBestandteilder Zuger Kulturszene. Wöchentlich trainieren rund 200 Kinder im Vorschul- und Primaralter und weitere 90 Kinder besuchen jährlich während der Schulferien die Zirkuswochen.
Manege frei!
Ende jedes Semesters werden Verwandte, Bekannte und Freunde eingeladen, um ihr Können, ihre Fortschritte und ihren Mut zu bewundern. Es wird sich geschminkt und mit schillernden Kostümen herausgeputzt. Die letzten Aufführungen fanden am 25. und 26. Januar statt.
Ende Januar zeigten die Kinder und Jugendlichen in der Manege ihr Können. z.V.g.
Umzug
Mit dem Jahreswechsel ist der Zirkus in sein neues Trainingslokal an derselben Strasse, einfach einen Eingang weiter, an die Dammstrasse 18 in Zug umgezogen. Dort dürfen sich die Kinder an einer moderneren und grösseren Infrastruktur erfreuen. Am Samstag, dem 14. März, von 10 bis 14 Uhr wird der Tag der offenen Tür organisiert. www.zirkus-grissini.ch PD/NK
ein strebt keinen Gewinn an und auch die Mitglieder sind alle ehrenamtlich tätig. Nun wird das Einjährige am 28. Februar in der «Industrie 45» gebührend gefeiert. Mit der Band «Änetsee» und vielen weiteren Highlights wird ab 21 Uhr eingeheizt. Weitere Infos siehe unter: www.freestyle-halle.ch. PD/NK
haber die Metalli-Apotheke in Zug geführt. Seit Anfang 2009 ist er zudem Mitglied des Verwaltungsrats der Messe Zug AG, zuletzt als Verwaltungsratspräsident. Neu übernimmt er die Funktion als Messeleiter und Geschäftsführer. Neuer Verwaltungsratspräsident ist Dr. Beat Dittli. Baumann tritt die Nachfolge von Peter Binggeli an, der das Amt des Messeleiters während sieben Jahre erfolgreich bekleidete. PD/DK
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Informativa sul trattamento dei dati personali ai sensi dell’art. 13 del D.Lgs. n. 196 del 30 giugno 2003 “Codice in materia di protezione dei dati personali”
Con questa informativa l’Agenzia delle Entrate spiega come utilizza i dati raccolti e quali sono i diritti riconosciuti al cittadino. Infatti, il d.lgs. n.196 del 30 giugno 2003, “Codice in materia di protezione dei dati personali”, prevede un sistema di garanzie a tutela dei trattamenti che vengono effettuati sui dati personali.
Finalità del trattamento
dati da Lei forniti con questo modello verranno trattati dall’Agenzia delle Entrate per le finalità di liquidazione, accertamento e riscossione delle imposte.
Portatori di reddito comunica a soggetti pubblici o privati secondo le disposizioni del Codice in materia di protezione dei dati personali (art. 19 del d.lgs. n. 196 del 2003). Potranno, inoltre, essere pubblici con le modalità previste dal D.P.R. n. 69 del 1972, D.P.R. n. 600 del 29 settembre 1973, così come modificata dalla legge n. 133 del 6 agosto 2008 e 66-bis del D.P.R. n. 633 del 26 ottobre 1972.
I dati indicati nella presente dichiarazione possono essere trattati anche per l’applicazione dello strumento del c.d. reddittometro, compresi i dati relativi alla composizione del nucleo familiare. I dati trattati ai fini dell’applicazione del reddittometro non vengono comunicati a soggetti esterni e la loro titolarità spetta esclusivamente all’Agenzia delle Entrate. Sul sito dell’Agenzia delle Entrate è consultabile l’informativa completa sul trattamento dei dati personali in relazione al reddittometro.
Conferimento dati
I dati richiesti devono essere forniti obbligatoriamente al fine di potersi avvalere degli effetti delle disposizioni in materia di dichiarazione dei redditi. L’indicazione di dati non veritieri può far incorrere in sanzioni amministrative o, in alcuni casi, penali.
L’indicazione dei dati per la destinazione o circolare, del fax e dell’indirizzo di posta elettronica è facoltativa e consente di ricevere gratuitamente dall’Agenzia delle Entrate informazioni e aggiornamenti concernenti le adempimenti e servizi offerti.
L’effettuazione della scelta per la destinazione dell’otto per mille dell’Irpef è facoltativa e viene richiesta ai sensi dell’art. 47 della legge 20 maggio 1985 n. 222 e delle successive leggi di ratifica delle stesse stipulate con le confessioni religiose.
L’effettuazione della scelta per la destinazione del cinque per mille dell’Irpef è facoltativa e viene richiesta ai sensi dell’art. 1, comma 154 della legge 23 dicembre 2014 n. 190.
L’effettuazione della scelta per la destinazione dei due per mille a favore dei partiti politici è facoltativa e viene richiesta ai sensi dell’art. 12 del decreto-legge 28 dicembre 2013, n. 149, convertito, con modificazioni, dall’art. 1 comma 1, della legge 21 febbraio 2014, n.13.
Tali scelte, secondo il d.lgs. n. 196 del 2003, comportano il conferimento di dati di natura “sensibile”.
Anche l’inserimento delle spese sanitarie tra gli oneri deducibili o per i quali è riconosciuta la detrazione d’imposta, è facoltativo e richiede il conferimento di dati sensibili.
Modalità del trattamento
I dati acquisiti attraverso il modello di dichiarazione verranno trattati con modalità prevalentemente informatizzate e con logiche pienamente rispondenti alle finalità da perseguire, anche mediante verifiche con altri dati in possesso dell’Agenzia delle Entrate o di altri soggetti, nel rispetto delle misure di sicurezza previste dal Codice in materia di protezione dei dati personali.
Il modello può essere consegnato a soggetti intermediari individuali dalla legge (centri di assistenza fiscale, sostituti d’imposta, banche, agenzie postali, associazioni di categoria e professionisti) che tratteranno i dati esclusivamente per le finalità di trasmissione del modello all’Agenzia delle Entrate.
Titolare del trattamento
L’Agenzia delle Entrate e gli intermediari, quest’ultimi per la sola attività di trasmissione, secondo quanto previsto dal d.lgs. n. 196 del 2003, assumono la qualifica di “titolare del trattamento dei dati personali” quando i dati entrano nella loro disponibilità e sotto il loro diretto controllo.
Responsabili del trattamento
Il titolare del trattamento può avvalersi di soggetti nominati “Responsabili del trattamento”. In particolare, l’Agenzia delle Entrate si avvale, come responsabile esterno del trattamento dei dati, della Sogei S.p.a., partner tecnologico cui è affidata la gestione del sistema informativo dell’Anagrafe Tributaria.
Presso l’Agenzia delle Entrate è disponibile l’elenco completo dei responsabili.
Gli intermediari, ove si avvalgano della facoltà di nominare dei responsabili, devono renderne noti i dati identificativi agli interessati.
Diritti dell’interessato
L’Atte salve le modalità già previste dalle normative di settore, per le comunicazioni di variazione dati e per l’integrazione dei modelli di dichiarazione e/o comunicazione l’interessato (art. 7 del d.lgs. n. 196 del 2003) può accedere ai propri dati personali per verificarne l’utilizzo o, eventualmente, per correggerli, aggiornarli nei limiti previsti dalla legge, ovvero per cancellarli od opporsi al loro trattamento, se trattati in violazione della legge.
Tali diritti possono essere esercitati mediante richiesta rivolta a:
Agenzia delle Entrate – Via Cristoforo Colombo 426 cd – 00145 Roma.
Consenso
L’Agenzia delle Entrate, in quanto soggetto pubblico, non deve acquisire il consenso degli interessati per trattare i loro dati personali.
Gli intermediari non devono acquisire il consenso degli interessati per il trattamento dei dati in quanto il trattamento è previsto dalla legge; mentre sono tenuti ad acquisire il consenso degli interessati sia per trattare i dati sensibili relativi a particolari oneri deducibili o per i quali è riconosciuta la detrazione d’imposta, alla scelta dell’otto per mille, del cinque per mille e del due per mille dell’Irpef, sia per poterli comunicare all’Agenzia delle Entrate, o ad altri intermediari.
Tale consenso può essere esercitato mediante la sottoscrizione della dichiarazione nonché la firma con la quale si effettua la scelta dell’otto per mille dell’Irpef, del cinque per mille e del due per mille dell’Irpef.
La presente informativa viene data in generale per tutti i titolari del trattamento sopra indicati.
| TIPO DI DICHIARAZIONE | Redditi | Iva | Quadro RW | Quadro VO | Quadro AC | Studi di settore | Parametri | Indicatori | Correttive nei termini | Dichiarazione integrativa a favore | Dichiarazione integrativa (art. 2, co. 8-ter, DPR 322/98) | Dichiarazione integrativa | Eventi eccezionali |
|----------------------|---------|-----|-----------|-----------|-----------|------------------|-----------|-----------|------------------------|-----------------------------------|---------------------------------------------------------------|--------------------------|------------------|
| | X | X | | | | | | | | | | | |
| DATI DEL CONTRIBUENTE | Comune (o Stato estero) di nascita | Provincia (sigla) | giorno | mese | anno | Sesso | Partita IVA (eventuale) |
|-----------------------|------------------------------------|-------------------|--------|------|------|-------|------------------------|
| | | | 17 | 10 | 1969 | M | 03860470750 |
| RESIDENZA ANAGRAFICA | Accettazione eredità giacente | Liquidazione volontaria | Immobili sequestrati | Stato | giorno | mese | anno | Periodo d'imposta | giorno | mese | anno |
|----------------------|-------------------------------|------------------------|----------------------|-------|--------|------|------|------------------|--------|------|------|
| | | | | | | | | | | | |
| TELEFONO E INDIRIZZO DI POSTA ELETTRONICA | Telefono prefisso numero | Cellulare | Indirizzo di posta elettronica |
|------------------------------------------|--------------------------|-----------|--------------------------------|
| | | | |
| DOMICILIO FISCALE AL 01/01/2014 | Comune | Provincia (sigla) | Codice comune |
|--------------------------------|--------|-------------------|---------------|
| | | | |
| DOMICILIO FISCALE AL 01/01/2015 | Comune | Provincia (sigla) | Codice comune |
|--------------------------------|--------|-------------------|---------------|
| | | | |
| RESIDENTE ALL'ESTERO | Codice fiscale estero | Stato estero di residenza | Codice Stato estero |
|----------------------|-----------------------|---------------------------|---------------------|
| | | | |
| DA COMPIARE SEI RESIDENTE ALL'ESTERO NEL 2014 | Stato federato, provincia, contea | Località di residenza |
|---------------------------------------------|----------------------------------|-----------------------|
| | | |
| Indirizzo | Codice fiscale obbligatorio | Codice carica | giorno | mese | anno |
|-----------|----------------------------|--------------|--------|------|------|
| | | | | | |
| RESERVATO A CHI PRESENTA LA DICHIARAZIONE PER ALTRI | Cognome | Nome | Sesso | giorno | mese | anno |
|----------------------------------------------------|---------|------|-------|--------|------|------|
| | | | | | | |
| ERIEE, CURATORE FALLIMENTARE o DELL'EREDITA', ecc. (vedere istruzioni) | Data di nascita | Comune (o Stato estero) di nascita | Provincia (sigla) | C.a.p. |
|------------------------------------------------------------------------|----------------|-----------------------------------|-------------------|-------|
| | giorno | mese | anno | | | |
| RESIDENZA ANAGRAFICA O ST. DIVERSO DALL'ESTEREO | Comune (o Stato estero) | Provincia (sigla) | C.a.p. |
|-------------------------------------------------|-------------------------|-------------------|-------|
| | | | |
| Rappresentante residente all'estero | Frazione, via e numero civico / Indirizzo estero | Telefono prefisso numero |
|-------------------------------------|--------------------------------------------------|--------------------------|
| | | |
| Data di inizio procedura | Procedure non ancora terminata | Data di fine procedura | Codice fiscale società o ente dichiarante |
|--------------------------|--------------------------------|------------------------|------------------------------------------|
| giorno | mese | anno | giorno | mese | anno | |
| | | | | | | |
| CANONE RAI IMPRESE | Tipologia apparecchio (Riservata ai contribuenti che esercitano attività d'impresa) |
|--------------------|-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|
| | |
| IMPIEGANO ALLA PRESENTAZIONE TELEMATICA | Codice fiscale dell'intermediario |
|----------------------------------------|-----------------------------------|
| | CRRRRT69R17F816I |
| Soggetto che ha predisposto la dichiarazione | Ricezione avviso telematico | Ricezione comunicazione telematica anomalie dati studi di settore |
|----------------------------------------------|-----------------------------|------------------------------------------------------------------|
| 1 | | |
| Data dell'impegno | FIRMA DELL'INTERMEDIARIO |
|-------------------|--------------------------|
| giorno | mese | anno | FIRMA DELL'INTERMEDIARIO |
| 31 | 07 | 2015 |
| VISTO DI CONFORMITÀ | Visto di conformità rilasciato ai sensi dell'art. 35 del D.Lgs. n. 241/1997 relativo a Redditi/IVA |
|---------------------|-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|
| | |
| CERTIFICAZIONE TRIBUTARIA | Codice fiscale del professionista |
|--------------------------|----------------------------------|
| | |
| Codice fiscale o partita IVA del soggetto diverso dal certificatore che ha predisposto la dichiarazione e tenuto le scritture contabili |
|---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|
| Firma del Professionista |
| CONFORME AL PROVVEDIMENTO AGENZIA DELLE ENTRATE DEL 30/07/2014 | Si attesta la certificazione ai sensi dell'art. 36 del D.Lgs. n. 241/1997 |
|-------------------------------------------------------------|--------------------------------------------------------------------------|
| | |
(*) Da compilare per i soli modelli predisposti su fogli singoli, ovvero su moduli meccanografici a striscia continua.
| FAMILIARI A CARICO | Relazione di parentela (Indicare il codice fiscale del coniuge anche se non fiscalmente a carico) | Codice fiscale | N. mesi a carico | Minore di tre anni | Percentuale detrazione spettante | Detrazione 100% affidamento agl |
|-------------------|---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|---------------|-----------------|------------------|-------------------------------|---------------------------------|
| 1 C | Coniuge | | | | | |
| 2 F1 | Primo figlio | | | | | |
| 3 F2 | Secondo figlio | | | | | |
| 4 F3 | Terzo figlio | | | | | |
| 5 F4 | Quarto figlio | | | | | |
| 6 F5 | Quinto figlio | | | | | |
QUADRO RA
| REDDITI DEI TERRENI | NUMERO PISI IN AFFIDO PREADOTTIVO A CARICO DEL CONTINUENTE |
|---------------------|------------------------------------------------------------|
| RA1 | Reddito agrario non rilevato |
| RA2 | Reddito agrario imponibile |
| RA3 | Reddito agrario imponibile |
| RA4 | Reddito agrario imponibile |
| RA5 | Reddito agrario imponibile |
| RA6 | Reddito agrario imponibile |
| RA7 | Reddito agrario imponibile |
| RA8 | Reddito agrario imponibile |
| RA9 | Reddito agrario imponibile |
| RA10 | Reddito agrario imponibile |
| RA11 | Reddito agrario imponibile |
| RA12 | Reddito agrario imponibile |
| RA13 | Reddito agrario imponibile |
| RA14 | Reddito agrario imponibile |
| RA15 | Reddito agrario imponibile |
| RA16 | Reddito agrario imponibile |
| RA17 | Reddito agrario imponibile |
| RA18 | Reddito agrario imponibile |
| RA19 | Reddito agrario imponibile |
| RA20 | Reddito agrario imponibile |
| RA21 | Reddito agrario imponibile |
| RA22 | Reddito agrario imponibile |
| RA23 | Somma col. 11, 12 e 13 |
(*) Barrare la casella se si tratta dello stesso terreno o della stessa unità immobiliare del rigo precedente.
| Determinazione del reddito | RE1 Codice attività 692011 | studi di settore: cause di esclusione | parametri: cause di esclusione | esclusione compilazione INE |
|---------------------------|---------------------------|--------------------------------------|-------------------------------|-----------------------------|
| Rientro lavoratrici/lavoratori | RE2 Compensi derivanti dall'attività professionale o artistica | 1 | .00 | 25463,00 |
| | RE3 Altri proventi lordi | 1 | .00 | |
| | RE4 Plusvalenze patrimoniali | 1 | .00 | |
| | RE5 Compensi non annotati nelle scritture contabili | 1 | .00 | |
| | RE6 Totale compensi (RE2 colonna 2 + RE3 + RE4 + RE5 colonna 3) | 1 | .00 | 25463,00 |
| | RE7 Quote di ammortamento e spese per l'acquisto di beni di costo unitario non superiore a euro 516,46 | 1 | .00 | |
| | RE8 Canoni di locazione finanziaria relativi ai beni mobili | 1 | .00 | |
| | RE9 Canoni di locazione non finanziaria e/o di noleggio | 1 | .00 | |
| | RE10 Spese relative agli immobili | 1 | .00 | |
| | RE11 Spese per prestazioni di lavoro dipendente e assimilato | 1 | .00 | |
| | RE12 Compensi corrisposti a terzi per prestazioni direttamente afferenti l'attività professionale o artistica | 1 | .00 | |
| | RE13 Interessi passivi | 1 | .00 | |
| | RE14 Consumi | 1 | .00 | |
| | RE15 Spese per prestazioni alberghiere e per somministrazione di alimenti e bevande (Spese addebitate ai committenti) | 1 | .00 | |
| | RE16 Spese di rappresentanza (Spese alberghiere, alimenti e bevande) | 1 | .00 | |
| | RE17 50% delle spese di partecipazione a convegni, congressi e simili o a corsi di aggiornamento professionale (Spese alberghiere, alimenti e bevande) | 1 | .00 | |
| | RE18 Minusvalenze patrimoniali | 1 | .00 | |
| | RE19 Altre spese documentate (di cui) | 1 | .00 | |
| | RE20 Totale spese (sommare gli importi da rigo RE7 a RE19) | 1 | .00 | 5449,00 |
| | RE21 Differenza (RE6 – RE20) (di cui reddito attività docenti e ricercatori scientifici) | 1 | .00 | 20014,00 |
| | RE22 Reddito soggetto ad imposta sostitutiva art. 13 L. 388/2000 | 1 | .00 | |
| | RE23 Reddito (o perdita) delle attività professionali e artistiche | 1 | .00 | 20014,00 |
| | RE24 Perdite di lavoro autonomo degli esercizi precedenti | 1 | .00 | |
| | RE25 Reddito (o perdita) da riportare nel quadro RN | 1 | .00 | 20014,00 |
| | RE26 Ritenute d'acconto (da riportare nel quadro RN) | 1 | .00 | 5093,00 |
| QUADRO RN IRPEF | REDDITO COMPLESSIVO | Reddito di riferimento per agevolazioni fiscali | Credito per fondi comuni di cui ai quadri RF, RG e RH | Perdite compensabili con credito per fondi comuni | Reddito minimo da partecipazione in società non operative |
|-----------------|---------------------|-----------------------------------------------|--------------------------------------------------|-------------------------------------------------|----------------------------------------------------------|
| RN1 | 20022,00 | | | | 20022,00 |
| RN2 | Deduzione per abitazione principale | 3038,00 | | | 3985,00 |
| RN4 | REDDITO IMPOBIBILE (indicare zero se il risultato è negativo) | 16984,00 | | | 3985,00 |
| RN5 | IMPOSTA LORDA | 3985,00 | | | 3985,00 |
| RN6 | Detrazioni per familiari e carico | 0,00 | Detrazione per figli e carico | Ulteriore detrazione per figli e carico | Detrazione per altri familiari a carico |
| | | | | | 769,00 |
| RN7 | Detrazioni lavoro | 0,00 | Detrazione per redditi di lavoro dipendente | Detrazione per redditi assimilati a quelli di lavoro dipendente e altri redditi | 769,00 |
| RN8 | TOTALE DETRAZIONI PER CARICHI DI FAMIGLIA E LAVORO | 769,00 | | | 769,00 |
| RN12 | Detrazione canoni di locazione e affitto terreni (Sez. V del quadro RP) | Totale detrazione | Credito residuo da riportare al riga RN01 col. 2 | Detrazione utilizzata | 0,00 |
| | | | | | 0,00 |
| RN13 | Detrazione oneri Sez. I quadro RP | 0,00 | (19% di RP15 col.4) | (26% di RP15 col.5) | 0,00 |
| RN14 | Detrazione spese Sez. III-A quadro RP | 0,00 | (41% di RP48 col.1) | (36% di RP48 col.2) | (50% di RP48 col.3) (65% di RP48 col.4) |
| RN15 | Detrazione spese Sez. III-C quadro RP | 0,00 | (50% di RP57 col. 7) | 0,00 |
| RN16 | Detrazione oneri Sez. IV quadro RP | 0,00 | (55% di RP65) | (65% di RP66) | 0,00 |
| RN17 | Detrazione oneri Sez. VI quadro RP | 0,00 | | | 0,00 |
| RN20 | Residuo detrazione Start-up periodo precedente | RN43, col. 7, Mod. Unico 2014 | Residuo detrazione | Detrazione utilizzata | 0,00 |
| RN21 | Detrazione importi start up (Sez. VI del quadro RP) | 0,00 | RP80 col. 6 | Residuo detrazione | Detrazione utilizzata |
| RN22 | TOTALE DETRAZIONI D'IMPOSTA | 769,00 | | | 769,00 |
| RN23 | Detrazione spese sanitarie per determinate patologie | 0,00 | | | 0,00 |
| RN24 | Crediti d'imposta che generano residui | 0,00 | Riaquisto prima casa | Incremento occupazione | Reintegro anticipazioni fondi/pensioni Mediazioni |
| RN25 | TOTALE ALTRE DETRAZIONI E CREDITI D'IMPOSTA (somma dei righe RN23 e RN24) | 0,00 | | | 0,00 |
| RN26 | IMPOSTA NETTA (RN5 – RN22 – RN25; indicare zero se il risultato è negativo) | di cui sospesa | 0,00 | 3217,00 |
| RN27 | Crediti d'imposta per altri immobili - Sisma Abruzzo | 0,00 | | | 0,00 |
| RN28 | Crediti d'imposta per abitazione principale - Sisma Abruzzo | 0,00 | | | 0,00 |
| RN29 | Crediti d'imposta per redditi prodotti all'estero (di cui derivanti da imposte figurative) | 0,00 | | | 0,00 |
| RN30 | Crediti d'imposta per erogazioni cultura | 0,00 | Importo rata spettante | Residuo credito | Credito utilizzato |
| RN31 | Crediti residui per detrazioni incipienti | 0,00 | (di cui ulteriore detrazione per figli) | 0,00 | 0,00 |
| RN32 | Crediti d'imposta Fondi comuni | 0,00 | Altri crediti d'imposta | 0,00 |
| RN33 | RITENUTE TOTALI | 0,00 | di cui ritenute sospese | di cui altre ritenute subite | di cui ritenute art. 5 non utilizzate |
| RN34 | DIFFERENZA (se tale importo è negativo indicare l'importo preceduto dal segno meno) | 0,00 | | | -1876,00 |
| RN35 | Crediti d'imposta per le imprese e i lavoratori autonomi | 0,00 | | | 0,00 |
| RN36 | ECCEDENZA D'IMPOSTA RISULTANTE DALLA PRECEDENTE DICHIARAZIONE Quadro I 730/2014 | di cui credito | 0,00 | 774,00 |
| RN37 | ECCEDENZA D'IMPOSTA RISULTANTE DALLA PRECEDENTE DICHIARAZIONE COMPENSATA NEL MOD. F24 | 0,00 | | | 665,00 |
| RN38 | ACCONTI di cui acconti sospesi | 0,00 | di cui recupero imposta sostitutiva | di cui acconti ceduti | di cui fuoriusciti dal regime di vantaggio di cui credito riassesto da atti di recupero |
| RN39 | Restituzione bonus | Bonus incipienti | 0,00 | Bonus famiglia | 0,00 |
| RN40 | Decadenza Start-up Recupero detrazione | 0,00 | di cui interessi su detrazione frutta | Detrazione frutta | Eccedenze di detrazione |
| RN41 | Importi rimborsati dal sostituto per detrazioni incipienti | 0,00 | Utteriore detrazione per figli | Detrazione canoni locazione | 0,00 |
| RN42 | Import da trattenere o da rimborsare risultante del Mod. 730/2015 | Trattenuto dal sostituto | 0,00 | Credito compensato con Mod F24 | Rimborsato dal sostituto |
| RN43 | BONUS IRPEF | 0,00 | Bonus spettante | Bonus tribùle in dichiarazione | Bonus da restituire |
| RS1 | Quadro di riferimento |
|-----|-----------------------|
| | |
| RS2 | Importo complessivo da rateizzare ai sensi degli articoli 86, comma 4 e 88, comma 2 |
|-----|----------------------------------------------------------------------------------|
| | .00 |
| RS3 | Quota costante dell'importo di cui al rigo RS2 |
|-----|-----------------------------------------------|
| | .00 |
| RS4 | Importo complessivo da rateizzare ai sensi dell'art. 88, comma 3, lett. b), del Tuir |
|-----|-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|
| | .00 |
| RS5 | Quota costante dell'importo di cui al rigo RS4 |
|-----|-----------------------------------------------|
| | .00 |
| Codice fiscale | Quota di partecipazione |
|----------------|-------------------------|
| | % |
| RS6 | Quota di reddito | Quota reddito esente da ZFU | Quota delle ritenute d'acconto | di cui non utilizzate | ACE |
|-----|-----------------|-----------------------------|-------------------------------|-----------------------|-----|
| | .00 | .00 | .00 | .00 | .00 |
| RS7 | % |
|-----|----------------|
| | .00 |
| RS8 | Lavoro autonomo |
|-----|-----------------|
| | .00 |
| RS9 | Impresa |
|-----|---------|
| | .00 |
| RS11 | PERDITE RIPORTABILI SENZA LIMITI DI TEMPO |
|------|------------------------------------------|
| | .00 |
| RS12 | Eccedenza 2009 | Eccedenza 2010 | Eccedenza 2011 | Eccedenza 2012 | Eccedenza 2013 | Eccedenza 2014 |
|------|----------------|----------------|----------------|----------------|----------------|----------------|
| | .00 | .00 | .00 | .00 | .00 | .00 |
| RS13 | PERDITE RIPORTABILI SENZA LIMITI DI TEMPO (di cui relative al presente anno .00) |
|------|-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------|
| | .00 |
| RS14 | Codice fiscale della società trasparente |
|------|------------------------------------------|
| | .00 |
| RS15 | Importo del reddito (o della perdita) imputato dalla società trasparente |
|------|--------------------------------------------------------------------------|
| | .00 |
| RS16 | Svalutazioni rilevanti | Minore importo | Disallineamenti attuali | Importo rilevante |
|------|------------------------|----------------|-------------------------|--------------------|
| | .00 | .00 | .00 | .00 |
| RS17 | Valori contabili | Valori fiscali | Rettifica | Variazioni in diminuzione società partecipata | Deduzioni non ammesse |
|------|------------------|----------------|-----------|-----------------------------------------------|-----------------------|
| | .00 | .00 | .00 | .00 | .00 |
| RS18 | Beni ammortizzabili |
|------|---------------------|
| | .00 |
| RS19 | Altri elementi dell'attivo |
|------|----------------------------|
| | .00 |
| RS20 | Fondi di accantonamento |
|------|-------------------------|
| | .00 |
| RS21 | Reddito (o perdita) rideterminato |
|------|----------------------------------|
| | .00 |
| DATI DEL SOGGETTO RESIDENTE E DELL'IMPRESA ESTERA PARTECIPATA |
|---------------------------------------------------------------|
| Trasparenza | Codice fiscale | Denominazione dell'impresa estera partecipata | Soggetto non residente | Utili distribuiti |
|-------------|----------------|-----------------------------------------------|------------------------|-------------------|
| | | | | .00 |
| RS22 | CREDITI PER LE IMPOSTE PAGATE ALL'ESTERO |
|------|------------------------------------------|
| | Saldo iniziale | Imposta dovuta | Sui redditi | Sugli utili distribuiti | Saldo finale |
|------|----------------|----------------|------------|-------------------------|--------------|
| | .00 | .00 | .00 | .00 | .00 |
| Codice fiscale CRRRRT69R17F816I | Denominazione CORRADO ROBERTO |
| Sezione III B | N. d'ordine immobile | Condominio | Codice comune | TUJ | Sez. urb/comune catast. | Foglio | Particella | Subalterno |
|---------------|-----------------------|------------|--------------|-----|------------------------|--------|-----------|------------|
| Dati catastali identificativi degli immobili e altri dati per fruire delle detrazioni del 36% o del 50% | RP51 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | / | 8 |
| | RP52 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | / | 8 |
| Sezione III C | N. d'ordine immobile | Condominio | Data | Serie | Numero e sottonumero | Cod. Ufficio Ag. Entrate | Data | Numero | Provincia Uff. Agenzia Entrate |
|---------------|-----------------------|------------|------|-------|----------------------|--------------------------|------|--------|-----------------------------|
| Spese arredo immobili naturali (detraz. 50%) | RP53 | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 |
| Sezione III C | N. Rata | Spesa arredo immobile | Importo rata | N. Rata | Spesa arredo immobile | Importo rata | Totale rate |
|---------------|---------|-----------------------|--------------|---------|-----------------------|--------------|-------------|
| | RP57 | 1 | 2 | ,00 | 3 | ,00 | 4 | 5 | ,00 | 6 | ,00 | 7 | ,00 | 8 |
| Sezione IV | Tipo intervento | Anno | Periodo 2013 | Caso particolare | Periodo 2008 rideterm. rate | Rateazione | N. rata | Spesa totale | Importo rate |
|------------|-----------------|------|--------------|------------------|---------------------------|------------|---------|-------------|-------------|
| Spese per interventi finalizzati al risparmio energetico (detrazione dell'80% o del 55% o 65%) | RP61 | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | ,00 | 9 | ,00 | 10 |
| | RP62 | 1 | 2 | ,00 | 3 | ,00 | 4 | 5 | ,00 | 6 | ,00 | 7 | ,00 | 8 |
| | RP63 | 1 | 2 | ,00 | 3 | ,00 | 4 | 5 | ,00 | 6 | ,00 | 7 | ,00 | 8 |
| | RP64 | 1 | 2 | ,00 | 3 | ,00 | 4 | 5 | ,00 | 6 | ,00 | 7 | ,00 | 8 |
| | RP65 | TOTALE RATE – DETRAZIONE 55% | 1 | 2 | ,00 | 3 | ,00 | 4 | 5 | ,00 | 6 | ,00 | 7 | ,00 | 8 |
| | RP66 | TOTALE RATE – DETRAZIONE 65% | 1 | 2 | ,00 | 3 | ,00 | 4 | 5 | ,00 | 6 | ,00 | 7 | ,00 | 8 |
| Sezione V | Detrazioni per inquilini con contratto di locazione |
|------------|---------------------------------------------------|
| | RP71 Inquilini di alloggi adibiti ad abitazione principale | Tipologia | N. di giorni | Percentuale |
| | RP72 Lavoratori dipendenti che trasferiscono la residenza per motivi di lavoro | N. di giorni | Percentuale |
| | RP73 Detrazione affitto terreni agricoli ai giovani | ,00 |
| Sezione VI | Altre detrazioni |
|------------|------------------|
| | RP80 Investimenti start up | Codice fiscale | Tipologia investimento | Ammontare investimento | Codice | Ammontare detrazione | Totale detrazione |
| | RP81 Mantenimento dei cani guida (Barriere la casetta) | | | | | | |
| | RP83 Altre detrazioni | | | | | | |
| Codice fiscale (*) | CRRRRT69R17F816I |
|-------------------|------------------|
| Mod. N. (*) | 01 |
### Accento ceduto per interruzione del regime art. 116 del TUIR
| Codice | Codice | Data | Importo |
|--------|--------|------|---------|
| RS23 | | | |
| RS24 | | | |
### Ammortamento dei terreni
| Numero | Importo | Numero | Importo |
|--------|---------|--------|---------|
| RS25 | Fabbricati strumentali industriali | .00 | |
| RS26 | Altri fabbricati strumentali | .00 | |
### Spese di rappresentanza per le imprese di nuova nascita D.M. del 9/1108 art. 1 c. 2
| RS28 | Spese non deducibili | .00 |
### Perdite istanza rimborso da IRAP
| RS29 | impresa | .00 |
|--------|---------|--------|
### Prezzi di trasferimento
| RS32 | Possesso documentazione | Componenti positivi | Componenti negativi |
|--------|-------------------------|---------------------|---------------------|
| | | .00 | .00 |
### Consorzi di imprese
| RS33 | Codice fiscale | Ritenute |
|--------|----------------|----------|
| | | .00 |
### Estremi identificativi rapporti finanziari
| RS35 | Denominazione operatore finanziario | Tipo di rapporto |
|--------|------------------------------------|------------------|
| | | |
### Deduzione per capitale investito proprio (ACE)
| Patrimonio netto 2014 | Riduzioni | Differenza | Rendimento |
|-----------------------|-----------|------------|------------|
| .00 | .00 | .00 | .00 |
### Rendimenti totali
| Codice fiscale | Rendimento attribuito | Eccedenza riportata | Rendimenti totali |
|----------------|------------------------|----------------------|--------------------|
| .00 | .00 | .00 | .00 |
### Totale Rendimento nozionale società partecipate/imprenditore
| Rendimento nozionale società partecipate | Rendimento imprenditore utilizzato | Eccedenza trasformata in credito IRAP | Eccedenza riportabile |
|------------------------------------------|------------------------------------|--------------------------------------|-----------------------|
| .00 | .00 | .00 | .00 |
### Canone Rai
| intestazione abbonamento | Numero abbonamento |
|--------------------------|--------------------|
| | |
### Comune
| Provincia (sigla) | Codice comune | C.a.p. |
|-------------------|---------------|--------|
| | | |
### Frazione, via e numero civico
| Categoria | Data versamento |
|-----------|-----------------|
| | |
### Ritenute regime di vantaggio Casi particolari
| RS40 | Ritenute |
|----------|----------|
| | .00 |
| Prospetto dei crediti | Valore di bilancio | Valore fiscale |
|-----------------------|--------------------|---------------|
| RS48 | Ammontare complessivo delle svalutazioni dirette e degli accantonamenti risultanti al termine dell'esercizio precedente | .00 | .00 |
| RS49 | Perdite dell'esercizio | .00 | .00 |
| RS50 | Differenza | .00 | .00 |
| RS51 | Svalutazioni e accantonamenti dell'esercizio | .00 | .00 |
| RS52 | Ammontare complessivo delle svalutazioni dirette e degli accantonamenti risultanti a fine esercizio | .00 | .00 |
| RS53 | Valore dei crediti risultanti in bilancio | .00 | .00 |
| Dati di bilancio | Valore di bilancio | Valore fiscale |
|------------------|--------------------|---------------|
| RS97 | Immobilizzazioni immateriali | .00 |
| RS98 | Immobilizzazioni materiali | .00 |
| RS99 | Immobilizzazioni finanziarie | .00 |
| RS100 | Rimanenze di materie prime, sussidarie e di consumo, in corso di lavorazione, prodotti finiti | .00 |
| RS101 | Crediti verso clienti compresi nell'attivo circolante | .00 |
| RS102 | Altri crediti compresi nell'attivo circolante | .00 |
| RS103 | Attività finanziarie che non costituiscono immobilizzazioni | .00 |
| RS104 | Disponibilità liquide | .00 |
| RS105 | Ratei e risconti attivi | .00 |
| RS106 | Totale attivo | .00 |
| RS107 | Patrimonio netto | .00 |
| RS108 | Fondi per rischi e oneri | .00 |
| RS109 | Trattamento di fine rapporto di lavoro subordinato | .00 |
| RS110 | Debiti verso banche e altri finanziatori esegibili entro l'esercizio successivo | .00 |
| RS111 | Debiti verso banche e altri finanziatori esegibili oltre l'esercizio successivo | .00 |
| RS112 | Debiti verso fornitori | .00 |
| RS113 | Altri debiti | .00 |
| RS114 | Ratei e risconti passivi | .00 |
| RS115 | Totale passivo | .00 |
| RS116 | Ricavi delle vendite | .00 |
| RS117 | Altri oneri di produzione e vendita (di cui per lavoro dipendente) | .00 |
| Minusvalenze e differenze negative | Valore di bilancio | Valore fiscale |
|------------------------------------|--------------------|---------------|
| RS118 | N. atti di disposizione | Minusvalenze | .00 |
| RS119 | N. atti di disposizione | Minusvalenze / Azioni | N. atti di disposizione | Minusvalenze/Altri titoli | Dividendi | .00 |
| Variazione dei criteri di valutazione | Valore di bilancio | Valore fiscale |
|--------------------------------------|--------------------|---------------|
| RS120 | | |
| Conservazione dei documenti rilevanti ai fini tributari | Valore di bilancio | Valore fiscale |
|--------------------------------------------------------|--------------------|---------------|
| RS140 | | 0.2 |
| Codice fiscale (*) | CRRRRT69R17F816I |
|-------------------|------------------|
| Mod. N. (*) | 01 |
### Errori contabili
#### RS201
- **Data inizio periodo d'imposta**
- Giorno:
- Mese:
- Anno:
- **Data fine periodo d'imposta**
- Giorno:
- Mese:
- Anno:
- **Codice fiscale**
#### RS202
- **Quadro**:
- **Modulo**:
- **Rigo**:
- **Colonna**:
- **Importo Variato**: ,00
#### RS203
- **Importo Variato**: ,00
#### RS204
- **Importo Variato**: ,00
#### RS205
- **Importo Variato**: ,00
#### RS206
- **Importo Variato**: ,00
#### RS207
- **Importo Variato**: ,00
#### RS208
- **Importo Variato**: ,00
#### RS209
- **Importo Variato**: ,00
#### RS210
- **Importo Variato**: ,00
#### RS211
- **Data inizio periodo d'imposta**
- Giorno:
- Mese:
- Anno:
- **Data fine periodo d'imposta**
- Giorno:
- Mese:
- Anno:
- **Codice fiscale**
#### RS212
- **Quadro**:
- **Modulo**:
- **Rigo**:
- **Colonna**:
- **Importo Variato**: ,00
#### RS213
- **Importo Variato**: ,00
#### RS214
- **Importo Variato**: ,00
#### RS215
- **Importo Variato**: ,00
#### RS216
- **Importo Variato**: ,00
#### RS217
- **Importo Variato**: ,00
#### RS218
- **Importo Variato**: ,00
#### RS219
- **Importo Variato**: ,00
#### RS220
- **Importo Variato**: ,00
#### RS221
- **Data inizio periodo d'imposta**
- Giorno:
- Mese:
- Anno:
- **Data fine periodo d'imposta**
- Giorno:
- Mese:
- Anno:
- **Codice fiscale**
#### RS222
- **Quadro**:
- **Modulo**:
- **Rigo**:
- **Colonna**:
- **Importo Variato**: ,00
#### RS223
- **Importo Variato**: ,00
#### RS224
- **Importo Variato**: ,00
#### RS225
- **Importo Variato**: ,00
#### RS226
- **Importo Variato**: ,00
#### RS227
- **Importo Variato**: ,00
#### RS228
- **Importo Variato**: ,00
#### RS229
- **Importo Variato**: ,00
#### RS230
- **Importo Variato**: ,00
### ZONE FRANCHIE URBANE (ZFU)
#### Sezione I
#### Dati ZFU
| Codice ZFU | N. periodo d'imposta | N. dipendenti assunti | Reddito ZFU | Reddito esente frutto |
|------------|-----------------------|-----------------------|-------------|----------------------|
| | | | ,00 | ,00 |
#### RS280
- **Codice fiscale**
- **Ammontare agevolazione**
- **Agevolazione utilizzata per versamento acconti**
- **Differenza (col. 8 - col. 7)**
#### RS281
- **Codice fiscale**
- **Ammontare agevolazione**
- **Agevolazione utilizzata per versamento acconti**
- **Differenza (col. 8 - col. 7)**
#### RS282
- **Codice fiscale**
- **Ammontare agevolazione**
- **Agevolazione utilizzata per versamento acconti**
- **Differenza (col. 8 - col. 7)**
#### RS283
- **Codice fiscale**
- **Ammontare agevolazione**
- **Agevolazione utilizzata per versamento acconti**
- **Differenza (col. 8 - col. 7)**
#### RS284
- **Reddito esente/Quadro RF**
- **Reddito esente/Quadro RG**
- **Reddito esente/Quadro RH**
- **Totale reddito esente frutto**
- **Totale agevolazione**
| Codice fiscale (*) | CRRRRT69R17F816I |
|-------------------|------------------|
| Mod. N. (*) | 01 |
| Stazione II | Quadro RN | Rideterminato | Descrizione | Importo |
|-------------------|------------------|-----------------|--------------------------------------------------|---------|
| | | | RS301 Reddito complessivo | .00 |
| | | | RS303 Oneri deducibili | .00 |
| | | | RS304 Reddito Imponibile | .00 |
| | | | RS305 Imposta lorda | .00 |
| | | | RS308 Totale detrazioni per carichi famiglia e lavoro | .00 |
| | | | RS322 Totale detrazioni d'imposta | .00 |
| | | | RS325 Totale altre detrazioni e crediti d'imposta | .00 |
| | | | RS326 Imposta netta | .00 |
| | | | RS334 Differenza | .00 |
| | | | RS335 Crediti d'imposta per imprese e lavoratori autonomi | .00 |
| | | | RESIDUI DETRAZIONI, CREDITI D'IMPOSTA E DEDUZIONI | |
| | | | RS347 RN23 | .00 |
| | | | RS347 RN24, col.1 | .00 |
| | | | RS347 RN24, col.2 | .00 |
| | | | RS347 RN24, col.3 | .00 |
| | | | RS347 RN24, col.4 | .00 |
| | | | RS347 RN24, col.5 | .00 |
| | | | RS347 RN24, col.6 | .00 |
| | | | RS347 RN24, col.7 | .00 |
| | | | RS347 RN24, col.8 | .00 |
| | | | RS347 RN24, col.9 | .00 |
| | | | RS347 RN24, col.10 | .00 |
| | | | RESIDUI DEDUZIONI START-UP | |
| | | | RS348 Residuo anno 2013 | .00 |
| | | | RS348 Residuo anno 2014 | .00 |
Informativa sul trattamento dei dati personali (art. 13 d.lgs. n. 196/2003)
Con questa informativa l’Agenzia delle Entrate spiega come utilizza i dati raccolti e quali sono i diritti riconosciuti al cittadino. Infatti, il d.lgs. n. 196 del 30 giugno 2003, “Codice in materia di protezione dei dati personali”, prevede un sistema di garanzia a tutela dei trattamenti che vengono effettuati sui dati personali.
Finalità del trattamento
I dati da Lei forniti con questo modello verranno trattati dall’Agenzia delle Entrate per le finalità di liquidazione, accertamento e riscossione delle imposte. Potranno essere comunicati a soggetti pubblici o privati secondo le disposizioni del Codice in materia di protezione dei dati personali (art. 19 del d.lgs. n. 196 del 2003). Potranno, inoltre, essere pubblicati con le modalità previste dal combinato disposto degli artt. 69 del D.P.R. n. 600 del 29 settembre 1973, così come modificato dalla legge n. 133 del 6 agosto 2008 e 66-bis del D.P.R. n. 633 del 26 ottobre 1972.
Conferimento dati
I dati richiesti devono essere forniti obbligatoriamente al fine di potersi avvalere degli effetti delle disposizioni in materia di dichiarazione dell’imposta regionale sulle attività produttive. L’indicazione di dati non veritieri può far incorrere in sanzioni amministrative o, in alcuni casi, penali. L’indicazione del numero di telefono o cellulare, del fax e dell’indirizzo di posta elettronica è facoltativa e consente di ricevere gratuitamente dall’Agenzia delle Entrate informazioni e aggiornamenti su scadenze, novità, adempimenti e servizi offerti.
Modalità del trattamento
I dati acquisiti attraverso il modello di dichiarazione verranno trattati con modalità prevalentemente informatizzate e con logiche pienamente rispondenti alle finalità da perseguire, anche mediante verifiche con altri dati in possesso dell’Agenzia delle Entrate o di altri soggetti, nel rispetto delle misure di sicurezza previste dal Codice in materia di protezione dei dati personali. Il modello può essere consegnato a soggetti intermediari individuati dalla legge (centri di assistenza fiscale, associazioni di categoria e professionisti) che tratteranno i dati esclusivamente per le finalità di trasmissione del modello all’Agenzia delle Entrate.
Titolare del trattamento
L’Agenzia delle Entrate, le regioni e le province autonome di Trento e Bolzano e gli intermediari, quest’ultimi per la sola attività di trasmissione, secondo quanto previsto dal d.lgs. n. 196 del 2003, assumono la qualifica di “titolare del trattamento dei dati personali” quando i dati entrano nella loro disponibilità e sotto il loro diretto controllo.
Responsabili del trattamento
Il titolare del trattamento può avvalersi di soggetti nominati “Responsabili del trattamento”. In particolare, l’Agenzia delle Entrate si avvale, come responsabile esterno del trattamento dei dati, della Sogei S.p.a., partner tecnologico cui è affidata la gestione del sistema informativo dell’Anagrafe Tributaria. Presso l’Agenzia delle Entrate è disponibile l’elenco completo dei responsabili. Gli intermediari, ove si avvalgano della facoltà di nominare dei responsabili, devono renderne noti i dati identificativi agli interessati.
Diritti dell’interessato
Fatte salve le modalità, già previste dalla normativa di settore, per le comunicazioni di variazione dati e per l’integrazione dei modelli di dichiarazione e/o comunicazione l’interessato (art. 7 del d.lgs. n. 196 del 2003) può accedere ai propri dati personali per verificarne l’utilizzo o, eventualmente, per correggerli, aggiornarli nei limiti previsti dalla legge, ovvero per cancellarli od opporsi al loro trattamento, se trattati in violazione di legge. Tali diritti possono essere esercitati mediante richiesta rivolta a: Agenzia delle Entrate – Via Cristoforo Colombo 426 c/d – 00145 Roma.
Consenso
L’Agenzia delle Entrate, in quanto soggetto pubblico, non deve acquisire il consenso degli interessati per trattare i loro dati personali. Gli intermediari non devono acquisire il consenso degli interessati per il trattamento dei dati in quanto il trattamento è previsto dalla legge. La presente informativa viene data in generale per tutti i titolari del trattamento sopra indicati.
## QUADRO RX – Compensazioni – Rimborsi
### Sezione I
**Crediti ed eccedenze risultanti dalla presente dichiarazione**
| Codice tributo | Importo a credito risultante dalla presente dichiarazione | Eccedenza di versamento a saldo | Credito di cui si chiede il rimborso | Credito da utilizzare in compensazione o in detrazione |
|----------------|-------------------------------------------------------------|---------------------------------|--------------------------------------|-----------------------------------------------------|
| RX1 | IRPEF | 1985,00 | .00 | .00 |
| RX2 | Addizionale regionale IRPEF | .00 | .00 | .00 |
| RX3 | Addizionale comunale IRPEF | .00 | .00 | .00 |
| RX4 | Cedolare secca (RB) | .00 | .00 | .00 |
| RX5 | Imposta sostitutiva incremento produttività (RC) | .00 | .00 | .00 |
| RX6 | Contributo di solidarietà (CS) | .00 | .00 | .00 |
| RX11 | Imposta sostitutiva redditi di capitale (RM) | .00 | .00 | .00 |
| RX12 | Acconto su redditi a tassazione separata (RM) | .00 | .00 | .00 |
| RX13 | Imposta sostitutiva riallineamento valori fiscali (RM) | .00 | .00 | .00 |
| RX14 | Addizionale bonus e stock option(RM) | .00 | .00 | .00 |
| RX15 | Imposta sostitutiva redditi partecipazione imprese estere (RM)| .00 | .00 | .00 |
| RX16 | Imposta pignoramente presso terzi (RM) | .00 | .00 | .00 |
| RX17 | Imposta noleggio occasionale imbarcazioni (RM) | .00 | .00 | .00 |
| RX18 | Imposte sostitutive plusvalenze finanziarie (RT) | .00 | .00 | .00 |
| RX19 | IVIE (RW) | .00 | .00 | .00 |
| RX20 | IVAFE (RW) | .00 | .00 | .00 |
| RX31 | Imposta sostitutiva nuovi minimi (LM) | .00 | .00 | .00 |
| RX32 | Imposta sostitutiva nuove iniziative produttive | .00 | .00 | .00 |
| RX33 | Imposta sostitutiva deduzioni extra contabili (RQ) | .00 | .00 | .00 |
| RX34 | Imposta sostitutiva plusvalenze beni/azienda (RQ) | .00 | .00 | .00 |
| RX35 | Imposta sostitutiva conferimenti SIQ/SIINQ (RQ) | .00 | .00 | .00 |
| RX36 | Tassa etica (RQ) | .00 | .00 | .00 |
### Sezione II
**Crediti ed eccedenze risultanti dalla precedente dichiarazione**
| Codice tributo | Importo compensato nel Mod. F24 | Importo di cui si chiede il rimborso | Importo residuo da compensare |
|----------------|---------------------------------|--------------------------------------|-------------------------------|
| RX51 | IVA | .00 | .00 |
| RX52 | Contributi previdenziali | .00 | .00 |
| RX53 | Imposta sostitutivi cui al quadro RT | .00 | .00 |
| RX54 | Altre imposte | .00 | .00 |
| RX55 | Altre imposte | .00 | .00 |
| RX56 | Altre imposte | .00 | .00 |
| RX57 | Altre imposte | .00 | .00 |
### Sezione III
**Determinazione dell’importo da versare o del credito d’imposta**
| Codice tributo | Importo di cui si richiede il rimborso | di cui da liquidare mediante procedura semplificata |
|----------------|----------------------------------------|----------------------------------------------------|
| RX61 | IVA da versare | 4908,00 |
| RX62 | IVA a credito (da ripartire tra i righi RX64 e RX65) | .00 |
| RX63 | Eccedenza di versamento (da ripartire tra i righi RX64 e RX65) | .00 |
### Attestazione condizioni patrimoniali e versamento contributi
Il sottoscritto dichiara, ai sensi dell’articolo 47 del decreto del Presidente della Repubblica 28 dicembre 2000, n. 445, che sussistono le seguenti condizioni previste dall’articolo 38-bis, terzo comma, lettere a) e c)
| Codice tributo | Importo di cui si richiede il rimborso | di cui da liquidare mediante procedura semplificata |
|----------------|----------------------------------------|----------------------------------------------------|
| RX64 | a) il patrimonio netto non è diminuito, rispetto alle risultanze contabili dell’ultimo periodo d’imposta, di oltre il 40 per cento; la consistenza degli asset non è stata ridotta per effetto delle risultanze contabili dell’ultimo periodo d’imposta, di oltre il 40 per cento per cassioni non effettuate nella normale gestione dell’attività esercitata; l’attività stessa non è cessata ne si è ridotta per effetto di cessioni di aziende o rami di aziende compresi nelle suddette risultanze contabili; | .00 |
| | b) sono stati eseguiti i versamenti dei contributi previdenziali e assicurativi. | .00 |
| | c) sono stati eseguiti i versamenti dei contributi previdenziali e assicurativi. | .00 |
Il sottoscritto dichiara di essere consapevole delle responsabilità anche penali derivanti dall’astio di dichiarazioni mendaci, previste dall’art. 76 del decreto del Presidente della Repubblica 28 Dicembre 2000, n. 445.
| Codice tributo | Importo da riportare in detrazione o in compensazione |
|----------------|-------------------------------------------------------|
| RX65 | .00 |
|
<urn:uuid:1e82ea81-b81e-47ad-8b26-7a8ee276926d>
|
HuggingFaceFW/finepdfs/tree/main/data/ita_Latn/train
|
finepdfs
|
ita_Latn
| 64,814
|
11. november 2011 Høstkonferanse – program
Hotell Park Inn, Gardermoen OSLO
Fredag 11. november 2011
| 9 . 3 0 – 1 0 . 0 0 | Registering, servering av kaffe og rundstykker | |
|---|---|---|
| 1 0 . 0 0 – 1 1 . 0 0 | | |
| | ISF Nyheter og endringer | |
| | Nyheter 2012 | |
| | Kommunal medfinansiering | |
| | Ny finansieringsløsning radiologi | |
| | Helsedirektoratet | |
| 1 1 . 0 0 – 1 1 . 3 0 | Nasjonal revisjon av medisinsk kodepraksis 2011 | |
| | Resultater og erfaringer | |
| | Karl-Helge Storhaug, revisjonsdirektør Helse Sør Øst RHF | |
| 1 1 . 3 0 - 1 2 . 0 0 | | Skaderegister |
| | Historikk, motivasjon, status og videre plan | |
| | Jakob Lindhave, seniorrådgiver og Bente Urfjell, rådgiver | |
| | Helsedirektoratet | |
| 1 2 . 0 0 – 1 3 . 0 0 | | |
| | Lunsj | |
| 1 3 . 0 0 – 1 3 . 4 5 | Særskilte legemidler (biologiske legemidler) | |
| | Erfaringer fra RHF og Helsedirektoratet | |
| | Helsedirektoratet, HF | |
| 1 3 : 4 5 – 1 4 : 0 0 | K a f f e p a u s e | |
| 1 4 : 0 0 - 1 5 : 0 0 | Kvalitetsindikatorer (Cancer mammae, hjerneslag) | |
| | Hva brukes data til og hvordan er kvaliteten | |
| | Helsedirektoratet, fagavdelingen og HF | |
| | Oppsummering – avslutning | |
NB! Forbehold om endringer i program
|
<urn:uuid:4f6b92f7-a377-41fb-b1fd-5ff3bf098e8d>
|
HuggingFaceFW/finepdfs/tree/main/data/nob_Latn/train
|
finepdfs
|
nob_Latn
| 1,282
|
Dossier de présentation 2019
festival photo
des Azimutés #5
Pierre de Vallombreuse
Invité d'honneur
17 > 24 août 2019
Uzès
www.lesazimutesduzes.com
Les Azimutés d’Uzès organisent, du 17 au 24 août 2019, la 5e édition du festival de la photographie au cœur d’Uzès, dans son magnifique Hôtel de Ville ainsi que le long d’un parcours de 10 autres espaces en centre ville.
Cet événement invite à la découverte des univers artistiques très variés de 18 auteurs photographes.
Bien plus qu’un simple accrochage, ce festival à échelle humaine, propose un riche programme de rencontres en résonance avec le travail de chaque photographe.
du samedi 17 au samedi 24 août 2019
Hôtel de Ville d’Uzès et parcours au cœur de la ville
cocktail d’inauguration samedi 17 août à 12h
L’accès au festival est libre.
Les horaires d’ouverture des expositions : de 10 à 19h
projections nocturnes à 21h : samedi 17 et lundi 19/8
Le lieu central du festival est la mairie, place du Duché, ensuite un circuit guidera les visiteurs depuis l’Office de Tourisme jusqu’au quartier des Arts, en passant par l’incontournable Place aux Herbes pour arriver au lavoir.
18 expositions / 10 lieux
Parcours au cœur de la ville
A chacun sa façon de voir la vie, la nôtre est positive, créative et humaniste.
Nous avons l’envie de présenter le monde de façon ouverte, inviter à rêver et laisser la place à l’imaginaire.
**Des univers à découvrir**
Nos photographes proposent des univers très variés. Animés d’un désir de partage, d’une recherche de vérité et d’expression de ces émotions qui nous rassemblent.
Ils sont voyageurs, en mouvement, en lien, en questionnement. Portant un regard sur le monde, la place de l’Homme, ils aiment aussi cultiver un certain mystère. Nous aimons faire de la diversité une richesse.
**Temps forts**
Un des points forts de ce festival est la présence importante des artistes et les temps de rencontre qu’ils proposent au public tout au long du festival.
Conférences, projections, ateliers, seront autant de moments privilégiés de partage qui permettront de découvrir chaque auteur de façon personnalisée et originale.
Liste des Espaces d'expositions
Espace central
- Hôtel de Ville (cour et 1er étage) / 7 expositions
autour de l'Office de Tourisme
- chapelle des Capucins (2e étage de l'Office de Tourisme), place Albert Ier
- rue X. Sigalon / expo collective à ciel ouvert
- Espace d'Arts Visuels, 18 avenue Général Vincent
autour de la Place aux Herbes
- Tiers Lieu 21, place aux Herbes 21
- Le Labo, rue de la République, 17
autour du Quartier des Arts
- Hôtel des Consuls, rue Docteur Blanchard 25
- Impasse Port Royal (entrée du jardin Médiéval) / expo collective
- Chapelle de la Médiathèque, rue Port Royal
&
- Lavoir, chemin André Gide (en contrebas de la cathédrale)
Festival Photo des Azimuts d’Uzès 2019 – Les Photographes – page 5
| N° | Nom du photographe | Titre de l'exposition | Lieu |
|----|---------------------|-----------------------|------|
| 1 | Pierre de Vallombreuse | La Vallée | 1er étage Hôtel de Ville, place du Duché |
| 2 | Gilles Alonso | Enfants | 1er étage Hôtel de Ville, place du Duché |
| 3 | Pierre Montant | Allers Retours | 1er étage Hôtel de Ville, place du Duché |
| 4 | Pierre Duquoc | Les Minipépées | 1er étage Hôtel de Ville, place du Duché |
| 5 | Dorothée Machabert | Bête à un corne d'orver | 1er étage Hôtel de Ville, place du Duché |
| 6 | Thierry Vezon | Nocifélanges | 1er étage Hôtel de Ville, place du Duché |
| 7 | Yves Jourdana | tous les photographes extérieurs | 1er étage Hôtel de Ville, place du Duché |
| 8 | Philippe Coste | A fleur de peau | Chapelle des Capucins, 10 rue Tournon, place du Duché |
| 9 | Jean-Noël Criton | Silhouettes | 1er étage Hôtel de Ville, place du Duché |
| 10 | Fanny Jorda-Inguiez | Dans l'intimité de... | Espace Adis Valens, 10 rue Tournon |
| 11 | Philippe Dollo | American wedding | 1er étage Hôtel de Ville, place du Duché |
| 12 | Guillaume Estève | Acacia A / Acacia B | Le Cabo d'Azur, 10 rue Tournon |
| 13 | Laura Pezzennati | Recouvrillage | 1er étage Hôtel de Ville, place du Duché |
| 14 | Eric Rumeau | Refour à l'agillive | 1er étage Hôtel de Ville, place du Duché |
| 15 | Laurence Verrier | Les Inhabituelles de Géraldine | 1er étage Hôtel de Ville, place du Duché |
| 16 | Marie Moroni | Isabea | Chapelle Médicisque, 10 rue Tournon |
| 17 | Gilles Nicolet | L'Élégance de vos absences | 1er étage Hôtel de Ville, place du Duché |
| 18 | Gilles Mercier | L'Élégance de vos absences | 1er étage Hôtel de Ville, place du Duché |
Projections à la tombée de la nuit / 21h
samedi 17/8 -> cou maine
lundi 19/8 -> centre ville (la pièce est)
Accueil cour Hôtel de Ville 10-19h
plan & programme
atelier – stages – conférences
théâtres ouverts/tu modifiés
| Date | Time | Event | Location |
|------------|--------|----------------------------------------------------------------------|-----------------------------------------------|
| Saturday, August 17th | 10h | Opening of exhibitions | All spaces |
| | 12h | Cocktail inauguration | Cour de la mairie (1) |
| | 15h | Projection Pierre Montant Recto verso | Mairie, salon Malraux (1) |
| | 17h | Conference Le mystère du choix des images by Ph. Dollo and M. Moroni | Mairie, salon Malraux (1) |
| | 21h | Projection Pierre de Vallombreuse La Vallée | Cour de la mairie (1) |
| Sunday, August 18th | 10h | Guided tour of exhibitions | Departure from Cour de la mairie (1) |
| | 15h | Documentary Gilles Mercier L'élegance de vos absences | Mairie, salon Malraux (1) |
| | 17h | Conference Philippe Dollo NEW-YORK la cité fragile | Mairie, salon Malraux (1) |
| Monday, August 19th // World Photography Day | 10-11h | Marathon photo 2 themes - 2 hours - 2 prizes | Departure from Cour de la mairie (1) |
| | 15h30 | Workshop Eric Rumeau Apprendre à lire une image | Tiers lieu, pl Herbes 21 (14) |
| | 17h30 | Conference Yves Jourdan Un sujet / 3 ambiances | Mairie, salon Malraux (1) |
| | 21-23h | Projection Nuit de la Photographie Bal d'images | Hôtel des Consuls (17) |
| Tuesday, August 20th | 10h30 | Workshop Pierre Duquoc L'envers du décor | Mairie, salon Malraux (1) |
| | 16h | Photo session Guillaume Estève Studio photo "Face B" | Labo, 17 rue République (12) |
| | 18h | Conference Marie Moroni Mzungu | Chapelle Médiathèque (15) |
| Wednesday, August 21st | 10h30 | Workshop Laura Pezzenati Espace aux illusions | Tiers lieu, pl Herbes 21 (13) |
| | 17h | Meeting Gilles Alonso Auto édition d'un livre photographique | Mairie, salon Malraux (1) |
| Thursday, August 22nd | 9h | Photo walk Fanny Jordà-Iniguez La garrigue dans tous ses états | Meet at St-Siffret village |
| | 17h | Conference Gilles Nicolet Côte Swahilie | Mairie, salon Malraux (1) |
| Friday, August 23rd | 11h | Exchange Dorothée Machabert Catharsis photographique | Mairie, salon Malraux (1) |
| | 17h | Walk Laurence Verrier Sur la piste de Géraldine | Tiers Lieu, pl. Herbes (15) |
| Saturday, August 24th | 11h | Projection Philippe Coste Au plus près des éléphants | Office Tourisme (8) |
| | 17h | Projection Thierry Vezon La nature en hiver | Mairie, salon Malraux (1) |
| | 18h30 | Film Jean-Noël Criton On the air | Mairie, salon Malraux (1) |
| | 19h30 | Award ceremony for the marathon photo and laureates photographers | Cour de la mairie (1) |
| | 20h | Closing party convivial concert and video "Short Instant" | Cour de la mairie (1) |
The access to the exhibitions and animations is free. To support us, a "cagnotte" or an association membership starting from 5 € will be available.
Pierre de Vallombreuse, invité d'honneur
Cette année, nous avons la chance recevoir le célèbre photographe ethnographe, Pierre de Vallombreuse. Il présentera sa série « La Vallée », animera un workshop de 3 jours et une conférence/projection pour présenter son travail qui rend hommage à la précieuse diversité du monde.
Pierre de Vallombreuse, né à Bayonne en 1962, ressent très tôt l'envie d'être un témoin de son temps au contact de Joseph Kessel, grand ami de ses parents.
Depuis 1986, ce photographe témoigne inlassablement de la vie des peuples autochtones sur les cinq continents. Il a constitué un fonds photographique unique sur 43 peuples, rendant ainsi hommage à la précieuse diversité du monde. Chaque peuple souligne la multiplicité des réponses aux conditions de vie imposées par la nature et l'histoire.
La lecture du livre « Triste tropiques » de Claude Lévi-Strauss éclaire sa trajectoire : comme l'anthropologue, Pierre de Vallombreuse nous fait découvrir la réalité complexe de leurs modes de vie et se bat pour le respect et la juste représentation de ces populations fragilisées, dont l'héritage nous est vital.
Son travail est un cri d'alarme. Il se structure autour de grands projets se déroulant sur plusieurs années: Peuples, Hommes Racines, Souveraines, Les Nomades Badjao, La Vallée. Leurs vocations est d'alerter le public sur le sort de ces peuples car loin de l'exotisme suranné primaire véhiculé autour d'eux, la réalité qu'il nous montre à travers la photographie est toute autre: celle d'un combat pour leur survie.
Ces populations sont souvent les premières victimes de génocides, de guerres, de racisme, de prédations économiques, de pénuries alimentaires, de désastres écologiques et de « l'intégration désintégrante » dont parle Edgar Morin. Autant de questions cruciales qui, loin d'être cantonnées à ces territoires plus ou moins reculées, concernent notre humanité.
« Pierre de Vallombreuse s'est engagé, utilisant le témoignage photographique, pour l'existence et la survie de tous les peuples victimes historiquement des États nationaux et dont les civilisations sont victimes de notre civilisation. Il s'est découvert dans sa propre humanité en découvrant leur humanité. Dans ce combat, s'est révélé également le sens de sa vie ».
Edgar Morin
Tout a commencé 1984, quand il rentre à l'École Nationale Supérieure des Arts Décoratifs de Paris avec l'idée de faire une carrière de dessinateur de presse. Mais un voyage à Bornéo l'année suivante va bouleverser le cours de sa vie. Il partage en effet son quotidien avec les Punans, derniers nomades de la jungle. D'artiste sédentaire, il décide de devenir un témoin nomade, et la photographie devient son mode d'expression.
Toujours étudiant aux Arts décoratifs de Paris, il passe de longs séjours répétés dans la jungle des Philippines avec les Palawans. Ce qui deviendra sa grande œuvre. Au total, il vivra avec eux plus de quatre ans.
Une première partie de son travail, sur les Palawans est présentée lors du prestigieux festival photographique « Les Rencontres Internationales de la Photographie d'Arles » en 1988. Les différentes étapes de ce travail seront ensuite exposées au Musée de L'Homme de Paris, à Visa pour l'image, au Musée Albert Kahn de Boulogne, au Musée National des Philippines et au Festival Photo de La Gacilly. Il a fait l'objet de 3 livres. D'autres sont programmés.
Il a été secrétaire général de l'Association Anthropologie et Photographie (université Paris VII) créée par Edgar Morin, Emmanuel Garrigues, et Jean Malaurie. Il a publié 11 livres et exposé son travail dans des festivals, musées, et des galeries. Il collabore régulièrement avec de grands magazines internationaux : Newsweek, El Mundo, El País, La Stampa, Le Monde, GEO, Camera International, etc
Pierrre de Vallombreuse a remporté le Prix International Planète Albert Kahn en 2017 (PIPAK).
Ce Prix avait auparavant été discerné à Raymond Depardon, Stanley Greene, Françoise Huguier ou Marc Riboud.
www.pierredevallombreuse.com
Cette exposition photographique unique fait découvrir de manière intime des personnages attachants et leur relation forte avec la nature majestueuse.
À travers ses clichés, Pierre de Vallombreuse montre aussi comment l’incursion du monde extérieur y est aujourd’hui vécue. Un témoignage qui symbolise en partie l’évolution de beaucoup de peuples autochtones aujourd’hui dans le monde...
Pierre de Vallombreuse a découvert la vallée des Palawan en 1987, il s’y est rendu à 17 reprises, vivant plus de quatre ans auprès d’eux. À la fin des années 1980, la vallée vivait repliée sur elle-même, en quasi autarcie. Dans les années 1990, la route fut percée le long de la côte, engendrant un fort afflux de migrants venus du reste de l’archipel philippin et bouleversant de fait l’environnement et le mode de vie des Palawan, communauté d’agriculteurs et chasseurs cueilleurs autrefois très isolée.
Pierre de Vallombreuse suit la vie d’une petite communauté de l’ethnie Palawan, au sud des Philippines depuis plus de 30 ans. Autrefois isolée, La Vallée et ses habitants, dont il parle la langue, ont vu le monde extérieur s’inviter dans leur vie créant de profonds bouleversements. La Vallée est aussi menacée par l’expansion anarchique des grandes plantations de palmiers à l’huile.
Pierre de Vallombreuse et le Musée National de Philippines ont monté un projet pour la sanctuarisation de la Vallée.
Workshop PHOTO
DIVERSITÉS
sous la conduite de
Pierre de Vallombreuse
du vendredi 16 au dimanche 18 août 2019 à Uzès
Un workshop accessible à tous
Conçu pour accompagner et soutenir la réalisation d’un projet personnel ce workshop s’adresse à tous professionnels soucieux de peaufiner vos acquis, amateurs avertis voulant approfondir votre pratique, étudiants désireux d’élargir vos horizons.
Un programme intensif et continu
Trois journées passionnantes et intenses en prises de vue et échanges pour rendre compte photographiquement de la diversité des éléments qui façonnent un territoire. Culturelle, environnementale, naturelle, sociologique, géologique, historique... L’occasion de s’interroger et d’appréhender la diversité.
Pas question d’un discours académique dispensé de maître à élève. Pas question non plus d’interventions furtives. Mais un riche échange
Le programme pédagogique s’articule autour de 3 axes fondamentaux :
Donner un élan décisif à votre talent, affiner la qualité de votre travail et enfin l’exposer.
Chaque participant construira, pendant ses 3 jours de stage, une série avec son style, sa sensibilité, ses interrogations, son ressenti, sa technique, aidé par de Pierre de Vallombreuse, qui consacre sa vie à témoigner de la condition des peuples autochtones à travers le monde.
Un dialogue s’établira alors entre les diverses approches photographiques du travail réalisé lors du stage. Toutes les approches photographiques seront encouragées en fonction de la personnalité du participant : reportages, carnets intimes, portraits, conceptuelle, noir et blanc, couleur, etc.
Lors des 3 jours de prise de vue, chaque participant se concentrera sur le sujet bien précis qu’il aura choisi (on peut toujours en changer si on bloque) et, chaque jour, lors des points collectifs réalisés sur l’avancée du travail sera affinée la démarche créatrice de chaque participant en toute simplicité en de manière collégiale pour que chacun, s’il le désire puisse partager et regarder le travail des autres.
Informations pratiques
- Nombre de participants maximum 10 personnes.
- Prix du workshop : 300 € / 3 jours
- Horaire : de 9h30 à 17h
- Se munir de :
- tout document (photos, portfolio) témoignant du niveau de pratique du stagiaire.
- Appareils de prise de vue numérique,
- au minimum 2 cartes mémoire,
- un ordinateur portable ou un espace de stockage de 8Go minimum compatible Mac OS.
Gilles Alonso
Entracte
Jean-Noël Criton
Silhouettes
Philippe Dollo
American wedding
Guillaume Estève
Face A / Face B
Yves Jourdan
NostalgieS
Gilles Mercier
L'élégance de vos absences
Marie Moroni
Ibaba
Laura Pezzenati
Boscovillaggio
Laurence Verrier
Les tribulations de Géraldine
Philippe Coste
A fleur de peau
Pierre de Vallombreuse
La Vallée
Pierre Duquoc
Les Minipéripéties
Fanny Jorda-Iniguez
dans l'intimité de ...
Dorothée Machabert
Bête is
Pierre Montant
Allers Retours
Gilles Nicolet
Six degrés sud
Eric Rumeau
Retour à l'équilibre
Thierry Vezon
Un conte d'hiver
Graphiste de formation, photographe amateur depuis l'adolescence et professionnel depuis 5 ans. Mes deux activités principales sont la photographie d'architecture et la photographie muséale.
Mes recherches personnelles sont axées autour du principe de la série documentaire, souvent typologique.
Je puis mon inspiration dans la photographie objective allemande, initiée par les époux Becher à Dusseldorf dans les années 30. Ils mettent en avant la nécessité d'un protocole de prise de vue rigoureux et toujours identique, afin d'établir des inventaires objectifs sur une typologie de bâtiment.
Objectivité subjective
La photographie documentaire prône l'effacement du photographe pour un témoignage neutre d'une réalité existante.
Mais l'acte de photographier n'est jamais totalement objectif, et c'est cet exercice d'objectivité subjective qui m'intéresse.
Série *Entracte*
Cette série a pour sujet les salles de spectacle avec l'envie de mettre en avant ces lieux. On s'y rend pour y voir un concert, une pièce de théâtre, un opéra etc... mais on ne prend pas toujours le temps d'admirer leur architecture.
En me plaçant au centre de la scène, j'ai pu réaliser des portraits de ces lieux en respectant toujours le même cadrage. Cet angle de vision identique permet ainsi de se concentrer sur le sujet, de voir leurs ressemblances mais aussi leurs différences.
Photographe autodidacte, curieux de nature, Philippe Coste est depuis toujours attiré par la différence quelle soit culturelle, linguistique, géographique, poétique ou culinaire. Il utilise la photographie comme un carnet de croquis, pour appréhender de nouveaux paysages, de nouveaux visages ou comme méthode d'investigation pour explorer certaines activités humaines qui le fascinent.
Sa pratique de la photographie l’a ainsi amené à découvrir le fleuve Maroni sur des pirogues de transport en Guyane, à partager la vie quotidienne des hommes et des éléphants sur des chantiers de débardage au fin fond des forêts laotiennes, à arpenter les hutong pékinois et les montagnes à thé du sud de la Chine et même, tout récemment, à chercher les secrets de la biodynamie chez un viticulteur dans le Gard !
J’utilise la photographie comme un carnet de croquis ou une méthode d’investigation.
Série A fleur de peau
Philippe Coste a vécu onze ans au Laos et a commencé à faire des photos d’éléphants dès son arrivée. C’est d’abord la relation de travail unissant des hommes et des éléphants qui a retenu son intérêt. Sa rencontre avec un mahout(*) et l’amitié qui s’est installée entre eux, lui ont permis d’aller quelques semaines par an photographier les activités de débardage dans les forêts de la province de Sayabouly.
Ces années passées à observer des éléphants lui ont permis une grande proximité avec ces animaux. Ce rapprochement physique l’a amené à tenir son objectif au plus près, à une distance de quelques centimètres seulement afin de laisser son regard se perdre dans les détails, les formes et les textures du plus grand des animaux terrestres. De ce voyage étrange et poétique, de cette intimité inhabituelle avec les éléphants sont nés d’incroyables paysages à fleur de peau à la sensualité surprenante.
(*) Mahout : synonyme de cornac, le mahout est la personne qui s’occupe et qui conduit un éléphant.
Après 3 années remarquées à L'école d'Arts Appliqués de POITIERS début 90, je décide de choisir la branche 'Architecture intérieure', tout en continuant l'illustration de Bandes dessinées et d'album jeunesse. (10 publications de 1999 et 2004, aux éditions 'Petit à Petit')
Formé à l'hyper-réalisme (aérographe) et au dessin architectural (encre de chine), je me dirige vers la photographie en 2013 lors d'un projet de clip en stop motion. Équipé d'un appareil professionnel, je passe 6 mois à réaliser des décors en papiers inspirés par l'architecture londonienne, dans mon studio Bagnolais, aidé par Elsa Huet, illustratrice.
Je réalise des décors en papiers inspirés par l'architecture londonienne.
Installation
Le visiteur sera invité à regarder par le trou d'une serrure, quelques images du film, intitulé ON THE AIR, présenté dans l'exposition comme une installation.
Série Silhouettes
Les photos présentées en mosaïques, sont des arrêts sur images d'un film d'animation. Tel un roman photo, elles représentent des « silhouettes » évoluant dans un environnement au réalisme poétique, rendu par l'utilisation du papier.
Les personnages qui évoluent dans ses paysages inspirés de Londres, sont comme des fantômes de l'époque rock des années 70.
On y retrouve parfois Lou Reed, Ian Curtis, Robert Smith, ou encore le chanteur de Bauhaus.
Né à Suresnes en 1965, Philippe Dollo a travaillé comme photographe free-lance pour la presse depuis 1990. En 1997 il s'installe à New York comme correspondant pour Opale, l'agence photo spécialisée en portraits d'écrivains. Son travail fait partie des collections permanentes de différents musées et institutions comme la Fondation Luma.
Il a enseigné pendant 4 ans la photographie à l'Institut Français de Prague. Son premier livre "L'Île Dollo" a été publié aux Éditions Leo Scheer en mars 2005. Il vit depuis juillet 2015 à Madrid avec sa famille et travaille sur les conséquences et les traces invisibles de la guerre civile de 1936 dans l'Espagne contemporaine.
La tension monte graduellement et le photographe français est devenu paparazzi italien
l'œil qui se glisse
"Philippe Dollo est l'œil qui se glisse et se faufile pour traquer ces brefs instants de complicité, de doute, d'embarassements, d'inquiétude ou de confrontation noyés dans l'enchaînement rapide d'une journée très particulière, ce passage unique dans l'histoire d'un couple, ce rassemblement d'êtres proches qui ne se reproduira plus"
Céline Curiol, écrivain
Série American wedding
Au pied de l'immeuble, la limousine attend de prendre la route vers l'église, la synagogue, le temple ou tout simplement vers le jardin d'un restaurant, un parc, une plage, ou le toit d'une tour à l'ombre de l'Empire State Building. Aux Etats-Unis, on peut se marier où l'on veut et New York offre de quoi s'adapter à tout fantasme. La préparation de la mariée est à chaque fois un moment intime d'une discrète sensualité. Même si la lumière est basse, je saisissais ma chance sans flash. Contre-jour, jeux de miroirs, mouvements de mains autour du visage immobile.
La tension monte graduellement. Elle atteindra son point culminant juste avant la cérémonie. Bien plus tard, après le cocktail, le dîner, les discours entre les plats et les derniers rituels, elle se libérera complètement sur la piste de danse.
Les flashes crépitent ; le photographe français est devenu paparazzi italien. Brutalement, l'orchestre annonce la dernière danse et les mariés réalisent soudain qu'ils n'ont pas vu passer la longue journée. Dans le claquement sec des chaises que l'on replie, je range les boîtiers et recompte mes films : une trentaine de rouleaux, surtout des noirs et blancs. Hormis le souvenir, c'est tout ce qu'il restera.
www.philippedollo.com
Photographe et artiste numérique autodidacte, j'ai toujours été attiré par le montage, le trucage, l'art de rendre réel ce qui ne l'est pas, d'ouvrir des fenêtres sur l'imaginaire.
Grace aux outils numériques, j'ai rapidement orienté mon travail vers le photo-montage, prémice de la série intitulée « Les Minipéripéties », exposée à plusieurs reprises et qui m'a valu une nomination au prix Arcimbolo 2011 organisé par l'association 'Gens d'image' et la fondation 'Swiss Life'.
Plusieurs expositions ont alors suivi, ainsi que la publication des « Minipéripéties » dans certaines revues spécialisées (Réponses Photo, Photo Magazine...).
Si j'oriente aujourd'hui mes travaux vers d'autres imaginaires, la série des « Minipéripéties » reste cependant toujours en constante évolution.
Relativiser
Mettre en scène, avec quelques transformations visuelles la situation originale, n'invitait pas implicitement à sourire aussi il fallait faire en sorte de relativiser ce capharnaüm en utilisant une écriture photographique humoristique jouant sur l'absurde.
Série Les Minipéripéties
Ces œuvres numériques de photomontage, se veulent comme des instantanés à l'humour absurde, reflétant souvent en filigrane des situations vécues.
A l'origine, une soirée désœuvrée d'un père récemment divorcé, anéanti par la pile de vaisselle qui s'amoncelle dans l'évier. L'appareil photo nest pas loin, et la tentation de délaisser la tâche ménagère pour le boîtier numérique est finalement la plus forte. Jouer avec les pixels se révèle alors être le seul moyen de concilier ces différences d'échelles, d'autoriser la mutation du personnage en lilliputien, et de permettre une narration hésitant entre un monde onirique, démesuré, parfois inquiétant, et un monde réel, aux contraintes amplifiées.
Ainsi, son appartement est devenu un cirque géant et absurde, son univers intime est devenu collectif, car au final, n'avez-vous pas vous aussi rêvé de laisser vaisselle sale et ménage aux soins d'un lutin ?
Ingénieur de formation, je décide de me consacrer pleinement à la photographie en 2010, en même temps que je romps avec la vie tourbillonnante de Paris pour m'installer à Uzès où je découvre une autre façon d'être au monde. Je suis autodidacte mais m'inscris dans une démarche de formation continue.
J'ouvre mon studio en plein cœur d'Uzès début 2017, dédié à la photographie de portrait. J'y développe la photographie dite « sociale », m'inscrivant dans l'écriture du patrimoine en image des familles qui viennent me voir. De l'individu au groupe, de la grossesse à la famille nombreuse, je me fais le témoin d'instants petits et grands de la vie de mes contemporains.
Enthousiaste, je ne me laisse enfermer par aucun courant, ce sont les rencontres qui me mènent ici ou là...
Prendre le temps
Dans la réalisation de mes portraits, je m'inscris à l'opposé de la tendance imposée par la généralisation des appareils photo numériques.
Je prends le temps de réaliser mes images, de soigner mes éclairages, inspiré par les grands maîtres de la peinture claire-obscurc.
Mettre en valeur mon sujet, quel qu'il soit, afin qu'il conserve une image qui vaille le coup d'être gardée.
Série Face A / Face B
La série présente des professionnels de la ville d'Uzès que l'on côtoie pour leur métier. Mais peut-on les limiter à ce qu'ils veulent bien nous présenter dans un cadre professionnel ?
Face A / Face B est une forme de révélateur, l'évocation d'un autre soi, réel ou fantasmé, un autre visage pour mieux cerner l'autre, notre prochain.
Maxime préférée « Un étranger est un ami que je ne connais pas encore » Catherine Doherty
www.guillaume-esteve-photographie.com
Un bac littéraire à Nîmes, des études d'histoire à Avignon. L'envie de partir faire des études pour être journaliste, mais l'impossibilité de partir.
D'un travail à l'autre, la photo est présente, toujours là... En 2008 changement de vie professionnelle, le début de la réflexion. Des rencontres, le soutien indispensable de certains, pour mener en 2010 à la création de FJI-Photographe, puis en 2015, l'Atelier s'ouvre à Saint-Siffret, en 2018, recevoir la qualification "Artisan d'Art".
La photographie c'est aussi nourrir ma curiosité et mon envie de comprendre « comment ça fonctionne »
Ce qui paraît anodin
Montrer un peu ou beaucoup, selon le besoin et l'envie. Ce qui paraît habituel ou anodin, peu esthétique voire inesthétique pour ceux qui le voient au quotidien,
Ces gestes faits et refaits 100 fois, qu'on observe ou qu'on imagine. Qu'on a vu peut-être, ou qu'on nous a racontés
Ces moments de vie qui ne demandent qu'à être racontés, ces souvenirs qui avaient juste besoin d'une image pour ressurgir, pour des moments de partage qui peuvent faire tant de bien.
Série dans l'intimité de...
Une série au long cours, l'opportunité de rentrer dans l'intimité de l'ordinaire qui semble parfois si naturel pour ceux qui le vivent, mais qui pour d'autres relève de l'extraordinaire.
Des gestes et des lieux qui semblent sortis d'un livre d'hier, et qui pourtant sont encore présents aujourd'hui et le seront demain. De ces instants de vie qui nous raccrochent à ce que nous sommes, d'où nous venons. Des mains posées sur une toile cirée usée, ces mains qui ont encore tant à dire à ceux qui savent écouter...
Maxime préférée « Rien ne s'est accompli dans le monde sans passion » Hegel
www.fji-photographe.com
Mes premiers contacts avec la photographie sont ceux, très classiques, de l'apprentissage des bases du développement et du tirage noir et blanc dans les clubs photos scolaires puis universitaires. Au-delà de cette dimension technique, c'est surtout la rencontre avec des photographies qui a peu à peu façonné mon regard et la façon dont je suis photographe.
Lorsque, à l'approche de mes 60 ans, je m'interroge sur cette relation à la photographie, j'ai le sentiment qu'elle a toujours été une compagne, même dans les périodes où j'ai pu donner l'impression de m'en éloigner.
Ce qui, me semble-t-il, caractérise le plus ma façon d'être photographe est justement cette dimension irrégulière, presque chaotique de ma production. Je ne suis pas un photographe hyperactif, toujours l'œil au viseur, photographiant beaucoup.
J'ai besoin de ressentir l'impulsion d'un projet, le moteur de l'élaboration d'une série.
La prise de vue devient alors une évidence et une nécessité !
Jouer avec le flou et le grain
La fête foraine, nous en avons tous des images.
J'essaie d'en proposer une vision atypique, inhabituelle en jouant avec le flou (celui du sténopé), le grain, des couleurs douces, des passants effacés.
Série NostalgieS
Nostalgie de la fête foraine, celle de quand j'étais enfant et que mes grands-parents m'offraient cette joie de la fête "votive"...
Nostalgie ensuite de ces moments magiques lorsqu'à mon tour j'ai accompagné mes enfants dans cette magie des manèges et autres attractions...
Nostalgie encore que ce choix technique qui me fait privilégier le film argentique et son grain, la prise de vue au sténopé...
J'espère permettre au spectateur de s'immerger dans cette sensation, comme j'ai pu le faire à la prise de vue, restant de long moments immobiles pendant que l'exposition se faisait, me laissant gagner, submerger par cette ambiance si particulière.
J'aime photographier l'humain. L'humain dans toutes ses facettes. Il y a souvent un rapport au corps dans mes photos. Ces images de corps, celui des autres, le mien, suggèrent une complicité et une proximité charnelle. Le rapport au corps évolue au fil de la vie, tantôt innocence, tantôt sensualité, tantôt douleur...
Avec des cadrages serrés, mettant en valeur taches de rousseur, pores de la peau et autres poils loin des images lissées des portraits publicitaires, je souhaite entrer dans l'intimité de la personne photographiée. Pour moi cette intimité ne s'arrête pas à cette promiscuité entre le spectateur et la personne photographiée, j'essaye de m'approcher de l'inconscient des personnes dont je sais le portrait.
Peurs et désirs refoulés,
acceptation de soi,
rapport au corps et à la nature
sont des thèmes qui me sont chers.
Unir la bête à son avatar
La photographie permet de respecter l'imaginaire de chacun et de mettre en valeur les questionnements et les narrations qui peuvent naître de l'observation de cette série d'images afin que chacun puisse faire du lien qui unit la bête à son avatar humain sa propre projection.
Série Bête is
Il était une fois... Il était une fois une grenouille qui se rêvait prince charmant ; il était une fois un papillon qui s'imaginait princesse dans sa chrysalide, il était une fois un oiseau, un de ceux dont Prévert voulait faire le portrait...
Produits par l'inconscient collectif, les contes sont des histoires qui se transmettent oralement et sont constamment réactualisées. Les images mentales produites par ces récits populaires ne peuvent pas être figées, c'est la nature même de ces œuvres. Les contes sont souvent des récits initiatiques où l'on suit l'évolution d'un personnage qui va, métaphoriquement au non, se transformer.
Cette série photographique met en exergue ce rapport entre le corps et son vecteur animal, qui va permettre à l'âme, mise à nu, de la personne photographiée, de s'extirper de sa chrysalide et de s'élever.
Maxime préférée "Plus tard il sera trop tard, notre vie c'est maintenant" Prévert
www.dorotheemachabert.fr
Autodidacte, Gilles Mercier s'installe à Paris en 1997 afin de parfaire ses connaissances techniques et artistiques. Suite à différents travaux documentaires avec l'agence EXPLORER, il décide de s'investir pleinement dans le champs de l'action sociale en France.
En 2017, après son retour de Roumanie où il finalise le documentaire ZONA DE ALB, il décide de réinvestir pleinement le médium photographique. Le projet « L'élegance de vos absences » (EVA), répond pleinement à la thématique qui lui est chère, celle d'une démarche mémorielle des communautés silencieuses.
Une approche pluridisciplinaire où chaque médium contribue à interpeller nos sens et nourrit l'imaginaire sans altérer la réalité contextuelle de son travail documentaire.
Les oubliés de la mémoire
Gilles a récemment découvert l'incroyable itinéraire du Capitaine Pierre Roger MERCIER, son grand-père officier et résistant, assassiné le 02 septembre 1944 au château d'Hartheim en Autriche.
Par un documentaire photographique transmédia traité en 5 volets, il a décidé de rendre hommage à l'engagement des oubliés de la mémoire, aux enfants de la tourmente, ainsi qu'à toutes les familles victimes de crimes contre l'humanité.
Ce travail documentaire se veut une vocation à caractère social, culturel et éducatif de façon intergénérationnelle prônant les valeurs de l'engagement civique en témoignant du passé pour être acteur du présent.
Série L'élegance de vos absences
Le premier opus « De meilleurs lendemains » se déroule à Compiègne Royallieu, camp au sein duquel son grand-père fut prisonnier du 21 mars au 06 avril 1944 avant son départ en déportation pour Mauthausen.
Les 17 correspondances écrites par Pierre à sa soeur Madeleine afin de partager ses préoccupations et ses besoins lui serviront de fil rouge et l'accompagnent pendant cette immersion. Le travail en très basse lumière, à la limite de la sous exposition, tend à retrancrire le quotidien oppressant qu'a pu connaître Pierre et l'ensemble des prisonniers. En sondant la mémoire des lieux, il s'en dégage néanmoins une ambivalence car le camp de Compiègne Royallieu fut également perçu comme une halte de repos.
« C'est la vie de camps, mais avec plus de liberté et des promenades toute la journée ; cela change des 4 murs. J'espère me retaper assez vite avec la nourriture et le grand air. J'espère ne plus revoir la Guerre. »
Pierre Mercier, 26/03/1943
Pratiquée en velléitaire dans ma jeunesse, au collège d'abord, puis comme un loisir, j'abandonne la photo pendant environ 25 ans pour d'autres activités. Je rachète vers 2008 un compact de supermarché, très simple, suivi d'un reflex numérique.
La photographie, me suis-je rendu compte, était une occasion de résister à la morosité des jours, de sublimer des pulsions agressives qu'une promiscuité quotidienne indéfiniment recommencée, en ville, suscite souvent. Il me fallait un moyen de m'abstraire de ce monde bruyant et frénétique pour parvenir à une sorte d'équilibre, en plus, ou en-dehors de mon travail.
Photographier est un sport optimiste, selon David Gibson.
Se sentir vivant
La photo me permet d'entretenir ce rapport et cette distance nécessaire au monde, mais aussi un lien esthétique assez joyeux, au réel.
Série Allers Retours
Surmonter le trac dû au confinement des rames et des rues est un sport en soi, assez ludique. Documenter ma vie, m'intéresser à des inconnus, malgré ou plutôt en raison d'une époque assez sombre, entre pollution généralisée, replis sur soi, injustices sociales et disparition progressive du vivant, me permet de me tenir à distance d'un contexte au global assez peu réjouissant.
Photographier dans les transports est de plus assez plaisant pour son côté un peu transgressif : il faut oser. Fasciné de longue date par l'approche documentaire des photographes de presse, c'est d'eux directement que je trouve une inspiration. Cette série s'appuie sur mes modèles en la matière.
Maxime préférée « Le vrai mystère du monde est le visible, non l'invisible. » Oscar Wilde
www.pierremontant.fr
Scénographe et plasticienne de métier depuis plus de 15 ans, j'ai toujours travaillé autour de l'image. En 2015, j'ai décidé de me consacrer pleinement au médium photographique.
Je me forme auprès de photographes tel que Claudine Doury, Isabelle Muñoz... Suite à mes voyages au Rwanda, en 2015 et 2016 le portrait s'est imposé à moi.
J'élaboré mes séries photographiques comme un travail d'auteur sous fond de documentaire. J'ai une approche intime à mes sujets restant très attachée aux histoires humaines.
" Lorsque je brode, seuls le présent et l'avenir m'importent "
Donatha
En parallèle à ce travail de portrait, je souhaitais réaliser avec elles un travail autour de la broderie et du témoignage.
Une manière de les découvrir par le fil, le fil de leurs histoires.
Je désirais qu'elles brodent au centre de la toile, leurs prénoms, pour leur donner une identité, comme nos grand-mères brodaient leurs trousseaux à une époque, mais aussi une broderie qui parle d'elles.
J'ai recueilli le témoignage de chacune d'elles autour d'une même question : "Si vous deviez broder pour vous, que souhaiteriez-vous réaliser ?" Cette question, elles ne se l'étaient bien évidemment jamais posée. Elles brodent pour vivre, pour scolariser leurs enfants.
Série Ibaba
Qui sont ces femmes ?
Je ne connais que très peu d'elles, seulement leur histoire commune, celle du Rwanda. Je les ai rencontrées dans un petit village au milieu des collines au nord de Kigali, dans l'atelier de broderie où elles se sont remises au travail après 19 ans d'interruption suite au génocide. Ma série IBABA y est née ... une rencontre intime et muette. J'ai été touchée par ce qu'elles ont accepté de me laisser entrevoir, à moi l'étrangère qui ne parle pas leur langue. Elles et moi nous nous observons.
Maxime préférée 'La netteté est un concept bourgeois' Henri Cartier Bresson
Agronome de formation, Gilles Nicolet a exercé en Somalie et en Afrique de l'Ouest avant de s'engager dans sa double passion des voyages et de la photographie.
Très vite reconnu, il réalise de nombreux reportages pour des magazines de renom tels que Geo, le Sunday Times, Paris-Match ou le National Geographic. Suite à un incident professionnel, il arrête complètement la photographie il y a dix ans pour s'établir dans certaines des plus grandes réserves animalières de Tanzanie.
Gilles Nicolet a reçu plusieurs prix pour son travail, dont le Fuji Award et un World Press Photo Award. Son dernier travail sur la Côte Swahilie a été récompensé par de nombreux prix et signe son retour à la photographie.
Les menaces qui pèsent sur ces populations et sur leurs savoirs-faire me font donc envisager ce travail photographique comme un véritable travail de mémoire.
Aborder la côte du songe
"Avec ses piqués magnifiques et ses expositions nuancées, en se privant de la couleur, Gilles Nicolet nous donne à voir l'aveuglante lumière des contrées qu'il parcourt. Avec la netteté des songes les plus précis, il nous laisse traverser avec lui le rêve swahili, nous le rend proche et tangible, sans qu'il perde pour autant de son mystère: l'étourdissement des mystiques alliés à la clairvoyance des poètes."
Mathias Énard
Série Six degrés sud
Six degrés sud, c'est la latitude de l'archipel de Zanzibar et le centre géographique exact de la Côte Swahilie. Le travail présenté ici s'intéresse au devenir de ces communautés côtières d'Afrique de l'Est, dont l'avenir semble aujourd'hui compromis.
En effet on constate partout dans cette région un effondrement dramatique des stocks de poissons, ainsi que des modifications du milieu dues au changement climatique. De méthodes de pêche traditionnelles qui avaient un impact limité sur l'environnement, on est passé, en moins de vingt ans, à une pêche industrielle pratiquée par des flottilles de navires-usines étrangers. La pêche à la dynamite fait également des ravages, détruisant sans discrimination poissons et récifs coralliens. Et de grands projets énergétiques ou industriels, tels la construction d'un barrage hydroélectrique en amont du détroit de la Rufigi ou la construction de gigantesques terminaux portuaires au Kenya et en Tanzanie, menacent cette côte autrefois si riche.
Passionnée de photographie dès l'enfance, je me forme d'abord comme autodidacte. Depuis 2011, j'ai suivi des ateliers avec Laure Vasconi, Pierre de Vallombreuse et Giulio Di Meo. Après la rencontre avec ce dernier, j'aborde la photographie sociale et le reportage, qui sont devenus mon principal intérêt.
Depuis 2014, je collabore avec une association italienne de photojournalisme indépendante (www.witnessjournal.com) en tant que rédactrice pour le magazine online, organisatrice d'expo et enseignante pour des ateliers adressés à personnes en difficulté sociale. En 2019 je rejoins l'association "Parole de Photographe" à Paris, en tant qu'animateur d'ateliers de photographie pour enfants et adolescents.
La photographie devient un moyen de rencontre et de connaissance, une manière d'approcher et d'approfondir la réalité et de la raconter ensuite avec des images.
Faire confiance
"La nature nous apprend le risque de vivre. Choisir de faire grandir des enfants en plein air, veut dire apprendre à leur faire confiance. Ce qui est une véritable façon de croire à leurs capacités et, à la fois, de connaître l'équilibre qu'il faut avoir entre la responsabilité et les difficultés auxquelles ils peuvent faire face: notamment pour grandir il faut être entourés d'attention, mais pas de préoccupation."
(AA.VV "Agrinidi, agriasili e Asilinel bosco" ed. TerraNuova)
Série Boscovillaggio - grandir en plein air
À 100 km de Milan, dans la campagne du nord de l'Italie, un groupe de familles a fait une choix d'une vie différente, au-delà de la dynamique chaotique et aliénante de la grande ville, dans le but de retrouver la simplicité et le contact avec les rythmes de la nature. Dans ce contexte, il arrive assez vite et spontanément l'envie de créer une petite école maternelle, dans le but d'offrir aux enfants l'expérience de grandir en connexion avec la nature et, à la fois, faire face à la carence des offres éducatives du lieu.
Ce désir partagé donne origine à Boscovillaggio. Dans un petit hameau; sur les collines, une vieille étable offre un simple et chaud abri, mais la vraie 'salle de classe' est bien dehors: des grandes forêts et pelouses où, autant en hiver qu'en été, sous la pluie ou avec le soleil, les enfants du Boscovillaggio passent la plupart de la journée.
La nature nous apprend à apprécier la beauté, à la découvrir et savoir la retrouver partout: on se réjouit d'une rencontre avec un petit escargot ou tout simplement d'un caillou qui brille au soleil.
Né à Sète, je vis et travaille à Toulouse. Je découvre la photographie à l'âge de 16 ans. Influencé par les photographes humanistes, mes images dévoilent alors la vie quotidienne. À 23 ans, je fais le choix difficile de continuer ma carrière d'ingénieur. Après une très longue période d'inactivité photographique, le besoin de revenir vers l'image me semble une évidence. Assumant enfin ma vocation, je débute une reconversion professionnelle en 2016.
Mes séries « Refuge de l'ombre », « Retour à l'équilibre » et « Les yeux fermés » sont projetées en 2017 et 2018 au festival Manifiesto de Toulouse. En avril 2019, la série « Refuge de l'ombre » est exposée au festival l'Emoi Photographique d'Angoulême.
Le réel est toujours présent dans mes fictions, je ne parviens pas à m'en détacher.
Une démarche engagée
Afin d'illustrer ces nouveaux modes de vie, je suis parti dans ces écohameaux voir si ce modèle de décroissance n'était pas moins caricatural et plus désirable qu'on l'imagine souvent. En dérogeant aux codes du documentaire, j'ai souhaité m'inscrire dans une démarche engagée afin d'éveiller un imaginaire positif sur une alternative de vie en devenir.
Série Retour à l'équilibre
Inégalités croissantes, réchauffement climatique, repli sur soi, le monde traverse une crise existentielle. Déjà certains vivent, produisent et partagent autrement. Ces initiatives dispersées préfigurent une société en transition, qui repose sur la gouvernance des biens « communs », c'est-à-dire les ressources naturelles ou l'éducation par l'exemple. Leur projet est porteur de sens et de lien social parce qu'il a une dimension collective et positive, il ressuscite cette « envie de demain » fondamentale pour l'équilibre de toute société.
La série est donc un enchaînement de « scènes tableaux » dans lesquelles le décor raconte autant que les personnages. À partir d'un environnement existant et d'un scénario légèrement décalé, j'ai invité les habitants à évoluer de façon spontanée à l'intérieur de ce cadre. La lumière naturelle renforce le réalisme. Le hasard des situations détermine l'image finale. Mise en scène au départ, le naturel se retrouve dans l'artifice : la vie devient cinéma.
Durant mes études aux Beaux-Arts de Tourcoing, j'ai pris conscience que mon sujet de prédilection était la relation, l'humain avec lui-même et avec son environnement. La photographie m'apparut alors comme l'outil le plus approprié pour cette exploration.
Je ne cesse de m'étonner de cette faculté de résilience, ce pouvoir que chaque être de transcender son histoire, à travers l'expression et la mise en forme de celle-ci. Je suis d'ailleurs venue à accompagner les femmes dans cette démarche d'exploration d'elles-mêmes, en m'appuyant notamment sur le processus photographique.
Je me sens tout à la fois photographe, scénographe, thérapeute.
Le miracle de la rencontre
Dans le processus photographique que je mets en œuvre, j'invite mes complices / modèles dans un espace donné, chacune vient avec son histoire, une rencontre a lieu, une expérience unique se vit. Je veille à mettre en place les conditions optimales pour que ce miracle de la rencontre avec soi ait lieu.
J'explore plus particulièrement la psyché féminine; il y a dans ma démarche un questionnement sur ce qui conditionne, entrave, ou au contraire libère les femmes. Une volonté d'explorer, avec mes complices de création, les chemins vers cette libération, ce réveil de la 'femme sauvage', instinctive, à l'écoute de ses besoins, et qui cherche sa propre forme d'expression. Qui se heurte aux obstacles intérieurs ou extérieurs, qui butte, tombe, se relève.
Série Les tribulations de Géraldine, voyageuse ordinaire d'entre les mondes
Ce projet est né de ma rencontre avec Géraldine Berger, comédienne et danseuse. Je lui propose des minis-scénarios, mettant en scène cette femme étrange, qui se cherche, à qui la vie ne fait pas vraiment de cadeau... L'histoire de cette femme se décline série après série, toujours à mi-chemin entre la réalité et un monde intérieur onirique et sauvage.
Pour chaque série, il y a un fil conducteur, mais une grande part est laissée à la créativité de Géraldine, performeuse hors-pair. A travers ces mises en scène et ces performances photographiées, ce sont les femmes dans leurs tribulations quotidiennes qui sont évoquées.
C'est un hommage à leur capacité à vivre deux réalités dans le même temps, à contacter l'extraordinaire dans l'ordinaire. C'est une enquête menée sur elles-mêmes par une photographe et une comédienne associées.
« J'aime les gens félés parce qu'on peut voir la lumière à travers »
Photographe autodidacte indépendant, résidant dans le Gard, Thierry Vezon se consacre à la photo de nature depuis 2004. Même s'il affectionne beaucoup voyager, en particulier dans le Grand Nord, ses lieux de prédilection sont situés dans le sud de la France : le Languedoc, la Provence, la Camargue, les Cévennes.
De 2008 à 2019, il a publié plusieurs ouvrages : Vautours en Baronnies (Editions Hesse), Camargue Sauvage (Biotope), Gard Sauvage (Editions du Cogard), Chevaux de Camargue (Editions Alcide), Cévennes nature (Editions Alcide), Alchimie (Editions Hesse) Cévennes lumières (Editions Alcide), Camargue entre ciel et terre (Editions Alcide), Un conte d'hiver (Editions Hesse).
Je peux rester de très longues heures à l'affût, toujours dans le respect de la nature.
Un vrai bonheur pour les rêveurs...
« Depuis 2007, Thierry Vezon est allé à la rencontre de paysages singuliers au Japon, au Spitzberg, en Islande, en Italie mais aussi chez lui, dans le Sud Est de la France.
Comme dans une symphonie, on se laisse emporter dans des images abstraites qui soudain se peuplent d'un vol d'oiseaux ou deviennent l'instant d'une parade d'un couple de sternes arctiques, d'un réalisme étonnant.
C'est que les animaux sauvages, canards, macaques, grues du Japon, flamants, chevaux rendent la vie à ces splendeurs glacées. Un vrai bonheur pour les rêveurs et les amoureux de nature »
D.Boone (JNE) Danièle Boone, journaliste
Série Un conte d'hiver
De l'Islande au Spitzberg, des Cévennes au Japon, de la Camargue aux Alpes : les photographies présentées pour l'exposition « Un conte d'hiver » ont été prises dans des conditions hivernales souvent difficiles.
Animaux sauvages: chevaux de Przewalski sur le Causse Méjean, cygnes chanteurs, renards, macaques, grues du Japon sur l'île d'Hokkaido, sternes arctiques, flamants roses sous la neige en Camargue. Mais aussi icebergs, paysages, ambiances glacées : les photographies témoignent en beauté de ces merveilleux écosystèmes hivernaux.
Bien plus qu’un simple accrochage, le festival propose un riche programme d’animations en résonance avec le travail de chaque photographe afin de permettre au public de rencontrer les artistes et d’avoir une approche dynamique et personnalisée de leurs pratiques photographiques.
Toutes ces rencontres sont libres.
Pour nous soutenir l’adhésion à l’association (5 €) et une cagnotte seront à disposition.
Samedi 17 août
10h Ouverture des expositions -> tous les espaces
12h Cocktail d’inauguration festif dans la cour de la mairie
* Apéritif de bienvenue en présence de tous les photographes du festival offert par La Cave d’Uzès et La Fougasse d’Uzès
* Musique live avec Pascal et Elise Bernard duo chanteuse guitariste, père et fille,
* Présentation des auteurs-photographes et animation photographique.
-> cour de la mairie (!)
15h projection-échange Pierre Montant Recto verso : photographe et vidéaste
Présentation d’une série vidéo, née avec l’envie de montrer le travail de photographes de rue contemporains, souvent présents sur la toile. Pierre a réalisé un portrait personnel de cette photographie urbaine, à travers ceux de quelques photographes qu’il apprécie. La projection sera suivie d’un temps d’échange.
-> mairie, salon Malraux (!)
17h conférence-projection Le mystère du choix des images animée en duo par Marie Moroni et Ph. Dollo
A travers un échange ‘mano à mano’ photographique, Marie Moroni et Philippe Dollo vous emmènent dans le ‘hors champ’ de leurs expositions tout en questionnant le travail de l’autre avant de proposer, avec l’aide du public, une nouvelle sélection.
-> mairie, salon Malraux (!)
21h projection-conférence Pierre de Vallombreuse La Vallée
Notre invité d’honneur nous propose une rétrospective de son travail au cours de 30 années de partage régulier de la vie d’une petite communauté de l’ethnie Palawan, au sud des Philippines. Autrefois isolée, La Vallée et ses habitants ont vu le monde extérieur s’infiltrer dans leur vie créant de profonds bouleversements.
Depuis 1986, ce photographe témoigne inlassablement de la vie des peuples autochtones sur les cinq continents. Il a constitué un fonds photographique unique sur 43 peuples, rendant ainsi hommage à la précieuse diversité du monde.
Il nous fait découvrir la réalité complexe de leurs modes de vie et se bat pour le respect et la juste représentation de ces populations fragilisées, dont l’héritage nous est vital.
Signature de ses plus beaux ouvrages.
-> cour de la mairie (!)
10h **Tournée des expositions** Parcours guidé
Déambuler ensemble le long du parcours des espaces d'exposition au cœur de la ville accompagnés par les photographes du festival qui vous présenteront, tour à tour, leur travail.
-> départ cour de la mairie (I)
15h **documentaire Gilles Mercier** L'élégance de vos absences, une démarche mémorielle pluridisciplinaire.
Présentation d'une démarche de co-création avec des auteurs associés, le fil rouge étant ses archives familiales relatives à son grand-père, officier et résistant. Un film photographique prolonge ce documentaire et accompagne les correspondances de Pierre, riche d'enthousiasme et d'humanité, prisonnier au camp de Compiègne jusqu'en 1944.
-> mairie, salon Malraux (I)
17h **conférence-projection Philippe Dollo** NEW-YORK la cité fragile, 1996-2008
Après un rappel des grandes photographies et des films qui ont façonné le mythe de la Big Apple, laissez-vous entraîner dans une errance visuelle intime et secrète au cœur de la ville préférée des photographes de rue. Juste pour le plaisir des yeux et des oreilles...
-> mairie, salon Malraux (I)
---
**Lundi 19 août**
Journée mondiale de la photographie
10-11h **Marathon photo**
2 départs : 10h et 11h - 2 thématiques différentes - 2 prix par session
L'exercice consiste à rendre 2 photos maximum sur un thème donné au moment du départ, dans un temps délimité. Objectifs : être sélectif, réactif, imaginatif et aiguiser son regard avec un maximum de qualité, bien entendu ! A vos marques, prêts ?
Le public peut participer librement aux 2 sessions ou à une seule.
Inscription souhaitée - participation: 10 € --> Cadeaux photographiques à gagner !
-> rdv cour de la mairie (I) 1/4 h avant le départ
15h30 **atelier Eric Rumeau** Apprendre à lire une image (destiné au jeune public)
Les images sont partout et ont toutes quelque chose à nous dire.
A travers le jeu, cet atelier propose d'initier les enfants à la lecture et la compréhension des images : observer, décrire et exprimer ce que l'on ressent.
-> Tiers lieu 21, place aux Herbes 21 (I4)
17h30 **rencontre Yves Jourdan** Un photographe, un sujet et 3 ambiances différentes !
Oublions la technique l'espace d'un instant ; laissons-nous guider par l'une de ces trois ambiances et partageons nos souvenirs, nos émotions liées à la fête foraine.
Et si vous veniez avec vos propres images de fête foraine ?..
-> mairie, salon Malraux (I)
21-23h **projection Nuit de la Photographie** Bal d'images
Pour célébrer la journée mondiale de la photographie, quoi de plus magique que des images projetées en grand format...
Immersion dans les images des séries exposées au festival.
Projection simultanée sur 3 grands écrans / musique live / boissons fraîches
-> cour de l'Hôtel des Consuls, 25 rue Dr Blanchard (I7)
Mardi 20 août
10h30 rencontre Pierre Duquoc L’envers du décor des Minipéripéties
Il paraît que les magiciens ne dévoilent jamais leurs secrets... L’exception confirmant la règle, rencontrons nous autour des photomontages de la série des Minipéripéties et Pierre vous divulguera quelques aspects des coulisses de leur création.
-> mairie, salon Malraux (I)
16h prise de vue Guillaume Estève Studio photo “Face B”
Voulez-vous vous prendre au jeu en continuant la série présentée par Guillaume ?
Vous montrer côté passion ? Rendez-vous au studio – uniquement sur réservation
-> Labo, rue de la République 17 (12)
18h conférence-projection Marie Moroni Mzungu (*)
L’atelier de broderie des femmes de la série Ibabà se situe dans le petit village de Rutongo, au nord de Kigali au Rwanda. La vie de Rutongo est rythmée par les enfants qui arrivent et sortent de l’école, jouent dans la rue, se réunissent sur un terrain de foot. C’est cette jeunesse née après ’94 et la vie autour de l’atelier que je vais présenter.
(*) Mzungu, signifie la blanche, l’étrangère, c’est le terme employé par les enfants pour m’appeler.
-> chapelle de la Médiathèque, rue Port Royal (15)
Mercredi 21 août
10h atelier Laura Pezzenati Espace aux illusions (enfants 6-10 ans)
Grand ou petit? Loin ou proche? En jouant avec la perspective, les volumes et la profondeur, nous allons créer des images illusoires et des histoires fantastiques.
Merci de fournir aux enfants un appareil photo et une clé USB. Limité à 8 participants (prévoir 2h)
-> Tiers lieu 21, place aux Herbes 21 (14)
17h atelier-rencontre Gilles Alonso Auto-édition d’un livre photographique
Quand on est photographes, on a envie de montrer son travail. Pour ça il y a les expositions, les sites internet mais aussi les livres. Petit retour d’expérience personnel sur son projet de livre auto-édité, de la conception à l’impression et la distribution.
-> mairie, salon Malraux (I)
Jeudi 22 août
09h sortie photo Fanny Jorda-Iniguez La garrigue dans tous ses états!
Venez poser votre œil sur cette garrigue qui nous entoure, pour en saisir les couleurs et les matières. Chacun à son rythme et selon sa vision. Réservation recommandée.
-> rdv au village de St-Siffret devant l’atelier de Fanny (Espace Briargues, Impasse des Lauriers Roses)
17h conférence-projection Gilles Nicolet Côte Swahilie, une entité géographique, historique et culturelle unique
Les premiers voyages de Gilles sur la Côte Swahilie remontent à plus de 35 ans, et jamais sa passion pour cette région ne s’est démentie. A travers cette présentation il souhaite vous faire découvrir cette région exceptionnelle et aborder avec vous les défis auxquels elle est aujourd’hui confrontée par les effets conjugués de la surpêche, de l’explosion démographique et de la mondialisation.
-> mairie, salon Malraux (I)
Vendredi 23 août
11h échange Dorothée Machabert Catharsis photographique
Si la photographie est l’art d’écrire avec la lumière, une photographie est aussi composée de contrastes et d’ombres. Lumières, contrastes, ombres que l’on retrouve en chacun de soi. Dorothée vous propose de discuter ensemble de l’usage de la photographie comme exutoire possible de nos émotions.
-> mairie, salon Malraux (I)
17h déambulation poétique Laurence Verrier Sur la piste de Géraldine
Déambulation poétique et ludique, sur la piste de Géraldine, ce personnage protéiforme et burlesque, qui se heurte à la vie avec beaucoup d’élégance et de conviction. Vous croiserez aussi le chemin d’une certaine Gabrielle, et de quelques créatures étranges, mi-femmes, mi-animaux. Laissez-vous surprendre !
-> Tiers lieu 21, place aux Herbes 21 (I5)
Samedi 24 août
11h conférence-projection Philippe Coste Au plus près des éléphants
Ayant vécu au Laos durant plusieurs années, Philippe vous invite à venir partager son expérience des éléphants dans la vie villageoise laotienne et à discuter des conditions de vie actuelles des éléphants en Asie.
-> salle de projection de l’Office de Tourisme, place Albert Ier (B)
17h conférence-projection Thierry Vezon La nature en hiver
Depuis 2007, Thierry est allé à la rencontre de paysages singuliers au Japon, au U.S.A, en Islande mais aussi, chez lui, dans le sud-est de la France. Laissez-vous emporter par ses plus belles images de nature – dont plusieurs inédites seront présentées.
-> mairie, salon Malraux (I)
18h30 film Jean-Noël Criton On the air … sur les ondes
Film d’animation de 20 mn créé à partir de l’univers musical du groupe “Printers”. Une silhouette inspirée de Ian Curtis revient à Londres après un long voyage. Il cherche son associé pour revenir sur scène. Miss Melody, telle une bonne fée les propulsera sur les ondes et vers le succès. Décors en papier photographiés image par image réalisé avec Elsa Huet.
-> mairie, salon Malraux (I)
19h30 Remise des prix du marathon photo et aux photographes lauréats
prix offerts par nos partenaires : la S.A.I.F., Profoto, La Place des Photographes, Studio Jiminy, la Maison du Patrimoine et le Républicain d’Uzès.
-> cour de la mairie (I)
20h Soirée de clôture rencontre conviviale
Pour cette dernière soirée du festival, venez partager avec les photographes et l’équipe un apéritif offert par AOP Le Duché d’Uzès.
Un temps de rencontre convivial où la musique sera de la partie avec ‘Short instant’ rock indé aux accents coldwave (au chapeau) sur les images de J.N.Criton
-> cour de la mairie (I)
Qui sont Les Azimutés d’Uzès ?
Notre association a pour but de promouvoir et valoriser les créations de photographes de l’Uzège, du Gard et de leurs invités.
Favoriser les échanges et la rencontre entre eux et avec le public.
Organiser des événements culturels selon des valeurs de coopération, de respect, de partage et d’ouverture.
‘Les Azimutés d’Uzès’ c’est une association d’artistes de photographes mais aussi de personnes motivées dans la réalisation d’évènements liés à l’art. Elle réunit parmi ses membres des regards aux goûts éclectiques qui ont pour point commun d’appartenir à la région d’Uzès et ses alentours. De ces rencontres naît le festival de la photographie et d’autres actions de rencontre en cours d’année.
Nos actions se développent autant que le nombre et l’investissement de nos membres.
Nous organisons également des expositions collectives durant l’année, des actions photographiques dans les quartiers prioritaires et bientôt des rencontres thématiques.
Contact
association Les Azimutés d’Uzès
coordinatrice : Gisèle Soltys
tel: 06 267 383 12
e-mail : email@example.com
web: www.lesazimutesduzes.com
Un grand MERCI à nos partenaires
Corridor Elephant
PHOTOGRAPHIE CONTEMPORAINE & MORE
www.corridorelephant.com
compétence Photo
La Place
DES PHOTOGRAPHES
Profoto
LA CAVE D'UZÈS
lacaveduzes.com
la Tougasse d'Uzès
tous les jours curieux
STUDIO JIMINY
ARTISTES D'OCCITANIE
AIRELLE INTERIM
Terroirs
21 TIERS LIEU
SUPER ÉCOLE FOR ENTREPRENEURS
la grange
Appart • gîte • studio à louer
UZÈS > dir. St-Ambroix
weldom
ensemble, c'est mieux
Bricolage • Déco • Jardin
extra
ÉLECTROMENAGER • IMAGE • SON
MONTAREN
Le Républicain
d'Uzès et du Gard
Un journal édité et imprimé par le groupe Recommo
AZ Façades
PAA
Le Carola
comptoir du 7
Librairie SODE
DUCHÉ D'UZÈS
VIGNOBLE DE LA VALLÉE DU RHÔNE
Muteo
la Santé Communale
LE MAS DES OULES
MAISONS - RÉCEPTIONS - SEMINAIRE
france bleu gard lozère
la saif
CP
la culture avec la copie privée
OFFICE CULTURE DES
LE GARD
DÉPARTEMENT
www.gard.fr
UZÈS
Un grand merci à Mr Chapon, maire d'Uzès, à l'équipe technique de la ville ainsi qu'à tous les bénévoles de l'association !
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Las empresas pesqueras propietarias de los buques deben mostrar mayor transparencia y responsabilidad
Una mejor regulación puede reducir las actividades ilegales en el mar
Información general
La industria pesquera comercial genera $141,000 millones al año, pero rastrear dónde y con quién terminan las ganancias es casi imposible debido a las estructuras corporativas poco claras que emplean muchas empresas pesqueras de gran escala.\(^1\) Además, la sobrepesca y la pesca ilegal, no declarada y no reglamentada (INDNR) son amenazas importantes para la salud de las pesquerías en todo el mundo, y la pesca INDNR tiene un costo anual de hasta $36,400 millones para la economía mundial.\(^2\) Pero las personas y las empresas que fomentan las actividades ilícitas y participan en comportamientos ilegales a menudo están ocultas tras esquemas corporativos y de propiedad igualmente intrincados.
Al final de estas confusas cadenas de propiedad se encuentra el “propietario beneficiario final” (UBO, ultimate beneficial owner, por sus siglas en inglés): la persona o personas que más se benefician de las operaciones de un buque. Pero el UBO no siempre es el propietario registrado de un buque y puede ser difícil de identificar porque no existen normas o requisitos internacionales que garanticen una plena transparencia. Esto resulta especialmente cierto para los buques que pescan en áreas más allá de la jurisdicción nacional de su país de origen, lo cual es cada vez más común a medida que la creciente presión sobre las poblaciones de peces lleva a muchos buques pesqueros, tanto de empresas grandes como pequeñas, a adentrarse en aguas más allá de su jurisdicción nacional para obtener capturas y ganancias.
En estas áreas de altamar, la supervisión a menudo es irregular, lo que las hace propensas a la pesca INDNR. Gran parte de esta actividad no sancionada se lleva a cabo sistemáticamente a escala industrial, y las ganancias van directamente a los propietarios de grandes corporaciones.\(^3\) Sin embargo, dado que la propiedad a menudo es poco clara y las estructuras regulatorias son débiles, los pescadores en el agua normalmente acaban siendo señalados como únicos responsables de la pesca INDNR: quienes la orquestan, la organizan y se benefician de ella salen ileso de sanciones y multas.
Con la salud del océano y las pesquerías mundiales bajo una presión creciente, incluida la sobrepesca y los efectos del cambio climático, asegurar que toda la actividad pesquera se lleve a cabo de manera sostenible, transparente y con una supervisión efectiva, y que los operadores ilegales rindan cuentas, es más importante que nunca. Para lograrlo, los Estados de pabellón, las organizaciones regionales de ordenación pesquera (OROP) y otras partes interesadas deben actuar para aclarar la verdadera propiedad de los buques y establecer una definición acordada internacionalmente de “propietario beneficiario final”, además de determinar mecanismos sólidos de recopilación de datos de la empresa y sanciones adecuadas para quienes se benefician más de la pesca INDNR.
**Glosario**
**Propietario beneficiario.** Cuando un individuo o grupo tiene un interés legal y monetario en una empresa, pero no necesariamente un control definitivo.
**Estado ribereño.** Un Estado cuyo territorio está rodeado por el mar, al menos en algunos lugares, y en consecuencia tiene jurisdicción sobre áreas marítimas y recursos particulares, incluida la pesca.\(^4\)
**Vehículo corporativo.** Entidades legales que llevan a cabo una variedad de actividades comerciales y poseen múltiples activos.\(^5\)
**Zona económica exclusiva (ZEE).** Áreas de 200 millas náuticas de mar y lecho marino que se extienden desde las orillas de los países costeros, dentro de las cuales, según la Convención de las Naciones Unidas sobre el Derecho del Mar, esas naciones tienen derechos soberanos sobre todos los recursos naturales y ciertas actividades económicas. Los países también ejercen jurisdicción sobre la investigación marina y la protección medioambiental en sus ZEE.\(^6\)
**Estado de pabellón.** El país en el que se registra un buque y que, por lo tanto, tiene autoridad legislativa y de aplicación de la ley exclusiva sobre ese buque cuando opera en altamar.\(^7\)
**Empresa conjunta.** Un emprendimiento comercial llevado adelante en colaboración por dos partes o más que conservan identidades distintas.\(^8\)
**Propietario legal/registrado.** La persona o entidad (incluido un apoderado) que es el propietario directo o tiene el título de propiedad de una empresa o buque pesquero.\(^9\)
**Organización regional de ordenación pesquera (OROP).** Un organismo internacional compuesto por países que comparten un interés práctico o financiero en la gestión y conservación de poblaciones de peces en una región particular del océano.\(^{10}\)
**Empresa pantalla o fantasma.** Una empresa constituida sin operaciones independientes, activos significativos, actividades comerciales en curso o empleados.\(^{11}\)
**Propietario beneficiario final.** La persona, personas o entidad que controla y obtiene la mayor parte de las ganancias de una empresa o un buque pesquero.
¿Qué es la propiedad beneficiaria final?
En el inicio de la cadena de propiedad de todo buque, incluidas aquellas correspondientes a buques pesqueros, se encuentra el propietario registrado. En la mayoría de los casos, el propietario registrado, que suele ser una persona o empresa, es el único propietario que se menciona en las solicitudes de licencia y los formularios de registro del buque. Además, el nombre del propietario registrado es la única información de propiedad que las autoridades de pesquerías solicitan y que está disponible públicamente o que se muestra en plataformas de seguimiento comercial, como IHSMarkit o MarineTraffic.
Sin embargo, en el caso de muchos buques pesqueros de envergadura industrial, el propietario registrado no es la persona o entidad que más se beneficia de las actividades del buque. En tal sentido, un solo buque a menudo tiene muchas capas de propietarios, incluidas varias empresas pantalla, vehículos corporativos y empresas conjuntas, que pueden estar ubicados en el mismo país o distribuidos en todo el mundo. Y en lo más alto de la lista se encuentra el UBO.
Sin embargo, no existe un consenso internacional sobre quién o qué califica exactamente como UBO. Según el Grupo de Acción Financiera Internacional (GAFI), un grupo de vigilancia intergubernamental que establece normas para naciones e instituciones financieras en la lucha contra el lavado de dinero y la financiación del terrorismo, un UBO siempre debe ser una persona física, en lugar de una empresa, y debe poseer o controlar al menos el 25% de la empresa.\(^{12}\) Pero no todos los países utilizan esta definición. Además, los países difieren en la cantidad de control o propiedad que una persona debe tener para ser considerada un propietario beneficiario, con estándares que van desde poseer una sola acción de una empresa hasta tener al menos el 25% de propiedad o control sobre una empresa (el umbral más común).\(^{13}\) Estas discrepancias complican los esfuerzos de recopilación de datos e investigaciones de presuntas actividades ilegales, no declaradas y no reglamentadas (INDNR).
Además, ocultar la propiedad es fácil en ausencia de un sistema global uniforme para recopilar y almacenar información sobre los UBO de las empresas. Grupos de vigilancia para una transparencia financiera, como el GAFI y la Organización para la Cooperación y el Desarrollo Económicos, recomiendan enfáticamente que los países desarrollen un mecanismo para obtener documentación sobre los propietarios beneficiarios de las corporaciones, en particular el UBO, ya sea por medio del proceso de diligencia debida del sistema bancario o mediante la obligación de que las empresas conserven y puedan producir rápidamente la información a solicitud del Gobierno.
Alternativamente, el GAFI recomienda que los países recopilen información sobre los UBO en un registro a nivel nacional.\(^{14}\) A partir de 2022, 97 países\(^{15}\) tienen algún tipo de registro. Pero estos registros varían en sus niveles de transparencia, en cómo definen el concepto de UBO y en si exigen que el propietario beneficiario final sea una persona física o también permiten corporaciones. Estas inconsistencias limitan el valor de los registros, incluso cuando los datos están disponibles públicamente, porque dificultan la compilación de información global integral. Además, los desafíos legales pueden forzar cambios en la disponibilidad de la información del registro, lo que limita aún más la utilidad de los registros. Por ejemplo, en noviembre de 2022, el Tribunal de Justicia de la Unión Europea invalidó el acceso público a los registros de UBO en la Unión Europea debido a preocupaciones sobre la privacidad.\(^{16}\) Aunque el sistema actual tiene sus defectos, restringir este acceso público agravaría el problema, ya que dificulta los esfuerzos de los grupos de vigilancia y otras organizaciones de la sociedad civil para localizar y rastrear a los propietarios beneficiarios y garantizar que las empresas cumplan con las normas locales y globales.
**La pesca se mantiene bajo un estándar más bajo que otras industrias extractivas.**
Muchos Estados no solicitan información sobre la propiedad beneficiaria cuando un buque pesquero se registra bajo su bandera o al otorgar una licencia para pescar en sus Zonas Económicas Exclusivas (ZEE), lo que deja a los Gobiernos en gran medida incapaces de determinar a dónde se destinarán en última instancia las ganancias de las actividades del buque. Esto, a su vez, limita la capacidad de los países para rastrear el dinero, gravar las ganancias y cumplir con otras responsabilidades clave de supervisión y gobernanza.
Este enfoque difiere de cómo los Gobiernos gestionan otras industrias, como la minería de petróleo y gas, para las cuales el registro de la propiedad beneficiaria es un paso crucial de los programas de transparencia de la industria de los países. Por ejemplo, Papúa Nueva Guinea está en proceso de recopilar información sobre UBO para empresas involucradas en proyectos mineros como parte de su membresía en la Iniciativa de Transparencia de las Industrias Extractivas (EITI, Extractives Industries Transparency Initiative), una organización dedicada a construir protocolos transparentes para la industria de la minería, el petróleo y el gas. Los países miembro de la EITI deben publicar los nombres de los propietarios beneficiarios de las empresas que han solicitado una licencia o firmado un contrato para explorar o extraer minerales, petróleo o gas.\(^{17}\) Para cumplir con este requisito, la EITI recomienda establecer un registro público de los propietarios beneficiarios de las empresas pertinentes.\(^{18}\)
Crear preceptos similares para la pesca ha sido un desafío. Por ejemplo, en contraste con su práctica para las empresas de extracción de petróleo y gas, Papúa Nueva Guinea recopila información sobre los UBO solo para un pequeño subconjunto de buques que planea pescar más allá de su ZEE y no incluye esa información en su registro público de buques pesqueros.\(^{19}\) Además, la Autoridad Nacional de Pesca de Papúa Nueva Guinea no determina la propiedad beneficiaria y no existe una definición a nivel nacional, por lo cual la decisión de qué información proporcionar queda en manos de los operadores.
Menos de la mitad de los países en todo el mundo tienen leyes que exigen la transparencia de los propietarios beneficiarios finales
Leyes nacionales sobre la divulgación de los propietarios beneficiarios finales
Nota: “Completo” significa que la ley de UBO de un país requiere la recopilación de datos para todas las empresas y en todas las partes del país. “Incompleto” significa que la ley de un país no incluye todos esos requisitos.
Fuente: Tax Justice Network, “Financial Secrecy Index 2022”, https://fsi.taxjustice.net/; análisis de Pew de la información públicamente disponible
© 2023 The Pew Charitable Trusts
Las estructuras empresariales pesqueras pueden empañar la propiedad
Las flotas de pesca en aguas distantes, que operan en altamar y en ZEE en todo el mundo, plantean un desafío particular para los esfuerzos de aclarar y documentar la propiedad de los buques. Estas flotas son complejas e involucran a muchos buques que pescan en varias ubicaciones. Los Estados y las OROP a menudo luchan por rastrear y gestionar estas flotas en sus regiones y ZEE para determinar quién se beneficia en última instancia y quién se debe considerar como responsable de cualquier acción ilegal. Los buques de una flota pesquera en aguas distantes a menudo operan con bandera de un Estado, pero están registradas a nombre de un propietario en otro Estado mientras pescan en un tercer Estado o en altamar. Las organizaciones corporativas que dirigen estas operaciones pueden estar dispersas en varias jurisdicciones, y un solo buque pesquero con frecuencia tiene una cadena de propiedad que contiene hasta cinco empresas o entidades corporativas, cada una asociada con diferentes jurisdicciones legales, lo que hace que sea casi imposible rastrear la verdadera propiedad de ese buque.
Además, las cadenas de propiedad de muchos buques incluyen empresas pantalla, algo sencillo y económico de crear en muchos países y que sirven principalmente para agregar complejidad y solapar otras entidades en la cadena. En todo el mundo, los operadores de buques utilizan estas intrincadas estructuras de propiedad y se aprovechan de la falta de supervisión constante para burlar las normas nacionales e internacionales y explotar las regulaciones débiles.
La propiedad oculta posibilita transgredir la ley
Los Estados de pabellón desempeñan un papel crucial en la lucha contra la pesca INDNR, ya que establecen las normas de funcionamiento para los buques que operan con su bandera. Si bien muchos Estados de pabellón tienen registros cerrados que requieren que los propietarios registrados de los buques que operan con su bandera vivan dentro de sus fronteras nacionales, otros tienen registros abiertos que aceptan propietarios que viven en cualquier lugar del planeta.\(^{20}\)
Y cuando los extranjeros son los propietarios beneficiarios finales de los buques que operan en las aguas de un Estado, el problema puede volverse más complejo. Por ejemplo, cuando una empresa pesquera quiere eludir un registro cerrado, los operadores pueden emplear una estrategia conocida como “abanderamiento” mediante la cual un buque de propiedad y operada por extranjeros se inscribe en registros nacionales con una empresa pantalla o una empresa conjunta como propietario registrado. La consecuencia frecuente de este caso es la pesca insostenible o ilegal.\(^{21}\) El abanderamiento se usa a menudo para ampliar el alcance de la flota de pesca en aguas distantes de un país, sobre todo en lugares donde no se permite que naturales extranjeros operen con buques pesqueros de bandera o que reservan los derechos de pesca para sus propios ciudadanos.
En otros casos, los operadores establecen un acuerdo comercial con el propietario registrado de un buque en un Estado ribereño para aprovechar las lagunas del proceso de registro y permitir que el UBO resida de manera segura en cualquier país.
Con demasiada frecuencia, los buques que buscan aprovecharse de vacíos en la gobernanza o la legislación tienen un capitán o patrón de pesca de una nacionalidad (generalmente, señala la verdadera propiedad del buque) y una tripulación de otra. Estos buques también se benefician de un trato preferencial por parte del país de origen del UBO, como subsidios para combustible y créditos fiscales, lo que les da una ventaja adicional sobre los pescadores locales reales.
El abanderamiento y Ghana: Cómo los propietarios de buques menoscaban fácilmente normas bien intencionadas
Algunos países han promulgado leyes para preservar sus pesquerías para los ciudadanos. Ghana, por ejemplo, exige que los buques pesqueros sean propiedad de una empresa o empresa conjunta que sea al menos un 51% ghanesa. En estos Estados en desarrollo, los operadores de buques de dudosa reputación, particularmente personas de países más ricos que buscan ganancias, con frecuencia utilizan la práctica de abanderamiento para socavar estas regulaciones locales.
Según una investigación de 2021 realizada por la fundación ambientalista Environmental Justice Foundation (EJF), varios buques pesqueros con bandera de Ghana, registrados con empresas de propiedad ghanesa, eran en realidad propiedad beneficiaria de empresas con sede en China. Las empresas de fachada, aunque creadas legalmente, tenían unos pocos empleados y ganancias mínimas.\(^{22}\) Entre ellas, se encontraba LU RONG YUAN YU 919, cuyo propietario registrado es Connado Enterprises Ltd., una empresa de Ghana con dos empleados y una previsión de ingresos de GH¢10.000 (aproximadamente US$870). La investigación de EJF mostró que el verdadero propietario beneficiario final del buque, oculto por una cadena de propiedad que incluía a RongCheng Marine Fishery Co. Ltd., era Shandong Bodelong Group Co. Ltd., un conglomerado chino con ingresos anuales de $400 millones y alrededor de 2.000 empleados.\(^{23}\) Una laguna en una ley destinada a ayudar a los ciudadanos ghaneses permite que las ganancias de las poblaciones de peces fluyan hacia ciudadanos extranjeros.
Figura 2
Ghana alberga algunas de las zonas de pesca contiguas más extensas de África Occidental
Golfo de Guinea línea costera con fronteras nacionales y zonas económicas exclusivas.
Zonas económicas exclusivas
Fuente: Marineregions.org, “Maritime Boundaries” (Fronteras marítimas), https://marineregions.org/eezmapper.php
© 2023 The Pew Charitable Trusts
Recomendaciones
La propiedad beneficiaria final plantea un problema complejo. Construir deliberadamente una estructura de propiedad intrincada para un buque pesquero o empresa no es ilegal, pero puede permitir la pesca INDNR y obstaculizar la aplicación de la ley. Los países deben reevaluar urgentemente cómo regulan los buques pesqueros y las cadenas de propiedad de estos para establecer y mantener una mejor gobernanza de sus flotas y proteger los recursos pesqueros. Para mejorar la supervisión de los buques, los Estados pueden tomar las siguientes medidas:
**Establecer una definición global de propietario beneficiario final.** Muchas comunidades financieras y de aplicación de la ley a nivel internacional ya utilizan la definición de propietario beneficiario final del GAFI, que es un buen punto de partida para transformar el seguimiento de la propiedad de los buques en todo el mundo. La adopción global de esta definición también alinearía los intereses de las pesquerías con los de los ministerios de hacienda y justicia, lo que facilitaría el intercambio de información. Los Estados también deben considerar incluir a las pesquerías en su definición de industrias extractivas, ya que resultaría más sencillo recopilar información sobre propietarios beneficiarios finales en países que ya recopilan esta información para otras empresas extractivas. Además, los Estados deben establecer un mecanismo adecuado para equilibrar los derechos de privacidad individual con la necesidad de rendir cuentas, para garantizar que las autoridades pertinentes y las organizaciones de la sociedad civil puedan identificar a los propietarios beneficiarios finales de los buques pesqueros industrializados.
**Recopilar información del UBO para todos los buques pesqueros.** Todos los Estados con una industria pesquera, independientemente de su tamaño, deben recopilar información sobre el UBO al registrar un buque, permitir su funcionamiento con bandera u otorgarle una licencia. Los Estados también deben tener un registro de propiedad beneficiaria y hacer que la información sea gratuita y pública por medio de un sitio web nacional.
**Aplicar sanciones nacionales para los ciudadanos que participen o se beneficien de la pesca INDNR, independientemente de dónde ocurra.** Todos los países deben promulgar leyes que prohíban a sus ciudadanos beneficiarse de actividades de pesca INDNR en aguas de otros países o en altamar y autorizar la aplicación de sanciones apropiadas. En algunos Estados ya rige dicha legislación. Por ejemplo, el Reglamento del Consejo Europeo 1005/2008, que establece parámetros para que los buques pesqueros con bandera europea importen legalmente pescado a la Unión Europea (UE), incluye disposiciones que requieren que sus ciudadanos no se beneficien de la pesca INDNR ni de operaciones relacionadas con la pesca INDNR. Y estas leyes funcionan. El reglamento de la UE llevó a la condena de una familia española acusada de beneficiarse de la pesca INDNR en el Atlántico Sur. La condena incluyó una sanción de €25 millones y una cláusula que excluía a toda empresa que tuviera como director a un miembro de la familia de recibir subsidios estatales. Si bien esta condena fue anulada en apelación, demuestra que los fiscales y los tribunales están dispuestos a perseguir a las personas acusadas de pesca INDNR en aguas extranjeras. Un caso similar sigue abierto en Islandia por presuntas actividades de pesca INDNR frente a Namibia.
Conclusión
Las complejas cadenas de propiedad que involucran a múltiples empresas y nacionalidades pueden dificultar, si no hacer imposible, el trabajo de las autoridades gubernamentales de determinar quién se beneficia de la actividad de un buque y quién debería ser considerado responsable si esas actividades violan la ley nacional o internacional. Con demasiada frecuencia, los propietarios beneficiarios finales no son castigados, mientras que quienes están en el agua enfrentan duras sanciones.
Ha llegado el momento de arrojar una luz rutilante sobre las personas y las corporaciones que controlan y se benefician de la pesca INDNR. Los Estados deben tomar medidas para definir, recopilar y actuar mejor sobre la información de propiedad beneficiaria para garantizar que sus flotas pesqueras cumplan con la ley y sean penalizadas de manera adecuada cuando no lo hagan.
Reconocimientos
Este informe escrito por Gina Fiore, miembro del personal de Pew, también es producto de su investigación. El equipo del proyecto agradece a Andrés Knobel por sus valiosos conocimientos y asistencia en la búsqueda legal para este informe, así como los esfuerzos de colaboración y asociación de C4ADS y TM Tracking. El equipo también agradece a los colegas de Pew Alex van der Hilst y Justine Calcagno, por su apoyo en la investigación; a Peter Horn por su ayuda con la redacción; y a John Briley, Jennifer V. Doctors, Ned Drummond, Shamyra Edmonds, Carol Hutchinson, Isabelle Kramer, Terri Law, Cindy Murphy-Tofiq, Jared Warzala, Leah Weiser y Mabel Yu por sus importantes contribuciones a la comunicación, la creatividad y la edición en este trabajo.
Notas finales
1. Organización de las Naciones Unidas para la Agricultura y la Alimentación, “The State of World Fisheries and Aquaculture 2022: Towards Blue Transformation” (2022), https://doi.org/10.4060/cc0461en.
2. C. May, “Transnational Crime and the Developing World” (Global Financial Integrity, 2017), https://secureservercdn.net/184.108.40.206/34n.8bd.myftpupload.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/03/Transnational_Crime-final.pdf.
3. A. Daniels et al., “Fishy Networks: Uncovering the Companies and Individuals Behind Illegal Fishing Globally” (Financial Transparency Coalition, 2022), https://financialtransparency.org/reports/fishy-networks-uncovering-companies-individuals-behind-illegal-fishing-globally/.
4. International Seafood Sustainability Foundation, “ISSF Glossary”, consultado el 10 de agosto de 2023, https://www.iss-foundation.org/tuna-stocks-and-management/tuna-fishing/issf-glossary/.
5. Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development, “Behind the Corporate Veil: Using Corporate Entities for Illicit Purposes” (2001), https://www.oecd.org/corporate/ca/43703185.pdf.
6. The Pew Charitable Trusts, “Ocean Science Factsheet: Common Fishery Terms”, 15 de marzo de 2010, https://www.pewtrusts.org/en/research-and-analysis/fact-sheets/2010/03/15/ocean-science-factsheet-common-fishery-terms.
7. The Pew Charitable Trusts, “How to End Illegal Fishing: The Role of the Flag State”, 6 de agosto de 2019, https://www.pewtrusts.org/en/research-and-analysis/fact-sheets/2019/08/how-to-end-illegal-fishing-the-role-of-the-flag-state.
8. Indiana Compensation Rating Bureau, “Reference Library—Joint Venture”, consultado el 10 de agosto de 2023, https://www.icrb.net/reference-library/?cc=606.
9. M.L.L. van Bladel, exdirector director gerente y jefe global de financiación estructurada e inversiones, ABN AMRO Bank N.V., carta a la División de Tratados Fiscales, Precios de Transferencia y Transacciones Financieras, OCDE/CTPA, “Commentary on OECD Model Tax Convention: Revised Proposals Concerning the Meaning of ‘Beneficial Owner’ in Articles 10, 11 and 12”, 30 de enero de 2013, https://www.oecd.org/ctp/treaties/BENOWNMLL_vanBladel.pdf.
10. The Pew Charitable Trusts, “FAQ: What Is a Regional Fishery Management Organization?”, 23 de febrero de 2012, https://www.pewtrusts.org/en/research-and-analysis/fact-sheets/2012/02/23/faq-what-is-a-regional-fishery-management-organization.
11. Financial Action Task Force and Egmont Group, “Concealment of Beneficial Ownership” (2018), https://www.fatf-gafi.org/media/fatf/documents/reports/FATF-Egmont-Concealment-beneficial-ownership.pdf.
12. Financial Action Task Force, “Guidance on Beneficial Ownership of Legal Persons” (2023), https://www.fatf-gafi.org/en/publications/Fatfrecommendations/Guidance-Beneficial-Ownership-Legal-Persons.html.
13. A. Knobel and F. Lorenzo, “Beneficial Ownership Registration Around the World 2022” (Tax Justice Network, 2022), https://taxjustice.net/wp-content/uploads/2022/12/State-of-Play-of-Beneficial-Ownership-2022-Tax-Justice-Network.pdf.
14. Financial Action Task Force, “Guidance on Beneficial Ownership.”
15. Knobel and Lorenzo, “Beneficial Ownership Registration.”
16. D. Peco et al., “The Luxembourg Businessman Who Got Europe’s Corporate Registries Shut Down—and His Secret Offshore Interests”, Investigate Europe, consultado del 10 de agosto de 2023, https://www.investigate-europe.eu/en/posts/luxembourg-businessman-offshore-transparency-shutdown.
17. Extractive Industries Transparency Initiative, “The EITI Standard” (2019), https://eiti.org/sites/default/files/attachments/changes-to-2016-standard-bc274.pdf.
18. Ibid.
19. National Fisheries Authority of Papua New Guinea, Vessel List Updated as of 24th April 2017, consultado el 10 de agosto de 2023, https://www.fisheries.gov.pg/_files/ugd/2c6676_5a467dc952424854b6a6589ffdaef169.pdf.
20. Los registros abiertos también se conocen coloquialmente como “pabellones de conveniencia”, aunque este es un término desactualizado.
21. D. Copeland and I.M. Ralby, “Spotlight On: The Use of African Flag Registries by High-Risk Fishing Operators”, TM-Tracking, consultado el 10 de agosto de 2023, https://www.tm-tracking.org/post/spotlight-on-the-use-of-african-flag-registries-by-high-risk-fishing-operators.
22 Environmental Justice Foundation, “At What Cost? How Ghana Is Losing Out in Fishing Arrangements With China’s Distant Water Fleet” (2021), https://ejfoundation.org/reports/at-what-cost-how-ghana-is-losing-out-in-fishing-arrangements-with-chinas-distant-water-fleet; ibid.
23 Ibid.
24 ClientEarth, “Spain Should Continue to Tackle Illegal Fishing—Other EU Member States Must Follow”, consultado el 14 de agosto de 2023, https://www.clientearth.org/latest/latest-updates/news/spain-should-continue-to-tackle-illegal-fishing-other-eu-member-states-must-follow/; ClientEarth, “The Spanish Legal Process for Prosecuting Illegal Fishing: A Story of Success?” (2019), https://www.clientearth.org/media/cd0jqn3/the-spanish-legal-process-for-prosecuting-illegal-fishing-a-story-of-success-ce-en.pdf.
25 J. Dell, “Fishrot: The Corruption Scandal Entwining Namibia and Iceland”, BBC, consultado del 14 de agosto de 2023, https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-64526018.
Para obtener más información, visite: pewtrusts.org/internationalfisheries
The Pew Charitable Trusts
Contacto: Leah Weiser, gerente de comunicaciones
Dirección de correo electrónico: email@example.com
Sitio web del proyecto: pewtrusts.org/internationalfisheries
En conmemoración de su 75.º aniversario, The Pew Charitable Trusts hace uso de los datos para marcar la diferencia. Pew aborda los desafíos de un mundo en constante cambio exponiendo diversas problemáticas, creando puntos en común y promoviendo el avance de proyectos ambiciosos que se traducen en progresos tangibles.
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EXECUTIVE COMMITTEE MEETING
WEDNESDAY, MAY 24, 1995
U.S. Senate,
Committee on Finance,
Washington, DC.
The meeting was convened, pursuant to notice, at 9:30 a.m., in room SD-215, Dirksen Senate Office Building, Hon. Bob Packwood (chairman of the committee) presiding.
Also present: Senators Roth, Chafee, Grassley, Hatch, Simpson, Nickles, Moynihan, Baucus, Bradley, Pryor, Rockefeller, Breaux, Graham, and Moseley-Braun.
Also present: Lindy L. Paull, Staff Director and Chief Counsel; Lawrence O'Donnell, Jr., Minority Staff Director.
Also present: Joseph Gale, Minority Chief Tax Counsel; Margaret Malone, Minority Advisor for Income Maintenance Policy; Dr. Alexander Vachon, Legislative Assistant to Senator Dole; and Kathy Tobin, Income Security Analyst.
MOFFITT REPORTING ASSOCIATES
(301) 390-5150
The Chairman. Let me announce, we are getting conflicting signals. The Republican cloak room says we are going to have five votes starting about 20 minutes to 10:00; the Democratic cloak room says not before 10:15. I am trying to find out right now if we can get a better idea.
If we are going to start for just 10 minutes, there is no point in starting the meeting right now. If we are going to start at 10:15, that may mean 10:30 and we could get going. Jay and I both called, just now, our respective cloak rooms and got different answers.
So, for the moment, we will not start. I will check and see if I can find out a little bit more and make the decision in about five minutes about whether to start now or to start later. We are getting conflicting signals as to when there are votes.
Senator Rockefeller. I will be on your cloak room.
The Chairman. I said, let us just wait about five minutes and I will check once more, because they have five stacked. Our cloak room says starting about 20 till 10:00. Let me just check once more and see.
Senator Moynihan. Then we had better wait.
OPENING STATEMENT OF THE HONORABLE BOB PACKWOOD, A U.S. SENATOR FROM OREGON, CHAIRMAN, COMMITTEE ON FINANCE
The Chairman. We will start now. Our cloak room now says starting by 10:00, and both Senator Moynihan and I have been long enough here to realize that the leaders can use their leader time, you can use time off the bill, or you can do a variety of things, all of which will have the effect of delaying, delaying, delaying the vote, so we will go ahead.
The formal mark-up will be delayed until tomorrow, because we knew we were going to have votes and there is no point in trying to do a mark-up when you are here for awhile, gone for 45 minutes, back for 20 minutes, gone for 30 minutes, and back. We will do the walk-through today. But we will start through now and go as far as we can on the mark-up.
Let me say at the start, there is nobody that I admire more, revere more or that I count as a better friend in this Senate than Pat Moynihan. He and I are going to disagree on this bill. He said yesterday, I certainly hope it can be a civil disagreement, and I have never had any disagreement with Pat but a civil disagreement. It is a difference of philosophy, although we have taken his Jobs Program in 1988 and extended and expanded it in this bill.
But it is basically this, as far as welfare is concerned. The mark that I will lay down will endeavor to give to the States as much flexibility as possible to administer welfare the way they want with the exception that there will be strong work requirements in it and a provision that if the State wants to go inside the work requirements--ours are two years and five years--if the State wants to make them shorter than that, they may, but they are stiff work requirements.
Obviously, the States have to report what they do with the money, and there are some other restrictions, but, as far as AFDC itself is concerned, it will give the States extraordinary flexibility.
The Child Protection Block Grant programs we have decided not to block grant, correct?
Ms. Paull. That is correct, Mr. Chairman.
The Chairman. So we can cross that off the agenda.
The Supplemental Security Income, which is a big item, almost bigger than AFDC, actually, though it is much less known than AFDC, is solely a federal program. It is not a State-match program. On this we will attempt to say that alcoholics and addicts cannot have money.
We will change the Zeppley decision a bit to what I think Congress intended when it passed the SSI law, and then the court interpreted it much more broadly, but pretty
much left it to us to change if we wanted.
It was not an antagonistic decision so much, as it does not seem to us, the court said, that Congress specifically decided to distinguish between children and adults, and, as they did not specifically decide, we will just say they did not and leave it to Congress if they want to change it. Then on legal aliens, they are, by and large, excluded.
On child support payments, we have broadened the law. It is similar to the House. I did not go as far as Senator Bradley wanted, because his bill cost more money, but on this one there is no disagreement among governors, the President, and Congress.
I think that the enforcement of child support payments is critical, and the interstate enforcement of them is very difficult for States. By the time they go through the process of trying to enforce a judgment in Oregon or in Tennessee, or vice versa, they just have a dickens of a time, and we have tried to strengthen that.
But, as I say, it is a difference of philosophy. I looked at the figures the other day that the Social Security Administration puts out, and what they define as public aid.
Now, this is not just AFDC, it is a variety of programs basically aimed at the poor. They have aggregated them and added up what we spend on them over the years. I will
phrase this in constant 1991 dollars as if there has been no inflation at any period in this time so that you can compare, dollar for dollar, what we spent years ago and what we spent now as if there had been no inflation.
Fifty years ago, we were spending on all of these programs that Social Security counts as public aid programs, of which AFDC is one of the bigger ones, $10 billion; in 1991, which is the last year they have figures, $180 billion. $10 billion to $180 billion.
In terms of constant dollars per person, per capita, as statisticians would call it, 50 years ago it was $70 per person, now is $713. As a percent of our Gross Domestic Product 50 years ago, seven-tenths of a percent, now three.
So, by any measure, we have spent money. By any measure we have attempted to run this program at the federal level. We say we give the States flexibility, but every year, if I am correct, Kathy, they have to file 43 different forms every year to qualify with the different restrictions that we have put upon them.
Whatever we have attempted to achieve in this area, in my judgment, has not worked. I do not mean that as criticism of President Clinton, or President Reagan, or President Bush, or anybody else. Just, if the purpose was to get people out of poverty, and especially to get them to work for whatever reason, what we have tried has not
worked. So the mark is a philosophical difference from what we have had in the past. It is worthy of debate. I told Senator Dole, I hope we do this on the floor, not in reconciliation, because it is worthy of a good debate on the floor.
The problem with reconciliation, as powerful a tool as it is, it is 20 hours, for everything. Medicare, Medicaid, Social Security, welfare, defense, whatever happens to be there that somebody wants to argue about, it is all wrapped up in 20 hours.
I do not think welfare would get the attention it deserves wrapped into that kind of a bill. And Senator Dole said, fine, unless there is a filibuster and we cannot break the filibuster, in which case he would put it in reconciliation.
So, with that, Senator Moynihan, the floor is yours.
OPENING STATEMENT OF THE HONORABLE DANIEL PATRICK MOYNIHAN,
A U.S. SENATOR FROM NEW YORK
Senator Moynihan. First, thank you for courtesy in
this, as in everything else.
Our particular work today is H.R. 4, the Personal
Responsibility Act, but you have very generously asked
Margaret Malone to walk us through S. 828, the Family
Support Act of 1995, which we introduced the other day.
To make a point, if I may, it seems to me we have a
philosophical issue, yes. But I would like to offer you a
thought--this has been said by someone else--we are at a
constitutional moment in the United States just now, or we
seem to be.
The Supreme Court a few weeks ago, on a 5:4 decision,
ruled that the Congress had no power to restrict the entry
of weapons into a school under the Interstate Commerce
Clause. In fact, I voted for that bill; I expect most
persons here did. We stopped asking ourselves that
question.
Just two days ago, the court, by another 5:4 decision,
struck down State term limits for Congress, upholding the
authority of the constitution to describe this. But four
members, including the Chief Justice, said no. The point
was made that the constitution, although it begins, "We the
people," it refers to the people of the several States, and the United States is always referred to in the plural in the constitution.
This was an argument we very much had in the 1930s, 60 years ago. Francis Perkins describes with great succinctness, meeting a Supreme Court Justice—I believe it was a Chief Justice—in a garden party in 1935. He asked her what she was up to and she described the Social Security Act.
But then, in the manner she had of getting people to help her, she said, but you great men, every time we pass one of these bills, you declare it unconstitutional, and, oh, what shall we do? He said, well, tell me more about it. Then he leaned over to her and said, the taxing power, my dear; all you need is the taxing power.
That is why this bill is in this committee. These issues were duly tested. The court duly looked it up and said, the Congress has the power to lay and collect taxes.
Well, these issues are under dispute now. The Supreme Court has taken them up in ways that have not been heard since the 1930s. We are taking up the question of whether welfare, which is clearly a constitutional subject—the preamble, as we call it, says the constitution is being established in order to promote the general Welfare. But that need not be the choice of the people, and we are going
to, here, decide.
The issue, specifically, is whether the provision of Title 4A of the Social Security Act of 1935 will be stricken, such that the provision of support for dependent children is no longer a federal requirement that is universal, although the provision is not uniform in the country.
I do not know a better moment, I do not know a better place, for this sort of debate. I would like to say to my revered colleague, the Chairman—we have been 19 years together here—the Chief of Staff has informed me that the President would veto a bill that took away the guarantee for children under the Social Security Act, but that is his prerogative under the constitution and we can talk about that further.
But to your question of a filibuster, I would assure you, no one Senator can guarantee this, but it would not be our intention whatever to make this a test of strength as against a season of argument and reason.
The Chairman. And it is my intention not to try to rush this through in three or four hours on the floor. And I think it ought to have full debate because it is, perhaps, the first of the philosophical major debates we will have, and I assume, if Bob Dole wants to bring it up, it will come up in June.
Senator Moynihan. Would you agree that we are at kind of a constitutional moment?
The Chairman. Yes, I think we are.
Senator Moynihan. Thank you, Mr. Chairman.
The Chairman. We all know Ms. Malone, Ms. Paull, and Ms. Tobin, but I have asked Dr. Vachon to join us also. He is a Legislative Assistant to Senator Dole, and Senator Dole's Chief Advisor on disability matters. Before joining Senator Dole, he headed the National Disability Policy Center in Washington, DC, and he has consulted widely. He is past Chair of the Special Interest Group on Disability of the American Public Health Association.
He got his Ph.D. in clinical psychology from the State University of New York at Stonybrook, Senator Moynihan, and from 1983 to 1985 he was the Switzer Fellow at the National Institute on Disability and Rehabilitation, in residence at Columbia University, and probably knows as much about that particular subject—and it is a big issue on SSI—as anybody we have.
Kathy Tobin, do you want to start, or Lindy; how are you going to do it?
Ms. Tobin. Lindy will start.
The Chairman. All right.
Senator Rockefeller. Mr. Chairman.
The Chairman. Yes.
Senator Rockefeller. That will be it on statements?
The Chairman. No. If you want to make an opening statement, go right ahead.
Senator Rockefeller. I really would.
The Chairman. Good. Go right ahead.
OPENING STATEMENT OF THE HONORABLE JOHN D. ROCKEFELLER, IV,
A U.S. SENATOR FROM WEST VIRGINIA
Senator Rockefeller. Mr. Chairman, I wish I could say
the usual positive words that are important on a day like
this and on a bill that is of such national significance,
but, in honesty, I also have to express a lot of
disappointment and my worries.
Instead of sitting down this morning to discuss a
welfare system proposal developed in a bipartisan fashion,
something that some of us have been working on for 15 years
or so, we are to be told about the Chairman's plan, and
also the Ranking Member's plan. The Chairman's plan was
unveiled only yesterday.
Instead of preparing to debate a proposal that strives
to achieve nationwide welfare reform, we are about to be
presented with a plan that basically passes the buck, in my
judgment, and not very many bucks, at that, to the States
for administering welfare.
Instead of getting a proposal that both promotes work
and protects innocent children, we are about to consider a
plan that does not do enough of that work, in my judgment.
It presents a framework for work, but not money, and, as
Senator Moynihan indicated, would end this country's basic
protection for children. That is, if not a constitutional
moment, certainly a major moral moment in this country's history.
Chairman Packwood, typically, has invested a great deal of time this year on hearings to prepare all of us for welfare reform so that we could do this in a bipartisan fashion. From the beginning I really was hopeful that the process would be bipartisan, that it would be balanced, that it would be, as they say, of timely nature.
I proudly participated in the last time this committee produced a welfare reform bill. That was an open procedure, that was under Senator Moynihan's guidance, and that did take on the characteristics that I cherish in serious legislating.
Instead, I feel as if some kind of political dye was cast on this thing from the very beginning and I am not happy to say that. The rage for block grants on the other side of the aisle totally mystifies me. There is one former governor on the other side of the aisle, but he was not a governor the first time we had block grants in 1981 under President Reagan. I think few are aware of what block grants can do to States.
In this particular case, block grants having to do with welfare reform, Medicaid, and other things, my legislature in West Virginia spent the last four years trying to figure out how to come up with any money at all for Medicaid, much
less what it will have to do under this.
So I do not know where the logic is for block grants. I do not know where the fiscal prudence is for block grants in addressing, again, a serious problem like the welfare system by just writing a series of checks to the States. The 43 reports that the Chairman referred to are nice, but reports do not have to be enforced and usually are not.
I want to enact serious welfare reform. I think this is one of the most serious problems facing the country. It is one of the main reasons I am on the Finance Committee, to do a serious job about this.
The system, I think, should be changed to work and I think work and personal responsibility are, and should be, the rule and not the exception. Welfare should be the last resort, I agree, not a comfortable resting place, not a hide-out. But welfare is also a way that this country cares for children born into some of the most difficult, miserable, and dangerous situations.
We are talking about children in my State, for example, in a county like McDowell County, children who cannot do one single thing about their situation. Two out of three people on AFDC are children, and these children born in McDowell County, there is nothing they can do about the times unemployment exceeds 20 or 30 percent, and their parents, no matter how strong their values might be, cannot
find the job because there are no jobs around. Nobody has been able to bring jobs into McDowell County, or even its neighboring counties.
We are talking about children in Oregon, New York, Delaware; you name the State. You cannot do one thing about fathers that go AWOL if you are a child. You just cannot stop that. And mothers who are suddenly divorced or make mistakes, ranging from having another child to losing a job, in my view, welfare reform should be about raising standards and challenging States and others.
The poor who can work, should work. I mean, that is axiomatic. It is bipartisan; everybody agrees completely. The poor who can support their children should support their children. The law should be very much on their tail, so to speak, if they refuse.
But welfare reform should not, in my judgment, be about punishing children who had nothing to do with being born poor, just as I had nothing to do with being born otherwise, or an absent parent, or the circumstances that they live in.
In the presentation which I interrupted which is about to be made, I hope to encounter parts of the Chairman's proposal to support. There are very good parts to it. I really congratulate the Chairman, and particularly Senator Chafee, on the child welfare and foster care part. It was
an enormous, enormous achievement, Senator Chafee, in my judgment. The child support enforcement, I think, is good. The mark-up has an alternative on SSI for disabled children. I do not think it is as good as Senator Conrad's bill, but it sure is better than the House bill.
In any event, Mr. Chairman, I think you get my point. I think the American people expected—I know, at least, I expected—us to do this carefully, thoughtfully. The hearing process was very, very good.
The putting together of the legislation was very, very quiet and unavailable until, I guess, last night. I wish we had been able to do this together. I hope this entire committee will somehow find a way to listen to each other during the course of this debate, if we have debate, indeed.
I think this committee should produce a package that will really promote work and responsibility for adults and preserve the 60-year safety net that protects innocent children. This does not, this takes away the guarantee. This is absolutely historic, what is being done. That is done through block grants. It is just simply removing the guarantee for completely innocent children.
I will stop there, and I thank the Chairman.
The Chairman. On the Chairman's mark, I will put you down as "undecided."
Senator Simpson?
OPENING STATEMENT OF THE HONORABLE ALAN K. SIMPSON, A U.S. SENATOR FROM WYOMING
Senator Simpson. Mr. Chairman, I commend you for present this to us, a daunting task. You have been in those before. This is a starting point. Not perfect, but it places us on the right track. It should be a high priority item. There is so much we can do to improve on the current system, and I share with my friend from West Virginia.
I attended a great many of the hearings with regard to this issue as a new member of the committee, and became convinced that whatever we have been doing has not worked. So, if we really care about all of the people we say we care about, and we do genuinely, then we had better do something different because it does not work.
So, if something does not work, we should correct it. I think this is a start, getting tough on welfare addicts, is a phrase that was used in the hearings by one witness. But I do not think there is anyone at this table who is going to approach this in anything but a humane and responsible manner.
I have not the slightest desire to do anything punitive to children, the aged, or destructive for those disadvantaged, or the most vulnerable. Who does? Is there
anybody here that does? I do not know of anyone, and know you all.
So as we try to do things differently without losing a nickel of the money as we send it out, it is just as difficult as we try to slow the growth of the other programs which are still being referred to as cuts, and I have listened to that for the last days and months.
What will happen to the poor and the aged under Medicare if we allow it to go up only 7.1 percent instead of 10.5 percent? Then we say, well, how wonderful, and how compassionate, because it is going to go broke in seven years. So, tell us how good you will feel in seven years with regard to the fact that we will be belly up instead of just people getting shorted.
So I think it is time to do something and I think that, indeed, we all can agree on the tracking down of the deadbeat parent.
The block grant issue is difficult. I did not think it was something to be done at one time. We should not be too hasty in turning it all over to the States in one fell swoop, but I think it is important to do it and I think there is a good distinction here about what we do block grant and what we do not.
The issue of the SSI, the drug addicts and alcoholics, I still think Senator Cohen was on the right track with
what he presented. Then, of course, the definition of children's disability was a fascinating hearing, an ill-defined issue in some ways. We do not want to purge children from the SSI rolls, yet we certainly do not want to believe that parents coach their children to act up in school. There has got to be some balance there.
So this issue of disability with alcoholics, as I say, and addicts, that is a tough one because of self-induced disability, if that can be described, in some cases.
But I look forward to healthy debate, and I appreciate your listening to my views on public assistance programs by immigrants. It has been our policy—and I hope we all recall—that for 100 years newcomers are held to be, and should be, self-supporting, and that immigrants who become a "public charge" within a few years of entry should be deported. That has been the law of the land for over 100 years. A court decision then destroyed all of the effect of that.
So, it has been pleasing to work with the Chairman, the Majority Staff, Minority Staff, Lindy, Lawrence. They have always been very helpful to me as a new member. I think we have some things which are compatible with changes which I will be proposing in the immigration reform package, which will come soon, including the requirement of the promise of support made by the sponsor of an immigrant, and making it
enforceable and in effect for at least 10 years until the sponsored person has made a reasonable economic contribution to the country.
I trust the changes we make here will further goal of assuring that sponsors of immigrants are truly responsible for the needs of their relatives rather than the American taxpayer, but also that we allow deserving immigrants some access, indeed, clear access, to the safety nets in society and that we not encourage immigrants to become citizens for all the wrong reasons.
So I look forward to working with you. It will be a spirited debate. I hope it is as spirited on the floor as it will be here, and I thank the Chairman.
The Chairman. Senator Chafee, and then Senator Breaux. I would hope we could keep the remainder of the opening comments relatively short so we can finish them before we start to vote.
OPENING STATEMENT OF THE HONORABLE JOHN H. CHAFEE, A U.S. SENATOR FROM RHODE ISLAND
Senator Chafee. Thank you very much, Mr. Chairman. First, I want to thank you for the time that you have given me and you have given the others, and you were very attentive and thoughtful in your responses to the points that I raised, and I am grateful to you. I also want to thank the staff, Ms. Paull, Ms. Tobin, and others who worked with our staff.
Mr. Chairman, I will make four very quick points. First, I am very glad that this will not be in reconciliation. I think reconciliation is a tool that we should use with great caution and with great concern. There is no prolonged debate, there is no chance to really discuss things, and reconciliation, it seems to me, is it is a very, very dangerous weapon and we ought to use it with considerable care.
Second, Mr. Chairman, I want to thank you for, as I understand in the mark that we will be discussing today, you have kept the foster care, the adoption services, the training and administration, as it is under current law.
The Chairman. I have kept all of those as they are under current law.
Senator Chafee. I am very appreciative to you for
doing that. I think that is a wise move.
Third, I do have concerns about the SSI. We will be discussing that with Dr. Vichon this morning. Our folks have been working with Senator Dole's and Senator Conrad's staffs, and Dr. Vichon, to see if we can arrive at some suggestions that have been made, so we will continue working, hopefully, on that.
Fourth, day care. Mr. Chairman, I must say, at home I have been spending considerable time visiting day care centers and listening to staffers and others who have small children here in DC.
The one thing that has come across to me is, I am stunned at the cost of day care. In Rhode Island, sometimes it is as low as $60 a week per child, but that is rare. Usually it is much higher. Here in Washington, DC, they are paying $100-125, and in some instances $160.
Just at, say, $60 a week for two children, there is $120 a week for somebody on welfare who is going off and getting a low-paying job. I do not know how the dickens they do it.
In this program, we have taken the AFDC child care programs and block granted them. I am supportive of that. I am convinced that the governors are just concerned about proper care for the children during the day, as anybody else is, but it is something that, because of my personal
concern, I will be watching as we go through these next several years.
Thank you very much, Mr. Chairman.
The Chairman. Senator Breaux.
OPENING STATEMENT OF THE HONORABLE JOHN BREAUX, A U.S. SENATOR FROM LOUISIANA
Senator Breaux. Thank you, Mr. Chairman. I thank you for arranging this briefing. I have not had a chance to look at your draft in great detail. From what I can tell, there are some features in it that I think improve the House product that is over here, and I am anxious to hear the details. I know the House product.
I think we all have said this morning, in one way or the other, that we clearly understand that welfare is broken and it must be fixed. It does not serve very well either the people who are on it, nor does it serve well the people who are paying for it. So there is pretty much general agreement, I think, in the Congress that something has to be done.
But, in looking over the House product that is pending, that has already passed, I am reminded of the old television ad, "Where is the beef?" You can properly ask the question, "Where is the reform?" I think there is none in the House package.
What they essentially did, in my opinion, was to drop back 10 yards and punt the ball to the States. They said, look, we have a heck of a problem on welfare, we do not know how to solve it, so we are not going to solve it. We
are just going to send it to the States and hope you do something with the welfare problem.
I am concerned that, in addition, when they send it to the States, they send less money to the States to help them solve the problem and expect them to do more. I am concerned that that product cut off teen mothers with babies and children, and I think that is wrong.
Now, one of our colleagues has said many times that it is time for people who have been riding in the wagon to get out of the wagon and start help pulling the wagon. Well, I would suggest that theory throws children and babies out of the wagon and into the street. Again, that is not the answer to welfare reform.
I am also concerned that the House-passed package has no maintenance of effort by the States. It just says, we hope you do what you want to do and we do not care if you spend any money in doing it. Under that type of an approach, this program becomes 100 percent federally funded and 100 percent run by the States, with no requirement, no restrictions, and, I am afraid, no results.
So I think that the goal here is to get a bill that will pass, that the President will sign. I hope that we will present him that package. This is not a veto strategy, in my opinion. We need a bill. I think it has to be done in a bipartisan fashion and I am anxious to see
how the Chairman's approach—I know there are others—deals with some of these very, in my opinion, crucial issues.
From what I can tell I think it is an improvement, I would say to the Chair, from my perspective, over what the House has certainly sent us, and I am anxious to work with the committee to try and produce an even better product.
Thank you.
The Chairman. I will go by the order on the list here, unless those do not have a statement.
Senator Grassley?
OPENING STATEMENT OF THE HONORABLE CHARLES E. GRASSLEY, A U.S. SENATOR FROM IOWA
Senator Grassley. Mr. Chairman, I have joined my colleagues in the last year in the hope that we could accomplish real welfare reform. I have four chief goals in mind in saying this: to provide a system that will meet the short-term needs of low-income Americans as they prepared for independence; to provide, most importantly, this one, greater State flexibility; to reduce the incidence of out-of-wedlock births; and, finally, to save the taxpayers some of their hard-earned money.
The mark before us today moves in the right direction of some of these goals, but unfortunately it does not go far enough. The bill before us provides for a block grant of AFDC program to the States so that they can meet the needs of low-income Americans in a community-oriented, cost-efficient manner. That is very good. It will give the States some flexibility in designing their programs to meet the needs of their citizens.
Iowa has demonstrated that it can change the system. Two years ago we revamped our welfare program. State leaders had to come out here, hat in hand, on bended knees to get a waiver to implement the program. There were some modifications demanded to satisfy federal bureaucracy. The
waiver was finally approved and the State began its program in October of 1993.
In the last 18 months, the number of employed AFDC recipients has increased from 18 percent to 34 percent. That dramatic increase shows the ingenuity of States, even my own State, to move people from welfare to work and the importance of providing much greater flexibility for State leaders.
Unfortunately, this mark before us falls short of a needed amount of flexibility to allow States to be successful in their efforts. Now, while States get a block grant to try new ideas, on the one hand, they are left with massive burdens on the other.
The draft before us mandates that the States maintain the Jobs Program, a program that has no scientifically-proven benefit to recipients. If a program is not proven to work, then why should we mandate it to the States? Why not simply require the States to have more people working next year than this year, and then allow the States to design their own program to meet that goal?
Why not simply allow States to keep a Jobs-type program, if that is the approach that they believe will accomplish the goal of moving people from welfare to work? It seems to me that we are dramatically tying the hands of State legislature by mandating a specific approach from
the federal level to reach the goal of getting more people to work.
Now, there is another issue of concern to me, and that is for those States that are currently under a waiver program. When Iowa came to the Federal Government for a waiver, they were required to have a cost neutrality clause in their contract agreement; if they wanted to try new ideas, they had to bear the burden of any additional costs incurred by the Federal Government.
Being sensitive to the deficit, I can understand that agreement, but, Mr. Chairman, we are now doing major welfare reform that changes the rules midstream. The States that have been doing innovative things through waiver agreements with the Federal Government are going to pay a very high price.
Why should States pay the price of our change of heart, when we should be rewarding their ingenuity? The bill allows States to cancel their waiver agreements with the Federal Government, but it does nothing to address the up-front costs that the States have already invested in their program.
Iowa's program had up-front investments in the first 2-3 years that they expected to recoup in the fourth or fifth year. By changing the rules midstream and not providing for States to be held harmless, the Senate bill is going to
cost my State millions of dollars.
Another concern that I have is that the portion of the bill which relates to child support alters the longstanding partnership between the State and the Federal Government. It does so through new mandates which decrease the amount of child support recoveries which are used to offset the costs incurred in the cash assistance programs. It further does so by altering the amount of support to be assigned when a family begins receiving assistance in the amount and order of distribution of collections.
The proposed changes would also decrease the funding flexibility needed by the States to develop innovative approaches to combining resources and efforts in several program areas to help families move towards self-sufficiency.
The funding change proposed includes a maintenance of effort requirement on State investment in the program which could, if all States obtain the maximum allowed federal funding rate, result in a huge increase of federal cost of this program.
We also need to be carefully examining the deadlines given to the States on the policy changes being proposed in a manner that recognizes software development requirements and State legislative sessions. These are three examples of ways that the bill will tie the hands of governors and
State leaders.
Another concern I have with the bill is its approach to out-of-wedlock birth problems in our Nation. Senator Moynihan has spoken eloquently over the years of his concern about this problem. The House bill establishes a clear goal that States had to address their problem of illegitimacy.
In my judgment, the House approach went too far in terms of telling States how they had to accomplish the goal; unfortunately, I do not think the committee bill goes far enough.
The problem of illegitimacy is well-documented, and I am not going to take time to review the research on this point. I do not know, of course, all of the answers; I do not know whether any of us do.
Unfortunately, while the House bill is too prescriptive, the committee bill does not even make a clear requirement that States have to address the issue. The committee bill says that States have to have a written document of how they will address the issue, but the committee bill does not make this one of the issues that has to be certified by the Chief Executive of the State, like with other major issues of concern in the bill.
States should not be told how to address the illegitimacy problem, but they should be told that they
must address it. To ignore the issue of illegitimacy and think that we will reform welfare is like expecting a bumper crop when we did not even plant the seed.
On the last goal I had, that is, to save the taxpayers some of their hard-earned money, the bill moves in the right direction. Frankly, this is not a goal of good welfare reform, but a result. If we take steps to move people from welfare to work, with greater flexibility to the States, and reduce illegitimacy, we will, in the long-run, save the taxpayers' money. This would be a positive result.
I hope that we can address some of these concerns in the mark-up session.
The Chairman. Senator Moseley-Braun?
STATEMENT OF THE HONORABLE CAROL MOSELEY-BRAUN, A U.S. SENATOR FROM ILLINOIS
Senator Moseley-Braun. Thank you, Mr. Chairman.
At the outset, I concur with Senator Breaux in his statement that there is consensus on this committee that reform of this system is needed, but I would remind my colleagues that, as we address welfare reform, the fact is, welfare is not an end all, or be all, it is a response to poverty.
In this $7 trillion economy, we still have 40 million people living in poverty; some 14 million of those people are in the welfare system in the States, and nine million of those people are children.
In our country right now, some 22 percent of American children live in poverty. That represents a 40 percent increase since 1970 alone. Our country has a child poverty rate that is double that of Canada, Australia, and more than four times than that of France, the Netherlands, Germany, and Sweden.
Now, the problem with this legislation, as I see it—and we just received it yesterday and have not had a chance to thoroughly review it—and was touched on by Senator Moynihan, and that is, this bill has no guarantee of support for children.
This approach that we are taking does not protect poor children in the final analysis. It essentially gives the States a blank check—a reduced one at that—and tells the States to go ahead and innovate with no standards necessary for the protection of poor children at the end of the day.
In some regards, with regard to their parents—you could call this a field of dreams approach—if you kick them off the rolls, they will work. Certainly, anyone who can work should work.
However, I have to raise the question, what will we do when the jobs do not miraculously appear? There is no provision in this legislation for jobs or job creation where jobs do not already exist. Yes, it refers to the Jobs Program, but in the absence of job creation we are still confronted with the problem of poverty.
I have this chart here which just talks about areas of high poverty rate in the City of Chicago, and we have areas in the city where 33 percent of the people live in poverty. In a previous conversation with the Chairman, I think I mentioned to you some areas of some of these blocks in which private employment is about one percent, falls below the 10 percent mark. If there are no jobs, the people cannot work.
Mr. Chairman, the tragedy of it—and I know I sent around to the members of the committee, and I really
commend to my colleagues, this article from *Chicago History Magazine*, spring of 1995, called "Friendless Foundlings and Homeless Half-Orphans." I hope that everyone has had a chance to read this, because this article talks about the state of America's children before we had a social safety net for them. I brought the pictures.
Now, the fact is, I thought about it when I wanted to bring these pictures out. You know, I am the first woman in history to serve on this committee, and maybe because we women tend to think of these things in people terms, I thought it was important to remind the committee, what are we talking about?
This was Chicago at the turn of the century. This is what happened to poor children before we had a social safety net for them. This right now is Thailand today. They do not have a social safety net.
If we eliminate the guarantee for children in this legislation, we could very well have a picture for the 21st century America that looks more like Thailand and looks more like 19th century America as opposed to the concept that I believe the American people expect us to deliver as part of this debate.
Frankly, reform, which I support, should not be synonymous with the draconian dismantlement of the safety net. We can and should have a fair and workable system.
Mr. Chairman, I fear that this bill, unfortunately, does neither.
I would encourage the committee that, as we go through the intricacies of how the block grants will be put together, and what the requirements will be, and the different chapters of the bill, that we not lose sight, that as we try to move the parents from welfare to work we, at the same time, recognize our obligation to see to it that children in this country are not reduced to the circumstances that they faced before we embarked on what was a noble experiment when it was started.
Thank you.
The Chairman. Senator Nickles, Senator Roth, then Senator Baucus.
OPENING STATEMENT OF THE HONORABLE DON NICKLES, A U.S. SENATOR FROM OKLAHOMA
Senator Nickles. Mr. Chairman, thank you very much. I want to compliment you for legislation you have introduced. I think it is a good beginning point. I would agree with Senator Grassley. I think we can make some improvements. Other people have said possible improvements can, could, and should be made.
Mr. Chairman, the status quo is not good enough. We have 336 federal welfare programs, according to GAO, and 155 federal Job programs. They are stacked on top of each other, and they are awfully expensive. We have spent trillions over the last few decades, and really we have not been successful in the war on poverty. It may have helped some; in other cases we probably have hurt.
The addiction to welfare is becoming more prevalent in many places in our society. We have to break that addiction. We have to break this welfare dependency cycle that we have created that is now being passed on from generation to generation.
I would agree with the Chairman. I think, in many cases, States can, could, and should do better. I also say I am not sure the States will in all cases, and we have to have some kind of a system to maybe monitor their efforts,
reward those who do a good job, and I would include in Senator Grassley's comments, monitoring illegitimacy. I remember our meeting that we had in Maryland, and we were talking about illegitimacy and how it has risen and continues to rise.
We have got real serious problems. I do not know if this legislation does enough. Maybe we can do some more. I am not saying the House has the exact right solution. I am still looking for that right solution, but I think we have to do some things to encourage the family unit, because the breakdown of the family unit is becoming more prevalent all the time.
When people start giving statistics that 30 percent of the kids are going to be born out-of-wedlock, and two-thirds of the black children are going to be born out-of-wedlock, that is a real problem. I am afraid some of our welfare programs even encourage that, or certainly do not discourage it. Maybe we can come up with something better. We have to come up with something better.
Mr. Chairman, I distributed to our committees—and actually I sent it to all Senators—an article that was in the recent May issue of Reader's Digest, "Welfare Gone Haywire." I have heard some of my colleagues say, well, boy, some of these proposals are tough on kids.
This is a welfare recipient in Louisiana who has seven
children, all of whom she has been able to qualify, after repeated efforts—many, many efforts—to get on SSI program to where they all receive $458 each a month. Her and her husband are successfully qualified, and so their family together receives $46,716 a year tax-free. They are abusing the system, they are milking the system, they are working the system. We cannot allow that to continue. That is not fair. So, we have to change it.
I would agree with President Clinton, in his campaign speech, when he said, "We have to change welfare as we know it." We have got to. We have got do a better job. I think it is long overdue. I compliment the House. Other people have been critical of the House for their efforts. I did not really think, Mr. Chairman, it would even be possible.
When people started talking about making these kinds of big changes, I can see us doing a lot of things, but to revamp the welfare system that has taken decades to build up, to be able to do that in this first year in Congress, or maybe to be able to do it, would be a remarkable accomplishment. I think the House has taken a good step in the right direction, and I think your bill is a good step in the right direction.
I look forward to working with you and other members of the committee to see if we cannot make it better, to help
eliminate welfare addiction, and put some responsibility back into families.
The Chairman. Thank you.
Senator Roth?
OPENING STATEMENT OF THE HONORABLE WILLIAM V. ROTH, JR., A U.S. SENATOR FROM DELAWARE
Senator Roth. Thank you, Mr. Chairman.
The Chairman. Let me announce that the vote has started. There are six votes. I will tell you exactly what they are. The Harkin Amendment, the Feingold Amendment, the Bumpers Amendment, the Snow Amendment, the Dodd Amendment, and the Hatfield Amendment.
Senator Bradley. And how many more Senators have to speak, Mr. Chairman?
The Chairman. There are about five more to go.
Senator Bradley. So maybe if we limit it to a minute each all of us would be able to get it?
The Chairman. If we were to limit it to a minute each, I think it would probably be unfair to do that now, and we will just come back and do the opening statements. We will go as far as we can now and we will come back and finish the opening statements and the walk-through of the bill, and Senator Moynihan’s bill, today.
Senator Roth. Well, thank you, Mr. Chairman.
It is just 60 years since the Social Security Act was passed, and it created the Aid to Families with Dependent Children. Our reexamination might begin with an assessment as to whether the purpose of the welfare system has been
met. According to the Act itself, the legislation was adopted to help maintain and strengthen family life and to help such parents or relatives to attain or retain capacity for the maximum self-support and personal independence.
Now, in 1936 the average monthly number of children on the program was 361,000. Today, that has risen to nine million children and it is estimated that, if nothing is done, within 12 years the number of children on AFDC will grow to 12 million. So, this is not a system which helps to maintain and strengthen family life.
When we talk about the welfare system we are really talking, however, about a complex of some 80 means-tested programs which provide not only cash assistance, but medical care, food, housing, education, training, and social services. In this fiscal year, federal and State governments will spend approximately $387 billion on these programs.
Here is what the General Accounting Office recently said about the array of programs. "The means-tested programs are costly and difficult to administer. On the one hand, these programs sometimes overlap one another. On the other hand, they are often so narrowly focused that gaps in service interclash. We note that, although advanced computer technology is essential to efficiently running the program, it has not been effectively developed."
or used. Due to their size and complexity, many of these programs are inherently vulnerable to fraud, waste, and abuse.
We also point out that some of our work has shown that the welfare system is often difficult for clients to navigate. Finally, administrators have not articulated goals and objectives for some programs that have not collected data on how well the programs are working."
Time is running out, but let me say, Mr. Chairman, I do think that we ought to give consideration to creating performance standards. Performance standards can be done in such a way that it creates no mandates, no burdensome reporting requirements, but it would impose upon the State standards for which they would be expected to achieve.
I would also just like to point out another program that has created real problems is the Earned Income Tax Credit. This is a program that has grown tremendously in cost. The waste is as much as 30-40 percent. It is estimated that if something is not done to correct this program, Mr. Chairman, that the cost of waste and fraud could be $36 billion by the year 2002. So, I will also be proposing an amendment to clarify and reform this piece of legislation.
I would ask that my full statement be placed in the record.
MOFFITT REPORTING ASSOCIATES
(301) 390-5150
The Chairman. Without objection.
[The prepared statement of Senator Roth appears in the appendix.]
The Chairman. Senator Baucus.
Senator Baucus. Mr. Chairman, I do not know how much time is left on this.
The Chairman. There is not very much.
Senator Baucus. I suggest we return.
The Chairman. We will come back 10 minutes after the last vote, assuming we have all six. All right. Thank you.
[Whereupon, at 10:23 a.m., the meeting was recessed.]
AFTER RECESS
[11:53 a.m.]
The Chairman. The committee will come to order, please. We appreciate everybody's patience. We were a little longer than we thought we would be.
The first person on our list is Senator Baucus. Then we have Senators Pryor, Bradley, and Hatch.
Senator Chafee. Mr. Chairman?
The Chairman. Senator Chafee.
Senator Chafee. Could you outline what your plans are? I was hoping you would say we are going to quit for lunch.
The Chairman. No. I think we will just walk right through the bill, because we are going to have more votes this afternoon again. We are going to be interrupted. So when we finish the opening statements we will walk through the bill, and through Senator Moynihan's substitute. Then we will start tomorrow on amendments and voting.
Senator Baucus?
OPENING STATEMENT OF THE HONORABLE MAX BAUCUS, A U.S. SENATOR FROM MONTANA
Senator Baucus. Thank you, Mr. Chairman.
Mr. Chairman, I have not had time to fully evaluate your proposal, but I look forward to walking through it. My initial reaction, however, is that you have produced a solid plan which, with some amendments, will help welfare recipients get back on their feet and restore the people's confidence in their social safety net.
The basic goal of a welfare system is not to provide money to poor people, neither is it to punish people for being poor. It is to help people get back on their feet and contribute to society. The system we now have fails to reach that goal.
We have all learned that giving money for nothing gets you just that: nothing. The time has come to reform the current system and create a new one based on personal responsibility, self-sufficiency, State flexibility, and good old-fashioned work ethic.
This bill helps us toward that system. It avoids measures that punish recipients without promoting work, like the family cap in the House bill; it avoids punishing children by sustaining essential child welfare programs such as foster care and adoption assistance; and at the
same time it promotes responsibility by cracking down on deadbeat dads and requiring recipients to work.
Under this plan, welfare recipients who could be working, or at least actively looking for work, must do so or their benefits would be cut. At the same time, States will be able to exempt individuals from this requirement when they are undergoing particular hardship.
We must also remember that to move people from welfare to work, job training and education are vital. Only this way can we both make sure opportunity is available and make sure people exercise personal responsibility to take it.
Welfare reform should also let States take the lead. They should be able to get additional aid during a recession, national disaster, or when the number of poor children simply rises.
We should have hardship waivers for particular regions and States, including Indian reservations, when those regions are undergoing severe economic distress, and we should make sure that individuals in thinly-populated areas have welfare facilities reasonably accessible to them.
But, most important, States must have the room to design programs that fit their unique circumstances. We in Montana have a welfare population very different from those in big, urban States.
Our State has a well-designed program with a back to
work requirement. This program meets our needs, it is common sense, and it has galled me to no end to see Montana have to jump through one federal hoop after another to simply let its own program run. It has been like pulling teeth, and I hope to hear today about how this proposal would affect Montana's current waiver.
Finally, although your proposal does not include provisions relating to child nutrition, I want to say for the record that I strongly support keeping child nutrition programs an entitlement. I oppose turning them into block grants. Block granting might be right for AFDC, but it is not right everywhere, every time. It is wrong for child nutrition, adoption assistance, and foster care.
Welfare reform is about putting people back to work and helping those receiving aid to reach self-sufficiency. It is not about punishing children or making them the victims of our deficit control efforts. As a member of the Agriculture Committee, I will work to protect child nutrition programs.
I think we are off to a solid start in this committee, but let us forget about party labels and work to pass meaningful welfare reform this year.
Thank you, Mr. Chairman.
The Chairman. Thank you, Senator Baucus.
Senator Bradley?
OPENING STATEMENT OF THE HONORABLE BILL BRADLEY, A U.S. SENATOR FROM NEW JERSEY
Senator Bradley. Mr. Chairman, thank you very much. As I was listening to some of the statements made by a number of the Senators today, I was reminded of the gap that exists between our experience and the experience of the people that these programs are attempting to help. It is literally vast.
If you ever spend any time talking to recipients of welfare or talking to those who are not academics but caught in the midst of the storm of poverty, violence, and family disintegration, it bears little resemblance to the kind of stereotypical presentations that we have heard today by a number of members of this committee.
I think that that is the root of the problem because the majority of America does not have the faintest idea about the life of people caught in the midst of this turmoil, and frequently they become a kind of tool of sorts to send other kinds of messages. I think that is unfortunate. I do not think that is going to solve the problem, nor do I think that that plays to our best instincts as a people.
Now, when it comes to the Welfare Reform bill that is before us, I will say, on behalf of the bill that we
received last night and in support of the Chairman's efforts, that it does not indulge in the gratuitous meanness that was a fundamental aspect of the House bill. I compliment him for avoiding the cheapest of cheap shots that the House bill was absolutely riddled with.
I also would compliment him on the child support enforcement provisions of the bill. I think that reflects the broad bipartisan consensus that if someone has a child they have an obligation to support that child. I think you borrowed creatively from the House bill and that bill that has been introduced on the Senate side, so I think that those are two good aspects of your bill.
I would say, however, that I think that it is a missed opportunity, to say the least, because in a way it is a kind of collective shrug of indifference toward the poor in this country.
It is neither compassionate, nor is it tough, nor does it send any kind of strong message about people assuming their responsibilities, nor does it send any message about the limits of society's willingness to do so. It does nothing to maintain the safety net. It does nothing to enhance the partnership between States and the Federal Government, it simply passes it on.
I would hope that we would do better than a block grant. As I recall, there was one governor here who said
he really liked it, with no strings attached. There were not a lot of others who said they want no strings attached.
All of the objections that were made today by a number of Senators about what they intend to do and how they ensure to have the welfare population do this, and do that, none of those things will be achieved in this bill because all we do is send the money back to the States. We do not even require the States to maintain the same effort that they are now making.
So you could easily find a governor in some State deciding, well, instead of maintaining the State's share of welfare I think I will give my people a tax cut, or I think I will spend it on something else. It is all quite possible.
I suppose my deepest lament about the bill—and here I echo, I think, Senator Moynihan's words—is that we are essentially going to stand alone among advanced industrial countries in saying that we, as a national government, have no responsibility to poor children.
In fact, we are eliminating their individual entitlement to some help—some help—and we are saying, we are sending this money, pot of money as it is, back to a State politician to do with what he or she wants to do with it and abdicating our responsibility and commitment to children who are poor in this country and who have had an
entitlement to some help, $64 a month, or less in many States. Some help. I think that is regrettable.
I know the committee will work its way. I hope there will be some flexibility. There are a number, I think, of very strong alternatives on this side. There are a number of strengthening amendments that are a part of the discussion on this side, and I hope that possibly we could move this bill a little bit more away from the direction that it is now headed.
The Chairman. We will go to Senator Graham, next. Do you have an opening statement, Senator Graham?
OPENING STATEMENT OF THE HONORABLE BOB GRAHAM, A U.S. SENATOR FROM FLORIDA
Senator Graham. Mr. Chairman, I have a short statement. I am inclined to support the concept of increased State role in developing programs that will move people from dependence to independence. I am concerned as to whether it is necessary to take on some of the disabilities that are being suggested in order to achieve that objective.
For instance, I was governor of my State in 1982 when we had a serious economic recession. We were benefitted by the fact that, while our State revenue was declining, we could look to the Federal Government to provide additional resources during that period of time to meet the increased welfare rolls that our State was facing.
I think that kind of a fiscal partnership is an important quality and has served our Nation well, and should not be casually disregarded.
Number two, if we are going to move to block grants, then I think an issue of fundamental fairness and equity has to be faced. I do not know what the chart is for the Chairman's bill, but I am looking at the State-by-State allocation of the block grant from the House.
I know that the District of Columbia, for AFDC, would
receive under the block grant $2,042 for each poor child; across the Potomac River in Virginia, each poor child will receive $758.
A question that raises, obviously, is, how can Virginia, with almost one-third the funds, be expected to do what the District of Columbia is expected to do in terms of moving the parents of that poor child from dependence to independence?
I am concerned about the issue of the treatment of legal aliens. As I understand it, the proposal is going to be that States would make the decision as to whether to include legal aliens in those eligible for these benefits.
If legal aliens were distributed across the country evenly, that might be an arguable position, although it, I think, begs the fundamental issue, which is, it is the Federal Government, through its standards, its sponsorship enforcement, which has allowed illegal aliens in the country in the first instance, and now we are saying it is going to be the States' responsibility to pay for those legal aliens who are unable to be fully self-sufficient.
The fact is, legal aliens are not equally distributed across the country. My State has about twice the proportion of legal aliens as its population in the country. So, the burden is going to be very disproportionate. I believe that this is an issue that
ought to be assessed in a broader context, such as overall immigration reform, and not focused in this welfare reform legislation.
So, those are some of my concerns, within the context that I support the premise of giving States greater flexibility to shape programs that best meet their needs.
I do not think that we have to give up the partnership with the Federal Government which has served States so well, particularly during periods of economic adversity. And, if we do, we do not have to do so through a formula that is as discriminatory as one that would give the District of Columbia child three times as much as the child just a few hundred yards away in Virginia will have available.
The Chairman. As a matter of fact, that is the present distribution formula. If this committee wants to get into a debate about the distribution formula, it can. I took what we had and chose to stick with that formula.
The formula will vary from State to State, depending upon what the State wants to do. Of course, the match is based upon the Medicaid formula. I am assuming we may get into a debate on the Medicaid formula when we get to Medicaid, but I did not attempt to change that situation.
Senator Breaux. Mr. Chairman, may I be allowed to make just a brief comment on something that Senator Nickles
pointed out? Senator Nickles raised a point and gave us the article entitled "Welfare Gone Haywire," which points out a situation in my State of Louisiana where a certain family had both the mother, the father, and all seven children on SSI disability payments. And a question was raised whether the children were truly disabled, and questioning that they are making $46,716 a year on Social Security Disability.
I would just point out, the Chairman's legislation, as well as Senator Moynihan's legislation, as well as the legislation that I and others have been working on, and I know Senator Conrad's, all addresses this problem. The Slattery Commission has made a recommendation on changing how those standards are applied.
There is a problem out there. I think that is the bad news. The good news is, I think that everybody's version of welfare reform tries to address this very, very serious Social Security Disability problem.
The Chairman. That is correct.
Now, I believe we are ready to start. Ms. Paull, Ms. Tobin, Ms. Malone, Dr. Vichon.
Lindy, are you going to start?
Ms. Paull. Yes, I am going to start. Thank you, Mr. Chairman and members of the committee.
Just to restate the agenda, the Chairman's mark only
addresses the issues in H.R. 4 that was in the committee's jurisdiction. It does not address any issues outside of the committee's jurisdiction because that bill had significant provisions in other committees' jurisdictions.
The bill has basically three features. As the Chairman said, there are block grants, the AFDC programs, and the Temporary Family Assist Grant.
Under AFDC, there are seven programs under current law and it consolidates them all into one program, with the exception of a little bit of a hybrid. The Jobs Program that was crafted by the Finance Committee in 1988, under the leadership of Senator Moynihan, is retained in a more flexible way, but the funding is folded into the block grant. So, there is a little bit of a hybrid going on with respect to the Jobs Program.
The new program, the Temporary Family Assist Grant program, will give the States quite a bit of latitude and freedom in designing a program that meets the needs of their constituencies.
They will be able to continue to set the need standards the way they do today, and will have a lot more latitude with respect to the income eligibilities and the categories of people they are going to serve and the services they are going to provide.
The seven programs that are consolidated into the one
program is the AFDC cash benefit program, AFDC administration Jobs Program funding, AFDC work-related child care, transitional child care, at-risk child care, and emergency assistance.
The level of the block grant is set at the actual federal spending level for fiscal year 1994. That is the most recent spending level that we have numbers on right now. The House bill had a different kind of a formula for setting it. This is the actual expenditures that the Federal Government gave to every State and the territories who participate in these programs.
The funds are to be used to provide benefits to needy families with minor children. Basically, the focus of the program is being changed into more of a work program. After receiving benefits for two years—and this is after the effective date of the new program—then the recipients are required to participate in work activities.
After receiving benefits for five years they are no longer eligible for federal funding, although the State has flexibility to keep hardship cases on the rolls beyond that period.
Those periods are measured, whether or not consecutively. You can have different spells of nine months or a year and then go off and come back on, and you keep measuring them.
The Chairman's mark also establishes a new revolving loan fund for the States. The revolving loan fund is available pretty much at the discretion of the State to be used on this program. You cannot borrow more than 10 percent of your annual grant amount at any one point in time, and the State needs to pay it back within three years, with interest, under short-term Treasury rates.
The States are required to file a plan with the Secretary of HHS and update it annually. The plan is to describe the program that they have. On page four, the elements of the Chairman's plan are outlined. In addition, the States must certify that it does operate a Jobs Program, it does operate a child support enforcement program, and it has a child welfare/adoption assistance/foster care program, and income and eligibility verification systems.
The States are given the option to not provide benefits to non-citizens if they wish, and the deeming rule under current law is retained, but increased to five years from three years.
Senator Chafee. Mr. Chairman, if we have a question do you want us to interrupt, or to wait? How do you want us to handle this?
The Chairman. I would just as soon let her go through it, if I could, John.
Ms. Paull. In addition, States who do not use all of their funding in one year can carry that funding over to the next year.
Within six months at the end of the year, States are required to provide a report to the HHS describing the benefits that they have been providing, describing a series of information about the people that they have been providing benefits to, and so that the program can be monitored by the HHS.
After three years of the program, HHS is to report back to the Congress on how the program has been going, how the States have been using the money, who has been served under the new program.
There are some penalties for failing to comply with the rules, penalties for both failure to comply with your plan and the proper use of the funds, failure to meet your Jobs participation requirements, which we will discuss in a minute, failure to have an income and eligibility verification system—that is supposed to reduce fraud—and defaulting on your revolving loan amounts.
The current law coordination with other federally-funded programs is retained so that if you are receiving, for example, SSI for one of your children, that child does not also get counted for funds for this program, and foster care is the same thing.
With respect to the out-of-wedlock pregnancies, the State plan is required to provide an action plan for how the State plans to deal with increases in out-of-wedlock pregnancies with some special emphasis on teen pregnancies. In addition to that, States are required annually to report back to the HHS with its other data on that issue. I think one of the problems in this area is there is not a great amount of good data on what is going on.
As was pointed out by the Chairman, this block grant does not impose a restriction on teen mothers and mothers who have children while they are on the welfare rolls, however, the States have great latitude in designing whatever plan they want and they can pick and choose whether or not that is an appropriate design for their State.
With respect to the Jobs Program, the basic change is to provide a little bit more flexibility in the types of services that can be offered. Under the current law, you basically have to offer four kinds of services, and then two of a couple more. Basically, we just opened up all of those services; you can pick and choose among all the services that you want to offer.
We have added on to those services community service programs that are approved by the State, and also the Jobs Placement Voucher Program that Senators Breaux and Brown
have been interested in.
One of the big changes is the change in the participation rates for the Jobs Program. The Jobs participation rates, the number of the case load that is supposed to be participating in the Jobs Program, is due to expire at the end of this year.
Right now, there are a series of exemptions that are laid out on page seven and eight of the mark-up document that operate so that about 60 percent of the case load is exempt from the participation requirements.
For a period of transition, the first three years of the block grant, States have the option to continue to compute their participation rates using the old exemptions, the exemptions under current law. After three years, they must no longer use the exemptions.
The new participation rates for the overall case load are shown on page nine. I think they are roughly equivalent, until you get after the three years, the types of participation rates that Senator Moynihan was looking at in his bill.
In addition, just to point out, job search is no longer going to be counted towards job activity, so you have to be participating in either a work experience or a directly-related educational experience. The 20-hour per week standard of what you count as participation will continue.
on. That is a current law standard.
For two-parent families, there are some tougher requirements, even than under current law. The participation requirements under current law are retained; they expire in 1998. They start at 60 percent, then 75 percent, and then it expires in 1998. There will be a permanent 90 percent requirement for two-parent families. One parent out of the two-parent family would be required to participate.
The current law, the 16 hours per week rule that applies to the one parent out of the two-parent family, would be made 30 hours per week. So, that is a two-part toughening on that.
I think that basically summarizes the AFDC block grant and the Jobs Program changes. As the Chairman noted, 11 of the child protection programs that are in the House bill—actually, there is one big block grant that consolidates 23 programs from several committees' jurisdictions—are under our committee's jurisdiction, and all of them are being retained as they are under current law.
The next part of the bill is the Supplemental Security Income piece. There are three pieces to that bill. I will briefly describe the first two pieces, and then Dr. Vachon will describe the proposal that deals with disabled children.
The first proposal is that individuals who are qualifying for SSI solely on the basis of drug addiction or alcoholism will no longer be able to qualify solely on that basis. However, many of these people will qualify also under a different standard. Not all of them, but may of them will.
This is similar to the House bill. It does not impact, just to say, the Social Security Disability Income program, which has a three-year rule that was enacted last year.
The people who have qualified and are on the SSI rolls today on the basis of an addiction will be given through the end of next year to finish their rehabilitation programs, determine whether or not they re-qualify under some other disability, and then they will be removed from the rolls.
The second category of people that were addressed are non-citizens. The proposal is to have a general rule basically that non-citizens will no longer qualify for SSI cash benefits unless they have worked in the United States for a sufficient period that they have qualified for Social Security Disability Income. That would be 20 quarters, or roughly five years—it can be different spells—or Social Security Old Age, which is 40 quarters, or almost 10 years.
There is a special rule for people who come into the country as asylees or refugees. They will be eligible for
up to five years upon their entry into the United States. Then there is another category of non-citizens, those who have worked in our Armed Forces. They and their spouse and children will remain eligible for SSI.
Once again, this proposal is basically effective on the effective date of the bill. Those people who are on the roll today will continue on through the end of next year. With that, Dr. Vachon, if you could give us some discussion of the children with disabilities.
The Chairman. Doctor.
Dr. Vachon. The childhood SSI Disability provisions are six basic provisions. The first provision, for the first time the Chairman's mark would add a definition of childhood disability to Title 16. Currently, there are two definitions of adult work disability in the statute which Social Security is required to translate into childhood definitions.
Second, the Chairman's mark makes two changes to the regulations to tighten eligibility for the program, to ensure that only children with severe disabilities qualify for the program.
The first one, a very technical change, is to change one regulation so that maladaptive behavior can only be counted once in making a decision if a child is disabled; currently under regulations that particular disabling
condition can be counted twice in making a decision.
The Commissioner is also directed to eliminate an evaluation and procedure called the Individualized Functional Assessment that captures less than severe disabilities in the disability determination process.
Third, there are provisions regarding how these rule changes will affect current recipients of children's SSI. The Chairman's mark would, first, direct the Commissioner to reevaluate all these children within one year.
No child, however, will be removed from the rolls until they had a chance for a disability review. They would have a chance to re-qualify during that process. All their rights to appeals and due process procedures are preserved. Notwithstanding such review, in the interest of fairness, no child will be removed from the program until January 1, 1997.
Senator Chafee. No child would be removed until January 1, 1997?
Dr. Vachon. That is correct, sir.
Fourth, the Chairman's mark contains various provisions to conduct ongoing disability reviews to ensure that children who are on the program remain disabled.
The fifth basic provision is, the Commissioner of Social Security is directed to contract with the National Academy of Sciences to conduct a study of its disability.
determination procedure. It happens that Social Security has never actually examined the validity of its disability procedures. They do not actually know if people on the program are really disabled.
Last, the Chairman's mark would create a national commission on future disability to look at two issues. First, to examine and provide recommendations regarding growth in both the SSI and SSDI programs. SSI is projected to grow from $24 billion last year to $43 billion in the year 2000; SSI and SSDI together, to over $105 billion.
The Commissioner would also examine complaints by people with disabilities that the SSI and SSDI programs provide considerable disincentives to work. So, it is both to examine growth, and to examine the concerns of people with disabilities.
The Chairman. Doctor, thank you.
What I am going to do before we ask questions is, I am going to ask Margaret Malone to go through Senator Moynihan's bill. I know there will be other amendments tomorrow, but to at least put it in juxtaposition of what we are talking to.
So, Margaret, if you would do that.
Ms. Paull. Mr. Chairman?
The Chairman. Yes.
Ms. Paull. Kathy has a small description of the child
support enforcement piece in the Chairman's mark.
The Chairman. I apologize. Margaret, we will do that, first, and then get to you.
Kathy?
Ms. Tobin. Thank you.
First of all, what we are going to do is try to strengthen interstate enforcement, but we are going to do that by preserving States' rights. The way we do that is, we have kind of taken bits and pieces from Senator Bradley's child support bill and incorporated them into our own.
The biggest difference between the two bills is, the Chairman's mark includes State new-hire registries. What that is, is a place where employers will send their W-4 forms. This is a form of tracking new employees. That is the biggest problem. By the time the child support agency catches up, some of these people have moved on to another job.
The decision to use a State new-hire registry was based on 70 percent of the cases for child support are within the same State, and that was going to be the priorities for the State.
For the interstate cases, there will be a federal registry. Once the W-4 forms go into the State registry they will be forwarded on to the federal registry, to be
cross-referenced with the Federal Parent Locator Service. That is the same as Senator Bradley's bill. We just have one step extra, that it begins and originates at the State level.
Another registry that the Chairman's mark establishes is a disbursement unit. That is a single unit within the State where money will be collected and sent back out to the employers. That is just, again, to streamline the current system where sometimes the courts are doing it, and sometimes the agencies are doing it. We are trying to streamline this process. There is one agency in a State.
There is a provision that if they have local disbursement units, States can do that--some States already do--but they have to be linked to the central State registry. That State registry, again, reports to the federal registry.
The Federal Parent Locator System is expanded. Within the Federal Parent Locator System we will include the federal case registry and the National Directory of New Hires.
The Secretary will be instructed to compare support orders, to match Social Security numbers. That will be done every few days to make sure that compliance is happening quickly, that these interstate cases are being serviced.
As far as reimbursement for services for child support, the Chairman's mark continues the current 66 percent federal match. However, States will be given incentives that can increase the federal match based on how well their overall performance is: are they establishing paternity, are they collecting on the money? They will be able to get up to 12 percent additional matching funds.
One thing to note is, the way the current system works is if a State collects money from a support order, if it is a person that is on AFDC, the State retains the money. They only pass through a $50 amount, and the rest is divided between the State and the Federal Government.
The Secretary of HHS will use part of that money that the Federal Government collects. One percent of that will go to improving technical assistance to other States to bring their systems up to par. Two percent of the federal share will go the operation of the Federal Parent Locator Service to make sure it is operating properly.
Unlike the Bradley bill, the Chairman's mark does eliminate the $50 pass-through. In exchange for that, however, an individual that comes on to the AFDC rolls under current law has to assign their arrearages.
What that means is, if someone owes them $100, a person coming on the rolls says, well, I am coming onto the AFDC rolls but I will give you that $100 to help pay for my AFDC
benefit costs.
What the Chairman's mark does is, it says that money is going to stay with the family and when the family moves off welfare, this is the cushion for the family. It just adds up in the end so they can make an easier transition from welfare, and they have a little bit of money, and that will help them transition off.
That is the summary, Mr. Chairman.
The Chairman. Thank you.
Margaret, how many appearances have you made in that chair over the years?
Ms. Malone. Mr. Chairman, I have not counted. A good many.
The Chairman. We are very lucky that you stay with us. Thank you very much, Margaret.
Ms. Malone. Thank you, Mr. Chairman.
Members should have in front of them a document entitled "The Family Support Act of 1995," which provides a detailed description of Senator Moynihan's bill, S. 828, which was introduced last week.
The Family Support Act of 1995 retains AFDC as an entitlement to individuals and to States. It amends the Family Support Act of 1988 in a number of ways, the primary one being to increase the participation rates for AFDC recipients and applications under the Jobs Program from 20
percent in 1995 to 50 percent in the year 2001.
That increase represents about a doubling of the current number of individuals who are participating in the Jobs Program, from approximately 600,000 to 1.2 million between 1995 and the year 2001.
To help States pay for these increased participation rates, the federal matching rate for the Jobs Program and for child care is increased from a minimum of 60 percent under current law to a minimum of 70 percent, or, if higher, the State's Medicaid matching rate plus 10 percentage points. And the funding cap for the Jobs Program is phased up $1.3 billion in 1995 to $2.5 billion in the year 2001.
The bill also requires States to encourage placement in jobs by using performance measures that reward staff performance or another management practice that the State may choose. It provides for a job voucher program that uses private profit and non-profit organizations to place recipients in private employment. This is a proposal that was introduced by Senator Breaux.
It eliminates certain federal requirements to give States additional flexibility in operating their Jobs Programs. For example, it allows States to decide when, and for how long, individuals would have to participate in job search programs.
It allows States to provide job services to non-custodial parents who are unemployed and unable to meet their child support obligations. The 1988 law allowed five States to try that approach, and this bill will allow all States to do that.
Senator Moynihan. Non-custodial parents means absent father.
Ms. Malone. Absent fathers or mothers.
There are several provisions relating to teen parents. For purposes of AFDC eligibility, teen parents who are under the age of 18 are required to live at home or in an alternative adult-supervised setting, and teen parents who are under the age of 20 are required to attend school or participate in another Jobs activity that is approved by the State. In addition, States are given the flexibility to establish programs, penalties, or incentives to encourage teens to stay in school.
The bill allows States to test alternative strategies in their AFDC programs without requesting a waiver. States may adopt their own AFDC rules with respect to the disregard of earnings, the establishment of income and asset requirements, and eligibility for the unemployed parent program.
This authority will last for a period of five years, during which time the Secretary of HHS is required to
evaluate the impact of this provision on the receipt of AFDC, the earnings achieved, the program costs, and other factors.
The bill also establishes an interagency welfare review board which is to expedite waiver requests that involve more than one federal agency. In considering an application for a waiver under the Social Security Act there will be a presumption for approval in the case of a request for a waiver that is similar in substance and scale to one that the Secretary has already approved, and decisions on such waivers must be made within 90 days after a completed application is received.
There are several child support enforcement proposals, which I will not describe. Many are similar to those that are in the Chairman's mark and they are largely those that are in the bill that was introduced by Senator Bradley.
In addition, there are provisions relating to the SSI program for disabled people.
Senator Moynihan. I think there are rather similar.
Ms. Malone. They are quite similar, yes. There are very few modifications.
There are provisions related to SSI benefits for children. The bill includes provisions that would tighten disability eligibility criteria for children by imposing a more rigorous standard for measuring how a child functions.
Senator Moynihan. Again, I think, Mr. Chairman, from here on out we are similar.
The Chairman. We are similar on our SSI provisions.
Senator Moynihan. We are very much on the same thing.
Ms. Malone. There is one provision in Senator Moynihan's bill that is slightly different, and that is, it would require parents to establish treatment plans for their disabled children and to follow those treatment plans.
Then there are provisions related to alien deeming. A sponsor's income and resources will be deemed to be the income and resources of the individual for a period of five, rather than three, years for purposes of the AFDC, SSI, Medicaid, and food stamp programs.
Then there are three revenue provisions which perhaps Mr. Gale might want to address. In any case, the bill is paid for. The expenditure over the period 1996 to 2002 is $13.7 billion. There are offsets for these new expenditures amounting to $14.6 billion.
The Chairman. Margaret, thank you.
Questions on either the Chairman's mark or Senator Moynihan's proposed amendment? Senator Grassley.
Senator Grassley. All right. If I am wrong on any of my understanding of what is in the mark, I invite you to correct me.
The draft language does not address the concern that I raised about cost neutrality for States which have been operating a waiver program. When the States negotiated their waiver agreement they were required to sign a contract with the Federal Government.
Now, we at the federal level are modifying the contract before its term is completed, so I believe that States should be held harmless from the standpoint of the fact that we are changing the contract.
So my question is, why was this issue not addressed with cost neutrality language?
Senator Moynihan. Ms. Paull, would you respond?
Ms. Paull. Yes. We did put some language in the bill that started to go in that direction that deals with the existing waivers that States have gotten for their programs. We could not quite come to closure on the issue of the cost neutrality issue and we would be happy to continue working with your staff on that issue.
Senator Grassley. All right. Well, if you are open to do that, then that ought to solve it. I think it can be worked out. I think, from the standpoint of fairness, that the States, when they signed these contracts, could have never foreseen the rapid change of political consensus on welfare reform that has taken place in the United States and this Congress just over the last four or five months.
Let me put this in perspective. Less than one year ago, I participated in a news conference proposing welfare reform. The welfare reform I was proposing at that particular time was very sweeping compared to what Republicans—for instance, in the House of Representatives—were getting behind all of the last Congress. Now, what we are dealing with right here before this very well makes my proposal of a year ago look very liberal, in a sense.
Now, governors signing these contracts two years ago, if they had anticipated this, would have never locked themselves into something where they were investing a lot of money up front to create jobs and to get people turned around into the process of work, reaping the reward in the fourth and fifth year of the contract.
I mean, you have answered in good faith.
Ms. Paull. Yes.
Senator Grassley. If you want to comment, please do.
Ms. Paull. I was going to say, we have not been able to get our hands around all of the circumstances either that the States are currently in.
Senator Grassley. All right. Sure. Yes.
Now, another point that I raised in my opening remarks was the illegitimacy issue. Why was this not one of the areas for which the governors were required to provide certification? They have to certify on child support.
enforcement, on protection, foster care, adoption assistance, jobs, and I could go on and on. Why was illegitimacy not included in the list?
Now, let me make clear, I do not support what the House did. I think a conservative micromanagement of this issue with the States, is substituting too much micromanagement for what we had—I will call liberal micromanagement—over the last 40 years.
But I still think that if there is any one thing that has been so clear in any of our hearings, that a father not being in the home, or lack of two parents in the home, is the major problem at the basis of our welfare problem.
So it seems to me that, in as flexible a way as we can to let it be carried out, we have to recognize what has been so clearly brought to our attention by experts across the political spectrum and across the sociological spectrum, that we have got to identify it, and we are leaving it out of this legislation.
Ms. Paull. Well, this is one area, as you said, I think the States are doing a lot of experimenting in right now. We were not sure what they would certify because there is no requirement under current law.
What we did put, however, in the Chairman’s mark was a requirement that the State—and there are not a lot of requirements here—address how it is going to reduce outof-wedlock pregnancies, especially with respect to teen pregnancies, where you see 70 percent rates, in their plan. That gives the States the flexibility to keep this experimenting going because we do not know what is happening.
Senator Grassley. All right. Then would it be legitimate for me to ask this.
Ms. Paull. Of the reporting requirement.
Senator Grassley. Yes. You may have a point, what do you certify if you do not have a benchmark. I think that is what you are saying, right?
Ms. Paull. Yes, sir.
Senator Grassley. Could we delay two, three years, such certification? Then in the meantime you have a benchmark that is established that you measure their progress against. The goal, obviously, is reducing illegitimacy.
Ms. Paull. Yes. That is the goal, I think, that everybody can agree on.
Senator Grassley. Yes.
Ms. Paull. The problem is, once again, certify what, when States are really trying very hard to innovate in this area. So even if you delay it, maybe there is one State that is going to come up with some great plan.
The Chairman. Chuck, I can tell you one thing we ran
up against.
Senator Grassley. All right.
The Chairman. This was a Right to Life lobbyist that caught me and said, Senator, this is the only time we are probably on the same side of an issue. They are understandably afraid that if we make illegitimate births, or illegitimacy the standard, you are going to encourage abortion.
Senator Grassley. But that argument was debunked when 150 some members of the House were Pro-Life, out of 170, voted against that point of view.
The Chairman. I understand that. All I am telling you, is what the view of the organization is.
Senator Grassley. All right.
The Chairman. We tried to look at something where we could measure teenage pregnancies rather than births, and there was just no way to measure it.
Ms. Paull. Well, the Centers for Disease Control are doing some work on this right now, and we are trying to monitor it. That is the problem, is kind of, how do you certify something where you are not sure what they are supposed to do? But they are directed that their plan is not complete until they have described how they are addressing this issue in their State.
Senator Grassley. Well, you may raise a point that I
have to give some more thought to.
Ms. Paull. All right.
Senator Grassley. Because I think you raise a legitimate point, and I have got to have an answer. If I do not have an answer, we will not be able to do it. But, if I got an answer, I expect some consideration of that point of view, not because Chuck Grassley says so, but because every witness we had pointed out that this is central and core to the problem in the need for welfare reform.
That is the end of my questions.
The Chairman. Senator Bradley, then Senator Rockefeller.
Senator Bradley. Thank you, Mr. Chairman.
Are the States required to set eligibility standards and benefits? As I look at it, I am not sure. Are they required to serve everybody who meets that standard?
Ms. Paull. The States are given a lot of flexibility in determining that standard, but when they determine it, that is what they have described in their plan and that is who they are going to serve with this money. That is what the money is being spent for, yes.
Senator Bradley. But my point is, do we tell them anything or is it totally up to them? For example, there is a provision in the bill that I see that says they are to
use this money to assist needy families. That is basically what the requirement is. We do not get into other eligibility or standards. I think that we want to actually make sure that the money is used for the purposes that we have laid out.
Ms. Paull. Right.
Senator Bradley. We do not want to get into a situation where a State gets the money simply if it has a kind of token program to help needy families. I mean, as I read the current language, you could almost say the State would establish a program where poor kids could get surplus cheese if it were available, and that would qualify. I am sure that is not what is intended.
So what I wonder, is if we could maybe work together to try to figure out, is there a way that we can assure that there are some basic eligibility standards and benefits, because it seems to me that that's fairly central to this.
Ms. Paull. Well, the theory behind this is to taken the seven programs that are currently serving and consolidating them into one, and give the States more flexibility. The trade-off for them is, they get the same amount of money and a lot more flexibility to design their plan. Certainly we could work with you to see if that language could be shaped up.
Senator Bradley. All right.
Ms. Paull. The theory behind this is to do what we are doing today smarter and giving the States a lot more freedom.
Senator Bradley. Then the other point, is there anything that would prohibit the State from essentially mandating the cost for the welfare to county governments? In other words, the State has an obligation but they choose not to meet the obligation and, instead, push the cost further down to county governments.
Ms. Paull. I do not believe the bill addresses that.
Senator Bradley. Well, it is clearly not the intention, I do not think, of the Finance Committee to send this money back to States and then have States essentially push the cost back on the county government. I mean, maybe we ought to have an unfunded mandate on this bill. No unfunded mandates.
Ms. Paull. This one is being paid to the State for the purpose of providing benefits to needy families in the State. Are you saying that they are going to keep it and make the local governments do it? That is not the intent here.
Senator Bradley. Well, maybe we can shop a number of amendments by you that go to the point of making sure that the State will serve all needy families, not just a few.
Ms. Paull. All right.
Senator Bradley. And not just certain kinds of needy families. Then maybe something to deal with this, no State receiving the allotment under the block grant should mandate or shift the cost of providing income support and services currently provided under the Aid to Families with Dependent Children to the counties and localities. I mean, we certainly do not want that. So the State is making a certain effort now. This is not really maintenance of effort.
Ms. Paull. Right.
Senator Bradley. But it prevents the State from having the exit, from saying, well, you know, we are spending X hundred million now on our part of welfare. Well, now that we have this flexibility we are no longer going to spend it, but we are going to require the counties and the cities to do it. Maybe we ought to just have a clear statement that, if you want any of the federal money, you cannot do that, you cannot push this down on the counties.
Ms. Paull. We will look at that.
I just want to point out, though, when you are giving flexibility here, the idea was also to give the States the flexibility to choose if they wanted to not make payments to teen moms, or require them to stay in their homes, if they wanted to. So in crafting something that says, you
have to give everybody the same, there was intended to be some flexibility there.
Senator Bradley. All right.
The Chairman. Senator Rockefeller.
Senator Rockefeller. Thank you, Mr. Chairman.
On this block grant funding, Ms. Paull. Senator Graham was mentioning earlier about having presided over a session a governor, and I did the same thing in 1982. Our unemployment went to 18 percent; that was the official figure. The fact of the matter is, we took in less money in 1983 than we took in in 1982. In other words, literally the State revenues went down, not relatively, but literally.
What happens, in fact, if a State does run into one of these situations and let us say in the middle of year I had to lay off 6,000 State highway workers just as a way to try to do that, so you can see there was a lot of pressure there. Could States reduce their benefits to some families who apply later in that year, or could a State create a waiting list?
Ms. Paull. Once again, the States are given a fair amount of latitude to develop a program here, so they would be able to, midstream, lower the benefit level, which is what your question is.
Senator Rockefeller. Yes.
Ms. Paull. Also, the funds a State does not use in one year is carried over to another to help out on this. We do go back and look to see how much variation has occurred in the last few years, and also States are allowed to borrow up to 10 percent. I know that States have a problem.
Senator Rockefeller. No. But I understand what you are saying.
Ms. Paull. There is some flexibility there.
Senator Rockefeller. I also want to associate myself with the comments, Senator Packwood, that Senator Bradley made, that you have stayed away from what the House did, and I should have said that. I mean, they really did a hatchet job on this, and you declined to do that. I have some differences, but I should have pointed that out.
The Chairman. When I was, for a year, a clerk on the Oregon Supreme Court ----
Senator Rockefeller. This is off his time.
The Chairman. [continued]. The decisions you always wanted to look up were the ones that started out, "The learned trial judge." Then you knew it was going to be reversed at that stage.
Go ahead, Jay.
Senator Rockefeller. Thank you.
I want to give you four cases of real families in West
Virginia and tell me what would happen, Ms. Paull, to the best of your ability.
The first, is a single mother of three children. She has an eighth grade education, but adult education indicates that she functions on a third- to sixth-grade level. Not untypical. She has no work experience whatsoever. She lives in Marion County which has an unemployment rate now of almost nine percent.
What happens to her three children if she cannot find a job, which I surely think she will not be able to find, and ultimately, therefore, get cut off? What happens to her children?
Ms. Paull. Well, once again, the States have some latitude here on the hardship cases. You are describing a person that you, I think, believe is unemployable—I am not sure about that—or has significant hurdles to overcome to become employable. The States do have some latitude.
Senator Rockefeller. A 10 percent fund, right?
Ms. Paull. Right.
Senator Rockefeller. Can I ask how you arrived at the 10 percent as opposed to setting criteria? For example, I do not know if I will have time to ask it, but there is a later question of a mother that has a three-year-old son with a seizure disorder and needs a trachea tube, which is not at all uncommon. Would establishing criteria rather
than a specific 10 percent rainy day fund for these kinds of situations make more sense?
Ms. Paull. Well, once again, we were trying to give as much flexibility to the States as we could. What might be a hardship case in West Virginia might not be somewhere else; I do not know. We were trying to leave that to the States to determine, what are their really toughest cases, and give them some latitude. The 10 percent figure is an arbitrary figure.
Senator Rockefeller. It is.
Ms. Paull. Yes.
Senator Rockefeller. You know, most of the folks that follow these things fairly closely think it is probably insufficient for quite a number of States, and that is the reason I suggested the criteria approach to be built into the Packwood proposal.
Mr. Chairman, may I continue?
Senator Moynihan. Go ahead.
Senator Rockefeller. All right. Thank you.
Another example. A Raleigh County mother who must be at home to take care of her disabled child. Again, nothing enormously unusual here. As I understand it in this markup, it will exempt the mother from work requirements because she must care for a disabled child. Am I right about that?
Ms. Paull. Only for the first three years.
Senator Rockefeller. For the first three years. What happens at the end of five years?
Ms. Paull. We are in the same territory here. Once again, the State is given the latitude to keep people on for longer than five years in the case of a hardship.
Senator Rockefeller. But, then again, if the figure is arbitrarily set at 10 percent as opposed to criteria, why can you not argue that having a thought through criteria is far better policy and more fair as throughout the various States? You indicated there might be a difference as between States.
Ms. Paull. There might be. The criteria we set here might not work somewhere else. Then we would have tougher rules for somebody else if you leave it to the State to determine what the hardship cases are in the State, because there are pockets of very different types of populations.
Senator Rockefeller. But the problems I have described are pretty standard. I do not think they vary too much in upstate New York or downstate West Virginia, or midstate Alabama, or whatever. I am not sure they vary that much.
Ms. Tobin. It is important to note, though, the State can use their own funds. All we are saying is, federal funds will not be used after five years.
Senator Rockefeller. Oh, I know. I know.
Ms. Tobin. So if the State decides that they have met their 10 percent hardship cases, then the State has other remedies.
Senator Rockefeller. They can dip into their own funds, can they not?
Ms. Tobin. Yes, they can.
Senator Rockefeller. And you know how anxious States are to do that, do you not?
Ms. Tobin. But that is a State option.
Senator Rockefeller. Yes, that is a State option. But, see, what I am trying to say is, it is no State option whatsoever. I mean, the West Virginia legislature spent the last four years basically debating nothing, but how can they come up with enough Medicaid money to match what is an enormously favorable 76 federal match? We cannot do it. There is going to be another special session this fall to try to do it.
So, that whole concept, I mean, you really put it out there for me. You say, theoretically, the State can come up with its own money. The State will not make that decision, because you know that coming up with money for a disabled child six years out is not going to carry the day in State legislatures. You simply know that. That is why it seems to me a criteria is better as opposed to setting
it at 10 percent. I really feel strongly about this. I mean, it is not a matter of money, I do not think.
I think the criteria really is fair, and I think the 10 percent really is unfair because it creates exactly the situation that you described, that the State would have to dip into its own resources. There may be some States—and Oregon is probably one of them—that would do it, and Wisconsin might, Minnesota might, Massachusetts might, but I guarantee you Alabama will not.
Ms. Paull. Have we seen some criteria? I mean, you are focusing on a lot of medical cases.
Senator Rockefeller. But I am trying to make points with you.
Ms. Paull. We can end up with this whole long list of rules, where the States would have a lot more latitude under the Chairman's mark. But, clearly, we would take a look at it.
Senator Rockefeller. Can I ask one more question?
The Chairman. Go ahead, Jay.
Senator Rockefeller. In the work requirements, providing job placements in child care is not inexpensive.
Ms. Paull. No.
Senator Rockefeller. In fact, I think it is probably fair to say that it costs thousands of dollars more to create that type of situation for an AFDC person than it
does for somebody in the private sector, obviously. I mean, you are talking about a fairly major expenditure of money.
Under the new block grant program, what, in fact, are the incentives for the States to invest in job placement and child care?
Ms. Paull. Well, once again, it is two years, and you need to be in a work program, basically, is the general rule for the use of these funds. So, there is a big incentive because the federal funds are contingent on that.
In addition to that, the issue that you have raised, and I think is one difference from the House bill, we did consider the issue of child care in determining what is participation for that two-year standard.
We utilized the 20-hour rule that is under current law rather than going higher, with the recognition that these are families with children. If you have children in school, you can accommodate a 20-hour week. If you do not have children in school, the State is going to have to guarantee, as they have to under current law, child care for you. This is turning the program into a work-oriented program.
Senator Rockefeller. Thank you, Mr. Chairman.
The Chairman. Senator Moseley-Braun.
Senator Moseley-Braun. Thank you very much, Mr.
Chairman.
I would like to pick up a little bit where Senator Rockefeller started with some of his examples about real people in West Virginia. Certainly we have in Illinois some 713,000 people presently in the AFDC system, 69 percent of whom are children.
So, to take up the issue of the block granting of these federal funds, just sending the money to the States and letting them write the rules. If a State decides that, say a mother and infant child, do not qualify for the hardship exemption, have used up the time that is allotted under whatever that States rules will be, and if that mother has tried to find a job—you used the term unemployable—let us assume for a moment that she is unemployable or that there is no work available, as the chart I had up earlier showed for a lot of communities.
Is there any prohibition in this legislation against a State allowing a child to be destitute? That is to say, with no income support whatsoever. Is there any requirement in this legislation that the children in these situations not be just left penniless?
Ms. Paull. No.
Senator Moseley-Braun. There is not?
Ms. Paull. There is nothing in this legislation.
Senator Moseley-Braun. So then what are we supposed
to do with the children in that situation?
Ms. Paull. Once again, the family has been on the rolls, is supposed to have been in employment and training for three years, and is supposed to get into gainful employment.
Senator Moseley-Braun. Yes. But, again, let us assume for a moment that after three years, this baby is now four years old.
Ms. Paull. Yes.
Senator Moseley-Braun. Let us assume for a moment that mother has played by the rules, tried to get work, has been unable to get work. There is nothing in here to create jobs, so we will just start with that. There are no new jobs created here.
Ms. Paull. Right.
Senator Moseley-Braun. Assume for a moment that the child is ----
The Chairman. There are no new jobs created under the present system.
Senator Moseley-Braun. No, no. And I am not arguing that. I just made the point that, in the absence of some jobs being created for people, you now have a woman with a four-year-old child. What happens to that child? So a State could very well just allow that child to be homeless and hungry, and we would not, on the federal level, have
any responsibility at all for that?
Ms. Paull. The federal responsibility is for a five-year period under this block grant.
Senator Moseley-Braun. So a six-year-old child then would be homeless and hungry.
Ms. Paull. Well, the States have the flexibility for hardship cases.
Senator Moseley-Braun. That is 10 percent.
Ms. Paull. Right.
Senator Moseley-Braun. So in Illinois, out of 713,000 recipients, you are talking about 70,000 people, right?
Ms. Paull. Right.
Senator Moseley-Braun. So we have gotten down, and we have not been able to find work. I start with the proposition that everybody that can work, should work. All right.
Ms. Paull. Right.
Senator Moseley-Braun. But let us assume for a moment that we have not found 713,000 new jobs to put these people into.
Ms. Paull. Right.
Senator Moseley-Braun. 70,000 of them get into the safe harbor. We still have an awful lot of people, 600,000 plus people, out there. Again, 69 percent of those people who are children, who cannot work in any event.
My question is, if a State decides, we are not doing anything, and we will have children sleeping in the alleys again, then that is all right?
Ms. Paull. I am saying, the approach of this bill is to give the States more flexibility in designing their program so that people will become more self-sufficient.
Senator Moseley-Braun. Children cannot be, by definition, children.
The Chairman. Well, let me interrupt it this way.
Ms. Paull. Yes.
The Chairman. If Senator Moseley-Braun wants to beat on somebody, beat on me rather than ----
Senator Moseley-Braun. I am not beating, Mr. Chairman.
The Chairman. No.
Senator Moseley-Braun. It is just stunning to me.
The Chairman. I understand. And there is a difference in philosophy in this bill. You are asking questions, and the answer is, we are going to say to the States, here is the money.
Senator Moseley-Braun. Yes.
The Chairman. The States have said, we can do the program with this money. We are going to say, all right, you do the program.
Now, if you are going to give a situation where, in
every case, is every State going to do perfectly? The answer is, no. If you are going to say, as we are going to say, we think there is a better likelihood that we are going to have a better system under a State flexibility system than we have now, that is what we say. That is a difference in philosophy. But if you are going to say, can somebody fall between the cracks, yes. Do they fall between the cracks now? Yes.
Senator Moseley-Braun. Mr. Chairman, I am not just arguing the notion of State flexibility, and, if you want to posit this, is the glass half empty or half full; certainly we have to have innovation and certainly somebody has got to do better because the system is broken and it needs to be fixed. I am not arguing that, and I am not intending to beat up on anybody.
I am just trying to get to the salient bottom-line question here, which is, are we going to have children dying in this country because some State does not come up with the right set of procedures to provide income maintenance and support for their parents? I guess the answer is, yes, we will, and that that is not a federal responsibility anymore. I just find that incredible.
The Chairman. We have children dying now under the federal responsibility.
Senator Moseley-Braun. Mr. Chairman, I am not here
trying to defend the current system.
The Chairman. No. But what you are basically saying, I think, is, because you mentioned Alabama, although I recall when we had the Mississippi ----
Senator Moseley-Braun. I mentioned Illinois.
The Chairman. Illinois. I thought you said Alabama, too. We had the Mississippi public health director here. I was impressed with how high the Mississippi rate was on vaccination. His theory was, when you get 'em, stick 'em. But Mississippi does quite well on vaccinating people.
All I am saying is, if you are going to presume that the States are callous and cruel and their legislators have no heart or care, and when children are dying in the streets from malnutrition they are going to thumb their nose the other way and say, let them eat cake, I guess you can have that presumption. That is not my experience in dealing with State legislators and governors.
Senator Moseley-Braun. But, Mr. Chairman, that is not my presumption at all. If anything, I am questioning these experts to get their answer as to whether or not this legislation, this federal legislation, has a prohibition against the States saying, let them eat cake. That is my question, and I put the question to the witness.
Ms. Paull. I think the answer is, no, there is no prohibition.
Senator Moseley-Braun. My second question. The States are allowed to divert some 20 percent of income assistance to other functions. My State, for example, has huge problems with paying its Medicaid bills. Is that correct, that is in this bill?
Ms. Paull. That is not in this bill.
Senator Moseley-Braun. That is not in this bill.
Ms. Paull. It was in the House bill.
Senator Moseley-Braun. But it is taken out. All right. Then I will ask another question.
Ms. Paull. All right.
Senator Moseley-Braun. With regard to the numbers in this legislation, how much, in terms of payments to the States, in terms of block granting, has been allocated for the work component, the child care component, the cash assistance component, or have you run the numbers in that regard?
Ms. Paull. The funding for the seven current law programs is combined together and the States will receive exactly what they received in 1994, the last year that we have a tally up. It is the actual expenditures the Federal Government made to each State. We do have those numbers available State by State.
Senator Moseley-Braun. We do.
Ms. Paull. Yes.
Senator Moseley-Braun. Now, the second question is, under the formula for distributing block grant funds to the States would we be providing basically the same amount of money per poor child in each State, or is there a difference in the amount that poor children in Illinois would receive versus poor children in Alabama or Oregon?
Ms. Paull. There is a difference today.
The Chairman. Well, again, there is a difference now.
Senator Moseley-Braun. I know that.
The Chairman. We do not change the distribution formula to the States.
Senator Moseley-Braun. So, to the extent there are any inequities built into the formula we have now, we are just going to perpetuate that in the block grants?
The Chairman. I have said, that is the Medicaid formula. When we get to Medicaid, my hunch is, we may debate the formula. I have been through that issue for a quarter of a century, and I discovered that Senators tried to figure out a way to jimmy the formula so that 30 States gain and 20 States lose, and then they put it up for amendment and hope that the 30 State Senators vote for the gain. But it is the Medicaid formula and it is the Medicaid match that the welfare allocation is based on.
Senator Moseley-Braun. So there would be those same differentials built in.
The Chairman. Within the limits of the money we have, I am perfectly amenable to hear amendments as to who would get more and who would get less.
Senator Moseley-Braun. Well, it would seem to me that States do not eat, children do.
The Chairman. They do not what?
Senator Moseley-Braun. Eat. States do not eat, States do not need to be housed, children do. These are people issues. It would seem to me that the formula would be better calculated if it were predicated on a per capita based on the number of poor children. That is what we are trying to get at.
The Chairman. That is virtually what the Medicaid formula is based on. It is not per capita. The Medicaid formula is heavily based on income in the State, on wealth or poverty of the State.
Senator Moseley-Braun. Again, in States like mine which are considered to be wealthier States based on per capita income overall, it does not take in the differential in wealth distributions in these States.
If you will, those poor children wind up disadvantaged by the fact that a lot of other people in their State have money. But we will move on, because you are right. This legislation just perpetuates the formula that we have now, even if it does not have a real rational basis in terms of
child poverty.
Ms. Paull. Well, it runs off of the actual expenditures to the Federal Government. There is another element involved here. The States are, under current law, setting the benefit amounts.
Senator Moseley-Braun. I am sorry. What was the word you used?
Ms. Paull. Setting the benefit amounts.
Senator Moseley-Braun. Yes.
Ms. Paull. So when the State sets the benefit amount, then the federal and State governments match to pay for that. That is another element that goes into how much the Federal Government spent last year. That is not related to the formula.
Senator Moseley-Braun. Which actually gets to my last question, Mr. Chairman, if I might, since you did not have the red light on. I do not want to take advantage of the time, and I thank you for your allowing me to continue. But my last question has to do with exactly the point you just raised, which has to do with benefit amounts.
Ms. Paull. Yes.
Senator Moseley-Braun. Under this the States will be able to set their benefit amounts, so one State could have $100 a month, another State could have $200 a month, another State could have $300 a month.
Assuming for a moment there are no guidelines, no rules with regard to benefits, what about eligibility standards, does this block grant allow for the States to have different standards of eligibility?
Ms. Paull. Right. Absolutely.
Senator Moseley-Braun. Absolutely.
Ms. Paull. That is one of the biggest problems under current law.
The Chairman. They have different standards of eligibility now.
Senator Moseley-Braun. I understand they do, Mr. Chairman. But I am trying to get to the point that, again, if we set up different rules with regard to eligibility, then a child's welfare may well depend on where they happen to have been born. That happenstance of geography should not result in part of our country doing a better job by children than other parts of our country. That is my only point.
Ms. Paull. That is the current system, though, Senator.
Senator Moseley-Braun. I understand that. I am trying to get to this legislation. Since we are reforming the system we do not want to perpetuate things that are wrong with the current system. If anything, we want to fix them. So I just wanted to ask you the question as to how
this legislation provides for uniform rules in terms of benefits and in terms of eligibility.
The Chairman. Well, this legislation does not provide that. The very point of this legislation is, it is not meant to provide uniform rules. Alaska has the highest benefit standard of any State in the Union. I do not know if you are suggesting that everybody should have Alaska's standard.
Senator Moseley-Braun. No.
The Chairman. Alaska has a more expensive place to live.
Senator Moseley-Braun. No.
The Chairman. I am not quite sure what you are driving at, but this bill is not designed for the Federal Government to set, nor does it now, uniform benefit standards.
Senator Moseley-Braun. Let me make it clear, Mr. Chairman. What I am driving at is the notion that, in the absence of some kind of uniformity, what you could well have is Alaska with a set of standards that allows for a family to get that level of benefits to which you refer—and I have the numbers here somewhere—and another State deciding that a person with more than one child in the family, that child number two, child number three, or child number four gets nothing, and that that would be all right.
under this proposal.
Ms. Paull. That would be at the option of the State. That is correct.
Senator Moseley-Braun. I have no further questions. Thank you.
The Chairman. Senator Grassley. Oh, excuse me. Senator Graham just came in, and Senator Grassley has gotten to ask questions.
Do you have some right now, Bob?
Senator Graham. Yes, I do.
The Chairman. Go ahead.
Senator Graham. Thank you, Mr. Chairman.
I would like to continue the line of questioning that Senator Moseley-Braun was asking from this perspective. As I read page nine, lines 14-18, each eligible State for the fiscal years 1996 through 2000 will receive a grant in an amount equal to the State's Family Assistance Grant for that year, and that grant will be based on the 1994 grant; is that correct?
Ms. Paull. That is right.
Senator Graham. And the amount will be level throughout that period.
Ms. Paull. Level.
Senator Graham. The projections are that currently in fiscal year 1995, Florida represents six percent of the
poor children in America and receives 3.5 percent of the AFDC allocation; that over the next decade, nine percent of the Nation's population increase is projected to occur in Florida, and assuming that there is a proportionate number of poor children in that increased population, yet there will be no increase in funding between the year 1994 and the year 2000. What is the rationale of that?
Ms. Paull. Well, the rationale for the level of funding was to basically remove all of the rules so that the States can use the money more efficiently. They do not have to comply with all of the federal regulations and they can go about the business of running their program. That was a trade-off type of arrangement that some governors had come and requested. They wanted to do more with the same dollars, basically.
Senator Graham. Would the practical effect of that not be that, in those States which have a declining population—and I think there were approximately a dozen such States between 1980 and 1990—that they will have more dollars per poor child than they had in 1994 because there will be fewer poor children to serve?
Ms. Paull. It is possible. We did take a look at the population growths over the next three years. We considered trying to design a population adjuster to this. It got awfully complicated, to be honest with you, Senator.
When we looked at the population growth over the next three years we saw that the highest population growth State, which was California—I think your States are probably in the top five—was expected to grow roughly 3.5 percent, I think.
That is overall population, so you do not know how much growth there would be on these rolls. So we could not get anything, to be honest with you, that could work. We would be happy to work with you to see if there is some adjustor that makes some sense.
The data is really not there for who might be the poorer people who come on the rolls, you have the overall population. That is one of the reasons why the revolving loan fund was revamped to just be 10 percent of your grant, so that would give you the flexibility.
We also looked at what adjustments the differences are year-by-year for the last four years in the federal share of the money that went to States. There was not a lot of difference. We tried all kinds of different averaging and stuff and it did not make a lot of difference.
This issue has been raised by a couple of Senators and we could not quite get something to work. If you have some ideas, we would be happy to work with you to see what we could come up with. There is not a lot of money available, and we did not think we could design something that
actually reduced people's money.
Once again, when you look at those populations there are not big drops coming. There is some growth coming, but it is not in big leaps and bounds. Your 10-year figure is further out than what we had looked at. It is complicated.
Senator Graham. So you are saying that this formula is basically the status quo, and the reason that this formula was adopted was because of the difficulty of constructing what might have been a more responsive formula that would have related to things like the change in the demographics of where poor children in America are residing.
Ms. Paull. Yes, because we did not have good data on that. But, once again, what we did was make the revolving loan fund a lot more accessible, too. I know it is a loan.
Senator Graham. But since that loan fund is equally available to all of the States and other jurisdictions that are covered under this, if you have State A, which is growing at a rate of three percent a year, and State B, which is losing population at the rate of three percent a year, over the period from 1994 to the year 2000, which is the period covered by these formulas, the fact that A and B both have a 10 percent revolving loan fund is almost a meaningless factor in terms of the gross discrimination against the poor children in State A.
Ms. Paull. We need better data on who they are going to be. That was our problem. We would have tried to adjust it in some way, because I think that is a legitimate concern.
Senator Moseley-Braun. Senator Graham, would you yield for just a moment?
Senator Graham. Yes.
Senator Moseley-Braun. If you do not mind, this is in keeping with your point about the problem and the discriminations against poor children, given the differences in States. There is no requirement in this legislation that a State maintain even the funding that it is giving now, is there?
Ms. Paull. No, there is no maintenance of effort requirement.
Senator Moseley-Braun. So what you could wind up with is Florida or Illinois having increasing populations of poor children, decreased State contribution, and just the limited amount of federal contribution that this mark provides.
No further questions.
Senator Graham. What is the rule for this?
The Chairman. I would kind of like to go to Chuck for just a couple of minutes and let him ask some, and then I will come back to you.
Senator Graham. All right. Then I will come back for further questions.
The Chairman. All right.
Senator Grassley?
Senator Grassley. This question may also be directed to you, Mr. Chairman. The Jobs Program. I do not read anything about the Jobs Program that shows that it is any great success, or has been any great success. I have not seen any scientific studies that indicate that it is getting the job done.
I know under our State waiver requirements and our agreements, when a State is going to demonstrate whether or not their goals are successful they have to use scientific measures for that. We require that in our waiver agreements. What is there about this program that we are mandating that the States have to continue to use it just exactly the way it is mandated by the Federal Government?
Ms. Paull. Well, every State has a Jobs Program today and it was, in part, the least disruptive thing to do. Since they are all operating Jobs Programs, they know the rules for them, and we wanted to make sure that, at the outset, there was a very tough work requirement that this program moved towards.
But, on the other hand, we wanted to give more flexibility in designing a Jobs Program, so there are a
number of changes to the Jobs Program to provide States more flexibility in designing their program.
Senator Grassley. All right. I think that part of your statement is probably the real reason. We want to show that we have got a very strong work requirement, is that right? I mean, there is a feeling that we might be criticized if, at the federal level, we do not say that we have a strong work requirement?
The Chairman. The President already criticized the House bill has not having a strong enough work requirement.
Senator Grassley. All right. And that may be legitimate, as a practical, political matter to get a bill passed. But does it have to specifically be the Jobs Program for us to show the people that we have a strong work requirement?
Ms. Paull. Well, it has to be a Jobs Program.
Senator Grassley. Yes.
Ms. Paull. This is the one that is present in every State today.
The Chairman. But we have given the States, within the Jobs Program, a lot greater flexibility than they have now.
Senator Grassley. All right.
The Chairman. It is almost not quite correct to call it the same Jobs Program.
Senator Grassley. Yes.
The Chairman. We have used the name but they have a lot greater flexibility.
Senator Grassley. All right.
Well, the Chairman remembers that I did not have any disagreement with him on the point that, at the federal level, we wanted to have a strong work requirement. I guess I would only ask—and this is where I am going to drop this—does the Jobs Program, even with some changes you are allowing the States to make, the direction we ought to be going, and do we have to do that to show the President and other people that we have got strong work requirements?
It seems to me that this is not the sort of a program that we ought to be using as a gauge, that we have got a successful federal program that is getting the job done, and require that the States do it. That would be my point.
The other thing would be this, getting back to the point that you and I discussed before on illegitimacy. Let us suppose we know for every State, do we not, that x percentage of the births are out-of-wedlock. I mean, we have some statistics on that. All right.
We have on page six that the State has to take some action to prevent or reduce incidence of out-of-wedlock pregnancies, with special emphasis upon teenage pregnancy.
All right. The States have to have that in a plan.
All I speak about when I use the word certification is, there ought to be either some penalty if they do not reduce it as we indicate we want them to do, or there ought to be some reward if they did well. I, quite frankly, favor rewards more than punishment, bonuses instead of penalties.
That is all I would really be saying that we need to do when I said, well, home come we do not make the State certify. Then you said, well, you cannot make the State certify because you do not have anything to measure it against. But it would be that simple, what I would be asking.
Ms. Paull. Well, here we get into the whole issue of, how do you measure out-of-wedlock births or pregnancies and whether or not you design something that does not encourage abortions, quite frankly.
Senator Grassley. All right.
Ms. Paull. That is the whole issue of trying to design an incentive.
Senator Grassley. All right. That is what has driven the decision on having it this way in this bill.
Ms. Paull. That is right.
Senator Grassley. If that is the reason, then at least now I know what the reason is.
Ms. Paull. To be able to penalize somebody you have
to be able to get into that measurement formula.
Senator Grassley. Yes.
Ms. Paull. It is a problem. It is hard to give them a carrot.
Senator Grassley. Yes. The only point I would make to the Chairman is, I think that our Party dealt with this in the House, and I think answered the criticisms that we get from the Pro-Life people. Maybe not to the satisfaction of the Pro-Life people, but I think the numbers were so overwhelming that, at some point, you disregard the special interests of the special interests or you do not get anything done.
Ms. Paull. Well, we ran some examples and did discover that you could get a reward when you have not reduced your out-of-wedlock births, or other circumstances. So we have not been able to come up with something to measure it.
Senator Grassley. Well, it is not an easy thing, I admit, so I ought to not make your life more difficult, for now, at least.
The Chairman. I want to just make a suggestion. I have just been handed this note, in case any of you want to eat. I would like to eat.
The cloak room called to say that they expect to begin block voting, and, with all pending amendments, within 20-
30 minutes could be as many as 20 stacked votes without intervening debate. So, to the extent we could wind down with our questions, I would appreciate it.
Senator Graham?
Senator Graham. Well, Mr. Chairman, I have received the message that you were sending. Maybe I will defer this to tomorrow. But I would like to talk about the provision on page 30, beginning at line nine, which provides for a State option to prohibit assistance for certain aliens which is going to allow a State-by-State judgment as to whether to provide welfare benefits for persons who are legally in the country but not citizens or nationals of the United States.
Do you have some statistics on a State-by-State basis as to where these populations are; that is, how many of the persons who would be covered by this section there are in total in the United States and how they are distributed among the States?
Ms. Paull. I think we can get that for you. I have seen some basic statistics on the top five States, but I am not sure we have that.
Senator Graham. Well, if you could try to have that information for tomorrow.
Ms. Paull. All right.
Senator Graham. One of the concerns I have is,
according to this, the decision will be made at the State level as to whether to accept these persons into the population covered or exclude them.
Ms. Paull. That is correct.
Senator Graham. The consequences of that decision in many States, actually, is at the local level. On McNeal-Lehrer recently they had a segment which showed what the consequences will be in Los Angeles County, where the county is the level of government responsible for general assistance, and also responsible for the delivery of much of the indigent medical care.
Are we not creating a situation here in which it might be in the States' interest to exclude this population with the consequence being felt at another level of government which actually has the ultimate responsibility for the provision of service?
Ms. Paull. This language was to affirmatively give States that option. I believe they think they have it today anyway, to not provide benefits to non-citizens under this program. This was to affirmatively give them that option, and also to increase the deeming period, which is under current law, from three years to five years.
Senator Graham. Before tomorrow could you give us statistics?
Ms. Paull. Statistics.
Senator Graham. Statistics, and also, what is the current state of the law? My information was inconsistent with what you just said.
Ms. Paull. The opposite. All right. I think that is not clear.
Senator Graham. I am also concerned about the issue of the effect of this on mobility of population. If you have two States that might be geographically proximate, one of which has elected to provide services for this population and the other two reject them, would you not be creating a situation in which there would be an incentive for this population or substantial portions of it to move to the State where those benefits are still being made available?
The Chairman. You do not get this chance very often in politics. I had the chance to answer that question the other day. A New York Times reporter called me and she asked this very question, with some sharpness.
I said to her, I seem to have here an article from the New York Times of just 10 days ago that says that all the studies indicate that this would not happen, and it seems to have been written by you. That stopped the questions on that subject.
What she did say, is this--those were probably the studies--but budget directors, governors, and welfare
directors are convinced of the theory, whether or not it is true.
Senator Graham. Well, I saw that New York Times article also, Mr. Chairman. If I recall it, and maybe we could get a copy so that we could all be certain of what it said, it was talking about a general welfare population and the fact that there was not evidence that differential in standards resulted in mobility.
I will say that those persons who have front-line responsibility for these programs disagree with that based on anecdotal or other experiential material, but this section goes to a different issue, that is, the specific population of persons who are legal immigrants in the United States, not the general welfare population, but that is some part of it.
And we are not talking about differential in standards, but a cliff effect; either total eligibility or total ineligibility. The question of, would there be a magnet effect into those States which continued to provide services for that population from States, particularly geographically proximate States, which did not. Common sense would tell you that there would be such an effect. I wonder if you have any assessment of that issue.
Ms. Paull. The only work that has been done so far is not with respect to immigrants, but with respect to
different benefit levels among States.
Ms. Tobin. I do not know of any studies that talk about the cliff that you are speaking of if no benefits were allowed. I do not know of any studies that address that.
Senator Graham. As I read the provisions on page 11, lines 12-16, "a State to which a grant is made may, at its option, prohibit the use of any part of the grant to provide assistance under the State program funded under this part for an individual who is not A) not a citizen or national of the United States, and B) does not have a sponsor." So this would allow the cliff effect. It is not a matter of a differential in benefits, it is a matter of benefits versus no benefits.
Ms. Paull. That is correct. But, in the absence of the State taking that option, the current law, the three-year deeming rule for a sponsor, is increased to five years. For other States, in other words, who choose not to exercise the option.
Senator Graham. Would that not argue, if you were going to consider this, that it be made concurrent, i.e., prospective with the change in those things that will make the sponsor more responsible?
Ms. Paull. You could do that, sure.
Senator Graham. I mean, the change in the deeming
rule, what effect would it have on people who were already legally in the United States under the standards that applied to their sponsorship at the time they entered the United States?
Ms. Paull. I am not sure if we did a special transition rule for people who were in the United States already. You will have a small category or people who may be approaching their three-year deeming period who might get caught by this. I do not think we thought of that when we were drafting it.
The Chairman. Let me say this. I do want to cut it off because I am going to have to run, and I think the staff has been here a long time. But we will start at 9:30 in the morning.
Senator Graham. Will we have some continued time for questions?
The Chairman. I think not. I think we are going to start on amendments. You can offer them as the amendments, or you can get to them this afternoon and they will answer them this afternoon.
Ms. Paull. Sure. We would be happy to.
The Chairman. But I would like to get started.
Senator Moseley-Braun. Can I ask just one little question?
The Chairman. One little question.
Senator Moseley-Braun. One little, tiny question. Have you calculated what the net savings are to the Federal Government under Title 1?
Ms. Paull. Yes. I think it is roughly $6 billion over five years. $6.4 billion over five years.
Senator Moseley-Braun. Thank you.
The Chairman. Thank you. Good job, folks. Thank you very much.
[Whereupon, at 1:45 p.m., the meeting was recessed, to reconvene at 9:30 a.m., on Thursday, May 25, 1995.]
| Name | Position | State | Page |
|-------------------------------------------|---------------------------------|------------------------|------|
| THE HONORABLE BOB PACKWOOD | A United States Senator | from the State of Oregon| 3 |
| THE HONORABLE DANIEL PATRICK MOYNIHAN | A United States Senator | from the State of New York| 8 |
| THE HONORABLE JOHN D. ROCKEFELLER, IV | A United States Senator | from the State of West Virginia| 13 |
| THE HONORABLE ALAN K. SIMPSON | A United States Senator | from the State of Wyoming| 19 |
| THE HONORABLE JOHN H. CHAFEE | A United States Senator | from the State of Rhode Island| 23 |
| THE HONORABLE JOHN BREAUX | A United States Senator | from the State of Louisiana| 26 |
| THE HONORABLE CHARLES E. GRASSLEY | A United States Senator | from the State of Iowa| 29 |
| THE HONORABLE CAROL MOSELEY-BRAUN | A United States Senator | from the State of Illinois| 35 |
| THE HONORABLE DON NICKLES | A United States Senator | from the State of Oklahoma| 39 |
| THE HONORABLE WILLIAM V. ROTH, JR. | A United States Senator | from the State of Delaware| 43 |
| THE HONORABLE MAX BAUCUS | A United States Senator | from the State of Montana| 48 |
MOFFITT REPORTING ASSOCIATES
(301) 390-5150
THE HONORABLE BILL BRADLEY
A United States Senator
from the State of New Jersey
51
THE HONORABLE BOB GRAHAM
A United States Senator
from the State of Florida
55
MOFFITT REPORTING ASSOCIATES
(301) 390-5150
UNITED STATES SENATE
COMMITTEE ON FINANCE
EXECUTIVE SESSION
MARK UP ON WELFARE REFORM
Wednesday, May 24, 1995, 9:30 a.m. and
Thursday, May 25, 1995, 9:30 a.m.
215 Dirksen Senate Office Building
AGENDA
1. H.R. 4, the Personal Responsibility Act of 1995. The Senate Finance Committee will consider the following provisions:
Title I Block Grants for Temporary Assistance for Needy Families.
Title II Child Protection Block Grant Program. [with respect to programs in the Finance Committee's jurisdiction.]
Title VI Supplemental Security Income.
Title VII Child Support.
Pursuant to Committee Rule 2(a), the official notification and this agenda are being delivered at least 48 hours in advance. The Chairman will rule out of order nongermane items (offered as a single amendment or as part of a larger amendment).
THE FAMILY SELF-SUFFICIENCY ACT OF 1995
BRIEF SUMMARY
Aid to Families with Dependent Children (AFDC) and Related Programs.
-- The AFDC program along with related programs are consolidated into a single grant, the "Temporary Family Assistance Grant," under which States are given great latitude in providing assistance to needy families with minor children. To be eligible, a State must submit a plan to the Secretary of Health and Human Services ("HHS") and certify that the State has a JOBS program to assist needy families with employment; a child support enforcement program to assist needy families with the collection of child support from absent parents; and child welfare, adoption assistance and foster care programs to protect children against unsafe family situations.
States must use grant funds to provide benefits and services to needy families with minor children. After receiving benefits for two years (earlier at State option), adult recipients must participate in work activities. After receiving benefits for five years (earlier at State option), recipients will no longer receive benefits under the new grant program. However, States may continue up to 10 percent of its caseload beyond five years for hardship cases.
Instead of the current Federal match (at various rates for AFDC and related programs), grant funding to States is a fixed sum per year based on 1994 Federal expenditures. States may carry forward unused grant funds to the next year. A revolving loan fund is established for emergency funding needs. States may borrow up to 10 percent of their annual grant amount from the revolving loan fund, which must be repaid with interest (at short-term Treasury rates) within three years.
States must file an annual report with the Secretary of HHS providing information on the use of Federal and State funds and providing data on recipients. The Secretary of HHS must report to the Congress within six months after the close of the third fiscal year of the new grant program on the effectiveness of the new program.
Job Opportunities and Basic Skills (JOBS) Program. -- The JOBS program is modified to give States more flexibility and to strengthen work requirements. JOBS participation rates are increased to 50 percent in FY 2001 for the overall caseload and 90 percent in FY 1999 for two-parent families. The hours of participation for two-parent families are increased from 16 hours to 30 hours weekly. After receiving benefits for two years (earlier at State option), recipients must participate in a work activity.
Child Welfare Programs. -- No change to current programs under Title IV-B and IV-E.
Supplemental Security Income. -- Eligibility requirements for SSI are changed for impairments due to drug addiction or alcoholism; noncitizens who come to the U.S. on the basis that they not become a public charge; and certain children with disabilities.
Child Support Enforcement. -- The child support enforcement program is strengthened to increase child support collections by requiring States to improve paternity establishment programs; establish a directory of new hires; and adopt uniform laws to expedite interstate child support collections.
DESCRIPTION OF PROVISIONS
I. AFDC Programs Consolidated Into Temporary Family Assistance Grant
Present Law
The Aid to Families with Dependent Children ("AFDC") program was enacted in 1935 to provide Federal matching funds to allow States to make cash payments on behalf of needy dependent children. AFDC programs are currently operated in all 50 States, the District of Columbia, and three territories (Guam, Puerto Rico, and U.S. Virgin Islands).
The original AFDC legislation imposed very few requirements on States. Amendments to the program over the years have drastically increased requirements on States. Although States still set "standards of need" and payment levels for the program, there is an extensive set of federal eligibility rules, especially with respect to how a family's income and resources are determined. Income and resources of a sponsor of a noncitizen are "deemed" to the noncitizen for the first three years of residing in the U.S. in determining eligibility for the AFDC program.
States must submit, for approval by the Secretary of HHS, a State plan that describes the cash benefits and services offered by the State and explains how the State intends to comply with 43 requirements of present law.
States must also have in effect an approved child support program, an approved plan for JOBS, foster care and adoption assistance programs, and an eligibility and verification program.
Proposed Change
The AFDC program along with related programs are consolidated into a new grant to States called the "Temporary Family Assistance Grant" to increase the flexibility of States in operating an assistance program for needy families with minor children. The purposes of the new grant program are to provide temporary assistance to needy families with minor children so that such children can be maintained in their homes or the homes of relatives and to promote self-sufficiency of parents of needy children by placing greater emphasis on
employment.
Under the Temporary Family Assistance Grant, States must submit to the Secretary of HHS, and update annually, a plan outlining how the State intends to do the following:
(1) Offer a program for needy families statewide and have a single administrator responsible for the program;
(2) Provide cash benefits and employment and support services to needy families with minor children for up to five years (longer for hardship cases);
(3) Require at least one parent in a needy family receiving benefits for more than 24 months (whether or not consecutive) to engage in work activities;
(4) Meet participation rates for the JOBS program;
(5) If different from other recipients, provide benefits paid to needy families moving into the State and noncitizens;
(6) Reduce the incidence of out-of-wedlock pregnancies (with special emphasis on teenage pregnancy); and
(7) Safeguard and restrict the use and disclosure of information about needy families receiving benefits.
In addition, the State must certify that it has a JOBS program; a child support enforcement program; child welfare, adoption assistance and foster care programs; and an income and eligibility verification system.
States have the option to deny assistance to noncitizens under the new grant program. In addition, States must "deem" the income and resources of a sponsor to the noncitizen for the first five years residing in the U.S.
The total amount of the Temporary Family Assistance Grant is $16,779,000,000 for each of the fiscal years 1996 through 2000. Each eligible State is entitled to receive a share of the grant amount equal to the actual
federal AFDC and related program expenditures paid to the State for fiscal year 1994 (reduced by certain payments to Indian tribes and Alaska native organizations. States are allowed to carry forward unused grant funds to the following year.
The Federal government will establish a revolving loan fund of $1.7 billion to be administered by the Secretary of HHS for emergency funding needs for the Temporary Family Assistance Grant program. Eligible States may borrow from the revolving fund if the State has not been found to misuse funds under the program. A State's outstanding loan balance may not exceed 10 percent of the State's share of the grant amount (described above) at any time. States must repay their loans, with interest based on short-term Treasury rates, within three years. In the event of default, the State's grant for the quarter after the default shall be reduced by the amount of the loan in default.
Each State receiving grant funds is required, not later than six months after the end of each fiscal year, to transmit to the Secretary of HHS an annual report describing the use of Federal grant funds and any State funds and providing aggregate information on needy families receiving benefits under the new grant program during the fiscal year. States should include the percentage of funds used for cash assistance, the JOBS program, child care, transitional benefits, administrative costs and overhead; child support received by the States for needy families served by the new grant program; the number non-custodial parents participating in the JOBS program; and aggregate information on needy families receiving benefits under the new grant program during the fiscal year.
The Secretary of HHS is authorized to collect the following penalties for noncompliance with grant program requirements:
(1) Any amount found by audit to be in violation of this program, plus 5 percent of such amount as a penalty (unless reasonable cause is shown), will be withheld from the next quarterly payment;
(2) 5 percent of the amount otherwise payable for a fiscal year will be withheld if the State has not submitted an annual report regarding the use of funds within six months after the end of the fiscal year (the penalty is rescinded if the report is submitted within 12 months).
(3) Up to 5 percent (within discretion of the Secretary of HHS) of the amount otherwise payable for the next fiscal year will be withheld if the State fails to meet the JOBS participation rates for a fiscal year.
(4) Up to 5 percent (within discretion of the Secretary of HHS) of the amount otherwise payable for the next fiscal year will be withheld if the State fails to participate in the Income and Eligibility Verification System designed to reduce welfare fraud.
(5) Any amount borrowed from the revolving loan fund which is not repaid within three years, plus interest, will be withheld from the next quarterly payment.
The Secretary of HHS may not reduce any quarterly payment to the States by more than 25 percent. Any remaining penalty (above 25 percent) will be withheld from the State's payments during succeeding payment periods.
Coordination with other federally funded programs. -- An individual receiving other federal assistance payments, such as Social Security benefits, Supplemental Security Income payments, or foster care payments, is not eligible for benefits under the Temporary Family Assistance Grant. Applicants or recipients of benefits under the new grant program must cooperate in establishing paternity of a child born out-of-wedlock, in obtaining support payments, and in identifying any third part who may be liable to pay for medical care and services for the child. Applicants whose benefits are discontinued after 60 months remain eligible to receive Medicaid, Food Stamps and similar programs. Benefits cannot be provided under the new grant program for 10 years after conviction for fraudulently misrepresenting residence in order to obtain benefits or services under two or more programs fund under Title I of the Social Security Act. Law enforcement officials must be given access to certain records to look for information to help locate fugitive felons.
II. Modifications to Job Opportunities and Basic Skill Training Program
Present Law
The Family Support Act of 1988 established a new program, the Job Opportunities and Basic Skill Training Program (JOBS), to help needy families with children obtain the education, training and employment needed to avoid long-term welfare dependence. A JOBS program is currently operated in all 50 States, the District of Columbia, and three territories (Guam, Puerto Rico and the U.S. Virgin Islands). In addition, Indian tribes and Alaska Native organizations can operate a JOBS program and receive funds directly from the Federal government.
A range of services must be offered by each State under the JOBS program, including: certain education activities; jobs skills training; job readiness activities; job development and job placement; and certain supportive services. States must also offer two of the following: group and individual job search; on-the-job training; work supplementation programs; and community work experience (CWEP) programs or other approved work experience programs. States may offer postsecondary education to JOBS participants.
To the extent resources are available, a State must require non-exempt AFDC recipients to participate in the JOBS program. States must guarantee child care for AFDC recipients who need care for children under age 6 in order to engage in JOBS activities.
Recipients exempt from participation in the JOBS program are those who are:
(1) A parent or other relative caring for a child under age 3 (younger at State option);
(2) A parent or other relative caring for a child under age 6 if the State does not guarantee child care;
(3) Employed 30 hours or more a week;
(4) Under age 16 attending school full-time;
(5) Pregnant women past their first trimester;
(6) Living in areas where the program is not available;
(7) Ill, incapacitated, or of advanced age; and
(8) Needed in the home because of the illness or incapacity of another household member.
The Congressional Budget Office estimates that 60 percent of the AFDC caseload is exempt from participating in the JOBS program.
Beginning with FY 1990, a State must meet specified participation rates--i.e., a specified percentage of all non-exempt recipients must participate in the JOBS program for at least 20 hours weekly. Job search activities do not count as participation after the first four months of receiving benefits. The participation rate began at 7 percent in FY 1990 and rose to 20 percent by FY 1995. This participation requirement expires at the end of FY 1995.
In addition, a State must meet specified participation rates for two-parent families. At least one parent in a two-parent family must participate at least 16 hours weekly in a work experience program, a work supplementation program, on-the-job training or a State-designed work program (or educational activities for a parent under age 25 without a high school diploma). The participation rate for two-parent families is 50 percent for FY 1995; 60 percent for FY 1996; and 75 percent for FY 1997 and 1998. This participation requirement expires at the end of FY 1998.
Five States can allow non-custodial parents to participate in the JOBS program.
**Proposed Change**
States must continue to have a JOBS program to be eligible to receive funds under the new Temporary Family Assistance Grant. Federal funding for the JOBS program is included in the State's share of the grant. Indian tribes and Alaska Native organizations currently operating a JOBS program may continue to receive Federal funding (at FY 1994 levels) directly for that purpose.
The JOBS program is modified to give States more flexibility in offering JOBS activities. New JOBS activities are authorized for community service programs approved by the State and job placement voucher programs. All States are allowed to open their JOBS program to non-custodial parents.
States must guarantee child care for recipients who need care for children under age 6 in order to participate in JOBS activities.
States must meet new minimum participation requirements based on the entire caseload:
| Year | Percentage |
|------------|------------|
| FY 1996 | 25% |
| FY 1997 | 30% |
| FY 1998 | 35% |
| FY 1999 | 40% |
| FY 2000 | 45% |
| FY 2001 and thereafter | 50% |
Participation rates are measured by averaging monthly participation rates for a year. The monthly participation rate is equal to the number of recipient families in which at least one parent is engaged in work activities (JOBS program activities (except job search) for at least 20 hours per week) in a month divided by the total number of recipient families received cash benefit for the month. For FY 1996, 1997 and 1998, States have the option to compute these participation rates using present law exemptions. After FY 1998, no exemptions will be allowed in computing participation rates.
Beginning with FY 1996, participation for two-parent families means that one parent in a two-parent family must participate in work activities for at least 30 hours a week. In addition, the participation rate for two-parent families will be increased to 90 percent for FY 1999 and thereafter.
States not meeting the required participation rates in a fiscal year will have their grant reduced by up to five percent the succeeding fiscal year.
The Secretary of HHS is to conduct research on the cost/benefit of the JOBS program and to evaluate promising State approaches to employing welfare recipients. The Secretary of HHS must also rank the States in order of their success in moving recipients into long-term private sector jobs, and review the
three most and three least successful programs. The Department of Health and Human Services will develop these rankings based on data collected under the bill.
III. **Child Protection Programs**
The current law programs under Title IV-B and IV-E are not changed.
VI. **Supplemental Security Income**
**General Description**
The Supplemental Security Income (SSI) program was established by the 1972 amendments to the Social Security Act to provide cash assistance to needy aged (age 65 and over), blind, and disabled individuals. Disabled individuals are those unable to engage in any substantial gainful activity by reason of a medically determined physical or mental impairment expected to result in death or last at least 12 months. The SSI program is entirely funded by the Federal government (States may provide supplemental payments).
A. **Drug Addiction and Alcoholism**
**Present Law**
Individuals whose drug addiction or alcoholism is a contributing factor material to their disability are eligible to receive SSI cash benefits for up to three years if they meet SSI income and resource requirements. These recipients must have a representative payee, must participate in an approved treatment program when available and appropriate, and must allow their participation in a treatment program to be monitored. Medicaid benefits continue beyond the 3-year limit, as long as the individual remains disabled, unless the individual was expelled from SSI for failure to participate in a treatment program.
Proposed Change
An individual will no longer be considered disabled for the SSI program if drug addiction or alcoholism is a contributing factor material to his disability.
Effective date. -- Generally effective on date of enactment. Individuals receiving SSI cash benefits on the date of enactment, and who cannot qualify for SSI benefits on the basis of another disabling condition, will no longer be eligible for SSI benefits effective January 1, 1997. The Social Security Administration must notify such individuals of the change in law within 90 days of date of enactment.
B. Noncitizens
Present Law
Aged, blind and disabled noncitizens can qualify for SSI cash benefits if they meet SSI income and resource requirements.
Except for refugees and asylees, noncitizens granted entry into the U.S. stipulate that they will be self-sufficient while living in the U.S. and will not become a public charge. Notwithstanding this stipulation, the number of noncitizens receiving SSI cash benefits have grown dramatically in the last decade.
Proposed Change
Noncitizens will no longer be eligible to qualify for SSI cash benefits unless they have worked in the U.S. for a sufficient period to qualify for Social Security disability income or old age benefits. Noncitizens who entered the U.S. as an asylee or refugee will be eligible for SSI benefits for up to five years after moving to the U.S. (if they otherwise meet the SSI program requirements). Noncitizens who served in the U.S. armed forces and their spouses and children will also be eligible.
Effective date. -- Generally effective on date of enactment. Noncitizens receiving SSI cash benefits on date of enactment, and who no longer will be eligible for SSI cash benefits, will continue receiving SSI cash benefits until January 1, 1997. The Social Security Administration must notify such
individuals of the change in law within 90 days of the date of enactment.
C. Certain Children With Disabilities
1. Definition of Childhood Disability
Present Law
There is no definition of childhood disability for the SSI program under present law. Instead, the law provides that a child under the age of 18 is determined qualified for SSI "if he suffers from any medically determinable physical or mental impairment of comparable severity" to either one of two adult definitions of work disability. The Social Security Administration is responsible for translating these adult definitions into a childhood disability definition.
Proposed Change
A child under age 18 is considered disabled if the child has a medically determinable physical or mental impairment, which results in a marked, pervasive, and severe disability, and is expected to last for a continuous period of 12 months or result in death.
2. Medical Criteria for Evaluation of Mental and Emotional Disorders
Present Law
Under the disability determination process for children, the Social Security Administration first determines if a child meets or equals a "Listing of Impairments" — over 100 specific physical or mental conditions that are described in Federal Regulations. Under the Listing of Impairments that relates to mental disorders, maladaptive behavior may be scored twice, in domains of social functioning and of personal/behavior functioning.
Proposed Change
Social Security Administration is directed to eliminate references to maladaptive behavior in the domain of personal/behavior functioning.
3. **Individualized Functional Assessment**
**Present Law**
Under the disability determination process for children, if the Social Security Administration determines that a child does not meet or equal the Listing of Impairments, it conducts a second evaluation, called an "individualized functional assessment" ("IFA"), to determine if a child nonetheless qualifies for SSI. The IFA is a lower standard of disability than those found in the Listing of Impairments. The IFA was developed by the Social Security Administration in response to the 1990 Supreme Court decision of *Zebley v. Sullivan*. The IFA was intended to be analogous to the disability standard for adults who are unable to engage in any other kind of substantial gainful work which exists in the national economy. The General Accounting Office has criticized the IFA as being fundamentally flawed as a reliable measure of disability determination.
A substantially improved Listing of Impairments for childhood mental disorders was promulgated by the Social Security Administration in 1990, which emphasized functional assessment criteria and added new listings for certain specific conditions, such as Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD).
**Proposed Change**
The IFA is eliminated. Children with severe disabilities, will continue to qualify for SSI benefits on the basis of whether they meet or equal the Listing of Impairments.
4. **Continuing Disability Reviews**
**Present Law**
Under section 208 of P.L. 103-296, Social Security Independence and Program Improvements Act of 1994, the Commissioner of Social Security must conduct each year at least 100,000 continuing disability reviews (CDRs) of SSI recipients receiving SSI disability benefits. The provision is effective for FY 1996 through FY 1998.
Proposed Change
The Commissioner of Social Security is required to conduct a continuing disability review every three years for children receiving SSI cash benefits except for those children whose condition is not expected to improve. The Commissioner is required to redetermine eligibility for SSI for a child whose low birth weight is a contributing factor to the child's disability determination after 12 months of receiving benefits. The Commissioner is required to redetermine eligibility for SSI disability benefits when a recipient reaches 18 years.
5. Study of Disability Determination Process
Present Law
No provision.
Proposed Change
The Commissioner of Social Security is directed to contract with the National Academy of Sciences, or other independent entities, to conduct a study of its disability determination procedure. The study would also examine use of evidence in appeals and any other matters related to the determination process.
6. National Commission on the Future of Disability Programs
Present Law
No provision.
Proposed Change
A National Commission on the Future of Disability Programs is established to examine and make recommendations on improving Federal disability programs. The Commission would also consider whether Federal disability programs create barriers to employment and independence.
7. **Effective Dates**
The proposed changes are generally effective on the date of enactment. Children receiving SSI cash benefits on date of enactment, and who may no longer be eligible for SSI by reason of such changes, will continue receiving SSI cash benefits until January 1, 1997. The Social Security Administration must notify such recipients within 90 days of date of enactment that a continuing disability review will be conducted by SSA within 1 year after enactment.
V. **Child Support Enforcement**
**Present Law**
The Child Support Enforcement (CSE) program was enacted in 1975 to address the problem of nonsupport of children. The 1975 legislation added a new part D to the title IV of the Social Security Act. This legislation authorized Federal matching funds to be used for enforcing the support obligation owed by noncustodial parents, locating absent parents, establishing paternity, and obtaining child and spousal support. The basic responsibility for administering the program is left to the States, but the Federal Government plays a major role in funding, monitoring and evaluating State programs, providing technical assistance, and in certain instances, in giving direct assistance to the State in locating absents parents and obtaining support payments from them.
The program requires the provision of child support enforcement services for both welfare and nonwelfare families and requires States to publicize frequently, through public service announcements, the availability of child support enforcement services, together with information about the application fee and a telephone number or address to be used to obtain additional information.
States are required to establish paternity for children born out of wedlock if they are recipients of AFDC or Medicaid. States are also required to obtain child support payments from noncustodial parents of children receiving AFDC, Medicaid benefits, or foster care maintenance payments.
A. Case Registries, eligibility for services, distribution of payments
Present Law
States are required to establish paternity for children born out of wedlock if they are recipients of AFDC or Medicaid. States are also required to obtain child support payments from noncustodial parents of children receiving AFDC, Medicaid benefits, or foster care maintenance payments.
Federal law requires States to cooperate with other States in establishing paternity, locating parents, and collecting child support payments.
A custodial parent must assign to the State the right to collect child support. This assignment includes current support and any arrearage, and lasts as long as the family receives AFDC. If the State collects support, the first $50 goes to the AFDC family. Next, the Federal and State governments are reimbursed for the AFDC benefit paid to the family and if there is any money left over, the money goes to the family (this money is considered income and would reduce the family's AFDC benefit).
Proposed Change
States must record all child support orders currently handled by a State child support enforcement agency and all orders established or modified on or after October 1, 1998, in a State Case Registry. States must also collect and disburse child support payments being enforced by a State child support enforcement agency, beginning October 1, 1998 using a State disbursement unit.
The $50 passthrough to families is ended. Instead, States are given the option of passing the entire child support payment through to families. If a State elects this option, the State must still pay the Federal share of the collection to the Federal government. For arrearages that accrued before the custodial parent went on welfare, the money is first paid to the family if the family leaves welfare. Only after all arrearages owed to the custodial parent have been repaid, any arrearages owed to the State and Federal government are repaid.
When families leave the Temporary Family Assistance program, States are required to continue providing child support enforcement services subject to the same conditions as individuals who receive assistance.
States must implement safeguards against unauthorized use or disclosure of information relating to proceedings or actions to establish paternity or to enforce child support. These safeguards must include prohibitions on release of information where there is a protective order or where the State has reason to believe a party is at risk of physical or emotional harm from the other party. This provision is effective October 1, 1997.
B. Locate and Case Tracking
Present Law
States may provide that, at the request of either parent, child support payments be made through the child support enforcement agency or the agency that administers the State’s income withholding system regardless of whether there is an arrearage. States must charge the parent who requests child support services a fee equal to the cost incurred by the State for these services, up to a maximum of $25 per year.
Since November 1, 1990, all new or modified child support orders that were being enforced by the State’s child support enforcement agency have been subject to immediate income withholding. If the noncustodial parent’s wages are not subject to income withholding (pursuant to the November 1, 1990 provision), such parent’s wages would become subject to withholding on the date when support payments are 30 days past due. Since January 1, 1994, the law has required States to use immediate income withholding for all new support orders, regardless of whether a parent has applied for child support enforcement services. There are two circumstances in which income withholding does not apply: 1) one of the parents demonstrates and the court or administrative agency finds that there is good cause not to do so, or 2) a written agreement is reached between both parents which provides for an alternative arrangement.
States must implement procedures under which income withholding for child support can occur without the need for any amendment to the support order or for any further action by the court or administrative entity that issued
the order.
States are also required to implement income withholding in full compliance with all procedural due process requirements of the State, and States must send advance notice to each nonresident parent to whom income withholding applies (with an exception for some States that had income withholding before enactment of this provision that met State due process requirements).
States must extend their income withholding systems to include out-of-State support orders.
The law requires that the Federal Parent Locator Service (FPLS), established as part of the child support enforcement program, be used to obtain and transmit information about the whereabouts of any absent parent when that information is to be used for the purpose of enforcing child support. Upon request, the Secretary must provide to an "authorized person" (i.e., an employee or attorney of a child support agency, a court with jurisdiction over the parties involved, the custodial parent, legal guardian, or attorney of the child) the most recent address and place of employment of any absent parent if the information is contained in the records of the Department of Health and Human Services, or can be obtained from any other department or agency of the United States or of any State. The FPLS also can be used in connection with the enforcement or determination of child custody and in cases of parental kidnapping.
**Proposed Change**
State child support agencies are required, beginning October 1, 1998, to operate a centralized, automated unit for collection and disbursement of child support under orders enforced by the child support agency. The purpose of the Disbursement Unit is to collect and disburse support payments, to generate orders and notices of withholding to employers, to keep an accurate identification of payments, to promptly distribute money to custodial parents or other States, and to furnish parents with a record of the current status of support payments. The Disbursement Unit must distribute all amounts payable within 2 business days after receiving the money and identifying information from the employer. The State Disbursement Unit may be established by linking local disbursement units through an automated information network.
States are required to establish, by October 1, 1997, a State Directory of New Hires to which employers and labor organizations in the State must furnish a W-4 form for each newly hired employee. Employers must submit the W-4 form within 15 days after the date of hire or the first business day of the week following the date the employee is first paid. The employer or labor organization may submit the report magnetically, electronically, or by first class mail. Government agencies are considered employers for purposes of New Hire reporting.
An employer failing to make a timely report is subject to a $25 fine for each unreported employee. There is also a $500 penalty on employers for every employee for whom they do not transmit a W-4 form if, under the laws of the State, there is shown to be a conspiracy between the employer and the employee to prevent the proper information from being filed.
By October 1, 1997, each State Directory of New Hires must conduct automated matches of the Social Security numbers of reported employees against the Social Security numbers of records in the State Case Registry being enforced by the State agency and must report the information on matches to the State child support agency. Then, within 2 business days, the State must issue a withholding order directing the employer to withhold wages in accordance with the child support order.
In addition, within 2 working days of receiving the W-4 information from employers, the State Directory of New Hires must furnish the information to the National Directory of New Hires for matching with the records of other State case registries. The State Directory of New Hires must also report quarterly to the National Directory of New Hires information on wages and unemployment compensation (this information is taken directly from a report that States are currently required to submit to the Secretary of Labor).
The State child support agency must use the new hire information for purposes of establishing paternity as well as establishing, modifying, and enforcing child support obligations.
New hire information must also be disclosed to the Temporary Family Assistance, Medicaid, Unemployment Compensation, Food Stamp, and territorial cash assistance programs for income eligibility verification; to the Social Security Administration for use in determining the accuracy of
Supplemental Security Income payments under Title XVI and in connection with benefits under Title II of the Social Security Act; to the Secretary of the Treasury for administration of the Earned Income Tax Credit program and for verification of claims concerning employment on tax returns; to State agencies administering unemployment and workers' compensation programs to assist determinations of the allowability of claims; and to researchers (but without individual identifiers) conducting studies that serve the purposes of the child support enforcement program.
States must have laws providing that all child support orders issued or modified before October 1, 1996, which are not otherwise subject to income withholding, will become subject to income withholding immediately if arrearage occurs.
All State and the Federal child support enforcement agencies must have access to the motor vehicle and law enforcement locator systems of all States.
FPLS is already a central component of the Federal child support effort, and is especially useful in interstate cases. The FPLS would be expanded to include new sources of timely information that is to be used for the purposes of establishing parentage and establishing, modifying, or enforcing child support obligations. Within the FPLS an automated registry known as the Federal Case Registry of Child Support Orders would be established. The Federal Case Registry contains abstracts of child support orders and other information specified by the Secretary (such as names, Social Security numbers or other uniform identification numbers, State case identification numbers, wages or other income, and rights to health care coverage) to identify individuals who owe or are owed support (or for or against whom support is sought to be established), and the State which has the case.
In addition to the Federal Case Registry, the provision establishes within the FPLS a National Directory of New Hires containing information supplied by State Directories of New Hires. When fully implemented, the Federal Directory of New Hires will contain identifying information on virtually every person who is hired in the United States. In addition, the Federal Case Registry will contain quarterly data supplied by the State Directory of New Hires on wages and unemployment compensation paid. Provisions are included in the bill to ensure accuracy and to safeguard information in the FPLS from inappropriate disclosure or use.
The Secretary is required to match data in the National Directory of New Hires against the child support order abstracts in the Federal Case Registry of Child Support Orders and to report information obtained from matches to the State child support agency responsible for the case within 2 days. The information is to be used for purposes of locating individuals to establish paternity, and to establish, modify, or enforce child support. The Secretary may also compare information across all components of the FPLS to the extent and with the frequency that she determines will be effective.
C. Streamlining and Uniformity of Procedures
Present Law
In 1992, the National Conference of Commissioners on State Uniform Laws approved a new model State law for handling interstate CSE cases. The new Uniform Interstate Family Support Act (UIFSA) is designed to deal with desertion and nonsupport by instituting uniform laws in all 50 States that limit control of a child support case to a single State. This approach ensures that only one child support order from one court or child support agency will be in effect at any given time. It also helps to eliminate jurisdictional disputes between States that are impediments to locating parents and enforcing child support orders across State lines. (As of July 1994, 20 States already had enacted UIFSA.)
Federal law requires States to treat past-due support obligations as final judgements that are entitled to full faith and credit in every State. This means that a person who has a support order in one State does not have to obtain a second order in another State to obtain support due should the debtor parent move from the issuing court's jurisdiction. P.L. 103-383 restricts a State court's ability to modify a support order issued by another State unless the child and the custodial parent have moved to the State where the modification is sought or have agreed to the modification.
Proposed Change
By January 1, 1997, all States must have UIFSA and the procedures required for its implementation in effect.
The provision changes and expands the recently enacted Federal law governing full faith and credit for child support orders by adding several provisions. One provision clarifies the definition of a child's home State; another makes several revisions to ensure that full faith and credit laws can be applied consistently with UIFSA; another clarifies the rules for which child support order States must honor when there is more than one order.
States are required to have laws that facilitate the enforcement of child support orders across State lines. States are required to have laws that permit them to send and receive, without registering the underlying order unless the enforcement action is contested by the obligor on the grounds of mistake of fact or invalid order, requests to other States and to enforce orders across State lines. The transmission of the order itself serves as certification to the responding State of the arrears amount and of the fact that the initiating State met all procedural due process requirements. No court action is required or permitted by the responding State. In addition, each responding State must, match the case against its data bases, take appropriate action if a match occurs, and send the collections, if any, to the initiating State. States must keep records of the number of requests they receive, the number of cases that result in a collection, and the amount collected. States must respond to interstate requests within 5 days.
The Secretary must issue standardized forms that all States must use for income withholding, for imposing liens in interstate cases, and for issuing administrative subpoenas in interstate cases. The forms must be issued by June 30, 1996 and States must begin using the forms by October 1, 1996.
D. Paternity Establishment
Present Law
Federal law requires States to implement laws under which the child and all other parties must undergo genetic testing upon the request of a party in contested cases. Federal law requires States to implement procedures: (1) for a simple civil process for voluntary paternity acknowledgment, including hospital-based programs; (2) under which the voluntary acknowledgment of paternity creates a rebuttable, or at State option, a conclusive presumption of paternity, and under which such voluntary acknowledgment is admissible as
evidence of paternity; (3) under which the voluntary acknowledgment of paternity must be recognized as a basis for seeking a support order without requiring any further proceedings to establish paternity; (4) which provide that any objection to genetic testing results must be made in writing within a specified number of days before any hearing at which such results may be introduced into evidence, and if no objection is made, the test results are admissible as evidence of paternity without the need for foundation testimony or other proof of authenticity or accuracy; (5) which create a rebuttable or, at State option, conclusive presumption of paternity upon genetic testing results indicating a threshold probability that the alleged father is the father of the child; (6) that require a default order to be entered in a paternity case upon a showing of service of process on the defendant and any additional showing required by State law; and (7) under which a State must give full faith and credit to a determination of paternity made by any other State, whether established through voluntary acknowledgment or through administrative or judicial processes.
AFDC applicants and recipients are required to cooperate with the State in establishing the paternity of a child and in obtaining child support payments unless the applicant or recipient is found to have good cause for refusing to cooperate. Under the "good cause" regulations, the child support agency may determine that it is against the best interests of the child to seek to establish paternity in cases involving incest, rape, or pending procedures for adoption. Moreover, the agency may determine that it is against the best interest of the child to require the mother to cooperate if it is anticipated that such cooperation will result in the physical or emotional harm of the child, parent, or caretaker relative.
**Proposed Change**
States must strengthen their paternity establishment laws by requiring that paternity may be established until the child reaches age 21 and by requiring the child and all other parties to undergo genetic testing upon the request of a party, where the request is supported by a sworn statement establishing a reasonable possibility of parentage or nonparentage. When the tests are ordered by the State agency, States must pay for the costs, subject to recoupment at State option from the father if paternity is established.
States must have procedures that: create a simple civil process for establishing paternity under which benefits, rights and responsibilities of acknowledgement are explained to unwed parents; establish a paternity acknowledgement program through hospitals and birth record agencies (and other agencies as designated by the Secretary) and that require the agencies to use a uniform affidavit developed by the Secretary that is entitled to full faith and credit in any other State; create a signed acknowledgement of paternity that is considered a legal finding of paternity unless rescinded within 60 days, and thereafter may be challenged in court only on the basis of fraud, duress, or material mistake of fact; allow minors who sign a voluntary acknowledgement to rescind it until age 18 or the date of the first proceeding to establish a support order, visitation, or custody rights; and provide that no judicial or administrative proceedings are required or permitted to ratify an acknowledgement which is not challenged by the parents.
States must also have procedures for: admitting into evidence accredited genetic tests, unless any objection is made within a specified number of days, and if no objection is made, clarifying that test results are admissible without the need for foundation or other testimony; creating a rebuttable or, at State option, conclusive presumption of paternity upon genetic testing results indicating a threshold probability that the alleged father is the father of the child; requiring a default order to be entered in a paternity case upon a showing of service of process on the defendant and any additional showing required by the State law; providing that parties in a contested paternity action are not entitled to a jury trial; requiring issuance of an order for temporary support, upon motion of a party, pending an administrative or judicial determination of parentage, where paternity is indicated by genetic testing or other clear and convincing evidence; providing that bills for pregnancy, childbirth, and genetic testing are admissible without foundation testimony; ensuring that putative fathers have a reasonable opportunity to initiate paternity action; and providing for voluntary acknowledgements and adjudications of paternity to be filed with the State registry of birth records for data matches with the central registry established by the State.
The Secretary is required to develop an affidavit to be used for voluntary acknowledgement of paternity which includes the Social Security Number of each parent.
Individuals who apply for or receive public assistance under the Temporary Family Assistance Program must cooperate with child support enforcement efforts by providing specific identifying information about the other parent, unless the applicant or recipient is found to have good cause for refusing to cooperate. "Good cause" is defined by States. States may also require the applicant and child to submit to genetic testing. Responsibility for determining failure to cooperate is shifted from the agency that administers the Temporary Family Assistance Program to the agency that administers the child support program.
E. **Program Administration and Funding**
*Present Law*
The Federal Government currently reimburses each State at the rate of 66 percent for the cost of administering its child support enforcement program. The Federal Government also reimburses States 90 percent of the laboratory costs of establishing paternity, and through FY 1995, 90 percent of the costs of developing comprehensive Statewide automated systems.
The Federal Government pays States an incentive amount ranging from 6 percent to 10 percent of AFDC and non-AFDC collections.
States are required to meet Federal standards for the establishment of paternity. The standard relates to the percentage obtained by dividing the number of children in the State who are born out of wedlock, are receiving AFDC or child support enforcement services, and for whom paternity has been established by the number of children who are born out of wedlock and are receiving AFDC or child support enforcement services. To meet Federal requirements, this percentage in a State must be at least 75 percent or meet the following standards of improvement from the preceding year: 1) if the State paternity establishment ratio is between 50 and 75 percent, the state ratio must increase by 3 or more percentage points from the ratio of the preceding year; 2) if the State ratio is between 45 and 50, the ratio must increase at least 4 percentage points; 3) if the State ratio is between 40 and 45 percent, it must increase at least 5 percentage points; and 4) if the State ratio is below 40 percent, it must increase at least 6 percentage points.
If an audit finds that the State's child support enforcement program has not substantially complied with the requirements of its State plan, the State is subject to a penalty. In accord with this penalty, the Secretary must reduce a State's AFDC benefit payment by not less than 1 percent nor more than 2 percent for the first failure to comply; by not less than 2 percent nor more than 3 percent for the second consecutive failure to comply; and by not less than 3 percent nor more than 5 percent for third or subsequent consecutive failure to comply.
The Secretary is required to assist States in establishing adequate reporting procedures and must maintain records of child support enforcement operations and of amounts collected and disbursed, including costs incurred in collecting support payments.
Federal law requires that by October 1, 1995, States have an operational automated data processing and information retrieval system designed to control, account for, and monitor all factors in the support enforcement and paternity determination process, the collection and distribution of support payments, and the costs of all services rendered.
The Federal Government, through FY 1995, reimburses States at a 90 percent matching rate for the costs of developing comprehensive Statewide automated systems.
**Proposed Change**
The Committee bill maintains the Federal matching payment for child support activities at 66 percent.
Beginning in 1999, a new incentive system will be put in place. This system will reward good State performance by increasing the State's basic matching rate of 66 percent by adding up to 12 percentage points for outstanding performance in establishing paternity and by adding up to an additional 12 percentage points for overall performance. The Secretary will design the specific features of the system and, in doing so, will maintain overall Federal reimbursement of State programs through the combined matching rate and incentives at the level projected for the current combined matching and incentive payments to States.
If a State fails to meet a minimum paternity establishment ratio or fails to submit the data necessary to compute the ratio, and the State fails to take sufficient corrective action, the Secretary must reduce the incentive amounts otherwise payable for the first failure by not less than 3 nor more than 5 percent; for the second failure by not less than 5 nor more than 8 percent; and for the third and subsequent failure by not less than 10 nor more than 15 percent.
The minimum paternity establishment ratio is either 90 percent or: a) if the State paternity establishment ratio is between 50 percent and 90 percent for the fiscal year, the paternity establishment ratio of the State for the immediately preceding fiscal year plus 6 percentage points; or b) if the State ratio is less than 50 percent for a fiscal year, the paternity establishment ratio for the immediately preceding fiscal year plus 10 percentage points.
States are required to recycle incentive payments back into the child support program.
The Committee provision shifts the focus of child support audits from process to performance outcomes. This goal is accomplished by adding a new State plan provision that requires States to annually review and report to the Secretary, using data from their automatic data processing system, both information adequate to determine the State's compliance with Federal requirements for expedited procedures and timely case processing as well as the information necessary to calculate their levels of accomplishment and rates of improvement on the new performance indicators established by the Committee bill (percentage of cases in which an order was established, percentage of cases in which support is being paid, ratio of child support collected to child support due, and cost-effectiveness of the program). The Secretary is required to determine the amount (if any) of incentives or penalties; the Secretary must also review State reports on compliance with Federal requirements and provide States with recommendations for corrective action. Audits must be conducted at least once every 3 years, or more often in the case of States that fail to meet Federal requirements. The purpose of the audits is to assess the completeness, reliability, accuracy, and security of data reported for use in calculating the performance indicators and to assess the adequacy of financial management of the State program.
These provisions take effect beginning with the calendar quarter that begins 12 months after enactment.
The Secretary is required to establish procedures and uniform definitions for State collection and reporting of required information necessary to measure State compliance with expedited processes and timely case processing as well as the data necessary to perform the incentive calculations.
States are required to have a single Statewide automated data processing and information retrieval system which has the capacity to perform the following functions: to account for Federal, State, and local funds; to maintain data for Federal reporting; to calculate the State’s performance for purposes of the incentive and penalty provisions; and to safeguard the integrity, accuracy, and completeness of, and access to, data in the automated systems (including policies restricting access to data).
The statutory provisions for State implementation of Federal automatic data processing requirements are revised to provide that, first, all requirements enacted in or before the Family Support Act of 1988 are to be met by October 1, 1997, and second, that the requirements enacted in the Omnibus Budget Reconciliation Act of 1993 and this bill are met by October 1, 1999. The October 1, 1999 deadline will be extended by one day for each day by which the Secretary fails to meet the deadline for regulations.
The Secretary can use 1 percent of the Federal share of child support collections on behalf of families in the Temporary Family Assistance program from the preceding year to provide technical assistance to the States. Technical assistance can include training of State and Federal staff, research and demonstration programs, and special projects of regional or national significance.
The Secretary must use 2 percent of the Federal share of collections on behalf of Temporary Family Assistance recipients for operation of the Federal Parent Locator Service to the extent that costs of the Parent Locator Service are not recovered by user fees.
The Committee provision amends current data collection and reporting requirements to conform the requirements to changes made by this bill and to eliminate unnecessary and duplicative information. More specifically, States
are required to report the following data each fiscal year: the total amount of child support payments collected, the cost to the State and Federal governments of furnishing child support services, the number of cases involving families that became ineligible for aid under part A with respect to whom a child support payment was received, the total amount of current support collected and distributed, the total amount of past due support collected and distributed, and the total amount of support due and unpaid for all fiscal years.
F. Establishment and Modification of Support Orders
Present Law
A child support order legally obligates a noncustodial parent to provide financial support for her child and stipulates the amount of the obligation and how it is to be paid. P.L. 98-378 required States to establish guidelines for establishing child support orders. P.L. 100-485 made the guidelines binding on judges and other officials who had authority to establish support orders. P.L. 100-485 also required States to review and adjust individual child support orders once every 3 years (under certain circumstances). States are required to notify both resident and nonresident parents of their right to a review.
Explanation of Provision
As under present law, States must review and, if appropriate, adjust child support orders enforced by the State child support agency every three years. However, States are given two simplified means by which they can use automated means to accomplish the review. First, States may adjust the order by applying the State guidelines and updating the reward amount. Second, States may apply a cost of living increase to the order. In either case, both parties must be given an opportunity to contest the adjustment.
States must also review and, upon a showing of a change in circumstances, adjust orders pursuant to the child support guidelines upon request of a party. States are required to give parties one notice of their right to request review and adjustment, which may be included in the order establishing the support amount.
G. **Enforcement of Support Orders**
*Present Law*
Since 1981 in AFDC cases, and 1984 in non-AFDC cases, Federal law has required States to implement procedures under which child support agencies can collect child support arrearages through the interception of Federal income tax refunds. Federal rules set different criteria for AFDC and non-AFDC cases. For example, in AFDC cases arrearages may be collected through the income tax offset program regardless of the child's age. In non-AFDC cases, the tax offset program can be used only if the postminor child is disabled (pursuant to the meaning of disability under title II or XVI of the SSA). Moreover, the arrearage in AFDC cases must be only at least $150, whereas the arrearage in non-AFDC cases must be at least $500.
*Proposed Change*
The offsets of child support arrears owed to individuals take priority over most debts owed to Federal agencies.
It also eliminates disparate treatment of families not receiving public assistance by repealing provisions applicable only to support arrears not assigned to the State.
The rules governing wage withholding for Federal employees are clarified and simplified.
The Secretary of Defense must establish a central personnel locator service that contains residential or, in specified instances, duty addresses of every member of the Armed Services (including retirees, the National Guard, and the Reserves). The locator service must be updated within 30 days of the individual member establishing a new address. Information from the locator service must be made available to the Federal Parent Locator Service. The Secretary of Defense must issue regulations to facilitate granting of leave for members of the Armed Services to attend hearings to establish paternity or to establish child support orders.
The Secretary of each branch of the Armed Forces (including retirees, the Coast Guard, the National Guard, and the Reserves) is required to make child support payments directly to any State to which a custodial parent has assigned support rights as a condition of receiving public assistance. The Secretary of Defense must also ensure that payments to satisfy current support or child support arrears are made from disposable retirement pay. The Secretary of Defense must begin payroll deduction within 30 days or the first pay period after 30 days of receiving a wage withholding order.
States must have in effect the Uniform Fraudulent Conveyance Act of 1981, the Uniform Fraudulent Transfer Act of 1984, or an equivalent law providing for voiding transfers of income or property in order to avoid payment of child support.
States have the option of restricting or suspending drivers', business, and occupational licenses of parents owing past-due child support.
States must have laws that direct courts to order individuals owing past-due support with respect to a child receiving assistance under the Temporary Family Assistance program either to pay support due or participate in work activities.
H. Medical Support
Present Law
P.L. 103-66 requires States to adopt laws to require health insurers and employers to enforce orders for medical and child support and forbids health insurers from denying coverage to children who are not living with the covered individual or who were born outside of marriage. Under P.L. 103-66, group health plans are required to honor "qualified medical child support orders."
Proposed Change
This provision expands the definition of medical child support order in ERISA to clarify that any judgement, decree, or order that is issued by a court of competent jurisdiction or by an administrative adjudication has the force and effect of law.
I. Enhancing Responsibility and Opportunity of Nonresidential Parents
Present Law
In 1988, Congress authorized the Secretary to fund for FY 1990 and FY 1991 demonstration projects by States to help divorcing or never-married parents cooperate with each other, especially in arranging visits between the child and the nonresident parent.
Proposed Change
The Committee bill authorizes grants to States for access and visitation programs including mediation, counseling, education, development of parenting plans, and visitation enforcement. Visitation enforcement can include monitoring, supervision, neutral drop-off and pick-up, and development of guidelines for visitation and alternative custody agreements.
The Administration for Children and Families at HHS will administer the program. States are required to monitor and evaluate their programs and are given the authority to subcontract the program to courts, local public agencies, or private non-profit agencies. Programs operating under the grant will not have to be Statewide. Funding is authorized as capped spending under section IV-D of the Social Security Act. Projects are required to supplement rather than supplant State funds.
The amount of the grant to a State is equal to 90 percent of the State expenditures during the year for access and visitation programs or the allotment for the State for the fiscal year. The allotment to the State bears the same ratio to the amount appropriated for the fiscal year as the number of children living in the State with one biological parent divided by the national number of children living with one biological parent. The Administration for Children and Families will adjust allotments to ensure that no State is allotted less than $50,000 for fiscal years 1996 or 1997 or less than $100,000 for any year after 1997.
J. **Effect of Enactment**
**Present Law**
Not applicable.
**Proposed Change**
Except as noted in the text of the bill for specific provisions, the general effective date for provisions in the bill is October 1, 1996. However, given that many of the changes required by this bill must be approved by State Legislatures, the bill contains a grace period tied to the meeting schedule of State Legislatures. More specifically, in any given State, the bill becomes effective either on October 1, 1996 or on the first day of the first calendar quarter after the close of the first regular session of the State Legislature that begins after the date of enactment of this bill. In the case of States that require a constitutional amendment to comply with the requirements of the bill, the grace period is extended either 1 year after the effective date of the necessary State constitutional amendment or 5 years after the date of enactment of this bill.
THE FAMILY SUPPORT ACT OF 1995
BRIEF SUMMARY OF THE BILL
The bill builds on the Family Support Act of 1988 as follows:
JOBS and child care. - Participation rates under the JOBS program are increased from 20 percent in 1995 to 50 percent in 2001. The Federal matching rate for JOBS and child care is increased from a minimum of 60 percent under current law to a minimum of 70 percent (or, if higher, the State’s medicaid matching rate plus 10 percentage points). The funding cap for JOBS is phased up from $1.3 billion in 1995 to $2.5 billion in 2001.
The bill also -
(1) emphasizes work by requiring States to encourage job placement by using performance measures that reward staff performance, or such other management practice as the State may choose;
(2) provides for a job voucher program that uses private profit and nonprofit organizations to place recipients in private employment;
(3) eliminates certain Federal requirements to give States additional flexibility in operating their JOBS programs; and
(4) allows States to provide JOBS services to non-custodial parents who are unemployed and unable to meet their child support obligations.
Teen parents. - For purposes of AFDC, teen parents (under age 18) are required to live at home or in an alternative adult-supervised setting. Teen parents (under age 20) are required to attend school, or participate in other JOBS activity approved by the State.
Encourage States to test alternative strategies. - Without requesting a waiver, States may adopt their own AFDC rules for (1) earnings disregards, (2) income and assets, and (3) eligibility for the unemployed parent program, for a period of five years. The Secretary of Health and Human Services must evaluate a sufficient number of program changes to determine their impact on AFDC receipt, earnings achieved, program costs, and other factors.
Interagency Welfare Review Board. - The bill establishes an Interagency Welfare Review Board to expedite waiver requests that involve more than one Federal agency. In considering an application for a waiver under section 1115 of the Social Security
Act, there will be a presumption for approval in the case of a request for a waiver that is similar in substance and scale to one the Secretary has already approved. Decisions on section 1115 waiver requests must be made within 90 days after a completed application is received.
Child support enforcement. - The bill includes provisions to increase child support collections by establishing a directory of new hires, requiring States to adopt uniform State laws to expedite collections in interstate cases, requiring States to improve their paternity establishment programs, and making other changes.
In addition, the bill makes changes in SSI program rules and in rules relating to the deeming of income of sponsors to aliens for purposes of eligibility and benefits under the AFDC, SSI, and food stamp programs, and makes other changes, as follows:
SSI. - The bill includes provisions to modify disability eligibility criteria for children, to provide for increased accountability for use of benefits, and to require that retroactive benefits be used on behalf of the child.
Alien deeming. - The period during which a sponsor's income is deemed to an alien for purposes of eligibility for AFDC, SSI, and food stamps is extended from 3 to 5 years. Eligibility rules for AFDC, medicaid, SSI, and food stamps are made uniform.
Tax responsibilities incident to expatriation. - A taxpayer deciding to expatriate would owe income tax on asset gains that accrued during the period of U.S. citizenship, absent an election to instead continue to treat an asset as subject to U.S. tax. Similar rules would apply to certain long-term U.S. residents relinquishing that status.
Earned income tax credit changes. Eligibility for the earned income tax credit would be limited to those authorized to work in the United States. In addition, the bill would provide more effective rules for verifying EITC claims where tax returns have social security number errors or omissions. Finally, an individual's net capital gains would be added to the categories of unearned income that are currently totalled in determining whether the taxpayer is eligible for the EITC.
Treatment of corporate stock redemptions. The bill includes a provision that would assure the proper tax treatment of corporate stock redemptions. Under the bill, non pro rata stock redemptions received by a corporate shareholder would generally be treated as a sale of the stock to the redeeming corporation rather than as a dividend qualifying for the intercorporate dividends received deduction.
DESCRIPTION OF PROVISIONS
A. Job Opportunities and Basic Skills Training (JOBS) Program
1. Increase in JOBS Participation Rates
Present Law. - Under the provisions of the Family Support Act of 1988, 7 percent of adults receiving Aid to Families with Dependent Children were required to participate in the JOBS program in fiscal year 1991, increasing to 20 percent in 1995. This requirement expires at the end of fiscal year 1995.
In the case of a family eligible for AFDC by reason of the unemployment of the parent who is the principal earner, the Family Support Act mandated that the State require at least one parent to participate, for a total of at least 16 hours a week, in a work experience, community work experience, or other work program. The participation rate that the State must meet was set at 40 percent in 1994, increasing to 50 percent in 1995, 60 percent in 1996, and 75 percent in 1997 and 1998.
Persons exempt from this requirement include individuals who are ill or incapacitated, are needed to care for another individual who is ill or incapacitated, needed to care for a child under age 3 (or age 1 at State option), live in a remote area, work 30 hours or more a week, and children age 16 and under who are full time students.
Proposed Change. - The participation rate is increased to 30 percent in 1997, 35 percent in 1998, 40 percent in 1999, 45 percent in 2000, and 50 percent in 2001 and years thereafter. Those who combine participation in JOBS and employment for an average of 20 hours a week, and those who are employed for an average of 20 hours a week, are counted as participants in JOBS for purposes of calculating the State's participation rate. The work requirement provisions for unemployed parents are retained.
2. Change in Purpose of the Program
Present Law. - The stated purpose of the JOBS program is to assure that needy families with children obtain the education, training, and employment that will help them avoid long-term welfare dependence.
Proposed Change. - The purpose of the program is modified by adding: to enable individuals receiving assistance to enter employment as quickly as possible; and to increase job retention.
3. Requirement for Staff Performance Measures
Present Law. - There is no provision relating to staff performance measures.
Proposed Change. - A State will be required to have procedures to: encourage the placement of participants in jobs as quickly as possible, including using performance measures that reward staff performance, or such other management practice as the State may choose; and assist participants in retaining employment after they are hired.
The Secretary of Health and Human Services is required to provide technical assistance and training to States to assist them in implementing effective management practices and strategies.
4. Job Placement Voucher Program
Present Law. - There is no provision for a job placement voucher program.
Proposed Change. - The bill provides that, as part of their JOBS programs, States may operate a job placement voucher program to promote unsubsidized employment of welfare applicants and recipients.
The State will be required to make available to an eligible AFDC applicant or recipient a list of State-approved job placement organizations that offer job placement and support services. The organizations may be publicly or privately owned and operated.
The State agency will give an individual who participates in the program a voucher which the individual may present to the job placement organization of his or her choice. The organization will, in turn, fully redeem the voucher after it has successfully placed the individual in employment for a period of six months, or such longer period as the State determines.
5. Increased Flexibility in Administering the JOBS Program
Present Law. - The Family Support Act requires States to include in their JOBS programs certain specified services, including education activities, skills training, job readiness, job development, and at least two work programs (including job search, work experience, on-the-job training, and work supplementation). There are also rules relating to when and how long individuals may be required to search for a job, as well as other program rules.
Proposed Change. - The bill allows States to establish their own requirements for when and how long a recipient or applicant must participate in job search. It also eliminates the present law requirement that individuals who are age 20 or over and have not graduated from high school (or earned a GED) must be provided with education activities, and eliminates the requirement that States offer specified education and training services. The requirement that the State have at least two work programs is retained.
6. Permit States to Provide Employment Services for Non-custodial Parents
Present Law. - The Family Support Act allowed up to 5 States to provide JOBS services to non-custodial parents who are unemployed and unable to meet their child support obligations.
Proposed Change. - All States will be given the option of providing JOBS services to non-custodial parents who are unemployed and unable to meet their child support obligations.
7. Funding for the JOBS Program
Present Law. - States are entitled to receive their share of Federal matching payments up to a capped amount of $1.3 billion in fiscal year 1995 to operate the JOBS program. The State's share of the capped amount is based on its relative number of adult AFDC recipients.
The Federal matching rate is the greater of 60 percent or the State's medicaid matching rate, whichever is higher, for the cost of services; and 50 percent for the cost of administration, and for transportation and other work-related supportive services.
Proposed Change. - The Federal matching rate for JOBS expenses by States is increased and simplified. Beginning in fiscal year 1997, the Federal matching rate will be 70 percent or the State's Federal medicaid matching rate plus 10 percentage points, whichever is higher. This rate will apply to all JOBS costs, including administrative costs and the costs of transportation and other work-related supportive services. The cap on Federal spending is $1.3 billion in 1997, increasing to $1.6 billion in 1998, $1.9 billion in 1999, $2.2 billion in 2000, and $2.5 billion in 2001 and years thereafter.
8. Funding for Child Care
Present Law. - States must guarantee child care for individuals who are required to participate in the JOBS program. Child care must also be guaranteed, to the extent the State agency determines it to be necessary for an individual's employment, for a period of 12 months to individuals who leave the AFDC rolls as the result of increased hours of, or increased income from, employment. (Funding for this transitional child care expires at the end of fiscal year 1998.) States are entitled to receive Federal matching for the costs of such care at the State's medicaid matching rate. States are also entitled to receive Federal matching at the medicaid matching rate for care provided to individuals whom the State determines are at risk of becoming eligible for AFDC if such care were not provided. There is a cap on Federal matching for "at risk" child care of $300 million in any fiscal year. Funds are distributed to the States on the basis of
the relative number of children residing in each State.
Proposed Change. - The Federal matching rate for child care is increased to 70 percent, or the State's medicaid matching rate plus ten percentage points, whichever is higher. The authority for Federal funding for transitional child care for persons who leave the AFDC rolls is made permanent.
9. Evaluation of JOBS Programs; Performance Standards
Present Law. - The Family Support Act of 1988 required the Secretary of Health and Human Services to evaluate State JOBS programs in order to determine the relative effectiveness of different approaches for assisting long-term and potentially long-term AFDC recipients. The Secretary was required to use outcome measures to test effectiveness, including employment, earnings, welfare receipt, and poverty status. These evaluations are being conducted in large part by the Manpower Demonstration Research Corporation.
The Family Support Act also required the Secretary to develop performance standards that measure outcomes that are based, in part, on the results of the JOBS evaluations. On September 30, 1994, the Department of Health and Human Services issued a report on the progress that has been made in developing an outcome-based performance system for JOBS programs. The report stated that recommendations for outcome measures will be transmitted to the Congress by April 1996. Final recommendations on performance standards will be ready before October 1998.
Proposed Change. - The bill authorizes such sums as may be necessary for fiscal years 1996-2000 to enable the Secretary to continue evaluating the effectiveness of State JOBS programs. The information derived from these evaluations is to be used to provide guidance to the Secretary in making improvements in the performance standards that were required by the Family Support Act. It is also to be used to enable the Secretary to provide technical assistance to the States to assist them in improving their JOBS programs, and in meeting the required performance standards. The evaluations shall include assessments of cost effectiveness, the level of earnings achieved, welfare receipt, job retention, the effects on children, and such other factors as the State may determine.
B. Aid to Families with Dependent Children (AFDC)
1. Teen Case Management Services
Present Law. - There is no requirement in present law that States must provide case management services to teen parents who are receiving AFDC.
Proposed Change. - State welfare agencies will be required to assign a case manager to each custodial parent who is under age 20. The case manager will be responsible for assisting teen parents in obtaining services and monitoring their compliance with all program requirements.
2. Requirement for Teen Participation in Education or Other Activity
Present Law. - The statute provides that States generally must require teen parents under age 20 (regardless of the age of the child) to attend school or participate in another JOBS activity, but only if the program is available where the teen is living, and State resources otherwise permit.
Proposed Change. - The rules requiring teens to attend school or participate in another JOBS activity are strengthened. Teen parents under age 20 who have not completed a high school education (or its equivalent) must be required to attend school, participate in a program that combines classroom and job training, or work toward attainment of a GED. A teen parent who has successfully completed a high school education (or its equivalent) must participate in a JOBS activity (including a work activity) approved by the State. States may provide for exceptions to this requirement, in accordance with regulations issued by the Secretary of Health and Human Services. However, exceptions to the requirement may not exceed 50 percent of eligible teens by the year 2000.
In addition, States may also have programs to provide incentives and penalties for teens to encourage them to complete their high school (or equivalent) education.
3. Living Arrangements for Teen Parents
Present Law. - States have the option of requiring a teen under the age of 18 and has never married, and who has a dependent child (or is pregnant) to live with a parent, legal guardian, or other adult relative, or reside in a foster home, maternity home, or other adult-supervised supportive living arrangement. The State is required, where possible, to make the AFDC payment to the parent or other responsible adult. Certain exceptions to these requirements are provided in statute.
Proposed Change. - The bill requires all States to require a teen under age 18 who has a dependent child (or is pregnant) to live with a parent, legal guardian, or other adult relative, or reside in a foster home, maternity home, or other adult-supervised supportive living arrangement. Assistance will be paid to the teen's parent or other adult on the teen's behalf. Exceptions to this requirement may be made in cases where the State determines that the physical or emotional health or safety of the teen parent
or child would be jeopardized if they lived with the teen's parent, or where the State determines (under regulations issued by the Secretary) that there is good cause. The State agency will have responsibility for assisting teens in locating appropriate living arrangement when this is necessary.
4. Establishment of Interagency Welfare Review Board
Present Law. - At the present time there is no interagency board to review requests by States for waivers from Federal program rules that involve more than one agency.
Proposed Change. - In order to facilitate the consideration of welfare program requirement waiver requests that involve more than one Federal department or agency, an Interagency Welfare Review Board would be created. Members would include the Secretaries of Agriculture, Health and Human Services, Housing and Urban Development, Labor, and Education, or their designees. The President may make such other appointments to the Board as he determines appropriate.
The Board will act as the central organization for coordinating the review of State applications for waivers that involve more than one Federal department or agency, and will provide assistance and technical advice to the States. The Board may issue an advisory opinion with respect to a waiver request, but final decisions will be made by the Secretaries of the departments or agencies that have responsibility for the programs involved. The Board must establish a schedule for the consideration of a waiver application to assure that the State will receive a final decision not later than 90 days after the date the completed application is received by the Board.
5. Consideration of Section 1115 Waiver Requests
Present Law. - Section 1115 of the Social Security Act gives the Secretary of Health and Human Services authority to waive State compliance with specified rules under the AFDC, child support and medicaid programs. There is no authority to waive JOBS program rules.
The purpose of the waiver authority is to enable States to implement demonstration projects that the Secretary finds will assist in promoting the objectives of the programs. States must evaluate their demonstration programs, and the programs must not increase Federal spending.
Proposed Change. - States will be allowed to apply for waivers of JOBS program rules in order to conduct JOBS demonstration projects.
In addition, the Secretary will be required to approve or
disapprove a section 1115 waiver request within 90 days after the completed application is received. In considering an application for a waiver, there will be a presumption for approval in the case of a request for a waiver that is similar in substance and scale to one that has already been approved.
6. State Authority to Establish Certain AFDC Rules
Present Law. - The Social Security Act specifies the rules States must follow with respect to income and resource requirements, the disregard of income, and the definition of unemployment and the number of quarters of work required for eligibility under the Unemployed Parent (UP) program.
Proposed Change. - Any State may, without receiving a waiver, establish any of the following program changes: income and resource requirements, requirements relating to the disregard of income, standards for defining unemployment that are different from those prescribed by the Secretary in regulations (which currently limit eligibility for UP benefits to families in which the principal earner works fewer than 100 hours a month), and rules that prescribe the numbers of quarters of work that a principal earner must have to qualify for Unemployed Parent benefits. This authority expires at the end of five years.
The Secretary is required to evaluate a sufficient number of the program changes established by the States pursuant to this authority to determine the impact of the changes on AFDC recipiency, earnings achieved, program costs, and such other factors as the Secretary may determine. A State chosen by the Secretary for an evaluation must cooperate in carrying out the evaluation.
C. Child Support Enforcement Program
The Family Support Act of 1988 strengthened the Child Support Enforcement program, which was enacted in 1975 (Title IV-D of the Social Security Act), by: requiring States to establish automated tracking and monitoring systems (with 90 percent of the funding provided by the Federal government); requiring wage withholding beginning in 1994 for all support orders (regardless of whether a parent has applied to the child support enforcement agency for services); and requiring judges and other officials to use State guidelines to establish most child support award levels.
States were required to review and adjust individual case awards every three years for AFDC cases (and every three years at the request of a parent in other IV-D cases); meet Federal standards for the establishment of paternity; require all parties in a contested paternity case to take a genetic test upon the request of any party (with 90 percent of the laboratory costs paid by the Federal government); and to collect and report a wide variety of statistics related to the performance of the system. The Act also established the U.S. Commission on Interstate Child Support, which issued its report with recommendations in May 1992.
1. Require the Adoption by All States of the Uniform Interstate Family Support Act (UIFSA)
Present Law. - The Uniform Interstate Family Support Act (UIFSA) was approved by the National Conference of Commissioners on Uniform State laws in August 1992. It contains a wide variety of provisions designed to improve enforcement of interstate child support cases by providing uniformity in State laws and procedures, and creating a framework for determining jurisdiction in interstate cases. Not all States have adopted UIFSA.
Proposed Change. - All States are required to adopt UIFSA not later than January 1, 1997.
2. Rules for Paternity Establishment Cooperation
Present Law. - The statute requires AFDC applicants and recipients, as a condition of aid, to cooperate with the State in establishing paternity and in obtaining support payments unless there is good cause for refusal to cooperate. It does not define what constitutes cooperation. The determination as to whether an individual is cooperating or has good cause for refusing to cooperate is made by the welfare agency.
Proposed Change. - Cooperation is defined in statute as the provision by the mother of both a name and any other helpful information to verify the identity of the putative father (such as
the present or past address, the present or past place of employment or school, date of birth, names and addresses of parents, friends, or relatives able to provide location information, or other information that could enable service of process). The good cause exemption in present law is retained.
For purposes of AFDC eligibility, a mother (or other relative) will not be determined to be cooperating with efforts to establish paternity unless the individual provides the required information. The child support enforcement agency is required to make this determination within 10 days after the individual has been referred for services by the welfare agency. However, the State cannot deny benefits on the basis of lack of cooperation until such determination is made.
3. Streamlining Paternity Establishment
Present Law. - States are required to have procedures for a simple civil process for voluntarily acknowledging paternity under which the rights and responsibilities of acknowledging paternity are explained, and due process safeguards are afforded. The State's procedures must include a hospital-based program for the voluntary acknowledgement of paternity. States must also have procedures under which the voluntary acknowledgement of paternity creates a rebuttable, or at the option of the State, conclusive presumption of paternity, and under which such voluntary acknowledgment is admissible as evidence of paternity, and procedures under which the voluntary acknowledgment of paternity must be recognized as a basis for seeking a support order without requiring any further proceedings to establish paternity.
Proposed Change. - States are required to strengthen procedures relating to establishment of paternity. A parent who has acknowledged paternity has 60 days to rescind the affidavit before the acknowledgement becomes legally binding (with later challenge in court possible only on the basis of fraud, duress, or material mistake of fact). However, minors who sign the affidavit outside the presence of a parent or court-appointed guardian have greater opportunity to rescind the acknowledgement after 60 days. Due process protection is enhanced by requiring that States more adequately inform parents of the effects of acknowledging paternity.
The bill also provides that no judicial or administrative procedures may be used to ratify an unchallenged acknowledgement, and that States may not use jury trials for contested paternity cases. Where there is clear and convincing evidence of paternity (such as a genetic test), States must, at a parent's request, issue a temporary order requiring the provision of child support. Finally, States must have procedures ensuring that fathers have a reasonable opportunity to initiate a paternity action.
4. Paternity Establishment Outreach
Present Law. - There is no requirement that States have a paternity outreach program.
Proposed Change. - States are required to publicize the availability and encourage the use of procedures for voluntary paternity establishment and child support through a variety of means, including distribution of written materials at health care facilities and other locations such as schools; pre-natal programs to educate expectant couples on individual and joint rights and responsibilities with respect to paternity; and reasonable follow-up efforts after a new-born child has been discharged from a hospital if paternity or child support have not been established. States may receive 90 percent Federal matching for these outreach efforts.
5. Review and Adjustment of Orders
Present Law. - States are required to review and adjust child support orders at least every 36 months (1) in the case of an AFDC family, unless the State determines that a review would not be in the best interests of the child and neither parent has requested review; and (2) in the case of any other order being enforced by the child support enforcement agency, if either parent has requested review.
Proposed Change. - States are required to review both AFDC and non-AFDC child support orders every three years at the request of either parent, and to adjust the order (without a requirement for any other change in circumstances) if the amount of child support under the order differs from the amount that would be awarded based on State guidelines.
Upon request at any time of either parent subject to a child support order, the State must review the order and adjust the order in accordance with state guidelines based on a substantial change in the circumstances of either such parent.
Child support orders issued or modified after the date of enactment must require the parents to provide each other with an annual statement of their respective financial condition.
6. National Child Support Guidelines Commission
Present Law. - Among its other recommendations, the U. S. Commission on Interstate Child Support recommended the establishment of a commission to study issues relating to child support guidelines.
Proposed Change. - The bill establishes a commission to determine whether it is appropriate to develop a national child
support guideline, and if it determines that such a guideline is needed, to develop such a guideline. The commission is to make its report no later than two years after the appointment of its members.
7. Establish Centralized State Case Registries and Enforcement Services
Present Law. - Child support orders and records are often maintained by various branches of government at the local, county, and State level. Under the current program, IV-D services are provided automatically without charge to recipients of AFDC and Medicaid. Other parents must apply for services, and may at State option be required to pay a fee for services.
Proposed Change. - The bill requires each State to establish both a Central Registry for all child support orders established or registered in the State, and a centralized payment processing system in order to take advantage of automation and economies of scale, and to simplify the process for employers. For enforcement purposes, States must choose one of two types of systems for payment processing: (a) an "opt-in" centralized collections system where one parent would have to apply to the IV-D agency to receive services, or (b) an "opt-out" centralized system where all cases would automatically have withholding and enforcement done by IV-D unless both parents make a request to be exempt from the process. Under either option, the centralization process for enforcement would be used for collections and disbursement.
8. Establish Federal Data Systems: A Directory of New Hires Within an Expanded Federal Parent Locator Service (FPLS)
Expanded Federal Parent Locator Service (FPLS):
Present Law. - State child support agencies now have access to the FPLS, a computerized national location network operated by the Office of Child Support Enforcement, which obtains information from six Federal agencies and the State employment security agencies. This information only relates to a parent's location, and does not include income and asset information. It is used for enforcement of existing child support orders, not to establish paternity or establish and modify orders.
Proposed Change. - A New Hire Directory, and a new Data Bank on Child Support Orders which contains information of all cases sent by the State registries, are added to the current FPLS. The FPLS database is expanded to provide States with additional information about not only the location of the individual but also income, assets, and other relevant data. States may access this information for enforcement, establishing paternity, and establishing and modifying orders.
a. Directory of New Hires:
Present Law. - Employers are currently required, generally on a quarterly basis, to report employee wages to State employment security offices. These reports are used to determine unemployment benefits. In order to more rapidly and effectively implement wage withholding to enforce child support orders, a number of States have adopted laws requiring employers to report information on each newly hired individual within a specified number of days after the individual is hired.
Proposed Change. - A national New Hire Directory is created within the FPLS. Employers will be required to report the name, date of birth, and social security number of each newly hired employee to the New Hire Directory within 10 days of hiring. This information will be compared with information in the expanded FPLS, and matches will be sent back to the appropriate States to be used for enforcement.
9. Require Suspension of Licenses
Present Law. - There is no provision in present law requiring States to withhold or suspend, or restrict the use of, professional, occupational, recreational and drivers' licenses of delinquent parents.
Proposed Change. - States are required to have such procedures and to use them in appropriate cases.
10. Increased Use of Consumer Reporting Agencies
Present Law. - State child support enforcement agencies are required to report periodically the names of obligors who are at least 2 months delinquent in the payment of support and the amount of the delinquency to consumer reporting agencies. If the amount of the delinquency is less than $1,000, such reporting is optional with the State. The State's procedural due process requirements must be met.
Proposed Change. - States are required to report periodically to consumer reporting agencies the name of any parent who is delinquent in the payment of support, but only after the parent has been afforded due process under State law, including notice and a reasonable opportunity to contest the accuracy of the information.
11. Require Interest on Arrearages
Present Law. - There is no requirement that States charge interest on child support arrearages.
Proposed Change. - States must charge interest on arrearages.
12. Deny Passports for Certain Arrearages
Present Law. - There is no provision in present law relating to denial of passports for failure to pay child support.
Proposed Change. - If the Secretary of HHS receives a certification by a State agency that an individual owes arrearages of child support in an amount exceeding $5,000 or in an amount exceeding 24 months' worth of child support, the Secretary shall transmit such certification to the Secretary of State for action. The Secretary of State shall refuse to issue a passport to such an individual, and may revoke, restrict, or limit a passport issued previously to such individual.
13. Extend Statute of Limitations
Present Law. - There is no provision for a statute of limitations for purposes of collecting child support.
Proposed Change. - States must have procedures under which the statute of limitations on arrearages of child support extends at least until the child owed such support is 30 years of age.
14. Requirements for Federal Employees and Military Personnel
Present Law. - The armed forces have their own rules relating to child support enforcement. Procedural rules for wage withholding for Federal and military employees, and for other employees, are not uniform.
Proposed Change. - Federal employees are made subject to the same withholding procedures as non-Federal employees. The Secretary of Defense is required to streamline collection and location procedures of military personnel. The military would be treated similarly to a State for purposes of child support enforcement interaction with other States, and more as any other employer for purposes of wage withholding.
15. Grants to States for Access and Visitation Programs
Present Law. - The 1988 Family Support Act authorized $4 million for each of fiscal years 1990 and 1991 to enable States to conduct demonstration projects to develop and improve activities designed to increase compliance with child access provisions of court orders.
Proposed Change. - The bill authorizes $5 million for each of fiscal years 1996 and 1997, and $10 million for each succeeding fiscal year to enable States to establish and administer programs to support and facilitate non-custodial parents' access to and visitation of their children, through mediation, counseling, education, development of parenting plans, visitation enforcement,
and development of guidelines for visitation and alternative custody arrangements.
16. Change Distribution Requirements
Present Law. - If a family is receiving AFDC, the family receives the first $50 of the monthly child support payment. Additional amounts that are paid are used to reimburse the State and Federal governments for assistance paid to the family. When a family leaves AFDC, the State must pass through all current monthly child support to the family, but has the option whether to first pay the family any arrearages which are collected, or whether to reimburse the State and Federal governments.
Proposed Change. - The bill requires States to pay all families who have left AFDC any arrearages due the family for months during which a child did not receive AFDC, before using those arrearages to reimburse the State and Federal government. States are given the option of passing through to families receiving AFDC the difference between the $50 pass-through amount and the amount of child support due for that month.
17. Change in Lump-Sum Rule
Present Law. - If a family receiving AFDC receives a lump-sum tax refund, the family loses eligibility for the number of months equal to the amount of the lump sum payment divided by the State payment standard.
Proposed Change. - Any lump-sum child support payment withheld from a tax refund for a family receiving AFDC may be placed in a Qualified Asset Account not to exceed $10,000. Funds in this account may only be used for education and training programs, improvements in the employability of an individual (such as through the purchase of an automobile), the purchase of a home, or a change of family residence. They may not be taken into account for purposes of AFDC benefit eligibility.
18. Increase Federal Funding
Present Law. - The Federal Government pays 66 percent of most State and local IV-D costs, with a higher matching rate of 90 percent for genetic testing to establish paternity and, until October 1, 1995, for statewide automated data systems. The Federal government also pays States an annual incentive payment equal to a minimum of 6 percent of collections made on behalf of AFDC families plus 6 percent of collections made on behalf of non-AFDC families. The amount of each State's incentive payment can reach a high of 10 percent of AFDC collections plus 10 percent of non-AFDC collections depending on the cost-effectiveness of the State's program. The incentive payments for non-welfare collections may not exceed 115 percent of the incentive payments for welfare collections. These
incentive payments are financed from the Federal share of collections.
**Proposed Change.** - The Federal matching rate will increase to 75 percent in 1999, and there will be a maintenance of effort required by the State. The Secretary will issue regulations creating a new incentive structure for State IV-D systems based on paternity establishment throughout the State (not just within the IV-D system) and a series of measures of overall performance in collections and cost-effectiveness of the IV-D system. The incentives will range up to 5 percentage points of the matching rate for paternity establishment, and up to 10 percentage points for overall performance measures. States must spend incentive payments on the IV-D system. If a State fails to meet certain performance standards such as for paternity establishment or overall performance, the IV-D agency will be assessed penalties ranging from at least 3 percent of funding as a first sanction, up to 10 percent for a third sanction.
19. **Limit on Match for Old Systems, and Cap Funding for the New Systems**
**Present Law.** - The 1988 Family Support Act required States to establish automated tracking and monitoring systems for child support enforcement by October 1, 1995, with 90 percent of the funding for planning, development, installation, or enhancement of such systems provided by the Federal government.
**Proposed Change.** - The Federal matching rate for the new systems requirements in this bill is 80 percent or, if higher, the rate the State is entitled to receive for other program purposes, as described above (combining the new Federal matching rate and the State’s incentive payments). Federal spending for this purpose may not exceed $260 million annually for fiscal years 1996 through 2001.
20. **Audit and Reporting**
**Present Law.** - The statute mandates periodic comprehensive Federal audits of State programs to ensure compliance with Federal requirements. If the Secretary finds that a State has not complied substantially with Federal requirements, the State’s AFDC matching is reduced not less than one nor more than two percent for the first finding of noncompliance, increasing to not less than three nor more than five percent, if the finding is the third or a subsequent consecutive such finding.
**Proposed Change.** - The Secretary will establish standards to simplify and modify Federal audit requirements, focusing them more on performance outcomes.
C. Supplemental Security Income (SSI) Program
1. Revised SSI Childhood Disability Regulations
Present Law. - In determining whether a child under the age of 18 is disabled for the purpose of qualifying for Supplemental Security Income, regulations require the Social Security Administration (SSA) to consider the degree to which an impairment or combination of impairments affects a child's ability to develop, mature and to engage in age-appropriate activities of daily living.
In making these evaluations, SSA conducts what is called an "individualized functional assessment" (IFA) in which a child's activities are broken into "domains" of functioning or development, such as cognition, communication, and motor ability. Under current regulations, the limitation in functioning caused by conduct disorders, or maladaptive behavior, may be considered under several domains.
To be found to be disabled based on an IFA under the Commissioner's current regulations, a child's impairment(s) must, at a minimum, cause a moderate limitation in functioning in at least three domains of functioning.
Proposed Change. - The Commissioner of Social Security is required to revise SSA's regulations for adjudicating claims for SSI benefits filed for children by reducing the number of domains considered in determining whether a child is disabled based on an individualized functional assessment, to consider maladaptive behavior in only one domain, and to require that, at a minimum, a child's impairment(s) cause a "marked" degree of limitation in at least two domains, or an extreme limitation in at least one domain.
The Commissioner is required to promulgate the new regulations within 9 months, and, within two additional years, redetermine the eligibility of children on the rolls whose disability was originally determined under the regulations that are revised as a result of this provision.
2. Required Treatment for Disabled Children
Present Law. - There is no provision that requires a disabled child who qualifies for Supplemental Security Income benefits to receive medical treatment or have a treatment plan.
Proposed Change. - Within three months after a child has been found to be eligible for SSI, the parent or representative payee will be required to file a treatment plan for the child with SSA (through the State Disability Determination Service of the State in which the child resides). The plan will be developed by the child's physician or other medical provider. SSA will evaluate compliance with the treatment plan when SSA conducts a continuing disability review for the child.
If the parent or representative payee fails, without good cause, to meet these requirements, SSA will appoint another representative payee, which can be the State Medicaid agency of the State in which the child resides, or another State agency or individual.
3. Continuing Disability Reviews
Present Law. - Beginning in fiscal year 1996, the Commissioner of Social Security will be required to conduct periodic continuing disability reviews (CDRs) for disabled SSI recipients (including both disabled children and adults). The provision expires in fiscal year 1998, and the Commissioner will be required to conduct CDRs for not more than 100,000 SSI recipients a year for the period 1996-1998.
Proposed Change. - The Commissioner is required to conduct periodic CDRs for disabled children who receive SSI. Reviews for all children other than those whose disabilities are not expected to improve must be conducted at least every three years, with more frequent reviews for those whom SSA determines may improve within a shorter period of time. Children who are awarded SSI benefits because of low birth weight must be reviewed after receiving benefits for 18 months.
4. Special Savings Accounts for Children Under Age 18
Present Law. - Large retroactive payments are often made when a disabled child first qualifies for SSI benefits. The retroactive payment is excluded from the $2,000 resource limit for six months, but thereafter, any remaining portion of the retroactive payment could, alone or in combination with other assets, render the child ineligible for SSI benefits.
Proposed Change. - The representative payee of a disabled child will be required to deposit the initial retroactive payment
into a special account if the amount of the retroactive payment is equal to or exceeds six times the maximum Federal benefit rate. Smaller retroactive payments and underpayments may be deposited in the special account if the representative payee chooses to do so. The money in the account will not be considered to be a resource and may be used only to benefit the child and only for such purposes as education or job skills training; personal needs assistance; special equipment; housing modification; medical treatment, therapy, or rehabilitation; or other items or services determined appropriate by the Commissioner.
5. Graduated Benefits for Additional Children
Present Law. - Each disabled child is eligible, under the SSI program, for an amount equal to the full Federal monthly benefit rate, which currently is $458.00, plus any supplementary payment made by the State. The benefit may be reduced because of other income received by the child, or because of parental income that is deemed to the child.
Proposed Change. - The amount payable to a child will be reduced if two or more SSI-eligible children reside together in a household. The amount for the first child will be 100 percent of the full benefit; the amount for the second eligible child will be equal to 80 percent of the full benefit; the amount for the third eligible child will be equal to 60 percent of the full benefit; and the amount for the fourth and each subsequent child will be equal to 40 percent of the full benefit. Children living in group homes or in foster care will continue to be eligible for 100 percent of the full benefit. The aggregate amount payable to all SSI-eligible children in a household will be paid to each child on a "per capita" basis.
For the purpose of determining eligibility for Medicaid, each SSI-eligible child in a household shall be considered to be eligible for an amount equal to 100 percent of the full Federal benefit rate.
6. Use of Standardized Tests
Present Law. - There is no provision relating to use of standardized tests for purposes of determining whether a child is disabled.
Proposed Change. - The Commissioner of Social Security is required to use standardized tests that provide measures of childhood development or functioning, or criteria of childhood development or function that are equivalent to the findings of a standardized test, wherever such tests or criteria are available and the Commissioner determines their use to be appropriate.
7. Directory of Services
Present Law. - There is no provision requiring a directory of services that are available to assist children with disabilities.
Proposed Change. - For the purpose of expanding the information base available to members of the public who contact the Social Security Administration, the Commissioner of Social Security shall establish a directory of services for disabled children that are available within the area serviced by each Social Security office. Each such directory shall include the names of service providers, along with each provider's address and telephone number, and shall be accessible electronically to all Social Security employees who provide direct service to the public.
8. Coordination of Services
Present Law. - There is no provision that establishes a system for assuring that SSI disabled children have access to available services.
Proposed Change. - In order to assure that a child receiving SSI benefits on the basis of disability has access to available medical and other support services, that services are provided in an efficient and effective manner, and that gaps in the provision of services are identified, the State agency that administers the Maternal and Child Health block grant would be made responsible for developing a care coordination plan for each child.
The Secretary of Health and Human Services, the Secretary of Education, and the Commissioner of Social Security are directed to take such steps as may be necessary, through issuance of regulations, guidelines, or such other means as they may determine, to assure that, where appropriate, the State medicaid agency, the State Department of Mental Health, the State Disability Determination Service, the State Vocational Rehabilitation Agency, the State Developmental Disabilities Council, and the State Department of Education: (1) assist in the development of the child's care coordination plan; (2) participate in the planning and delivery of the services called for in the care coordination plan; and (3) provide information to the Secretary of Health and Human Services with respect to the services that they provide.
E. Other Provisions
1. Alien Eligibility for Public Assistance Programs
Present Law. - The AFDC, SSI, medicaid, and food stamp laws provide for limiting eligibility of immigrants for assistance by means of so-called "deeming" rules. The rules provide that for the purpose of determining financial eligibility for benefits and services, immigrants are deemed to have the income and resources of their immigration sponsors available for their support for a period of 3 years. P. L. 103-152, the Unemployment Compensation Amendments of 1993, included a provision extending the sponsor-to-alien deeming period for SSI from 3 to 5 years, effective from January 1, 1994 to October 1, 1996.
Proposed Change. - The bill makes the SSI 5-year deeming period permanent, and extends it to the AFDC and food stamp programs. It also provides for uniform alien eligibility criteria for the SSI, AFDC, medicaid, and food stamp programs.
2. Tax Responsibilities Incident to Expatriation
Present Law. - Under current law, a taxpayer's accrued asset gains are not taxed at the time he or she expatriates or gives up U.S. residence. Further, the taxpayer's accrued gains with respect to foreign assets are never taxed by the United States. In cases when it can be demonstrated that a taxpayer expatriated for purposes of tax avoidance, accrued gains with respect to U.S. assets are taxed if a taxable disposition occurs within the ten-year period following relinquishment of U.S. citizenship.
Proposed Change. - A U.S. citizen relinquishing citizenship generally would be taxed on any accrued asset gains as of the date of expatriation. Certain long-term residents of the United States would similarly be taxed on accrued gains upon losing such resident status. Exceptions would be provided for the first $600,000 of a taxpayer's gain, gain with respect to U.S. real estate, and pension gains. A taxpayer could elect, on an asset by asset basis, to avoid immediate gain taxation and instead continue to be subject to U.S. taxes with respect to an asset.
3. Earned Income Tax Credit Changes
(i) Illegal aliens
Present Law. - Currently, persons resident in the United States for over six months who are not U.S. citizens are eligible for the EITC in some circumstances, even if they are working in the country illegally.
Proposed Change. - Eligibility for the EITC would be limited
to those residents authorized to work in the United States.
(ii) Social Security numbers
Present Law. - Procedurally, the IRS must use its normal deficiency procedures, which involve a series of written communications with the taxpayer, if it decides to challenge a taxpayer's EITC claim that may be erroneous. This is true even in the case of a missing or erroneous social security number.
Proposed Change. - The IRS would be provided with the authority to process EITC claims in a more effective manner. Social security numbers (valid for employment purposes in the case of the earner(s)) would be required for the taxpayer, his or her spouse, and each qualifying child. The IRS would be permitted to handle any errors in social security numbers under the simplified procedures currently applicable to math errors on a taxpayer's return, rather than under the normal tax deficiency procedures.
(iii) Modification of unearned income test
Present Law. - Individuals with more than $2,350 of interest (taxable and tax-exempt), dividends, net rents and net royalties are not eligible for the EITC. (This provision was enacted this year in H.R. 831.)
Proposed Change. - An individual's net capital gains would be added to the other categories of unearned income that are totalled for purposes of determining an individual's eligibility for the EITC.
4. Treatment of Corporate Stock Redemptions
Present Law. - Corporate shareholders are allowed a special deduction (the "dividends received deduction") with respect to qualifying dividends received from taxable domestic corporations. The deduction equals 70 percent of dividends received if the corporation receiving the deduction owns less than 20 percent of the stock of the distributing corporation. The deduction equals 80 percent of the dividends received if 20 percent or more of the stock is owned by the receiving corporation. Members of a group of affiliated corporations can elect to claim a 100 percent dividends received deduction for qualifying dividends paid by a member of the affiliated group. No deduction is allowed for dividends received from tax-exempt corporations.
An amount treated as a dividend in the case of a non pro rata redemption of stock (or a partial liquidation) is considered an extraordinary dividend under Internal Revenue Code section 1059(e)(1). Generally, the basis of the remaining stock held by a corporation receiving a dividend must be reduced by the nontaxed portion of any extraordinary dividend (i.e., the amount
of the dividends received deduction) received by the corporation with respect to the stock.
Proposed Change. - The bill would replace the provision under current law (Code sec. 1059(e)(1)) that allows a corporate shareholder to reduce its basis in the remaining stock by the amount of the nontaxed portion of an extraordinary dividend. Instead, the bill would provide that, except as specifically set forth in regulations, any non pro rata redemption (or partial liquidation) would be treated as a sale of the redeemed stock, even if such distribution would otherwise be treated as a dividend and entitled to a dividends received deduction under present law.
The bill would be effective for redemptions occurring after May 3, 1995, except for those redemptions occurring pursuant to the terms of a written binding contract in effect on May 3, 1995 or pursuant to the terms of a tender offer outstanding on May 3, 1995.
The Economic Opportunity and Family Responsibility Act of 1995
Facts at a Glance:
- Maintains safety net for poor families while providing state flexibility and adequate funds and support (child care and health care) to move recipients into work and reduce recidivism.
- Emphasis on job creation
- Equity investment
- Job support demonstration
- Increased funding and participation in JOBS program
- Individual development accounts so that recipients can save for education, work related expenditures (car), or home
- Eliminates Marriage Disincentives
- Provides state flexibility
- JOBS program (state can determine who participates, when they begin participation and how they participate)
- Child care programs are consolidated into a child care block grant
- Earned income disregards are liberalized
- Requires both parents take responsibility for their children
- Federal locator systems
- Child Support Order Registry
- Strengthen paternity establishment
- Child Support Assurance demonstration
- Grants for access and visitation
- Simple child support modification demonstration
- Reduces Recidivism
- Allows states to extend transitional child care and Medicaid
- Funding increased for child care for low income families. Child care guarantee for AFDC parents who are working, participating in the JOBS program or transitioning off of welfare
- Targets the non-custodial parent
- Allows states to use JOBS funds for non-custodial parents
- Funds available to establish programs for non-custodial parents who are under or unemployed
THE ECONOMIC OPPORTUNITY AND FAMILY RESPONSIBILITY ACT OF 1995
The Economic Opportunity and Family Responsibility Act of 1995 focuses on welfare reform solutions that seek to reduce poverty in America. The key elements follow:
- Investment in poor communities through private sector job creation
- Improves work incentives
- Provides state flexibility
- Encourages marriage and family stability
- Encourages parental responsibility
- Targets teen parents
- Acknowledges and encourages the participation of the non-custodial parent
- Reduces recidivism
1. Provides Incentives for Private Sector Job Creation
**Equity Investment Proposal** - Targets the use of the banking system to create equity investments in companies located in or near poor communities. The Federal Reserve would be required to pay interest on the over $30 billion that banks and thrifts have on deposit at the Federal Reserve. Instead of cash interest would be paid in the form of certificates equal in value to the interest each bank and thrift "earned" each year.
* Banks and thrifts could turn the certificates into cash by making investments in qualified companies -- qualified companies are those willing to locate in or near high-unemployment/poverty zones. Qualified companies must agree that 50% of their employees associated with the investments will come from the ranks of the unemployed residents of the zone and particularly the long term unemployed and those eligible for AFDC, Foodstamps, and General Assistance.
**Job Support Demonstration** - Demonstration funds are available to entities in poor communities that have developed agreements with the private sector to provide jobs and relevant training to AFDC recipients. Funds could be used for necessary support services
Coordination of Services - Allows funds for several demonstrations for states to develop One-Stop Career Centers in poor communities that would provide information on and/or assist recipients in obtaining job training, education, support services and matching job skills with existing or anticipated jobs.
2. Provides Incentives to Work
Increase Income Disregard - Allows states the flexibility to set their own income disregards.
Qualified Asset Accounts - States may allow recipients to save up to $10,000 for education, self-employment, and work related expenses.
Advanced EITC - Requires the Secretary of the Treasury to develop an Advanced Earned Income Tax Credit demonstration program.
Tax Assistance Program - Expands government efforts to provide funds for tax assistance to low income families targeting AFDC, Food Stamp recipients, the homeless, and those families that receive child care assistance through the At-Risk program.
3. Provides State Flexibility
Allows states to move from process and administrative activities to moving recipients into work by:
* Allowing states to require participation in JOBS immediately.
* Allowing states the flexibility to determine what activities constitute participation in JOBS and the hours of recipient participation.
* Consolidating several child care programs into a capped entitlement block grant.
* Liberalizing earned income disregard rule.
* Increasing JOBS funds.
4. **Encourages Marriage and Family Stability**
**Elimination of Marriage Disincentives**
* WORK HISTORIES - Removes the AFDC provision that requires principal wage earners in two parent families to have recent work histories.
* 100 HOUR RULE - Removes the AFDC provision that denies eligibility if the wage earner works 100 hours or more in a month.
* 6 MONTH LIMIT - Removes the AFDC provision that allows States to limit the participation of two-parent families in AFDC to only 6 months in any 12 month period.
* STEPPARENTS - Exempts stepparents from current deeming rules when their income is less than 130% of poverty.
5. **Requires Parental Responsibility**
**Expands Federal Locator Systems** - Establishes a national network based on comprehensive statewide child support enforcement systems, allowing states to locate any absent parent who owes child support and coordinating child support enforcement between states.
**Federal Child Support Order Registry** - Establishes a federal child support order registry at HHS.
**National Child Support Guidelines Commission** - Establishes a Commission to develop national child support guidelines for consideration by the Congress.
**Civil Procedures for Paternity Establishment would be Strengthened** - Streamlines civil procedures used to establish paternity.
**Hold on Occupational, Professional, and Business Licenses** - Denies/withholds occupational, professional, business, and drivers' licenses for noncompliance with child support orders.
6. **Targets Teen Parents**
**Teen Schooling and Employment Requirements** - Requires teen AFDC recipients to participate in educational activities leading to completion of high school or the equivalent, or participate in job preparation and job search activities. For those teens who do not meet these requirements a portion of their AFDC grant will be cut.
**Teen Case Management** - Requires states to establish a system that provides intensive case
management services to teen parents on AFDC.
**Minor Teenage Parent Residency Requirement** - Requires teen parents receiving AFDC to live at home with parents or in another supervised setting, except under certain circumstances.
7. **Acknowledges the Role of the Non-custodial Parent**
Allows states to use a portion of JOBS funds for non-custodial parents.
**Child Support Demonstrations** - Provides funding for state demonstrations to establish programs for non-custodial parents who are unable to pay child support due to under or unemployment.
**Teen Noncustodial Parents and Child Support** - Gives states the authority to temporarily waive the right to collect child support obligations of teen noncustodial parents who are participating in a state educational or employment preparation program.
Provides grants to states for access and visitation programs.
8. **Reduces Recidivism**
Allows states to extend transitional child care and Medicaid.
Six child care programs are block granted. The child care guarantee remains for those receiving AFDC and those transitioning off of AFDC. Additional funds are made available for the block grant.
MODIFICATIONS TO CHAIRMAN'S MARK
Title I
1. On page 5, line 6, clarify that a State's program must serve all political subdivisions of the State and delete paragraph (7) on page 7.
2. On page 9, line 11, add new provision indicating demonstration projects are not limited by the bill.
3. On page 10, lines 7-14, technical modification to the provision allowing certain State Legislatures to appropriate federal funds under the new grant program.
4. On page 10, lines 15-17, clarify that JOBS program funds continue to be paid to Indian tribes and Alaska Native organizations (at FY 1994 level) and will not reduce State grant funds.
5. On page 21, line 16, change 1998 to 1999.
6. On page 22, delete lines 11-13, to clarify that a State may require a recipient with a child under age 6 to participate in a JOBS activity for more than 20 hours if child care is guaranteed.
7. On page 23, lines 11-21, and page 25, lines 3-13, add job placement through a voucher as a work activity.
8. On page 25 line 14 through page 26 line 16, clarify that States have the option to reduce benefits or terminate eligibility if an individual refuses to engage in work activities.
9. On page 27, lines 12-23, clarify that each head of household is subject to the 5-year time period.
10. On page 30 line 9 through page 31 line 6, clarify that States have the option to make all noncitizens ineligible for the new grant program (not just certain noncitizens).
11. On page 31, delete 7-13, and add a new noncitizen deeming rule for all means-tested programs in the Social Security Act (see language attached) in lieu of the 5-year deeming rule.
12. Delay data reporting requirements beginning on page 32, until the second year of the new grant program, and make various modifications.
13. Strike line 25 on page 33, through line 2 on page 34 (deletes the requirement that a State track the time that a former welfare recipient remains in a job).
14. On page 34 after line 8 add a provision requiring States to report the increase or decrease in the number of out-of-wedlock births using a random statewide sample of those receiving assistance under the new grant program.
15. On page 34 line 24 through page 35 line 5, clarify that the state expenditures reporting requirement only applies to the new grant program.
16. On page 43 line 9 through page 44 line 11, clarify that existing waivers may be continued or terminated without penalty; modify notification date for termination of waivers to extend to 90 days after adjournment of next regular session of the State legislature; add expedited approval of extensions of existing waivers.
Title III
17. On page 9 lines 21 through page 10 line 2, modify definition of childhood disability to read:
(C) An individual under age 18 shall be considered disabled for the purposes of this section if that individual has a medically determinable physical or mental impairment, which results in marked, pervasive, and severe functional limitations, which can be expected to result in death or which has lasted or can be expected to last for a continuous period of not less than 12 months.
18. On page 18, line 14, change two to three (relating to commission appointments by the President).
SIMPSON AMENDMENT ON DEEMING
(a) DEEMING REQUIREMENT FOR FEDERAL AND FEDERALLY-FUNDED PROGRAMS.--For purposes of determining the eligibility of an individual (whether a citizen or national of the United States or an alien) for benefits, and the amount of benefits, under any Federal program of assistance, or any program of assistance funded in whole or in part by the Federal Government, for which eligibility is based on need, the income and resources described in subsection (b) shall, notwithstanding any other provision of law, be deemed to be the income and resources of such individual.
(b) DEEMED INCOME AND RESOURCES.--The income and resources referred to in subsection (a) include the following:
(1) the income and resources of any person who, as a sponsor of such individual's entry into the United States, or in order to enable such individual lawfully to remain in the United States, executed an affidavit of support or similar agreement with respect to such individual, and
(2) the income and resources of the sponsor's spouse.
(c) LENGTH OF DEEMING PERIOD.--The requirement of subsection (a) shall apply for the period for which the sponsor has agreed, in such affidavit or agreement, to provide support for such individual, or for a period of 5 years beginning on the day such individual was first lawfully in the United States after the execution of such affidavit or agreement, whichever period is longer.
(d) DEEMING AUTHORITY TO STATE AND LOCAL AGENCIES.--(1) For purposes of determining the eligibility of an individual (whether a citizen or national of the United States or an alien) for benefits, and the amount of benefits, under any State or local program of assistance for which eligibility is based on need, or any need-based program of assistance administered by a State or local government other than a program described in subsection (a), the State or local government may, notwithstanding any other provision of law, require that the income and resources described in paragraph (2) be deemed to be the income and resources of such individual.
(2) The income and resources referred to in paragraph (1) include the following:
(A) the income and resources of any person who, as a sponsor of such individual's entry into the United States, or in order to enable such individual lawfully to remain in the United States, executed an affidavit of support or similar agreement with respect to such individual, and
(B) the income and resources of the sponsor's spouse.
(3) A State or local government may impose a requirement described in paragraph (1) for the period for which the sponsor has agreed, in such affidavit or agreement, to provide support for such individual, or for a period of 5 years beginning on the day such individual was first lawfully in the United States after the execution of such affidavit or agreement, whichever period is longer.
The Economic Opportunity and Family Responsibility Act of 1995
UNOFFICIAL COST ESTIMATES
($ in billions; FYs 1996 - 2000)
Expenditures:
Title I: $7.1
Title II: $2.3
Title III: $0.9
Title IV: $4.039
Title V: $5
TOTAL: $19.339
Revenues:
Excise tax on cigarettes: $19.1
(Increases the tax on a package of cigarettes from 24 to 48 cents.)
Tax on foreign-owned businesses: $1.9
TOTAL: $21.0
Senator Kent Conrad
724 Hart Senate Office Building
U.S. Senate
Washington, D.C. 20510
Dear Senator Conrad:
We are writing to commend you for developing a thoughtful, comprehensive welfare reform proposal. We believe that many of our fellow governors would join us in supporting the overall approach in your bill.
We applaud your bill's serious focus on work. The litmus test for any real welfare reform is whether or not it adequately answers the following three questions: 1) Does it prepare welfare recipients for work? 2) Does it help welfare recipients find a job? 3) Does it enable welfare recipients to maintain a job? Your bill meets this test because it provides assistance to prepare individuals for work, to help individuals find and keep jobs, and to ensure that work pays more than welfare.
Your bill appropriately recognizes the critical link of child care in enabling welfare recipients to work, and emphasizes that both parents have a responsibility to their children with the inclusion of measures to increase paternity establishments, child support collections, and interstate cooperation in child support enforcement.
We are pleased that your bill includes a contract of mutual responsibility, the "Parental Responsibility Agreement," which will require individuals and state government to take responsibility to work together in enabling welfare recipients to become self-sufficient. We are implementing contracts of mutual responsibility in our states and believe that this is a critical element in transforming the welfare system.
Your bill gives states significant flexibility and places incentives in the welfare system for assisting states in designing work-focused programs. Your bill appropriately recognizes a state-federal partnership which provides states with assistance during periods of recession, disaster, or increased need.
Finally, we strongly support provisions in your legislation which require teen parents to stay in school and live at home, call for a national campaign to reduce teenage pregnancy, and provide grants to states to implement teen pregnancy prevention strategies.
We look forward to working with you in the weeks and months ahead in the effort to dramatically change our nation's welfare system.
Sincerely,
[Signatures]
Jim Sargent
[Signature]
Neal Cornish
[Signature]
Winston Caperton
May 10, 1995
Honorable Larry Pressler
United States Senate
283 Russell Senate Office Building
Washington, DC 20510
Dear Senator Pressler:
We would like to take this opportunity to relay our general comments on HR-4 (The Personal Responsibility Act of 1995).
We strongly support the broad concept of block grants to states for reforming the welfare system; The State would not be burdened by as many federal rules governing how we distribute services within the state. We would be able to set our own standards for determining who qualifies for welfare, and have the broad authority to determine what is relevant and to what extent.
The "strings" in the House version complicate matters. These mandates should be repealed and replaced with language allowing states the flexibility to establish whatever requirements or restrictions are necessary to meet the unique needs of their own populations. Since federal funds have been frozen, there is no basis for mandates.
We agree with some of the key provisions in HR-4, such as:
A family not cooperating with Child Support Enforcement is ineligible for cash benefits.
Benefits are reduced if paternity has not been established.
Individuals convicted of "fraud based upon the residency of the individual" (collecting in more than one state) are ineligible for benefits for 10 years.
Other prohibitions and conditions are attached to the block grant which may result in a cost shift to states, further limit state flexibility; and increase administrative burdens. Some of these are in-tune with our philosophy, while others could pose problems.
We agree there is a need to reduce out-of-wedlock births and reduce the number of unwed teenagers who bear children, but we do not fully agree with the following provisions:
"The State may not offer cash benefits to unwed mothers under age 18, or their children."
In an average month, less than 50 "head of household" AFDC recipients are 17 or fewer years of age, so this isn't a major factor. Most unwed teen parents in South Dakota aren't on AFDC, so a policy to end benefits for this group is unnecessary.
Administratively, it might cost more to design a service delivery system for these teen parents in lieu of AFDC, than to continue paying cash benefits. The House bill's prohibition of cash benefits appears to create a voucher system instead. States should have the flexibility to establish whatever requirements or restrictions are necessary to meet the unique needs of their own populations.
Children born while their mother was on AFDC would be ineligible.
South Dakota doesn't have a major problem with children born while the parent is receiving AFDC. Regardless of our low incidence in this state, we support this policy. In principal though, we oppose restrictions or requirements within a block grant that may result in a cost shift to states and/or further limit state flexibility as we implement a block granted assistance program.
Families would receive benefits for two years and then must engage in a certain number of hours of "work activities."
We like the option of determining how much to reduce cash assistance to recipients who do not meet work activity requirements. We agree with the concept of time limits but have difficulty with the participation requirements. The standards for participation are overly ambitious, particularly the 50% requirement for FY03. Our concern is that failure to meet these standards will result in the loss of up to 5% of the State's next FY block grant.
Most important to this discussion is the fact that about 30% of South Dakota AFDC cases do not have an adult receiving benefits, or the adult is disabled and unable to work. We would need over 70% of the able bodied recipients engaged in work activities in order to achieve the mandated 50% overall participation rate.
A major dilemma occurs when people are required to engage in "work activities", because the cost to the state in providing child care would skyrocket. The Child Care block grant would be frozen at pre-FY94 levels and might well fall far short of the amount needed. Our preliminary estimate is this might translate into an additional $4,000,000 in child care expenses per year. The Child Care Block Grant will be funded at less than the FY 1994 level, so if child care is to be provided to these people while they work, the State now has a substantial unfunded mandate.
In no case could a family receive benefits for more than 5 years.
We disagree with the stipulation that all cases, not just those with an able bodied parent in the household, will be subject to a 5 year limit on benefits. The consequence of this action might be to overload the foster care and group care systems, where funding is also frozen at FY94 levels. Both foster care and group care are more expensive than "temporary assistance to needy families", and those block grants would soon be depleted.
In addition, in order to avoid costly and time consuming determination of prior eligibility used by interstate migrants, there should be a national "Welfare Recipient Registry" to check the number of months of the time limit used in other states.
Data collection will be mandatory for some data not currently being collected.
We have a minor concern in this area because if required performance data (necessary for congressional oversight) is not submitted, the block grant is reduced by 3%. Some data not currently being collected would now be a requirement. If retrieving this information proves difficult and expensive, we not only might lose the money spent trying to retrieve data, but may be subject to a penalty from the next year's allocation. There is no funding provided for information systems upgrade and additional data collection.
Funding Levels
Our understanding is that once set, South Dakota's allocation will remain the same through FY2000. Any increased spending, such as the result of inflation or economic recession, will be the State's responsibility. There is a "rainy day" fund available, but states will have to borrow from it, with interest. We believe this should be a Federal Rainy Day Grant fund, thus providing needed assistance to states in economic distress without burdening them with debt.
The 5 year loss to South Dakota of AFDC, Emergency Assistance, and JOBS funding is 14-15 million dollars (estimated by the Department of Health and Human Services). In addition, HHS projects a 5 year loss of 30 million dollars in direct (100% federal) Supplemental Security Income payments to South Dakotans. A concern is the impact this reduction will have on current and future AFDC cases.
The State also has recently expanded it's IV-A Emergency Assistance Program for many children who have been placed in custody of the Department of Social Services, Department of Corrections, and the Unified Judicial System. The recent expansion of using Emergency Assistance funds will not be passed on to us in the block grant and will result in more State funds being required by these agencies. The current federal share of $1.2 million will be lost.
In conclusion, we support the concept of block grants, but not as written in HR-4. We think we can survive with the reduction in funding HR-4 specifies, but only if the mandates are removed from the bill. If AFDC funds are to be an entitlement to the State, rather than the individual, and frozen at a pre-determined level, then it is only fair all the strings be snipped.
Thank you for this opportunity to comment on HR-4. If you would like a more detailed analysis of our view, please contact Denny Pelkofer of the Office of Assistance Payments at (605) 773-3478.
Sincerely,
James W. Ellenbecker
Secretary
Honorable Larry Pressler
United States Senate
133 Hart Senate Building
Washington, DC 20510-4102
Attn: Stephanie Lien
Dear Stephanie:
This letter is in response to your verbal request for information about South Dakota’s welfare reform effort.
What follows is a brief summary of five key provisions of our venture that differ from the “old” welfare system. The intent of the changes is to provide each AFDC family with the proper incentives to become self sufficient as soon as possible. Few individuals want to make welfare a way of life, and these changes will help families become independent. The 5 program changes to be undertaken are:
**Social Contract:** AFDC must not be viewed as a permanent way to support children. To that end, each parent who is the head of household is asked to sign a pledge to undertake the steps necessary to become a self supporting member of their community. Basically those steps are to either actively search for a job or to get the basic education or training necessary to qualify for a job.
Unless exempted by the Department of Social Services (DSS) the parent will be asked to enroll in the Family Independence program or Tribal JOBS, register at Job Service, or contact potential employers about work. With DSS approval, some recipients will be allowed to complete their education or enroll in training programs to enhance that person’s employability.
While the parent is at work, looking for a job, or in approved training, DSS pledges (as long as eligibility standards are met) continued AFDC benefits; continued Medicaid eligibility; and, assistance in meeting child care needs.
**Time Limited Benefits:** If after 24 months the parent is still receiving AFDC benefits, he or she will be required to participate in community service or volunteer work. The time limit for those approved for training is the amount of time necessary to complete the training, not to exceed 60 months. Before welfare reform was implemented, there was no time limit.
Voluntary Quit: Recipients who quit their job without a good reason (or applicants for AFDC who quit and applied for assistance) will lose their benefits for 3 months or until they find a job that pays as well as the one they quit. Prior to welfare reform there was no such sanction for quitting a job.
Transitional Employment Allowance: Historically about 25% of AFDC recipients who left welfare because of finding a job, returned to AFDC within 3 months. The transition was perceived as difficult because of the time lag between their last AFDC check and their first paycheck from their employer. To ease this transition from assistance to employment, some recipients who leave AFDC because of employment can receive a one time payment to tide them over until they receive that first paycheck.
Employment Incentives for Teenagers: To encourage a positive attitude about work, teenagers who are students will be allowed to own a modest car (value less than $2,500) and to save up to $1,000 of earnings for future education and other needs. Under the "old" system, these earnings and resources would affect the families AFDC eligibility and/or benefits.
As a final comment, an experimental design evaluation of our welfare reform project is being undertaken by the Business Research Bureau of the University of South Dakota. It is anticipated that some preliminary evaluation results will be available at this time next year, but the final evaluation report is not due until the year 2000.
I hope this is sufficient information for your needs. If you have further questions, feel free to call Denny Peikofer, Program Administrator for Assistance Payments (the AFDC program) at (605) 773-4678.
Sincerely,
Mike Vogel
Deputy Secretary for Program Management
Oregon Tries Its Own Welfare Reform, Offering Companies an Incentive to Put People to Work
By HILARY STOUT
Staff Reporter of The Wall Street Journal
Carolina Bowen wasn't an ideal candidate for the new registrar job at New Care Directions, a medical training school in a suburb of Portland, Ore. She had mostly worked in the fast-food industry. She knew little about the medical field. And she had been unemployed and on welfare for more than two years.
But Ms. Bowen got the job. The school's owner, Jeri Hendricks, hired the 30-year-old mother of four in December through a new pilot state program designed to entice private employers to hire welfare recipients and give them the work experience necessary to point them toward self sufficiency.
The success of the movement to restructure the nation's welfare system largely depends on the willingness of companies to hire people like Ms. Bowen, who now wins praise for her employer. "The problem is many aren't. Oregon has come up with a simple carrot: Take the money now being spent to provide food stamps and cash welfare benefits, and use it instead to offer employers temporary subsidies to hire welfare recipients into newly created jobs.
The Senate Finance Committee will take up the cry to move welfare recipients into work today when it begins considering a welfare-overhaul bill that would turn billions of dollars now spent on federal assistance over to states to design their own antipoverty programs. The proposal by committee chairman Bob Packwood, an Oregon Republican, would impose fewer requirements on states than the House-passed bill. But, like the House bill, it would require that welfare recipients work for their benefits after two years of collecting assistance. And just how to achieve that goal would be left entirely up to the states.
Other States Follow Suit
Oregon is already pushing ahead. Its jobs program, which is being run in six counties, is only six months old and its effectiveness won't be gauged for some time. But the idea has been intriguing enough to lead other states, most recently Ohio and Massachusetts, to set up similar initiatives. And the Oregon legislature is working on a bill to expand the program statewide.
"I think it begins to indicate a way of tackling what I think is a major challenge of welfare employment: not just to connect people with jobs but to get them on a career track where they're not just one [position] away from welfare," says Robert Friedman, chairman of the Corporation for Enterprise Development, a nonprofit research and consulting organization.
Specifically, the program, known as JOBS Plus, works this way: The state of Oregon, using federal money for food stamps and Aid to Families with Dependent Children, agrees to pay the wages and provide the benefits, including workers compensation and Social Security taxes, for nine months for employees hired from the welfare rolls into a newly created job. The employers agree to provide the new workers with a workplace "mentor."
More important, some people believe, the employers pledge to contribute $1 for every $2 the employees work after 30 hours to an "individual education account" that employees can use to continue their education after finding unsubsidized employment. The state continues to pay child care and medical costs, through Medicaid. If the employers decide not to offer the JOBS Plus workers a permanent position after six months, the firms are still obligated to pay them on another three months -- and allow them or stay off a week, with pay, to search for a job.
Ms. Hendricks used the new enticement to take a risk on Ms. Bowen. Through Oregon's welfare system, Ms. Bowen had received training in word processing and other office skills. Nevertheless, Ms. Hendricks knew she would have to spend more time training the employee, but the nine-month wage subsidy lessened the gamble. "I said ... I'm going to have to spend 20 hours a month extra because there's such a high learning curve."
Effort Pays Off
Indeed, in the initial weeks Ms. Hendricks found herself teaching Ms. Bowen skills as basic as telephone etiquette. The lesson? "You don't pick up the phone and say, 'Yeah, what do you want.'"
But the effort was well worth it, Ms. Hendricks says. "Yes, it's cost me a couple more hours but so what. I have a very motivated, intelligent lady who's proud of what she's done, and she should be." Ms. Bowen recently received a 50-cent-per-hour raise, to $6.50, and an offer of a permanent job with increased responsibilities at New Care.
Despite success stories such as Ms. Bowen's, some advocates for the poor believe JOBS Plus amounts mostly to a corporate handout. "It's a free-labor program for business," says Sylvia Mitchell, executive director of the Oregon Human Rights Coalition, a nonprofit organization devoted to "empowering" low-income people.
But state officials point out that most of the 161 employers taking on JOBS Plus employees so far are paying the workers more than the $4.75-per-hour state minimum wage even though the program will only subsidize pay up to that level. "I think that dispels the myth that employers would be in this only for their personal..."
gain," says James Neely, assistant administrator of the Oregon family services administration.
The program was conceived by a businessman, Dick Wendt, chairman of JELD-WEN Inc., a large door and window manufacturer in Klamath Falls, Ore. The 9,000-employee firm isn't participating in the program for now because it has no facilities in the six counties in which the program is operating. Bill Early, senior vice president of JELD-WEN, says subsidizing wages is critical to bringing welfare recipients into the workplace.
"It would be much more difficult" to hire someone without the subsidy, he says. "The concept of subsidy is: it's provided during this period of training. We feel an employer can determine within this time whether or not the individual is going to be able to undertake a regular position or not."
However Mr. Friedman of the Corporation for Enterprise Development, while expressing interest in the Oregon program, cautions: "There's a pretty long history of experimentation with wage subsidies, from targeted job tax credit to various wage subsidy schemes. It's a pretty spotty scheme. It sometimes backfires."
For example, he explains, "They stigmatize. An employer says you're offering me money to take this person. They must be damaged goods. I think that's always a concern."
State officials hope to place 5,000 welfare recipients into jobs in the first three years of the program. So far they have placed 183 people. They privately admit that they have been steering their most promising welfare recipients to the JOBS Plus jobs in the initial months. But even so, some haven't worked out.
Linda Carpenter, the owner of Soak Tubs, which sells spas, hot tubs and swimming pool supplies in the Portland suburbs, had been operating the store by herself for 14 years. When she read about JOBS Plus in the newspaper she thought it might be a good way to take on another person.
But the worker Ms. Carpenter hired had never had a job and seemed oblivious to the basic tenets of the workplace — like coming to work on time. She was supposed to start at 10 a.m. "One day she called at 1 p.m. and said she'd overslept," Ms. Carpenter recalls. She also wore inappropriate clothes to work, such as exercise leggings.
The employee quit after a month, but Ms. Carpenter took a chance on another JOBS Plus applicant, this time interviewing candidates more carefully. The new employee, Michele Haag, a 27-year-old mother of two, has been terrific, Ms. Carpenter says. She's earning $5 per hour—plus commission on selling spas—and Ms. Carpenter hopes soon to be able to give her a raise.
After trying over and over for more than 18 years, Rosie Watson finally got her whole family a no-strings-attached handout from America's taxpayers.
EVERY MONTH, Rosie Watson goes to the Lake Providence, La. post office and picks up nine federal welfare checks totaling $3893—tax-free income that adds up to $46,716 a year. Few working families in this bleak, impoverished Mississippi River backwater earn more.
Except that Rosie, 44, doesn't earn it. She gets $343.50 a month from the government in disability payments because she was found by a Social Security law judge to be too stressed out to work. Her common-law husband, L. C. Lyons, 56, gets the same amount for obesity (he weighed 386 pounds when he qualified for payments).
Watson has seven children, ages 13 to 22. All of them have lagged behind in school and at various times scored poorly on psychological tests. Under the government's rules, this translated into a failure to demonstrate "age-appropriate behavior" and qualified them to get $458 each. Welfare payments such as these are so widespread in Lake Providence and other communities around the nation that they are popularly known as "crazy checks."
A visitor to Rosie Watson's small bungalow would be hard pressed to find any sign of high living, however. The screen door hangs open. Soaps blare from the television. Roaches crawl the walls in the living room; the kitchen is caked with dirt. The house lacks a telephone, but Rosie does have two scanners to monitor police calls. "That's so I know what's going on," she explains.
The welfare program that supports Rosie's family is run by the Social Security Administration (SSA) and is called Supplemental Security Income (SSI). Established by Congress in 1974, SSI was originally aimed at providing life's necessities for poor adults too old, ill or handicapped to work. Now its 6.3 million recipients include alcoholics and drug addicts who stoke their habits with the cash; legal aliens; and nearly 900,000 children, 67 percent of whom get checks for mental retardation or for other hard-to-disprove mental problems. It has become the nation's most generous welfare plan.
The cost of SSI, now over $25 billion annually, has more than doubled in the past five years. It is expected to grow another 50 percent in the next four years. Sen. Robert Byrd (D., W.Va.) calls it a "well-intentioned entitlement program run amok."
Right to Benefits. Rosie Watson first tried to get aboard this check-writing behemoth at age 24. When SSI was set up, she was an eighth-grade dropout with an infant and a toddler, collecting $90 a month in Aid to Families with Dependent Children (AFDC). The new disability plan paid even better than traditional welfare based only on need, and she filed her first application.
She was turned down, but she would persist over the years with 17 more applications for herself and her family. The rules permit unlimited applications and unlimited SSI checks to a household. She was merely exercising her right to seek benefits from a government program.
First in the family to be accepted to the SSI rolls was her second child, Sam. He was four in 1978 when Watson filed for him. He had just been declared mildly "mentally retarded" by evaluators at Northeast Louisiana University. His mother had told them that he was violent, a threat to other children.
Relying on that report, Social Security decided that Sam should get benefits. But then a pediatrician reviewing Sam's file said his behavior was normal for a child. SSI tossed out his claim. Watson applied three more times unsuccessfully for Sam, then gave up—temporarily.
For 27 months she made no claims. During that period the SSA underwent a profound change. The agency had admitted in 1980 that a fifth of disability recipients shouldn't be getting checks, prompting Congress and the Reagan Administration to order a purge of the undeserving.
Social Security kicked thousands of people off the rolls, generating a public outcry that forced President Reagan to end the crackdown in 1984. Congress, the courts and Social Security reacted by opening up the rules, producing a sharp rise in new cases—including a tripling of the children's rolls between 1989 and 1995.
Bonus Time. In February 1984, at the peak of the backlash, Rosie Watson filed Sam's fifth application, again alleging that he was retarded and had behavior problems. "I have to keep knives or weapons away from
disabled. That "could be a self-fulfilling prophecy," she has said.
Willie Lee Bell, principal of Southside Elementary School, across the street from the Watson house, is a man who despises SSI. He knows poverty firsthand too. He grew up with ten brothers and sisters in a four-room sharecropper's house on Epps Plantation in West Carroll Parish, where his father worked 12 hours a day. Broad-shouldered and soft-spoken, Bell has failed kidneys that would automatically qualify him for disability payments from Social Security if he chose not to work.
He has watched the tidal wave of SSI applications up close. For each pupil who applies, he gets a questionnaire from Social Security. Echoing complaints made in other states, he and his staff say parents are encouraging—some say coaching—their children to perform poorly and misbehave in school to get SSI checks. "The children don't want to fail," he says. "They are doing what Mamma wants."
Mike Baumann, who makes disability decisions in Shreveport, where the Watson cases were decided, says, "The kids are being told that their worth is in sucking off the government teat, that their worth is in not achieving."
Social Security says that coaching is not widespread, and federal investigators, thwarted by privacy laws, have been unable to document its dimensions. But, as June Gibbs Brown, chief investigator in the Department of Health and Human Services, wrote last October: "If Congress intended that the SSI program should help children overcome their disabilities and grow into adults capable of engaging in substantial gainful activity, then changes are needed."
Meanwhile, the history of SSI suggests that the Watson family will remain permanently on the program. "I've got nothing to hide," Rosie says. "SSI has done a lot for our family. We're not able to work, and it's the best income."
Reprints of this article are available. See page 252.
The Trouble With...
...a three-day weekend is that it turns Tuesday into Monday.
—Doug Larson, United Feature Syndicate
...bucket seats is that not everyone has the same size bucket.
—Mary Waldrip in Dawsonville, Ga., Advertiser & News
...the voice of experience is that it won't keep its mouth shut.
—Al Bernstein
...giving advice is that people want to repay you.
—Franklin P. Jones in Woman's World
...wearing a name tag at a convention is that everybody knows exactly who you are when you fall asleep.
—Melanie Clark in Contemporary Comedy
him—he has injured his brother," she said. Sam, at age ten, began getting his checks. Now 21 and unemployed, he is still receiving them.
Not only was Sam the first Watson to win benefits, he was also the first to get a retroactive "bonus." Because SSI payments are backdated to the day of application, no matter how long it takes Social Security to process the request, each successful applicant gets a retroactive payout. In 1984, Sam's was almost $900, covering the three months between application and approval.
Eight years later, Social Security sent Rosie Watson nearly $10,000 after concluding that Sam really should have been put on the rolls in 1980. In all, the Watson family has received over $36,000 in tax-free retroactive bonuses.
By November 1991, six of Rosie's seven children were on the rolls. Cary became the last, finally making it in February 1993. Rosie filed Cary's first application in 1989 when he was 16. A psychologist found him "easily irritated... aggressive and explosive" and noted that he had stabbed a man in self-defense. Caseworkers turned him down. Rosie applied again and got the same answer. Then she appealed to a judge.
The appeal was put on hold when Cary went to prison for nearly two years on a second-degree battery conviction, resulting from kicking his pregnant girlfriend. When he was freed, Social Security sent him to Bobby L. Stephenson, a psychologist in Monroe, La., who told the SSA that he had an I.Q. of 53, "strong antisocial features in his personality and is volatile and explosive." And, the psychologist added, "he said he does not want to work."
A month later, the judge awarded Cary monthly checks and gave him a $9694 retroactive payment, excluding his jail time.
Today, mental disability, real or imagined, is the primary diagnosis for 58 percent of the 4.7 million disabled SSI recipients. In the case of children, there is no requirement that the money be spent to overcome a disability. Indeed, there is no requirement that a parent demonstrate that the disability requires added expenses.
Government Wards. Start to finish, Rosie Watson's quest for her children took 15 years. Her own pursuit of benefits took 11, longest in the family. She applied five times before finally persuading the right people that she is disabled.
Her persistence is reflected in the shifting array of physical complaints she claimed. In 1974, it was high blood pressure, heart trouble and bad nerves that prevented her from working. In 1975: anemia, dizziness, nerves and bad kidneys. In 1976: low blood pressure and heart problems. In 1984, she blamed stomach problems, epilepsy and sinus trouble. The following year it was epilepsy again, along with "female problems." A physician who examined her in 1976 wrote, "Patient is determined to become a ward of the government."
In 1985, after her fifth rejection, Rosie Watson appealed. Two days
before Christmas, an administrative law judge wrote that she couldn't cope with the stress of work, blaming her problems on "her home life" and "lack of finances." He awarded her benefits and recommended a re-examination of the case "within one year." Social Security did review Watson's condition four years later, in 1989, and concluded that she was still unable to work. It has not checked her since. And as of March 1995, no one from the SSA had visited anyone else in the family since they began getting payments.
Ten months after Watson was accepted by SSI, her common-law husband applied, saying he had a "bad back, swollen feet and bad eyes." A former logger and carpenter who still does odd jobs around Lake Providence, Lyons was turned down. He, too, appealed. A judge in 1987 granted him benefits, saying Lyons's obesity automatically qualified him.
"They Need Money." Sitting in her living room, Rosie Watson offers a sharp contrast to the woman who emerges from her SSI records. In the past ten years she has told caseworkers and doctors that she "doesn't know what country we live in," that her "ability to recall is almost void," that she can't handle money or count. In conversation now, she is able to recall intricate details of the family's two-decade quest for SSI and is in charge of paying the family's bills.
She pulls a thick wad of bills and monthly payment books from her purse. After she cashes the nine checks she receives, she gives Sam, 21, and Cary, 22, their full $458 and makes sure they pay their bills. (Cary, a father now, has moved out of the house.) George, 15, David, 17, Willie, 18, and Danny, 19, all get allowances. "Being the age they is and being out there with their little girlfriends, they need the money," she says.
From the rest of the $3893 a month the family gets, Rosie pays bills, including car payments, utilities, cable TV and insurance policies, that total about $1300. Loans, including payments for furniture, a washing machine and storm-damage repair, cost another $300. She spends $700 a month on food, supplemented by a back-yard garden.
She need not budget for medical expenses. Each member of the Watson family on SSI automatically gets Medicaid for health care. Potentially that could cost taxpayers as much as the SSI payments do.
Coached to Fail. Critics claim that among the worst aspects of SSI is the encouragement its recipients receive to lead unproductive lives. And Shirley S. Chater, the Social Security commissioner, acknowledges concern about labeling children as
| NUMBER | SPONSOR | SUBJECT |
|--------|----------|-------------------------------------------------------------------------|
| 1 | Packwood | 1. Modification to Chairman's Mark |
| | | * not in packet, to be supplied |
| 2 | Moynihan | 1. Text of S. 828 |
| | | * not in packet. |
| 3 | Baucus | 1. Hardship Amendment, substituting 15% for 10% |
| 4 | Bradley | 1. Unfunded local mandates |
| | | 2. Basic Standards |
| | | 3. Child Support - $50 pass-through |
| | | 4. Denial of services to meet participation requirements. |
| 5 | Breaux | 1. State Maintenance of Effort |
| 6 | Conrad | 1. Substitute Wage Act |
| | | 2. Partial substitute titles I & II of bill |
| | | 3. Childhood SSI |
| | | 4. Work amendment |
| | | 5. Teenage Mothers |
| 7 | D'Amato | 1. Anti-fraud |
| 8 | Graham | 1. Grant distribution formula |
| | | 2. Prohibition of assistance for certain aliens |
| | | 3. Removal of requirement that states continue to operate current AFDC program. |
| | | 4. SSI |
| | | 5. Waiver termination clarification |
| | | 6. Child care availability |
| | | 7. State demonstration programs |
| | | 8. Child care age limit |
| 9 | Grassley | 1. JOBS program |
| | Name | Issues |
|---|------------|----------------------------------------------------------------------|
| 10| Moseley-Braun | 1. Economic Opportunity & Family Responsibility Act of 1995
2. Using banking system to create jobs in high unemployment/high poverty communities
3. Safety net - amendment 1
4. Safety net - amendment 2
5. Child Care- capped entitlement |
| 11| Nickles | 1. Illegitimacy |
| 12| Rockefeller | 1. Hardship waiver
2. Flexibility on time-limits during economic downturns/high unemployment |
| 13| Roth | 1. EITC |
BAUCUS HARDSHIP AMENDMENT
SUBSTITUTING 15% FOR 10%
Amendment:
The Family Self-Sufficiency Act of 1995 allows a state to continue up to 10% of its caseload for hardship cases beyond the five year time limit. The Baucus Hardship Amendment would raise the number of hardship cases a state may have after five years to 15%. The "ten percent" language in Sec. 405(a)(2)(B) of Chairman Packwood’s bill -- page 28 -- would therefore be changed to "fifteen percent."
Rationale:
The 10% figure is much too low, is unrealistic and totally unworkable. Fifteen percent is a much more attainable rate for states.
Unfunded Local Mandate Amendment
Sen. Bradley
No state receiving an allotment under the block grant shall, by mandate or policy, shift the costs of providing income support and services previously provided under Aid to Families with Dependent Children to counties, localities, school boards, or other units local governments.
Rationale:
As caseloads increase beyond the availability of funds under this block grant, states will be tempted to shift recipients toward programs fully funded by counties or local governments. In addition, children cut off or arbitrarily denied assistance may require additional services provided through schools or other local agencies. This shift of costs will lead to increases in local property taxes, wiping out the savings to taxpayers from this block grant.
States would continue to have great flexibility under this amendment because the prohibition on unfunded mandates applies only to assistance and services currently provided through AFDC, not any additional services or employment and training programs developed in the future.
Amend the state plan requirements as follows:
The State Plan must include:
(1) Basic terms and conditions under which families are deemed needy and eligible for cash assistance. These terms and conditions shall include a need standard based on family income and size, a basic standard for benefits or schedule of benefits for families, and explicit rules on treatment of earned and unearned income, resources and assets.
(2) Identification of any categories of families, or individuals within those families, deemed by the state to be categorically ineligible for cash assistance, regardless of family income or other factors in paragraph 1.
(3) Assurances that all families deemed eligible under paragraph 1 will be provided assistance under the benefit schedule developed under paragraph 1, unless:
(A) The family or an individual member of the family is categorically ineligible under paragraph 2 or,
(B) The family is subject to sanctions or reductions in benefits under terms of another provision of the state plan or state or federal law, or under the terms of an individualized agreement between the recipient and state or its representative. Such an agreement may contain additional terms and conditions applicable only to the individual recipient.
(4) Procedures under which the state will ensure that funds will remain available to provide assistance to all eligible families even if the state exhausts funds provided under the Temporary Assistance Block Grant, and assurances that no family otherwise eligible will be placed on a waiting list for assistance or instructed to reapply in the future when additional federal funds are available.
Rationale
This amendment ensures that the basic components of an assistance program will be present in all states and that all families made eligible by the state will be served. The Chairman's mark requires only that states have a program to assist needy families, but it does not require states to define needy families or assist all families defined as needy.
This amendment does not alter the time limits or work requirements in this bill. It also does not restrict the right of states to implement additional time limits or disqualify any group of recipients, including unwed teens and additional children. It also does not limit the freedom of states to sanction or cut off recipients based on their behavior under the terms of an individual agreement such as those used in Iowa and Utah.
Child Support Amendment -- $50 pass-through option
Sen. Bradley
Give states the option to pass through up to $50 of child support collected for families on assistance, without requiring state to absorb entire cost, as follows:
In Section 402, on page 4 of Title IV, replace paragraphs (A) and (B) under (a):
(A) retain the amount collected, or at state option, distribute to the family all or any part of the amount collected each month and disregard for purposes of eligibility for and amount of cash benefits under Title I of this Act the first $50 so distributed to the family; and
(B) Pay to the Federal Government the Federal share of an amount equal to the sum of (1) the amounts so collected that are retained and (2) the amounts so collected which are distributed to the family and not disregarded.
Rationale:
The Chairman’s draft eliminates the mandatory $50 pass-through of child support paid for children on assistance. It gives the state the option to pass through all or some of the amount collected, but requires the State to reimburse the federal government for that amount as if the State had kept it. This will make it too expensive for any state to pass through any amount. This amendment restores a realistic option to pass through $50. States could pass through even more, but would have to pay the full cost.
Amendment
Sen. Bradley
No state may deny services to any otherwise eligible applicant who, on the basis of skills, health, number of children, or availability of child care, is considered to be less likely to obtain employment, if such denial is for the purpose of helping the state meet the work participation requirements in this Act.
Rationale:
This legislation does not require states to serve even the poorest families. Since the only substantive requirement it places on states is that a certain percentage of recipients of federally funded assistance must be participating in work activities, it creates an incentive for the state to place those most ready to work in the federally funded program, leaving parents deemed less likely to be able to work behind. Those parents would either receive no assistance, or be placed in a fully state-funded program where they would not be counted for the purposes of meeting the state's work participation requirement. This amendment would prohibit manipulating the system in this way.
TITLE I
STATE MAINTENANCE OF EFFORT AMENDMENT
BY SENATOR BREAUX
Rationale
The federal government and the states should share the savings and costs of welfare reform:
- If welfare reform succeeds in moving people from welfare to work, both levels of government should share in the savings. Under the block grant, the federal government would give each state a fixed sum for each of the next five years. With this amendment, the block grant amount paid by the federal government would decline as state welfare spending did.
- Both levels of government should share the responsibilities of welfare reform. Without this amendment, states would no longer have spent any of their own money on poor children or work programs. States now spend almost half of the nation's welfare dollars (45 percent of the total, with the exact percentage varying by state).
Amendment
States who spend as much of their own money on needy families as they did in 1994 would receive the full federal block grant amount.
States that do not maintain 1994 state funding levels would lose federal funding at a rate equivalent to the federal medical assistance percentage (FMAP). For example, a state with a 50% FMAP would lose $.50 for every $.50 it falls below its current spending level. Federal block grant money not spent by a state in one fiscal year would be redistributed to other states the following fiscal year.
Maintaining 1994 spending would mean contributing as much in state dollars to the Temporary Family Assistance Grant as the state had spent in 1994 for the seven welfare-related programs consolidated in the chairman's mark (AFDC benefits, AFDC administration, Emergency Assistance, JOBS, transitional child care, at-risk child care, and JOBS/IVA child care).
According to the Congressional Budget Office, this amendment would save $350 million in food stamp costs over seven years.
| State Maintenance of Effort | 1996 | 1997 | 1998 | 1999 | 2000 | 2001 | 2002 | 98-2002 Total |
|-----------------------------|------|------|------|------|------|------|------|--------------|
| Food Stamp Program | 0 | -25 | -50 | -50 | -50 | -75 | -100 | -350 |
**Basis of Estimate:**
Based on discussions with federal and state officials, CBO assumes that states receiving one-third of the block grant funding would cut spending relative to 1994 levels under the Chairman's Mark. This amendment would prevent such cuts, and therefore, would increase state spending on benefit payments, training, and child care activities. CBO has assumed that the amendment would result in some families receiving higher cash payments, which—in turn—would lower their food stamp benefits. The estimate assumes the Food Stamp program is an open-ended entitlement.
CONRAD SUBSTITUTE AMENDMENT
Amendment: This amendment substitutes for the Chairman's Mark the text of Senator Conrad's Work And Gainful Employment Act. The WAGE Act consolidates the JOBS program, AFDC JOBS Child Care, the Administrative Costs of AFDC and the Emergency Assistance Program into a highly flexible work-oriented block grant for States. In addition, the WAGE Act replaces the AFDC program with a new Transitional Aid Program, which provides a safety net for children and an automatic economic stabilization mechanism for States. Individuals would not be entitled to benefits, but would be subject to whatever time limit the State deemed appropriate. The only restriction on time limits would protect children whose parents comply with every State requirement and are still unable to find gainful employment. This amendment would also include a technical amendment to the WAGE Act as introduced to retain the Child Care Development Block Grant as a discretionary program.
Cost: CBO has not yet issued a formal cost estimate of the WAGE Act. Preliminary indications from CBO staff are that the WAGE Act can be anticipated to save between $6 and $11 billion through fiscal year 2000. Preliminary HHS estimates, coupled with items previously scored by CBO, indicate that WAGE Act savings could be higher than $11 billion.
THE WORK AND GAINFUL EMPLOYMENT ACT
SUMMARY OF SENATOR CONRAD'S WELFARE REFORM PLAN
The Work and Gainful Employment Act (WAGE) gives States unprecedented flexibility to design and administer work programs to move individuals off welfare. The legislation is based on four principles: work, protecting children, state flexibility, and family. The WAGE Act totally reforms our welfare system while protecting the children of America against an abdication of federal responsibility. The purpose of WAGE is to transform welfare into an employment-based transition program while retaining a safety net for children and an automatic economic stabilizer for states.
WORK AND GAINFUL EMPLOYMENT BLOCK GRANT (WAGE)
- The WAGE block grant will give States the flexibility to provide job placement and supportive services to move individuals into jobs as quickly as possible.
- The WAGE block grant consolidates funding from JOBS, Emergency Assistance, AFDC Child Care, Transitional Child Care, and the administrative costs of AFDC.
- WAGE services would be available for all persons qualifying for the Transitional Aid Program, and, at state option, non-custodial parents.
State Flexibility
- States have complete flexibility to design employment programs, such as microenterprises, employment opportunity centers, work supplementation, temporary subsidized jobs, placement companies, etc.
- States provide monetary incentives to case managers for successful job placements and retention, as well as to out-source job services and use performance-based contracting.
- States determine eligibility criteria and participant requirements for the specific programs created under WAGE.
- States option to require non-custodial parents with child support arrears to participate in WAGE.
- States may establish time limits of any duration for WAGE participants. However, a State may not terminate participants from WAGE and the Transitional Aid Program if the participant has complied with the requirements set forth in the WAGE plan.
- States may establish participation rates at any level above the required WAGE rates and may establish specific rates for targeted groups, such as two-parent families, non-custodial parents, mothers with children of a certain age, etc.
State Requirements
- Administer a WAGE program that promotes moving parents into private sector employment.
- Develop a WAGE employability plan with the recipient that indicates the requirements necessary to move off of welfare.
- Ensure that child care is available for WAGE participants.
Funding
- The WAGE block grant is a 5 year capped entitlement based on historical funding for Emergency Assistance, AFDC Child Care, Transitional Child Care, and the administrative costs of AFDC (at 1995 spending levels or the average of 1993, 1994, and 1995). The WAGE block grant includes additional funding each year to put people to work and to ensure that child care is available. The WAGE block grant grows 3% per year.
- States receive incentive payments for moving individuals off welfare and into employment as well as for improvements in the number of individuals combining work and welfare.
Participation Rates
- Participation in the WAGE program is phased in, reaching 55% in FY 2000.
- States focus specifically on getting people into work or work preparation activities for a minimum of 20 hours per week (more at state option). Half of the participation rate must be met by individuals who are working. After two years individuals must be working in order to meet state participation rate requirements.
TRANSITIONAL AID PROGRAM
A new work-related program, the Transitional Aid Program, maintains a basic safety net for America's children and provide an automatic economic stabilizer for states. States have significant flexibility to determine eligibility criteria, earned income disregards, resource and asset limits, time limits, and sanctions. Compared to the current AFDC program, which has 45 State plan elements, the Transitional Aid Program reduces the State plan to 14 elements, allowing states wide latitude to design a program that meets their specific needs.
- All recipients are required to sign a "Parental Responsibility Agreement" as a condition for receiving benefits, specifying that assistance is not a right, but a transitional privilege available to those attempting to regain or achieve self-sufficiency.
State Flexibility
- States have full authority to determine:
- Treatment of earned and unearned income
- Resource limits
- Forms of support - benefits, wage subsidies to employers, wages to individuals in subsidized employment, etc.
- Sanctions for individuals who fail to comply with State requirements
- Payment or denial of benefits to children born to individuals receiving assistance
- Time frames for achieving self-sufficiency
- Extent to which child support is disregarded when determining eligibility and benefits
Eligibility
- A family must meet the following criteria to be eligible for the Transitional Aid Program:
- Have a needy child, as defined by the State
- Comply with the WAGE employability plan (if required to participate)
- Cooperate and comply with paternity and child support measures
State Plan Requirements
States have substantial flexibility in the design of their Transitional Aid Program with only the following minimal federal requirements:
- Serve all families with needy children uniformly, as defined by the State
- Operate a WAGE program
- Operate a Child Support Enforcement program in accordance with Title IV-D
- Maintain categorical Medicaid eligibility for the Transitional Assistance Program and provide transitional Medicaid for at least one year (longer at State option) for participants leaving the Transitional Aid Program.
- Maintain assistance in some form to needy children in families in which the parent is complying fully with all WAGE and other requirements
Funding
- Current law match rates for benefit levels are retained.
WORKING FAMILIES CHILD CARE BLOCK GRANT
• A new Working Families Child Care Block Grant simplifies and consolidates child care programs to support low-income working families and to promote self-sufficiency.
• The Working Families Child Care Block Grant combines the At-Risk child care program, Child Care and Development Block Grant, Child Development Associate Scholarships, and the Dependent Care Planning and Development Grants.
• At least 50% of the Working Families Child Care Block Grant must be used to support low-income working families.
• The Working Families Child Care Block Grant would reserve 20% of a State’s allotment for quality improvements and would maintain minimum health and safety standards.
• A Quality Enhancement Bonus promotes innovative child care training programs and enhancements of child care quality standards and licensing/monitoring standards.
CHILD SUPPORT ENFORCEMENT
• **Paternity Establishment**: Mothers who apply for Transitional Aid are required to cooperate fully with paternity establishment and child support collection efforts. States have one year after the mother identifies the father to establish paternity or risk losing a portion of the federal matching payment. States would receive incentive payments based on child support collections and paternity establishment efforts.
• **Modification of Support Orders**: Administrative updating of the awards is simplified to ensure that awards reflect the current ability of the noncustodial parent to pay support.
• **Automation**: States would establish central registries for the collection and disbursement of child support using an enhanced federal match (90% FFP). A state-based new hire reporting program is established.
• **Interstate Enforcement**: States are required to adopt the Uniform Interstate Family Support Act.
• **Distribution of Child Support**: The rules for distributing child support payments for families on AFDC and for families formerly on AFDC are altered so that these families receive additional child support.
• **Demonstration Projects**: Demonstrations on child support assistance and other areas are established to foster additional improvements in child support enforcement.
TRANSITIONAL MEDICAID
• States have the option to provide transitional Medicaid benefits for up to two years.
TEENAGE PREGNANCY PREVENTION
- **National Campaign**: The President coordinates a national campaign against teen pregnancy that involves business, schools, religious institutions and community organizations.
- **Living at Home**: Minor parents must remain in their parents' or a guardian's household in order to receive Transitional Aid benefits, with certain exceptions. For a teenage parent unable to live with her parents or a legal guardian, the appropriate authority will assist the individual in locating an appropriate adult-supervised supportive living arrangement or a Second Chance House.
- **Second Chance Houses**: Second Chance Houses will be available to minor custodial parents with children who require special assistance and a structured living environment in order to succeed. A Second Chance House provides a structured program that provides early childhood intervention and development; child care; parent education and training; case management to assess family needs; family counseling; parenting classes; and health services for children and adults.
- **Stay in School**: Teenage custodial parents on Transitional Aid who have not finished high school must participate in educational and/or training programs leading to a high school diploma or its equivalent. States may establish a program of monetary incentives and penalties to encourage teen parents to finish school.
- **Prevention**: A teenage pregnancy prevention program provides grants to states to implement promising teen pregnancy prevention strategies.
SUPPLEMENTAL SECURITY INCOME CHILDREN'S PROGRAM
- The purpose of the SSI children's program is clearly defined as: providing basic necessities to maintain a child with a disability at home; covering the additional costs of caring for a child with a disability; and enhancing a child's opportunity to develop into an independent adult.
- Cash benefits are maintained because families, not government, are best able to determine and meet the diverse needs of children with disabilities.
- Eligibility criteria are tightened to ensure that only children with severe and persistent impairments receive benefits.
- Parents are required to demonstrate that they have sought appropriate treatment for their child.
- Penalties are expanded for individuals that coach children to act inappropriately in order to receive benefits.
- Benefits are graduated for multiple recipient families: 85% for the second child; 65% for the third, 45% for the fourth, 35% for the fifth, 25% for the sixth and $50 for each additional child.
FINANCING
The Conrad bill is financed entirely through savings from the welfare system. In addition to savings realized through a more flexible system, savings items include:
**Immigration**
- The plan counts the income from an alien's sponsor in determining eligibility for the Transitional Aid program, Food Stamps, and SSI until citizenship.
- Affidavits of support signed by sponsors pledging to keep an alien from becoming a public charge will be legally binding.
- A uniform alien eligibility standard is created for SSI, Medicaid, and Transitional Aid that conforms to the Food Stamp program.
**Food Stamp Reform**
- Requires able-bodied food stamp recipients between the ages of 18 and 50 with no dependents to work or enter a food stamp employment and training program within six months of receiving benefits.
- Food stamp adjustments are based on 100% of thrifty food plan levels.
- Several reforms of the food stamp program are included to require able-bodied recipients to work and to reduce program costs, including extending current claims retention rates, disqualifying recipients who fraudulently obtain food stamps in two states, disqualifying absent parents with unpaid child support (state option), and a variety of other program reforms.
**Supplemental Security Income**
- The continuing disability review process for disability beneficiaries is tightened to ensure that individuals who are no longer eligible do not continue to receive benefits.
- The SSI eligibility category for drug addicts and alcoholics is eliminated. Individuals with drug and alcohol addiction who qualify for SSI under a different diagnosis must undergo substance abuse treatment. Individuals who become ineligible for cash benefits will retain Medicaid eligibility.
CONRAD SUBSTITUTE FOR TITLES I AND II
Amendment: This amendment substitutes for Titles I and II of the Chairman's Mark Titles I, II and VI of Senator Conrad's Work and Gainful Employment Act. Titles I and II of the WAGE Act consolidate the JOBS program, AFDC JOBS Child Care, the Administrative Costs of AFDC and the Emergency Assistance Program into a highly flexible work-oriented block grant for States. In addition, the WAGE Act replaces the AFDC program with a new Transitional Aid Program, which provides a safety net for children and an automatic economic stabilization mechanism for States. Individuals would not be entitled to benefits, but would be subject to whatever time limit the State deemed appropriate. The only restriction on time limits would protect children whose parents comply with every State requirement and are still unable to find gainful employment.
Title VI of the WAGE Act requires that States prohibit teen mothers under age 18 who are eligible for Transitional Aid benefits from using those benefits to live in their own apartment. Those mothers and their children must either remain with their parent or parents, live with another responsible adult, or be placed in a structured living arrangement under adult supervision.
Cost: Although CBO staff has conducted a cursory review of the WAGE Act that indicates the bill saves as much as $11 billion over 5 years, CBO has not yet undertaken to estimate the cost implications of each title of the bill. Based on likely costs of other titles of the WAGE Act and preliminary estimates from HHS, CBO's estimate for Titles I and II could range between $4 billion and $8 billion over 5 years, although CBO has yet to confirm this.
THE WORK AND GAINFUL EMPLOYMENT ACT
TITLES I, II, AND VI OF SENATOR CONRAD'S WELFARE REFORM PLAN
The Work and Gainful Employment Act (WAGE) gives States unprecedented flexibility to design and administer work programs to move individuals off welfare. The legislation is based on four principles: work, protecting children, state flexibility, and family. The WAGE Act totally reforms our welfare system while protecting the children of America against an abdication of federal responsibility. The purpose of WAGE is to transform welfare into an employment-based transition program while retaining a safety net for children and an automatic stabilizer for states. Titles I, II, and VI authorize the WAGE block grant, the Transitional Aid Program, and a Teenage Pregnancy Prevention effort.
WORK AND GAINFUL EMPLOYMENT BLOCK GRANT (WAGE)
- The WAGE block grant will give States the flexibility to provide job placement and supportive services to move individuals into jobs as quickly as possible.
- The WAGE block grant consolidates funding from JOBS, Emergency Assistance, AFDC Child Care, Transitional Child Care, and the administrative costs of AFDC.
- WAGE services would be available for all persons qualifying for the Transitional Aid Program, and, at state option, non-custodial parents.
State Flexibility
- States have complete flexibility to design employment programs, such as microenterprises, employment opportunity centers, work supplementation, temporary subsidized jobs, placement companies, etc.
- States provide monetary incentives to case managers for successful job placements and retention, as well as to out-source job services and use performance-based contracting.
- States determine eligibility criteria and participant requirements for the specific programs created under WAGE.
- States option to require non-custodial parents with child support arrears to participate in WAGE.
- States may establish time limits of any duration for WAGE participants. However, a State may not terminate participants from WAGE and the Transitional Aid Program if the participant has complied with the requirements set forth in the WAGE plan.
- States may establish participation rates at any level above the required WAGE rates and may establish specific rates for targeted groups, such as two-parent families, non-custodial parents, mothers with children of a certain age, etc.
State Requirements
- Administer a WAGE program that promotes moving parents into private sector employment.
- Develop a WAGE employability plan with the recipient that indicates the requirements necessary to move off of welfare.
- Ensure that child care is available for WAGE participants.
Funding
- The WAGE block grant is a 5 year capped entitlement based on historical funding for Emergency Assistance, AFDC Child Care, Transitional Child Care, and the administrative costs of AFDC (at 1995 spending levels or the average of 1993, 1994, and 1995). The WAGE block grant includes additional funding each year to put people to work and to ensure that child care is available. The WAGE block grant grows 3% per year.
- States receive incentive payments for moving individuals off welfare and into employment as well as for improvements in the number of individuals combining work and welfare.
Participation Rates
- Participation in the WAGE program is phased in, reaching 55% in FY 2000.
- States focus specifically on getting people into work or work preparation activities for a minimum of 20 hours per week (more at state option). Half of the participation rate must be met by individuals who are working. After two years individuals must be working in order to meet state participation rate requirements.
TRANSITIONAL AID PROGRAM
A new work-related program, the Transitional Aid Program, maintains a basic safety net for America's children and provides an automatic stabilizer for states. States have significant flexibility to determine eligibility criteria, earned income disregards, resource and asset limits, time limits, and sanctions. Compared to the current AFDC program, which has 45 State plan elements, the Transitional Aid Program reduces the State plan to 14 elements, allowing states wide latitude to design a program that meets their specific needs.
- All recipients are required to sign a "Parental Responsibility Agreement" as a condition for receiving benefits, specifying that assistance is not a right, but a transitional privilege available to those attempting to regain or achieve self-sufficiency.
State Flexibility
- States have full authority to determine:
- Treatment of earned and unearned income
- Resource limits
- Forms of support - benefits, wage subsidies to employers, wages to individuals in subsidized employment, etc.
- Sanctions for individuals who fail to comply with State requirements
- Payment or denial of benefits to children born to individuals receiving assistance
- Time frames for achieving self-sufficiency
- Extent to which child support is disregarded when determining eligibility and benefits
Eligibility
- A family must meet the following criteria to be eligible for the Transitional Aid Program:
- Have a needy child, as defined by the State
- Comply with the WAGE employability plan (if required to participate)
- Cooperate and comply with paternity and child support measures
State Plan Requirements
States have substantial flexibility in the design of their Transitional Aid Program with only the following minimal federal requirements:
- Serve all families with needy children uniformly, as defined by the State
- Operate a WAGE program
- Operate a Child Support Enforcement program in accordance with Title IV-D
- Maintain categorical Medicaid eligibility for the Transitional Assistance Program and provide transitional Medicaid for at least one year (longer at State option) for participants leaving the Transitional Aid Program.
- Maintain assistance in some form to needy children in families in which the parent is complying fully with all WAGE and other requirements
Funding
- Current law match rates for benefit levels are retained.
TEENAGE PREGNANCY PREVENTION
- **National Campaign**: The President coordinates a national campaign against teen pregnancy that involves business, schools, religious institutions and community organizations.
- **Living at Home**: Minor parents must remain in their parents' or a guardian's household in order to receive Transitional Aid benefits, with certain exceptions. For a teenage parent unable to live with her parents or a legal guardian, the appropriate authority will assist the individual in locating an appropriate adult-supervised supportive living arrangement or a Second Chance House.
- **Second Chance Houses**: Second Chance Houses will be available to minor custodial parents with children who require special assistance and a structured living environment in order to succeed. A Second Chance House provides a structured program that provides early childhood intervention and development; child care; parent education and training; case management to assess family needs; family counseling; parenting classes; and health services for children and adults.
- **Stay in School**: Teenage custodial parents on Transitional Aid who have not finished high school must participate in educational and/or training programs leading to a high school diploma or its equivalent. States may establish a program of monetary incentives and penalties to encourage teen parents to finish school.
- **Prevention**: A teenage pregnancy prevention program provides grants to states to implement promising teen pregnancy prevention strategies.
CONRAD CHILDHOOD SSI AMENDMENT
Amendment: The amendment modifies the Chairman's mark by: (1) replacing Subtitle C of Title III with the text of S.798, the Childhood SSI Eligibility Reform Act (S.798 would be modified to ensure that children re-evaluated by the Social Security Administration under the new, more stringent version of the Individualized Functional Assessment, would be re-evaluated without the application of the medical improvement standard); and (2) amending Sec. 333 of the Chairman's Mark by allowing the Majority and Minority Leaders of the House and Senate to each appoint 3 members to the National Commission on the Future of Disability.
Cost: CBO estimates S.798 will save $2.1 billion over 5 years.
A SUMMARY OF
SENATOR KENT CONRAD'S
CHILDHOOD SSI ELIGIBILITY REFORM ACT
This summary describes how the Childhood SSI Eligibility Reform Act, introduced on May 11, 1995 by Senators Conrad, Chafee, Jeffords and Bradley, addresses criticisms that have been made of the Children's SSI program.
1. Criticism: SSI's purpose was never sufficiently defined.
Solution: Define the program as providing basic necessities to maintain a child with a disability at home or in another appropriate and costs effective setting; covering the additional costs of caring for and raising such a child; and enhancing the child's opportunity to develop into an independent adult.
2. Criticism: Children who are not severely disabled are drawing SSI benefits.
Solution #1: Tighten SSI eligibility to ensure that only children with severe and persistent impairments which substantially limit their ability to function receive benefits. Modifications to the IFA and disability listings would be effective 6 months after enactment.
- Modify Medical Listings: Direct SSA to modify its regulations to strike "Persistent maladaptive behavior destructive to self, others, animals or property" and insert "Persistent pattern of behavior destructive to self or others requiring protective intervention." This eliminates much of the maladaptive behavior component while retaining eligibility for children with serious emotional disorders whose behavior poses a threat to themselves (through suicide) or others.
- Modify Individualized Functional Assessment:
A. Raise Severity of Disability Required for Eligibility: Currently, a child is eligible for SSI if he or she has a marked disability in two functional areas or "domains"; a marked disability in one domain and a moderate in a second; or moderate disabilities in three domains. The Act directs SSA to tighten the level of severity required to qualify under the IFA by always requiring a child to have a marked impairment in at least one domain and a moderate impairment in one or more additional areas. This would eliminate the "three moderates" standard.
B. Narrow and Tighten Domains: SSA currently uses seven domains of development and functioning which are evaluated through the IFA: cognition;
communication; motor skills; social abilities; personal/behavioral patterns; responsiveness to stimuli (1st year of life only); concentration, persistence and pace of task completion (age 3 and up).
The Act requires SSA to adjust the domains to reduce overlap from a clinical perspective. The new domains would be:
(1) **Cognition**, i.e. ability to understand and reason and to learn required skills
**EXAMPLE:** Children with mental retardation
(2) **Communication**, i.e. ability to speak and communicate with others
**EXAMPLE:** Children with cerebral palsy or autism
(3) **Motor abilities**, i.e. gross and fine motor skills resulting in ability to move and coordinate the body
**EXAMPLE:** Children confined to a wheelchair or with major ambulation difficulties
(4) **Ability to engage in interpersonal relations**, i.e. ability to develop and maintain normal interpersonal relationships so as to function within family, peer and community according to the manner and mores of the group.
**EXAMPLE:** Ability to discern right from wrong; disruptive; withdrawn
(5) **Ability to Care for one's self**, i.e. ability to perform normal childhood activities in home, school or community with adult assistance or supervision appropriate to one's age, to care for oneself in a healthy and safe manner and control impulsive or aggressive behavior harmful to self or others.
**EXAMPLE:** Children with extensive physical needs (feeding tube); children with depression (suicidal); impulsive (don't understand they shouldn't turn on stove and set a fire)
(6) in children from birth to the attainment of age 1, responsiveness to visual, auditory, or tactile stimulation
EXAMPLE: a hyposensitive infant who has minimal or absent response, is apathetic or withdrawn
(7) in children from age 3 to age 18, ability to concentrate, persist, maintain pace and have physical stamina to complete essential tasks in school, home or community
EXAMPLE: children with muscular dystrophy; schizophrenia, or ADHD
C. Report by SSA: Between enactment and the effective date of the above changes (6 months after enactment), SSA would be directed to report back to Congress within 5 months with recommendations whether to modify the amendments, if any. However, the amendments would still take effect, even if Congress took no further action.
Solution #2: Increase and better target SSA’s continuing disability reviews in order to ensure SSI does not remain available to those who are no longer eligible to receive it.
The Act both improves targeting of CDRs based on the likelihood a child’s disability will improve and establishes a revolving fund to pay for additional CDRs.
3. Criticism: Children who should be ineligible are being coached to act out in ways that render them eligible for SSI.
Solution #1: Expand penalties for coaching children to act inappropriately in order to receive benefits. Penalties would equal:
- for knowing and willful coaching by a parent or guardian, an amount equal to SSA’s current $1000 under its fraud provisions plus up to $100 for each month the child received SSI benefits
- for knowing and willful coaching by any attorney, interpreter, or social service worker, $5000 plus $500 for each child involved (current SSA fraud provisions only include a $1000 fine for “fraud.”)
Solution #2: Require greater use of standardized testing in making eligibility determinations, which are designed to make it virtually impossible to feign disability. This would preclude many awards currently made based on lay source evidence.
4. Criticism: Some families have been found to have multiple children receiving SSI, and each child receives the maximum benefit.
Solution: Graduate payments for additional children. Currently, families with more than one child receive no reduction in benefit for the additional children. We would graduate payments for each additional child in a family—100% for the first; 85% for the second; 65% for the third, 45% for the fourth, 35% for the fifth, 25% for the sixth and $50 for each additional child. This graduated scale would not apply to children who are in institutional care or to families adopting children with special needs.
5. Criticism: SSI policy fails to lead to responsible spending by recipient families:
Solution #1: Allow families to keep a portion of retroactive lump sum benefits they receive for the period between when they apply and are deemed eligible. Such funds could only assist with the special needs of their disabled child or children. Under current law, any lump sum payment families receive due to delays in their eligibility determination must be completely spent within 6 months. This option would allow them to retain some of the money provided it was segregated and used specifically for discrete needs of the child. (equipment like a wheelchair or special household modifications, education/training, rehabilitation)
Solution #2: Strengthens standards applying to representative payee, including requirements that such payees maintain contemporaneous records of transactions. In addition, establishes a system of accountability monitoring to ensure that SSI funds are properly spent.
6. Criticism: SSI does not move people toward self-sufficiency:
Solution #1: Require parents to demonstrate that they have sought appropriate treatment to alleviate their child’s disability. Proof would be provided when the child’s eligibility was reviewed.
Solution #2: Require SSA to redetermine eligibility of SSI children at age 18 applying the adult criteria.
CONRAD WORK AMENDMENT
Amendment: For the purposes of the participation rates in Sec. 404 that will be in effect during fiscal years 1996 and 1997, a minimum of half of participants must be engaged in actual work.
Explanation: Under the Chairman's mark, it is possible for a state to meet its work participation rate for fiscal years 1996 and 1997 without any participants actually working. Participants could all be engaged in educational activities under section 482(d)(1)(A)(i). This amendment would only allow educational activities to count toward half of the participation rate. Consequently, under the fiscal year 1996 participation rate of 20%, a minimum of 10% must be in actual work. In fiscal year 1997, when the participation rate rises to 30%, a minimum of 15% must be in actual work.
CONRAD/BRADLEY AMENDMENT #1
If States choose to serve unmarried teenage mothers under the Temporary Assistance Block Grant, unmarried teenage mothers must live with a parent, legal guardian, or other adult relative, or if they are unable to reside in such settings, the teenage parent must reside in a foster home, maternity home, or other adult-supervised supportive living arrangement, such as a Second Chance House, as a condition of receiving assistance. The Temporary Assistance Block Grant is increased by a total of $300 million over seven years to phase-in the requirement for adult-supervised living arrangements.
If States choose not to serve unmarried teenage mothers under the Temporary Assistance Block Grant, the State's block grant funds would be reduced by the State's allocation of the $300 million to be used for adult-supervised living arrangements.
The amendment provides the following level of funding ($millions):
| Year | Funding |
|------|---------|
| 1998 | 20 |
| 1999 | 40 |
| 2000 | 80 |
| 2001 | 80 |
| 2002 | 80 |
| Total| $300 |
Rationale: This amendment would require teenage parents to live at home in those states that choose to serve teenage mothers. Additional funding would allow states to provide residential services to those AFDC mothers under the age of 18 who cannot live safely with a parent, other adult relative, or legal guardian.
D'Amato Amendment to Chairman's Mark
Clarification Regarding the Use of Revolving Loan Fund for Welfare Anti-fraud Activities
Clarifies that a state may use loan funds from the "Supplemental Assistance for Needy Families Federal Fund" for welfare anti-fraud activities, systems, or initiatives including positive client identity verification and computerized data record matching and analysis.
On page 10, strike lines 1 through 6 and insert the following:
"(1) IN GENERAL. - For purposes of subsection (a), a State family assistance grant for any State for a fiscal year is an amount determined by the Secretary to be the State's proportionate share of funds based on the number of children in poverty in the State as a percentage of the total number of children in poverty among all of the States. This proportion shall be adjusted annually to reflect changes in the number of children in poverty in each state."
Explanation: This amendment changes the method by which the block grant funds are distributed from 1994 expenditures to the number of children in poverty. This proportion is adjusted annually to reflect changes in the number of children in poverty in each state. In addition, the amendment places responsibility for determining the best measures of child poverty to be used in the allocation with the Secretary and the best measure to use in periodically adjusting the proportions (for example, a three year rolling average).
On page 30 line 9 through page 31 line 13, strike said lines thereby removing the option for States to prohibit assistance for certain aliens. Insert appropriate language to prevent states from prohibiting the use of grant funds to legal aliens that meet current eligibility requirements. The change in the proposed substitute on page 31 lines 11 through 13 is retained.
Explanation: This amendment would remove from the bill the option for States to prohibit assistance for certain aliens. The intent is for legal non-citizens to retain the same eligibility status as under current law. Non-citizens currently eligible for AFDC would be subject to the same financial eligibility standards a State includes in its program for cash assistance. This amendment does not strike the change in the deeming of sponsor's income from 3 years to 5 years.
On page 41 line 1 through page 43 line 8, strike all said lines. This amendment removes Sec. 105. Continued Application of Current Standards Under Medicaid Program.
Explanation: This amendment strikes that requirement that States continue to operate the AFDC program that is currently in effect for the purpose of determining continued Medicaid eligibility.
1. On page 4, line 4, add the following after the semicolon: "a noncitizen who is 75 years of age or older and who has resided in the U.S. for at least 5 years."
**Explanation:** This amendment would restore SSI eligibility for two groups: elderly immigrants who are 75 years of age or older and resided in the United States for five or more years eligible for SSI benefits and immigrants who are unable to take the citizenship examination because of a physical or mental disability. The amendment would bring the Chairman's Mark into line with the House passed H.R. 4 with respect to the treatment of very elderly immigrants.
2. On page 4, line 4, add the following after the semicolon: "a noncitizen who becomes disabled for causes that arose after entry."
**Explanation:** This amendment would make disabled legal immigrants eligible for SSI benefits if they became disabled from causes that arose after entry into the U.S.
During the Committee hearings, a general consensus formed among Committee members that the SSI program's eligibility criteria needed to be tightened to reduce the number of instances where elderly immigrants accessed the program immediately after becoming eligible, which turned out to be just a few years after entry into the United States. But there was no evidence presented at the hearings of abuse of the program by immigrants who become disabled after having come to the United States, worked, and paid taxes for a lengthy period of time. As drafted, the Chairman's mark would make these people who have contributed to our country ineligible to receive SSI benefits upon becoming disabled.
3. Provide that any non-citizen who has applied for naturalization, whose application for naturalization has not been denied, and who was not naturalized within six months after the date of application for naturalization shall not be denied SSI or other assistance under the bill.
**Explanation:** This amendment would ensure that delays in the processing of naturalization applications will not unfairly penalize immigrants. Many INS district currently have backlogs in the processing of naturalization applications, and the length of time it takes to be naturalized can vary significantly between INS districts. If the number of applications increase without a corresponding increase in INS resources, those delays could worsen. To the extent that the risk of increased delays is high, this amendment would provide an important protection for immigrants.
The amendment would also ensure that all immigrants and all areas of the country are treated equitably. That is, it would provide that any naturalization applicant whose application was not denied and whose application was still pending after six months to be naturalized as opposed to one to two years.
On page 44, after line 5, insert the following new paragraph:
"(3) Cost Neutrality. -- A State which terminates a waiver under paragraph (1) shall be held harmless from any liability associated with accrued excess costs incurred under the terms and conditions of such waivers. Notification of termination of waivers shall be submitted not later than 90 days following adjournment of the next regular session of the State legislature.
Explanation: This amendment removes any unresolved cost neutrality liability from States with current welfare reform waivers who choose to terminate these waivers due to the implementation of the block grant. Since many states have requested waivers pursuant to State legislation, the time frame for notification of waiver termination is set to permit legislative action, if needed.
On page 22 line 10, after the word "care" insert the following phrase:
", subject to the availability of resources"
On page 22 line 11, after "(ii)" insert:
"at State option,"
On page 23 line 10, after the word "month" insert:
"excluding any families which include an individual exempted from participation as described in section (C)(i) and (C)(ii)"
Explanation: This amendment makes the child care requirement subject to the availability of funds and excludes individuals exempted due to lack of child care from the calculation of participation rates. Further, the amendment permits States to require participation for more than 20 hours per week for individuals with children under 6 years of age, if child care is available. This provision strengthens the work requirement to permit States to require intensive participation in activities in order to better prepare participants for self-sufficiency.
On page 9 after line 11, insert the following new subsection:
"(d) STATE DEMONSTRATION PROGRAMS.-- Nothing in this Act shall be construed to limit a State's ability to conduct demonstration projects for the purpose of identifying innovative or effective program designs in one or more political subdivisions of the State."
Explanation: This amendment makes explicit the expectation that States will continue to conduct demonstrations of innovative program designs. Under a block grant scenario, many potential demonstrations would not require federal waivers. This amendment makes clear that continued use of demonstration projects to improve program design.
On page 22 after line 13, insert the following new subsection and renumber subsequent subsections:
"(D) CHILD CARE REQUIRED FOR PARTICIPATION.--For any individual required by a State to participate in work activities when such individual is responsible for the care of a child under 13 years of age, the state shall provide the individual with child care needed for such participation, subject to the availability of resources."
On page 23 line 10, insert the following sentence after period.
"Any family which includes an individual exempted from participation due to the lack of child care resources shall be excluded from the total number of families receiving cash assistance."
Explanation: This amendment requires that child care must be provided for individuals with children under age 13 who are required to participate in work activities when such care is needed for participation. This requirement is subject to the availability of funds and any families which include and individual exempted from required participation are excluded from the denominator in the participation rate calculation.
Senator Grassley offers the following amendment to address the issue of a mandatory work program:
Page 7, line 2, after "PROGRAM" add the following: "or other work"; Line 4, after "JOBS" add the following: "or other work"
Section 201. Modifications to the JOBS program.
The JOBS program will be a state option, rather than the mandate under the Committee mark. The state may choose to have the current JOBS program, as modified under the Committee mark, OR create its own work program; EXCEPT, that the state's work program shall meet the JOBS participation rates and hour rates outlined in the Committee mark, section 404, page 21.
Explanation: While the intended goal of the Committee mark is to require states to have a work program that moves people from welfare to work, the Committee mark mandates that the work program must be the current JOBS program.
One of the concerns raised by the Administration about the House bill was that it was not tough enough on work. Because states were not specifically required to have a work program and work programs are considered expensive, the concern was that some states might simply let the time run out for difficult to place recipients and then their benefits would end.
Senator Grassley's amendment maintains the Committee goal of requiring states to have a work program without mandating that it must be the federal JOBS program. States will have the opportunity of choosing the JOBS program, which they know and are currently implementing, or creating their own innovative work program to achieve the goal of moving people from welfare to work.
States must certify that they are doing JOBS or are creating their own work program.
Exception: States must meet the participation rates and hour rates outlined in the Committee mark. It is important to ensure that there is some means of measuring states' success in involving recipients in work-related activities. The only way to guarantee that is to have clear standards.
Senator Grassley's amendment in the package was in concept form. The following is actual language to be offered to the Committee mark:
Page 7, line 1-5 (changes underlined):
(5) CERTIFICATION THAT THE STATE WILL OPERATE A JOBS PROGRAM OR OTHER WORK PROGRAM. -- A certification by the chief executive officer of the State that, during the fiscal year, the State will operate a JOBS program in accordance with part F or other work program to be defined by the state. The work program, to be defined by the state, must meet the provisions of Sec. 404 with the exception of section 404 (a)(1)(C)(ii).
CURRENT JOBS MANDATES THAT LIMIT STATE FLEXIBILITY
20 Hour Rule as it applies to educational activities - Only classroom hours are counted for meeting the 20 hour participation requirement which penalizes state's ability to support post-secondary education.
Self-Initiated Rules - States are not given the option of paying for tuition, books or fees for individuals who have taken the initiative to enter education programs.
Limit on use of job search - Only a certain number of hours of job search can be counted toward the participation rates.
Sanctioning Rules - States are not able to define their own sanctioning process for non-participation because specific penalties are mandated.
Payment of Expenses - States must pay for child care and transportation for training and other supportive services which are not actual work.
Targeted populations - States are required to spend at least 55 percent of their JOBS money on specific, targeted populations.
Single State Agency - The AFDC agency (family assistance program agency under the Committee mark) would have to administer the IV F (JOBS) program.
The Economic Opportunity and Family Responsibility Act of 1995
Facts at a Glance:
- Maintains safety net for poor families while providing state flexibility and adequate funds and support (child care and health care) to move recipients into work and reduce recidivism.
- Emphasis on job creation
- Equity investment
- Job support demonstration
- Increased funding and participation in JOBS program
- Individual development accounts so that recipients can save for education, work related expenditures (car), or home
- Eliminates Marriage Disincentives
- Provides state flexibility
- JOBS program (state can determine who participates, when they begin participation and how they participate)
- Child care programs are consolidated into a child care block grant
- Earned income disregards are liberalized
- Requires both parents take responsibility for their children
- Federal locator systems
- Child Support Order Registry
- Strengthen paternity establishment
- Child Support Assurance demonstration
- Grants for access and visitation
- Simple child support modification demonstration
- Reduces Recidivism
- Allows states to extend transitional child care and Medicaid
- Funding increased for child care for low income families. Child care guarantee for AFDC parents who are working, participating in the JOBS program or transitioning off of welfare
- Targets the non-custodial parent
- Allows states to use JOBS funds for non-custodial parents
- Funds available to establish programs for non-custodial parents who are under or unemployed
USING THE BANKING SYSTEM
TO CREATE PERMANENT,
PRIVATE SECTOR JOBS IN
HIGH UNEMPLOYMENT/
HIGH POVERTY COMMUNITIES
Summary
This provision is designed to help get at the heart of a major welfare-related problem -- the lack of private sector jobs. Many communities with large welfare populations have unemployment rates in both good times and bad that are at or above levels last seen nationwide in the Great Depression of the 1930s. The provision is similar in some respects to the empowerment/enterprise zone program, but instead of tax credits, creates a mechanism to get equity investment into these communities -- investments that will create permanent, private sector jobs.
Using the Banking System
The provision makes use of our nation's banks and thrifts as investors. These financial institutions have over $22.6 billion on deposit at the Federal Reserve. Currently, the Fed does not pay the financial institutions any interest on this money, although it does earn interest on the funds (by investing them in Treasury bonds). The provision would require the Fed to pay interest on the sterile reserves to the nation's banks and thrifts, but would require the financial institutions to use the money to make equity investments in businesses willing to:
1) locate facilities in or near high poverty/high unemployment communities (defined and selected using a process modeled on the empowerment/enterprise zone program); and
2) hire at least 50 percent of their employees from among the residents of these communities who are either on welfare, or long-term unemployed.
The result is a non-bureaucratic, private-sector focused approach to economic development and job creation in low-income communities.
Welfare as a Training Wage
Under the provision, states would be able to pay a portion of welfare benefits to businesses receiving the equity investments to use to, in effect, buy down the wages of the welfare recipient employees they hire -- turning welfare into a kind of job training program where recipients are trained for real jobs that actually exist in or near their communities.
Why Equity?
The provision is built around equity investing, rather than lending or tax credits, because generating economic development and creating jobs in communities with high poverty rates is very risky. Loans, which must be repaid on a schedule, are not suitable for this kind of economic development, and tax credits only work if a business is profitable, which a new facility might not be for the first few years when it needs the support equity can provide the most.
Safety Net Amendment 1
Notwithstanding any other provision of this Act, no state shall deny cash assistance to an indigent child whose family meets the income and resource criteria as defined by the state. Nor shall a child be denied assistance due to the failure of that child's parents (or guardian) to meet requirements as defined in the state plan.
Rationale:
The Chairman's mark would dismantle the safety net for poor children. Children would be penalized for no other reason than the status of their birth. 4 million children would lose assistance under this mark. This amendment would ensure, that at a minimum, every state would provide a safety net for all children residing in a family that meets the state criteria for the receipt of benefits. This amendment does not preclude states from reducing a family's grant by the adult's portion.
Safety Net Amendment II
A state may not terminate or deny assistance to an eligible child if, as a result of such action, a child would be at risk for adverse health and safety outcomes or in danger of homelessness.
A state must certify in their state plan how they will assess the impact of a denial or termination of benefits on children as related to the above areas.
Any individual who is aggrieved by a violation of the state or entity administering the block grant as described above may bring an action for relief in any United States District Court.
Rationale:
This amendment seeks to ensure that no child is denied assistance if the denial of that assistance would put the child at risk for adverse health and or safety outcomes or homelessness. This amendment would also create a judicial recourse for those children who are denied services in violation of this rule.
Child Care Amendment
A Capped Entitlement Child Care program would be established to fund child care services for low income families transitioning from welfare to work, and for low income working families at risk of welfare. Funding would be capped at the CBO baseline for Transitional Child Care and At-Risk Child Care.
| Year | Amount |
|------|---------|
| 1 | $465 M |
| 2 | $530 M |
| 3 | $546 M |
| 4 | $560 M |
| 5 | $570 M |
Total 1996-2000 $2.671 B
| Year | Amount |
|------|---------|
| 6 | $580 M |
| 7 | $590 M |
Total 1996-2002 $3.84B
This amendment would be offset by reducing the overall five and seven year savings attributed to the new block grant.
Rational:
As drafted, the Chairman's mark would consolidate the At-Risk program, the Transitional Child Care (TCC) program and AFDC/JOBS child care into the new block grant for needy families. According to estimates by HHS the capped funding amount available for the block grant will be insufficient to provide cash assistance and to meet work participation requirements included in the Chairman's mark. This will translate into a diversion of child care funds to meet cash assistance and work requirements. Currently, over 40% of the block grant funds consolidated in the block grant serve the working poor. This was 1 million children last year. Therefore, families transitioning off of welfare and at-risk for welfare will be denied child care assistance. It could also translate into higher cash assistance caseloads as working poor families move on to the rolls due to a lack of child care assistance. This block grant does not remove "child care" funding included in the block grant. We believe removing funding would jeopardize the ability of states to care for poor families. This amendment creates a new child care capped entitlement block grant for the working poor.
Senator Nickles offering the following amendment to address the illegitimacy:
On page 6, line 4 of the Committee mark, states are required, in order to receive funds under the new Temporary Assistance for Needy Families program, to submit a written document to the federal government that describes how they will "take action to prevent and reduce the incidence of out-of-wedlock pregnancies, with special emphasis on teenage pregnancies." replace with the following language:
"Take action to prevent and reduce the incidence of out of wedlock pregnancies, without increasing the incidence of pregnancy terminations, with special emphasis on teenage pregnancies and establish annual goals for out-of-wedlock births for the years authorized under this Act."
Rockefeller amendment to provide a hardship waiver for individuals based on good cause
CONCEPT: The Chairman's mark acknowledges that states should have some flexibility to provide continued support for "hardship cases," and authorizes States to exempt up to 10% of their caseload. This amendment would add specific criteria of individuals eligible for a hardship waiver based on good cause.
PURPOSE: To ensure that all deserving hardship case can be exempted from time limits, States shall exempt the following individuals from work requirement and the time-limit;
(i) if the individual is ill, incapacited, or of advanced age;
(ii) if the individual is providing full-time care for a disabled dependent of the individual;
(iii) at the option of the State, if the individual is making progress in a substance abuse treatment program, unless this clause has been applied to the individual for 12 months;
(iv) during the 6-month period after the individual gives birth to the first child born to the individual after becoming eligible for aid under this part; or
(v) during the 4-month period after the individual gives birth to the second or subsequent child born to the individual after becoming eligible for aid under this part;
## PRELIMINARY ESTIMATE OF GOOD CAUSE EXEMPTIONS (ROCKEFELLER)
Estimated relative to Chairman's Mark as Introduced on May 23, 1995
(Dollars in millions of dollars)
| | 1986 | 1987 | 1988 | 1989 | 2000 | 2001 | 2002 | Total |
|--------------------------------|------|------|------|------|------|------|------|-------|
| Exempt Incapacitated Elderly | | | | | | | | |
| Employed, and Other Individuals| 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| From Time Limit/Work | | | | | | | | |
### Basis of Estimate:
Amendment would not alter the block grant levels, and therefore, would have no direct effect on federal spending. The amendment's effect on state budgets is unclear. State spending on work programs could decrease as this amendment would allow states to exempt additional individuals from participation. On the other hand, the amendment would also decrease the number of families made ineligible by the five-year time limit, which could increase state spending on cash benefits after 2001.
Rockefeller amendment to give States flexibility on time-limits during economic downturns and areas with high unemployment
Cosponsor: Baucus
CONCEPT: During periods of high unemployment -- 8.5% or more -- is will be more difficult for AFDC recipients to find jobs. States deserve, at least the option, of waiving time limits until unemployment drops below 8.5% as long as families participate in some type of workfare or community jobs program as established by the State.
PROPOSAL: States would have the option to exempt from the time limit recipients who live in sub-state areas where the unemployment rate is 8.5% or more by designating the region as an "areas of high unemployment" (AHU), and providing community jobs or workfare.
Under this proposal, the period of time during which individuals receive assistance while the area that they live in has been designated by the State as a AHU would not count toward the time limit. This is a state option only, not a requirement.
RATIONALE: In areas of high unemployment, unsubsidized, private sector job slots for welfare recipients become scarce and parents willing to work are sometimes unable. State should not be required to cut these families off from benefits during periods of recession, or in areas with high unemployment. This amendment is designed to balance the imposition of a time limit with a reasonable expectations of what the labor market can absorb. This amendment would only "stop the clock" on the time-limit during those periods when local unemployment was 8.5% or more, and recipients would be expected to participate in a State workfare program. This would continue assistance for parents willing to work during periods of high unemployment, at State option.
DEFINITION: "Areas of high unemployment (AHU)" are defined as a major political subdivision with at least 25,000 residents for which the Bureau of Labor Statistics calculates an unemployment rate, and whose unemployment rate -- average annual -- meets or exceeds 8.5%. The AHU would be defined by the State and may be a labor market area, county, city, or officially designated-area-of-substantial-unemployment. It may be made up of more than one geographically contiguous political subdivision, e.g. multiple rural counties. AHUs can also be Indian reservations, and qualified reservations can contain fewer than 25,000 people.
Because individual monthly sub-state unemployment statistics are less reliable and not seasonally adjusted, area unemployment rates are to be based upon twelve month average unemployment rates.
Preliminary Estimate of Unemployment Trigger for Time Limit / Work (Rockefeller)
Estimated relative to Chairman's Mark as introduced on May 23, 1995
(By fiscal year, outlays in millions of dollars)
| | 1986 | 1987 | 1988 | 1989 | 2000 | 2001 | 2002 | Total |
|--------------------------------|------|------|------|------|------|------|------|-------|
| Exempt Individuals in High Unemployment Areas | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | |
Basis of Estimate:
Amendment would not alter the block grant levels, and therefore, would have no direct affect on federal spending. The amendment's effect on state budgets is unclear. State spending on work programs could decrease as this amendment would allow states to exempt additional individuals from participation. On the other hand, the amendment would also decrease the number of families made ineligible by the five-year time limit, which could increase state spending on cash benefits after 2001.
EITC REFORM PROPOSALS:
1. **Deny the EITC to Illegal Aliens:** Under this proposal, only individuals who are authorized to work in the U.S. would be eligible for the EITC. Taxpayers claiming the EITC would be required to provide a valid social security number for themselves, their spouses, and qualifying children. Social security numbers would have to be valid for employment purposes in the U.S. In addition, the IRS would be authorized to use the math-error procedures, which are simpler than deficiency procedures, to resolve questions about the validity of a social security number. Under this approach, the failure to provide a correct social security number would be treated as a math error. Taxpayers would have 60 days in which they could either provide a correct social security number or request that the IRS follow the current-law deficiency procedures. If a taxpayer failed to respond within this period, he or she would be required to refile with correct social security numbers in order to obtain the EITC. Effective 12/31/95. *(From President Clinton’s FY 1996 Budget proposals)*
**ICT Revenue Estimate (in billions of dollars, in fiscal years)**
| | 1995 | 1996 | 1997 | 1998 | 1999 | 2000 | Total |
|----------------|------|------|------|------|------|------|-------|
| Math-error procedure | -- | .007 | .137 | .142 | .142 | .144 | .571 |
| Require SSNs work-related for primary and Secondary Taxpayers | -- | .004 | .080 | .083 | .086 | .089 | .343 |
2. **Repeal the Childless Portion of the EITC:** In the 1993 Budget Reconciliation bill, effective beginning in 1994, the EITC was expanded to include taxpayers with no qualifying children for the first time. Since about 85% of the EITC is a “budget outlay,” and therefore primarily a welfare program, and since welfare programs have traditionally been aimed at helping children rather than able-bodied adults, this part of the program should be eliminated. In addition, this part of the EITC provides for a maximum credit of only $314 in 1995, and begins to phase-out at as little as $5,140, and therefore is of such insignificance as to offer little or no real work incentive. Since the EITC is designed primarily as a “work incentive,” this part of the program should be eliminated.
**ICT Revenue Estimate (in billions of dollars, in fiscal years)**
| | 1995 | 1996 | 1997 | 1998 | 1999 | 2000 | Total |
|----------------|------|------|------|------|------|------|-------|
| Repeal of childless EITC | -- | .031 | .616 | .641 | .669 | .702 | 2.659 |
3. **Freeze EITC at 1995 Levels to Reduce Fraud:** Just since 1988, the EITC expenditures have grown five-fold. In addition, fraud and error rates have consistently remained in the range of 30 to 40% of expenditures for about 15 years -- since studies began on the issue. Until 1990, the credit was limited to a maximum rate of 14%, but since that time the maximum rate of the EITC has increased to 40% beginning in 1996 -- or almost three-fold. When the level of the credit was closer to the payroll tax level (7.65%/15.30%) there was considerably less incentive for tax cheats and fraud artists to game the system, however, as a result of the dramatic increase in the level of the credit, the fraud incentives are significantly higher. Freezing the rate of the credit at a maximum of 36% (reducing it slightly to 35% in 1996) will discourage fraud artists, and also slow the growth of this program, which is by far the fastest growing entitlement in the federal budget. Under current law, the size of the benefit available from the program no longer bears any relationship to taxes owed by the person making the claim. Accordingly, given our self-assessment tax system, it is just too easy to file a fraudulent claim that is virtually undetectable by the IRS.
In addition, the phase-out range for the credit has increased from 20,264 in 1990, to a scheduled level of $28,524 in 1996 --for an increase of over 40% in just 6 years, which is more than twice the rate of inflation over the period. Because this growth is unprecedented during a period of high budget deficits, the outlays for this program's growth should be stopped, to allow true inflation to catch up. If later Congress' should decide to increase the size of the program, when budgets allow, then the inflation growth in this welfare program could be voted on at that time.
**ICT Revenue Estimate (in billions of dollars, in fiscal years)**
| | 1995 | 1996 | 1997 | 1998 | 1999 | 2000 | Total |
|------------------|------|------|------|------|------|------|-------|
| Freeze EITC at 1995 Level - | — | .093 | 1.874| 1.953| 2.038| 2.138| 8.097 |
| Freeze Phaseout Range on EITC ? | ? | ? | ? | ? | ? | ? | ???? |
4. **Increased Scrutiny for Wealth Tests:** As a result of the President's budget proposals and concerns from several Congressional offices, changes were passed as part of H.R. 831 to try to restrict the EITC to truly low-income working Americans. Under current law, many wealthier Americans can claim the EITC resulting in the unfair results of poorer Americans paying taxes to pay welfare benefits to those wealthier than they are. Substantial progress was made by denying the EITC to taxpayers with aggregate "disqualified income" exceeding $2,350. This income included: 1) interest and dividends, 2) tax-exempt interest income, and 3) net income from rents and royalties.
This proposal would go further in tightening this loophole by adding
net estate and trust income, net passive income from business assets and net capital gains (Schedule E income) to the wealth test. In addition, the current level of $2,350 equates to assets of about $40,000 based on a 6% simple annual realized return, which is much higher than asset/wealth tests for other welfare programs. For example, under the AFDC program, if a family has more than $1,000 in assets they lose their welfare benefits. A threshold of $1,000 would equate to a presumed value of underlying assets of about $16,700, which although generous, would be more appropriate than the current wealth test. If this wealth test is not substantially improved, the result will continue to be that taxpayers with significantly less wealth will be paying taxes into a system which will redistribute the income to those with greater wealth under this welfare program, resulting in more unfairness in the income tax system than otherwise would exist.
**ICT Revenue Estimate (in billions of dollars, in fiscal years)**
| | 1995 | 1996 | 1997 | 1998 | 1999 | 2000 | Total |
|----------------|------|------|------|------|------|------|-------|
| Add estate & trust income, net passive business income & net capital gains income | — | .005 | .107 | .114 | .122 | .136 | .484 |
| Reduce threshold to $1,000 | — | .019 | .385 | .400 | .427 | .464 | 1.696 |
5. **Fairness Requires Equal Income Tests:** Under the EITC, the credit is phased-out as the taxpayer receives more "earned income," or as the taxpayer's adjusted gross income (AGI) increases. The phase-out ranges for both tests are the same. In addition to earned income, AGI includes income from other sources, such as investments, alimony and unemployment. However, AGI does not include other sources of income that nevertheless provide financial support and economic income to families. In general, welfare programs like the EITC should not be paid to beneficiaries who are financially better off than other taxpayers who may be less well off. Particularly if those less well off are still paying income taxes to the Federal Government.
Under this proposal, the AGI test under the EITC would be expanded to include other forms offering substantial non-taxed, economic income to families. These other sources would be: 1) non-taxable social security income, 2) child support payments, 3) tax-exempt interest, and 4) non-taxable private pension distributions.
In addition, Treasury would be asked to undertake a study to determine if the current law tax treatment of child support payments is appropriate, or if alternatives should be considered to encourage payment of child support liabilities by parents of the child.
ICT Revenue Estimate (in billions of dollars, in fiscal years)
| | 1995 | 1996 | 1997 | 1998 | 1999 | 2000 | Total |
|----------------|------|------|------|------|------|------|-------|
| Modify AGI to include non-taxed Soc Sec income, child support payments, tax-exempt interest & non-taxed private pensions | -- | .102 | 2.037| 2.125| 2.205| 2.327| 8.797 |
6. **Deny or Delay the EITC Until the IRS has a Matching W-2:** This rule would preclude a taxpayer from getting any EITC unless the earnings are listed on a W-2 form, or for which self-employment tax has been paid, in the case of a self-employed taxpayer. If quarterly payroll taxes have been filed, or once W-2s have been filed by an employer, the IRS could refund the EITC.
ICT Revenue Estimate (in billions of dollars, in fiscal years)
| W-2 Match Requirement | 1995 | 1996 | 1997 | 1998 | 1999 | 2000 | Total |
|-----------------------|------|------|------|------|------|------|-------|
| | -- | ? | ? | ? | ? | ? | ??? |
NON-GERMANE ITEMS
1. **Moynihan Bill**
a. Deeming provisions relates to non-Finance programs such as food stamps.
b. Earned income tax credit and other tax offsets.
2. **Conrad "WAGE" Welfare Bill**
a. Child care block grant includes Labor Comm. programs.
b. Immigrants:
(1) Enforceability of affidavits of support.
(2) Deeming rules and uniform eligibility rules apply to non-Finance jurisdiction.
c. Food stamp and other nutrition reforms
d. Earned income tax credit (EITC)
3. **Moseley-Braun Welfare Bill**
a. Federal Reserve proposal
b. EITC
c. Various job, housing and student loan programs not in the Finance Committee’s jurisdiction.
4. **Moseley-Braun Federal Reserve**
a. Entire amendment is non-germane.
5. **Roth/Nickles**
a. Entire amendment on earned income tax credit is non-germane.
I would like to thank our chairman and my colleagues who have worked so hard on this issue. Today's mark is the culmination of a long process of rethinking social programs. Welfare was designed as a transitional program. Over the years, the system has transformed into a lifestyle of its own. The result? Millions of Americans trapped in a cycle of dependency. The bill before us this morning will bring common sense to welfare. This bill will restore the values of personal responsibility and self-sufficiency. That is what this debate is truly about.
We all agree on the need to provide assistance to truly needy children and families. No one disputes our responsibility to poor and disabled citizens. They need our compassion and our help. What we can no longer tolerate is the blatant gaming of the system. Generations of able-bodied families have stayed on the dole rather than work.
This abuse is an insult to hardworking Americans. We must close the loopholes that allow people to cheat the system and defraud taxpayers.
The disincentives to a sound family structure must also be changed. The current system rewards illegitimacy and discourages marriage. A entire class of children are growing up without parents, especially without fathers. If we expect to restore values, we must start by restoring the family structure. We should encourage marriage while we encourage work.
The Chairman's mark does just these things. It would end welfare dependency by requiring work and placing a time limit on benefits. The bill would end cash assistance payments to alcohol and drug addicts to continue their habits. The bill also would strengthen child support enforcement. Perhaps most importantly, the bill would eliminate Washington bureaucracy by sending cash assistance programs in block grants to the states to administer.
Misinformation and fear have been circulated about Republican efforts at welfare reform. Let's
be clear. This bill does not end programs. Nor does it drastically cut benefits to needy children. What it eliminates is cumbersome bureaucracy and needless regulation.
Block grants allow states to craft the solutions that best serve local needs. It has been proven time and again that Washington bureaucrats cannot understand unique local needs from thousands of miles away. Nor can Washington bureaucrats think creatively about incentives to change. The distance, both literally and figuratively, that separates Washington from our cities and towns prevents solutions from being tailored to our problems.
The welfare problems in South Dakota are unique -- in fact, they differ greatly from even our midwest neighbors. My state has three of the five poorest counties in the country. We have the lowest wages in the country. We also have the highest percentage of welfare recipients who are Native Americans. In some reservation areas, unemployment runs more than 80 percent. Long distances between towns and a lack of public
transportation are further barriers to gainful employment and quality child care. All of these factors create a situation that needs special attention. What is needed to end welfare dependency in Oglala, Fort Thompson, or Rapid City, South Dakota is not necessarily what is needed for Los Angeles or Mississippi. With this bill, we recognize that we are nation with many different peoples. As such, we need individualized solutions. This mark does not reflect these needs as yet, but I intend to work with the Chairman and impacted states to develop a consensus approach to this problem.
I am proud to be part of this effort today. We can change the system to help people become self-sufficient and productive members of society. This is the first step in the right direction. I look forward to working with my colleagues on both sides of the aisle to see that welfare reform becomes a reality.
MR. CHAIRMAN, I HAVE JOINED MY COLLEAGUES IN THE LAST YEAR IN THE HOPE THAT WE CAN ACCOMPLISH REAL WELFARE REFORM. I HAD FOUR CHIEF GOALS FOR WELFARE REFORM: TO PROVIDE FOR A SYSTEM THAT WILL MEET THE SHORT-TERM NEEDS OF LOW INCOME AMERICANS AS THEY PREPARE FOR INDEPENDENCE; TO PROVIDE FOR MUCH GREATER STATE FLEXIBILITY; TO REDUCE THE INCIDENCE OF OUT-OF-WEDLOCK BIRTHS BECAUSE OF THE DISASTROUS CONSEQUENCES ON THE CHILD, MOTHER AND SOCIETY AS A WHOLE; AND FINALLY, TO SAVE THE TAXPAYERS SOME OF THEIR HARD-EARNED MONEY.
THE MARK BEFORE US TODAY MOVES IN THE RIGHT DIRECTION ON SOME OF THESE GOALS; BUT UNFORTUNATELY, IT DOES NOT GO FAR ENOUGH. THE BILL BEFORE US PROVIDES FOR A BLOCK GRANT OF THE AFDC PROGRAM TO THE STATES SO THAT THEY CAN MEET THE NEEDS OF LOW-INCOME AMERICANS IN THE MOST COMMUNITY-ORIENTED, COST-EFFICIENT MANNER. THAT IS GOOD. IT WILL GIVE THE STATES SOME FLEXIBILITY IN DESIGNING THEIR PROGRAMS TO MEET THE NEEDS OF THEIR INDIVIDUAL CITIZENS.
IOWA HAS DEMONSTRATED THE GREAT BENEFIT OF A SYSTEM DESIGNED WITH ITS CITIZENS IN MIND. TWO YEARS AGO, THE IOWA STATE LEGISLATURE PASSED A BILL TO TOTALLY REVAMP OUR WELFARE SYSTEM. STATE LEADERS CAME TO US AT THE FEDERAL LEVEL FOR THE WAIVER NECESSARY TO IMPLEMENT THEIR IDEAS. THOUGH MODIFICATIONS HAD TO BE MADE TO SATISFY THE FEDERAL BUREAUCRACY, THE WAIVER WAS FINALLY APPROVED AND THE STATE BEGAN IMPLEMENTATION OF ITS PROGRAM IN OCTOBER OF 1993. IN THE LAST 18 MONTHS, THE NUMBER OF EMPLOYED AFDC RECIPIENTS HAS INCREASED FROM JUST 18% TO 34%.
THAT DRAMATIC INCREASE SHOWS THE INGENUITY OF THE IOWA STATE PLAN TO MOVE PEOPLE FROM WELFARE TO WORK AND THE IMPORTANCE OF PROVIDING MUCH GREATER FLEXIBILITY FOR STATE LEADERS. UNFORTUNATELY, THE BILL FALLS SHORT OF THE NEEDED AMOUNT OF FLEXIBILITY TO ALLOW STATES TO BE SUCCESSFUL IN THEIR EFFORTS. WHILE THE STATES GET A BLOCK GRANT TO TRY NEW IDEAS ON THE ONE HAND, THEY ARE LEFT WITH MASSIVE BURDENS ON THE OTHER.
THE DRAFT BEFORE US MANDATES THAT THE STATES MAINTAIN THE JOBS PROGRAM, A PROGRAM WITH NO SCIENTIFICALLY PROVEN BENEFIT TO RECIPIENTS. IF THE PROGRAM IS NOT PROVEN TO WORK, WHY ARE WE MANDATING THAT STATES MAINTAIN IT? WHY NOT SIMPLY REQUIRE STATES TO HAVE MORE PEOPLE WORKING NEXT YEAR THAN THIS YEAR AND ALLOW STATES TO DESIGN THEIR OWN PLAN WITH THE GOAL IN MIND?
WHY NOT SIMPLY ALLOW STATES TO KEEP A JOBS TYPE PROGRAM IF THAT IS THE APPROACH THEY BELIEVE WILL ACCOMPLISH THE GOAL OF MOVING PEOPLE FROM WELFARE TO WORK? IT SEEMS TO ME THAT WE ARE DRAMATICALLY TYING THE HANDS OF STATE LEGISLATURES BY MANDATING A SPECIFIC APPROACH FROM THE FEDERAL LEVEL TO REACH THE GOAL OF GETTING MORE PEOPLE TO WORK.
ANOTHER ISSUE OF CONCERN TO ME IS FOR THOSE STATES THAT ARE CURRENTLY UNDER WAIVER PROGRAMS. WHEN IOWA CAME TO THE FEDERAL GOVERNMENT FOR A WAIVER, THEY WERE REQUIRED TO HAVE A COST-NEUTRALITY CLAUSE IN THEIR CONTRACT AGREEMENT. IF THEY WANTED TO TRY NEW IDEAS, THEY HAD TO BEAR THE BURDEN OF ANY ADDITIONAL COSTS INCURRED BY THE FEDERAL GOVERNMENT. BEING SENSITIVE TO THE FEDERAL DEFICIT, I UNDERSTAND THE NEED FOR THAT AGREEMENT.
BUT MR. CHAIRMAN, WE ARE NOW DOING MAJOR WELFARE REFORM THAT CHANGES THE RULES OF THE GAME MIDSTREAM. THE STATES THAT HAVE BEEN DOING INNOVATIVE THINGS THROUGH WAIVER AGREEMENTS WITH THE FEDERAL GOVERNMENT ARE GOING TO PAY A HIGH PRICE. WHY SHOULD THE STATES PAY THE PRICE FOR OUR CHANGE OF HEART? WHILE WE SHOULD BE
REWARDING THEIR INGENUITY, WE ARE NOT. THE BILL ALLOWS STATES TO CANCEL THEIR WAIVER AGREEMENTS WITH THE FEDERAL GOVERNMENT, BUT IT DOES NOTHING TO ADDRESS THE UP-FRONT COSTS THAT STATES HAVE INVESTED IN THEIR WELFARE PROGRAMS.
IOWA'S PROGRAM HAD UPFRONT INVESTMENTS IN THE FIRST 2 OR 3 YEARS THAT THEY EXPECTED TO RECOVER IN THE 4TH OR 5TH YEAR. BY CHANGING THE RULES MIDSTREAM AND NOT PROVIDING FOR STATES TO BE HELD HARMLESS, THE SENATE BILL WILL COST IOWA MILLIONS OF DOLLARS.
ANOTHER CONCERN I HAVE IS THAT THE PORTION OF THE BILL WHICH RELATES TO CHILD SUPPORT ALTERS THE LONGSTANDING PARTNERSHIP BETWEEN THE STATE AND FEDERAL GOVERNMENT. IT DOES SO THROUGH NEW MANDATES WHICH DECREASE THE AMOUNT OF CHILD SUPPORT RECOVERIES WHICH ARE USED TO OFFSET THE COSTS INCURRED IN THE CASH ASSISTANCE PROGRAM.
IT FURTHER DOES SO BY ALTERING THE AMOUNT OF SUPPORT TO BE ASSIGNED WHEN A FAMILY BEGINS RECEIVING ASSISTANCE AND THE AMOUNT AND ORDER OF DISTRIBUTION OF COLLECTIONS. THE PROPOSED CHANGES WOULD ALSO DECREASE THE FUNDING FLEXIBILITY NEEDED BY THE STATES TO DEVELOP INNOVATIVE APPROACHES TO COMBINING RESOURCES AND EFFORTS IN SEVERAL PROGRAM AREAS TO HELP MOVE FAMILIES TOWARD SELF-SUFFICIENCY.
THE FUNDING CHANGE PROPOSED INCLUDES A MAINTENANCE OF EFFORT REQUIREMENT OF STATE INVOLVEMENT IN THE PROGRAM WHICH COULD, IF ALL STATES OBTAIN THE MAXIMUM ALLOWED FEDERAL FUNDING RATE, RESULT IN A HUGE INCREASE IN THE FEDERAL COST OF THE PROGRAM. WE ALSO NEED TO CAREFULLY EXAMINE THE DEADLINES GIVEN TO STATES ON THE POLICY CHANGES BEING PROPOSED IN A MANNER THAT RECOGNIZES SOFTWARE DEVELOPMENT REQUIREMENTS AND STATE LEGISLATIVE SESSIONS.
THESE ARE THREE EXAMPLES OF WAYS THAT THIS BILL WILL TIE THE HANDS OF GOVERNORS AND STATE LEADERS.
ANOTHER CONCERN I HAVE WITH THE BILL IS ITS APPROACH TO THE OUT-OF-WEDLOCK BIRTH PROBLEM IN OUR NATION. SENATOR MOYNIHAN HAS SPOKEN ELOQUENTLY OVER THE YEARS OF HIS CONCERN FOR THIS PROBLEM. THE HOUSE BILL ESTABLISHED A CLEAR GOAL THAT STATES HAD TO ADDRESS THE PROBLEM OF ILLEGITIMACY. IN MY JUDGMENT, HOWEVER, THE HOUSE BILL WENT TOO FAR IN TERMS OF TELLING THE STATES HOW THEY HAD TO ACCOMPLISH THE GOAL. UNFORTUNATELY, I DON'T THINK THAT WHERE THE BILL GOES FAR ENOUGH, THE PROBLEM OF ILLEGITIMACY IS WELL-DOCUMENTED, I WON'T TAKE TIME TODAY TO REVIEW THE RESEARCH ON THIS POINT. I DON'T KNOW ALL OF THE ANSWERS. I'M NOT SURE ANYONE DOES.
UNFORTUNATELY, WHILE THE HOUSE BILL IS TOO PRESCRIPTIVE, THE COMMITTEE BILL DOESN'T EVEN MAKE A CLEAR REQUIREMENT THAT STATES HAVE TO ADDRESS THE ISSUE. THE COMMITTEE BILL SAYS THE STATES HAVE TO HAVE A WRITTEN DOCUMENT OF HOW THEY WILL ADDRESS THE ISSUE. BUT THE COMMITTEE BILL DOES NOT MAKE THIS ONE OF THE ISSUES THAT HAS TO BE CERTIFIED BY THE CHIEF EXECUTIVE OF THE STATE LIKE WITH THE OTHER MAJOR ISSUES OF CONCERN IN THIS BILL.
STATES SHOULD NOT BE TOLD HOW TO ADDRESS THE ILLEGITIMACY PROBLEM, BUT THEY SHOULD BE TOLD THAT THEY MUST ADDRESS IT. TO IGNORE THE ISSUE OF ILLEGITIMACY AND THINK WE WILL REFORM WELFARE IS LIKE EXPECTING A BUMPER CROP WHEN YOU DIDN'T EVEN PLANT THE FIELDS.
ON THE LAST GOAL I HAD TO SAVE THE TAXPAYERS SOME OF THEIR HARD-EARNED MONEY, THE BILL MOVES IN THE RIGHT DIRECTION. FRANKLY, THIS IS NOT A GOAL OF GOOD WELFARE REFORM, BUT A RESULT.
IF WE TAKES STEPS TO MOVE PEOPLE FROM WELFARE TO WORK, GIVE GREATER FLEXIBILITY TO THE STATES, AND REDUCE ILLEGITIMACY, WE WILL - IN THE LONG RUN, SAVE THE TAXPAYERS MONEY. THIS WOULD BE A POSITIVE RESULT.
I HOPE AS WE MOVE THROUGH THIS MARKUP THAT WE CAN ADDRESS SOME OF THE CONCERNS I HAVE RAISED.
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The Elder Scrolls/BBFRPG Play Report #19
Dominion: Dragonrift, Tirdas 2 nd to Turdas 11 th of Sun’s
Height, 4E 206
Date: 012414, 4 hours.
Players:
Brian: Jo’Rak , Khajiit Moonpath Walker
Amanda: Filbyn, Wood Elf Scout/sneak
Tina: Riala, Breton Mage
Logan: Yngvar, Nord Warrior (former Stormcloak Rebel)
Tony: Talan, Redguard Warrior/leader
George: Cocius Mantedius, Imperial Legionnaire
Reid: Kalarus, Dunmer Illusionist and Enchanter
Having survived the party held in their honor the group spent their next few days planning what they would do next.
On Tirdas the 2 nd of Sun's Height they met with First Adjunct Inwold of The Synod. They did not like his lack of details so turned down his quest to retrieve a magickal staff.
After that, they talked with Joslin who was able to locate some clues to the whereabouts of a greater welkynd stone. It was once owned by one Lorkmir. His tower was said to be located north of Markarth in Skyrim. A local scholar, the high elf Calcemo might be a good source of information on the area. He resides in Understone Keep in Markarth. Calcemo was an authority of all things dwemer and in fact, was the author of at least one book on the subject the party currently possessed.
There was much planning of supplies and routes. It was decided the group would head east then north to deal with the dragon at the Talverus Vineyards. Their overall travel will take them east of Skingraad then north around the Red Ring Road and the Imperial City, then north to Bruma. From there they will make a stop at the ruins of Cloud Ruler Temple to rescue some Blades agents. Bjarik and Brahnlor will accompany the group. Bjarik to avenge his fellow Blades and Brahnlor to rescue needed assets and to eventually induct Talan and Cocius into the blades.
Beyond that there was talk of stopping at High Hrothgar at the top of Tamriel's tallest mountain, The Throat of the World. There some of them wished to seek the knowledge of the fabled Greybeards. Once in Skyrim the group will need to decide to head to Whiterun or Falkreath and then on to Markarth. Yngvar and Jo'Rak may have some history in Markarth. What that may be is certainly trouble but of what kind is unknown. They did mention that the area north of Markarth was inhabited by a people known as the Forsworn. Beyond that they were savages and had some kind of shaman leaders called Hagravens little was known or shared. There was a side conversation about Hagravens ripping out the hearts of Forsworn chieftains and replacing it with something called a briarheart. Why and for what purpose was not known.
By the evening of Middas the 3 rd Kalarus finished his first enchantment for Cocius which he started as soon as the party got back from defeating the vampires. The next day he immediately got back to work on his next project, something special for Jo'Rak.
By Loredas the 6 th Kalarus took a little break and joined the rest as they visited the Starblood Forge. The smoke above the forge had turned blue and that was their signal to accept the previous invitation from Master Smith Ingred Starblood. She promised them all a Starblood forged weapon and had one already crafted which she gave to Cocius. The party accepted graciously though the Redguard fumbled his manners but eventually recovered. Foreigners!
"You see those warriors from Hammerfell? They've got curved swords. Curved. Swords." – Kvatch guard
On the evening of Middas the 10 th Kalarus finished his second enchanting and Jo'Rak was much pleased.
On Turdas the 11 th the party left Kvatch, Kalarus in disguise and his shield of Kvatch hidden away. The group said farewell to Brahnlor and Bjarik a few hours down the road as they continued on to Skingraad while the rest headed north to the Talverus Vineyards.
All was quiet as the party rode their horses up the road along the rows of grapes. They had made remarkable time and were a full day ahead of schedule even though they had not traveled any faster. They had the chance along the way to talk to some local farmers about the dragon attacks. They learned that the dragon was either brown or bronze in color and spouted frost.
It was then that the dragon came flying low over the forested hills and down over the vineyard. It laid a line of frost down the road hitting much of the party. Serious injury to the party would have occurred if not for the runes (created by Kalarus) that many of them wore and had triggered to heal if injured.
A great battle ensued and the dragon was slain. It's death cry was answered by ANOTHER one and the heroes had only a short time to prepare. As the second dragon attacked, Kalarus summoned nearly a dozen daedra to fight the dragon. Unfortunately this may have caused a tear in the thin veil
in this area between Nirn and Oblivion. A dimensional rip appeared and the second dragon was caught in it. The group continued to attack the dragon to kill it and close the rift. Cocius lost his horse to the expanding rift but Yngvar saved him. They could see clanfear and dremora on the other side taking an interest in the rift.
Talan called to Cocius who tossed him the Starblood steel sword. Talan combined his will, his spirit sword and the Starblood steel to close the rift. The rift did not close without protest. The blast blew out windows and lifted shingles off the nearby building and damaged fences and grape vines in a larger area all around.
We left our heroes standing in the aftermath. Their plan is to head to Skingraad with all due haste.
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A WORD FROM TOPSIDE
Tim Blanton
I was hoping to write about some of the significant accomplishments that the Navy weight handling program has achieved over the past year. I was all set to write about our combined actions resulting in FY21 being the safest year on record for overall accident severity after achieving an historic low significant accident rate of 16 percent and no OPNAV Class B mishaps in several years. I also intended to write about the new record time to procure a complex portal crane, besting the previous record by five months due to the combined efforts of Portsmouth Naval Shipyard and the Navy Crane Center. Unfortunately, weight handling has a way of reminding us that gravity never sleeps, as my predecessor would often say. Despite the outstanding achievements noted above for the Navy’s Weight Handling Program in FY21, earlier this month, an assist tradesman lost part of his a finger during a rigging evolution. Yes, that resulted in an OPNAV Class B mishap but I don’t really care about a number or a classification. I care about our program sending a worker home to his family and friends, permanently scarred. I feel bad that collectively, we, the weight handling professionals of the Navy, let this individual down. I must continue to stress the importance of keeping personnel from under loads or from putting themselves in pinch points. Please stress to your personnel the importance of watch team back-up and keeping all personnel from under suspended loads or in pinch points.
Declining Trend in Contractor Crane Operations – As I indicated above, I had hoped to focus on the many positives over the past year. But again, unfortunately, a negative trend has been identified that I need your help in reversing. Over the past few months, there has been a rash of serious contractor crane accidents. By now, you should have seen weight handling program brief (WHPB) 21-37 (also attached in this Crane Corner) that we issued to inform personnel of the problem.
Since October 2021, nine significant contractor crane accidents have been reported, many of them severe. The negative trend started when improper operations resulted in a dropped load with corresponding damage to a concrete pile and the crane’s boom. In November, three significant accidents were reported, including an overloaded mobile crane, another mobile crane that nearly overturned, and a dropped steel beam, which resulted in significant damage to a building under construction. In December, two significant accidents were reported, a serious injury to a contractor employee (who was in a pinch point), and damage to a mobile crane due to two-blocking, which had the potential to be much worse. In early January, two additional mobile crane two-blocking accidents were reported, followed by a second injury.
The above trend in itself is overly concerning but even more so when you look at contractor crane near miss reporting, which declined over the same timeframe. None of the contractors who reported these accidents reported any near misses, which could have potentially prevented the significant accidents from occurring. Our Navy weight handling program has proven out that stopping, documenting, and taking corrective action on near miss and lower threshold accidents reduces the potential of higher level events, such as significant accidents, from occurring. Based on this negative contractor weight handling performance trend, Navy Crane Center recently issued a Safety Advisory message (P 111659Z JAN 22), which is also included in this Crane Corner. The Safety Advisory requires contracting officers (or their designated contractor crane oversight personnel) to (1) brief contractors who are performing crane operations on WHPB 21-37, and (2) temporarily increase oversight of contractor crane operations to at least weekly for each contractor through 25 February 2022. Our evaluation teams will also be verifying compliance with this directive during upcoming weight handling program evaluations.
In closing, thank you all for your efforts in making FY21 one of the most successful Navy weight handling program years on record. We have a great team of weight handling program professionals. I also ask that you help me in turning around this woeful start to FY22, particularly with regard to contractor crane operations. I have challenged you many times in the past and you have always responded positively and reversed prior negative trends. We need to quickly reverse this one before an even more serious event occurs.
**TIP OF THE SPEAR**
**FIRST QUARTER FY22 EVALUATION SUMMARY**
As conditions related to the COVID-19 pandemic gradually improved in the second half of 2021 and more areas became “green”, on-site evaluations resumed in CONUS. 27 weight handling programs were given full evaluations in the first quarter.
In areas that were still “red”, especially at activities overseas, reviews were performed remotely. Reviews were limited to a review of activity-provided program management information, effectiveness of corrective actions taken since the previous evaluation, and discussions with activity supervision and management. Since the reviews did not cover all areas of an activity’s weight handling program, the overall grade of satisfactory could not be provided. 29 activity programs were reviewed remotely.
For the activities given full evaluations, one program was unsatisfactory and five were marginally satisfactory for a 96% satisfactory rate.
One non-Navy program was evaluated.
**SATISFACTORY CRANES**
27 of 31 cranes were satisfactory (87%)
**Reasons for Unsatisfactory Cranes**
- Broken conductor bar mounting clamp.
- Unauthorized crane alteration.
- Hoist mechanical load brake not tested.
- Neither bridge brake disassembled for inspection since 2009.
**EVALUATION ITEMS**
Significant Items: Effective monitor programs result in better recognition of unsafe crane and rigging operations, which in turn result in better recognition of lower threshold accidents (avoidable contact with no damage) and near misses, thus helping to prevent serious accidents. In addition, the monitor program better enables development of a value-added self-assessment. Most of the activities evaluated had established monitor programs, although some activities still lacked a monitor program, which has been a requirement since 2016. However, numerous activities saw a decline in monitor program performance from the previous NAVCRANECEN evaluation to a point where the program had become ineffective. This key program area will continue to be a focus of NAVCRANECEN evaluations.
Issues with the self-assessment were noted in 25 of the evaluations/reviews. A self-critical self-assessment, backed up by documented metrics, is a sign of a forward-looking mature weight handling program.
A lack (or very low number) of reported lower order crane or rigging accidents and near misses was indicative of failure to recognize these events, particularly at activities with higher operational tempos. Identification and reporting of such events has been shown to minimize the potential for significant accidents. Evaluations/reviews of 16 weight handling programs identified this condition.
As evaluation teams increased on-site evaluations, observations of unsafe crane and rigging resumed. Unsafe operations were observed at 12 activities.
**Common Review Items (five or more items):**
- Lack of monitor program or established program that needs improvement or does not cover all program elements – 40 items.
- Weakness in (or non-existent) activity self-assessments, self-assessments not acted upon, not internally focused, not developed utilizing documented monitor or metrics data – 25 items.
- Lack of (or low number of) lower order crane or rigging accident reports and near miss reports – 16 items.
- Various unsafe crane and rigging operations observed by the evaluation team (side loading, unattended load, standing/walking beneath the load, operating without signals, poor signaling, pinch points, slings bunched in hooks, load not balanced, no synthetic sling protection, brakes not checked at start of lift, side loading of shackles, trackwalker out of position, swivel hoist rings not torqued, trolley racked to one side, etc.) – 12 items.
- Lack of, ineffective, or insufficient crane replacement/modernization plan – 10 items.
- Inspection and certification documentation errors – 10 items.
- Training issues, including contractor personnel (training not taken, training weak or not effective, refresher training not taken or not taken within three months of license renewal, lack of inspector training, instructor not authorized by NCC, locally required training not taken, training course score less than 80 percent, non-Navy eLearning (NEL) certificates) – 8 items.
- ODCLs/OMCLs and simulated lifts performed incorrectly or nor performed – 7 items.
- Unrecognized/unreported accident, near miss, or unplanned occurrence (including damaged gear not investigated for cause) – 7 items.
- Damaged/deficient equipment found in walkthrough or crane inspections – 7 items.
- Lack of leading metrics/metrics not being properly analyzed – 6 items.
- Operators/riggers/inspectors/test directors/supervisors lacked essential knowledge (recognizing crane accidents, complex lifts, knowing the weight of the load, how to connect special equipment, etc.) – 6 items.
- Lack of leading metrics/metrics not being properly analyzed – 6 items.
- Local WH instruction/SOPs non-existent or inadequate – 5 items.
- Operator license/file discrepancies (no objective quality evidence (OQE) of performance exam, examiner not licensed, no OQE of safety course, no OQE of operation to waive performance test, course not signed by examiner, course improperly graded, corrective lenses not noted, course not graded, licensed for more than 2 years, license not in possession of operator, operating with expired license/training, operating with no license) – 5 items.
- Deficient or worn rigging gear (including noncompliant gear) – 5 items.
- Crane test/load test issues (crane not load tested at quadrennial inspection, load test not performed after replacement of load bearing part, test instructions not clear or complete, damaged test weights, lift attachments not marked for multiple/stacked weights, test radius incorrect, inefficient test weights, incorrect test load, LMI not re-verified after bypassing, insufficient test personnel, excessive load testing, weighing equipment for test weights not traceable to NIST, not all LB/LC/OSD components tested, no restraint used for single eye-to-eye wire rope sling, operator’s license was not verified by load test director) – 5 items.
SUMMARY OF WEIGHT HANDLING EQUIPMENT ACCIDENTS THIRD QUARTER FY21
The purpose of this message is to disseminate and share lessons learned from select shore activity weight handling accidents, near misses, and other unplanned occurrences so that similar events can be avoided and overall safety and efficiency of operations can be improved.
For the third quarter FY21, 61 Navy weight handling accidents (52 crane and 9 rigging) were reported, as compared to 56 in the second quarter. Significant rigging accidents decreased from 4 to 2 in the third quarter, with one being an OPNAV class ‘C’ reportable injury.
Significant crane accidents were unchanged at 7, and none were OPNAV class ‘C’ reportable accidents. As discussed in paragraph 8, near miss reporting in the third quarter remained consistent with second quarter totals. In addition, 3 significant contractor crane accidents were reported, 1 less than what was reported in the second quarter. These accidents included a pinch point injury (broken leg), a collision resulting in substantial property damage, and a dropped load. Weight handling contractor oversight personnel reported 6 contractor crane near misses, a decrease from the 17 reported in the second quarter.
INJURIES
Two accidents with injuries were reported, one crane accident and one rigging accident. A rigger’s hand was injured when an auxiliary saltwater pump component shifted in the rigging and caught the rigger’s hand between the pump and the ship’s foundation. The individual experienced lost workdays during recovery and returned to work on limited duty. An electrician’s hand was injured when caught between the ground and a shore power cable being lowered by the crane.
Lessons Learned: Investigation of both events identified that management and supervision did not ensure that personnel clearly understood their positions and roles within the active operating envelope, and rigging personnel did not establish adequate communications or maintain visibility of the load. In the event involving the saltwater pump, inadequate rigging support was a contributing factor. Multiple rigger turnovers occurred among the crew of riggers until the fourth assigned rigger made the determination to continue without a second rigger on-site. The rigger was unfamiliar with the rigging configuration and made incorrect adjustments to the load resulting in the load shifting. In the event involving the shore power cable, the ship-to-shore electrician was inexperienced and lacked training on assisting with overhead lifting operations. The crane team did not witness the injury and reporting of the injury occurred five days after the event. Navy Crane Center issued weight handling program brief (WHPB) 21-16, Pinch Points and Hand Injuries, to increase awareness of pinch points and mitigate potential hand injuries.
DROPPED LOADS
Three dropped load accidents were reported (two crane and one rigging). Paragraph 4 describes the dropped saltwater pump component. During acceptance testing of a new category 3 crane, the wire rope parted at the hook causing the test weights to drop approximately six inches to the floor. While conducting a stability check of a pallet of ship stores, the load (wrapped food) toppled over.
Lessons Learned: With regard to the parted wire rope, an inadequate acceptance inspection of a newly installed hoist and misunderstanding of the original equipment manufacturer (OEM) specifications for testing overloaded and subsequently parted the wire rope. Investigation identified that the hoist was tested at 179 percent of the safe working load. Additionally, the hook capacity was overlooked during planning of the acceptance test and records review, and the wire rope did not meet the design factor required by ASME B30.16 nor was the crane capacity properly down-rated. The activity is working with Navy Crane Center’s In-Service Engineering Division on redesign as required. In the accident involving the loaded pallet, the rigger recognized that the pallet bar was not properly seated and rather than lowering and resetting the load, attempted to reseat the pallet bar by manually manipulating (kicking) the pallet bar while the load was suspended.
OVERLOADS
Five overload accidents were reported, four crane and one rigging. Paragraph 5 describes the overload during acceptance testing of a category 3 crane. During crane troubleshooting, a crane’s 4,000-pound capacity was overloaded by 32 pounds. The maximum radius was exceeded during mobile crane load testing, resulting in an overload. The whip hoist of a portal crane and the associated rigging gear attached to the hoist were overloaded during a lift of a lifting fixture. During rigging work to install a propulsion motor, a section of wire rope lashing suspending the motor was overloaded.
Lessons Learned: The overload during troubleshooting occurred as a result of not factoring the weight of all the rigging gear used into the weight of the load. In the mobile crane overload, a low spot in the test area and excessive play in the outrigger (due to poor wear pad condition) resulted in the left rear outrigger rising approximately one inch off the ground, and the test weight moving approximately six inches beyond the pre-measured radius mark.
Two conflicting weights were provided for the fixture being lifted by the portal crane, and a load indicating device and predetermined stopping point were not utilized. The lead rigger or supervisor did not verify the size and working load limit of the rigging gear for the propulsion motor during pre-staging of rigging gear. Additionally, at the time the overload occurred, the load had been suspended from the staged rigging by an unknown person. Navy Crane Center issued WHPB 21-12, Preventing Overloads, to reinforce the importance of understanding the weight of the load and the forces applied to the rigging configuration.
TWO-BLOCK
One two-block accident was reported. The auxiliary hoist block on a mobile crane was two-blocked when the operator-in-training engaged the wrong control lever.
Lessons Learned: The operator was not familiar with the functions of the crane and inadvertently engaged the auxiliary hoist in the up direction, without direction. When recognized by the rigger-in-charge, an all stop was called but it was too late to prevent damage to the auxiliary hoist wire rope and sheaves. The operator had not received performance training with a licensed operator prior to performing operational lifts.
NEAR MISSES
Activities reported 99 near misses (86 crane and 13 rigging) in the third quarter. Reporting was comparable to the 107 near misses reported in the second quarter. The level of near miss reporting is indicative of the level of oversight, a major contributor in reducing the occurrence of significant accidents. Navy Crane Center continued to recognize activities who reported lessons learned via the near miss reporting process, i.e., those where personal intervention prevented accidents, by issuing WHPBs 21-14 and 21-17.
Weight handling program managers, supervisors, and safety officials should review the above lessons learned with personnel performing weight handling operations and share lessons learned from other activities with personnel at your activity. In most reports, inadequate pre-job planning, inadequate pre-lift briefings, and a lack of supervisory oversight were identified as contributing factors. Your assistance is needed to provide management and supervisory oversight and to identify issues at the lowest possible level to achieve the goal of zero significant accidents. I encourage you to also challenge other weight handling professionals to continue, and all others to join, in their efforts on educating the workforce to self-report deficiencies via the monitor program. This will increase the opportunities to share lessons learned throughout individual activities as well as with the Navy’s weight handling community. Please continue with your vigilant oversight of weight handling operations and stress the importance of situational awareness and utilizing thorough and interactive pre-job briefs.
WEIGHT HANDLING PROGRAM BRIEFS
Weight Handling Program Briefs (WHPBs) are provided for communication to weight handling personnel. The following briefs were issued during the past quarter.
The briefs are not command-specific and can be used by your activity to increase awareness of potential issues or weaknesses that could result in problems for your weight handling program. They can be provided directly to personnel, posted in appropriate areas at your command as a reminder to those performing weight handling tasks, or used as supplemental information for supervisory use during routine discussions with their employees. When Navy Shore Weight Handling Program Briefs are issued, they are also posted in the Accident Prevention Info tab on the Navy Crane Center’s web site at http://www.navfac.navy.mil/ncc.
Navy Crane Center point of contact for requests to be added to future WHPB distribution is nfsh ncc crane firstname.lastname@example.org.
Weight Handling Program
Title: DANGER OF WORKING UNDER THE LOAD OR IN THE FALL ZONE
Target Audience: All Weight Handling Personnel
In FY21, four personal injuries, including two significant OPNAV reportable injuries, occurred as a result of personnel working under suspended loads or within the fall zone. There have been 15 dropped load and one reported shifting load accidents reported in FY21, including the four that resulted in injury. The weight handling community has also submitted 22 near miss reports identifying personnel working under a load or within a fall zone. **Supervision, management, and oversight personnel must remain vigilant and reinforce to their personnel to stand clear of the fall zone.**
- Recognize the knowledge of the personnel in the operating envelope. Often personnel within an operating envelope, such as, assist trades, maintenance personnel, or an inexperienced rigging apprentice may not understand the hazards associated with the potential for unexpected movements of the load. ALL involved personnel should be thoroughly briefed on the operation, to include, discussion of hazardous areas within the operating envelope, expected movement of the load, and the fall zone.
- ALL personnel should remain vigilant at all times ensuring they remain in a safe location and all actions performed (e.g., load movement, fastener removal, equipment adjustments) are well communicated to the entire team.
**Provide forceful team backup.**
If you see someone in a questionable location – **Say something!**
- There are times when it may be necessary for personnel to reach under a static load for a short duration to install or remove coverings, make connections, position supports, etc. NAVFAC P-307, paragraph 10.8 contains specific requirements.
- It is just as important to remain vigilant of the work area below a crane during maintenance. Dropped material or unexpected lowering of components due to sudden unexpected release of hydraulic stored energy can have occurred. Ensure the area beneath any crane maintenance work has a hazard boundary marked off and access restricted to only authorized personnel.
- During upcoming evaluations, our teams will be focusing on under load violations. If multiple violations are identified, activities will receive significant items and in some cases, evaluated as less than satisfactory.
9 September 2021
Navy Crane Center
WHPB-21-30
Weight Handling Program
Title: Near Miss Lessons Learned – September 2021
Target Audience: Crane Operations, Rigging, and WHP Oversight Personnel
NCC commends activities for their efforts and continues to stress the importance of oversight and the identification and reporting of events which can be used as lessons learned to improve weight handling performance. Well done to the following activities that identified and reported these near misses, where intervention prevented potential accidents:
**TRIDENT REFIT FACILITY BANGOR** – The rigger-in-charge (RIC) called ALL STOP when an under instruction (UI) signalperson continued providing signals after the qualified signalperson indicated that they had no visibility of the load or signals being provided, some of which had potential to result in personnel injury. Events such as these have recently resulted in damage to the load or crane. WHPB 21-08, Increase in Events during Under Instruction Operations, issued March 18, 2021, provides additional information on maintaining direct observation of trainees (UI personnel).
**NAVFAC MIDLANT (PWD HR AOR)** – A manager stopped the crane team from lifting a dredging machine with hoses attached which would create an interference with a guardrail in the vicinity of the operating envelope and load travel zone. Before making a lift, the load should be inspected for unsecured items, and other accessories that could become detached or create interference during the lift. **Do not create unnecessary risk** by leaving an easily removable attachment installed.
**SOUTHWEST RMC** – A supervisor conducting oversight stopped operation prior to a lift and had multiple trip hazards in the travel path removed from the shop floor. Situations such as these have recently resulted in personnel falling or tripping inside shops and on piers due to excessive clutter or obstructions placed within the operating enveloped. See also, WHPB 21-28, Crane Operating Envelope Control.
Both FRC SOUTHWEST and NAVFAC FAR EAST (PWD Yokosuka) recently reported issues with personnel under the load. The need for understanding the hazard of working under the load or within a fall zone and the importance of providing forceful team backup for all persons within and around the operating envelope is vital to the safety of operations. WHPB 21-30, DANGER of Working Under the Load, issued on September 9, 2021 provides additional briefing material on this topic.
23 September 2021
Navy Crane Center
WHPB 21-31
During recent weeks, multiple near misses have been submitted which help prevent accidents. NCC continues to stress the importance of reporting near misses which can be used for lessons learned at all activities.
**TRF KINGS BAY, GA**: A General Foreman stopped maintenance operations, when hazardous energy controls were not properly maintained by all personnel on the crane. There were five personnel boarding the crane; however, only one hazardous energy control lock was installed on the crane and a group lock box was not utilized. *It is the responsibility of each individual to maintain control of hazardous energy during servicing and maintenance on equipment in accordance with OPNAVINST 5100.23 and your activity’s local instruction.*
**PHNSY, NAVFAC EURAFCENT (PWD ROTA), and NNSY** each stopped operations prior to lifting and reported issues with all fasteners not being removed from the load following an all clear given by assist personnel. It is important to remember while trade mechanics, electricians, and ship’s force personnel may be required to assist in lifting operations, we as the Navy’s weight handling professionals, are responsible to ensure the safety of all lifting operations. Kudos to the riggers and rigger-in-charge who through a thorough inspection of the load identified these deficiencies prior to lifting.
**Contractor Crane Near Miss Lessons Learned**
**NAVFAC MIDLANT** – Government personnel performing a P-1 check-in inspection of a contractor’s mobile crane identified the hoist wire rope routed over the sheave pin and not seated in the top sheave of the boom tip. Additionally, the wire rope retaining pin for the sheave assembly was missing.
**NAVFAC FAR EAST (PWD Yokosuka)** – Government personnel conducting oversight of contractor operations identified that the operator of a backhoe did not switch the backhoe controls from “excavation mode to crane mode”, in preparation for a lift. This error would have prevented the lift safety devices from functioning.
---
Navy Crane Center has recently received multiple reports of crane component failures attributable to environmental degradation that was not identified due to inadequate inspection. In most instances these failures could have been prevented by routine inspections.
**UNDERSTANDING EQUIPMENT ENVIRONMENT IS IMPORTANT**
Operating environment can have a detrimental effect on equipment and shorten the lifespan. These environments include:
- Marine
- Outdoor (UV degradation)
- Over or near chemical tanks
- Extreme hot or cold
Thorough inspections of equipment are conducted to maintain equipment condition as outlined in NAVFAC P-307. Additional or more frequent inspections based upon activity experience or original equipment manufacturer recommendations may be required. Operating environment should be considered when determining the need for additional or more frequent inspections.
Inspections and component replacement may need to be increased to account for these effects.
**Recent Issues:**
**FAILURE:** Chain was submerged in a marine environment and chain-link failed during use.
**IMPROVEMENT:** Conduct more frequent inspection of equipment in marine environment.
**FAILURE:** Chain was used over a chemical dip tank and chain-link failed during use.
**IMPROVEMENT:** Conduct more frequent inspection of equipment in corrosive environment.
**FAILURE:** Tread of a bridge drive wheel on an underrunning crane fell off the crane in an outdoor environment due to UV degradation. (not pictured)
**IMPROVEMENT:** Conduct more frequent inspection of equipment in outdoor environment.
**FAILURE:** While traveling a bridge under a piece of the polyurethane drive wheel fell off. Crane was located near paint operations. (not pictured)
**IMPROVEMENT:** Conduct more frequent inspection of equipment in corrosive environment.
Weight Handling Program
Title: Near Miss Lessons Learned – November 2021
Target Audience: Crane Operations, Rigging, and WHP Oversight Personnel
During recent weeks, multiple near misses have been submitted which help prevent accidents. NCC commends activities for their efforts and continues to stress the importance of oversight and the identification and reporting of events which can be used as lessons learned to improve weight handling performance. Well done to the following activities that identified and reported these near misses, where intervention prevented potential accidents:
- **Puget Sound Naval Shipyard** and **Pearl Harbor Naval Shipyard** – In both events an ALL STOP was called by the rigger-in-charge (RIC), averting both collision and injury, when an operator-in-training (OIT) engaged the wrong function. OITs should operate only under the direct observation and continuous supervision of a licensed operator mentor (LOM). It is critically important that the LOM ensure that the OIT is familiar with the crane’s controls.
- **Southwest Regional Maintenance Center** – An ALL STOP was called by the Weight Handling Program Manager prior to lifting when he noted the below-the-hook lifting assembly (strong back) was improperly sized for the load. Prior to lifting, a full inspection of the rigging assembly and load must be conducted by the RIC. Where procedures are unclear or unavailable, the activity engineering organization shall be contacted for evaluation and guidance.
- **NAVFAC Mid Atlantic (Hampton Roads)** – A crane operator stopped operations when a crane team member was positioned in a pinch point. The primary responsibility of the operator is the safe operation of the crane. Operators must follow the direction of the RIC or signal person; however, they must refuse to operate the crane when there are concerns about the safety of the operation.
**Contractor Crane Near Miss Lessons Learned**
- **NAVFAC Mid Atlantic (Hampton Roads)** – Contractor oversight personnel stopped the lifting of a load when the contractor riggers were installing non-structural black iron pipes to support the load for lifting. There was no approved lifting plan and the type, specifications, and construction of the pipes were unknown.
23 November 2021
Navy Crane Center
WHPB 21-34
Weight Handling Program
Title: Building Crane Operating Envelope Intrusions
Target Audience: Weight Handling Program and Crane Inspection Personnel
In the past six months, Navy Crane Center has received several reports of crane collisions in buildings where facility maintenance had taken place. The collisions were determined to be the result of contractors introducing intrusions into the operating envelope of the crane. Navy activities should verify that there is a process in place to alert weight handling management of any facility maintenance that could result in crane clearance intrusions so that facility and weight handling managers can ensure adequate controls are in place to prevent potential crane collisions.
**Recent Accidents:**
- A monorail crane control box made contact with a newly installed structure.
- A bridge crane collector shoe made contact with bailing wire left by contractors working in the area.
- A bridge crane handrail collided with an overhead fire main pipe protruding into the crane operating envelope.
- A crane hot rail collector shoe wire caught on a bolt.
- A bridge rail contacted newly installed electrical conduit.
**Suggested Actions:**
- During facility maintenance, management should consider potential options, such as full isolation of the crane until facility work is complete or installation of temporary rail stops (with a locally approved crane alteration request, per NAVFAC P-307, paragraph 6.3) to isolate the crane from the area of potential crane clearance intrusions. Note: It would be prudent to also consider the use of local equipment tagging procedures (NAVFAC P-307 paragraph 2.8.2) to identify conditions that may adversely affect safe operation.
- Upon completion of facility work and prior to releasing any crane operating envelope controls, proper crane clearance should be verified throughout the full distance of the bridge runway and trolley rails.
- During clearance checks, check wheel float, and all trolley positions and configurations.
- Check for items that have the potential to loosen and become future crane clearance intrusions.
7 December 2021
Navy Crane Center
WHPB 21-35
Weight Handling Program
Title: Near Miss Lessons Learned (Crane Maintenance) – December 2021
Target Audience: Crane Maintenance, Inspection, and Engineering Personnel
Increased reports have been received recently of near misses occurring during maintenance evolutions or inspections. Each report captures important lessons learned that, if applied properly, will help mitigate potential crane accidents and improve crane reliability. NCC commends these activities for their efforts and continues to stress the importance of oversight and the identification and reporting of maintenance related events. Well done to the following activities that identified and reported these near misses, where intervention prevented potential accidents:
• **PHNSY & IMF**– Two events involved the inclusion and use of cautionary statements within the work document.
– While securing a portal crane boom for maintenance, ALL STOP was called when a mechanic identified the flexible links were taking the load unevenly creating the potential for overload. This uneven loading condition had been reported previously; however, amplifying instructions were not included in the work document.
– While removing the main hook block and re-reeving a mobile crane, the wire rope loosened on the drum. Contrary to the cautionary statement within the work document no personnel were stationed at the drum to monitor spooling. The on-site inspector recognized the miss-spooling and stopped operations.
Detailed work documents and rigging procedures specific to the work to be done shall be reviewed prior to the start of work. Cautionary statements and mitigating actions should be included in these documents to ensure risks are understood and adequate control is maintained throughout the maintenance evolution.
• **NNSY**– During an annual inspection of a building crane, a crane inspector identified that a fire main pipe was installed by a contractor within the crane operating envelope. Weight handling management must engage to protect the crane operating envelope from intrusions. In recent months several crane accidents have been reported due to crane operating envelope intrusions. WHPB 21-38, Building Crane Operating Envelope Intrusions is being issued to discuss suggested actions in more detail.
7 December 2021
Navy Crane Center
WHPB 21-36
Weight Handling Program
Title: Contractor Weight Handling Accidents and Near Misses
Target Audience: Contracting Officer Representatives and Oversight Personnel
Recent increases in significant contractor crane accidents have raised the 2021 contractor crane accident severity rate up to 38 percent (19:50), as significant accidents have increased in both quantity and severity. Also of concern, near miss and minor damage accidents have recently declined below the reporting level of significant accidents. Contracting officer representatives and personnel who oversee contractor weight handling operations play a vital role in ensuring the safe operation of contractor weight handling equipment. Robust oversight and follow-up to ensure contractors implement agreed upon corrective actions are essential in reducing the number of significant accidents during contractor weight handling operations.
Contracting Officer or Designated Representative Recommended Actions:
• Discuss with contractor management the expectations of reporting lower level events and the healthy benefits this reporting has on their safety learning program.
• Encourage contractor operators and riggers to recognize and report ALL near misses and accidents with emphasis on lesser severity (lower threshold and minor damage) events.
• Follow-up with contractor management (when needed) to ensure agreed upon corrective actions are implemented and to address any tangible deficiencies that if not corrected could result in an accident, such as poor load control, crane movements without direction, inattentive operator or rigging team, lack of sling protection, lift director not in overall control of the evolution.
• Consider recent findings and adjust the degree of oversight based upon the level of risk to personnel and property. NAVFAC P-307, paragraph 11.2.a provides the minimum requirements for overseeing contractor weight handling operations.
15 December 2021
Navy Crane Center
WHPB 21-37
INCREASE IN CONTRACTOR CRANE OVERSIGHT DUE TO A RECENT RISE IN ACCIDENT SEVERITY
1. Background:
A. The purpose of this message is to ensure Navy activities and contracting officers take appropriate action in response to increasing contractor crane accident severity. Recent increases in significant crane accidents, as defined in Ref A, have raised the significant accident rate to 38 percent, as contractor crane significant accidents have increased in both quantity and severity, including personnel injuries, damage to a building under construction, and a nearly turned over mobile crane. Also of concern, near misses and minor damage accidents have recently declined below the reporting level of significant accidents, indicating a decline in oversight.
B. Contracting officer representatives and personnel who oversee contractor weight handling operations play a vital role in ensuring the safe operation of contractor cranes. Robust oversight and follow-up to ensure contractors implement agreed upon corrective actions are essential in reducing the number of significant contractor crane accidents.
C. Ref A, paragraph 11.2 identifies the minimum requirements for overseeing contractor weight handling operations. The degree of oversight shall be based upon the risk to personnel and property; however, oversight shall be performed at least once and the minimum periodicity shall be not more than every 30 days. When critical lifts are involved, oversight periodicity shall be not more than every 14 days. Appendix P, figure P-2 (or form 16-2 of Ref B as an alternate for construction contracts), provides a checklist that shall be used during oversight of contractor crane and rigging operations. Copies of the applicable form shall be kept on file for one year.
2. Action:
A. Contracting officers or their designated contractor crane oversight personnel shall be briefed on the increase in contractor crane accidents and severity by 21 January 2022. NAVCRANECEN Weight Handling Program Brief 21-37 (Contractor Weight Handling Accidents and Near Misses), as a minimum, shall be used for the brief, which can be accessed via the NAVCRANECEN website at https://www.navfac.navy.mil/ncc. Discuss with contractor management the expectations of reporting near misses and lower level events and the benefits this reporting has on significant accident prevention. Encourage contractor operators and riggers to recognize and report near misses and minor accidents.
B. Effective immediately, contractor crane oversight as outlined in Ref A, paragraph 11.2 shall be increased to a minimum of one observation per week through 25 February 2022 during contractor crane operations.
C. Contractor crane oversight per Ref A (once per month, every two weeks for critical lifts) may be resumed based on satisfactory observations for the previous six weeks. For poorly performing contractors, oversight shall be increased as necessary until satisfactory compliance is observed. Repeat offenders shall be reported to the contracting officer so that additional actions can be taken, to include, removal from installation if necessary.
3. NAVCRANECEN evaluation teams will be increasing their focus on contractor crane oversight in 2022 during upcoming evaluations, to include reviewing compliance with this message.
WEIGHT HANDLING PROGRAM SAFETY VIDEOS
**Accident Prevention** provides seven crane accident prevention lessons learned videos to assist activities in raising the level of safety awareness among their personnel involved in weight handling operations. The target audiences for these videos are crane operations and rigging personnel and their supervisors. These videos provide a very useful mechanism for emphasizing the impact that the human element can have on safe weight handling operations.
**Weight Handling Program for Commanding Officers** provides an executive summary of the salient program requirements and critical command responsibilities associated with shore activity weight handling programs. The video covers NAVFAC P-307 requirements and activity responsibilities.
**Mobile Crane Safety** covers seven topics: laying a foundation for safety, teamwork, crane setup, understanding crane capacities, rigging considerations, safe operating procedures, and traveling and securing mobile cranes.
“**Take Two” Briefing Video** provides an overview on how to conduct effective pre-job briefings that ensure interactive involvement of the crane team in addressing responsibilities, procedures, precautions, and operational risk management associated with a planned crane operation.
**Safe Rigging and Operation of Category 3 Cranes** provides an overview of safe operating principles and rigging practices associated with Category 3 crane operations. New and experienced operators may view this video to augment their training, improve their techniques, and to refresh themselves on the practices and principles for safely lifting equipment and materials with Category 3 cranes. Topics include: accident statistics, definitions and reporting procedures, pre-use inspections, load weight, center of gravity, selection and inspection of rigging gear, sling angle stress, chafing, D/d ratio, capacities and configurations, elements of safe operations, hand signals, and operational risk management (ORM). This video is also available in a standalone, topic driven, DVD format upon request.
All of the videos can be viewed on the Navy Crane Center website:
http://www.navfac.navy.mil/navfac_worldwide/specialty_centers/ncc/about_us/resources/safety_videos.html.
SHARE YOUR SUCCESS
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| Sunday | Monday | Tuesday | Wednesday | Thursday | Friday | Saturday |
|--------|--------|---------|-----------|----------|--------|----------|
| | | | | | | |
| 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 |
| Full Moon: 12:45am | Sunrise: 6:05am | Sunrise: 6:06am | Sunrise: 6:07am | Sunrise: 6:07am | Sunrise: 6:08am | Sunrise: 6:09am |
| Sunrise: 6:05am | Moonset: 7:20am | Moonset: 8:25am | Moonset: 9:30am | Moonset: 10:34am | Moonset: 11:35am | Moonset: 12:35pm |
| Moonset: 6:17am | Sunset: 9:15pm | Sunset: 9:14pm | Sunset: 9:14pm | Sunset: 9:13pm | Sunset: 9:13pm | Sunset: 9:12pm |
| Moonrise: 10:03pm | Moonrise: 10:47pm | Moonrise: 11:23pm | Moonrise: 11:54pm | Moonrise: none | Moonrise: 12:20am | Moonrise: 12:43am |
| 12 | 13 | 14 | 15 | 16 | 17 | 18 |
| Moonrise: 1:06am | Moonrise: 1:28am | Moonrise: 1:51am | Moonrise: 2:16am | Moonrise: 2:46am | Moonrise: 3:21am | Moonrise: 4:03am |
| Sunrise: 6:09am | Sunrise: 6:10am | Sunrise: 6:11am | Sunrise: 6:12am | Sunrise: 6:13am | Sunrise: 6:14am | Sunrise: 6:14am |
| Moonset: 1:34pm | Moonset: 2:33pm | Moonset: 3:33pm | Moonset: 4:35pm | Moonset: 5:38pm | Moonset: 6:41pm | Moonset: 7:43pm |
| Last Qtr: 7:30pm | Sunset: 9:11pm | Sunset: 9:11pm | Sunset: 9:10pm | Sunset: 9:09pm | Sunset: 9:09pm | Sunset: 9:08pm |
| 19 | 20 | 21 | 22 | 23 | 24 | 25 |
| Moonrise: 4:54am | Moonrise: 5:55am | Sunrise: 6:17am | Sunrise: 6:18am | Sunrise: 6:19am | Sunrise: 6:20am | Sunrise: 6:21am |
| Sunrise: 6:15am | Sunrise: 6:16am | Moonrise: 7:02am | Moonrise: 8:14am | Moonrise: 9:28am | Moonrise: 10:42am | Moonrise: 11:55am |
| Moonset: 8:39pm | New Moon: 1:34pm | Sunset: 9:06pm | Sunset: 9:05pm | Sunset: 9:04pm | Sunset: 9:03pm | Sunset: 9:02pm |
| Sunset: 9:07pm | Moonset: 10:12pm | Moonset: 10:49pm | Moonset: 11:21pm | Moonset: 11:50pm | Moonset: none | Moonset: none |
| 26 | 27 | 28 | 29 | 30 | 31 | |
| Moonset: 12:17am | Moonset: 12:45am | Moonset: 1:15am | Moonset: 1:49am | Moonset: 2:27am | Moonset: 3:13am | |
| Sunrise: 6:22am | Sunrise: 6:23am | Sunrise: 6:24am | Sunrise: 6:25am | Sunrise: 6:26am | Sunrise: 6:27am | |
| Moonrise: 1:07pm | First Qtr: 8:34am | Moonrise: 3:33pm | Moonrise: 4:45pm | Moonrise: 5:55pm | Moonrise: 6:59pm | |
| Sunset: 9:01pm | Moonrise: 2:20pm | Sunset: 8:59pm | Sunset: 8:58pm | Sunset: 8:57pm | Sunset: 8:56pm | |
DST/Summer Time for the entire month.
© 2020 Edwards Apps, Inc. — SunriseSunset.com
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Elternbeiratswahl 2020
Susanne Köstner
1 Tochter am OvTG (Q11)
Selbständige Kaminkehrermeisterin
Mitglied im Elternbeirat seit 2014
Schwerpunkte im Elternbeirat: Leichter Ranzen Wertebündnis Veranstaltungen
Warum kandidiere ich? Was möchte ich erreichen? Vertretung der Eltern- & Schülerinteressen, vor allem in der derzeitigen Situation Zusammen mit der Schulleitung und den Schülersprechern das Wertebündnis mit „Leben füllen".
Trotz C19, Hygieneplan & Digitalisierung sehe ich den Leichten Ranzen als wichtige Säule der Schule und würde mich auch weiterhin dafür einsetzen.
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OSAVUOSIKATSAUS 1.1.-30.6.2004
KE, ELO 11, 2004 07.01 CET
ETTEPLAN OYJ PÖRSSITIEDOTE 11.08.2004 KLO 09.00 1(7)
OSAVUOSIKATSAUS 1.1.-30.6.2004
ETTEPLANIN LIIKEVAIHTO KASVOI 24 % JA LIIKEVOITTO 35 %
(Suluissa olevat luvut viittaavat edellisen vuoden vastaavaan jaksoon, ellei toisin mainita.)
Etteplan-konsernin liikevaihto tammi - kesäkuun aikana kasvoi sekä liiketoiminnan laajentumisen että parantuneen markkinatilanteen johdosta. Liikevoittoprosentti parani sekä edelliseen neljännekseen että vuoteen 2003 verrattuna, mikä johtui sekä parantuneesta kuormitustilanteesta että sisäisen toiminnan tehostumisesta. Kannattavuus on edelleen parantunut kaikilla päämarkkina-alueilla, mutta erityisesti kansainvälisessä toiminnassa.
Liikevaihto ja tulos
Etteplanin liikevaihto kasvoi 29,4 milj. euroon (23,8 milj. euroa).
Liikevoitto oli 2,1 milj. euroa (1,5 milj. euroa) eli 7,0 % liikevaihdosta (6,4 %). Suhteellinen kannattavuus on parantunut erityisesti toisen neljänneksen loppupuolella. Kauden voitto ennen satunnaisia eriä ja veroja oli 2,1 milj. euroa (1,5 milj. euroa).
Tulos oli 0,9 milj. euroa (0,7 milj. euroa). Osakekohtainen tulos oli 0,22 euroa (0,17 euroa). Oma pääoma/osake supistui hieman ja oli 2,56 euroa (2,79 euroa).
Sijoitetun pääoman tuotto parani selvästi, ollen 28,6 % (20,4 %).
Liiketoiminta
Etteplan toimii suurten ja keskisuurten kansainvälisesti toimivien teollisuusyritysten kumppanina tehden kokonaisia suunnitteluprojekteja tai jatkuvaa tuotekehitys- ja laitesuunnittelua. Konsernin suunnittelupalvelut koostuvat 1) konetekniikka- ja mekatroniikkasuunnittelusta, 2) automaatio- ja sähkösuunnittelusta sekä 3) elektroniikka- ja ohjelmistosuunnittelusta. Asiakkaat ovat laitevalmistajia sekä loppukäyttäjiä puunjalostusteollisuudessa, prosessi-, auto-, nosto- ja siirtolaite- sekä elektroniikkateollisuudessa.
Toisen neljänneksen tärkeimmät tapahtumat
Kesäkuussa Etteplan osti 70 %:n osake-enemmistön ruotsalaisesta Timatec AB:stä. Karlstadissa toimivan yrityksen palveluksessa on 15 henkilöä ja se tarjoaa erityisesti metsäteollisuuden kone- ja laitevalmistajille konetekniikka- ja automaatiosuunnittelua.
Kesäkuussa Etteplan kasvatti omistusosuuttaan Konette Design Center Oy:ssä. Yhtiön omistusosuus kasvoi 60 %:sta 81 %:iin. Toteutettu yrityskauppa noudattaa Konette Design Center Oy:n perustamisen yhteydessä vuonna 1999 sovittua omistusstrategiaa.
Kesäkuussa Di&Esse Etteplan Srl ja Metso-konserniin kuuluva Metso Paper Como S.p.A allekirjoittivat yhteistyösopimuksen. Osana sopimusta Metso Paper Comon 18 suunnittelijaa siirtyvät Di&Esse Etteplanin palvelukseen. Samassa yhteydessä Etteplan Oyj nosti omistusosuuttaan Di&Esse Etteplanissa 70 %:iin.
Kesäkuussa Etteplan Oyj ja Shanghai Nextrom Machinery Manufacturing Co., Ltd. allekirjoittivat aiesopimuksen, jonka mukaan yhtiöt perustavat yhteisyrityksen Shanghaihin Kiinaan. Sopimuksen mukaan yhteisyrityksen omistus jakautuu siten, että Etteplan-konserni omistaa 87,5 % ja Shanghai Nextrom Machinery Manufacturing Co., Ltd 12,5 %.
Edelleen kesäkuussa Etteplan ja Sulzer Pumps Finland Oy allekirjoittivat yhteistyösopimuksen. Tehdyn sopimuksen mukaan Etteplan tuottaa Sulzer Pumps Finland Oy:lle pääasiassa sekoittimiin liittyviä suunnittelupalveluja. Osana sopimusta Sulzer Pumps Finland Oy:n Salon yksikön kuusi suunnittelijaa siirtyvät 01.09.2004 Etteplanin palvelukseen.
Tarkastelujakson aikana yhtiö on saanut uusia merkittäviä toimeksiantoja. Etteplan on mm. tehnyt sopimukset Nokian Renkaat Oyj:n sekä Lemminkäinen-konserniin kuuluvan Lemcon Oy:n kanssa suunnittelupalveluiden toimittamisesta Nokian Renkaiden Pietarin lähelle Vsevolozhskiin toteutettavaan tehdashankkeeseen. Sopimusten arvo on yhteensä yli 1 miljoona euroa.
Henkilöstö
Etteplan-konsernin toiminta ja henkilöstömäärä ovat kasvaneet tasaisesti. Konsernin palveluksessa oli kauden aikana keskimäärin 934 henkilöä (824) ja kauden lopussa 964 henkilöä (838). Henkilöstö- lisäykset johtuvat yhtiöille siirtyneestä liiketoiminnasta ja kohdistuivat lähes yksinomaan asiakasprojektien toteuttamiseen. Konsernin palveluksessa ulkomailla toimii 229 henkilöä.
Investoinnit ja rahoitus
Konsernin kokonaisinvestoinnit kasvoivat 71,9 % viime vuoden vastaavasta ajasta ja olivat 1,6 milj. euroa (0,9 milj. euroa). Suurimmat yksittäiset investoinnit olivat Konette Design Center Oy:n ja Di&Esse Etteplan Srl:n lisäosuuksien hankinnat sekä Metso Paper Como S.p.A:n ja Sulzer Pumps Finland Oy:n ulkoistukset. Muut investoinnit kohdistuivat tietokoneohjelmien ja -laitteiden hankintaan sekä tietoverkkojen kehittämiseen.
Etteplanin rahoitusasema säilyi vahvana. Taseen loppusumma 30.6.2004 oli 24,7 milj. euroa (25,0 milj. euroa), josta rahat ja pankkisaamiset sekä rahoitusomaisuusarvopaperit olivat 3,5 milj. euroa (5,1 milj. euroa). Konsernin korolliset velat olivat kauden lopussa 1,0 milj. euroa (0,9 milj. euroa). Omavaraisuusaste oli 51,4 % (56,2 %). Maksuvalmius säilyi hyvänä koko kauden ajan ja liiketoiminnan kassavirta oli 1,0 milj. euroa.
Yhtiön hallussa olevat omat osakkeet
Yhtiön hallussa oli 30.6.2004 100 kpl osakkeita vastaten 0,002 % koko osakemäärästä. Osakkeista suoritettu vastike on 481,00 euroa. Katsauskaudella yhtiö ei ole hankkinut omia osakkeita. Yhtiön omistamilla osakkeilla ei ole vaikutusta omistuksen jakautumiseen.
Tilikauden jälkeiset merkittävät tapahtumat
Kesäkuussa solmitun sopimuksen mukaan Timatec AB:n osake-enemmistö
siirtyi 01.07.2004, jolloin yhtiöstä tuli osa Etteplan-konsernia.
Heinäkuussa Etteplan korotti osakepääomaansa Timatec AB:n osakeenemmistön ostoon liittyen. Uudet osakkeet merkittiin kaupparekisteriin 20.7.2004. Osakepääoman korotus on määrältään 6.784,20 euroa ja uuden osakepääoman määrä korotuksen jälkeen 434.245,00 euroa. Suunnatussa osakeannissa merkityt yhteensä 67 842 uutta osaketta otettiin kaupankäynnin kohteeksi 21.7.2004. Osakkeet ovat kaupankäynnin kohteena yhdessä vanhojen osakkeiden kanssa. Osakeannin jälkeen kokonaisosakemäärä on 4 342 450 kappaletta.
Lähiajan näkymät
Investointihyödykkeiden kysynnän odotetaan säilyvän hyvänä yhtiön päämarkkina-alueella Pohjois- ja Keski-Euroopassa kaikilla teollisuuden aloilla. Tilivuoden tuloksen odotetaan olevan edellistä vuotta paremman. Yhtiö panostaa edelleen voimakkaasti kansainväliseen kasvuun. Lähiajan merkittävin hanke on Shanghain yksikön käynnistäminen ja laajentaminen.
Yrityksen keskeinen tavoite on kannattavan kasvun jatkuminen. Kasvu tapahtuu orgaanisesti asiakkaiden siirtäessä suunnittelutoimintojaan Etteplanille sekä yritysostoilla. Yritys työskentelee pitkäjänteisesti ja systemaattisesti varmistaakseen kasvutavoitteidensa toteutumisen.
Hollolassa 11. elokuuta 2004
Etteplan Oyj
Hallitus
Lisätiedot: Toimitusjohtaja Heikki Hornborg, puh. (03) 872 9011,
GSM 0400 873 063.
Tiedot ovat tilintarkastamattomia.
JAKELU: Helsingin pörssi
Keskeiset tiedotusvälineet
www.etteplan.com
KONSERNITULOSLASKELMA (1000 euroa)
1.1.-30.6.04 1.1.-30.6.03 1.1.-31.12.03
" % 7,0 6,4 4,7
OMA PÄÄOMA
Korolliset bruttovelat 1 019 933 1 197 9,2 %
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Gut zu wissen:
Die Nachrichten-App wechselt automatisch zwischen beiden Systemen, Sie müssen sich darüber keine Gedanken machen. ABER:
Je nach Mobilfunkvertrag sollten Sie die Menge der als SMS verschickten Nachrichten im Auge behalten.
78
Nachrichten – iMessage und SMS
Das alles sind Nachrichtendienste, mit denen Sie ganz unkompliziert mit anderen in Verbindung bleiben können. Sie „unterhalten" sich über kurze Textnachrichten und kleine Multimedia-Dateien.
Was ist der Unterschied zwischen iMessage und SMS / MMS?
iMessage [: ei-mässetsch]
ist ein Kommunikationsdienst von Apple, mit dem Sie Texte und Bilder über die iCloud (Telefonnummer mit E-Mail) verschicken können. Das Versenden und Empfangen von iMessage-Nachrichten ist weltweit kostenlos, funktioniert aber nur zwischen Geräten von Apple!
SMS [:es-em-es]
ist ein kostenpflichtiger Kommunikationsdienst der Mobilfunkanbieter zum Übertragen von Textnachrichten mit bis zu 160 Zeichen. Nahezu alle modernen Telefone können eine SMS verschicken bzw. empfangen. Die Kosten für den Versand liegen bei wenigen Cent oder sind bereits im Telefon-Tarif enthalten.
SMS ist die Abkürzung für Short Message Service. Übersetzt: Kurznachrichtendienst.
MMS [:em-em-es]
Schicken Sie mit der SMS noch ein Bild mit, wird aus der SMS eine MMS. Damit wird auch die Begrenzung der Zeichen aufgehoben. Für den Versand und den Empfang einer MMS muss das Telefon speziell eingestellt werden und oftmals wird eine extra Gebühr fällig!
MMS ist die Abkürzung für Multi Media Service. Übersetzt: Kurznachricht mit Multimedia-Dateien.
Kurz und knapp,
das ist das Motto und der Sinn dieser Art von Nachrichten. Hier geht es darum, schnell Informationen auszutauschen und sich virtuell zu unterhalten. Diese Nachrichten sind nicht dazu gedacht, um wichtige Informationen und Dokumente zu verschicken. Und erst recht nicht für große Dateien.
Deshalb sind diese Speicherfresser nicht von Dauer und werden nach zwei Minuten automatisch gelöscht. Gerade Audio- und Videonachrichten benötigen eine Menge Speicherplatz.
© Helmut Oestreich • Die.Anleitung
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Mis-selling and unfair contract terms in financial products
ECCG meeting – 8 October 2015
Tomasz Dolny
Consumer and Marketing Law Unit
Mis-selling of financial products
Unfair Commercial Practices Directive (UCPD)
The Unfair Commercial Practices Directive
Exception from full harmonisation
- In relation to financial services Member States may impose requirements which are more restrictive or prescriptive than the Directive in the field which it approximates (Article 3(9)).
- Rationale (Recital 9): Financial services, by reason of their complexity and inherent serious risks, necessitate detailed requirements, including positive obligations on traders.
Safety net against mis-selling
- Several sector-specific Directives are relevant as regards consumer protection in relation to financial services.
- Problem of deliberate or negligent selling of financial products where certain material aspects are misrepresented or the product is clearly unsuitable for consumer needs.
- Mis-selling is prohibited by the UCPD based on case-by-case assessment, as it breaches professional diligence requirements and has an impact on consumer decision-making.
Article 5(2)(a) Requirement of professional diligence
- Article 5(2)(a): particularly relevant to traders acting vis-à-vis consumers within the field of financial services.
Articles 6 and 7: Information requirements
- Articles 6(1)(b) and 7(4)(a): information to consumers should not be false, deceptive, unclear, unintelligible or ambiguous, particularly with regards to the benefits, expected results and the risks in relation to a financial product or service.
- Traders should not exaggerate economic benefits, not omit information about financial risks to consumer and not over-rely on past performance on the financial product.
Examples of the UCPD application in financial services
Examples from the Commission Study on the application of the UCPD in the areas of financial services and immovable property:
- pre-contractual and contractual information obligations: advertisement for money exchange services in Spain
- prohibition of taking advantage of particular vulnerabilities: advertising that a loan may be granted without documentary proof of the consumer’s financial position in France
- prevention of conflicts of interest: prohibition on banks financing their clients’ purchase of shares issued by the bank itself in Denmark
Questions:
- Could you give examples of cases of mis-selling of financial products in breach of the UCPD?
- What are the enforcement challenges?
- Are there any (planned) special rules on mis-selling of financial products going beyond the UCPD?
Unfair terms in financial products
Unfair Contract Terms Directive (UCTD)
Application of the Unfair Contract Terms Directive in financial services
- A term which has not been individually negotiated is unfair and not binding, if it causes a significant imbalance in the parties' rights and obligations, to the detriment of the consumer.
- The contract normally continues to exist, if it is capable of continuing its existence without the unfair terms (n.b. important for mortgage loans).
- Contracts must be drafted in plain, intelligible language, i.e. consumer must understand economic consequences.
Examples of cases concerning unfair terms in financial products
- Risks in foreign exchange (FX) loans (e.g. currency spreads)
- Imbalances in variable interest loans related to minimum interest rates (e.g. floor clauses)
- Unclear and complex provisions on additional charges. Difficult for the consumer to understand the economic mechanism.
- Limited protection when the contract is enforced based on accelerated procedures (e.g. limited opportunities to raise the unfairness or to have it assessed by the court)
Procedural aspects of the protection against unfair terms
- EU consumer protection directives focus on the substantive law and do not harmonise the rules of procedure.
- The Court of Justice emphasises that the consumer is in weak position vis-à-vis the trader.
- The procedural autonomy of the Member States is limited in so far as it affects the application of EU rights (e.g. consumer rights).
- Obligation of an ex officio control complemented by the principles of equivalence and effectiveness of EU law.
Ex officio assessment of unfair terms
Obligation to examine the fairness of contractual terms and apply necessary consequences of their own motion
- The court is required to examine the term where it has available to it the legal and factual elements necessary for this task.
- Where the court considers that the term is unfair, it must not apply it, except if the consumer opposes that.
Rules applying to EU rights must not be less favourable than those applying to similar rights under national law (principle of equivalence)
- Non-binding character of unfair terms is equivalent to public policy considerations. The UCTD must be regarded as a rule of public policy
National rules may not make it impossible or excessively difficult to exercise EU rights (principle of effectiveness)
- The national court must assess legal and factual circumstances which may act as an obstacle
- **Example 1:** use of other types of procedures instead of an ordinary civil procedure to deprive consumers of the protection
- **Example 2:** where national procedures prevent a consumer from raising the unfairness of the contract term
Questions:
- Are consumers adequately protected against unfair terms in the contracts for financial products?
- Do the courts assess the unfairness of terms ex officio, i.e. also when the consumer has not raised the potential unfairness, as required by the CJEU case law?
- Do you see any obstacles for the effective protection of consumers against unfair terms in financial products?
Thank you!
Tomasz Dolny
Consumer and Marketing Law Unit
firstname.lastname@example.org
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Strategische handelstheorie en het handelsbeleid
Peter van Bergeijk en Dick Kabel\(^1\)
Vooral sinds het aantreden van de regering-Clinton gaan in Amerika stemmen op voor een zogenoemd strategisch handelsbeleid. Voorstanders van een dergelijke handelspolitiek stellen dat handelsbelemmeringen de welvaart van een land blijvend zouden kunnen vergroten en dat stappen richting vrijhandel de eigen industrie zouden kunnen schaden. Zulk protectionistisch overheidsbeleid is echter ongewenst, want toepassing van strategisch handelsbeleid zal in de praktijk direct ernstige negatieve gevolgen hebben voor alle betrokken landen en uiteindelijk ook voor het land dat zo’n beleid begint. Versterking en uitbreiding van de spelregels van het open multilaterale handelssysteem (GATT) is en blijft de belangrijkste bijdrage van de handelspolitiek aan de welvaart.
1. Een strategische vondst
De handelspolitiek lijkt de golfbeweging in het economische denken niet te kunnen ontlopen. Nadat het streven naar een terugtredende overheid jarenlang als toonaangevend beginsel de visie op het economische beleid heeft bepaald, wordt nu in toenemende mate een beroep gedaan op beschermende maatregelen en subsidies. Beleidsmakers lijken bovendien meer geneigd strategische, hoogwaardige sun-rise sectoren te identificeren. Hierbij gaat het om bedrijven en bedrijfstakken die een zo grote waarde voor een land zouden hebben dat deze “koste wat het kost” tot bloei moeten worden gebracht of voor de natie behouden moeten blijven. Ook het bedrijfsleven vraagt in toenemende mate om een conditionele handelspolitiek, in de vorm van bijvoorbeeld het Japan-bashing. Hierbij gaat het om (het dreigen met) tegenmaatregelen tegen – al dan niet vermeende – oneerlijke Japanse handelspraktijken.
\(^1\)Dr. P.A.G. van Bergeijk en drs. D.L. Kabel werken op het Ministerie van Economische Zaken en schrijven op persoonlijke titel. Dit artikel is gebaseerd op de discussienota “Strategisch handelsbeleid” van het Directoraat-Generaal voor de Buitenlandse Economische Betrekkingen (Den Haag, december 1992). De auteurs danken Pieter Karsdorp, Harry Oldersma, Jarig van Sinderen en twee referenten voor nuttig commentaar op eerdere versies.
De toenemende vraag naar protectie kan worden verklaard uit structurele factoren als:
- de groei naar één wereldmarkt waardoor de internationale concurrentie steeds meer en directer gevoeld wordt;
- de sterke technologische veranderingen die zich thans in de wereldeconomie voltrekken en de daaraan verbonden toeneming van de minimale efficiënte produktieomvang waardoor het aantal potentiële aanbieders per markt daalt;
- het "blok-denken", waarbij de tegenstellingen tussen de grote handelsregio's (EG, NAFTA, Pacifisch Bekken) worden benadrukt in plaats van de gemeenschappelijke belangen;
- het teloer gaan van de hegemonie van de Verenigde Staten;
- het toenemende bilateraalisme.
Naast deze structurele factoren spelen ook meer incidentele factoren, zoals de huidige conjuncturele tegenwind, de vertraging in het proces van Europese monetaire eenwording en de toestroom van Oosteuropese produkten een rol (Van Bergeijk, 1993).
De roep om protectie lijkt een rechtvaardiging te hebben gevonden in het strategisch handelsbeleid. Dit beleid betreft het met overheidssteun scheppen van concurrentievoordelen voor bedrijven die opereren op markten waar belangrijke schaalvoordelen kunnen worden gerealiseerd en waar mede daardoor slechts weinig concurrentie is. Het feit dat een strategisch handelsbeleid theoretisch onderbouwd kan worden en daarbij aanspoort tot maatregelen tegen oneerlijke buitenlandse handelspolitiek maakt deze vorm van bescherming - zeker in de Verenigde Staten - voor de politiek acceptabeler dan het traditionele protectionisme.
Aandacht voor deze nieuwe ontwikkelingen in het actuele handelspolitieke denken is van groot belang, omdat zij van invloed kunnen zijn op het handelspolitieke gedrag van grote landen en tot veranderingen in het internationale handelssysteem kunnen leiden. Daarbij moet dan vooral gedacht worden aan een verschuiving van de handelsnormen weg van het niet-conditionele most-favoured-nation beginsel in de richting van het toepassen van bilaterale en sectorale overeenkomsten op basis van min of meer strikte reciprociteit (Milner en Yoffie, 1989; Engering, 1990; Van Bergeijk, 1991).
---
2 Zie ten aanzien van deze punten bij voorbeeld: Bhagwati en Irwin (1987), Junne en Ruigrok (1988), Kol en Mennes (1990), Ruigrok (1990) en Engering (1991).
3 Toonaangevende strategische handelstheoretici zijn Brander en Spencer, die het model van strategisch handelsbeleid hebben geïntroduceerd en verder Dixit, Helpman en Krugman. Nuttige niet-technische inleidingen in deze theorie zijn: Krugman (1986), Stegeman (1989), Jacquemin (1989) en De Grauwe (1989).
2. Recente ontwikkelingen in de handelstheorie
De traditionele handelstheorie verklaart handelspatronen uit verschillen tussen landen. Deze verschillen leiden tot comparatieve voordelen en kunnen zich voor doen in de aard en hoeveelheid van de aanwezige produktiefactoren, de voorkeuren van de consumenten en de beschikbare technologieën. Na de Tweede Wereldoorlog blijkt echter dat de hoogste handelsgroei zich manifesteert bij soortgelijke produkten tussen vergelijkbare landen. Italië exporteert bijvoorbeeld Fiats naar Duitsland, terwijl Duitsland Volkswagens naar Italië exporteert. Tabel 1 laat het belang van de intra-bedrijfstakhandel voor Nederland in vergelijking tot andere OECD-landen zien.
Tabel 1: Aandeel intra-bedrijfstakhandel in 1990 in procenten*
| | Gemiddeld | Industriële productie |
|------------------|-----------|-----------------------|
| Nederland | 79 | 84 |
| Verenigde Staten | 55 | 60 |
| Japan | 28 | 33 |
| Duitsland | 65 | 69 |
| Frankrijk | 73 | 81 |
| Verenigd Koninkrijk | 78 | 81 |
Bron: OECD, EZ
* Dit aandeel is gedefinieerd als:
\[
\frac{\sum_i (X_i + M_i) - \sum_i |X_i - M_i|}{\sum_i (X_i + M_i)} \times 100\%
\]
Waarbij \(X_i\) en \(M_i\) respectievelijk de export en import van bedrijfstak \(i\) zijn en bij de berekening is uitgegaan van gegevens op SITC-2-digitniveau.
Om het verschijnsel van de sterk expanderende intra-bedrijfstak handel te kunnen duiden werden twee vooronderstellingen van de traditionele handelstheorie los gelaten: constante schaalopbrengsten en volledige concurrentie. Het realiteitsgehalte van de handelstheorie werd hiermee verhoogd. Zo wordt de invloed van relevante, in de praktijk waargenomen economische verschijnselen zoals schaalvoordelen, toetredingsbarrières en produktdifferentiatie niet langer veronachtzaamd.
Interne schaalvoordelen en onvolledige concurrentie. Er kan een onderscheid worden gemaakt tussen interne en externe schaalvoordelen. Interne schaalvoordelen leiden tot dalende kosten per eenheid produkt bij een toenemende produktieomvang binnen een bedrijf. Dit verschijnsel kan optreden
indien omvangrijke investeringen nodig zijn om de productie te kunnen starten, bij voorbeeld in de vorm van hoge uitgaven voor onderzoek en ontwikkeling, of als er belangrijke ervaringseffecten optreden tijdens de productie (Van Tulder en Junne, 1988). Ervaringseffecten leiden tot een efficiëntere productie, omdat bij voorbeeld uitval en afval dalen wanneer men meer ervaring opdoet met het productieproces.
Interne schaalvoordelen leiden tot marktvormen met onvolledige concurrentie, zoals monopolie, oligopolie of monopolistische concurrentie. Het laatste kan zich voordoen in situaties waarin producenten er in slagen om vrijwel identieke goederen (wasmiddelen, sigaretten) als unieke produkten aan de man te brengen door bij voorbeeld aan de persoonskenmerken en met name de levensstijl van de potentiële koper te refereren. Hierdoor kan een bedrijf als monopolist op het relevante marktsegment optreden en zodoende zelf de prijs van het produkt bepalen. Toetreding is bij monopolistische concurrentie, in tegenstelling tot echte monopolies, niet uitgesloten. Monopoliewinsten zullen daarom tot toetreding van nieuwe bedrijven leiden die hun eigen 'unieke' produkt gaan produceren.
Externe schaalvoordelen. Bij externe schaalvoordelen zijn de kosten per eenheid produkt niet afhankelijk van de omvang van het bedrijf, maar van de omvang van de bedrijfstak. Aangezien externe schaalvoordelen buiten de markt om gaan, kunnen ze worden beschouwd als externe effecten. Externe schaalvoordelen kunnen verklaren waarom bepaalde bedrijven elkaars nabijheid opzoeken zoals de horloge-industrie in Zwitserland of de halfgeleiderindustrie in Silicon valley (Krugman, 1991).
Belang van de nieuwe factoren. Met de introductie van schaalvoordelen en onvolledige concurrentie worden twee aanvullende verklaringen voor het ontstaan van handel opgenomen. Bij schaalvoordelen zullen bedrijven of landen een kostenvoordeel hebben omdat zij op een grotere schaal produceren. Dit kostenvoordeel kan tot specialisatie en dus tot handel leiden tussen landen die vergelijkbaar zijn. In het geval van monopolistische concurrentie leidt handel niet alleen tot lagere kosten, maar ook tot een grotere produktdifferentiatie: de consument kan kiezen tussen Fiats en Volkswagens. Bij aanwezigheid van interne of externe schaalvoordelen kan het specialisatiepatroon met andere woorden niet alleen een gevolg zijn van comparatieve voordelen, maar ook van historische of toevallige factoren.
In de analyse van de ontwikkeling van de Nederlandse handel neemt het belang van schaalvoordelen en produktdifferentiatie steeds meer toe. Minne en Verbruggen constateren in hun onderzoek naar de ontwikkeling van de Nederlandse export in de periode 1969-1988 dat traditionele "Ricardo"-factoren, zoals de aanwezigheid van delfstoffen, de geografische ligging, de grondsoort en het klimaat in de loop der tijd minder belangrijk zijn geworden.
voor het verklaren van onze uitvoer (Minne en Verbruggen, 1989). Daarentegen stijgt het belang van hoogwaardig opgeleide arbeid, computers en schaalvoordelen. Uit een recente inventarisatie van de branche-onderzoeken in het kader van het Project Ondersteuning Studies 1992 van het Ministerie van Economische Zaken bleek dat slechts twee van de 28 onderzochte Nederlandse branches in een marktomgeving opereerden waar schaalvoordelen en produkt-differentiatie geen belangrijke rol spelen (Van Bergeijk, Van Sinderen en Westerhout, 1992).
3. Betekenis voor de handelspolitiek
Grotere voordelen vrijhandel dan gedacht. Onder de vooronderstellingen van de recente handelstheorieën leidt vrijhandel tot een betere benutting van schaalvoordelen, meer diverse produkten en een grotere concurrentie tussen aanbieders van gelijksoortige goederen. De daarmee gepaard gaande stijging van de welvaart kan met empirisch onderzoek worden gekwantificeerd. In de op de traditionele theorie gebaseerde empirische studies blijken de potentiële voordelen van het liberaliseren van de internationale handel in het algemeen bescheiden ten opzichte van het bruto nationale product. Uit een vergelijkend literatuuronderzoek van Richardson (1989) blijkt echter dat de potentiële welvaartsstijging behoorlijk oploopt wanneer rekening wordt gehouden met de invloed van de rationalisering van de produktiestructuur, die door het liberaliseren van de handel van door onvolledige concurrentie gekenmerkte industrieën mogelijk wordt. Een illustratie hiervan kan worden gevonden in het onderzoek van Norman naar de relatieve bruikbaarheid van methoden en technieken voor het bepalen van (de ontwikkeling van) marktaandelen in het toegepaste handelsonderzoek. Daarbij wordt gekeken naar diverse marktvormen: de ‘zuivere’ comparatieve voordelen benadering (die uitgaat van volledig vrije mededinging), monopolistische concurrentie, reciproke dumping en oligopolie. De formele analyse wordt begeleid door tentatieve berekeningen van de gevolgen van het scheppen van een Europese Economische Ruimte door het wegnemen van de belemmeringen tussen EG en Europese Vrijhandels Associatie. Dit gebeurt in een drie goederen—drie regio’s benadering waarin het aantal bedrijven alsmede de toetredingsmogelijkheden kunnen worden gemanipuleerd. Uit de berekeningen van Norman blijkt dat het traditionele comparatieve-voordelen-model het volume van de additionele handel met een factor drie tot acht kan overschatten, maar tezelfdertijd de welvaartswinst met een factor twee tot drie onderschat. In een marktomgeving van onvolledige concurrentie blijkt de dreiging van mogelijke buitenlandse concurrentie al voldoende te kunnen zijn om bedrijven alerter op hun thuismarkt te laten opereren waardoor de comparatieve voordelen beter worden geëxploiteerd. Een ander voorbeeld is de studie van Venables (1990) die handelsliberalisatie en economische integratie vergelijkt. Bij handelsliberalisatie nemen de transportkosten af, maar blijven
onderscheiden nationale deelmarkten bestaan. Bij economische integratie gaat het om marktintegratie én deregulering. Daardoor wijzigen de regels van het concurrentiespel drastisch en dit beïnvloedt op zich de welvaart al positief. In de door hem onderzochte markt voor personenauto's blijkt dat de welvaartsgevolgen zelfs vijfmaal zo groot zouden kunnen zijn als door traditionele modellen wordt voorspeld. De verklaring is dat het wegnemen van non-tariffaire handelsbelemmeringen nationale bedrijven ervan kan overtuigen dat zij de prijs op hun binnenlandse markt niet langer zelf direct kunnen beïnvloeden. Sterkere internationale concurrentie pakt in deze modellen niet zozeer gunstiger uit omdat de mate van internationale arbeidsverdeling toeneemt, maar omdat de ondoelmatigheden in de productie worden teruggedrongen die het gevolg waren van afgeschermde (semi) monopolieposities.
Een andere illustratie van de voordelen van vrijhandel onder de vooronderstellingen van de recente handelstheorieën vormen de bevindingen van Nguyen en Wigle (1992). De uitkomsten van hun simulaties met een algemeen evenwicht model waarin in het ene geval wordt uitgegaan van volledig vrije mededinging en in het andere geval van monopolistische concurrentie zijn weergegeven in tabel 2. De bevindingen zijn voor ieder continent steeds een hogere welvaartswinst volgens de moderne handelstheorie dan verwacht op basis van de traditionele comparatieve voordelen benadering. De additionele winst is consistent met het belang van de intra-handel zoals beschreven in tabel 1 en beïnvloedt de rangorde van de winnaars niet. De verdubbeling van de welvaartswinst op wereldniveau is overigens vooral een gevolg van meevallende herstructureringskosten buiten de geïndustrialiseerde wereld.
Tabel 2: Voordelen van wereldwijde handelsliberalisatie (miljarden US dollars, 1985)
| | Volgens traditionele handelstheorie | Volgens moderne handelstheorie |
|------------------------|-------------------------------------|-------------------------------|
| OECD-landen | 76 | 91 |
| waarvan - EG | 24 | 31 |
| - N-Amerika | 20 | 26 |
| - Japan | 15 | 17 |
| Overige landen | -32 | -1 |
| waarvan - NIEs | -18 | -9 |
| Wereldtotaal | 44 | 90 |
Bron: Nguyen en Wigle (1992), tabel 3.
Geen van de genoemde studies pretendeert overigens een exacte voorspelling te geven. Het gaat om het binnen een empirisch relevante context illustreren van de invloed van het loslaten van de niet altijd realistische vooronderstellingen van de traditionele benadering. De belangrijkste beleidsconclusie is echter dat liberalisatie loont (en zelfs meer loont dan we al wisten), zij het dat de welvaartswinst niet zozeer volgt uit dalende transactiekosten als wel uit de toenemende internationale concurrentie die een grotere doelmatigheid en het benutten van schaalvoordelen afdwingt (Van Sinderen, Van Bergeijk en Westerhout, 1992; Van Bergeijk, 1991, blz. 105-115).
Uit de nieuwe handelstheorieën volgt derhalve - net als uit de traditionele handelstheorieën - een duidelijk beleidsadvies pro vrijhandel.
Een nieuw argument voor protectionisme? Aan de nieuwe handelstheorieën wordt echter ook een nieuw argument ontleend voor een actieve handelspolitiek in situaties waarin sprake is van een gering aantal aanbieders en hoge toetredingsbarrières (Kol en Mennes 1989, Baldwin 1992 en Krugman 1992). Dit actieve handelsbeleid wordt aangeprezen als strategisch handelsbeleid. De cruciale vooronderstelling van dit beleid is dat de toename van de binnenlandse produktie van een bepaald verhandelbaar goed (of dienst) leidt tot een toename van het aandeel dat het land heeft in de potentiële monopolie-opbrengsten. Strategisch handelsbeleid biedt met andere woorden de mogelijkheid om de welvaart van het eigen land ten koste van het buitenland te verhogen door monopoliewinst naar zich toe te trekken (Brander en Spencer 1985).
Het marktevenwicht in een oligopolistische markt is een toestand waarin de winsten van de op de markt opererende bedrijven, gegeven de (vooronderstelde) gedragingen van de concurrenten, maximaal zijn. Voor ieder van de oligopolisten zou een reductie van de produktie door de concurrentie voordelig kunnen zijn. Hierdoor kan het eigen marktaandeel en daarmee de winst worden vergroot. Aangezien het marktevenwicht echter voor elk der oligopolisten optimaal is bij de gegeven vooronderstellingen omtrent de gedragingen van de concurrenten kan geen der bedrijven op een geloofwaardige wijze (dreigen) de produktie (te) vergroten, tenzij er een structurele wijziging op de markt optreedt. Indien één der bedrijven bij voorbeeld een nieuwe produktietechniek introduceert waardoor haar marginale kosten dalen is de marktsituatie voor dit bedrijf niet meer optimaal. Maximering van winst noopt dit bedrijf dan immers tot uitbreiding van de produktieomvang. De concurrenten zullen zich dat realiseren. Daarom reduceren zij in reactie op informatie dat de nieuwe techniek wordt toegepast (of toegepast zal worden) hun eigen produktie, die gegeven de stijgende produktie van hun concurrent immers niet meer optimaal is.
De theorie van het strategisch handelsbeleid wijst overheidsingrijpen aan als een middel om zo'n structurele verandering ook te bewerkstelligen. Indien een produktiesubsidie of exportsubsidie wordt gegeven zullen de marginale kosten
van één der oligopolisten immers dalen. De nieuwe handelstheoretici trekken hieruit de beleidsrelevante conclusie dat de overheid de monopoliewinst, die wordt gerealiseerd in een internationale markt met een gering aantal aanbieders, naar het eigen land kan verleggen door aan het nationale bedrijf dat op deze markt opereert een subsidie te verlenen.
Schaaleffecten. De strategische handelstheorie leidt uit het bestaan schaalvoordelen af dat de overheid er alle belang bij heeft om de markt voor de eigen producent te vergroten en die voor de buitenlandse concurrent te beperken (Krugman 1984). Indien het eigen bedrijfsleven immers een daling van de kosten kan bewerkstelligen ten opzichte van het buitenland kan de monopoliewinst weer worden verlegd en kan de nationale welvaart ten koste van het buitenland toenemen. De overheid zou door het afschermen van de eigen markt als het ware het concurrentievoordeel voor de eigen industrie kunnen scheppen. De analyse vertoont veel overeenkomst met het traditionele infant-industry argument voor overheidsingrijpen.
Volgens de strategische handelstheorie vergroten unilaterale stappen richting vrijhandel de potentiële markt van concurrerende bedrijven in het buitenland. Dit zou de concurrentiepositie van het eigen bedrijfsleven kunnen schaden en komt in de beschreven oligopolistische context neer op een nationale welvaartsdaling. Dit kan in het bijzonder relevant zijn indien er sprake is van zeer hoge initiële investeringen waardoor in principe slechts één bedrijf op de wereldmarkt kan opereren. Dit is het geval indien de minimale efficiënte produktieomvang groter is dan de helft van de markt of het relevante marktsegment (een soort natuurlijk monopolie). Nu kan de overheid er volgens de strategische handelstheoretici door het hanteren van het handelspolitieke gereedschap voor zorgen dat een nationaal bedrijf een strategisch voordeel ten opzichte van de buitenlandse concurrenten verkrijgt. Indien de overheidssteun voldoende geloofwaardig is kan de dreiging van buitenlandse toetreding zelfs geheel worden afgewend. Zodra het nationale bedrijf als enige of eerste de minimale efficiënte produktieomvang heeft bereikt kan het concurrentievoordeel verder zonder overheidssteun worden vastgehouden. Toetreding tot deze markt is echter weer wel mogelijk wanneer een buitenlands bedrijf wordt gesteund doordat haar eigen overheid een gedeelte van de toetredingskosten subsidieert. Handelspolitiek zou zo bezien door speerpuntsectoren te steunen en verdedigbare concurrentieposities te creëren een bijdrage kunnen leveren aan het industriebeleid.
Externe effecten. In de nieuwe handelstheorieën wordt niet alleen gewezen op de mogelijkheden van een strategisch handelsbeleid, maar ook op het verschijnsel van positieve externe effecten. Al eerder kwamen externe schaalvoordelen ter sprake die als externe effecten kunnen worden beschouwd. Een andere voorbeeld is de gunstige spin-off die een kennisintensieve industrie
kan hebben op andere sectoren. De voordelen van onderzoek en ontwikkeling komen vaak niet ten volle ten goede aan het innoverende bedrijf. Daarom wordt er minder in kennis geïnvesteerd dan maatschappelijk wenselijk is.
Hoewel het terecht is dat wordt gewezen op het belang van externe effecten vormen ze geen nieuw argument in het debat over vrijhandel en protectie. Externe effecten vormen een klassiek voorbeeld van marktonvolkomenheden die aanleiding kunnen geven tot overheidsingrijpen. Protectionisme is echter een naastbeste oplossing: de bescherming van intellectuele eigendom via patentwetgeving en internationale verdragen of subsidiëring van de kosten voor onderzoek en ontwikkeling is bij het voorbeeld van de kennisintensieve industrie de meest geschikte methode. Binnenlandse marktimperfecties kunnen immers beter met binnenlandse instrumenten, dan met in eerste instantie internationaal werkende instrumenten te lijf worden gegaan.
4. Toepasbaarheid van strategisch handelsbeleid
Vanuit theoretisch opzicht is de nieuwe benadering in een aantal opzichten onbevredigend, omdat de richting van de invloed van een beleidsinstrument op de nationale welvaart sterk afhankelijk blijkt te zijn van de vooronderstellingen die men hanteert\(^4\). De benadering is met andere woorden niet robuust en kleine modelwijzigingen kunnen reeds tot tegengestelde beleidsadviezen leiden (Eaton en Grossman, 1986). Het aantal binnenlandse bedrijven dat opereert in het land dat een strategisch handelsbeleid overweegt kan de uitkomsten van het model bij voorbeeld sterk beïnvloeden. Indien er sprake is van één bedrijf schrijft de theorie van het strategisch handelsbeleid een exportsubsidie voor. Indien men met een aantal bedrijven te maken heeft zou daarentegen een exportheffing moeten worden gehanteerd; subsidiëring leidt in dat geval zelfs tot een nationale welvaartsdaling. Wanneer het aantal bedrijven groeit benadert de marktvorm immers steeds meer de in de traditionele benadering vooronderstelde volledig vrije mededinging. In die situatie volgt het zo genoemde optimale tarief weer als mogelijk instrument ter verhoging van de welvaart ten opzichte van de vrijhandelsituatie. Het aantal bedrijven is dus een zeer kritische variabele en dit klemt temeer, omdat bovennormale winsten geacht mogen worden concurrentie aan te trekken\(^5\). Het handelsinstrumentarium dat is gericht tegen buitenlandse concurrenten kan binnenlandse toetreding bovendien uitlokken. Niet alleen heeft men te maken met het probleem van de juiste tijdsduur van de subsidie of de heffing, maar ook bestaat de mogelijkheid dat de handelsverstorende maatregel te veel toetreding uitlokt, met alle
---
\(^4\) Dit geldt overigens niet slechts voor de moderne handelstheorie, maar voor de gehele speltheoretische benadering van oligopolistische markten (Fisher 1989).
\(^5\) Vergelijk E.W.M.T. Westerhout (1993).
negatieve gevolgen voor de efficiëntie van de allocatie van dien.
Het antwoord op de vraag naar het in te zetten instrument (heffing of subsidie) wordt ook beïnvloed door de aard van het reactiepatroon van de strategische bedrijven of bedrijfstakken. Een exportsubsidie is optimaal indien bedrijven hun eigen optimale produktieniveau bepalen onder de vooronderstelling dat ze de productie van hun concurrenten als gegeven mogen beschouwen; men spreekt dan van Cournot gedrag. Indien de bedrijven echter een zogenoemde Bertrand-strategie volgen (waarbij ze een prijs stellen en vervolgens het produktieniveau aanpassen aan de resulterende vraag) dan wordt een exportheffing aanbevolen.
Karakteristieken. De karakteristieken van de sector die men met het strategische handelsbeleid wenst te steunen zijn derhalve doorslaggevend bij het beantwoorden van de vraag welk instrument men moet toepassen. Dit vereist een grote hoeveelheid informatie alvorens men over kan gaan tot het voeren van een verantwoord beleid.
Op basis van de modellen van de strategische handelstheoretici kan worden afgeleid dat een te steunen sector in ieder geval aan de volgende eisen zou moeten voldoen om een kandidaat voor succesvol strategisch beleid te kunnen zijn (Spencer 1986):
- er moet sprake zijn van belangrijke (potentiële) buitenlandse concurrentie;
- de te steunen industrie moet tenminste een even grote mate van concentratie kennen als de rivaliserende buitenlandse industrie;
- de strategische sector mag slechts in geringe mate gebruik maken van inzetten die als knelpuntsfactor in de rest van de economie (kunnen) optreden;
- het productieproces moet worden gekenmerkt door belangrijke schaalvoordelen en/of ervaringseffecten;
- uit het bovenstaande volgt bovendien dat er sprake dient te zijn van grote en inflexibele kapitaalvereisten alsmede van langdurige en substantiële barrières.
Daarnaast dient vanzelfsprekend te gelden dat de strategisch geachte industrie additionele opbrengsten moet kunnen genereren die groter zijn dan de totale kosten van de subsidie. Deze kosten bestaan uit de kosten van belastingheffing en implementatie\(^6\). Daarmee zijn we er nog niet, want er moet ook worden ingeschat wat voor soort strategie (Cournot of Bertrand) door de bedrijven in de strategische sector(en) gevolgd zal gaan worden en dit kan met name voor de buitenlandse bedrijven nauwelijks met enige zekerheid worden gedaan. Gedragingen en strategieën worden immers ook sterk beïnvloed door actuele reacties van concurrenten en andere wijzigingen in de bedrijfsomgeving. Tevens moet worden bepaald of er sprake is van overwinst in een bepaalde sector. Ook
\(^6\) Vergelijk Van Sinderen (1990) ten aanzien van deze punten.
hier gaat het om een inschatting. Een hoger rendement van buitenlandse bedrijven kan bij voorbeeld ook worden veroorzaakt door een verschil in internationale risico-voorkeur. Risicovolle projecten mislukken vaker, maar als ze slagen hebben ze een hogere opbrengst. Daarom moet bij de beoordeling of een bepaald buitenlands rendement als een overwinst moet worden beschouwd ook het risico worden betrokken. Dit is bij innovatieve projecten uit de aard der zaak in ieder geval bijzonder gecompliceerd en zeer waarschijnlijk onmogelijk. Zonder een bruikbare beoordeling is de kans groot dat het inzetten van het strategische instrumentarium er slechts toe leidt dat activiteiten worden beschermd waarvan het risicoprofiel niet aansluit bij de risicovoorkeur van het eigen bedrijfsleven.
Al met al is het niet eenvoudig strategische sectoren aan de hand van een aantal objectieve criteria te identificeren. Er is sprake van een grote informatiebehoefte bij beleidsmakers die een strategisch handelsbeleid overwegen, terwijl inschattingsfactoren die dit beleid direct contra-productief maken zeker niet onwaarschijnlijk geacht mogen worden.
Toepassingsgebied. De theorie van het strategisch handelen lijkt gezien de veelheid aan te stellen eisen geen al te groot toepassingsgebied te hebben. Drie sectoren worden in de literatuur als mogelijke kanshebbers genoemd: commerciële vliegtuigen, halfgeleiders en telecommunicatie apparatuur. De schaarse empirische studies die naar strategisch beleid zijn verricht ondersteunen de stelling dat de te behalen winsten van een activistische strategische handelspolitiek gering zijn (Baldwin, 1992). Zo is naar de vliegtuigindustrie econometrisch onderzoek verricht dat op zich een ondersteuning biedt voor de hypothese dat strategische subsidiëring de toetreding in markten met belangrijke schaalvoordelen mogelijk kan maken (Baldwin en Flam, 1989, Klepper, 1990, Pomfret, 1991). De op nationale basis berekende kosten blijken echter de baten van toetreding te overtreffen. En belangrijker: in geen enkel geval neemt de mondiale welvaart toe. Strategisch handelsbeleid is derhalve op z'n best een nulsom-spel en heeft zeer waarschijnlijk zelfs een negatieve uitkomst voor het wereldtotaal.
Voor een klein land lijkt de theorie ongeschikt als basis voor het handelsbeleid. Afschermen van de markt zal immers nauwelijks zin hebben. Bovendien zullen kleine landen in het algemeen minder gemakkelijk middelen ter beschikking kunnen stellen dan grote landen. Volgens Karsdorp en Oldersma (1991) kunnen buitenlandse directe en/of portfolio investeringen strategisch gedrag door overheden helpen voorkomen. De theorie van het strategisch handelen is immers voor een groot gedeelte gebaseerd op de gedachte van het verschuiven van overwinsten. Indien de aandeelhouders van de strategische handelssector echter buitenlanders zijn heeft het verschuiven van de overwinst weinig zin omdat deze dan in de vorm van verhoogde dividenden weer afvloeit naar het buitenland.
5. Gevaren van strategisch handelsbeleid
Het is zeer waarschijnlijk dat strategische handelspolitiek ernstige negatieve consequenties heeft voor alle landen en uiteindelijk ook voor het land dat zo'n beleid entameert. Deze gevaren van strategisch overheidsgedrag worden met name duidelijk wanneer we de abstracties van de theoretische modellen verlaten en terugkeren naar de werkelijkheid van de dagelijkse beleidspraktijk. We kunnen dan drie voornamge gevaren onderscheiden: beoordelingsfouten door beleidsmakers, tegenmaatregelen door slachtoffers en het ondergraven van de spelregels van het open multilaterale handelssysteem.
Beoordelingsfouten. Het eerste gevaar is dat de verkeerde sector als strategisch wordt bestempeld. De strategische benadering kent een zelfs voor economische theorieën ongebruikelijk grote gevoeligheid voor de keuzes en inschattingen van beleidsmakers in het bedrijfsleven en de overheidssector. Gezien de omvangrijke informatiebehoeft en de complexe aard van de vraagstukken zijn beoordelingsfouten door beleidsmakers niet onwaarschijnlijk. Een verkeerde keuze betekent twee keer weggegooi geld. In de eerste plaats omdat ter financiering van het overheidsbeleid door middel van belastingheffing de noodzakelijk middelen moesten worden verkregen en de mogelijk negatieve allocatieve aspecten daarvan blijven in de besproken theorieën buiten beschouwing. In de tweede plaats omdat zo uiteindelijk mondiale én nationale welvaartsdalingen optreden en zeer waarschijnlijk een aantasting van de eigen concurrentiepositie resulteert.
Retaliatie. Het tweede gevaar volgt uit de wat roofzuchtige mentaliteit van de vereiste profit-shift waarbij de winst van het strategische handelsbeleid ten koste van andere landen wordt geboekt. Daardoor zijn represaille-maatregelen bepaald niet ondenkbaar. In de hoog-technologische kennis-intensieve bedrijfstakken waarop de strategische handelstheorie zich bij uitstek richt zijn tegenmaatregelen zelfs erg waarschijnlijk, omdat de aanwezigheid van zulke economische activiteiten binnen de landsgrenzen vaak geacht wordt bredere politieke en soms militaire doelstellingen te dienen. Als zo'n handelsoorlog uitbreekt zijn er alleen verliezers want dan lopen ook de uit de traditionele theorie volgende voordelen van vrij(e) handel gevaar. Meer in het algemeen geldt dat toenemende (handels)politieke onzekerheid belangrijke opportunitieitskosten voor de wereldhandel kan betekenen (Van Bergeijk; 1992, Van Marrewijk en Van Bergeijk, 1993).
Ondergraven GATT. Hieruit volgt het derde en grootste gevaar, namelijk dat het open multilaterale handelssysteem wordt ondergraven. De nieuwe ontwikkelingen in het handelspolitieke denken kunnen het gedrag van met name de grote landen beïnvloeden waardoor de handelsnormen dreigen te verschuiven.
in de richting van bilaterale en sectorale overeenkomsten op basis van min of meer strikte reciprociteit, zoals bij voorbeeld het geval is in het *Structural Impediments Initiative* tussen de Verenigde Staten en Japan. Daardoor kan het niet-voorwaardelijke ‘most-favoured-nation’ beginsel van het GATT een ondergeschikt principe worden.
5. Conclusies
Op de markt voor economische theorieën wordt beleidmakers de laatste jaren een nieuw product aangeboden: het strategisch handelsbeleid. Nadere bestudering leert dat het - zoals wel vaker bij als nieuw aangeprezen produkten - gaat om een reeds lang bekend product, het protectionisme, met een nieuwe - in dit geval wiskundige - vormgeving en een nieuwe naam. Voor de Eerste Wereldoorlog werd de afscherming van de markt tegen buitenlandse concurrenten verkocht als de "wetenschappelijke" invoerheffing waarmee "rationele protectie" tot de mogelijkheden zou behoren; na de Tweede Wereldoorlog sprak men van een "optimaal" tarief en in de jaren negentig blijkt "strategisch" de modeterm te zijn.
Waar het de beleidsaanbevelingen van deze nieuwste loot van de handelstheorie betreft blijft het echter bij oude wijn in nieuwe zakken. Het gaat om een neomercantilistische benadering waarbij sectorale bilaterale exportoverschotten worden uitgeroepen tot de centrale en zaligmakende doelstelling van het economische beleid. Hierdoor kunnen sectorbelangen prevaleren boven het algemene belang. De theorie van het strategische handelsbeleid is wiskundig complex, in de analyse academisch en heeft buiten de universitaire wereld slechts de aandacht kunnen trekken doordat uit de modellen enige markante beleidsconclusies worden getrokken. De opmerkelijkste beleidssuggesties zijn dat handelsbelemmeringen de welvaart van een land blijvend zouden kunnen vergroten en dat unilaterale stappen richting vrijhandel de eigen industrie zouden kunnen schaden.
De theoretische onderbouwing van het strategisch handelsbeleid blijkt zeer gevoelig voor kleine wijzigingen in de vooronderstellingen omtrent het aantal spelers of de strategieën van bedrijven en overheden van andere landen. De nieuwe school in de handelstheorie kan de wenselijkheid van strategisch overheidsingrijpen niet in het algemeen aantonen, noch empirisch, noch theoretisch. Het is zelfs zeer waarschijnlijk dat strategische handelspolitiek ernstige negatieve consequenties heeft voor alle landen en uiteindelijk ook voor het land dat zo’n beleid entameert. De theorie van het strategische handelsbeleid kan geen zinvolle bijdrage leveren aan de beleidsonderbouwing. Daarom dient het tegengaan van oneerlijke handelspraktijken - bij voorbeeld via effectieve anti-dumpingmaatregelen en het op nationaal en internationaal niveau tegengaan van mededingingsbeperkende ondernemingspraktijken - hoog op de agenda te blijven staan. Versterking en uitbreiding van de spelregels van het open
multilaterale handelssysteem is en blijft de belangrijkste bijdrage van de handelspolitiek aan onze welvaart.
De conclusie moet daarom zijn dat een onvoldoende empirisch getoetste theorie die bovendien geen ondubbelzinnige beleidsadviezen oplevert als een volstrekt onvoldoende argument moet worden opgevat om zulke ingrijpende veranderingen te rechtvaardigen.
Literatuur
Baldwin R. en Flam H. (1989), Strategic Trade Policies in the Market for 30-40 Seat Commuter Aircraft, *Weltwirtschaftliches Archiv* LXXV, 484-500.
Baldwin R.E. (1992) Are Economists' Traditional Trade Policy Views Still Valid?, *Journal of Economic Literature* XXX, 804-829.
Bergeijk P.A.G. van (1991), *Handel, politiek & handelspolitiek*, SDU, Den Haag.
Bergeijk P.A.G. van (1992) Diplomatic Barriers to Trade, *De Economist* CXL, 45-64.
Bergeijk, P.A.G. van (1993), 'Europa: fort of open huis' *Osmose* XIX (1), 12-16.
Bergeijk P.A.G. van, Sinderen J. van en Westerhout E.W.M.T.(1992) *Anticiperen en reageren op de Europese uitdaging*, Wolters Noordhoff, Groningen.
Bhagwati J.N. en Irwin D.A. (1987), The Return of the Reciprocitarians - US Trade Policy Today, *The World Economy* X, 109-130.
Brander J.A. en Spencer B.J. (1985), Export Subsidies and International Market Share Rivalry, *Journal of International Economics* XVIII, 83-100.
Eaton J. en Grossman G. (1986), Optimal Trade and Industrial Policy under Oligopoly, *Quarterly Journal of Economics* CI, 383-406.
Engering F.A. (1990), Vrijhandel trekt toch aan het langste eind, in: J. van Sinderen (red.), *Het Sociaal-economische beleid in de tweede helft van de twintigste eeuw*, Wolters-Noordhoff, Groningen, 274-283.
Engering F.A. (1991), Vormgeven aan één wereldmarkt, *Economisch Statistische Berichten* LXXVI, 1248-1251.
Fisher F.M. (1989), Games Economists Play: A Noncooperative View, *The RAND Journal of Economics* XX, 113-124.
Grauwe P. de (1989) Nieuwe handelstheorie en industriebeleid, *Economisch Statistische Berichten* LXXIV, 208-212.
Jacquemin A. (1989), International and Multinational Strategic Behaviour, *Kyklos* XLII, 495-513.
Junne C.G.A. en Ruigrok W.M. (1988), Een wereld van handelsblokken? Strategieën van het bedrijfsleven, *Economisch Statistische Berichten* LXXIII, 1233-1236.
Karsdorp P.A. en Oldersma H. (red.) (1991), *Buitenlands Economisch Beleid in de jaren negentig*, Ministerie van Economische Zaken, Den Haag.
Klepper G. (1990), Entry into the Market for Large Transport Aircraft, *European Economic Review* XXXIV, 775-803.
Kol J. en Mennes L.B.M. (1989), Moderne Handelstheorieën en implicaties voor de handelspolitiek in: C.J. van Eijk et al., *Export. Preadviezen 1984 van de Koninklijke Vereniging voor de Staatshuishoudkunde*, Stenfert Kroese, Leiden, 1-20.
Kol J. en Mennes L.B. (1990), Protection and International Stability, *De Economist* CXXXVIII, 471-488.
Krugman P.R. (red.) (1986), *Strategic Trade Policy and the New International Economics*, Cambridge (Mass.).
Krugman P.R. (1984), Import Protection as Export Promotion: International Competition in the Presence of Oligopoly and Economics of Scale, in: H. Kierzkowski, (red.), *Monopolistic Competition and International Trade*, Clarendon, Oxford, 180-193.
Krugman P.R. (1991), *Geography and Trade*, Leuven University Press, Leuven.
Krugman P. (1992), Does the New Trade Theory Require a New Trade Policy?, *The World Economy* XV, 423-442.
Marrewijk C. van en Bergeijk P.A.G. van (1993, te verschijnen), Endogenous Trade Uncertainty: Why Countries May Specialize Against Comparative Advantage, *Regional Science & Urban Economics*.
Milner H.V. en Yoffie D.B. (1989), Between free trade and protectionism: strategic trade policy and a theory of corporate trade demands, *International Organization* XLIII, 239-272.
Minne B. en Verbruggen H. (1989), De Nederlandse export in empirisch en theoretisch perspectief in: C.J. van Eijk et al., *Export. Preadviezen 1984 van de Koninklijke Vereniging voor de Staatshuishoudkunde*, Stenfert Kroese, Leiden.
Nguyen T.T. en Wigle R.M. (1992), Trade liberalisation with Imperfect Competition: the Large and the Small of it, *European Economic Review* XXVVI, 17-36.
Norman V.D. (1990), Assessing Trade and Welfare Effects of Trade Liberalization: A Comparison of Alternative Approaches to CGE Modelling with Imperfect Competition, *European Economic Review* XXXIV, 725-751.
Pomfret R. (1991), The New Trade Theories, Rent-Snatching and Jet Aircraft, *The World Economy* XIV, 269-277.
Richardson J.D. (1989), Empirical Research on Trade Liberalisation with Imperfect Competition: A Survey, *OECD Economic Studies* N° 12, 7-50.
Ruigrok W.M. (1990), Vrijhandel als richtlijn of als ideologie?, *Economische Statistische Berichten* LXXV, 249-255.
Sinderen J. van (1990), *Belastingheffing, economische groei en belastingopbrengst* Wolters Noordhoff: Groningen.
Sinderen J. van, Bergeijk P.A.G. van en Westerhout E.W.M.T. (1992), Europese integratie: waarom?, *Economische Statistische Berichten* LXXVI, 496-499.
Spencer B.J. (1986), What Should Trade Policy Target?, in: Krugman P.R. (red.), *Strategic Trade Policy and the New International Economics*, Cambridge (Mass.) 69-90.
Stegeman K. (1989), Policy rivalry among industrial states: what can we learn from models of strategic trade policy, *International Organization* XLIII, 73-100.
Tulder R. van en Junne G. (1988), *European Multinationals in Core Technologies*, Chichester.
Venables A.J. (1990), The Economic Integration of Oligopolistic Markets, *European Economic Review* XXXIV, 753-773.
Westerhout E.W.M.T. (1993), Trade Liberalization, Market Structure and Welfare, Paper ECOZOEK.
|
<urn:uuid:f316aafa-7fd0-4426-bccb-d262f642b9d9>
|
HuggingFaceFW/finepdfs/tree/main/data/nld_Latn/train
|
finepdfs
|
nld_Latn
| 41,812
|
Smile!!
Op 26 april komt de schoolfotograaf de mooie snoetjes van De Twijg vereeuwigen. Zorg dat je er netjes opstaat!
Verkeers-flash!
Het vijfde leerjaar, meer genaamd 5B, blijkt onklopbaar. Op de teldag droeg maar liefst 100% van de leerlingen van deze klas het fluohesje… Zij zijn dan ook de trotse winnaar van de trofee en mogen zichzelf alweer 'ster van de maand' noemen. Mama's, papa's en kinderen van de andere klassen…klop het vijfde en win de trofee!
Voor je agenda! Voor je agenda!
1-4 Sleepover 5B
25-4 fotozoektocht ODR
26-4 schoolfotograaf
27-4 kleuters (2,5/3j)
Ollemanshoekje 27-4 kleuters (4/5 j) schattenjacht te Horst
29-4 info-avond zeeklassen om 20u
30-4 dansfeest in De Twijg
Slapen of niet slapen
Op 1 april (geen grap) houdt 5B een lesmarathon. Op donderdagmorgen beginnen de lessen en deze duren tot vrijdag 15u. Op donderdagavond staan er enkele leuke activiteiten op het programma. Wat er allemaal gepland is gaan we nu nog niet verklappen. Dat zou de pret bederven voor de vijfdeklassers. Het belooft in elk geval superleuk te worden.
Dit hele gebeuren zal in goede banen geleid worden onder het toeziend oog van meester Wim en juf Marlies.
foto-wandel-zoek-tocht
Na een geslaagde quiz, heeft onze ouderraad de koppen nog eens bijeen gestoken. Deze keer hebben ze een heuse 'fotozoektocht' uitgebroed. Deze uitzonderlijke tocht vindt plaats op 25 april. Houd je wandelschoenen al maar klaar! Om ervoor te zorgen dat jullie niet verhongeren is er na de tocht nog wat lekkers voorzien op school. Be there!!
Oproep aan de ouders Oproep aan de ouders
1. Respecteer de onderwijstijd van de school! Om 8u50 beginnen de lessen en deze eindigen pas om 15U45.
2. Heb je thuis in de garage een kleuterfiets staan, vol met stof en spinnenwebben, aarzel dan niet om deze te schenken aan onze kleuters! Zij zullen u dankbaar zijn!
Batterijen Batterijen
Hebben jullie thuis nog lege batterijen liggen? Breng ze dan zeker mee naar school. In de hal staan er grote dozen waarin je deze kan deponeren. Nog 200 punten en we ontvangen van Bebat een digitaal fototoestel voor de school!
Pizza Mari Pizza Mari----O(DR) O(DR)
Op vrijdag 2 april kunnen jullie de bestelde pizza's afhalen in de refter van de school. Vanaf 15u staat een delegatie van de ouderraad jullie op te wachten met heerlijke pizza's. Laat het smaken!!
Op naar de zee! Op naar de zee!
De zeeklassen komen dichterbij! De zeeklassen komen dichterbij! De ouders van het vierde leerjaar zijn van harte welkom op don harte welkom op donderdag 29 april derdag 29 april derdag 29 april voor voor een deskundige zee een deskundige zee----uitleg uitleg uitleg van juf Wendy! van juf Wendy!
Thank you for the money Thank you for the money
De jaarlijkse staptocht was ook dit schooljaar een succes. Het kwam allemaal langzaam op gang maar uiteindelijk hebben we toch 2400 euro binnengehaald. De weeskinderen van JaszkotleWroclaw in Polen zijn u dankbaar! Eerder werd reeds gemeld dat een deel van de opbrengst naar Haïti zou gaan. Vermits de ophaling beduidend lager ligt dan andere jaren, hebben we besloten de opbrengst integraal aan het weeshuis te schenken. Dankuwel aan alle sponsors!
Surfing surfing safe surfi Surfing surfing safe surfing ng
Internet is niet altijd zo veilig als het wel lijkt. Niet alleen kinderen moeten hiervan op de hoogte zijn. Ook de ouders kunnen maar beter waakzaam zijn. Op zijn. Op zijn. Op zijn. Op www.clicksafe.be staan staan heel wat tips om heel wat tips om je je je kleine tel kleine tel kleine telg g in de gaten te houden tijdens het surfen! het surfen!
Kleuters op stap... Kleuters op stap...
Op 27 april trekken de jongst Op 27 april trekken de jongsten en onder ons de wijde wereld in. De kleintjes gaan samen met de juffen naar het Ollemanshoekje. De grotere kleuters gaan op schattenjacht in het kasteel van Horst...Benieuwd wat ze daar allemaal gaan vinden!
Hey joe Hey joe fiets je goe... fiets je goe... fiets je goe... fiets je goe...
Het fietsexamen heeft een nieuwe naam gekregen! Op 19 mei is het weer zover. Wij zoeken nog ouders om te komen helpen. Je mag je altijd aanmelden bij de mensen van de verkeersgroep.
Wij zijn druk bezig...
Waar zijn wij, de leerkrachten allemaal mee bezig? Waar zijn wij, de leerkrachten allemaal mee bezig?
In de lagere school ligt de nadruk vooral op Muzische Vorming. Dit is niet 'knutselen' zoals de meeste mensen denken. Muzische Vorming bestaat uit 5 grote delen.
Drama,beeld,muzisch taalgebruik,muzische opvoeding en bewegingsexpressie. Alle juffen,en meester uiteraard, zullen hieraan dus veel aandacht besteden. Om dit nog wat extra kracht bij te zetten, zal er na de paasvakantie een project plaatsvinden. Tijdens dit project zullen de kinderen van 1-2-3 samen allerlei activiteiten doen en de kids van 4-5 en 6 zullen ook samenhokken om muzische activiteiten uit te werken.
Ook aan zorg is er al heel wat aandacht besteed dit schooljaar. Misschien hebben jullie de zorgbriefjes al eens gevonden in de agenda? Vergeet deze dan zeker niet terug aan de leerkracht te bezorgen. Deze briefjes worden immers bijgehouden in het dossier van uw kind. Natuurlijk hebben ook de kleuterjuffen niet stilgezeten. Zij zijn hard aan het werken aan een agendasysteem. Ook de kleutertjes zullen in de week na de paasvakantie allerlei activiteiten doen rond water.
|
<urn:uuid:c8c5b43e-44c5-4111-a932-67278c5dbccb>
|
HuggingFaceFW/finepdfs/tree/main/data/nld_Latn/train
|
finepdfs
|
nld_Latn
| 5,346
|
retraités
JURA
Le compte n'y est pas du tout !
Les retraités remettent ça devant le Medef, partout en France
Les retraités sont mobilisés, depuis de nombreux mois, pour l'augmentation des retraites de base et complémentaires, par rapport à la baisse de leur pouvoir d'achat et à l'inflation galopante pour 2022.
Oui, nous revendiquons une hausse de nos retraites de base de 6 %. La Caisse nationale d'assurance vieillesse (CNAV) a de quoi payer.
Le Gouvernement a lâché 4 % en juillet 2022 et 1,1 % en janvier 2022. L'Agirc-Arrco a aussi lâché 5,12 % au 1 er novembre 2022.
Ces augmentations sont le fruit de nos actions et de nos mobilisations !
Bien sûr, cela ne fait pas le compte par rapport à une inflation qui pourrait atteindre 8 % à la fin de l'année 2022.
Après le 29 septembre, le 6 octobre et le 18 octobre, partout en France, le 6 décembre, rassemblons-nous devant le Medef, pour exiger l'augmentation de nos retraites de base et complémentaires !
Oui, nous revendiquons une hausse de nos retraites complémentaires de 6,2 %. L'argent existe : 2,6 milliards de bénéfices pour l'exercice 2021.
L'Agirc-Arrco, avec les 70 milliards de cotisations sur les salaires, fait des placements financiers et boursiers.
Nous exigeons :
* la suppression des 10 % de malus pendant 3 ans, pour les départs à l'âge légal à la retraite ;
* la baisse de la valeur du point d'achat des points de 2 % ;
* la prise en compte des points dès le 1 er euro cotisé.
Ça suffit ! Nous voulons vivre dignement notre retraite, nous ne sommes pas des nantis.
Oui, le 6 décembre devant le Medef, portons nos exigences pour bien vivre notre retraite.
Le 6 décembre 2022
Retraités et actifs, on se mobilise ensemble ! Pour le Jura, RDV le mardi 6 décembre devant le Medef à Dole à 10h (5 rue Bougauld près épenottes) Pour LONS covoiturage départ 9h place du marché au bois blanc
* Mon pouvoir d'achat • Ma retraite • Ma santé • Mes besoins quotidiens
J'adhère à la CGT
Nom :
..............................
Prénom :
...........................................................
Adresse :
...............................................................................................
Code postal :
................
. Ville :
.....................................................................
Branche professionnelle d'origine :
.......................................................................
Mail :
.................................
Téléphone :
......................................................
Bulletin à remettre à votre USR ou UFR CGT
POUR DÉFENDRE MES REVENDICATIONS
|
<urn:uuid:d076edfb-04bb-4f32-8dd2-dce6a442839f>
|
HuggingFaceFW/finepdfs/tree/main/data/fra_Latn/train
|
finepdfs
|
fra_Latn
| 2,596
|
THERMOPID
1.- Display and push buttons
2.- Description
Temperature regulator with PID adjustment.
2.1.- Switch On
When you switch on the coffee machine, the PID display will activate automatically. The display shows the temperature which will be rising until 100 °C (which is the scheduled temperature).
2.2.- Programming SET-POINT of temperature
Press the button \(\downarrow\)
When the display shows PrG, press the button \(\uparrow\)
When the display shows the programmed temperature, set with the buttons \(\downarrow\) and \(\uparrow\) the temperature value from a minimum of 80°C* to a maximum of 130°C*.
After 3 seconds from the last button pressing, the data are saved and the display shows the temperature.
2.3.- Programming adjustment parameters
Switch off the machine.
Press buttons \(\uparrow\) and \(\downarrow\)
Switch on the machine through the main switch pressing buttons at the same time.
When the display shows F.03, release the buttons.
\(\uparrow\) button slides the parameters,
\(\downarrow\) button enters the programming menu.
Inside the programming menu, the buttons \(\uparrow\) and \(\downarrow\) change the data.
After 3 seconds from the last button pressing, the data are saved by quitting the programming menu.
List of parameters (programmed by the manufacturer. Don't manipulate)
| Parameter | Display | Description |
|-----------|---------|-------------|
| F.03 | °F | Unit of measurement: degrees Fahrenheit |
| | °C | Unit of measurement: degrees Celsius |
| P. | X.X | Where X.X stands for the value of the proportional constant of the PID control. |
| I. | X.XX | Where X.X stands for the value of the integrative constant of the PID control. |
| d. | XX.X | Where X.X stands for the value of the derivative constant of the PID control. |
| F.04 | X | Where X stands for the correction negative factor of the temperature (°C). |
To quit programming parameter, switch off the machine through the main switch.
2.4.- Switch Off
Press during 2 seconds to switch off the PID regulator. The display will show "OFF". In OFF condition, the regulator is disabled.
Press to enter in programming option.
Press to watch the current temperature.
2.5.- Preset Parameters
Switch off the machine through the main switch.
Press button .
Switch on the machine through the main switch. The display will be activate.
When the display shows PrS, release the button.
Switch off the machine through the main switch.
| Parameter | Value |
|-----------|-------|
| F.03 | °F/°C |
| P | 2.5 |
| I | 0.0 |
| d | 4.0 |
| F.04 | 0 (°C) |
2.6.- Alarms
In case of broken feeler, the display shows A1, the out-coming adjustment and the programming are disabled.
In case of a feeler in short circuit, the display shows A2, the out-coming adjustment and the programming are disabled.
Important:
When you switch on the machine and after making a coffee, steam or water the temperature will raise certain degrees above the programmed data. This is normal. You can use the machine without any problem or just wait a little until getting the scheduled temperature.
THERMOPID
1.- Disposición de botones pulsantes y display
Encienda la máquina y mantenga presionado los botones del Pid hasta que se visualiza F.03. Dejar de pulsar los botones.
Con ▼, podrá cambiar de °C a °F o viceversa.
Con ▲ se moverá por los parámetros reguladores.
Dentro del menú de programación, puede modificar los valores, utilizando ▼ y ▲.
Pasados tres segundos de la última modificación (presión del último botón), el dato se almacenará en la memoria.
2.- Descripción
Regulador de temperatura con control PID
2.1.- Encendido
Al encender la máquina, se activa automáticamente.
En el display se visualizará la temperatura. Irá subiendo hasta la temperatura programada (100°C)
2.2.- Programación SET-POINT de Temperatura
Con la máquina encendida, Pulsar ▼.
Cuando el display indique PG, pulsar ▲, verá la temperatura programada.
Con los botones ▲ y ▼ podrá subir o bajar la temperatura (mínimo de 80°C y un máximo de 130°C).
Transcurridos 3 segundos de la pulsación del último valor, los datos se memorizan en el microprocesador y en el display se visualizará la temperatura.
2.3.- Programación de los parámetros reguladores
Apague la máquina desde el interruptor general On/Off.
Pulsar ▲ y ▼.
| Parámetro | Display | Descripción |
|-----------|---------|-------------|
| F.03 | °F | Grados Fahrenheit |
| | °C | Grados Celsius (centígrados) |
| P. | X.X | Donde X.X indica el valor de la constante Proporcional del PID. |
| I. | X.XX | Donde X.XX indica el valor de la constante Integrativa del PID. |
| d. | XX.X | Donde XX.X indica el valor de la constante Derivativa del PID. |
| F.04 | X | Donde X indica el factor de corrección en negativo de la temperatura (°C). |
Para salir de los parámetros de programación, apague la máquina desde el interruptor general On/Off.
2.4.- Apagado
Pulsar durante 2 segundos para apagar el regulador. En el display se visualizará la palabra OFF: En la condición OFF, la regulación está deshabilitada.
Presionando accede a la opción programación.
Presionando indica la temperatura actual.
2.5.- PRESET ( borrar) de parámetros
Apague la máquina desde el interruptor general On/Off.
Pulsar
Encienda la máquina desde el interruptor general On/Off. Se activará el display
Cuando en el display se visualiza PrS, dejar de pulsar el botón.
Apague la máquina desde el interruptor general On/Off.
Cuando vuelva a encenderla, la máquina tendrá los parámetros originales:
| Parameter | Value |
|-----------|---------|
| F.03 | °F/°C |
| P | 2.5 |
| I | 0.0 |
| d | 4.0 |
| F.04 | 0 (°C) |
2.6.- Alarms
En caso de rotura de sonda, el display visualiza el aviso A1. La salida de regulación y la programación estarán deshabilitadas.
En caso de corto circuito, el display visualiza el aviso A2. La salida de regulación y la programación estarán deshabilitadas.
Importante:
Al poner en marcha la máquina de café y después de hacer café, vapor o agua, la temperatura subirá unos grados por encima de lo programado. Es normal. Puede usar la máquina sin problemas o esperar a tener la temperatura programada.
|
<urn:uuid:c0b405d0-524d-4528-ab3b-f42f5da37dac>
|
HuggingFaceFW/finepdfs/tree/main/data/eng_Latn/train
|
finepdfs
|
eng_Latn
| 6,367
|
**ZAMIESZKAJ NA WSPÓŁNEJ**
**KIELCE, UL. WSPÓŁNA**
**MIESZKANIE B3/14**
| Kondygnacja | III |
|-------------|-----|
| LICZBA POKÓJ | 1 POKÓJ |
**BILANS POWIERZCHNI**
| LP. | NAZWA POMIESZCZEŃIA | POW. [m²] |
|-----|----------------------|-----------|
| B3/14/1 | KOMUNIKACJA | 2,17 |
| B3/14/2 | ŁAZIENKA | 3,10 |
| B3/14/3 | KUCHNIA | 4,50 |
| B3/14/4 | SALON | 18,25 |
| SUMA: | | 28,02 |
| B3/14/L | LOGGIA | 2,72 |
| POW. UŻYTKOWA WG: PN-ISO 9836 1997 | | 28,87 |
**LEGENDA:**
- Ściany żelbetowe
- Ściany murowane
- Ściany działowe (najdające się do demontażu)
- Grzejnik
**LOKALIZACJA W BUDYNKU:**
---
**NOTATKI:**
1. WYMAGANY POMIESZCZENIA, LOKALIZACJE I PRZYBORÓW SANITARNYCH, RÓŻNICE PUNKTÓW OŚWIETLENICZNYCH, ETC. PODANE ZDZIEJNE Z PROJEKTEM BUDOWLANYM. MOŻE WYSTĄPIĆ RÓŻNE WYMARÓW I USTUJĄCĄCE ELEMENTÓW POWSTAJĄ W WYKONY REALIZACJI PRAC BUDOWLANYCH. PODANE WYMARÓW SA WYNIKAMI WŚMIELE PRZEDOSTRZEGO W STANIE SUBYWUM (BEZ TYNKU).
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3. PROJEKTOWE ARANŻACJE LOKALU SĄ PRZYKŁADOWE. WŚMIELE W TYM ZARZECIE MAJA CHARAKTER INFORMACYJNY I NIE STANOWIA OFERTY W BUDZIENIU KISEKSI CYWILNEGO. UMIEŁOŚCIANIE NIE STANOWI WYSPOSAŻENIA SPRZEDAWANEGO DO LOKALU.
4. WYPUJUJĄCE NIE STANOWI PROJEKTU FLEWELU.
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Justicia Abierta: buenas prácticas y desafíos en un país federal
Coordinadoras:
Sandra Elena y Alejandra González Rodríguez
Justicia Abierta: buenas prácticas y desafíos en un país federal
Coordinadoras:
Sandra Elena y Alejandra González Rodríguez
Justicia abierta: buenas prácticas y desafíos en un país federal / coordinación general de Sandra Elena. - 1a ed. - Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires : Ediciones SAIJ, 2019.
Libro digital, PDF
Archivo Digital: descarga y online
ISBN 978-987-8338-14-9
1. Acceso a la Información Pública. 2. Acceso a la Justicia. 3. Participación Ciudadana. I. Elena, Sandra, coord.
CDD 346
ISBN: 978-987-8338-14-9
Justicia Abierta: buenas prácticas y desafíos en un país federal
1ra. edición: septiembre de 2019
Editado por Ediciones SAIJ de la Dirección Nacional del Sistema Argentino de Información Jurídica.
Ministerio de Justicia y Derechos Humanos de la Nación, Sarmiento 329,
CP 1041AFF, CABA
Correo electrónico: email@example.com
Esta publicación se encuentra disponible en forma libre
y gratuita en: www.bibliotecadigital.gob.ar
Los artículos contenidos en esta publicación son de libre reproducción en todo o en parte,
citando la fuente.
Distribución gratuita. Prohibida su venta.
PODER JUDICIAL
PROVINCIA del CHUBUT
MINISTERIO PUBLICO FISCAL
PROVINCIA DEL CHUBUT
JUSTICIA CÓRDOBA
PODER JUDICIAL DE CÓRDOBA
TRIBUNAL SUPERIOR DE JUSTICIA
CENTRO DE ESTUDIOS
Y PROYECTOS JUDICIALES
PODER JUDICIAL DE CÓRDOBA
Poder Judicial
de la Provincia de Corrientes
Ministerio Público Fiscal
PROVINCIA DE MENDOZA
MINISTERIO PÚBLICO
RÍO NEGRO
MINISTERIO PÚBLICO FISCAL DE SALTA
PROVINCIA DE SANTA FE
PODER JUDICIAL
MINISTERIO PÚBLICO DE LA ACUSACIÓN
Provincia de Santa Fe
Ministerio Público Fiscal
Poder Judicial - Santiago de Chile
MINISTRO DE JUSTICIA Y DERECHOS HUMANOS DE LA NACIÓN
DR. GERMÁN C. GARAVANO
SECRETARIA DE JUSTICIA
DRA. MARÍA FERNANDA RODRÍGUEZ
SUBSECRETARIO DE JUSTICIA Y POLÍTICA CRIMINAL
DR. JUAN JOSÉ BENITEZ
COORDINADORA PROGRAMA JUSTICIA ABIERTA
SANDRA ELENA
Desde la asunción del presidente Mauricio Macri, el Ministerio de Justicia y Derechos Humanos impulsa una modernización integral del sistema de justicia mediante la búsqueda de mayores niveles de transparencia, acceso a la información y participación ciudadana.
Los programas Justicia 2020 y Justicia Abierta de este Ministerio, recientemente galardonados por la Organización para la Cooperación y el Desarrollo Económicos (OCDE) y la Alianza para el Gobierno Abierto (OGP) como iniciativas más innovadoras de Gobierno Abierto en el mundo, representan una buena parte del esfuerzo realizado y demuestran que nuestro país decidió cambiar hacia un sistema de justicia más transparente, cercano a las personas y centrado en sus necesidades.
Creemos que la justicia de nuestro país debe dejar atrás, de una vez por todas, aquel modo tradicional de pensar y de hacer las cosas, basado en la opacidad y el secretismo. Para ello, debe seguir incorporando a nivel institucional los valores de Justicia Abierta, que implica la traducción de la filosofía de Gobierno Abierto a las instituciones que lo componen. Esta filosofía apunta a que las instituciones del Estado adopten los principios de transparencia, rendición de cuentas, participación pública y uso de nuevas tecnologías.
Desde el Ministerio de Justicia y Derechos Humanos planteamos un servicio público centrado en la gente, que dé respuestas a sus necesidades de manera rápida y eficiente. Creemos que las personas (no las instituciones, no los operadores judiciales) deben ocupar el centro de la escena a la hora de idear, planificar y ejecutar cada decisión de política pública de justicia. Concretar estas premisas requiere un trabajo consensuado entre las instituciones de justicia y la sociedad civil, que incluya a organizaciones de diverso tipo, a los colegios profesionales y a las instituciones educativas, pero también a los usuarios o a los ciudadanos de a pie que no cuentan con conocimientos legales específicos.
Justicia 2020 es un claro ejemplo del diseño e implementación de políticas públicas bajo este paradigma. Se trata de una plataforma participativa de
diálogos presenciales y en línea de la que ya participaron más de 60 mil personas, en la cual, a través de equipos temáticos de trabajo, se han promovido y garantizado la transparencia activa y la participación pública en la elaboración, implementación y seguimiento de políticas públicas, proyectos e iniciativas legislativas para la innovación y la modernización judiciales.
Justicia 2020 representa el mayor ejemplo de cocreación entre Estado y sociedad civil del sector justicia de América Latina. Como último producto de esta etapa hemos planteado una agenda a futuro para implementar en los próximos 11 años en nuestro país, Justicia 2030, donde hemos propuesto políticas de Estado para seguir mejorando el servicio de justicia en cada uno de los ejes de trabajo (Institucional, Penal, Civil, Acceso a la Justicia, Gestión, Derechos Humanos y Justicia y Comunidad).
Como parte de la iniciativa, el Programa de Justicia Abierta se focaliza en el cumplimiento de los principios de Estado abierto, de transparencia, de acceso a la información y de rendición de cuentas. A través de su Portal de Datos Abiertos de Justicia (datos.jus.gob.ar), Justicia Abierta garantiza el acceso de manera irrestricta y en formatos abiertos a un amplio repertorio de datos e información relevantes del sector por parte de la sociedad. Datos cuya publicidad era impensada hasta hace pocos años atrás, como la conformación de sociedades o los procesos de designación de magistrados, se encuentran ahora disponibles y actualizados para cualquier persona con acceso a una computadora o dispositivo con Internet.
Asimismo, en una iniciativa sin precedentes en nuestro país, a través de Justicia Abierta hemos trabajado con más de 50 instituciones de justicia nacionales y provinciales a fin de ayudarlas a abrir sus datos y poner a disposición de la sociedad datos e información sobre su funcionamiento. Información que hasta hace unos años era considerada poco menos que secreta pasó, así, a ser pública a medida que las instituciones aceptaron nuestra invitación a sumarse a esta nueva perspectiva.
Un tercer ejemplo de política pública que puso a las personas en el centro de la escena fue implementado a través de la red de dispositivos de acceso a la justicia, que funciona como herramienta para el empoderamiento legal de los habitantes y como vía para la resolución de conflictos, complementándose con las políticas de Justicia Abierta.
En la actualidad, el Ministerio cuenta con más de 90 Centros de Acceso a la Justicia y con una experiencia novedosa como el Hospital de Derechos, que brindan servicios de atención legal primaria gratuita, con el foco puesto en las poblaciones vulnerables de nuestro país. Estas son a menudo las que más sufren la insatisfacción de sus necesidades legales, lo que convierte a esta iniciativa en un gran igualador de derechos y en una política que cambió la vida de más de medio millón de personas solo desde el año 2017.
Como Ministerio estamos decididos a acelerar el cumplimiento de la Agenda 2030 en el ámbito de la justicia de nuestro país, pero también de todo
el mundo. Por este motivo, somos promotores, junto con otros gobiernos, organizaciones de la sociedad civil y socios internacionales que comparten nuestra visión, de la Coalición por una Justicia Abierta, que proporcionará un marco para la cooperación, el intercambio y el debate internacionales, centrado en cerrar la brecha de justicia mediante la implementación de reformas de Gobierno Abierto y Justicia Abierta.
Intenté reflejar en estas líneas nuestra visión y las políticas concretas que hemos implementado para llevarla a cabo desde el Ministerio de Justicia y Derechos Humanos. Esta publicación se centra en una de ellas, a través de la cual hemos intentado cambiar para siempre la cara de nuestra justicia y el modo en que esta concibe su labor.
Creemos en el consenso y la colaboración como mejor modo de lograr que las personas y las instituciones trabajen juntas en pos de objetivos comunes que beneficien a todos. La iniciativa que se documenta en esta publicación es ejemplo palpable de ello.
Extiendo mi gratitud y mi felicitación a quienes participaron de esta construcción común, tanto desde nuestro querido Ministerio como desde las instituciones provinciales y nacionales de justicia. Los invito a que sigamos juntos construyendo una justicia mejor por esta senda.
Germán C. Garavano
Ministro de Justicia y Derechos Humanos de la Nación
El Ministerio de Justicia y Derechos Humanos de la Nación desde hace más de tres años impulsa la modernización del sistema de justicia a través de los programas Justicia 2020 y Justicia Abierta con el objeto de lograr mayores niveles de transparencia, participación ciudadana, acceso a la información, rendición de cuentas y a fin de promover el uso de nuevas tecnologías en el sistema de justicia.
En octubre del año 2016 fue creado el Programa Justicia Abierta que hoy está a cargo de la Subsecretaría de Justicia y Política Criminal, cuyo objetivo es implementar políticas públicas de gobierno abierto en todos los sistemas de justicia de la Argentina.
En el marco del programa se creó el Portal de Datos Abiertos de la Justicia Argentina, donde hoy se encuentran publicadas 57 bases de datos de los distintos registros y áreas del Ministerio de Justicia y los datos primarios provenientes de instituciones de justicia de todo el país en el marco del Convenio Interjurisdiccional de Datos Abiertos de Justicia.
Esta publicación es una prueba más del trabajo que realiza el Programa de Justicia Abierta en pos de la aplicación de los principios de gobierno abierto a la justicia; da cuenta de un trabajo conjunto y participativo llevado a cabo con las instituciones de justicia de todo el país, ministerios públicos fiscales y poderes judiciales.
Para brindar un servicio de justicia de calidad hay que destacar el rol de articulación del Ministerio de Justicia y Derechos Humanos de la Nación en la recopilación de los datos y visualización del trabajo de la justicia en miras a rendir cuentas de su gestión, para fortalecer los principios democráticos y republicanos.
Todo el sistema de justicia debe acompañar el paradigma de apertura de datos, utilizando la potencia de las herramientas y las tecnologías de la información y la innovación al servicio de lograr mejores resultados.
En este marco, la publicación de información judicial en formatos abiertos y reutilizables permite la realización de análisis y estadísticas confiables que
facilitan los procesos de mejora continua y sirven de base para formular políticas públicas adecuadas y de calidad.
Desde el Ministerio de Justicia y Derechos Humanos de la Nación, a través de Justicia 2020, se trabaja diariamente para lograr una justicia moderna, transparente e independiente, que fomente los valores de participación ciudadana y transparencia.
Agradecemos especialmente el esfuerzo de los actores de los sistemas de justicia provinciales que brindaron la información y la buena predisposición para la realización de la presente obra.
Una vez más, a través de esta publicación, el Programa Justicia Abierta demuestra que el futuro del servicio de justicia se encuentra en el diseño y ejecución de políticas a largo plazo, basadas en evidencias confiables y actualizadas.
Dr. Juan José Benítez
Subsecretario de Justicia y Política Criminal
INTRODUCCIÓN
SANDRA ELENA*
El escenario de disrupción tecnológica que plantea la cuarta revolución industrial en curso tiene como consecuencia que prácticamente ya no existan Estados que no reconozcan la necesidad de repensar su vínculo con la ciudadanía, ensayar nuevas modalidades de gobernanza basadas en la utilización de datos o aplicar enfoques novedosos para la innovación pública. La justicia no es ajena a esto: varias de las instituciones que componen el sector siguen aún ancladas en concepciones y prácticas decimonónicas, aisladas de los nuevos desafíos y oportunidades planteados por este escenario cambiante.
En Argentina este desajuste tiene efectos especialmente perjudiciales sobre la efectividad del sistema, así como sobre la confianza de la ciudadanía respecto de su funcionamiento. El último estudio sobre percepción y acceso a la justicia realizado en 2018 por el Ministerio de Justicia y Derechos Humanos de la Nación refleja esta situación: el Índice de Confianza en la Justicia, que indaga de manera sistemática en el nivel de confianza social en la justicia, da como resultado 50,5/100 (donde 100 es el índice mayor de confianza posible) (Dirección Nacional de Política Criminal en Materia de Justicia y Legislación Penal, 2018).
La Agenda 2030 de Naciones Unidas plantea una hoja de ruta para aspirar a sociedades más pacíficas, justas e inclusivas. El Objetivo de Desarrollo Sostenible 16, incluido en esa Agenda, tiene implicancias puntuales sobre la justicia, puesto que plantea la necesidad de promover sociedades más pacíficas e inclusivas, facilitar el acceso a la justicia y crear instituciones más eficaces, responsables e inclusivas.¹
A finales del año 2015, el Ministerio de Justicia y Derechos Humanos emprendió un nuevo paradigma hacia una justicia abierta, más cercana y centrada en
(*) Responsable del Programa de Justicia Abierta, Subsecretaría de Justicia y Política Criminal, Ministerio de Justicia y Derechos Humanos de la Nación.
(1) Cfr. https://www.sdg16.plus/
las necesidades de las personas. Tomando como punto de partida este nuevo escenario y los lineamientos propuestos por la Agenda 2030, este nuevo paradigma comprende la implementación de los principios de Gobierno Abierto (transparencia, acceso a la información pública, rendición de cuentas y participación pública) por parte de todas las organizaciones que conforman la provisión del servicio de justicia.
En este nuevo paradigma de Justicia Abierta los datos abiertos juegan un rol fundamental. Definimos “datos abiertos” como aquellos datos que pueden ser libremente utilizados, modificados y compartidos por cualquier persona y con cualquier propósito. Para ser considerados abiertos, estos datos deben satisfacer los requisitos de licencia abierta (deben estar en el dominio público y disponibles bajo una licencia de esta naturaleza), acceso (deben estar disponibles como un conjunto, descargables de manera gratuita a través de Internet), legibilidad por máquina (deben ser procesables por computador y sus elementos individuales deben ser fácilmente accesibles y modificables) y formato abierto (en un formato que no imponga restricciones económicas ni de otro tipo sobre su uso, procesable con al menos una herramienta de software libre o de código abierto). (2)
Contar con datos abiertos representa una oportunidad de mejora sustancial para el servicio de justicia: puede hacerlo no solo más transparente y cercano a la sociedad, sino también más eficiente (Elena, 2018). Esta es la premisa a partir de la cual fue creado el Programa de Justicia Abierta, que propone una metodología de trabajo inédita, basada en el registro de casos de las distintas entidades nacionales y subnacionales de justicia, su publicación en formatos abiertos y la generación de estadística judicial. Esto representa un primer paso hacia la construcción de un sistema de datos integrado y abierto para el conjunto de la justicia argentina, sustentado en estándares comunes para medir el funcionamiento de las instituciones que la componen, en la provisión de los insumos necesarios para la planificación de política pública de justicia basada en evidencia y en la creación de nuevas instancias de interacción y cocreación con la ciudadanía.
Esta publicación tiene como finalidad reflejar y rendir cuentas del trabajo llevado a cabo durante tres años por el equipo del Programa de Justicia Abierta, junto a varias de las instituciones de justicia provinciales que firmaron el Convenio Interjurisdiccional de Datos Judiciales Abiertos en 2016, y que comenzaron a transitar el camino hacia una justicia más inteligente, centrada en las personas y preparada para afrontar los desafíos que plantea el presente escenario.
El libro se desarrolla en dos secciones. En la primera incluimos tres capítulos que documentan y reflexionan en torno a la publicación de datos abiertos de justicia, tanto en el marco del Programa de Justicia Abierta como de otras experiencias semejantes que puedan establecerse a futuro en este sentido. En la
(2) Cfr. http://opendefinition.org/
segunda hemos incluido el valioso punto de vista de las instituciones de justicia, participantes fundamentales en este proceso compartido de apertura del sector justicia, a través de las ponencias presentadas por varias de ellas en la jornada de seguimiento “Buenas prácticas y desafíos pendientes”, celebrada a finales de marzo de 2019 en la ciudad de Buenos Aires entre las instituciones firmantes del Convenio Interjurisdiccional de Datos Judiciales Abiertos.
La primera sección comienza con “Programa de Justicia Abierta, buenas prácticas en el trabajo con datos abiertos”, donde Alejandra González Rodríguez describe buena parte del trabajo realizado con las instituciones de justicia en el marco del Convenio Interjurisdiccional de Datos Judiciales Abiertos, destacando desde la óptica del Ministerio de Justicia algunos de los muchos desafíos encontrados y las buenas prácticas implementadas para superarlos.
En “Justicia abierta, estadísticas y sistemas de gestión de causas”, Carlos Gregorio reflexiona sobre el rol central que tienen los sistemas de gestión de causas en la creación de estadística judicial, subrayando la necesidad de tender hacia consensos en lo relativo a su diseño y funcionalidad que faciliten mejoras en la calidad de los datos e información proporcionados.
Cierran la primera sección Ramiro Sánchez Fay y Juan David Leaño López con “Datos abiertos de justicia: metodologías para su implementación y análisis”, donde describen en detalle las distintas herramientas de tecnología digital disponibles para el desarrollo de portales de datos abiertos. Los autores exponen metodologías de implementación y buenas prácticas para la publicación de datos abiertos en plataformas de administración de datos, así como también procesos de recolección, procesamiento y análisis.
En la segunda sección hemos incluido los documentos de ponencias brindadas por representantes de instituciones de justicia (tanto ministerios públicos como poderes judiciales) pertenecientes a las provincias de Chubut, Córdoba, Corrientes, Mendoza, Río Negro, Santa Fe, Santiago del Estero y Salta, recabados tras la mencionada reunión de seguimiento y evaluación de la implementación del Convenio Interjurisdiccional de Datos Judiciales Abiertos.
La riqueza particular de estas ponencias reside en el hecho de que expresan el punto de vista de las instituciones provinciales respecto del trabajo realizado en conjunto para la apertura de sus datos y estadísticas sobre su funcionamiento, que tuvo como producto final su publicación en el Portal de Datos Abiertos de Justicia: datos.jus.gob.ar.
Quisiera, para finalizar, agradecer y felicitar especialmente a todas las autoridades y equipos técnicos de todas las organizaciones de justicia involucradas en esta experiencia, pidiéndoles que sigan sintiéndose parte medular de este proceso a través del cual seguiremos construyendo un servicio de justicia mejor, que ponga en el centro de la escena a las personas y sus necesidades.
Referencias bibliográficas
Dirección Nacional de Política Criminal en Materia de Justicia y Legislación Penal (2018). *Estudio nacional sobre percepción y acceso a la justicia*. Buenos Aires: Ediciones SAIJ. Recuperado el 5 de agosto de 2019 de: http://www.bibliotecadigital.gob.ar/items/show/2154
Elena, S. (2018). Los aportes de los datos abiertos a la justicia. En S. Elena (Coord.) *Justicia Abierta: Aportes para una Agenda en Construcción*. Buenos Aires: Ediciones SAIJ. Recuperado el 5 de agosto de 2019 de: http://www.bibliotecadigital.gob.ar/items/show/1818
ÍNDICE
Prólogo .................................................................................................................. VII
Palabras Preliminares ........................................................................................ XI
Introducción. Sandra Elena ........................................................................... XIII
SECCIÓN I
Programa Justicia Abierta, buenas prácticas en el trabajo con datos abiertos.
Alejandra González Rodríguez ........................................................................ 3
1. El Programa de Justicia Abierta ................................................................. 3
2. Una metodología innovadora aplicada a datos de justicia ..................... 5
3. Reflexiones finales, balance y visión de futuro ....................................... 9
Justicia Abierta, estadísticas y sistemas de gestión de causas.
Carlos G. Gregorio ............................................................................................ 11
1. Introducción ............................................................................................... 11
2. Objetivos y estrategia del Protocolo Técnico de Datos y de Procesos .... 12
3. Los sistemas de gestión de causas ............................................................ 13
4. Estadísticas, indicadores y datos abiertos ............................................... 19
5. Conclusiones .............................................................................................. 22
Datos abiertos de justicia: metodologías para su implementación y análisis.
Ramiro Sánchez Fay y Juan David Leaño López ........................................... 25
1. Introducción ............................................................................................... 25
2. ¿Qué son los datos abiertos? .................................................................... 26
3. ¿Qué es un portal de datos abiertos? ....................................................... 28
4. Datasets o conjuntos de datos ................................................................. 31
5. Análisis de datos y publicación ................................................................. 34
6. Conclusiones .............................................................................................. 39
SECCIÓN II
Fortalezas, amenazas y riesgos de la implementación del convenio de datos abiertos desde una perspectiva provincial. María Gabriela Benedicto .......................... 45
Buenas prácticas y desafíos pendientes. Mario Daniel Corroppoli, María Alejandra López, Hernán Gricman y equipo de trabajo ......................................................... 51
1. Introducción ........................................................................................................... 51
2. Los primeros pasos ............................................................................................... 52
3. La decisión ............................................................................................................. 52
4. Los protocolos de datos y de procesos ................................................................. 53
5. Ajustar el Sistema de Gestión del MPF a los acuerdos ...................................... 53
6. No todo lo que brilla es oro .................................................................................. 54
7. Nuevos desafíos .................................................................................................... 55
Homologación de nomenclador de delitos para la publicación de datos abiertos en materia penal en la Argentina. Sebastián Cruz Carbone y Ricardo Martín Franco .................................................................................................................. 57
1. Introducción ........................................................................................................... 57
2. Descripción del proceso de trabajo ....................................................................... 58
3. Reflexiones finales y desafíos pendientes ............................................................ 60
Acciones dirigidas a la mejora en la calidad del dato en el Poder Judicial de Córdoba. Cecilia A. Gómez y Ricardo Martín Franco .................................................................................................................. 63
1. Introducción ........................................................................................................... 63
2. Juzgados especializados en ejecutivo fiscal .......................................................... 64
3. Cámara Única del Trabajo de Capital .................................................................... 65
4. Mejora de la calidad del dato estadístico y del acceso de la información en el fuero penal ........................................................................................................... 67
Convenio interjurisdiccional de datos abiertos de justicia. Carlos Iván Pedrozo .................................................................................................................. 69
1. Introducción ........................................................................................................... 69
2. Delitos y actuaciones ............................................................................................... 70
3. Sistema de Extracción de Datos (SED) y Sistema DJA ........................................ 71
4. Conclusión ............................................................................................................. 71
Buenas prácticas en el Ministerio Público Fiscal de la Provincia de Mendoza. María Teresa Day .................................................................................................................. 73
1. Introducción ........................................................................................................... 73
2. Justicia Abierta - Justicia 2020 ............................................................................. 74
3. Legislación provincial sobre responsabilidad en el ejercicio de la función pública y acceso a la información pública ................................................................. 74
4. Buenas prácticas dispuestas por el Ministerio Público Fiscal de la provincia de Mendoza ........................................................................................................... 75
5. Reflexiones finales .................................................................................................. 77
Referencias bibliográficas y legislativas ..................................................................... 77
Hacia la implementación del Protocolo de Datos y Procesos en el Ministerio Público Fiscal de la Provincia de Salta. Ministerio Público Fiscal de la Provincia de Salta ................................................................. 79
1. El punto de partida ........................................................................................................... 79
2. Ajustes en los sistemas de gestión .................................................................................. 81
3. Decisiones procesales, mejoras en los procesos ............................................................ 82
4. Descentralización del Ministerio Público Fiscal de la provincia de Salta ..................... 83
5. Conclusiones ...................................................................................................................... 84
Convenio Interjurisdiccional de Datos Abiertos en la Provincia de Santa Fe. Luis Carrivale ........................................................................................................................................... 85
Justicia Penal Abierta en el Sistema Acusatorio de la Provincia de Santa Fe. Jorge Baclini, Mario Barletta, Horacio Capanegra Vallé y Marcelo Ré ........................................ 89
1. Introducción ....................................................................................................................... 89
2. Antecedentes en la provincia de Santa Fe ....................................................................... 90
3. El Plan de Desarrollo Institucional del MPA 2017-2023 (PDI) ....................................... 92
5. Lineamientos estratégicos ............................................................................................... 93
6. Actividades y resultados obtenidos en el período .......................................................... 95
7. Conclusión ....................................................................................................................... 104
Sistema de gestión de legajos taqu versión 2.0. Ministerio Público Fiscal de Santiago del Estero ........................................................................................................................................... 107
1. Estado inicial .................................................................................................................... 107
2. Proceso de migración ...................................................................................................... 107
3. Desarrollo e implementación ............................................................................................ 107
4. Inclusión del Protocolo de Datos Abiertos ...................................................................... 108
Implementación del protocolo técnico de datos. Ministerio Público Fiscal de la Provincia de Río Negro ........................................................................................................................................ 111
1. Puesta en marcha del Protocolo ....................................................................................... 111
2. Durante la implementación del Protocolo ....................................................................... 111
3. Sistema Choique: ingreso a Datos Abiertos .................................................................... 112
4. Beneficios ....................................................................................................................... 112
5. Proyectos ....................................................................................................................... 113
SECCIÓN I
1. El Programa de Justicia Abierta
La Ley 27.275 de Derecho de Acceso a la Información Pública (2016) indica como sujetos obligados a brindar información pública a los tres poderes del Estado. En el marco de esta ley y con la firme decisión política de implementar políticas de Estado Abierto para toda la Administración Pública, el Poder Ejecutivo de la República Argentina decretó, a través del Plan de Apertura de Datos, la obligación para todos los organismos dependientes de su órbita de establecer estrategias particulares de apertura y publicación de sus datos (decreto 117/2016).
A fin de ejecutar dicha política pública, el Ministro de Justicia y Derechos Humanos de la Nación, Dr. Germán Garavano, creó el Programa de Justicia Abierta (resolución MJDH 87/2016). Este Programa fue encomendado con la tarea de posicionar al país como pionero en materia de apertura judicial mediante la aplicación de un paradigma de Justicia Abierta, consistente en la aplicación de los principios de Estado Abierto (transparencia y acceso a la información pública, rendición de cuentas, participación y colaboración ciudadanas y el uso de tecnologías e innovación) por parte de las organizaciones que componen el sector justicia (Elena & Mercado, 2018, pp. 17-42).
El sistema de justicia argentino se caracteriza por sus procesos lentos, tediosos y poco transparentes, de difícil comprensión para la ciudadanía. Estos procesos, que poco se han modificado desde el siglo XIX, producen una gran distancia (en algunos casos insalvable) entre los jueces y las personas usuarias del
(*) Asesora, Programa Justicia Abierta, Ministerio de Justicia y Derechos Humanos, Presidencia de la Nación.
servicio de justicia. La confianza en la justicia por parte de los ciudadanos se ve horadada y esto produce un descrédito que la apertura de la información, la rendición de cuentas y el uso de datos para la creación de política pública basada en evidencia pueden ayudar a desandar.
Uno de los primeros objetivos encarados por el Programa fue extender este nuevo paradigma de Justicia Abierta a las instituciones de justicia de todo el país. Dado que la conformación política federal de nuestro país otorga a cada provincia su propio Poder Judicial e instituciones de justicia, la implementación de este objetivo dio lugar a la firma de un Convenio Interjurisdiccional de Datos Judiciales Abiertos, que fue suscripto por 52 instituciones de todo el país. Este convenio tiene por objeto “impulsar un plan conjunto de mejoramiento de los sistemas de información sobre la Justicia Argentina, guiado por los estándares de Gobierno Abierto y de Datos Abiertos, profundizando los esfuerzos realizados hasta el presente en el diseño y elaboración de la información judicial”.(1)
Por otra parte, se creó el Portal de Datos Abiertos de la Justicia Argentina (datos.jus.gob.ar) para la publicación en formato abierto tanto de datos derivados del funcionamiento de las distintas áreas del Ministerio de Justicia y Derechos Humanos como de los poderes judiciales y ministerios públicos fiscales de todo el país, como resultado de la implementación del convenio anteriormente mencionado.
Todos los recursos publicados en el Portal se encuentran bajo licencia Open Database License (ODbL), lo que permite su libre uso y distribución. Esta modalidad permite compartir el material sin restricciones, siendo solamente necesario citar la fuente original. De ser usadas en otras obras, las bases de datos deben mantener el mismo tipo de licencia (Elena, 2018, pp. 43-59).
En la actualidad, luego de escasos tres años de creación del Programa y de la firma del Convenio, a julio de 2019, publican datos en nuestro Portal de Datos Abiertos 24 instituciones de justicia. El Portal cuenta con 57 bases de datos. En total 50 GB de información pública en formato abierto.
Como modo de documentar el proceso de implementación del paradigma de Justicia Abierta en Argentina y en el mundo, así como para generar un marco teórico y práctico para la innovación abierta en el sector justicia, hemos publicado en 2018 y 2019 dos ediciones consecutivas de Justicia Abierta: aportes para una agenda en construcción (con su versión en inglés, Open Justice: An Innovation-Driven Agenda for Inclusive Societies).(2)
(1) Disponible en https://github.com/datos-justicia-argentina/Convenio-Interjurisdiccional-de-Datos-Judiciales-Abiertos/blob/master/Convenio%20Interjurisdiccional%20de%20Datos%20Abiertos%20de%20Justicia.pdf
(2) Disponible en http://www.bibliotecadigital.gob.ar/items/show/1818 (versión en castellano, 2018); http://bibliotecadigital.gob.ar/items/show/2569 (versión en inglés, 2019).
Todas estas acciones se encuentran acompañadas por una fuerte presencia del Programa de Justicia Abierta en el ámbito internacional, representando a Argentina en materia de justicia ante la Alianza para el Gobierno Abierto (OGP, por sus siglas en inglés), lo cual permite compartir esta experiencia en foros internacionales y acompañar el crecimiento del movimiento de Justicia Abierta a nivel mundial.
El 5 de julio pasado la Organización para la Cooperación y el Desarrollo Económicos (OCDE) y la Alianza para el Gobierno Abierto (Open Government Partnership –OGP-) distinguieron a los programas Justicia 2020 y Justicia Abierta del Ministerio de Justicia y Derechos Humanos como los programas más innovadores del mundo en políticas de transparencia, participación ciudadana y Gobierno Abierto.
El trabajo del Programa de Justicia Abierta también ofrece un recurso para el cumplimiento y medición en Argentina de los Objetivos de Desarrollo Sostenible (ODS) de la Agenda 2030, impulsada por las Naciones Unidas. Los datos abiertos de justicia representan concretamente un aporte al Objetivo 16 (promover sociedades pacíficas e inclusivas para el desarrollo sostenible, facilitar el acceso a la justicia para todos y crear instituciones eficaces, responsables e inclusivas a todos los niveles), en particular de sus metas 16.6 (orientada a crear a todos los niveles instituciones eficaces y transparentes que rindan cuentas) y 16.10 (garantizar el acceso público a la información para proteger las libertades fundamentales).
En lo relativo a la meta 16.6, el Programa tiene por objetivo mejorar el vínculo y la experiencia de los ciudadanos con la justicia, tanto a nivel nacional como subnacional, mediante la aplicación de políticas activas de transparencia que faciliten la rendición de cuentas de cara a la sociedad. En cuanto a la meta 16.10, Justicia Abierta juega un rol relevante en la ya mencionada decisión política adoptada por el Gobierno nacional de fortalecer los mecanismos de acceso a la información pública existentes.
2. Una metodología innovadora aplicada a datos de justicia
A fin de ejecutar el Convenio Interjurisdiccional de Datos Judiciales Abiertos y comenzar a trabajar con las instituciones de justicia firmantes, se confeccionó un Protocolo Técnico de Datos y de Procesos. Este se puso a consideración de las instituciones de justicia para su análisis, iniciando un trabajo de colaboración con dichas instituciones que se extiende hasta el presente.
Los principios en base a los cuales se trabaja con las provincias son, según se expresa en el Protocolo, anonimidad, calidad, celeridad de los procesos, gradualidad y cooperación. Estos establecen, en otras palabras:
- anonimidad: todos los datos que sean compartidos deben ser de carácter anónimo, protegiendo los datos personales que quedan bajo la tutela exclusiva
de las instituciones firmantes. Cada institución solo debe compartir aquellos datos considerados públicos;
- calidad: para optimizar la calidad de los datos se utilizan “datos primarios”, que son unidades mínimas, elementos de la realidad empírica, no datos estadísticos;
- celeridad de los procesos: el Protocolo establece que deben desarrollarse mecanismos de automatización de los procesos para que los datos, estadísticas e indicadores estén accesibles para la ciudadanía con mínimos retrasos;
- gradualidad: la segunda versión del Protocolo contempla los datos incluidos en la primera versión, más los agregados que surgen del primer año de trabajo conjunto de las instituciones firmantes y el Ministerio. Una vez ajustados los procesos con todas las instituciones, afirma, habrá espacio para incluir nuevos datos;
- cooperación: promover la asistencia técnica mutua entre las instituciones de justicia, cuando estas la requieran, para optimizar la producción, recolección y sistematización de los datos.
Este proceso de intercambio y colaboración entre el equipo técnico del Programa de Justicia Abierta y las personas designadas como responsables de la ejecución del Convenio (tanto funcionarios con responsabilidad institucional como técnicos de las direcciones de informática y estadísticas de las instituciones de justicia) hizo necesario establecer de manera clara la forma en que se iban a organizar los datos a publicar (esto es, en tablas, por materias, por actos procesales, por persona, por causa), así como afrontar los distintos desafíos que esto representaba para los sistemas de gestión y de información de las instituciones firmantes.
Este proceso llevó a la confección del primer Protocolo Técnico de Datos y de Procesos, que se empezó a ejecutar el 7 de abril de 2017. En dicho Protocolo se consignó el formato para el envío de la información pautada con la firma del Convenio, esto es, el formato de los archivos, los envíos de prueba, el servidor al cual hacer los envíos, cómo consignar las fechas del hecho que se informa, las tablas de codificación, etc.
Mediante dicho Protocolo se estableció la división de las materias en materias penales y no penales, luego estas en submaterias (familia, civil patrimonial, laboral, contencioso administrativo, etc.). Asimismo se incluyeron tablas que relacionan la causa (y/o el caso) con la persona, el delito, el acto procesal, el objeto de litigio y el número de causa y/o caso de la unidad judicial del Ministerio Público con el Poder Judicial.
Pasados algunos meses de trabajo conjunto, colaborativo y participativo bajo las pautas de esta primera versión y luego de una serie de reuniones y videoconferencias con las instituciones de justicia participantes en las cuales se analizaron los distintos desafíos surgidos de los primeros envíos de
datos, se decidió hacer una segunda versión del Protocolo que recogiese los avances realizados en el trabajo conjunto de recolección y análisis de los datos.
También se realizaron dos videoconferencias múltiples, con más de 20 instituciones de justicia, a fin de conversar conjuntamente los distintos aspectos a incluir en la nueva versión del Protocolo, que fue puesta a consideración de todas las instituciones de justicia.
Esta segunda versión del Protocolo entró en vigencia en marzo de 2018 y es la que se utiliza hasta el presente.\(^{(3)}\) Esta versión recoge la necesidad de hacer cambios en las métricas utilizadas y avanzar en la homologación de términos procesales y en la codificación de objetos de litigio y actos procesales, entre otras cuestiones.
### 2.1. Desafíos
El proceso de implementación conjunta del Protocolo Técnico de Datos y de Procesos no estuvo exento de desafíos, entre los cuales podemos enumerar:
- asociar los datos de la causa a las personas, especialmente en las causas con más de un imputado;
- relacionar los datos de las personas con los delitos cuando existe más de una persona en la misma causa;
- ajustar los sistemas de gestión de las instituciones de justicia, simplificando los campos a consignar y/o aclarando términos para que la carga se haga más sencilla y con mayor calidad;
- trabajar en la trazabilidad de las causas, a fin de poder conocer la historia de la causa desde su inicio hasta que es resuelta por el sistema de justicia;
- normalizar los términos que se utilizan para mencionar delitos, actos procesales u objetos de litigio, dada la enorme variedad en la forma en la que estos se consignan y las opciones que los sistemas de gestión otorgan para consignar el registro;
- trabajar en lograr información consistente, que tenga un sentido lógico y sirva para el armado de indicadores;
- debatir el uso de un cuasi-identificador para personas o imputados (opción finalmente descartada puesto que algunas instituciones entendieron que en las jurisdicciones con poca cantidad de habitantes podía identificarse a las personas involucradas en una causa);
\(^{(3)}\) Disponible en https://github.com/datos-justicia-argentina/Protocolo-de-implementacion-Convenio-Interjurisdiccional-de-Datos-Judiciales-Abiertos-version-II/blob/master/Protocolo%20de%20Implementaci%C3%B3n%20del%20Convenio%20Interjurisdiccional%20de%20Datos%20Abiertos%20de%20Justicia%20versi%C3%B3n%20II.pdf
• automatizar los procesos de recepción de la información y primer análisis de calidad (este fue uno de los primeros desafíos debido al caudal de datos que comenzaron a recibirse);
• diseñar visualizaciones creativas, a fin de que los datos puedan ser interpretados por cualquier persona sin conocimientos legales específicos;
• homologar las tablas de objetos de litigio, actos procesales y estados procesales, a fin de tener clara y mejorar la calidad de la información;
• unificar la descripción de los delitos. La forma en que se consigna el nombre del delito es de vital importancia para automatizar los procesos;
• mejorar el sistema de recolección y calidad de datos en origen. Para ello fue necesario por parte de las instituciones de justicia el analizar propuestas de modificación de algunos campos de registro de los sistemas de gestión, lo cual tuvo incidencia sobre el trabajo de los operadores judiciales;
• confeccionar datos de segunda y tercera instancia de calidad a fin de poder hacer la trazabilidad completa de la causa;
• definir una cobertura temporal uniforme para todos los datos primarios y que los envíos se realizen por año calendario.
2.2. Buenas prácticas
En este contexto de intercambio, colaboración y trabajo participativo diarios entre el Programa de Justicia Abierta y las instituciones de justicia, detectamos asimismo algunas buenas prácticas a destacar.
En este sentido, se realizó una reunión presencial con la mayor parte de las instituciones firmantes del Convenio Interjurisdiccional de Datos Judiciales Abiertos, con el objetivo de poner en común las buenas prácticas (así como también los desafíos) surgidos en estos casi tres años de trabajo conjunto, con vistas a generar un espacio de aprendizaje y crecimiento de todos los involucrados en este proceso de apertura de datos inédito.
A esta reunión, realizada el 26 de marzo de 2019, asistieron representantes de 28 instituciones de justicia,\(^{(4)}\) incluyendo a procuradores de ministerios públicos fiscales, miembros de los superiores tribunales de las provincias argentinas, la Presidenta de la Junta Federal de Cortes y Superiores Tribunales de Justicia de las provincias argentinas y la Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires.
\(^{(4)}\) Las instituciones de justicia participantes de la Jornada “Buenas Prácticas y desafíos pendientes” fueron: Corte Suprema de Justicia de la Nación; Procuración General de la Nación; Consejo de la Magistratura de la Nación; Consejo de la Magistratura de la Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires; poderes judiciales de las provincias de Buenos Aires, Catamarca, Chubut, Córdoba, Corrientes, La Pampa, Neuquén, San Juan, Santa Fe, Santiago del Estero, Tierra del Fuego, Antártida e Islas del Atlántico Sur, Tucumán y de la Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires; ministerios públicos de las provincias de Buenos Aires, Chaco, Chubut, Jujuy, La Pampa, La Rioja, Mendoza, Río Negro, Salta, Santa Fe y Santiago del Estero.
Aires, el Presidente del Consejo de Procuradores, Fiscales, Defensores y Asesores Generales y autoridades del Ministerio de Justicia y Derechos Humanos (el entonces secretario de Justicia, Santiago Otamendi y el subsecretario de Justicia y Política Criminal, Juan José Benítez), junto con 48 funcionarios y técnicos de dichas instituciones de justicia de todo el país.
Durante la jornada, representantes de las instituciones de justicia provinciales presentaron las buenas prácticas que habían logrado aplicar desde sus instituciones para la implementación del Protocolo Técnico de Datos y de Procesos. Algunas de las buenas prácticas presentadas fueron:
- número único de causa/caso por provincia;
- homologación de la tabla de delitos;
- homologación de la tabla de actos procesales en materia penal;
- análisis colaborativo y exhaustivo de las métricas y la estadística;
- sistema de gestión único por institución para todas las circunscripciones de la provincia;
- desarrollo de tableros de control;
- modificación de algunos aspectos de los sistemas de gestión en función de lo requerido en el Protocolo Técnico de Datos y Procesos, lo cual permitió a las instituciones contar con datos de mejor calidad en origen.\(^{(5)}\)
Desde el Programa, y a fin de demostrar la importancia y valor que le damos al trabajo conjunto realizado con las instituciones de justicia, se reconoció a aquellas que ya publicaban datos en el Portal de Datos Abiertos a la fecha de la jornada argentina con un diploma de certificación.\(^{(6)}\)
3. Reflexiones finales, balance y visión de futuro
En este recorrido de tres años se creó un método de trabajo totalmente novedoso para el ámbito de la justicia, caracterizada por procesos cerrados y opacos. Estábamos y continuamos ante un desafío del cual no hay antecedentes de trabajo ni metodología similares en nuestro país o en el mundo. Trabajamos con un universo totalmente novedoso y actores que en muchos casos se acercaban por primera vez a conceptos como “Gobierno Abierto”, “Justicia Abierta”, “datos abiertos” o “datos primarios”.
(5) En esta publicación se han incluido artículos con autoría de las instituciones de justicia participantes explicando las buenas prácticas implementadas por cada una de ellas.
(6) Las instituciones que recibieron diploma de reconocimiento por la publicación de datos en el Portal de Datos Abiertos de la Justicia Argentina fueron: ministerios públicos de las provincias de Buenos Aires, Chubut, Jujuy, La Pampa, Mendoza, Río Negro, Salta, Santa Fe y Santiago del Estero; poderes judiciales de las provincias de Chubut, Córdoba, Corrientes, Neuquén, Tierra del Fuego, Antártida e Islas del Atlántico Sur, Tucumán y de la Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires; Consejo de la Magistratura de la Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires.
El equipo de trabajo del Programa de Justicia Abierta y las direcciones de informática, estadísticas y gestión de las instituciones judiciales crearon con el transcurso del tiempo una metodología de trabajo totalmente colaborativa y participativa, lo cual hizo la diferencia para lograr la viabilidad de los objetivos planteados en el Convenio.
La primera publicación de datos en el Portal demandó meses de trabajo conjunto y varios envíos de prueba, abriendo la puerta para las sucesivas publicaciones de datos hasta la fecha. Las publicaciones fueron difundidas por redes sociales y notas de prensa, recibiendo los primeros comentarios por parte de los usuarios de los datos. Al mismo tiempo, la labor encarada tuvo repercusiones tanto en reuniones en las provincias como en conferencias internacionales.
Con el paso del tiempo se generaron dinámicas interesantes de trabajo, de cambios en los sistemas de gestión y registro de las instituciones de justicia, debates internos dentro de las propias instituciones de justicia sobre los datos abiertos, la forma en que están publicados los datos en el Portal, el interés de los jueces y operadores judiciales sobre los datos que se publicaban de su juzgado o unidad judicial.
Nuestra visión para el futuro es seguir trabajando por una Justicia Abierta, un sistema de justicia centrado en las personas basado en el uso inteligente de las nuevas tecnologías, el flujo transparente y abierto de información y la definición de políticas públicas basadas en la evidencia, en el marco de un ecosistema abierto de innovación para la justicia.
Referencias bibliográficas
Elena, S. & Mercado, J. G. (2018). Justicia Abierta: una aproximación teórica. En S. Elena (Coord.) *Justicia Abierta: aportes para una agenda en construcción*. Buenos Aires: Ediciones SAIJ.
Elena, S. (2018). Los aportes de los datos abiertos a la justicia. En S. Elena (Coord.) *Justicia Abierta: aportes para una agenda en construcción*. Buenos Aires: Ediciones SAIJ.
1. Introducción
La transparencia y el acceso a la información de las instituciones de justicia son un claro objetivo, tanto para los ciudadanos como para los poderes judiciales y ministerios públicos. Lograrlo supone salir de un ambiente solemne y formal hacia un nuevo concepto de gestión judicial, caracterizado por la innovación y la rendición de cuentas a la ciudadanía. Esto implica una serie de transformaciones en la administración de justicia y la generación de un nuevo paradigma en cuanto a la gestión de los datos, que son -al mismo tiempo- un requisito fundamental de la Justicia Abierta.
En la XIX Cumbre Judicial Iberoamericana(1) circuló un documento elaborado por el Grupo de Trabajo Justicia Iberoamericana Abierta denominado Principios y Recomendaciones para la Promoción de la Justicia Abierta en los Poderes, Órganos y Organismos Judiciales Iberoamericanos (2017).(2) En él se dice:
La Justicia Abierta promueve estrategias y mecanismos de rendición de cuentas y de acceso a la información para que las personas puedan ejercer sus derechos, monitorear el desempeño del quehacer institucional y colaborar con la mejora continua de los servicios.
De este párrafo se concluye que la información no solo es un elemento clave en la administración de justicia, es también el soporte para una comunicación efectiva entre autoridades judiciales y ciudadanos. Es por eso que los
(*) Asesor del Proyecto Justicia Abierta del Ministerio de Justicia y Derechos Humanos, Argentina.
(1) XIX Cumbre Judicial Iberoamericana, realizada el 11 de septiembre de 2017.
(2) Disponible en http://www.cumbrejudicial.org/justicia-abierta/download/738/587/15
mecanismos de generación y registro de información judicial han tenido un cambio significativo. El ejemplo más claro es cómo el “expediente” en papel y los libros del juzgado han dado lugar a una multiplicidad de sistemas de registro de datos con soporte electrónico.
En la Argentina estos principios tuvieron un impulso significativo con la firma del Convenio Interjurisdiccional de Datos Judiciales Abiertos el 11 de octubre de 2016, cuya implementación gira en torno del Protocolo Técnico de Datos y de Procesos.\(^{(3)}\)
En el presente documento se analiza cómo el Protocolo ha sistematizado la producción y recolección de la información –con un adecuado nivel de detalle, cantidad y calidad– como para satisfacer las demandas de los ciudadanos, garantizar la posibilidad de generar análisis propios por parte de todos los usuarios y definir nuevos indicadores de los sistemas de justicia.
**2. Objetivos y estrategia del Protocolo Técnico de Datos y de Procesos**
El Protocolo Técnico de Datos y de Procesos fue creado como una interfaz entre las bases de datos de los sistemas de gestión de causas (existentes en cada institución de justicia) y el Portal de Datos Abiertos de la Justicia Argentina –datos.jus.gob.ar–. Debía resolver entonces la diversidad de normas legales y diseños informáticos existentes en las 23 provincias, la Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires y las jurisdicciones federales.\(^{(4)}\)
Resultaron entonces varias dificultades, a saber:
1) normas procesales distintas;
2) terminologías distintas;
3) niveles de detalle y desagregación diferentes, en cuanto al registro y disponibilidad de los datos primarios estructurados utilizados para describir tanto la tarea del Ministerio Público como de los poderes judiciales.
El Convenio Interjurisdiccional de Datos Judiciales Abiertos partía de la presunción de que, pese a las diferencias reconocidas, existía un núcleo común que podía integrarse en bases de datos homogéneas e indicadores estadísti-
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(3) El Protocolo Técnico de Datos y Procesos establece los mecanismos mediante los cuales los poderes judiciales y los ministerios públicos de las provincias comparten los datos primarios que serán publicados en el Portal de Datos de la Justicia Argentina (en aplicación del Convenio Interjurisdiccional de Datos Judiciales Abiertos). Ver http://datos.jus.gob.ar/pages/estadistica-judicial
(4) Para los lectores de otras latitudes es preciso aclarar que cada provincia, la Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires y la jurisdicción federal comparten los mismos códigos de fondo (penal y civil) pero tienen sus propios códigos procesales. Las diferencias son parciales pero suficientes para agregar dificultad en el proceso de homologación de los datos.
cos comparables entre provincias y jurisdicciones. Si bien las diferencias normativas y terminológicas no presentaron mayores problemas y pudieron ser homologadas, la mayor dificultad observada se encontró en los sistemas de gestión de causas. Si bien los sistemas eran suficientes para la gestión de los juzgados, no contenían todos los datos que se establecieron en el Protocolo como esenciales, sea porque se diseñaron con anterioridad y sin incluir en su diseño todas las variables, como también porque las variables establecidas no se registraban con la calidad necesaria.
La estrategia final del Protocolo fue la valoración y el respeto de las diferencias propias del federalismo; la creación de tablas de homologación para las categorías descriptivas de los procesos; y la formulación de recomendaciones para una aproximación progresiva a una base de datos común.
3. Los sistemas de gestión de causas
Los sistemas de gestión de causas comenzaron a desarrollarse en la década del 70 como un registro de algunos datos de las causas, sin abandonar la información registrada en papel; a partir de esas experiencias, los sistemas han crecido sin estándares comunes para sistematizar y capturar información. También los objetivos se fueron ampliando: si bien al inicio solo se esperaba disponer rápidamente de la información básica del caso como una ayuda para los empleados judiciales, luego se fueron integrando todo tipo de aplicaciones para mejorar la toma de decisiones. También se vio la posibilidad de intercambiar información con los otros sistemas que comenzaron a generarse para la gestión judicial (calendario de audiencias, mesa de entradas, libros de sentencias, etc.).
Dory Reiling (2009) ubica los sistemas de seguimiento o gestión de causas como una forma de reemplazar la falta de funcionalidad de los expedientes. Esto incluye la gestión judicial, la no judicial, y la planificación; en este sentido el propósito de los sistemas es asegurar que los casos sean resueltos adecuadamente y en tiempo justo (p. 50 y ss.). Adicionalmente, los sistemas abren otras posibilidades: medir el desempeño judicial, comunicaciones, manejo del flujo de casos, modelos estandarizados para las decisiones, entre otras funcionalidades.
Fernando Jordán Flórez argumenta que las instituciones de justicia tienen, en el siglo XXI, la “función social de proporcionar certidumbre, disminuyendo la complejidad”. En su visión, son los cambios sociales y económicos los que determinan el nuevo paradigma para la administración de justicia. Hoy se procura la eliminación del boato y la formalidad que caracterizaba la función judicial y los procedimientos, que ahora deben dar lugar a nuevas características, como la proximidad a las personas. Expresiones como “cada causa judicial es única, y por ende también cada solución” ya no tienen aceptación: ahora se exige reducir la complejidad y aumentar el acceso. Con esta perspectiva, los sistemas de seguimiento o gestión de causas son una de las herramientas que contribuyen una menor complejidad (Jordán Flórez, 2017, pp. 1-22).
Estos sistemas han evolucionado hasta distintos niveles de operación; algunos solo hacen registro y seguimiento, otros tienen herramientas y aplicaciones para la gestión. Cuando se espera que el sistema apoye la toma de decisiones se advierte que “los sistemas más sofisticados requieren estandarización” (Reiling, 2009, pp. 58 y 273).
Los sistemas actuales evidencian toda esa etapa de crecimiento visible como desarrollos superpuestos, situación que hace que la calidad de la información judicial no haya sido optimizada.
Así, conceptos como “petición electrónica” o “transparencia en el lugar de los hechos” caracterizan los diseños más sofisticados y son un punto de inflexión.\(^{(5)}\)
### 3.1. Problemas con los sistemas de gestión
Aun con sistemas informáticos de apoyo, el expediente judicial continúa siendo la memoria oficial del proceso y prácticamente la referencia obligada al momento de la toma de decisiones. Sin embargo eso ha ido cambiando, ya sea por la preferencia de la oralidad –que innegablemente aumenta la proximidad entre las partes y el juez– o por los expedientes digitales. Tanto la oralidad como los documentos electrónicos han obligado a la evolución de los sistemas de registro.
Los datos informatizados deberían contener la información estructurada del proceso con valor registral, pero principalmente aquella que facilite la toma de decisiones de gestión del proceso y de políticas públicas, para lo cual las tablas de codificación pasan a jugar un papel muy relevante.
Hasta el momento la única finalidad que han tenido en cuenta los registros informáticos ha sido satisfacer las necesidades de información de las partes, del juez y sus colaboradores. La innovación tecnológica ha generado otras demandas y finalidades:
1) se requiere información para optimizar la gestión y la política judicial –por ejemplo: generar estadísticas, indicadores o alertas, generar documentos de manera automática, contar con interoperatividad con otras sedes, generar sentencias estructuradas y, últimamente, incorporar la inteligencia artificial–;\(^{(6)}\)
---
(5) Se trata de la presentación de la demanda inicial y las intervenciones de las partes en forma totalmente electrónica (juzgado virtual, e-filing, etc.); o del concepto de “venue transparency” de los Tribunales de California que apunta a ampliar el acceso público a los sistemas, con el solo límite de las restricciones legales. Ver: https://www.courts.ca.gov/partners/documents/CCMSExecUpdate052008.pdf y https://www.pjn.gob.ar/sistemas/pdf/00026046.pdf
(6) Ver Baeta (2019); ver también Portaria N° 25, de 19/02/2019.
2) la búsqueda de transparencia judicial que obliga a publicar información que antes quedaba encerrada en el papel; y
3) a fin de transparentar las decisiones, uno de los objetivos es que toda la información que se registra en los sistemas de gestión se torne pública automáticamente, con la sola excepción de aquellos procesos que se tramitan con reserva.\(^{(7)}\)
### 3.2. Tablas de categorización
Hacer buenas tablas de categorías (de actos procesales, objetos de juicio, etc.) es “un arte”. Este trabajo se facilita en países con un Poder Judicial central y se complica mucho en los países federales donde cada una de las provincias o Estados han creado sus propias tablas de codificación.
Pero las diferencias entre las tablas de clasificación no son insalvables. La clasificación de los delitos es la que presenta menos problemas, dado que la misma estructura del Código Penal ofrece una estructura de árbol con varios niveles de detalle.
Los “objetos de juicio” se han podido homogeneizar con los llamados “objetos estadísticos” –respetando su diversidad– y homologar –con algún grado de agrupación– solo en el caso de aquellos más frecuentes. El resultado es una tabla relativamente corta de “objetos de juicio-estadísticos” en lenguaje amigable y claro para los ciudadanos.\(^{(8)}\)
Haciendo un estudio comparativo de los objetos de juicio que utiliza cada institución de justicia participante en el Convenio se han podido apreciar algunas características particulares.
Los objetos de juicio son, en general, muchos y variados, más detallados que en otros países que han optado por tablas más reducidas. Las categorías utilizadas son una combinación de jerga judicial y de usos y costumbres, con una efectiva pretensión de las partes o una descripción fáctica o jurídica del proceso. Así, por ejemplo, la categoría “daños y perjuicios derivados de la responsabilidad extracontractual de particulares” da lugar a identificar otras posibilidades, mientras que la pretensión (la indemnización) no se menciona:
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(7) Este último es un punto de debate; así operan los accesos a la información procesal en la mayoría de los tribunales de Brasil; otros modelos tienden a omitir los datos personales haciendo versiones públicas (automáticas) de la información procesal en todas las causas (como por ejemplo en Costa Rica y en algunos Estados de México), esto solo es posible si el Sistema de Gestión registra –en forma estructurada– los nombres de la partes y otras personal envueltas en el proceso.
(8) En Brasil, el Conselho Nacional da Justiça unificó los códigos en uso por los tribunales estatales. De allí surgió el “sistema de gestão de tabelas processuais unificadas”; el concepto es atractivo pero debe tenerse en cuenta que en Brasil todos los códigos (de fondo y procesales) son para todas las jurisdicciones.
En otros objetos de juicio se estima suficiente el genérico y los descriptores se utilizan solo cuando son necesarios. Algunas instituciones de justicia desarrollan más el genérico en función de la frecuencia con que se registran demandas, aun cuando se acepta una larga lista de objetos de juicio muy poco frecuentes.
Esa combinación de terminología mixta, sinonimias, objetos de litigio que alargan la lista pero raramente se utilizan, entre otras, complica el procesamiento de la información. Además no debe perderse de vista que, dado que no solo se trata de estadísticas (donde la inexistencia o poca frecuencia de algún tipo de conflicto puede quedar fuera de la vista), es necesario preservar los detalles que pueden ser motivo de una investigación donde las situaciones residuales son valoradas.
En un ejemplo como este, es necesario estar abierto a admitir múltiples criterios de clasificación.
Las categorías más difíciles de homologar son los “movimientos procesales” y los “estados procesales”. El objetivo mínimo que se definió en el Protocolo con respecto a esta información fue asegurar que la conjunción de estos dos códigos aporte información confiable sobre si el proceso se encuentra resuelto o terminado, y en ese caso de qué forma terminó. Tanto en los ministerios públicos como en los poderes judiciales las tablas en uso requieren ajustes y mucha más precisión (ya que, por ejemplo, se utiliza categorías como “providencia” que engloba diferentes efectos). La recomendación en este sentido supone profundizar las categorías en uso y ajustarse rigurosamente a los eventos procesales que se registran, garantizando que no exista pérdida de información.
La existencia de categorías implica que cada causa judicial no es única y que un adecuado conjunto de parámetros –quizás unos pocos– es capaz de apuntar
hacia una solución admisible, o determinar si una decisión cae, o no, dentro de un intervalo de admisibilidad.\(^{(9)}\)
En definitiva, todos los sistemas encontrados para describir categorías de “objetos de juicio” son convencionales y no se encontró ningún ejemplo de uso beneficioso de la tecnología.
La recomendación es lograr un sistema relativamente simple, homologable, que reduzca los errores de carga de la información, dejando las diferencias residuales entre provincias para la etapa de procesamiento. El uso de la expresión “ordinario” para incluir muchos objetos de juicio resulta insalvable al momento de procesar los datos.\(^{(10)}\) Las tablas de clasificación deberían estar publicadas para que los abogados puedan proponer en sus demandas una clasificación preliminar del tipo de causa.\(^{(11)}\)
3.3. La calidad de los datos en los sistemas de gestión
La calidad de los datos en los sistemas de gestión depende en gran medida de los códigos de clasificación y de la cultura judicial imperante en la institución de justicia de que se trate respecto a la importancia de los datos.
A menudo, ingresar datos en el sistema de gestión es visto como una carga más para el empleado judicial, que no entiende qué utilidad tendrá para él esa información o qué beneficio le proporcionará en su trabajo diario.
Otro problema de la calidad de los datos es “en qué momento” y “de qué forma” el sistema prevé la captura de estos. Si el dato es de ingreso obligatorio, quien lo ingresa puede sentirse en una encrucijada, ya sea porque el sistema no le ofrece ninguna opción evidente, o le ofrece tantas que encontrar la pertinente es una carga extra de trabajo.
Los temas de diseño son aquí fundamentales: los sistemas deben solicitar poca información por evento, y deben solicitarla al juez o colaborador en el momento que están impregnados de toda la información de la causa, no posteriormente. Los sistemas deberían utilizar cierta inteligencia sobre cómo acortar las listas de opciones en función de otros datos ya ingresados (sin cerrar la opción a ver todas las opciones).
La presentación de demandas en línea puede contribuir a la calidad de la información; en esta hipótesis los abogados deben aportar mucha información
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(9) Sistemas en línea como el Baremo Jurisprudencial, la Cuantificación de Daños PJN, o la Cuantificación de Daños TSJ Formosa muestran cómo un conjunto de parámetros puede explicar ciertas decisiones judiciales.
(10) Se trata en realidad de un tipo de proceso que en la práctica engloba muchas pretensiones o situaciones fácticas. Actualmente en muy pocas instituciones de justicia describen el tipo de proceso, pero si el consenso determinara que este es un dato relevante implicaría una columna más en las tablas que se utilizaron para los ejemplos.
(11) Disponible en http://sig.justiciajujuy.gov.ar/mentradas//procesos/fuero/1 http://www.cpacf.org.ar/ej_prof.php?sec=ej_prof_codigos_objetos_juicio
estructurada sobre la causa, facilitando el trabajo de los juzgados y mejorando el registro de la información que se ingresa.\(^{(12)}\)
Otro problema que hace a la calidad de los datos es que todavía se trabaja sobre papel, por lo que el ingreso de datos al sistema es diferido; inclusive la carga de datos está en manos de un empleado que solo se ocupa de eso.
Esta modalidad tiene más desventajas que ventajas. La situación ideal es no usar papel y trabajar directamente sobre el sistema, con la excepción de algunas actuaciones que ocurren fuera de la oficina y que solo pueden ser registradas en forma diferida.
Se ha tratado de solucionar estos problemas creando normas como, por ejemplo, la acordada 24 de 2013 de la Corte Suprema de Justicia de la Nación para hacer obligatorio el registro de las sentencias.
También existen otros recursos para mejorar la calidad de los datos. Uno es que el sistema cree alertas o cierta dificultad para continuar si no se hace el registro correctamente. Otro podría ser que se definan índices de calidad sobre el uso de los sistemas de gestión, de modo que cada funcionario judicial o juzgado tenga asociado un índice que mida la calidad de su trabajo.
La tendencia actual es que los sistemas de gestión sean diseñados por compañías que se dedican a eso (como, por ejemplo, Lex-Doctor o lurix) pero también predominan los diseños propios en muchas instituciones de justicia.\(^{(13)}\) El argumento más usado para los diseños propios es no quedar cautivo de una empresa para cualquier modificación.\(^{(14)}\) Si bien ambas opciones (mediando una empresa de desarrollo, o desarrollo propio) presentan tanto ventajas como desventajas, el mayor problema es la dependencia que genera la compra hacia cada empresa.
Una tendencia en auge en otros países es la oferta de sistemas de gestión que se adquieren solo por licencia de uso (el coste es mucho menor, pero debe pagarse todos los años), en los que el proveedor necesita mantener el sistema actualizado y renovado para no perder su encanto frente a los clientes.\(^{(15)}\) A esta modalidad se la denomina evergreen (“siempre verde” o
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(12) Disponible en: http://www.justiciasanluis.gov.ar/wp-content/uploads/2013/10/Formulario_A_Causas_contradictoriasI.doc
(13) El Conselho Nacional da Justiça de Brasil ha desarrollado un sistema de gestión que pretende ser obligatorio para todos los Estados, el PJe, pero al cual se niegan los Estados de São Paulo y Río de Janeiro alegando que no soportarían el volumen de causas que ellos procesan. Una característica del PJe es que está estrictamente vinculado al Código Procesal, intentando impulsar el proceso en forma automática.
(14) También deberían existir unos estándares de migración de datos a nuevos sistemas, ya que la mayor preocupación al momento de cambiar del proveedor de un sistema de gestión es enfrentar las complejidades de una migración de datos.
(15) La relación es la misma que existe para las licencias de Microsoft Office en las que la renovación de la licencia habilita a actualizaciones permanentes.
“siempre renovado”). En ambas modalidades, las reuniones de usuarios han demostrado ser muy necesarias para mantener los sistemas eficientes y actualizados.
Nuestra sugerencia es que, al diseñar los sistemas de gestión, se tenga en cuenta para qué se crean, qué se busca obtener con el sistema, qué se va a registrar y con qué objetivo. Un objetivo básico debería ser, en todos los casos, obtener información de calidad.
3.4. Caracterización de las partes en los procesos judiciales
Los sistemas de gestión en uso están preparados para registrar datos sobre las partes, pero se observa que estos datos son aún muy incompletos, con una vinculación imprecisa (por ejemplo, garantizar que en materia penal la información pertinente pueda asociarse unívocamente a la dupla “impuesto-delito” y no quedar indeterminada para la totalidad de la causa, casi siempre vinculada a un hecho).
En las causas civiles la información completa sobre las partes es aún más débil, pero algunas instituciones judiciales provinciales han logrado que los datos estén disponibles con una buena calidad.
En este punto hay prioridades, por ejemplo, primero identificar el Estado Nacional o los Estados provinciales como parte en un proceso, luego disponer de datos sobre edad y género de las partes (para, en particular, medir el acceso a la justicia de grupos vulnerables, como los adultos mayores).
4. Estadísticas, indicadores y datos abiertos
En la era preinformática la única alternativa para hacer estadísticas judiciales era utilizar formularios que mensual, trimestral o anualmente eran completados por cada juez y remitidos a una oficina central de estadísticas.(16) Este sistema provocaba una gran pérdida de información relevante.
Por eso es que aún se mantiene la identificación entre estadísticas e “inventarios” (o sea de datos numéricos de causas activas al inicio del período, iniciadas, resueltas y pendientes al final del período; esto aun cuando los sistemas bien diseñados incluyen diferenciar las causas resueltas por sentencia definitiva de aquellas que no incluyen una decisión sobre el fondo, con la posibilidad de desagregar materias y en algunos casos objetos de juicio relevantes).
(16) En realidad hay otro diseño posible. El Poder Judicial de Paraguay utilizó durante muchos años un procedimiento en el cual cada expediente, luego de cada acto procesal, era girado a la Oficina de Estadísticas y esta extraía y registraba en planillas la información estructurada de cada movimiento. El sistema es lógicamente perfecto, pero al aumentar la litigiosidad colapsó inmediatamente la Oficina de Estadística, provocando demoras al acumularse allí los expedientes para ser catalogados. Esto llevó a abandonar el sistema.
El paso siguiente fue lograr que el sistema de gestión elaborara automáticamente los formularios estadísticos, con lo cual salieron a luz problemas de calidad de la información. Aunque estos problemas fueran totalmente resueltos, el uso de formularios no evita la pérdida de grandes cantidades de información.
Hoy el dilema es inventarios (tan sofisticados como se quiera) vs. repositorios de datos primarios. El ejemplo más patente de este diseño puede apreciarse en la India en el National Judicial Data Grid, que se soporta en una eficiente interconexión entre los sistemas de gestión de los diferentes Estados de la India; al menos en su expresión pública se advierte que solo algunas variables están interconectadas.
En Argentina, los primeros resultados de la ejecución del Convenio Interjurisdiccional de Datos Judiciales Abiertos y del Protocolo Técnico de Datos y de Procesos (si bien no con la totalidad de las instituciones de justicia provinciales, aunque sí con las suficientes como para considerarlas una muestra) representan un interesante avance en la publicación de datos de procuración y administración de justicia.\(^{(17)}\)
Gráfico 1. Programa Justicia Abierta: cantidad de casos penales iniciados en los ministerios públicos y poderes judiciales en materia penal durante 2018\(^{(18)}\)
(17) Para ver una descripción del Programa consultar Elena & González Rodríguez (2018, pp. 97-110).
(18) Consultas al sitio datos.jus.gob.ar, realizadas el 28/03/2019.
Algunos datos publicados son absolutamente nuevos: 51% de autores no identificados y tiempos procesales razonables; imputación en menos de dos días en el 55,4% de los casos y elevación a juicio en menos de 45 días en el 27,8% de los casos (siempre tiempos medidos desde la fecha del hecho delictivo).
Los datos en materia no penal muestran una tendencia general a concentrarse en ejecuciones fiscales y conflictos de familia: 72,1% (influenciados por la provincia de Córdoba más poblada e industrializada, mientras que en las restantes provincias se mantiene muy fuerte la prevalencia de los conflictos familiares).
Gráfico 2. Programa Justicia Abierta: distribución porcentual de las materias y objetos de juicio de las causas civiles en los poderes judiciales durante 2018
En la práctica, solo la capacidad de distinguir los objetos de juicio permite tener una visión diferente de la administración de justicia civil. Estos números señalan que un importante porcentaje (45,1%) de causas son ejecuciones fiscales, que podrían tener un trámite automatizado (Baeta, 2019).
Otra señal importante es la prevalencia de las causas de familia (o el crecimiento de alguna de ellas, como la violencia intrafamiliar), lo que implica la necesidad de profundizar la cooperación entre jueces y equipos técnicos en un proceso permanente de investigación (sobre la eficacia de las decisiones judiciales) y capacitación.
(19) Los objetos de juicio al no asumirse por la materia del juzgado (indistinguibles en un juzgado de competencias mixtas, o eventualmente en un juzgado de otra materia por una recusación) pueden agregarse o separarse en nuevos indicadores.
5. Conclusiones
La idea central del Convenio Interjurisdiccional de Datos Judiciales Abiertos y el Protocolo Técnico de Datos y de Procesos supone generar un repositorio común de datos de la justicia argentina. Se advierte en este proceso dos resultados significativos.\(^{(20)}\)
Por una parte, se percibe un salto cualitativo en la capacidad de análisis: el estado actual de la implementación de tecnología en la gestión judicial hace anacrónico que la fuente de información para las estadísticas y los indicadores sean los “inventarios”, metodología que supone varios problemas, el más grave, la degradación de los contenidos de información, así como que los datos agregados no permitan encontrar situaciones que fueron sumadas dentro de grupos heterogéneos. La metodología de inventarios tampoco asegura la calidad, más aún cuando se presta a múltiples fuentes de error. En contrapartida, la disponibilidad de bases de datos cuya unidad de información sean las “causas” –y no sumas– permite la extracción y análisis de todo tipo de información.
Otro resultado significativo ha sido la reducción drástica de los tiempos en que se ponen a disposición los datos: quienes analizan datos judiciales han sufrido siempre los retrasos para acceder a la información, en el mejor de los casos los inventarios están disponibles con entre tres y doce meses de demora y no es raro encontrarse con un año o más de retraso en la publicación de la información. En el estado actual de implementación del Protocolo se ha logrado menos de un mes de demora en la publicación. Esto es así porque antes de la publicación se analiza la calidad de los datos, pero una vez que estos problemas vayan desapareciendo la tecnología disponible permitirá que los datos se actualicen en forma diaria.\(^{(21)}\)
Las dificultades más frecuentes surgen de que los sistemas de gestión en uso solo dan una respuesta parcial a las necesidades inmediatas y arrastran diseños y conceptos que no contribuyen a la calidad de la información. Es importante resaltar que todas las instituciones de justicia participantes han hecho un importante trabajo de creatividad y flexibilidad para adaptarse a la lógica del Convenio.
Algunos pocos poderes judiciales siguen cautivos de las empresas que han desarrollado los sistemas, por lo que el acceso a las bases de datos o las modificaciones se demoran. Cuando el desarrollo es propio se pueden hacer los cambios necesarios, pero aún existen otros problemas (como, por ejemplo, soportar grandes volúmenes de información).
No obstante, pensar en un sistema de gestión único y en un conjunto de tablas de codificación unificado para todo el país no parece ser el camino (como ha
\(^{(20)}\) Estos resultados pueden ponerse en perspectiva analizando el estudio: De Gràcia (2016).
\(^{(21)}\) Esta es aparentemente la situación en el NJDG de la India, donde –aparentemente– la interconexión informática de las instituciones de justicia es muy fluida.
sido en Brasil). Un conjunto de estándares y recomendaciones sobre el diseño y funcionalidades de los sistemas de gestión, aprobados por consenso, sí serían un importante avance. Se ha logrado la homologación de las variables más frecuentes y más relevantes (dando así una respuesta para los ciudadanos), y se ha dejado abierto el conjunto de variables con baja frecuencia y poco relevantes (logrando así no degradar la información y mantener la diversidad, aspectos que son importante para los investigadores).
La publicación de los datos en formato abierto ha sido un plus de relevancia: si bien en el sitio datos.jus.gob.ar se publican algunos indicadores y estadísticas de interés ciudadano, lo más destacable es que las bases de datos con los datos primarios sean descargables por cualquier usuario y que sea posible analizar la información con diferentes criterios, lo que hace a un cambio significativo en la transparencia judicial de los sistemas de justicia. Pero lo más relevante radica en publicar datos primarios abiertos con información a nivel de caso o causa, para que cualquier ciudadano pueda generar sus propios resultados o indicadores, ensayar todo tipo de hipótesis y hacer su propia investigación.
Se han hecho muchos avances. Ahora se debe seguir trabajando en este camino en pos de la transparencia de los sistemas de justicia.
Referencias bibliográficas
Reiling, D. (2009). *Technology for Justice: how Information Technology can support Judicial Reform*. Países Bajos: Leiden University Press.
Jordán Flórez, F. (2017). Perspectiva interdisciplinar de justicia en el siglo XXI. *Justicia y TIC*. Bogotá: Legis.
Elena, S. & González Rodríguez, A. (2018). Datos Abiertos y Justicia: el Programa de Justicia Abierta. En S. Elena (Coord.) *Justicia Abierta: aportes para una agenda en construcción*. Buenos Aires: Ediciones SAIJ.
Baeta, Z. (18 de marzo de 2019). Tribunais investem em robôs para reduzir volume de ações. *Valor Económico*. Recuperado el 6 de agosto de 2019 de: https://www.valor.com.br/legislacao/6164599/tribunais-investem-em-robos-para-reduzir-volume-de-acoes
Conselho Nacional da Justiça implanta centro de inteligência artificial. *Valor Económico*. Recuperado el 6 de agosto de 2019 de: https://www.valor.com.br/legislacao/6164601/cnj-implanta-centro-de-inteligencia-artificial <https://www.valor.com.br/legislacao/6164601/cnj-implanta-centro-de-inteligencia-artificial>
De Gràcia, C. G. (2016). Transparencia y estadísticas judiciales en los estados federales, presentado en el Seminario Internacional de Transparencia y Estadística Judicial de la Suprema Corte de Justicia de la Nación, realizado en la Ciudad de México los días 26 al 28 de octubre de 2016.
DATOS ABIERTOS DE JUSTICIA: METODOLOGÍAS PARA SU IMPLEMENTACIÓN Y ANÁLISIS
RAMIRO SÁNCHEZ FAY - JUAN DAVID LEAÑO LÓPEZ*
1. Introducción
Las tecnologías digitales, en el marco del Gobierno Abierto, son herramientas fundamentales en la implementación de los pilares de este paradigma (transparencia, rendición de cuentas, colaboración y participación ciudadanas). (1)
Mientras que la combinación de macrodatos (también conocida como big data), el análisis de datos y la tecnología no son necesariamente herramientas nuevas, la sofisticación de los procesos y las aplicaciones web 2.0 representan una gran oportunidad para la administración de estos componentes, que se han tornado esenciales en el desarrollo de políticas públicas (Purón-Cid, Gil-García & Luna-Reyes, 2012).
A lo largo de estos tres años, el equipo del Programa de Justicia Abierta (en adelante, PJA) del Ministerio de Justicia y Derechos Humanos de Argentina (en adelante, MinJus) ha implementado numerosas estrategias de diseño, recolección, análisis y publicación de datos en formato abierto, con el fin de poner a disposición del usuario final un nuevo mecanismo de transparencia, participación y colaboración en el ámbito de la justicia.
En este capítulo abordaremos los principales conceptos pertenecientes al ecosistema tecnológico del Gobierno Abierto, la big data y el análisis de datos. También exploraremos las metodologías usadas por el PJA en la implementación y puesta en marcha del primer Portal de Datos Abiertos de la Justicia
(*) Asesores del Programa de Justicia Abierta, Ministerio de Justicia y Derechos Humanos de la Nación.
(1) Cfr. https://ogpargentina.org/que-es-ogp/
Argentina: datos.jus.gob.ar. Finalizaremos con un cuadro resumen a través del cual expondremos las que consideramos las principales fortalezas, oportunidades, desafíos y amenazas que presenta la publicación de datos abiertos de justicia en la actualidad.
2. ¿Qué son los datos abiertos?
Podemos entender a los datos abiertos como cualquier información o dato de carácter público cuantificable, tabulado, organizado y reproducible. Representan un activo para cualquier régimen democrático y son el insumo necesario para medir los resultados o impacto de cualquier programa o proyecto público, evaluar políticas públicas, rendir cuentas o aumentar la transparencia de las decisiones de política pública (Purón-Cid, Gil-García & Luna-Reyes, 2012).
La Open Knowledge Foundation (Fundación Conocimiento Abierto) define al dato abierto como el dato que puede ser usado libremente, reusado y distribuido por cualquiera, sujeto únicamente a un requerimiento de atribución y de ser compartido de la misma manera en que aparecen.
Los tres principios básicos de los datos abiertos son:
- disponibilidad y acceso: los datos deben estar disponibles como un todo y a un costo razonable de reproducción, preferiblemente descargables de Internet. Además, deben estar disponibles en una forma conveniente y modificable;
- reutilización y redistribución: los datos deben ser provistos bajo términos que permitan su reutilización y su redistribución, incluso integrados con otros conjuntos de datos;
- participación universal: cualquier persona debe poder utilizar, reutilizar y redistribuir los datos. No puede existir discriminación alguna en términos de esfuerzo, personas o grupos, ni restricciones en cuanto a sus posibles usos (Elena, 2018).
La importancia de contar con datos abiertos reside en que permiten que cualquier persona interesada pueda transformar los datos en información, convirtiendo luego esa información en conocimiento.
La justicia ha sido, hasta el momento, el sector del Estado más renuente a incursionar en la aplicación de la filosofía de datos abiertos. En comparación con las ramas legislativa y ejecutiva de gobierno, puede decirse que el progreso en la apertura de conjuntos de datos de justicia ha sido en general más lento e inferior, tanto en términos de volumen como de calidad de los datos publicados (Marković & Gostojić, 2018, pp. 1-20).
(2) Cfr. http://okfn.org
(3) Cfr. http://opendatahandbook.org/guide/en/what-is-open-data/
Publicar datos abiertos referentes a causas judiciales permite transparentar un servicio fundamental para la sociedad. Esto representa un claro avance en términos de confianza en la justicia, al permitir analizar cómo trabajan las organizaciones que la componen, de qué modo se gestionan las causas judiciales, etc. Siguiendo la definición de William Edwards Demming (1900-1993), estadístico y difusor del concepto de calidad total, concordamos en sostener que “In God we trust. All others must bring data” (“En Dios confiamos. El resto debe traer datos”).
A través del Portal de Datos Abiertos de la Justicia Argentina publicamos, además de datos abiertos, estadísticas que a futuro se pueden convertir en métrica e indicadores, esto es, en instrumentos que permitirán medir el rendimiento de los procesos judiciales en materia penal, civil, laboral, comercial, de familia o tributaria, con el objetivo de mejorar los procesos y tiempos en la justicia.
Como dijo William Thomson Kelvin (1824-1907), físico y matemático británico, “Lo que no se define no se puede medir. Lo que no se mide, no se puede mejorar. Lo que no se mejora, se degrada siempre”.
A nivel informático, un formato abierto proviene de una declaración patrocinada por una organización o colectivo de estándares abiertos, que permite almacenar datos digitales libres de restricciones legales y económicas. Como consecuencia, cualquier formato abierto puede ser implementado en protocolos privados (cerrados) o libres (abiertos).
Los siguientes son algunos ejemplos de formatos abiertos distribuidos en cuatro categorías (texto, imagen, video y audio):
- **Texto:**
- DjVu (formato de documento, optimizado para imágenes).
- EPUB (estándar para ebook).
- HTML (formato estándar de las páginas web).
- OpenDocument de OASIS (para documentos de oficina).
- Office Open XML ISO/IEC 29500:2008[4] (para documentos de oficina).
- PDF (formato de documento portátil, optimizado para vectores).
- RTF (formato de texto enriquecido).
- TXT (formato de texto).
- CSV (formato de texto estructurado separado por comas).
- **Imagen:**
- JPEG (formato de imagen).
- PNG (formato de imagen).
- SVG (formato de gráficos vectoriales).
• Video:
• Dirac (codec) (formato de video basado en ondículas).
• Theora (formato de video).
• VP9 (formato de video).
• Audio:
• FLAC (formato de audio sin pérdida).
• Speex (formato de voz).
• Vorbis (formato de audio general).
• Opus (formato de audio digital muy versátil).
El World Wide Web Consortium (W3C), consorcio internacional que brinda recomendaciones y estándares para asegurar el crecimiento de la World Wide Web (WWW), recomienda el uso de estos formatos con el objetivo de mantener Internet neutral, estandarizada y abierta.\(^{(4)}\)
3. ¿Qué es un portal de datos abiertos?
Los portales de datos abiertos son plataformas digitales usadas para almacenar, compartir, conectar y visualizar bases de datos. Estas piezas de software ofrecen a los usuarios, además de consistencia, la facilidad de acceder a los datos abiertos desde cualquier parte del mundo. Son el punto de contacto entre la organización y todas aquellas personas, grupos y entidades, dentro y fuera del gobierno, que aportan o usan la información publicada.
Los portales de datos abiertos o catálogos de datos tienen la capacidad de almacenar información y proporcionar acceso público a todos los datos disponibles. Proveen una experiencia de usuario amigable, brindando herramientas para la exploración y reutilización de los datos. Además, facilitan a los desarrolladores de software un acceso de “bajo nivel” a los conjuntos de datos a través de una “interfaz de programación de aplicaciones” (API), que permite alimentar sistemas externos con los datos publicados. Finalmente, permiten la integración con las otras páginas web que las organizaciones tengan en producción y personalizar el diseño, agregar logos, páginas adicionales, etc. (Herzog, 2014). Ver gráfico 1.
Gráfico 1. Principales características de un portal de datos abiertos
\(^{(4)}\) Cfr. https://www.w3.org/
En el mundo de los portales de datos abiertos existen varios sistemas de gestión de contenidos, diseñados especialmente para administrar y publicar datasets (conjuntos de datos). Las plataformas más usadas son aquellas desarrolladas en código abierto, entre las cuales se destacan CKAN, DKAN y OGPL (en nuestro país se utiliza además la plataforma Andino). Miles de desarrolladores de software alrededor del mundo colaboran de forma independiente y descentralizada en la mejora y perfeccionamiento de estas plataformas, creando comunidades orientadas a brindar soporte, fomentando el desarrollo y la aplicación de los diferentes programas. A continuación describiremos brevemente cada una de estas plataformas.
3.1. CKAN
CKAN es una plataforma de código abierto desarrollada por la Open Knowledge Foundation. Se encuentra dirigida a editores de datos y es utilizada por numerosos gobiernos alrededor del mundo. Es ideal para la publicación, el intercambio y la búsqueda de datasets.\(^{(5)}\) CKAN usa el lenguaje Javascript para el desarrollo de la interfaz de usuarios (front-end) y a través de Python accede a la base de datos y al servidor (back-end). La información es almacenada en una base de datos PostgreSQL y puede ser instalada en cualquier servidor Linux. Tiene una arquitectura modular que permite desarrollar extensiones funcionales adicionales, como la recolección o la carga de datos. Cuenta con el soporte de la comunidad de desarrolladores de Python (Python developers community).\(^{(6)}\)
Ejemplos de uso de CKAN:
- Portal brasileiro de Dados Abertos (Brasil): http://dados.gov.br
- US Government’s open data (Estados Unidos): https://www.data.gov/
- Open Africa (Africa Open Data): http://africaopendata.org
- UK Open Government Data (Reino Unido): https://data.gov.uk/
- Portal de Datos Abiertos de la Justicia Argentina (Argentina): http://datos.jus.gob.ar/
3.2. DKAN
DKAN es una plataforma de gestión de base de datos basada en CKAN, que ofrece una extensa combinación de herramientas de visualización de datos, integraciones con herramientas externas y tableros de control (Baculima, 2017). Dkan está desarrollada en Drupal, que es un sistema multipropósito de gestión de contenidos altamente personalizable que permite visualizar, editar, organizar y subir colecciones de datos. Es ideal para organizaciones que tienen sus páginas web desarrolladas en el lenguaje de programación PHP (Hypertext
---
(5) Cfr. https://ckan.org/files/2012/02/CKAN-Information-brochure.pdf
(6) Cfr. https://ckan.org/about/
Preprocessor). Cuenta con el soporte de la comunidad de desarrolladores de Drupal (Drupal developers community).
Algunos ejemplos de uso de DKAN son:
- Offene Daten Köln (Alemania): http://www.offenedaten-koeln.de
- California Open Data (Estados Unidos): https://data.ca.gov/
3.3. OGPL
Al igual que DKAN, esta plataforma está basada en Drupal, pero no está diseñada para ser compatible con CKAN. Es un desarrollo conjunto entre los gobiernos de Canadá, la India y los Estados Unidos para promover la transparencia y una mayor participación ciudadana.
Son ejemplos de uso de esta plataforma:
- Open Government Data Platform India (India): https://data.gov.in/
- Ghana Open Data Initiative (Ghana): http://data.gov.gh
3.4. Andino
Andino es la tecnología detrás del Portal Nacional de Datos Abiertos de la República Argentina, datos.gob.ar. Es una repartición de CKAN que se caracteriza por ser fácil de instalar, intuitiva y personalizable. Ha sido diseñada especialmente para facilitar a todos los organismos del Estado argentino el proceso de apertura de datos. Cuenta con un equipo de desarrolladores que brindan soporte local. Ver tabla 1.
Tabla 1. Cuadro comparativo de las principales plataformas de administración de conjuntos de datos
| Producto (tecnología) | Creador/es | Tipo de software y almacenamiento | Comunidad de desarrolladores |
|-----------------------|------------|----------------------------------|------------------------------|
| CKAN (Python) | Open Knowledge Foundation | • Código abierto
• Base de datos: PostgreSQL
• Opción de alojamiento en la nube | Comunidad de desarrolladores Python |
| DKAN (PHP/Drupal) | Nuams | • Código abierto
• Opción de alojamiento en la nube | Comunidad de desarrolladores Drupal |
(7) Cfr. https://www.drupal.org/about
(8) Cfr. https://ogpl.github.io/index-en.html
(9) Cfr. https://github.com/datosgobar/portal-andino
| Producto (tecnología) | Creador/es | Tipo de software y almacenamiento | Comunidad de desarrolladores |
|----------------------|------------|----------------------------------|-----------------------------|
| OGPL (PHP/Drupal) | Diseñada por los gobiernos de la India y de los Estados Unidos | • Código abierto | |
| Andino (Python) | Gobierno de Argentina | • Código abierto | Comunidad de desarrolladores local |
4. **Datasets o conjuntos de datos**
Un *dataset* o conjunto de datos es una tabla/matriz estructurada, tabulada y de fácil acceso, donde cada columna representa una variable y cada fila un miembro perteneciente al conjunto de referencia. Es el resultado de la programación de un modelo relacional de documentos informáticos como archivos de texto (.doc, .txt, .xls, etc.), tweets, *clickstream* blogs, entre otros.
En el ámbito de la *big data*, los conjuntos de datos suelen ser tan grandes que tienen que ser procesados por aplicaciones no tradicionales como Hadoop, Workbench, Jupyter Notebooks, MongoDB, Hadoop, SAP, Pentaho o Tableau (Machairidou, 2018). Existen muchos otros sistemas que se usan y que dependen del momento del procesamiento o análisis de la información del negocio.
Los conjuntos de datos del MinJus son almacenados y reprocesados en una base de datos administrada con Microsoft Access, mientras que los datos de la justicia nacional y de las instituciones superiores de justicia de las provincias usan una base de datos Mysql con Workbench como herramienta de diseño, Tableau Desktop y Jupiter Notebooks para el análisis y visualización de las métricas. Al día de la fecha, la base de datos del Portal de Datos Abiertos de la Justicia Argentina alberga más de 50 gigabytes de información pública en formato abierto.
4.1. **Guías para la publicación**
Existen varias metodologías para la publicación de conjuntos de datos en el ámbito del Gobierno Abierto, de las cuales destacamos las siguientes (Kučera, 2014):
- *Open Data Handbook (Manual de datos abiertos)*: publicado por la Open Data Foundation en el 2012 y con actualizaciones constantes a través de la plataforma de desarrollo colaborativo GitHub.\(^{(10)}\) Contiene un conjunto de recomendaciones que orientan cuestiones tales como la selección de datasets para hacerlos públicos, la concesión de licencias o la comunicación a los usuarios potenciales.\(^{(11)}\)
- *Guidelines on Open Government Data for Citizen Engagement (Guía sobre datos de gobierno abierto para la participación ciudadana)*: desarrollado por la Organización de las Naciones Unidas, con una segunda edición publicada
---
(10) Cfr. https://github.com/okfn/opendatahandbook
(11) Disponible en: http://opendatahandbook.org
en el 2013. Esta metodología se centra en fortalecer la participación ciudadana y está dirigida principalmente a responsables políticos y tecnólogos.\(^{(12)}\)
- **Open Government Data Toolkit** (conjunto de herramientas para datos de gobierno abierto): metodología introducida por el Banco Mundial en 2014, regularmente actualizada con nueva información. Acuña el concepto de *open government data* (datos de gobierno abierto) y señala algunos requerimientos específicos para la publicación de datos abiertos, tales como las licencias de uso que se deben aplicar a los *datasets*, a la vez que recomienda la implementación de ciertas tecnologías y subraya la importancia de la calidad de los datos a publicar.\(^{(13)}\)
- **Open Data Institute Guides** (Guías del Instituto de Datos Abiertos): lanzada por el Open Data Institute (ODI) en 2014, actualizada en julio de 2019. Es un catálogo de guías que proporciona una serie de lineamientos para la publicación y consumo de datos abiertos.\(^{(14)}\)
- **Communicating Open Government. A How-To Guide** (*Cómo comunicar Gobierno Abierto*): trabajo realizado por la Organización para la Cooperación y el Desarrollo Económicos (OCDE), publicado en el 2019. Esta guía está dirigida principalmente a oficiales de comunicación y funcionarios públicos que buscan desempeñar un papel más importante en este contexto.\(^{(15)}\)
- **Recommendation of the Council on Open Government** (Recomendación del Consejo sobre Gobierno Abierto): es un documento publicado por la OCDE en el 2017. Su objetivo es ayudar a diseñar e implementar estrategias para maximizar el impacto de las políticas de Gobierno Abierto bajo los principios de transparencia, integridad, rendición de cuentas y participación ciudadana.\(^{(16)}\)
### 4.2. Estándares y buenas prácticas
Basándonos en las anteriores metodologías y teniendo en cuenta las buenas prácticas y estándares planteados por la comunidad, las siguientes son algunas características que consideramos básicas para la publicación de un conjunto de datos en un portal de datos abiertos.
- **Usuarios y roles**: especificar los roles y sus responsabilidades para las actividades y tareas relacionadas con la publicación de Datos de Gobierno Abierto, por ejemplo:
- usuarios con permiso solo de lectura de datos;
- usuarios que pueden publicar datos en la plataforma;
- usuarios que pueden publicar y editar datos en la plataforma.
---
\(^{(12)}\) Disponible en: [http://workspace.unpan.org/sites/Internet/Documents/Guidelines%20on%20OGDCE%20May17%202013.pdf](http://workspace.unpan.org/sites/Internet/Documents/Guidelines%20on%20OGDCE%20May17%202013.pdf)
\(^{(13)}\) Disponible en: [http://data.worldbank.org/open-government-data-toolkit](http://data.worldbank.org/open-government-data-toolkit)
\(^{(14)}\) Disponible en: [http://theodi.org/guides/engaging-reusers](http://theodi.org/guides/engaging-reusers)
\(^{(15)}\) Disponible en: [https://www.oecd.org/gov/Open-Government-Guide.pdf](https://www.oecd.org/gov/Open-Government-Guide.pdf)
\(^{(16)}\) Disponible en: [http://www.oecd.org/gov/recomendacion-del-consejo-sobre-gobierno-abierto-141217.pdf](http://www.oecd.org/gov/recomendacion-del-consejo-sobre-gobierno-abierto-141217.pdf)
• Formato de los datos: publicar los conjuntos en la mayor cantidad de formatos abiertos posibles, por ejemplo:
• CSV;
• JSON.
• Visibilidad y privacidad: tener en claro cuándo un conjunto de datos es público, privado o descargable. Los conjuntos de datos pueden cambiar de estado a lo largo del tiempo debido a factores que pueden ser tanto internos de la organización como externos. Así, hablamos de:
• conjunto de datos públicos: cuando cualquier usuario pueden acceder a él;
• conjunto de datos privados: cuando únicamente su creador o grupo de usuarios pueden acceder a él;
• conjunto de datos descargables: cuando cualquier usuario puede acceder a él y además descargarlo mediante un enlace válido de descarga.
• Catalogación de datos: se debe proporcionar una catalogación de datos con el fin de ayudar a los usuarios a ubicar fácilmente los datos publicados.
• Metadatos: los metadatos ayudan a describir y entender un conjunto de datos mediante un grupo de propiedades previamente definidas y según el tipo de información que se esté tratando (Bakinam, 2017). Permiten que los usuarios comprendan mejor la información publicada.
• Licenciamiento: adjuntar licencia de uso y distribución (por ejemplo, el Open Data Institute recomienda el uso de la licencia Creative Commons 4.0)\(^{(17)}\) garantiza que los datos publicados están legalmente abiertos e informa a los usuarios sobre los términos de uso de los mismos. Tipos de licencia:
• Creative Commons Licence (http://www.creativecommons.org.ar/).
• Open Data Commons (https://opendatacommons.org/).
• Interconexión: con el fin de aumentar el valor de los conjuntos de datos proporcionados, se debe interconectar los datasets relacionados.
• Explotación y visualización: para facilitar la experiencia de los usuarios se deben ofrecer varias consultas de información. Las herramientas de visualización proveen al usuario final de una vía rápida y fácil de entender los datos que son de su interés.
### 4.3. Implementación del Portal de Datos Abiertos de la Justicia Argentina
El Portal de Datos Abiertos de la Justicia Argentina del MinJus –datos.jus.gob.ar,- fue desarrollado sobre CKAN y dispone de 10 conjuntos de datos que contienen un total de 57 datasets de 24 instituciones, incluyendo algunas de las principales instituciones superiores de justicia (ISJ) del país. Contiene datos de las causas del Poder Judicial de Córdoba, las del Superior Tribunal de Justicia de Chubut
\(^{(17)}\) Véase https://theodi.org/article/publishers-guide-to-open-data-licensing/
o las Ministerio Público Fiscal de Mendoza, entre otras. Asimismo ofrece datos sobre organizaciones que pertenecen a la órbita del Ministerio de Justicia y Derechos Humanos, tales como Inspección General de Justicia, Instituto Nacional de Asuntos Indígenas, Oficina Anticorrupción, Secretaría de Derechos Humanos y Pluralismo Cultural, Sistema Nacional de Estadísticas sobre Ejecución de la Pena, Subsecretaría de Acceso a la Justicia, entre otras. Ver gráfico 2.
Gráfico 2. Los diez conjuntos de datos del Portal de Datos Abiertos del Ministerio de Justicia y Derechos Humanos al mes julio de 2019
Un *dataset*, como por ejemplo “Codificación de delitos del Código Penal Argentino”, puede estar vinculado de manera simultánea a tres grupos de datos: instituciones de Justicia, Legislación y Política Criminal, como se muestra en el gráfico 3.
Gráfico 3. Dataset “Codificación de delitos del Código Penal argentino”\(^{(18)}\)
5. Análisis de datos y publicación
La metodología de análisis y publicación de datos implementada por el PJA se basa en tres etapas (ver gráfico 8):
- Extracción, transformación y carga (ETL).
- Procesamiento, reprocesamiento y análisis.
- Publicación.
\(^{(18)}\) Disponible en: http://datos.jus.gob.ar/dataset/codificacion-de-delitos-del-codigo-penal-argentino
Por un lado, tenemos los datos del Ministerio de Justicia y Derechos Humanos de la Nación, ya en su mayoría normalizados, que se recolectan a través de servicios web y se publican casi inmediatamente.
Por su parte, los datos provenientes de la aplicación del Convenio Interjurisdiccional de Datos Abiertos de Justicia enviados por las ISJ son publicados luego de un exhaustivo proceso de análisis y estandarización, a fin de subsanar la complejidad de los sistemas de gestión, las anomalías en las bases de datos, las diversas formas de administración de dichas bases y la pronunciada brecha digital que existe entre las diferentes instituciones de justicia a nivel nacional y provincial.
5.1. Extracción, transformación y carga (ETL)
Una vez que los datos son preprocesados por las ISJ, estos se envían en formato .CSV a través de un protocolo cifrado de trasmisión de archivos (SFTP) desarrollado por el equipo de la Dirección de Informática del Ministerio de Justicia y Derechos Humanos.
La información enviada se reprocesa y analiza por el área técnica del PJA, un equipo multidisciplinario especializado en la ingeniería y el análisis de datos, por medio de metodologías de aprendizaje automatizado (machine learning). Este equipo normaliza y estandariza los atributos y etiquetas de los datasets recolectados.
Estos datos procesados por el PJA los llamamos “datos primarios procesados” mientras que los conjuntos de datos enviados por las ISJ, sin intervenir, los denominamos “datos primarios puros”. Ambos datasets se publican con su respectiva metadata y en el caso de los datos primarios procesados se acompaña la publicación con una sencilla secuencia de visualizaciones para proporcionar un contexto que ayuda a entender la relación de los datos analizados.
5.2. Procesamiento, reprocesamiento y análisis
Para lograr estadísticas e indicadores válidos, necesitamos contar con datos de calidad. Este paso es el que demanda mayor tiempo y esfuerzo. Tiene que ver con el procesamiento, reprocesamiento y análisis exhaustivo de los datos, para cada envío de datos realizado por las ISJ.
En el PJA implementamos un proceso de mejora continua (o ciclo PDCA, por las siglas en inglés Plan –planificar-, Do –hacer-, Check –verificar- y Act –actuar-) para mejorar la calidad de los datos. Estos pasos consisten en:
- **Planificar**: el primer paso es definir o planificar cómo mejorar la calidad de los datos. Para ello se confeccionó el Protocolo Técnico de Datos y Procesos (PTD) en el marco del Convenio Interjurisdiccional de Datos Abiertos de Justicia, donde se especifican las tablas, campos, formato y periodicidad de los datos que deben elaborar las instituciones de justicia.
• Hacer: el segundo paso es implementar las acciones planificadas y procesos para el envío y recepción de los datos.
• Verificar: el tercer paso es comprobar, mediante un análisis exhaustivo, si la calidad de los datos cumple con lo especificado en el PTD (ver gráfico 4).
• Actuar: finalmente se envían las observaciones a las instituciones de justicia para que se implementen los cambios pertinentes en caso de detección de errores y así evitarlos a futuro.
Gráfico 4. Tareas realizadas para la verificación de la calidad de los datos
5.3. Publicación
En el PJA publicamos estadísticas que a futuro se convertirán en indicadores. Para armar las estadísticas partimos de los datos primarios y, luego de analizar la calidad de los datos, realizamos la unión de diferentes tablas definidas en el Protocolo Técnico de Datos.
Contamos con dos tableros principales, uno en materia penal y otro en materia no penal (civil patrimonial y comercial, tributario fiscal, laboral, de familia y concursos y quiebras).
En materia penal, para la estadística de delitos se combinan la tabla de casos con la tabla de delitos y tablas anexas (código de delito, código de unidades fiscales). Próximamente combinaremos estas tablas con datos estructurales y datos demográficos del Instituto Nacional de Estadísticas y Censos (INDEC), a fin de definir indicadores, como por ejemplo tasa de delincuencia por provincia y por delito (ver gráfico 5).
Gráfico 5. Materia penal: tiempo transcurrido desde el inicio del caso hasta su imputación y hasta la elevación a juicio (período: enero 2013 a mayo 2019)
En materia civil, para la estadística de objetos de litigio o juicio, se combinan la tabla de causas con la tabla de objetos de litigio y tablas anexas (código de objeto y materia, código de unidades fiscales). Próximamente combinaremos estas tablas con datos estructurales y datos demográficos del INDEC para definir indicadores, como por ejemplo tasa de litigio por provincia y por objeto (ver gráfico 6).
Gráfico 6. Materia no penal: causas iniciadas por materia y principales objetos de litigio en las provincias seleccionadas (período: enero 2017 a mayo 2019)
6. Conclusiones
A modo de conclusión, podemos afirmar que, luego de poner en marcha la publicación de datos de justicia, contamos con una metodología de trabajo eficiente, eficaz y basada en la mejora continua.
A modo de balance y analizando el estado de situación en la que se encuentra el Programa de Justicia Abierta, detectamos y armamos la siguiente matriz de análisis de fortalezas, oportunidades, debilidades y amenazas (FODA):
Gráfico 8. Matriz de análisis de fortalezas, oportunidades, debilidades y amenazas
• Fortalezas: las principales fortalezas tienen que ver con la disponibilidad de los datos, que ya se encuentran publicados en el portal, lo que permite comenzar a cumplir con el requerimiento de la sociedad en cuanto a la rendición de cuentas y acceso a la información del sector justicia para mejorar la transparencia de los poderes del Estado. Por otro lado, a partir de los datos es posible definir nuevas políticas públicas basadas en evidencia.
• Amenazas: podemos mencionar el grado de preocupación en cuanto a la publicación de datos abiertos y si la misma puede dañar la privacidad del individuo por el contenido de información de carácter personal, a pesar de cumplir con la legislación de Protección de los Datos Personales (ley 25.326), ya que se preserva el anonimato de los datos. Otro aspecto tiene que ver con la baja usabilidad hasta el momento de los datos por parte de ciudadanos no especializados en la materia. Representa otra amenaza la falencia en cuanto a la capacitación de los recursos humanos del sector justicia en el uso de herramientas tecnológicas y de datos en general, dificultad que requerirá un esfuerzo continuo a fin de contar con personal idóneo y actualizado. Por último, podemos mencionar la sostenibilidad del Programa Justicia Abierta, para que pueda trascender ante cambios de liderazgo.
• Debilidades: la principal debilidad tiene que ver con la calidad de información que está relacionada con la carga de datos de origen, tema que se está trabajando en las instituciones de justicia. Además, en nuestro país existe una gran disparidad entre las instituciones de justicia en lo que respecta a las posibilidades de contar con los recursos tecnológicos requeridos para llevar adelante una política de datos abiertos, es por eso necesario una continua actualización tecnológica. Por último, algo más difícil de superar, es la existencia de barreras culturales y políticas que dificultan el convencimiento de las ventajas que lleva contar con una cultura de apertura de los datos, ya que aún existen silos de información, difíciles de franquear. Este es un aspecto sobre el que resta trabajar, a fin de avanzar hacia un mayor uso de los datos.
• Oportunidades: por último, como oportunidades, continuamos trabajando en la estandarización de variables de justicia para unificar la nomenclatura y así evitar llamar a una misma cosa con dos nombres distintos. Los distintos ordenamientos jurídicos existentes a nivel subnacional suponen un fuerte trabajo con cada una de las instituciones de justicia a fin de aplicar parámetros comunes de trabajo con los datos. Adicionalmente, una oportunidad de mejora tiene que ver con la coordinación interinstitucional con las justicias provinciales, dirigida a contar, en tiempo y forma, con los datos abiertos (disparidad temporal de los datos). En la actualidad el mayor esfuerzo que realiza el Programa tiene que ver con alcanzar acuerdos en este sentido y si bien la mayoría de las instituciones tienen compromiso para participar y cumplir con el convenio, existen algunas pocas que aún no se sumaron al proyecto. Además sumaremos a los datos publicados la información desde la visión de las víctimas, debido a su centralidad en el proceso penal.
En síntesis, más allá de los desafíos recién enumerados para seguir avanzando en la implementación de una política de datos abiertos para el sector justicia de nuestro país, es indudable que nos encontramos ante una nueva etapa, en la cual el Estado está asumiendo un rol activo para la aplicación de los principios de transparencia, participación y rendición de cuentas a todos sus niveles.
Referencias bibliográficas
Baculima, J. (2017). *Buenas prácticas para la implementación de plataformas de investigación*. Madrid: Universidad Politécnica de Madrid. Recuperado el 7 de agosto de 2019 de: http://oa.upm.es/47925/1/TFM_JOHN_BACULIMA_CUMBE.pdf
Bakinam T. (2017). Evaluation of the OntoSoft Ontology for describing meta data for legacy hydrologic modeling software. Recuperado el 7 de agosto de 2019 de: https://www.sciencedirect.com/
Elena, S. (2018). Los aportes de los datos abiertos a la justicia. En S. Elena (Coord.) *Justicia Abierta: aportes para una agenda en construcción*. Buenos Aires: Ediciones SAIJ. Recuperado el 7 de agosto de 2019 de: http://www.bibliotecadigital.gob.ar/items/show/1818
Herzog, T. (2014). Technology Options for Open Government Data Platforms. White Paper. *The World Bank*. Recuperado el 7 de agosto de 2019 de: http://opendatatoolkit.worldbank.org/docs/OGDPlatforms-White-Paper.docx
Kučera, J. (2014). Methodologies for publication of Open Government Data. Recuperado el 7 de agosto de 2019 de: https://nb.vse.cz/~xkucj30/dissertation/Kucera_OGD_methodologies_EN_v1.pdf
Machairidou, S. (2018). Big Data and Tableau. Recuperado el 7 de agosto de 2019 de: https://ikee.lib.auth.gr/record/297918/files/GRI-2018-21585.pdf
Marković, M. & Gostojić, S. (mayo, 2018). Open Judicial Data: A Comparative Analysis. *Social Science Computer Review*. DOI: 10.1177/0894439318770744.
Purón-Cid, G., Gil-García, J. R. y Luna-Reyes, L. (2012). IT-enabled policy analysis: New technologies, sophisticated analysis and open data for better government decisions. ACM International Conference Proceeding Series. DOI: 10.1145/2307729.2307746.
SECCIÓN II
FORTALEZAS, AMENAZAS Y RIESGOS DE LA IMPLEMENTACIÓN DEL CONVENIO DE DATOS ABIERTOS DESDE UNA PERSPECTIVA PROVINCIAL
MARÍA GABRIELA BENEDICTO*
Luego de la firma del Convenio de Datos Abiertos entre el Ministerio de Justicia y Derechos Humanos de la Nación y los poderes judiciales provinciales, entre otros organismos, se pusieron para su consulta los primeros borradores del Protocolo Técnico de Datos (PTD) y del Protocolo Técnico de Procesos (PTP).
Estos documentos tienen por objetivo delinear en forma conjunta los datos sobre los cuales trabajar y los procesos que permitirán la producción en forma ordenada; a la vez definen las bases para alcanzar el objetivo de elaborar y sistematizar un nuevo sistema de estadísticas para la justicia argentina.
Construir un repositorio único que contenga los datos de las justicias provinciales, la justicia nacional y la justicia federal es un desafío enorme pero definitivamente necesario. Contribuye, por un lado, a mejorar la calidad y la transparencia de la información estadística elaborada por las distintas jurisdicciones. Por otro, contar con información completa a nivel país permite, entre otras cosas, rendir cuentas, diagnosticar correctamente para diseñar políticas públicas adecuadas y cumplir con estándares internacionales como establece, por ejemplo, el Plan Iberoamericano de Estadísticas Judiciales.
Cada provincia es una jurisdicción independiente, con sus propias normativas procesales y con diferentes grados de avances tecnológicos. Esto profundiza aún más la dificultad de construir un único repositorio donde las variables puedan ser homologadas y los indicadores calculados a partir de ellas puedan ser comparados. La dificultad aumenta porque, además, cada provincia tiene
(*) Directora General de Estadística e Indicadores Judiciales, Poder Judicial de la provincia del Chubut.
sus propios sistemas de registración, que incluso pueden ser diferentes para cada fuero. Extraer información válida, interpretarla, homologarla y publicarla en forma comparada no solo no es tarea sencilla, sino que además puede incurrirse en graves errores de interpretación.
Varias fueron las resistencias que se generaron en las provincias a partir de la firma del Convenio de Datos Abiertos, y constituyeron realmente amenazas a la implementación y cumplimiento del Protocolo.
La cuestión más resistida fue la necesidad de informar un identificador único por imputado que permitiera la trazabilidad del proceso desde el inicio de la causa en el MPF hasta su salida del sistema judicial. Este indicador se repetiría en cada causa donde el imputado fuera parte y, por ende, la persona podría ser identificada luego de un efectivo procedimiento de validación.
La adecuación de la información existente en cada jurisdicción al formato de las tablas del PTD constituía un trabajo extra a la labor diaria de las áreas de estadística de los organismos, incluso cuando los organismos estuviesen totalmente informatizados. Para poder obtener información estadística válida de un sistema de gestión, debe definirse primero el sistema de indicadores que permitirá monitorear luego dicho sistema e identificar las variables que serán necesarias relevar para poder alimentar esos indicadores. El PTD intenta implantarse en organismos que, en su mayoría, ya tienen funcionando un sistema de gestión propio y generan sus propias estadísticas. Muchas de las variables requeridas por el protocolo o no fueron contempladas en el diseño del sistema o no fueron categorizadas de la manera que ahora se solicitan; es esperable que esto genere resistencia en los responsables de las áreas que deben remitir la información para cumplir con el convenio.
El Grupo de Responsables de las Áreas de Estadísticas de los Poderes Judiciales de las Provincias Argentinas y de la Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires (GREPJ), que funciona en el marco de la Junta Federal de Cortes y Superiores Tribunales de Justicia (JuFeJus), homologa, recolecta y publica anualmente las estadísticas judiciales de las provincias y la Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires desde el año 2001. Arduo fue y sigue siendo el camino para consensuar definiciones, establecer convenciones y reunir datos en tiempo y forma de las 24 jurisdicciones; no es fácil encontrar un único modelo que refleje la diversidad y a eso se suman, además, las dificultades que muchas provincias tienen para recolectar la información: las herramientas informáticas no están en un mismo nivel de desarrollo ni tampoco las áreas de estadística tienen la misma relevancia dentro de la organización. Si los requerimientos del PTD fuesen diferentes de lo que ya se está informando en el marco de la JuFeJus, esto impactaría negativamente en el grado de respuesta de los poderes judiciales provinciales.
Si bien las publicaciones del GREPJ actualmente se realizan en formato abierto, no están a disposición los datos primarios que generan esas estadísticas, sino que cada provincia calcula su indicador de acuerdo a la definición acordada,
los que luego se agregan para construir un indicador consolidado a nivel país. Por supuesto que esto es un riesgo, ya que de no ser extremadamente clara la definición y la estructura de un indicador, se pueden obtener valores diferentes para describir un mismo fenómeno.
Si los indicadores publicados por JuFeJus fuesen distintos a los publicados por el Ministerio de Justicia y Derechos Humanos de la Nación -lo que probablemente ocurra por las diferentes metodologías utilizadas- estaríamos ante dos fuentes oficiales (y públicas) con estadísticas judiciales diferentes de la República Argentina. Y si esa información está desagregada a nivel provincia, tres podrían ser las fuentes diferentes teniendo en cuenta que las provincias publican sus estadísticas en sus propios sitios web; siguiendo el mismo análisis, no siempre coinciden los datos informados por la provincia con los informados a la Junta (por ejemplo, un indicador que en principio parecería básico como lo es cantidad de causas ingresadas, puede diferir si en un ámbito se consideran como tales los incidentes iniciados, y en el otro no se los contabiliza).
La consulta generada a todos los organismos firmantes del convenio, y el intercambio generado a partir de ello, permitió revertir en cierta parte las amenazas que se describieron en los párrafos anteriores.
El identificador único de imputado fue desestimado; el identificador cambia si se hace referencia a una causa diferente. Solo se puede esquematizar el camino (movimientos procesales) que recorre una persona dentro de una misma causa.
Por otro lado, la comisión técnica encargada de redactar los borradores del PTD recibió los informes presentados por el GREPJ y por algunas provincias, e incorporó varias de las propuestas. Se plantearon varias instancias de retroalimentación por medio de videoconferencias y en muchos casos se homologaron definiciones de variables, el rediseño de algunos indicadores y la periodicidad de la presentación de la información.
Sin embargo, el riesgo de tener estadísticas oficiales diferentes según la fuente aún existe, así como también el de describir un fenómeno a nivel país asumiendo que es comparable entre las distintas jurisdicciones, cuando en realidad no lo es.
Es muy difícil homologar etapas o comparar indicadores de carga cuando los sistemas procesales y administrativos son diferentes en todas las provincias (más aun en algunas jurisdicciones todavía conviven dos sistemas penales diferentes).
No quiero decir con esto que sea imposible, sino que es indispensable tener en cuenta la variabilidad introducida por el carácter federal de nuestro país, tanto a la hora de diseñar los instrumentos de recolección como al momento de extraer conclusiones y mostrar los resultados.
No es lo mismo si el organismo es un juzgado (a cargo de un único juez) que si es un órgano administrativo con un colegio de jueces; la relación causa/uosj (unidad
operativa del sistema judicial) no sería directamente comparable si no se tienen en cuenta esas particularidades.
Una causa iniciada en un fuero civil puede ingresar en un organismo y luego remitirse a otro (por recusación o conexidad por ejemplo); si la causa cambia de número y no tiene un identificador que permita su trazabilidad, es imposible describir el camino procesal sin incorporar en las tablas del PTD nuevas variables que permitan relacionarlas.
Como consecuencia del análisis realizado hasta este punto, es claro que no se pueden soslayar las amenazas y los riesgos que están latentes en el desarrollo del Portal de Datos de la Justicia Argentina, que es el objetivo final de este proyecto del Ministerio de Justicia y Derechos Humanos de la Nación. Sin embargo, no se discute la trascendencia ni la necesidad de contar con ese repositorio, y a pesar del gran esfuerzo que esto está demandando, las áreas técnicas de las provincias involucradas en el proceso de generación de la información se han enriquecido en este proceso.
Por un lado, la Dirección de Estadística e Indicadores Judiciales del Poder Judicial de la Provincia del Chubut (DGEIJ) participó activamente en las instancias de intercambio que propuso el equipo técnico encargado de la redacción del PTD, y realizó propuestas que, a su vez, obligaron a revisar el diseño de sus propios indicadores.
La Secretaría de Informática Jurídica (SIJ), por su parte, generó los procesos que permitieron la extracción y adecuación de los datos cargados en los sistemas de gestión de los organismos a los formatos de las tablas del PTD, automatizando los envíos de acuerdo a las pautas especificadas en el PTP.
Todo esto implicó necesariamente una interacción continua y una comunicación fluida entre las dos áreas, fortaleciendo así las bases del sistema de información de la judicatura provincial.
El cumplimiento del convenio amplió el espectro y aumentó la calidad de la información primaria que ya se listaba para alimentar el Sistema de Indicadores de Gestión al tener que realizar algunos ajustes, ya sea para incluir más variables en una misma tabla de datos, readecuar tablas de códigos, incorporar nuevos campos que no estaban previstos en el sistema de gestión o establecer la obligatoriedad de la carga en campos ya existentes.
El análisis exhaustivo que el Equipo de Datos de Justicia Abierta realizó de cada una de las tablas que se enviaron a modo de prueba también contribuyó a mejorar la calidad de la información y de los procesos que la generan.
El compromiso que se evidenció a la hora de revisar los envíos, el análisis detallado de cada ítem y el proceso de retroalimentación que se generó con el intercambio de consultas da cuenta del compromiso de los técnicos y asesores con los objetivos del convenio y con los organismos firmantes. No se
limitan a “recibir y publicar” sino que se proponen que la información que se publica sea consistente; vale remarcar esto como una fortaleza más del programa.
Querer evaluar la realidad de tantos sistemas con un mismo instrumento de medición es una tarea demasiado ambiciosa. El PTD funciona como una matriz muy grande que puede mostrar la realidad de cada organismo individualmente, pero esa matriz va perdiendo dimensiones a medida que empiezan a agregarse las capas de otros organismos con los que se quiere comparar.
El Portal de Datos Abiertos ya es una realidad que se va alimentando lentamente y con gran esfuerzo por parte de las áreas técnicas de los organismos que firmaron el convenio. Personalmente creo que va a demandar mucho tiempo hasta que el repositorio esté completo y cuente con información consistente de toda la justicia argentina, pero también creo que es un objetivo que no se debe dejar de perseguir. De esa manera podremos como país cumplir con el principio de transparencia y participación ciudadana que establece la Carta Iberoamericana de Calidad en la Gestión Pública: contar con una administración de justicia transparente en su gestión, abierta al escrutinio público, tolerante a la crítica y permeable a las propuestas de mejora y de cambio provenientes de la ciudadanía.
Referencias legislativas
X Conferencia Iberoamericana de Ministros de Administración Pública y Reforma del Estado. (junio, 2008). Carta Iberoamericana de Calidad en la Gestión Pública. Recuperado el 8 de agosto de 2019 de: https://www.argentina.gob.ar/sites/default/files/cofemod_comisiondecalidad_carta_iberoamericana_de_calidad.pdf
Cumbre Judicial Iberoamericana. (noviembre, 2006). Plan Iberoamericano de Estadísticas Judiciales. Recuperado el 8 de agosto de 2019 de: http://www.cumbrejudicial.org/plan-iberoamericano-de-estadisticas-judiciales-pliej
VIII Cumbre Iberoamericana de Presidentes de Cortes Supremas y Tribunales Supremos de Justicia. (junio, 2004). Declaración de Copan - Sistemas de Información Estadística. Recuperado el 8 de agosto de 2019 de: http://anterior.cumbrejudicial.org/c/document_library/get_file?folderId=24801&name=DLFE-1013.pdf
Ministerio de Justicia y Derechos Humanos de la Nación. (octubre, 2016). Convenio Interjurisdiccional de Datos Judiciales Abiertos. Recuperado el 8 de agosto de 2019 de: https://github.com/datos-justicia-argentina/Convenio-Interjurisdiccional-de-Datos-Judiciales-Abiertos/blob/master/Convenio%20Interjurisdiccional%20de%20Datos%20Abiertos%20de%20Justicia.pdf
-------------------------------------------------. (febrero, 2018). Protocolo Técnico de Datos. Recuperado el 8 de agosto de 2019 de: https://github.com/datos-justicia-argentina/Protocolo-de-implementacion-Convenio-Interjurisdiccional-de-Datos-Judiciales-Abiertos/blob/master/Protocolo%20de%20Implementaci%C3%B3n%20del%20Convenio%20Interjurisdiccional%20de%20Datos%20Abiertos%20de%20Justicia.pdf
1. Introducción
El Portal de Datos de la Justicia Argentina dice:
... los datos abiertos son un medio para comprender mejor el funcionamiento del gobierno, fortalecer el rendimiento de cuentas, modificar y mejorar la manera de prestar y acceder a los servicios públicos, alentando a descubrimientos que mejoren la vida de la ciudadanía.
Al poner disponibles datos públicos, los gobiernos permiten que terceros (empresas, periodistas, investigadores y cualquier otro ciudadano) puedan desarrollar recursos y herramientas que generen impacto positivo sobre sus comunidades.
Con la publicación de datos abiertos, el Portal de Datos de la Justicia Argentina facilita el proceso de búsqueda, descubrimiento y acceso a datos que facilitan la toma de decisiones y a partici-
(*) Licenciado en Administración (UBA), especializado en Gerenciamiento Efectivo (UADE). Director de Control de Gestión y Sistemas de Información.
(**) Licenciada en Informática (UNPSJB). Directora de Informática.
(***) Licenciado en Sistemas de Información (UBA) y Abogado (UBA). Se desempeña en el Departamento de Gestión de Proyectos.
(****) El equipo de trabajo de Planificación, Control de Gestión y Sistemas de Información del Ministerio Público Fiscal del Chubut está integrado por ocho profesionales: licenciados en Informática, en Sistemas de Información, en Relaciones Públicas y Administración.
pación por parte de funcionarios, investigadores y de todos los ciudadanos (Ministerio de Justicia y Derechos Humanos, s/f).
2. Los primeros pasos
Corría el año 2016 cuando se recibe un desafío de parte del Ministerio de Justicia y Derechos Humanos de la Nación para su programa Justicia 2020.
Hasta ese momento se contaba con informes para estadísticas judiciales; ellos, a partir de datos de los casos o causas contenidos en planillas, con totales generales al 31 de diciembre de cada año.
Por otra parte, el Ministerio Público Fiscal del Chubut (MPF) posee un sistema de gestión de casos penales que se denomina “Coirón”, que facilita la salida de información que se pretenda, entre otras, para informar a las estadísticas judiciales locales y nacionales.
La nueva perspectiva que se presentó desafiaba el *statu quo*, ya que abría las bases de datos de cada caso penal tramitado y de las personas involucradas en los hechos investigados, su estado procesal en cada momento. Ello, teniendo en cuenta que cada persona, en un caso, puede seguir con un camino procesal diferente.
Debemos dar cuenta de información, anonimizada para cuidar la confidencialidad de los datos, trazable en el tiempo y sus etapas procesales, incluyendo a cada persona, desde el ingreso del caso hasta su finalización.
3. La decisión
La primera conversación donde se abordó la propuesta incluyó interrogantes y respuestas que dispusieron las acciones necesarias: ¿Lo necesitamos hacer?, sí. ¿Lo queremos hacer?, sí. ¿Lo podemos hacer?, sí. Adelante, iháganlo realidad!; me encargo del Convenio con Presidencia de la Nación, dijo el Procurador General del Chubut, Dr. Jorge Luis Miquelarena.
Sostiene Jorge Etkin (2000) que: “[...] la decisión es una expresión de voluntad, pero supone un análisis previo donde juegan múltiples factores que pueden exceder esa voluntad del directivo. Los fundamentos de las medidas de gobierno y las decisiones de política en cuanto a si consideran o no a la organización como un sistema social abierto”.
El conocimiento abierto se define como conocimiento accesible, de libre uso y gratuito a sus interesados: los ciudadanos. Este concepto es parte de un enfoque que busca generar soluciones para el bien público de manera colaborativa.
En el MPF prevaleció el interés por mostrar, en la medida que los recursos humanos profesionales y la tecnología disponible lo permitan, toda información que contribuya a rendir cuentas a la comunidad que se sirve, participándola.
de los datos e información que se tienen y se generan en la acción penal pública, con transparencia y garantías de datos trazables, seguros y ciertos.
4. Los protocolos de datos y de procesos
Se inicia el camino a partir de la consideración de borradores, con una serie de tablas y procedimientos que contienen reglas, técnicas y acciones que requieren de acuerdos.
Menudo trabajo resultó el análisis para el diseño de salidas de nuestro Sistema de Gestión Coirón, atado a nuestro Código Procesal Penal en la provincia del Chubut, acusatorio puro. Pero más menudo resulta el desafío de coordinación, con otras provincias, con iguales o distintos sistemas penales (acusatorios, inquisitivos o mixtos por muchas razones diferentes), llevado adelante por el Ministerio de Justicia y Derechos Humanos.
Se llega así a dos protocolos iniciales, el de datos y el de procesos que, incorporándose en los meses siguientes más actores judiciales, más ideas y realidades necesitó de un replanteo. Nuevamente, un trabajo de paciencia y cuidado en el análisis de los protocolos ajustados para volver a diseñar la salida de información de nuestro sistema Coirón.
De acuerdo a Marchán y Oviedo (2011):
La Organización y Gestión por Procesos es una metodología soportada en la naturaleza de la misión y responsabilidades de la institución. Seguir sus pasos secuenciales permite que las organizaciones del sector público puedan diseñar y aplicar un modelo de Organización y Gestión por Procesos compatible con la naturaleza establecida en la ley de su constitución y en sus responsabilidades sociales como instituciones públicas.
5. Ajustar el Sistema de Gestión del MPF a los acuerdos
Si hay datos se genera información; si no hay datos o si ellos son “basura” (incorrectos) se genera información errónea para la toma de decisiones, lo que lleva a tomar malas decisiones.
Al analizar y acordar los protocolos necesarios, que implicarán salidas de información adecuadas a los requerimientos, surgieron y definieron puntos de mejora para el Sistema Coirón: por ejemplo, una tabla desactualizada; el dato base no está previsto, parametrizado, para la carga de los operadores; el dato está, pero es estático, no modificable en el tiempo; no contamos con determinados hitos en el legajo que detallen su devenir.
Tenemos que garantizar que el dato esté, que el operador en la oportunidad exacta lo ingrese y que se actualice cuando corresponda. Para ello, se definieron pautas de desarrollo del sistema que resultaron útiles, como: “tiene que costar el mismo esfuerzo ingresar el dato que no ingresarlo, siendo definible
quién lo hace o no, para mejorar”. Deben existir, entonces, ciertas facilidades, decisiones de rutina operativa, obligaciones, responsabilidades con los datos y su actualización oportuna.
La normativa del MPF, su Reglamento Disciplinario, regula como falta grave el no ingreso de datos y actuaciones en la oportunidad que corresponda. Pero, como expresó el procurador general del MPF Chubut Jorge Miquelarena, (1) “necesitamos del compromiso y sentido de pertenencia de todos quienes integramos el Ministerio Público Fiscal del Chubut”.
Cuentan que un caminante se detiene en un obrador donde personas pican piedras. Se acerca a uno y le pregunta: –¿qué está haciendo?; –Aquí me ve, picando piedras, responde. El caminante sigue unos pasos más y le pregunta a un segundo trabajador: –¿Qué está haciendo? Este le contesta: –Ve aquella Catedral en la ciudad, con andamios? Bien, la estoy construyendo.
Sin duda, contar con registros de calidad depende de esfuerzos de capacitación, entrenamiento y facilidades a través de interfaces amigables entre el sistema informático y sus usuarios. Sin embargo, se consolida el registro de datos cuando se concretan actuaciones que se tramitan a través del Sistema Coirón. Ello es, a partir de transacciones exclusivamente electrónicas que acompañan el proceso natural de gestión de un caso.
Cada integrante del MPF, ya sea fiscal, funcionario de fiscalía, profesional o administrativo, cualquiera sea su rol, debe interactuar con el sistema.
Esta es la Catedral que construimos, a través de maximizar nuestro desempeño apoyados con tecnologías informáticas que contribuyen a ello, especialmente cuando se están dando soluciones a la comunidad a través de la investigación y persecución de conductas delictivas, teniendo al interés de la víctima como norte de los esfuerzos.
Como “en una democracia todos tienen un interés legítimo en las actividades de un organismo público” (Ostroff, 2006), las acciones registradas en Coirón no solo permiten una mejor calidad de trabajo e interacción entre los distintos actores, sino que además el resultado de ello responde al requerimiento ciudadano.
6. No todo lo que brilla es oro
Lleva una buena cantidad de años la vigencia del Código Procesal Penal del Chubut con sistema acusatorio o adversarial. Lo está desde el 30 de octubre de 2006 y el Sistema de Gestión Coirón presente desde ese primer día.
Al principio, se trató de un simple sistema de registro de casos, personas y actuaciones “porque todo ocurrirá en audiencias”. Hoy, en cambio, constituye un complejo sistema de gestión que relaciona dimensiones y variables dife-
(1) Palabras pronunciadas en el Encuentro Anual del MPF, realizado en el paraje Las Gondrinas, Comarca Andina del Chubut, en 2010.
rentes para la investigación penal inteligente, la administración del flujo de casos, sus caminos procesales y, en ellos, los de cada persona involucrada que relaciona dimensiones y variables diferentes para la investigación penal inteligente, la administración del flujo de casos, sus caminos procesales y, en ellos, los de cada persona involucrada; vinculaciones electrónicas con la Policía del Chubut, las oficinas judiciales de la judicatura; notificaciones y agendas, registros de antecedentes y muchas más vinculaciones y servicios.
En el camino se ha aprendido tanto a respetar los requerimientos detallados de los usuarios cómo enseñado a los diferentes integrantes del MPF sobre la importancia de las tecnologías informáticas para la gestión de casos penales. Aprendimos todos a superar obstáculos de arraigo cultural, como los que reflejan las siguientes frases: “al final tanto esfuerzo para estadísticas”, “no cargues el sistema porque te controlan”, “qué es esto de pretender que la justicia tiene que contar lo que hace, es confidencial”, “tenés que hacerlo porque no te queda más remedio” y otras frases justificativas para “mantener las cosas como están”.
La realidad es que “necesitamos Coirón para saber dónde estamos parados” en cada momento, en cada etapa, en cada caso; cuánto tiempo tardamos; registros de imputados, de víctimas; grupos de pertenencia delictiva dinámicos, lugares del hecho y sus delitos, patrones de ocurrencia; información a la víctima y, muchos, muchos más resultados.
“Históricamente está demostrado que quien no aprende de sus errores, está condenado a repetir la historia nuevamente, por lo que la reingeniería de procesos no es la receta perfecta para solucionar todos nuestros problemas, pero sí es una herramienta poderosa de mejoramiento continuo” (Manganelli & Klein, 1997).
El camino de la mejora continua está escalonado con hitos de satisfacción, pero, también, de fracasos por errores de diseño o falta de toma completa de requerimientos. Son necesarios análisis completos, adecuados, previos a los cambios informáticos que modelan los procedimientos de gestión; decisiones de política criminal que modifican requerimientos dadas nuevas realidades comunitarias; cambios en el modelo de organización que definen los procedimientos de gestión.
7. Nuevos desafíos
“El cambio no se produce por decreto. No puede provenir solo de la alta dirección como tampoco puede surgir únicamente de los niveles inferiores de la jerarquía vertical. Tanto el proyecto de cambio mismo como la nueva organización nacida de lo viejo deben allegarse el compromiso de los niveles superiores, inferiores y con funcionalidad interrelacionada”, sostiene Frank Ostroff (1999).
En el MPF consideramos que, como organización, está diseñada en su forma estructural y su enfoque de manera integrada para entregar valor público a
sus ciudadanos, especialmente las víctimas de delitos, a través de llevar adelante la acción penal pública y perseguir las conductas delictivas.
Ello inspira a la gente de la organización, sobrealimenta su desempeño y crea una propuesta de valor decisiva.
En cuanto a Datos Judiciales Abiertos, aspiramos a informar a la sociedad a nivel de actividad por fiscal, hoy es a nivel provincial y por cada una de sus oficinas únicas fiscales; también contar con mecanismos de información personalizada a las víctimas del estado de sus casos penales y los responsables en cada momento, con transacciones electrónicas que faciliten esta comunicación confidencial.
Referencias bibliográficas
Etkin, J. (2000). *Gestión de la complejidad de las organizaciones*. Buenos Aires: Granica.
Marchán, C. & Oviedo, M. (2011). *Modelo de Organización y Gestión por Procesos en la Administración Pública*. Quito: Editorial IAEN.
Ostroff, F. (1999). *La Organización Horizontal*. México DF: Editorial Oxford.
----------. (2006). Gestión del cambio en el sector público. *Harvard Business Review*, 84(5), pp. 99-105.
Manganelli, R. I. & Klein, M. M. (1997). *Cómo hacer Reingeniería*. Buenos Aires: Norma.
Ministerio de Justicia y Derechos Humanos de la Nación. (s/f). Datos abiertos. *Portal de Datos Judiciales Abiertos*. Recuperado el 8 de agosto de 2019 de: http://datos.jus.gob.ar/datos-abiertos
(2) El concepto de valor público se encuentra referido al valor creado por el Estado a través de la calidad de los servicios que presta a la ciudadanía, las regulaciones que gestiona para el bienestar de toda la sociedad y el ejercicio de creación de políticas públicas que buscan satisfacer necesidades propias de la población.
1. Introducción
El 11 de octubre de 2016 el Tribunal Superior de Justicia de la provincia de Córdoba subscribió el Convenio Marco de Cooperación y Asistencia Técnica Interjurisdiccional de “Datos Judiciales Abiertos” con el Ministerio de Justicia y Derechos Humanos y las instituciones nacionales y provinciales con actuación en el ámbito judicial.
Con la firma del mismo se formaliza, e instrumenta, un amplio consenso entre todos los actores públicos de avanzar –en acuerdo con la modalidad de intervención propuesta por el Ministerio de Justicia– en abordar la problemática de la escasa información judicial nacional y de carácter cerrada.
Por consiguiente las partes se disponen a “impulsar un plan conjunto de mejoramiento de los sistemas de información sobre la Justicia Argentina, guiado por los estándares de Gobierno Abierto y de Datos Abiertos, profundizando los esfuerzos realizados hasta el presente en el diseño y elaboración de la información judicial”.
En tanto a políticas públicas en general cabe destacar lo expresado por Martínez Noguera:
... las políticas públicas deberían satisfacer los criterios de coherencia y coordinación. La coherencia es resultado de la subordinación
(*) Integrantes del equipo del Centro de Estudios y Proyectos Judiciales del Tribunal Superior de Justicia de la provincia de Córdoba (CEPJ).
de las políticas a una concepción estratégica de parte del Estado o de sus distintos niveles y ámbitos. La coordinación es un proceso que se despliega durante la ejecución” (Martínez Noguera, 2009, p. 6).
Con este espíritu, se construyó a nivel nacional y con la participación de las provincias, el Protocolo Técnico de Datos y Procesos, herramienta que fue la guía para comenzar a producir los primeros datos abiertos a nivel país.
A partir del compromiso asumido, el Poder Judicial de Córdoba se observa a sí mismo analizando la información producida buscando unificar criterios que permitan tener herramientas útiles a nivel nacional para la generación de programas que protejan al ciudadano.
En el avance gradual de este proceso surgió la conveniencia de trabajar sobre la homologación de los registros referidos a los delitos en causas penales. En este trabajo se expone el aporte realizado desde Córdoba a esa tarea.
2. Descripción del proceso de trabajo
En este apartado se presentará el proceso de trabajo realizado por el Centro de Estudios y Proyectos Judiciales (CEPJ), consistente en la homologación del nomenclador de delitos propuesto por el Ministerio de Justicia y Derechos Humanos de la Nación Argentina (MinJus) –que sigue los lineamientos establecidos por Naciones Unidas y que fueran controlados por la Subsecretaría de Política Criminal del citado Ministerio- y el nomenclador propio, incorporado al sistema informático utilizado por el Poder Judicial de la provincia de Córdoba –Sistema de Administración de Causas (SAC)–, para obtener datos que representen, de la forma más precisa posible, la realidad delictual argentina y que sea comparable con la de otros países.
En todo el trabajo se mantuvo como referencia la estructura de tipos delictivos dada por el Código Penal argentino (CP) que se despliega en artículos, párrafos, partes e incisos, que describen conductas con mayor o menor grado de exactitud. Cabe aclarar que en este complejo cuerpo normativo no solo hay una descripción de los tipos penales sino que conviven agravantes y atenuantes generales aplicables, además de las calificaciones propias de cada tipo descriptivo.
En el análisis realizado sobre las categorías disponibles en el SAC para registrar hechos delictivos se advierte cómo esta complejidad dio lugar a que existan diferentes grados de detalle y precisión en las descripciones para los distintos títulos y capítulos del CP. Por ejemplo, el art. 119 del CP dispone de 62 hechos descriptos con códigos de SAC, mientras que no hay ni uno solo para los arts. 97 a 103.
Entendemos que al incluir descripciones minuciosas se aporta mayor claridad para el operador/instructor judicial al momento de su uso pero, al mismo
tiempo, se dificulta la tarea de homologación con los criterios nacionales e internacionales aportados por el MinJus.
Hemos detectado casos de hechos idénticos descriptos de diferentes formas, ocasionando la duplicación de códigos. Descubrimos también que se omitieron codificar tipos que no son de uso habitual en la provincia, pero que existen en el CP.
La misma situación ha ocurrido con las leyes especiales, con la particularidad de que el SAC registra más de las sugeridas por el Ministerio de Justicia en su listado.
Por último, en el proceso de trabajo también se lograron identificar errores materiales en ambos documentos clasificatorios de delitos, identificados al momento de ser contrastados con el Código Penal.
A partir del diagnóstico descripto, se procuró en primer lugar lograr la vinculación directa entre cada código –con su correspondiente descripción– del listado de SAC Multifuero (variable DescripTipoHecho) y el nomenclador aportado por MinJus. Se buscaron voces unívocas que permitan la equiparación directa de ambos listados.
En segunda instancia se identificaron los registros que no tienen su par directo en SAC y se los relacionó con los tipos generales –o específicos según el caso– ofrecidos por MinJus en su listado cuya descripción más se le aproxima.
En tercer lugar se incorporaron, uno por uno, los tipos o subtipos penales que fueron omitidos, tanto en el nomenclador de MinJus como en el SAC, en relación a lo dispuesto en el CP vigente.
La tarea implicó el análisis e interpretación de cada una de las posibilidades de registro existentes en cada documento de trabajo empleado:
- Nomenclador aportado por MinJus: 810 registros.
- Categorías para la variable DescripTipoHecho de SAC: 1092 registros.
- 13 títulos, 63 capítulos, 313 artículos (Código Penal de la Nación Argentina).
De la combinación de los distintos insumos para el trabajo, se obtuvo como resultante una base de trabajo de 1519 registros –son los establecidos en el SAC, más los completados por MinJus y el CP–.
A partir de esto se hacen propuestas de incorporación, supresión y modificación de registros a ambos nomencladores. A continuación se exponen los resultados:
- Existe una correlación unívoca entre el código de SAC y MinJus, equiparación directa: 427 registros.
- No existe una correlación unívoca entre el código de SAC y MinJus, debido a que el código de SAC adiciona un agravante o atenuante general o específico del CP. Se propone relacionarlo con el código genérico de MinJus que más se aproxima a la descripción contenida en SAC. Se asimilaron 512 registros de SAC a 176 códigos propuestos por MinJus.
• Se observa la falta de artículos del CP en el Listado MinJus. Se propone agregarlos a los fines de completar el mismo. También se propone agregar al Listado MinJus códigos referidos a la parte genérica de algunos artículos (por ejemplo, art. 80 CP) para obtener el registro general que permitirá asimilar los códigos de SAC que no encuentran ubicación en la propuesta del Ministerio. Se propone incluir 56 nuevos registros a los que se asimilarán 140 códigos de SAC.
• Faltan códigos genéricos de artículos del CP en el listado MinJus y en el de SAC. Se propone incorporar 40 códigos nuevos.
• Sobre el listado de código de MinJus se propone modificar descripciones de códigos que están erróneamente relacionados con el artículo penal que se pretende referenciar. Se deben modificar 17 registros.
• Sobre el listado de código de SAC se propone modificar descripciones de códigos que están erróneamente relacionados con el título y capítulo del CP que se pretende referenciar. Se deben modificar 20 registros.
• Sobre el listado de SAC se identifican códigos que expresan en su descripción un mismo tipo delictivo. Se propone reducir a una sola alternativa de carga. Se propone reducir 106 registros a 49 ya existentes.
• Sobre el listado de SAC se propone agregar 382 códigos que contiene MinJus y que corresponden a artículos, partes, párrafos o incisos no incluidos hasta el momento en SAC.
• Sobre el listado de SAC se reconocen 13 códigos que no corresponden a descripciones de hechos delictivos o a artículos derogados y que deben eliminarse del sistema informático.
Tabla 1. Códigos de la variable DescripTipoHecho del SAC desagregados de acuerdo a la relación propuesta con el nomenclador de delitos del MinJus
| Criterios de homologación | Cantidad | Porcentaje |
|---------------------------|----------|------------|
| Vinculación directa | 427 | 39% |
| Vinculación por aproximación | 512 | 47% |
| Vinculación supeditada a propuesta | 140 | 13% |
| Propuesta de eliminación (no son hechos penales) | 13 | 1% |
3. Reflexiones finales y desafíos pendientes
El trabajo obtuvo la validación por parte del TSJ de la provincia de Córdoba. Posteriormente fue remitido al MinJus que valoró el aporte y decidió tomar parte de lo sugerido para la incorporación/actualización de la última versión del nomenclador de delitos.
Este primer paso debería impulsar el desafío de construir una propuesta de procedimiento común para todos los actores institucionales en materia penal de todo el país, que evite distorsiones y ambigüedades en las unidades de medida, objeto de los registros de datos que impactan en la construcción de los sistemas estadísticos y de las políticas criminales que surgen en consecuencia. Lograr así una distinción meridiana de hecho, persona, causa judicial/expediente, parámetros indispensables para hablar un mismo idioma en la materia.
Finalmente, con este tipo de trabajo realizado desde el CEPJ, el TSJ de Córdoba ratifica el compromiso de seguir construyendo este tipo de políticas basada en los datos abiertos y avanzar en el camino de democratización de la información judicial.
En este caso puntual, poniendo a disposición de múltiples públicos requerentes (ciudadanos, ONG, Universidades, Colegios profesionales, otras instituciones públicas y Poderes del Estado Provincial y Nacional) insumos indispensables para la generación de políticas públicas en materia penal/delictual, con base en la evidencia.
Referencias bibliográficas y normativas
Martínez Noguera, R. (2009). *La coherencia y la coordinación de las políticas públicas: aspectos conceptuales y experiencias*. XIV Congreso Internacional del CLAD. Salvador de Bahía, Brasil.
Código Penal argentino (ley 11.179, TO 1984 actualizado).
ACCIONES DIRIGIDAS A LA MEJORA EN LA CALIDAD DEL DATO EN EL PODER JUDICIAL DE CÓRDOBA
CECILIA A. GÓMEZ
RICARDO MARTÍN FRANCO*
1. Introducción
El Convenio Marco de Cooperación y Asistencia Técnica Interjurisdiccional de “Datos Judiciales Abiertos”, suscripto por el Poder Judicial de Córdoba, el Ministerio de Justicia y Derechos Humanos de la Nación (MinJus) y las Instituciones nacionales y provinciales con actuación en el ámbito judicial, suscripto a fines del año 2016, impulsó una multiplicidad de acciones dentro de la organización provincial. Acciones que buscaron, por un lado, cumplir con los envíos de información comprometidos en dicho instrumento, y por otro proyectar y ejecutar una serie de cambios tendientes a mejorar la calidad de la información registrada y disponible en el Poder Judicial de Córdoba, todo con el fin de publicar datos abiertos e informes fidedignos a otras instituciones y a la ciudadanía toda.
Durante el año 2017 y 2018, a partir de iniciativas impulsadas por el Centro de Estudios y Proyectos Judiciales (CEPJ) –dependiente del Tribunal Superior de Justicia del Poder Judicial de Córdoba y responsable de proveer información estadística de carácter oficial sobre la actividad jurisdiccional y administrativa– se promovieron y desarrollaron acciones: talleres, capacitaciones, recomendaciones, etc., conducentes a elevar la precisión y confiabilidad en la producción de registros.
Se construyeron herramientas y se obtuvieron cambios trascendentales en pos de sumar buenas prácticas y modificar procedimientos de trabajo que
(*) Integrantes del equipo del Centro de Estudios y Proyectos Judiciales del Tribunal Superior de Justicia de la Provincia de Córdoba (CEPJ).
permitieran unificar y homologar criterios en el registro de datos judiciales a nivel nacional.
En la presente exposición destacaremos tres de las experiencias más relevantes que se han desarrollado.
2. Juzgados especializados en ejecutivo fiscal
Los jueces de los juzgados especializados en ejecutivo fiscal de la ciudad de Córdoba, en un trabajo conjunto con el CEPJ, se propusieron identificar los actos procesales que ponen fin a una causa, en el marco del procedimiento específico establecido en la ley 9024, que rige el trámite de la misma. Causas cuyo objeto de juicio es el cobro judicial de tributos, multas aplicadas por la autoridad administrativa, y en las cuales el Gobierno de la provincia de Córdoba sea parte, entre otras.
La primera tarea que se realizó fue un diagnóstico de las causas resueltas en los juicios ejecutivos fiscales, donde se advirtió un bajo porcentaje en toda la provincia a través del dictado de una sentencia. Del estudio del problema se identificó que la causa de la disminución de sentencias radicaba en la posibilidad que establece la ley que rige el procedimiento de no dictar sentencia en los casos donde no se oponía excepciones, y solo certificar lo acontecido. Por lo que se recomendó estudiar y definir, y en su caso redefinir, las operaciones existentes en el SAC Multifuero que representen un acto jurídico que finalice la causa, con el objetivo de visibilizar correctamente la actividad judicial en la materia respectiva.
La identificación clara de las llamadas “Operaciones del SAC Multifuero”, que representan un acto jurídico en una determinada etapa procesal de una causa, debe ser en su denominación y contenido; de este modo se simplifica la tarea de registrar el dato, mejora la calidad del mismo y le proporciona coherencia al sistema de información judicial.
Luego de las reuniones llevadas adelante con los señores jueces se alcanzaron los siguientes consensos:
1) Operaciones que concluyen el proceso:
- Certificado vencimiento término-judicial – conclusión.
- Certificado/ejecución sentencia-administrativo – conclusión.
- Sentencia con excepciones – conclusión.
- Sentencia con allanamiento – conclusión.
- Sentencia con desistimiento – conclusión.
(1) Trabajo realizado por la Ing. Carolina Fragueiro y la Ab. Cecilia Gómez del CEPJ.
(2) Los doctores Claudia Smania, Julio Viñas y Eduardo Carena.
(3) Sistema informático de Administración de Causas en el Poder Judicial de Córdoba.
• Sentencia abstracta – conclusión.
• Auto perención de instancia principal – conclusión.
• Auto archivo y modos anormales – conclusión.
• Sentencia varios.
Desde el Centro de Estudios se recomienda utilizar las operaciones que siguen como de egreso de la causa, porque si bien formalmente no finaliza la causa, las excluye del trámite del juzgado ejecutivo fiscal por diferentes motivos.
2) Otras formas de terminación o egreso:
• Fuero de atracción.
• Acumulación.
• Fuero de atracción (concursos y quiebras).
• Datos de prearchivo.
Por último, los señores jueces de ejecutivo fiscal de la Capital, a partir del relevamiento efectuado por el CEPJ de las operaciones vigentes del SAC Multifuero, identificaron y seleccionaron un conjunto de operaciones que se ajustan al procedimiento judicial que llevan adelante.
Concluyendo, y a los fines de darle efectividad a las recomendaciones y al trabajo realizado, se solicitaron al área de Informática las modificaciones necesarias al SAC Multifuero de modo que impacte en el resultado final.
Una vez hechas las modificaciones, se comunicaron las mismas a todos los organismos del Poder Judicial que intervienen en la construcción o registro del dato de la actividad judicial de los juzgados civiles con competencia fiscal.
Por último emergió como fundamental la capacitación, en especial del operador de los juzgados múltiples del interior provincial.\(^{(4)}\)
3. Cámara Única del Trabajo de Capital\(^{(5)}\)
Otra de las intervenciones importantes fue la realizada en el marco de los talleres de trabajo entre el CEPJ, representantes de la Cámara Única del Trabajo de Capital y la Secretaría Laboral del Tribunal Superior de Justicia, espacios estos dispuestos con el propósito de mejorar la calidad del dato estadístico en el fuero laboral.
---
(4) Véase http://www.justiciacordoba.gob.ar/cepj/_Novedades/NovedadesDetalle.aspx?idNovedad=10090
(5) Trabajo realizado por la Cra. Lidia Zalazar, Ab. Martín Franco y Ab. Cecilia Gómez del CEPJ.
El objetivo de los encuentros fue trabajar en el registro de la información en los sistemas informáticos para mejorar la calidad de los datos que se consignan, que permitan medir objetivamente los actos procesales claves del procedimiento laboral y obtener información estadística confiable.
Para ello fue necesario consensuar el empleo de operaciones disponibles del SAC Multifuero para el registro de actos procesales, a fin de unificar y otorgarle coherencia a la forma de incorporación de los datos al sistema.
En el marco de la discusión del taller surgieron propuestas de creación de nuevas operaciones (hasta ese momento inexistentes) que permitieran incorporar al sistema informático actos procesales establecidos en la ley de procedimiento, como por ejemplo los resultados de los recursos ingresados a las salas laborales a partir de la denominación de la operación seleccionada.
A continuación, se exponen los acuerdos logrados partiendo del informe de sugerencias y observaciones aportadas por el CEPJ y los asistentes al taller con relación al registro de datos a través de un conjunto de operaciones al SAC Multifuero:
Respecto al empleo de operaciones específicas existentes en el sistema informático:
1) Se acuerda la utilización exclusiva de la operación “recepción de expediente” para registrar cada ingreso a las salas de las causas elevadas a juicio.
2) En expedientes que ingresan a las salas desde el interior provincial, utilizar la operación “recepción de expediente”. En los casos en los que el sistema no permita su utilización, se deberá modificar la categoría de juicio para que la habilite.
3) Se acuerda utilizar de manera independiente las operaciones referidas al “avocamiento”, “recusación/excusación” de las vinculadas con la “audiencia de vista de causa”.
4) Se acuerda utilizar la operación audiencia de vista de la causa (decreto que la fija) para registrar la fijación de la primera audiencia de vista de causa.
5) A los fines de registrar las reprogramaciones de audiencias de vista de la causa, se acuerda utilizar la operación: audiencia de vista de la causa continuación (decreto).
6) Para los casos de suspensiones de audiencias, se debe utilizar la operación audiencia suspensión (decreto).
7) Para el registro de las audiencias de vista de causa tomadas, utilizar la operación: audiencia de vista de la causa (acta).
8) Para el registro de las continuaciones de audiencias de vista de causa, utilizar la operación audiencia de vista de la causa continuación (acta).
9) Se acuerda el registro de los alegatos, utilizando la operación alegatos (acta).
En relación a la solicitud al área de Informática:
1) Se acuerda solicitar a Informática la creación de las operaciones “recepción de recurso de apelación”, “recepción de recurso directo”.
2) Crear una operación que diga “recusación/suspensión/nueva audiencia”.
3) Se solicitará a Informática la incorporación de un campo cerrado en el que se registre la conformación del tribunal en colegiado o unipersonal. A los mismos fines se solicitará incorporar, a través de un menú desplegable, la posibilidad de identificar el vocal competente a cargo de la causa.
4) Se solicitará a Informática la incorporación de operaciones para registrar el resultado de los recursos.
5) Atento la cantidad de operaciones disponibles en el SAC Multifuero se solicitará a Informática acotar –para todas las salas– las que se utilizan solo en el grupo laboral.
Se expuso la necesidad de extender a mediano plazo las presentes recomendaciones a las cámaras del interior provincial.
4. Mejora de la calidad del dato estadístico y del acceso de la información en el fuero penal
Dos componentes muy importantes se pretenden atender con la implementación del proyecto de mejora en la calidad del dato estadístico del fuero penal; por un lado, incorporar al SAC Multifuero modificaciones a la tabla de delitos que produzcan una convergencia con el modelo propuesto por el Ministerio de Justicia y Derechos Humanos de la Nación, cuya iniciativa de clasificación se sustenta en el Nomenclador de Naciones Unidas. El objetivo será entonces favorecer la comparabilidad de la información sobre los delitos empleada en el sistema informático (SAC Multifuero Penal), con la tabla ya utilizada a nivel nacional (interprovincial, federal) y en el plano internacional. Esta etapa se encuentra completada en la actualidad con la “Homologación del nomenclador de delitos para la publicación de datos abiertos en materia penal en la Argentina”, herramienta validada por el Tribunal Superior de Justicia de la provincia de Córdoba y por el Ministerio de Justicia de la Nación.
Por otro lado, mejorar la calidad de la información judicial, lo que implica un proceso conjunto con los usuarios, las áreas técnicas y de apoyo para la estandarización de la nomenclatura que tenga en cuenta tanto la denominación como el contenido.
Con el fin aludido resulta necesario el diseño de un flujograma del proceso penal que posibilite efectuar un diagnóstico del grado de adecuación del desarrollo informático (SAC Multifuero Penal) a los ingresos, hitos, etapas, movimientos, interrelaciones de los organismos judiciales y del Ministerio Público.
(6) Trabajo realizado por el Lic. Sebastián Carbone, el Ab. Martín Franco y la Ab. Cecilia Gómez del CEPJ.
(estructura organizacional del fuero) en el proceso penal. De este examen, que analizará las categorías de juicio, operaciones, remisiones, entre otras, se pretende reconocer las inconsistencias para su posterior revisión y compatibilización. De esta manera promover los cambios imprescindibles para la mejora del dato estadístico que se produce en el fuero penal actualmente.
Previamente a la presente propuesta se recolectó información acerca del proceso penal, tabla de delitos y estrategias planteadas en la imputación (inputs) y condena (outputs), la estructura organizacional del fuero penal, las políticas y el proceso establecido para coordinar, para promover y gestionar el uso de tecnologías de información en el sistema de justicia penal.
Esta segunda etapa se encuentra en proceso de ejecución apelando a nuevas estrategias de implementación de proyectos para casos específicos, como el que nos ocupa, a través de la conformación de grupos de trabajo con los usuarios y comités especiales, etc., imprescindible para establecer acuerdos en materia de registros de la información y empleo de las tecnologías informáticas. Esta tarea requiere la organización periódica y regular de talleres de trabajo y encuentros de formación, en donde se intercambie información sobre la capacitación entregada en el uso de la tecnología disponible en el Poder Judicial, como así también en temas relacionados a los procesos judiciales; además de convenir de manera sistemática los ajustes necesarios sobre los mecanismos de registro y recolección de datos estadísticos.
Se logrará así obtener, cada vez más, información de interés y actualidad social, comparable entre las provincias argentinas. Como así también avanzar en el camino de digitalización de la justicia a corto plazo, a saber: tramitación electrónica, intercambio de datos e incluso la litigación en un ambiente web.
1. Introducción
En el marco del Convenio Interjurisdiccional de Datos Abiertos de Justicia establecido entre el Ministerio de Justicia y Derechos Humanos de la Nación y 51 instituciones de justicia de todos el país, entre ellas el Poder Judicial de Corrientes, de común acuerdo se ha establecido un Protocolo Técnico de Datos (PTD), en su última Versión II con fecha 26 de febrero de 2018, considerando nuestro modelo procesal.
Cabe aclarar que en nuestro modelo procesal, la participación del fiscal obedece a un código de corte mixto, a diferencia de otras corrientes del sistema acusatorio. Los ciudadanos tenemos tres vías para realizar una denuncia: la policía, la fiscalía y el juzgado. Los preventivos que confecciona la policía se remiten al juzgado de instrucción de turno, por lo que los expedientes son iniciados en los juzgados en la mayoría de los casos (alrededor del 80%) y no en las fiscalías. Con lo cual el juzgado es quien tiene el control de la causa, tomando intervención la fiscalía que le corresponde a dicho juzgado para las investigaciones pertinentes. En el Poder Judicial de Corrientes tenemos un sistema de gestión de causas judiciales llamado “lurix”, el cual es compartido para el registro de las causas, tanto por organismos del Poder Judicial como por los organismos del Ministerio Público Fiscal, teniendo un mismo número de expediente para todo el proceso.
Es importante destacar que nuestra provincia se encuentra totalmente sistematizada, teniendo acceso al sistema todos los organismos del Ministerio Público Fiscal como así también todos los organismos del Poder Judicial. Nuestro sistema de gestión de causas judiciales (lurix), es un sistema cliente-
(*) Licenciado en Sistemas.
servidor desarrollado en Visual Basic 6 con base de datos PostgreSQL, el cual está distribuido de la siguiente manera. En toda la provincia se tienen cinco circunscripciones que abarcan las siguientes localidades:
1) Corrientes capital (cabecera), Saladas y Bella Vista.
2) Goya (cabecera) y Esquina.
3) Curuzú Cuatiá (cabecera) y Mercedes.
4) Paso de los Libres (cabecera) y Monte Caseros.
5) Santo Tomé (cabecera), Virasoro e Ituzaingó.
En cada ciudad cabecera se encuentra un servidor de aplicación y de datos a los cuales acceden los usuarios de su propia ciudad cabecera y sus ciudades satélites. En toda la provincia contamos actualmente con 11 bases de datos penales, 12 bases de datos civiles y 18 bases correspondientes a los juzgados de paz. Aclaro que las 18 bases de los juzgados de paz son bases independientes, una para cada juzgado, las cuales no están conectadas a la red del Poder Judicial a causa de las distancias, considerando que se encuentran en zonas rurales.
2. Delitos y actuaciones
En el PTD (Protocolo Técnico de Datos y Procesos) el Ministerio de Justicia estableció una tabla de delitos con sus códigos y descripciones, códigos que tuvimos que relacionar con los códigos de delitos que tenemos en nuestro sistema lurix. Frente a tal situación, se realizó correspondencia entre ambos códigos de delitos de ambas tablas para poder informar la descripción del delito correspondiente a la tabla enviada por el Ministerio. A tal efecto he convocado a dos secretarias relatoras penales que colaboraron en la realización de la correspondencia anteriormente mencionada.
Al igual que con los delitos, en el PTD el Ministerio estableció una tabla de decisiones con sus códigos y descripciones, códigos que tuvimos que relacionar con los códigos de actuaciones que tenemos en nuestro lurix. Por lo tanto, en primer lugar se filtraron las actuaciones que son relevantes y surten algún efecto para la causa, y nuevamente se estableció orden de correspondencia entre ambos códigos de ambas tablas para poder informar la descripción de la decisión correspondiente a la tabla enviada por el Ministerio. En Tabla #2 (Protocolo Técnico de Datos y Procesos) se registran las decisiones relevantes (actuaciones) que tengan las causas en los diferentes organismos del Ministerio Público: fiscalías de instrucción y fiscalías en lo correccional y de menores. En Tabla #6 (Protocolo Técnico de Datos y Procesos) se registran las decisiones relevantes (actuaciones) que tengan las causas en los diferentes organismos del Poder Judicial: juzgados de instrucción, juzgados correccionales, juzgados de menores correccionales. Es importante tener en cuenta que en nuestro sistema lurix las actuaciones no están relacionadas con los
delitos ni con los imputados. Las actuaciones están relacionadas directamente con la causa. Por lo tanto la tabla muestra todos los tipos de expedientes y todos los organismos del Poder Judicial, debido a que se pueden hacer actuaciones tanto sobre el expediente principal como sobre incidentes, oficios, etc. En síntesis, se muestran todas las actuaciones relevantes, ergo decisiones, de cada causa.
3. Sistema de Extracción de Datos (SED) y Sistema DJA
Para cumplir con el Protocolo Técnico de Datos, en primer lugar se efectuaron consultas a nuestra base de datos a través de vistas y procedimientos almacenados, consultas que luego fueron volcadas a un sistema desarrollado en entorno Windows llamado Sistema de Extracción de Datos (SED), hecho en Visual Basic 6, con base de datos PostgreSQL, que permite extraer los datos del Sistema Iurix de cada una de las tablas solicitadas en el PTD recorriendo todas las bases de datos que se encuentran en cada uno de los servidores de toda la provincia, bases penales o civiles acorde a la tabla seleccionada, grabando dichos registros en una base de datos local.
Luego, estos datos extraídos, una vez analizados, son transferidos a otra base de datos también en PostgreSQL, la cual es consultada por otro sistema desarrollado en entorno web llamado Sistema DJA, desarrollado con Genexus, a través del cual podemos visualizar el contenido de las tablas correspondientes a los datos primarios del Protocolo Técnico de Datos, permitiendo filtrar la información por mes, año y localidad, como así también exportar su contenido en formato pdf, xls, o csv acorde a la necesidad. Cabe aclarar que no podemos emitir el Listado Nº 3 correspondiente a las fiscalías, ya que las estas no tienen la potestad de terminar causas judiciales debido a que no se tiene el sistema acusatorio, no teniendo las fiscalías autonomía sobre las causas.
4. Conclusión
Igual que un buen medicamento no surte efecto si no se administra adecuadamente, tampoco la estadística podrá arrojar resultados con garantía de calidad si la información no se recoge de manera correcta. Bajo esta premisa y gracias al convenio iniciado por el Ministerio de Justicia de la Nación, estamos convencidos de que debemos establecer un vínculo más cercano entre nuestro Departamento de Sistemas y nuestro Departamento de Estadística, con el objeto de mejorar la calidad y la transparencia de la información estadística elaborada y publicada por nuestra institución provincial, a los efectos de que se transforme en una herramienta estratégica en la planificación y la toma de decisiones de los gobiernos judiciales.
En nuestra provincia en particular tenemos muchas virtudes como tener toda la provincia conectada bajo un mismo sistema, una computadora por cada usuario, también tenemos una dirección de informática con sus áreas correspondientes (Sistemas, Redes, Soporte, Mesa de Ayuda) y otras virtudes, pero
también es cierto que hay ciertas cuestiones para mejorar que tienen que ver con la depuración de nuestra tabla de delitos, la tabla de actuaciones, una más estricta y cuidadosa carga de los datos por parte del operario judicial, las modificaciones que deberían hacerse en el diseño de nuestro sistema para poder obtener información de mayor calidad y de mejor contenido poniendo el ojo en un sistema web más moderno, entre otros.
1. Introducción
El Ministerio Público Fiscal de la provincia de Mendoza es un órgano independiente que conforma y desarrolla sus funciones en el ámbito del Poder Judicial, tiene autonomía funcional y financiera, su autoridad máxima es el Procurador General de la Suprema Corte de Justicia.
El Ministerio Público Fiscal de la provincia de Mendoza es una de las 52 instituciones que suscribió el Convenio Interjurisdiccional de Datos Judiciales Abiertos el 11 de octubre de 2016, y forma parte de las 29 instituciones que actualmente publican en el programa “Datos Abiertos”.
La participación del Ministerio Público Fiscal en los programas del Ministerio de Justicia y Derechos Humanos de la Nación como Justicia 2020 y Datos Abiertos ha sido el punto de partida para la implementación de diversas políticas de justicia abierta dentro del Ministerio Público Fiscal, las cuales apuntan a lograr mayores niveles de transparencia, acceso a la información, rendición de cuentas y utilización de nuevas tecnologías, lográndose de esta forma una apertura de información desde el Poder Judicial.
El Procurador General, mediante el dictado de la resolución 186/2017, designó a la Coordinadora General del Ministerio Público Fiscal como responsable para la gestión operativa del Convenio Interjurisdiccional de Datos Judiciales Abiertos.
(*) Coordinadora General del Ministerio Público Fiscal.
2. Justicia Abierta - Justicia 2020
El paradigma de Justicia Abierta concibe a la justicia como un servicio público centrado en la gente, que debe dar respuesta de calidad, de manera rápida y eficiente.
Nuestro país necesita un sistema de justicia eficiente cuyo eje sea la persona, un Poder Judicial abierto a la comunidad, transparente, que rinda cuentas de su actuar brindando acceso a la información.
Es un problema actual la falta de confianza en la justicia, las dificultades para el acceso a la información y la falta de rendición de cuentas en el sector justicia. Las personas se sienten excluidas del sistema judicial, los poderes judiciales permanecen cerrados, de ahí que resulte indispensable implementar medidas que modifiquen esta realidad.
La Agenda 2030 para el Desarrollo Sostenible de las Naciones Unidas (ONU) consiste en un plan de acción que tiende a fortalecer el acceso a la justicia entre alguno de sus 17 objetivos. La justicia cumple un papel preponderante conforme surge del ODS 16 que fija una agenda de cambio institucional.
El ODS 16 propone “promover sociedades pacíficas e inclusivas para el desarrollo sostenible, facilitar el acceso a la justicia para todos y crear instituciones eficaces, responsables e inclusivas a todos los niveles”.
La meta 16.6 fomenta la transparencia y rendición de cuentas en todos los niveles de las instituciones, para lograr así eficacia y transparencia. La meta 16.10 tiene como objetivo garantizar el acceso público a la información conforme las leyes nacionales.
3. Legislación provincial sobre responsabilidad en el ejercicio de la función pública y acceso a la información pública
En el mes de agosto del año 2017, la Legislatura de la provincia de Mendoza dictó la ley 8993 de ética pública y responsabilidad en el ejercicio de las funciones de los funcionarios públicos, creándose la Oficina de Investigaciones Administrativas y Ética Pública en el ámbito de la Honorable Cámara de Senadores de la Provincia, como un órgano independiente, con autonomía funcional, financiera y presupuestaria. Este organismo tiene a su cargo los registros e investigaciones administrativas necesarias para el cumplimiento de la ley; regulando el régimen específico de las declaraciones juradas de los integrantes del Poder Judicial, el Ministerio Público Fiscal y el Ministerio Público de la Defensa, entre otros, y la publicación de las mencionadas declaraciones.
La Ley 9070 de Acceso a la Información Pública, dictada en el mes de mayo de 2018, tiene por objeto regular los mecanismos de acceso a la información pública que garanticen la transparencia y fomenten el Estado Abierto. Tiene entre sus finalidades: facilitar a toda persona el derecho de acceso a la información pública mediante procedimientos sencillos, propiciar la transparencia
de la gestión pública, impulsar la rendición de cuentas de todas las instituciones y dependencias públicas, promover el uso de las tecnologías de la información y fomentar la cultura de la transparencia, entre otras. En ella se incorpora al Poder Judicial, el Ministerio Público de la Defensa y el Ministerio Público Fiscal como sujetos de aplicación de la ley.
4. Buenas prácticas dispuestas por el Ministerio Público Fiscal de la provincia de Mendoza
¿Qué tipos de datos e información plausibles de ser publicados siguiendo un paradigma de Justicia Abierta son los que produce el sector? Estableceremos una distinción entre tres tipos:
1) sentencias y decisiones judiciales;
2) datos jurisdiccionales; y
3) datos estructurales.
En relación con los datos jurisdiccionales, el Ministerio Público Fiscal de la provincia de Mendoza forma parte del Sistema de Datos de la Justicia Argentina, publicando en el Portal Datos Abiertos los casos iniciados y los actos procesales.
Por otra parte, en relación con los datos estructurales, el Ministerio Público Fiscal de la provincia de Mendoza implementó, a través de la Coordinación General, una serie de medidas para alcanzar las metas de transparencia, acceso a la información, rendición de cuentas y utilización de nuevas tecnologías, con el objetivo de lograr una justicia más cercana a la gente y más confiable.
Cabe recordar que los datos estructurales son todos aquellos datos e información relativos a los aspectos financieros, administrativos y de funcionamiento interno del Ministerio Público Fiscal.
El órgano encargado de la organización administrativa y funcional interna del Ministerio Público Fiscal es la Coordinación General.
4.1. Transparencia: acceso a la información
Según lo dispuesto en las leyes provinciales 8993 y 9070, sumado al trabajo realizado en marco del Convenio de Cooperación y Asistencia Técnica Interjurisdiccional de Datos Judiciales Abiertos, se dispuso avanzar en el contenido de la información que se publicaba en el portal web del Ministerio Público Fiscal de Mendoza –http://ministeriopublico.jus.mendoza.gov.ar/–, con el objeto de dotar a la gestión de este Ministerio Público Fiscal de mayor transparencia, participación, rendición de cuentas e innovación.
Mediante las resoluciones de Coordinación General 27/2019 y 49/2019 se dispusieron medidas para la modernización del portal web del Ministerio Público Fiscal ampliando y ordenando su contenido, disponiendo la publicación de todas las resoluciones de Coordinación General, quedando de esta forma publicadas todas las directivas generales dictadas para la organización administrativa interna del Ministerio Público Fiscal, así como también las licencias
de los fiscales de la provincia, las resoluciones del Procurador General y de los delegados de la Procuración en las distintas circunscripciones judiciales.
Por otra parte, se ordenó la publicación en la página web del Ministerio Público Fiscal de todas las resoluciones del Servicio Administrativo Financiero (SAF), mediante las cuales se disponen las compras, ya sea mediante licitaciones públicas, compras directas y diversas contrataciones.
De acuerdo con estos lineamientos, la Coordinación General publica en la página web las declaraciones juradas conforme lo establecido por Ley 7314 de Responsabilidad Fiscal, mediante el acceso a la página web de la Oficina de Investigaciones Administrativas y Ética Pública (ley 8993).
Por otra parte, se incorporaron los datos estadísticos conforme lo establecido en el Convenio Marco de Cooperación y Asistencia Técnica Interjurisdiccional de Datos Judiciales Abiertos, mediante el acceso a la página web del Ministerio de Justicia y Derechos Humanos de la Nación: Datos Abiertos.
4.2. Áreas administrativas: digitalización
A partir del año 2019, la Coordinación General trabaja exclusivamente con expedientes virtuales, tanto para la tramitación de requerimientos de las dependencias del Ministerio Público Fiscal así como también para gestionar las solicitudes de los distintos organismos ajenos al Ministerio Público Fiscal; habiéndose dictado las resoluciones de Coordinación General 12/2019, 13/2019, 14/2019, 15/2019 y 16/2019 donde se dispusieron diversas medidas tendientes a la despapelización al implementar el expediente virtual en las áreas administrativas del Ministerio Público Fiscal.
Se implementó un sistema informático mediante el cual se tramitan y registran las solicitudes, requerimientos, informes, expedientes virtuales, notificaciones, dictámenes y resoluciones dictadas por la Coordinadora General.
Todas las compras y licitaciones se realizan mediante la generación de documentos electrónicos –sin papel– con el Sistema de Gestión Documental Electrónica, realizándose toda la tramitación entre el Servicio Administrativo Financiero, la Coordinación General y el Ministerio de Hacienda por medio de la utilización de documentos electrónicos y firma electrónica.
4.3. Uso de nuevas tecnologías: notificaciones
Las resoluciones de Procuración General y de Coordinación General, comunicaciones y demás informes son notificadas desde la Coordinación General a todos los magistrados del Ministerio Público Fiscal de la Provincia mediante la utilización de la aplicación WhatsApp.
Todas las notificaciones y demás comunicaciones entre las dependencias del Ministerio Público Fiscal se realizan mediante la utilización de distintos medios tecnológicos, como el correo electrónico, Google Drive y WhatsApp. Las medidas de digitalización y despapelización también se han replicado a las
dependencias judiciales del Ministerio Público Fiscal ayudando a la agilización de los procedimientos judiciales.
5. Reflexiones finales
La Meta ODS 16.6 propone “crear a todos niveles instituciones eficaces e inclusivas que rindan cuentas”.
Con este objetivo hemos realizado cambios desde el Ministerio Público Fiscal de Mendoza, implementando buenas prácticas que permiten acercar la institución justicia a la gente, rindiendo cuentas, facilitando el acceso a la información, utilizando los medios tecnológicos y aplicando reglas claras que sean comprendidas por todos.
Se tiende a lograr con todas las medidas implementadas una justicia que ubique a las personas en el centro, a través de instituciones de justicia confiables, transparentes, que rindan cuentas a la sociedad sobre su funcionamiento.
Para abrir la justicia se necesita un fuerte liderazgo que permita que las visiones innovadoras prevalezcan sobre la cultura de la opacidad, por lo que, desde el Ministerio Público Fiscal de la provincia de Mendoza, a través de nuestras prácticas, contribuimos a lograr una mayor confianza en las instituciones de justicia y, de este modo, aspiramos a mejorar la relación entre justicia y sociedad.
Referencias bibliográficas y legislativas
Elena, S. (2018) Justicia Abierta: aportes para una agenda en construcción. Buenos Aires: Ediciones SAIJ.
Chayer, H. & Garsco, M. (Coords.) (2019). Acceso a la justicia para todos. El eje de acceso a la justicia en 2020. Buenos Aires: Eudeba.
----------------------------- (2019) Datos Abiertos, Ética y Transparencia: Instituciones transparentes en Justicia 2020. Buenos Aires: Eudeba.
Hubez, G. & D’Angelo, L. (2018). Estudio Nacional sobre Percepción y Acceso a la Justicia. Buenos Aires: Ediciones SAIJ.
Ley 25.188 de Ética en la Función Pública (BO 29.262, publicado el 01/11/1999).
Ley 8993 de Responsabilidad en el Ejercicio de la Función Pública, Mendoza (BO 30.427, publicado el 16/08/2017).
Ley 9070 de Acceso a la Información Pública, Mendoza (BO 30.624, publicado el 07/06/2018).
Resoluciones de la Coordinación General (año 2019). Disponible en: http://ministerio-publico.jus.mendoza.gov.ar/coordinacion.php
1. El punto de partida
El 10 de octubre de 2016 se suscribió en la ciudad de Buenos Aires el Convenio Interjurisdiccional de Datos Judiciales Abiertos entre el Ministerio de Justicia y Derechos Humanos de la Nación y el Ministerio Público Fiscal de la provincia de Salta, entre otras instituciones vinculadas a la administración de justicia provinciales y nacionales.
Este acuerdo tuvo lugar en el marco del Programa Justicia Abierta que integra los objetivos propuestos por la Agenda Anotada para la Justicia Argentina 2020, con una clara finalidad vinculada al logro de la transparencia y calidad de los datos primarios pertenecientes a estas instituciones, como así también su elaboración y sistematización para la construcción de un sistema estadístico unificado para la República Argentina.
Al respecto, cabe señalar que:
Una cuestión central para garantizar la calidad institucional es el acceso a la información producida por el Estado, en tanto es un bien público financiado con fondos públicos que permite controlar la gestión de los funcionarios públicos y su rendición de cuentas (Garavano & Chayer, 2015, p. 9).
(*) Procurador General de la Provincia de Salta: Dr. Pablo López Viñals. Equipo Técnico: Lic. Patricia Aballay y Lic. Pablo Wolmy (coordinadores informáticos de la Procuración General). Referente jurídico: Dra. Milagros Ward (secretaria letrada de la Procuración General). Año: 2019.
Es por ello que:
En los últimos años se generalizaron a nivel internacional estándares de transparencia, abriendo los gobiernos progresivamente algunos aspectos de su gestión a los ciudadanos. Esta apertura se alinea con los objetivos del movimiento por el gobierno abierto, que busca generar conciencia sobre la importancia de pasar de un sistema de secreto o con falta de información a uno abierto y participativo. Para ello, se deben implementar políticas amplias y eficaces de acceso a la información y datos abiertos (Garavano & Chayer, 2015, p. 31).
En este contexto, el Convenio Interjurisdiccional de Datos Judiciales Abiertos es el primer paso en busca del avance para lograr la apertura y transparencia institucional que se viene imponiendo a nivel internacional. Por tal motivo, desde el 3 de abril de 2017 el Ministerio Público Fiscal de Salta comenzó a trabajar en la definición de aspectos centrales vinculados a la implementación del Protocolo Técnico de Datos y Procesos, y su consecuente impacto en el sistema informático y de gestión propio.
Este protocolo de carácter dinámico se sustenta en un trabajo coordinado y de permanente revisión por parte de las instituciones firmantes, con la idea final de lograr la producción y transmisión de los datos primarios de manera automatizada para, finalmente, construir un sistema estadístico de utilidad para los distintos poderes del Estado y de control para los todos los ciudadanos.
Los principios básicos que rigen el trabajo elaborado conforme la última versión del Protocolo son:
1) Anonimidad: ya que todos los datos que son compartidos en cumplimiento del Protocolo deben ser de carácter anónimo para la protección de los datos personales que quedan bajo la tutela exclusiva de las instituciones firmantes.
2) Calidad: para optimizar la calidad de los datos se utilizarán “datos primarios”, que son unidades mínimas, elementos de la realidad empírica.
3) Celeridad de los procesos: se recurre a la automatización de los procesos para que los datos, las estadísticas y los indicadores sean accesibles para la ciudadanía con los mínimos retrasos.
4) Gradualidad: se contemplan los datos incluidos y sugeridos por todas las instituciones firmantes.
5) Cooperación: se promueve la asistencia mutua entre las instituciones de justicia para optimizar la producción, recolección y sistematización de los datos.
2. Ajustes en los sistemas de gestión
La última versión del Protocolo Técnico de Datos y Procesos propone para el Ministerio Público Fiscal la elaboración y envío de manera mensual de 4 tablas, las cuales son: Tabla 1 Casos, Tabla 1.1 Casos-Delitos, Tabla 2 Delitos-Decisiones-Personas y Tabla 2.2 Personas-Caso, tablas que a su vez presentan un formato particular para cada una de ellas.
En el caso de la Tabla 1. “Casos”, se pudo elaborar con la información de todos los casos que ingresan a las fiscalías penales, dado que desde hace diez años se tiene implementado en todas las dependencias policiales de la provincia el sistema informático de denuncias. Este sistema informático permite que las denuncias penales se registren en forma digital y lleguen de manera automática a cada una de las fiscalías penales que por competencia territorial y material corresponda.
Es importante destacar que, al tener informatizado el ingreso de los casos de forma centralizada, la información se puede obtener de una manera más rápida y completa.
Respecto de la Tabla 1.1. “Casos-delitos”, la experiencia fue muy distinta, en primer lugar porque se recurrió a un sistema distinto, el Sistema Informático de Gestión de Legajos, en el cual el registro de los delitos difería de una manera significativa con los delitos tipificados facilitados por el Ministerio de Justicia y Derechos Humanos de la Nación, con el objeto de que todos los ministerios públicos fiscales puedan informar de manera unificada la información.
Esta adecuación significó un trabajo de verificación de delitos, muchos de los cuales no estaban disponibles para la carga; sin embargo, el mayor desafío fue adecuar a la información que por Protocolo se debía enviar aquellos delitos que existían con diferentes nombres o de manera reiterativa, entre otras situaciones. El trabajo manual era muy lento, razón por la cual se desarrolló un sistema informático que permitiera buscar un delito en el sistema actual y “vincularlo” con el delito sugerido del Código Penal. Este mapeo de delitos a través de un sistema informático permitió realizar el trabajo de manera más eficiente, y la información que luego fue procesada para que el Sistema Informático de Gestión de Legajos tome de esta nueva lista de delitos penales permitió, a partir de ese momento, que los delitos coincidan con aquellos que debemos informar, dando cumplimiento exitosamente al envío de la Tabla 1.1.
Respecto de las Tablas 2 y 2.1, se encuentran en proceso de desarrollo, en razón de que las “decisiones procesales” existentes en el Sistema de Gestión de Legajos no son coincidentes con las opciones de decisiones que por Protocolo debemos informar, ni exigen la identificación de una persona cuando se registra tal decisión. Esta modificación en el sistema de gestión significa uno de los mayores desafíos de cambios a los que se tuvo que hacer frente.
3. Decisiones procesales, mejoras en los procesos
Para dar cumplimiento al objetivo de informar las decisiones procesales que se registran en cada caso ingresado a las fiscalías penales, conjuntamente a las personas involucradas en cada una de estas decisiones, se debe mejorar la forma en que se produce el registro de estas decisiones como parte de diferentes procesos que se llevan a cabo en las fiscalías.
El Sistema Informático de Gestión de Legajos permite al operador fiscal registrar “trámites” en cada uno de los casos que tienen a cargo en la dependencia. Estos trámites se eligen de un listado de trámites, que al día de hoy cuenta con más de 176 opciones, de las cuales muchas resultan inaplicables. Además, cuando se registra un trámite, solo se indica la fecha, la hora, la descripción y el archivo adjunto, el cual es opcional, no siendo un dato a cargar “la” o “las” personas vinculadas a ese trámite.
Esta situación, como puede verse, no es óptima, ya que depende de cada operador la calidad en la carga, los datos que se cargan y la lógica del proceso que sigue al registrar los trámites. Por tal motivo, la Procuración General de la provincia tomó la decisión de comenzar con un proceso de adecuación del Sistema Informático de Gestión de Legajos, que incluye, entre otros, los siguientes pasos:
- Revisión de los trámites existentes a fin de depurar este listado.
- Definir los estados por los cuales pasan las causas penales.
- Para cada estado, definir los pasos procesales que corresponde disponer para la carga, teniendo en cuenta si existe un correspondiente “trámite” a fin de lograr su vinculación.
- Para cada paso procesal, tipificar la información que el sistema informático debe solicitarle al operador, por ejemplo: si el registro de ese paso modifica o no el estado del proceso, si tiene pasos procesales precedentes que deben estar previamente registrados y cuáles serían, si se debe indicar el o los delitos, si se debe indicar la o las personas vinculadas, si se debe adjuntar o no un documento en formato .pdf, si este documento debe estar firmado digitalmente por el magistrado de la dependencia, etc.
- Desarrollar los mecanismos de migración de datos de aquellos trámites que pueden vincularse a los pasos procesales, dada la importancia de mantener datos, cantidades, etc.
- Realizar capacitaciones a los operadores de todas las fiscalías penales, a fin de que se registren de manera correcta y completa los pasos procesales implementados.
- Trabajar en la generación de las Tablas 2 y 2.1 con información de pasos procesales implementados.
4. Descentralización del Ministerio Público Fiscal de la provincia de Salta
En este proceso de adecuación de los sistemas informáticos, se debe considerar la realidad estructural y territorial del Ministerio Público Fiscal respecto a la descentralización de las fiscalías penales en el territorio de la provincia de Salta, extremo que responde a cuestiones de política criminal delineadas por la Procuración General para lograr un mayor acercamiento a la población y al conocimiento de la problemática delictual de cada lugar, lo que fue posible con la puesta en funcionamiento del sistema procesal acusatorio en el año 2012. A modo ilustrativo, en la provincia de Salta existen 56 dependencias fiscales repartidas en los cuatro distritos judiciales: Centro, Sur, Orán y Tartagal. A su vez, cada distrito, además de contar con la sede de cabecera central, posee sedes judiciales descentralizadas, las que al día de la fecha llegan a 16 dependencias fiscales descentralizadas, como puede observarse en el siguiente mapa:
Frente a este contexto, se observan dos grandes desafíos a nivel de sistemas informáticos: el primero relativo a la instalación de estos sistemas modificados en los distintos servidores instalados estratégicamente en todo el territorio provincial; el segundo vinculado a las futuras capacitaciones a todos los operadores y/o usuarios respecto a los nuevos modelos de carga que en un futuro serán obligatorios.
5. Conclusiones
La implementación del Protocolo Técnico de Datos y Procesos en el Ministerio Público Fiscal de la provincia de Salta permitió dar importantes pasos en la mejora del registro de datos y procesos en los sistemas informáticos utilizados en la institución, entre los que se destaca la tipificación unificada de delitos y el control del registro de datos básicos de las causas.
El objetivo fijado para el presente año es lograr la correcta tipificación de las decisiones procesales que se registran en las fiscalías penales, indicando para cada una de ellas datos vinculados a personas y delitos, lo que se traducirá en un avance en la calidad de nuestros registros y en el cumplimiento total del Protocolo de Datos y Procesos.
Referencias bibliográficas
Garavano, G. C. & Chayer, H. M. (2015). *Agenda Anotada para la Justicia Argentina 2020*. Buenos Aires: La Ley.
CONVENIO INTERJURISDICCIONAL DE DATOS ABIERTOS EN LA PROVINCIA DE SANTA FE
LUIS CARRIVALE
En el Poder Judicial de Santa Fe se ha desarrollado un software de gestión integral (SISFE). En el mismo se realizan y se registran todas las actuaciones de las causas, desde su ingreso a las mesas de entradas únicas, su paso por los órganos jurisdiccionales hasta su posterior remisión a los Archivos Generales del Poder Judicial de la provincia.
Todo lo actuado por cada operador de los órganos jurisdiccionales se guarda en una base de datos única provincial, que para la obtención de datos estadísticos tiene el beneficio de tener la totalidad de la información en un solo repositorio.
Al ingresar una causa al Poder Judicial de Santa Fe se le asigna un CUIJ (código único de identificación judicial), el cual permite seguir la trazabilidad por todos los órganos jurisdiccionales que tengan intervención. Relacionado a la identificación única del expediente (CUIJ) se asocia a la causa el correspondiente código de barras que agiliza en forma notoria los movimientos físicos de la misma.
Todas las actuaciones deben realizarse dentro del sistema, por lo cual se asegura que todo lo que se realice tiene su correspondiente registro (lo que es sumamente importante para la obtención de datos estadísticos). Los escritos presentados por los profesionales, además de su registración, son digitalizados (escaneados). La suma de lo actuado jurisdiccionalmente y lo presentado conforman el expediente digital.
Este sistema tiene, entre otras funcionalidades, la posibilidad de que las partes con legítimo interés en la causa accedan permanentemente por Internet
(*) Encargado de Estadísticas de la Secretaría de Gobierno de la Corte Suprema de Justicia de Santa Fe.
a sus expedientes (Autoconsulta de expedientes); en este ven todo lo presentado, lo actuado por el órgano y los saldos y movimientos de las cuentas bancarias judiciales asociadas a los expedientes.
El SISFE está instalado en 27 mesas de entradas únicas que permiten la asignación de las causas a los juzgados de un mismo fuero e instancia y el reparto equitativo de las tareas entre ellos.
Actualmente es utilizado por 203 órganos jurisdiccionales de la provincia, de 37 sedes judiciales, todos conectados en red segura y propia del Poder Judicial de Santa Fe. En junio de este año se completará con la instalación del sistema en las 220 dependencias jurisdiccionales de la provincia.
Mediante convenios de la SCJ provincial y los colegios profesionales a la fecha se registran un total de 37158 matriculados con posibilidades de acceso a Autoconsulta, que han realizado hasta el 31 de diciembre 9.281.861 sesiones online para visualizar los expedientes relacionados a sus matrículas profesionales (solo visualiza los expedientes en los cuales es parte).
En la Oficina de Estadísticas contamos con dos herramientas que nos permiten realizar nuestro trabajo obteniendo la información de dicho sistema informático:
1) Un módulo de SISFE que permite obtener la información estadística de un determinado período de tiempo, con una lógica predeterminada:
Causas al iniciar el periodo
más
Causas ingresadas en el período
menos
Causas remitidas definitivamente a otras dependencias
menos
Causas remitidas al Archivo
Igual a:
Causas en trámite al finalizar el periodo.
Dicho Informe brinda además:
Cantidad de sentencias con estudio de los hechos y el derecho dictadas
Cantidad de otras sentencias
Otras resoluciones.
Cantidad de audiencias programadas y realizadas.
Y, por último, de toda la información anterior, una desagregación por tipo de causa de cada uno de los ítems de la estadística.
Este reporte es una funcionalidad del sistema y puede ser ejecutado en cualquier momento, respecto del período que se desee por todos los usuarios en lo que refiere a su unidad jurisdiccional, y también puede ser ejecutado por los integrantes de la Oficina de Estadísticas y de las oficinas de gestión respecto de todos los órganos jurisdiccionales de la provincia.
3) Por otra parte, para la explotación de la información del SISFE, a los fines estadísticos, diariamente se vuelcan en un servidor destinado al efecto datos cargados en el Sistema de Gestión SISFE que previamente se ha determinado que serán los necesarios para tal tarea estadística.
Mediante una herramienta de ayuda a la toma de decisiones incorporada a SISFE, pueden obtenerse distintos reportes para analizar todo lo actuado, y confeccionar tableros de control cruzando determinadas variables.
Disponemos de esta funcionalidad desde hace algunos meses, por lo que estamos en este momento en la tarea de diseño de tableros de control que nos permitan monitorear la actividad de los juzgados de cada fuero o materia.
Por ejemplo, a partir de la puesta de marcha de la oralidad en lo civil en la provincia de Santa Fe, se está monitoreando el sistema y se envían listados mensuales al Ministerio de Justicia con la información de cada causa de cada juzgado.
Además, y entre otras tareas, pudimos configurar los distintos listados previstos en el Protocolo de datos del Convenio con el Ministerio de Justicia de la Nación.
Estos fueron logrados por la Oficina de Estadísticas con ayuda técnica e interacción con la Secretaría de Informática.
Como en nuestro sistema de gestión los distintos campos (atributos de los datos almacenados) no coinciden exactamente con los detallados en el PTD del MJN se debieron hacer tablas de equivalencia entre las variables del sistema de gestión y las variables que se incluyen en el Protocolo; o ajustes (entendiéndose por ajustes agrupar/desagrupar) para incluir en una columna del PTD la información que está en más de un campo de nuestro sistema de gestión SISFE.
Las mencionadas “tablas de equivalencia” generalmente requieren de un arduo trabajo para confeccionarlas, debiendo realizarse numerosas consultas internas.
El equipo de datos abiertos fue analizando exhaustivamente la información de cada uno de los listados que se fueron enviando a modo de prueba, hasta lograr que los mismos cumplan con lo requerido por el PTD.
No hay dudas que el construir una base de datos única, donde se incluya la información primaria de cada uno de los sistemas de la justicia nacional, federal y de cada una de las provincias, es una tarea no fácil de realizar, pero sin dudas mejorará la calidad, la transparencia y la inmediatez de la información estadística.
1. Introducción
En el mes de octubre del año 2016, el Ministerio Público de la Acusación de la Provincia de Santa Fe (MPA) fue convocado, junto a distintas instituciones nacionales y provinciales, por el señor Ministro de Justicia y Derechos Humanos de la Nación, Dr. Germán C. Garavano, a los fines de suscribir un convenio que tenía por objeto:
... promover las acciones conducentes a mejorar la calidad y la transparencia de la información estadística elaborada y publicada en las respectivas jurisdicciones, tanto en lo penal como en lo no penal, con el fin de modernizar los sistemas estadísticos, cumpliendo los estándares de Gobierno Abierto, y unificar los datos nacionales en materia de justicia.
Fue entonces que se produjo la firma del Convenio Marco de Cooperación y Asistencia Técnica Interjurisdiccional de Datos Judiciales Abiertos entre el Ministerio de Justicia y Derechos Humanos y las instituciones nacionales y provinciales con actuación en el ámbito judicial.
El acuerdo buscaba cumplir con los estándares del Gobierno Abierto en materia de información judicial y abordar acciones novedosas en orden a la transparencia, la participación y la rendición de cuentas.
(*) Fiscal General (MPA).
(**) Secretario General (MPA).
(***) Director de Desarrollo Institucional (MPA).
(****) Director de Sistemas de Información e Infraestructura Tecnológica (MPA).
En ese tiempo, la provincia de Santa Fe se encontraba dando sus primeros pasos con el objetivo de dejar atrás un sistema de justicia penal inquisitivo, secreto y escrito, e intentado instaurar un nuevo sistema procesal penal conforme la Constitución Nacional argentina (aspecto sobre el cual volveremos en el punto titulado “Antecedentes en la provincia de Santa Fe”).
En aquellos momentos el MPA se encontraba inmerso en realizar los aportes institucionales necesarios para intentar avanzar en la instauración de una nueva forma de resolver los conflictos penales en la provincia de Santa Fe. Y fue entonces que el MPA, tanto por mandato legal, pero también por el perfil institucional fundacional que sus autoridades le impregnaron desde su origen, pone en ejecución distintas iniciativas de justicia abierta.
En consecuencia, el convenio de referencia permitía efectivamente aportar en el impulso de un importante número de políticas de justicia abierta en el sistema de justicia penal santafesino, que han servido para promover una gestión basada en los principios rectores de: transparencia, participación y colaboración, para garantizar el derecho de acceso a la justicia imparcial, independiente e igualitaria y la tutela judicial efectiva. El Plan de desarrollo institucional que presentamos como núcleo de esta ponencia así lo materializó.
El MPA participó activamente desde el año 2016 del Programa Justicia Abierta, el cual tenía un objetivo claro: transformar al sistema de justicia en un sistema más abierto y cercano a la sociedad; y también una idea de cómo hacerlo: ampliando y desarrollando los niveles de transparencia, acceso a la información, rendición de cuentas, participación ciudadana y uso de las nuevas tecnologías. Fue así que el Programa puso en línea el Portal de Datos Abiertos de la Justicia Argentina (datos.jus.gob.ar), la primera plataforma de acceso libre a datos abiertos sobre el sector justicia. Los datos ofrecidos en el Portal, de actualización permanente, se encuentran disponibles de forma totalmente gratuita y en formatos abiertos, son descargables y pueden ser libremente reutilizados.
Finalmente queremos destacar que se comparte el criterio de que este nuevo sistema de estadísticas representa un salto cualitativo e innovador para las instituciones de justicia, ya que la elaboración de estadísticas a partir de datos primarios permitirá reducir errores al mínimo y contar con datos actualizados casi en tiempo real.
2. Antecedentes en la provincia de Santa Fe
El 10 de febrero de 2014 fue el lanzamiento del sistema acusatorio en la provincia de Santa Fe, conforme al mandato dispuesto por la sanción del nuevo Código Procesal Penal aprobado por ley 12.734 y sus modificatorias.
Dicha instauración implicó ejecutar un conjunto de acciones fundacionales, algunas de las cuales fueron coyunturales, cuya finalidad fue garantizar la
puesta en funcionamiento del organismo acusador. Se respetaron entonces los principios y procedimientos establecidos en las leyes vigentes, buscando el establecimiento efectivo e inmediato del nuevo modelo.
El nombramiento de nuevas autoridades durante el año 2017 (fiscal general, cuatro fiscales regionales y auditor general de gestión) promovió la propagación de nuevas ideas en el seno del MPA, a través del desarrollo en la ciudad de Santa Fe del Primer Encuentro provincial de Fiscales y Funcionarios del MPA entre los días 30 de junio y el 1 de julio del mismo año. En dicho evento, en el que participaron 142 fiscales y funcionarios del MPA, se debatieron las nuevas estrategias a desarrollar en los próximos años.
La presentación del Plan de Desarrollo Institucional del MPA (2017-2023) materializa lo reflexionado y consensuado durante estas jornadas de trabajo.
Se inauguró así una nueva etapa de afianzamiento, de fortalecimiento institucional con una nueva cultura, que permitiera expandir las reformas necesarias para independizar la persecución penal y democratizar el sistema penal, en lo que respecta a los fundamentos que le dieron su origen como la oralidad, la publicidad, la contradicción, la celeridad y el pluralismo.
El patrocinio del nuevo sistema acusatorio brindado por los diferentes actores del arco político representa un impulso sustancial para la evolución y el progreso de la institución. En este contexto, una reforma de la Constitución provincial que configure al MPA como un organismo con rango constitucional posibilitaría definir la ubicación institucional del MPA y le otorgaría independencia, autonomía funcional y autarquía financiera, de forma que le permitiría consolidar los patrones de actuación, estipular políticas de recursos materiales y humanos, y establecer una estrategia de persecución penal a largo plazo.
Existen, sin embargo, ciertas cuestiones que deben ser tenidas en cuenta para continuar con el afianzamiento de la institución.
La proliferación de nuevas modalidades delictivas, de superior complejidad, constituyen nuevas responsabilidades a las que el MPA debe dar respuesta. Del mismo modo, el crecimiento de los niveles de violencia en la sociedad en todo el espectro de actividades en los que conviven los ciudadanos conforma un marco preocupante dado que requiere de intervenciones del MPA más inteligentes, y necesariamente apoyadas en redes de servicios establecidos con otras instituciones. El trabajo colaborativo a través de convenios con terceros se impone para poder cumplir con la política de persecución penal de manera eficaz y eficiente atento a un contexto caracterizado por el crecimiento de los conflictos sociales.
Por otro lado, dado el carácter novel de la institución, es necesaria su promoción en la sociedad con el objetivo de que la misma sea reconocida por la población, por su rol crucial en el nuevo sistema penal y por su compromiso social en el acompañamiento de las víctimas de hechos criminales y de sus
familiares. En este punto es importante recordar la importancia de avanzar en la publicidad de sus actos y en la rendición de cuentas de los resultados alcanzados, para favorecer su inserción en la comunidad como una institución con vocación de servicio que aspira a contribuir con la pacificación social.
3. El Plan de Desarrollo Institucional del MPA 2017-2023 (PDI)
Para organizar la institución fue fundamental contar con un plan directriz que comprendiera todas las acciones que a corto, mediano y largo plazo desarrollará la misma a fin de cumplir con su misión. El PDI es el eje orientador de la estrategia institucional, el “norte” que deberán seguir los funcionarios y empleados del organismo.
La existencia del PDI es invaluable, ya que permite direccionar la institución hacia sus objetivos, aumentando así la eficacia y eficiencia en su actuación.
Para lograr la legitimidad y adhesión necesarias para la exitosa aplicación del Plan de Desarrollo Institucional fue necesario que en la elaboración del mismo se consideraran las opiniones de todos los miembros de la organización, ya que cada uno lo enriqueció desde su ámbito de trabajo, perspectiva y experiencia personal. Estas ideas se materializaron con la organización, en el año 2017, del Primer Encuentro provincial de Fiscales y Funcionarios del MPA, en la ciudad de Santa Fe. Allí fue posible debatir los nuevos desafíos y estrategias que debe asumir y desarrollar el organismo en los próximos años. La discusión y el consenso en iniciativas durante dos días en mesas de trabajo permitió aunar criterios y lograr el involucramiento de todos los actores principales que participan del nuevo modelo adversarial.
El resultado de lo producido en esas jornadas lo constituye el presente Plan de Desarrollo Institucional 2017-2023 que permitirá:
- Direccional las acciones hacia los objetivos de la institución, aumentando por consiguiente la eficacia y eficiencia institucional.
- Asignar racionalmente los recursos conforme a las prioridades determinadas.
- Tomar decisiones de forma coherente, acorde a lo manifestado en el PDI.
- Colaborar con la transparencia y rendición de cuentas institucional.
- Evaluar el desempeño de la institución a partir de los resultados alcanzados.
- Proporcionar herramientas de control de eventuales problemas que posibiliten la adopción de medidas necesarias para su corrección y adecuación.
El plan contiene un conjunto de componentes que se identifican y explican a continuación:
Gráfico 1. Componentes del Plan de Desarrollo Institucional 2017-2023
| Visión | ¿Qué aspiramos ser? |
|--------|---------------------|
| Misión | ¿Cuál es nuestra razón de ser? |
| Valores | ¿En qué creemos? |
| Lineamientos estratégicos | ¿Qué orientaciones se deberán seguir? |
| Objetivos estratégicos | ¿Qué resultados queremos alcanzar? |
| Proyectos estratégicos | ¿Qué proyectos necesitamos para lograr nuestros objetivos? |
| Líneas de acción | ¿Qué iniciativas necesitamos para lograr nuestros objetivos? |
5. Lineamientos estratégicos
Los desafíos que se le presentan al MPA en el mediano y largo plazo constituyen hitos de valor que debería alcanzar la institución en el marco de su Plan de Desarrollo Institucional (PDI). Lograr los desafíos constituye una condición necesaria para poder alcanzar la visión institucional definida en el PDI y, por lo tanto, terminan siendo estratégicos para que todo el proceso de planeamiento sea exitoso.
La siguiente tabla correlaciona los desafíos institucionales enunciados con los lineamientos estratégicos dispuestos para lograrlos:
Tabla 1. Correlación entre desafíos institucionales y lineamientos estratégicos
| Desafío | Líneamiento estratégico |
|---------|-------------------------|
| D1. Idoneidad y autonomía del MPA | L1. Consolidar la capacidad institucional del MPA |
| D2. Prestigio y compromiso social en su interacción con la comunidad | L2. Favorecer el acceso a la justicia para una tutela judicial efectiva |
| D3. Efectividad y profesionalismo en las indagaciones de hechos delictivos | L3. Fortalecer los procesos investigativos del MPA |
| D4. Gestión racional de conflictos penales | L4. Propender a una eficaz y eficiente resolución del conflicto penal |
| Desafío | Líneamiento estratégico |
|----------------------------------------------|------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|
| D5. Planificación, inferencia y análisis de la información criminal | L5. Desarrollar una política de persecución penal estratégica |
| D6. Transparencia y participación de la comunidad | L6. Democratizar el sistema penal a través de mecanismos abiertos |
| D7. Eficacia y eficiencia de los recursos humanos | L7. Desarrollar una política integral para los recursos humanos del MPA |
5.1. Consolidar la capacidad institucional del MPA (L1)
El fortalecimiento institucional del MPA implica adecuar y desarrollar sus órganos, sus normas y sus procedimientos para la optimizar la producción y la administración de los recursos del organismo conforme a las necesidades de un contexto en permanente cambio, en que las demandas y expectativas del ciudadano crecen día a día y los insumos son cada vez más escasos.
5.2. Favorecer el acceso a la justicia para una tutela judicial efectiva (L2)
La atención de víctimas y testigos por parte del MPA implica considerar un conjunto de pautas a tener en cuenta para su abordaje integral, entre las que pueden mencionarse: la obligación de informar los derechos a las víctimas y de suministrar información para su orientación; la de escuchar sugerencias para que participen durante todo el proceso; el derecho a un trato digno; la protección de la salud garantizando el acceso a servicios sanitarios plenos; las acciones que eviten la revictimización por las sucesivas intervenciones profesionales que traumatizan a víctimas y testigos a lo largo de todo el proceso penal; el derecho a la seguridad para proteger a las víctimas de situaciones de riesgo o vulnerabilidad frente a posibles venganzas, intimidaciones o amenazas; etc.
5.3. Fortalecer los procesos investigativos del MPA (L3)
Se proyecta como un tópico prioritario desarrollar y profundizar las capacidades instaladas en materia de investigación de fenómenos delictivos de baja, mediana y alta complejidad, lo cual no solamente impactará en la performance de la persecución penal sino también en los mecanismos y procesos de selectividad con que tradicionalmente ha operado el sistema de justicia penal.
5.4. Propender a una eficaz y eficiente resolución del conflicto penal (L4)
Este lineamiento aspira a atender la insatisfacción que genera el sistema de justicia formal, o el interés que surge en preservar y fortalecer las prácticas tradicionales de justicia, como respuestas alternativas al delito y a los desórdenes sociales. Muchas de estas alternativas proporcionan a las partes involucradas, y a menudo también a la comunidad, la oportunidad de participar en la resolución de los conflictos y de abordar sus consecuencias.
5.5. Desarrollar una política de persecución penal estratégica (L5)
La persecución penal estratégica tiene como finalidad definir los hechos delictivos que se van a perseguir considerando el impacto social que tienen las conductas criminales y evaluando los patrones de las diversas modalidades delictivas. Con ello se busca dinamizar y profesionalizar la persecución penal desde una perspectiva de selectividad racional, basada en soluciones globales a problemas complejos.
5.6. Democratizar el sistema penal a través de mecanismos abiertos (L6)
Se plantea la necesidad de diseñar un política de información pública para la ciudadanía y de comunicación institucional interna para todos los actores del sistema penal, fundamentalmente del MPA. Promueve el establecimiento de procedimientos que regulen y faciliten el acceso a la información pública del MPA por parte de cualquier interesado. Se impone, además, fortalecer o materializar otras instancias importantes que garanticen una mayor participación de la ciudadanía, muchas de las cuales ya han sido previstas para consolidar el nuevo sistema acusatorio: la constitución de los consejos asesores regionales y la instauración del juicio por jurado (arts. 4° y 44 Código Procesal Penal de Santa Fe –CPPSF–, ley 12.734) que prevé que una futura ley determine la forma en la que se integrarán en Colegio los jurados, sus características, los requisitos para la convocatoria y la fecha de entrada en vigencia de esta forma de juzgamiento.
5.7. Desarrollar una política integral para los recursos humanos del MPA (L7)
En esa línea cobra singular interés estructurar un esquema de ascensos para los órganos fiscales que no sea necesariamente la ocupación de un cargo sino plantear niveles o grados que aseguren la homogeneidad en las diversas categorías alcanzadas basados en un sistema de evaluación de desempeño y un sistema de evaluación de la capacitación.
6. Actividades y resultados obtenidos en el período
Seguidamente expondremos las acciones e iniciativas que viene desarrollando el MPA, vinculadas con los lineamientos estratégicos esgrimidos anteriormente que constituyen el punto de partida de la etapa de fortalecimiento institucional.
6.1. Acciones vinculadas a consolidar la capacidad institucional del MPA (L1)
6.1.1. Auditoría General de Gestión (AGG)
En abril del año 2017 entró en funciones por primera vez la Auditoría General de Gestión del Ministerio Público de la Acusación, con lo cual comenzó
el proceso fundacional de implementación de dicho órgano de apoyo de la Fiscalía General.
Para ponerla en funcionamiento se aprobó la estructura orgánico-funcional y además el reglamento de los procedimientos disciplinarios para fiscales y funcionarios del MPA.
Respecto al área de control de gestión se han diseñado y aprobado los Principios Generales de Actuación, según los cuales se establecen “ciclos regulares de monitoreo” y “casos testigo” como procesos de trabajo internos de la Auditoría.
Por otro lado, la AGG articula, en la actualidad, la certificación de las Normas ISO 9000 sobre cuatro procesos de trabajo, en coordinación con el Ministerio de Justicia y Derechos Humanos de la Nación, en el marco del Programa Justicia Abierta 2020.
6.1.2. Infraestructura edilicia
En materia de infraestructura edilicia se avanzó en la creación y apertura de la sede de la Fiscalía General en el Centro de Justicia Penal de la ciudad de Rosario que incluye las siguientes dependencias:
a) Sede de la Fiscalía Regional de la 2ª Circunscripción.
b) Unidad Fiscal de Delitos Económicos y Complejos.
c) Unidad Fiscal de Homicidios Dolosos.
d) Unidad Fiscal de Flagrancia.
e) Unidades Fiscales de Investigación y Juicio.
Próximamente se trasladará, además, la Unidad Fiscal de Delitos Sexuales y Violencia de Género, entre otros.
Por otro lado, y con la idea de propender a una desconcentración administrativa a nivel regional del servicio, se promovió el acondicionamiento para la apertura de una sede del Organismo de Investigaciones en la ciudad de Rosario.
También se puso en funcionamiento una nueva sede para la Fiscalía Regional N° 1 Santa Fe, atento al nombramiento de nuevos fiscales en esta circunscripción y la necesidad de disponer de condiciones adecuadas para el desarrollo de la actividad fiscal tanto administrativa como procesal.
Finalmente, se están llevando a cabo obras a cargo del MPA en el sector asignado en el edificio de justicia de la ciudad de Villa Constitución y se ha comenzado a trabajar en la apertura de un Centro de Justicia Penal en la ciudad de Venado Tuerto en coordinación con el Ministerio de Justicia y Derechos Humanos de Santa Fe, la Corte Suprema de Justicia de Santa Fe y el Servicio Público Provincial de la Defensa Penal.
6.1.3. Infraestructura tecnológica y sistemas de información
Con respecto al desarrollo de la infraestructura tecnológica para el MPA, se avanzó en la consolidación del cableado estructurado y de energía de las
sedes de la Fiscalía General, la Fiscalía Regional N° 1 Santa Fe y la N° 2 de Rosario. Por otro lado se mejoró la infraestructura de seguridad perimetral para proteger la red y los recursos del MPA contra amenazas, ataques y degradaciones del servicio.
Se consolidó el funcionamiento centralizado de una mesa de servicios para todos los usuarios de servicios y sistemas de información del MPA, la que brinda diariamente asistencia en servicios de asesoramiento y soporte técnico en tecnologías implementadas en el MPA.
Con respecto a los sistemas de información implementados en el MPA, se han mejorado las prestaciones del Sistema Mesa de Entradas (Panoptes).
Un logro importantísimo, que constituye un punto de partida hacia la desaparición de la institución, fue la implementación del Sistema de Gestión de Recursos Humanos (Vesta) y del Portal del Empleado del MPA (Vesta-Portal del Empleado).
Además se implementaron los sistemas de registro y producción de información sobre homicidios dolosos (Caronte) y el de gestión de vehículos incendiados (Prometeo). Ambos sistemas han permitido registrar información aislada de cada hecho delictivo en bases de datos integradas, con mapas georreferenciales; todo ello facilita la obtención de estadísticas, las que permiten a través de su análisis, mejoras en las investigaciones de estas modalidades delictivas.
6.1.4. Otros aspectos institucionales
A los fines de planificar y materializar las acciones y estrategias que demanda la institución, se continuó con la organización y realización de las Juntas de Fiscales, en las cuales se debatieron diferentes temáticas entre las que podemos mencionar: ley 13.699 (reforma del Código Procesal), intervención del MPA en procesos de faltas, proyectos de guía de actuación de intervención de comunicaciones, de gestión de armas de fuego, en delitos ambientales y en incidentes de tránsito, proyectos de ley de “narcomenudeo” y de faltas, etc.
También con la finalidad de consolidar la capacidad del MPA y fortalecer lazos con distintos entes, se ha continuado con la política de suscripción de convenios marcos de colaboración en el diseño, ejecución y coordinación de acciones en temas de interés común. Asimismo, se acuerda la ejecución de programas en determinadas áreas: trabajos comunitarios; asistencia a víctimas y testigos y protección personal; intercambio de información sobre temas útiles para el diseño de políticas públicas en el área de incumbencia específica de cada una de las partes.
6.2. Acciones vinculadas al acceso a la justicia para una tutela judicial efectiva (L2)
6.2.1. Instrucciones generales de la Fiscalía General
Se han emitido instrucciones a través de las cuales se fijan pautas de actuación a fiscales y fiscales adjuntos en temas que hacen a la concreción de tal
garantía. También en lo referido al derecho de la víctima a ser informada y expresar su opinión ante el juez de ejecución. Se instruye a los fiscales y fiscales adjuntos para que soliciten el cumplimiento integral por parte del Tribunal de las obligaciones establecidas en las normas, a fin de que la víctima, si así lo desea, sea consultada acerca de los requerimientos que se formularen durante la ejecución de la pena en relación al acogimiento a los regímenes de salidas transitorias, semilibertad, libertad condicional, prisión domiciliaria prisión discontinua o semidetención, libertad asistida o régimen preparatorio para la liberación.
Se instruyó a los fiscales, además, en la implementación del mecanismo de vigilancia electrónica que estableció las pautas objetivas de aplicación en relación a:
a) sujetos comprendidos;
b) prioridad según el tipo de delito en cuestión;
c) órgano judicial encargado de disponer la medida; y
d) organismos encargados de la implementación y monitoreo.
6.2.2. Convenios
Por otro lado, se han suscripto convenios de colaboración, entre los que podemos destacar el convenio de colaboración con el Ministerio de Justicia y Derechos Humanos de la Nación para la protección y preservación de testigos que se encontraren en una situación de peligro para su vida o integridad física; de cooperación académica, científica y técnica entre la Facultad de Psicología de la Universidad Nacional de Rosario y el MPA para el asesoramiento y transferencia de información científica, técnica y profesional, la integración de grupos de trabajo de interés común; de colaboración entre el Colegio de Profesionales en Enfermería del Sur de la Provincia de Santa Fe y el MPA para coordinar acciones tendientes a desarrollar en forma conjunta programas o proyectos de carácter científico, técnico, de capacitación y/o de investigación; el convenio entre el Ministerio de Salud y el MPA para revisar el Protocolo de Atención Interinstitucional para el Acceso a la Justicia de Niños, Niñas y Adolescentes Víctimas o Testigos de Violencia, Abuso Sexual y otros Delitos, y adoptar medidas coordinadas con diversas agencias del Poder Ejecutivo.
6.2.3. Otras acciones institucionales
Se han llevado adelante, además, gestiones tendientes a fortalecer los vínculos institucionales con el Ministerio de Justicia y Derechos Humanos y el Ministerio de Seguridad de la provincia, a partir de la creación de un espacio interinstitucional para acordar protocolos en materia de protección y asistencia de víctimas de delitos.
Por otro lado, y también con la finalidad de garantizar el acceso a la justicia, se han considerado cuestiones vinculadas a la infraestructura de la Comisaría de la Mujer y centros territoriales de denuncias (CTD) para la atención
de víctimas vulnerables, así como también se han realizado gestiones para evaluar la demanda de constatación de lesiones por hechos delictivos que se atienden en los efectores de salud.
6.2.4. Capacitación
Se han desarrollado actividades de capacitación dirigidas a profesionales que tienen relación directa con las víctimas del delito, como los médicos de la Policía de Investigaciones (PDI) y los profesionales que tienen a su cargo la toma de denuncias en los CTD.
6.3. Acciones vinculadas al fortalecimiento de los procesos investigativos del MPA (L3)
6.3.1. Organismo de Investigaciones
La ley 13.459 fijó las bases de la estructura y funcionamiento del Organismo de Investigaciones. Esta normativa se complementó con la aprobación de su estructura orgánica funcional que reconoció las características y perfiles de cada una de sus funciones vinculadas con la gestión, la capacitación, la administración y la investigación, entre otras.
Para poner en funcionamiento esta organización fue necesario desarrollar acciones como el traspaso de los edificios, instrumental y personal de los laboratorios forenses al Organismo de Investigaciones; montaje del área de inteligencia criminal; concurso y nombramiento de directores e ingreso de agentes en comisión de servicios del PE provincial para integrarse como analistas de información en tareas vinculadas con análisis criminal; estudio de regularidades en actividades y mercados criminales; mapeo, georreferenciación y asistencia a los fiscales en materia de investigación; puesta en marcha de servicios periciales de análisis digital forense con personal en comisión de servicios; puesta en marcha de las unidades de investigación económico-financiera con profesionales especialistas en la materia; gestión de la adquisición de equipamiento para la investigación criminal; incorporación de detectives, los que se encuentran en plena tarea de capacitación.
6.3.2. Otras tareas tendientes a fortalecer los procesos investigativos del MPA
- Se aprobó la Guía de Actuación para Fiscales y Fiscales Adjuntos sobre Intervención de Comunicaciones.
- Se aprobó la guía de actuación aplicable a casos de utilización de la figura del arrepentido o delator.
- Se promovió la Guía de actuación para la gestión de armas de fuego.
- Se aprobó la guía de incidentes de tránsito y otros delitos contra la seguridad vial.
- En el marco del convenio con el Ministerio de Salud se diseñaron procedimientos para la recolección de muestras biológicas en caso de abuso sexual,
para lo cual se establecieron nuevos criterios para la realización de estudios de laboratorio durante la evaluación de casos de abuso sexual de niños, niñas y adolescentes.
- Se ha implementado un plan de acción de fortalecimiento de las unidades fiscales de homicidios en coordinación con las fiscalías regionales N° 1 Santa Fe y N° 2 Rosario
- Se ha avanzado en la sistematización de un Registro de Personas Prófugas de la Justicia y, en coordinación con el Ministerio de Seguridad, se articuló la conformación de unidades policiales de búsqueda y captura de prófugos de la justicia.
6.3.3. Capacitación
Entre los temas abordados en las actividades de capacitación, destacamos en materia de investigación: escena del crimen; evidencia digital; entrevista de testigos; rueda de reconocimiento; casos penales complejos; actividad policial; delitos ambientales (actualización, recolección, conservación y transporte de muestras para análisis ambiental; protocolo de investigación de delitos ambientales del MPA); cibercrimen e investigación digital; declaración en Cámara Gesell; violencia policial y corrupción de fuerzas de seguridad; macrocriminalidad, complejidad y resiliencia de las redes del crimen transnacional; lavado de activos; análisis político criminal; capacitación para peritos en su desempeño durante el debate oral; implementación del Organismo de Investigaciones del MPA; inteligencia criminal; unificación de condenas y penas; peritación psicológica y laboratorio forense.
6.4. Acciones vinculadas a la eficaz y eficiente resolución del conflicto penal (L4)
6.4.1. Dispositivos multiagenciales contra la violencia
Se participa en la coordinación de dispositivos multiagenciales contra la violencia en la ciudades de Santa Fe, Rosario, Villa Gobernador Gálvez, Rafaela y Reconquista.
Del mismo participan representantes de agencias del Poder Ejecutivo de diversas carteras como Seguridad, Salud, Obras públicas, etc., además de representantes de los municipios aludidos y referentes de la sociedad civil con incumbencia en la materia. Estos dispositivos multidisciplinarios tienen por objetivo disminuir los índices de violencia urbana y lograr una reducción en la cantidad de homicidios a través de un abordaje de situaciones complejas en barrios urbanos de alta conflictividad social.
6.4.2. Consultorías
Se crearon consultorías como órganos de apoyo a fiscales y fiscales adjuntos para la etapa de ejecución penal y para instancias extraordinarias. Ambas áreas han intervenido asistiendo y asesorando a fiscales y fiscales
adjuntos en casos particulares, brindando la jurisprudencia y doctrina pertinente conforme a lo solicitado.
6.4.3. Instrucciones generales
En materia de instrucciones de la Fiscalía General, se han emitido diversas normativas, entre las que, con relación a la resolución del conflicto penal, cabe destacar:
- Instrucción para la aplicación del procedimiento abreviado en los delitos de homicidio.
- Instrucción sobre la necesidad de instar el procedimiento penal, cumplir y hacer cumplir los plazos
- Instrucciones sobre interpretaciones de la reforma del CPPSF (ley 13.746).
6.5. Acciones vinculadas al desarrollo de una política de persecución penal estratégica (L5)
6.5.1. Delitos ambientales
Se decidió jerarquizar la política de persecución de delitos ambientales del MPA, considerando la investigación de estos conflictos como “compleja y estratégica” en función del carácter y la calidad de los imputados y de la relevancia de los bienes jurídicos en riesgo (el medio ambiente, la salud humana, etc.). En este sentido se impulsó la implementación de un plan de acción para potenciar y dar eficacia a dicha persecución penal denominado “Plan de empoderamiento de la persecución penal de delitos ambientales”.
6.5.2. Violencia institucional
Se participa de manera activa en la Mesa de Abordaje de la Violencia Institucional convocada por la Secretaría de DDHH de la provincia de Santa Fe que tiene como objetivo coordinar los procesos de capacitación y concientización para aspirantes e integrantes de las distintas fuerzas de seguridad en relación a la defensa de los derechos humanos, del orden democrático, al estricto cumplimiento de la Constitución Nacional, y de las normativas y legislaciones vigentes.
6.5.3. Armas de fuego
Se ha formulado y aprobado una Guía de Actuación para la gestión de armas de fuego. La Guía pretende desarrollar las pautas de intervención a considerar por los distintos estamentos del MPA y las formas de trabajo que deben cumplimentar la policía de investigaciones, la policía científica, la policía territorial de la provincia de Santa Fe, otras fuerzas de seguridad nacional y otros organismos con competencia en materia forense y pericial en el secuestro, registro, peritaje, custodia, restitución y destrucción de armas de fuego cuando correspondiere.
6.5.4. Incendio de vehículos
Se ha formulado y aprobado una Guía de Actuación para la gestión de delitos por el incendio de vehículos. La guía establece las pautas de intervención referidas a incendios perpetrados contra vehículos, fundamentalmente aquellos estacionados en la vía pública.
6.5.5. Capacitación de usuarios del sistema de legajos
Con la finalidad de generar información criminal de utilidad que facilite la elaboración de diagnósticos e informes sobre la actividad fiscal desarrollada, se promovió de manera sistemática la capacitación de usuarios de todas las regionales, referida al sistema de legajos. Con esta acción se busca optimizar la carga, fijando criterios de interpretación de datos y en la operación del sistema aludido, y sobre todo, en la concientización del personal, para que el registro de la información y la actualización de los legajos sea una tarea minuciosa que debe cumplirse conforme a estándares preestablecidos.
6.6. Acciones vinculadas a la democratización del sistema penal a través de mecanismos abiertos (L6)
6.6.1. Visitas y encuentros institucionales
A los fines de la creación de un espacio institucional de relevamiento y análisis de problemas en materia de persecución penal se planificaron y materializaron visitas sistemáticas de la Fiscalía General a los órganos fiscales de las cinco fiscalías regionales.
6.6.2. Consejos asesores regionales
En cuanto a los consejos asesores regionales, se estableció una nueva reglamentación para realizar una readecuación en su conformación, a partir de las experiencias capitalizadas de los primeros años de funcionamiento.
6.6.3. Transparencia institucional
En relación a la política de comunicación del MPA, la página web continuó siendo una herramienta de difusión para dar publicidad a los actos de gobierno y para facilitar el acceso masivo a la información institucional. En este sentido, también prosiguieron otras acciones de comunicación externa que ya se venían implementando desde años anteriores: producción y difusión de piezas comunicacionales relacionadas con información del devenir institucional del MPA; relación con periodistas; diseño de pautas institucionales de difusión de información e imagen y estandarización de la papelería institucional.
En cuanto a la comunicación institucional interna, se realizaron talleres de capacitación (destinados a los fiscales regionales, fiscales y fiscales adjuntos) acerca del manejo de la información y a la relación con periodistas y medios de comunicación; se prosiguió con la confección y envío semanal de un boletín
informativo digital de circulación interna dentro del MPA; y se realizó un sistema interno de actualización informativa de los juicios orales y públicos en una base de datos.
6.7. Acciones vinculadas a desarrollar una política integral para los Recursos Humanos del MPA (L7)
6.7.1. Sistema de carrera de fiscales
Se ha aprobado un sistema de evaluación de desempeño para fiscales y fiscales adjuntos que constituye uno de los componentes del sistema de carrera. A tal fin, durante el año 2017 se ha desarrollado una experiencia piloto que tiene como objetivo analizar la viabilidad del sistema en el tiempo, con las modificaciones que hubiera que introducir para mejorar la propuesta primigenia. En este sentido se han conformado cinco comisiones regionales evaluadoras, una por cada circunscripción judicial, que son las responsables de llevar adelante todo este proceso. Así, y conforme al sistema de evaluación de desempeño aprobado, los fiscales han presentado en carácter de declaración jurada, un informe anual de desempeño con una planilla estadística anual que resume lo producido en su actividad fiscal.
6.7.2. Capacitación
A través de la Escuela de Capacitación se realizaron actividades que tuvieron como destinatarios principales a fiscales, funcionarios y empleados del MPA. También a integrantes de agencias directamente vinculadas con nuestras funciones: Policía de Investigaciones (PDI) y áreas criminalísticas de la Policía de la provincia de Santa Fe; Centro de Acceso a la Justicia (CAJ); Centro Territorial de Denuncias (CTD); Centro de Investigaciones en Derecho Ambiental y Desarrollo Nacional Sustentable (CIDANS/UNR); Unidad Interdisciplinaria de Atención en Medidas de Pruebas en Niños, Niñas y Adolescentes (Uiamp); Ministerio de Salud de la provincia de Santa Fe; entre otras.
En total planificamos, ejecutamos y evaluamos cuarenta y nueve (49) actividades de capacitación, entre marzo de 2017 y mayo de 2018, en el marco del programa integral de capacitación que trazamos en el denominado “Esquema de capacitación 2014/2017”, y las propuestas anuales de actividades para los años 2017 y 2018.
Entre los temas abordados en las actividades de capacitación, destacamos: transversalización de la perspectiva de género; equipamiento y software en casos de violencia de género; acceso a la justicia de víctimas de violencia de género; resolución de conflictos penales; medición de riesgos en delitos contra las mujeres en casos de violencia de género; abordaje de situaciones de abuso sexual en niños, niñas y adolescentes; toma de denuncias; litigación; en materia de investigación los cursos en temáticas ya expuestas en la línea estratégica correspondiente.
Además, para el corriente año se definió como objetivo institucional prioritario el desarrollo del área capacitación a distancia mediante la inclusión de tecnologías de información y comunicación (TIC).
6.7.3. Primer Encuentro Provincial de Fiscales y Funcionarios del MPA
Se desarrolló en el año 2017 el Primer Encuentro Provincial de Fiscales y Funcionarios del MPA, en dos jornadas de trabajo, con la participación de 142 fiscales y funcionarios.
Dicho debate fue muy enriquecedor por la diversidad de las funciones desempeñadas por los fiscales y por la misma heterogeneidad regional de los participantes que promovieron ideas innovadoras conforme a la realidad social en la que se desempeñan. Todas estas iniciativas se recopilaron y consolidaron como insumo para la formulación del Plan de Desarrollo Institucional aprobado por la actual gestión.
7. Conclusión
El MPA viene desarrollando estrategias de Justicia Abierta desde la instauración del sistema acusatorio en la provincia de Santa Fe.
La sanción de nuevo CPPSF ha permitido independizar la persecución penal y democratizar el sistema penal en la provincia, en lo que respecta a los fundamentos que le dieron su origen como la oralidad, la publicidad, la contradicción, la celeridad y el pluralismo en todo el proceso.
En esa línea, el MPA articuló estrategias concretas que han permitido promover la transparencia a través de su portal web publicando los resultados de la política de persecución penal y los actos de gobierno de sus autoridades. Además la fiscalía general y las fiscalías regionales, órganos de dirección del MPA, rinden cuentas de lo actuado anualmente, presentando informes anuales de gestión en audiencias públicas. La visibilidad social queda así garantizada.
Del mismo modo existen estrategias de participación internas como la articulación de las juntas de fiscales o la promoción de encuentros generales de fiscales y funcionarios del MPA, o externas como la consolidación del funcionamiento de los consejos asesores regionales; todas ellas en línea con los postulados de una Justicia Abierta inclusiva en la que intervienen actores públicos que integran el sistema adversarial y representantes de la sociedad civil.
También el MPA ha desarrollado iniciativas colaborativas fundamentalmente a través de la firma de convenios con diversas instituciones del sector público como organismos del Estado nacional y provincial, universidades, municipios y comunas; y del sector privado. De esta forma estas entidades le otorgan al MPA una mayor capilaridad y profesionalismo para realizar un conjunto de
acciones específicas que no podrían desarrollarse si no fuera a través de una labor cooperativa.
Por otro lado, en esta misma línea de trabajo en red, se ha coordinado la articulación de los dispositivos multiagenciales para el abordaje de la violencia urbana en determinadas ciudades de la provincia.
En materia de innovación, la implementación del Sistema Jurispedia como repositorio único común para la carga colaborativa y consulta posterior de todos los agentes del MPA, de normas y jurisprudencia, lo que denota el interés de las autoridades por gestionar el conocimiento. En la misma sintonía la implementación de sistemas de información tendientes a despapelizar el MPA como los sistemas Vesta (administración de personal), de legajos (gestión de causas penales), Prometeo (gestión de casos de vehículos incendiados en la vía pública), Caronte (gestión de homicidios), entre otros, demuestran la vocación institucional por avanzar en la implementación de políticas de Justicia Abierta.
1. Estado inicial
A mediados del año 2013, en el MPF de Santiago del Estero se inició el proceso paulatino de implementación del Sistema de Gestión de Legajos denominado “Taqu”, que funcionaba de manera independiente en cada una de las distintas circunscripciones.
Con el fin de optimizar el mantenimiento y mejorar el acceso a los datos, surge la necesidad de centralizar los datos facilitando las consultas y el cruce de información, la que se terminó de implementar a fines del año 2018.
2. Proceso de migración
El proceso de migración se realizó en seis etapas correspondientes a cada circunscripción. La primera fue la prueba piloto de la nueva versión del sistema, en la que se ajustaron todos los detalles. La jurisdicción elegida para el inicio del proceso fue Capital, que concentra el mayor número de causas. Luego de esta primera etapa, se procedió durante cada fin de semana siguiente a la migración del resto de las jurisdicciones.
Cabe destacar que todo el proceso se realizó de forma paralela con la capacitación del personal.
3. Desarrollo e implementación
Desde un comienzo nuestro departamento de sistemas ha optado siempre por la filosofía open source en cuanto a las diferentes tecnologías. Continuando en esa misma línea de trabajo, es que se decidió por “Symfony” como framework de desarrollo y MySQL como motor de base de datos.
El equipo de desarrollo lleva un control de versiones con Git. Cada cambio o actualización en el código pasa antes por un repositorio desde donde se actualizan los cambios en un servidor de *testing*. Por último, y una vez probados los cambios y el correcto funcionamiento del sistema, se suben a producción las actualizaciones.
El equipo de desarrollo, encargado de llevar adelante el proyecto, está conformado por cinco integrantes, realizando tareas de análisis, diseño, programación y *testing*.
4. Inclusión del Protocolo de Datos Abiertos
Con la idea de automatizar por completo la generación de los informes requeridos por el Programa de Justicia Abierta, en la actualidad nos encontramos abocados al desarrollo de un módulo que permita realizar de forma rápida y sencilla la correspondencia entre algunos tipos de datos en común entre nuestro sistema y el Protocolo, más específicamente: los tipos de delitos y las actuaciones procesales.
Cabe recordar que en nuestro caso particular venimos de un proceso de migración y centralización de un sistema que anteriormente funcionaba de manera independiente en cada jurisdicción, con lo cual es probable que existan más de una tipificación para una misma clase de delito o acto procesal, dependiendo siempre del criterio y uso que se le daba anteriormente en cada una de las dependencias.
En ese sentido, el Protocolo de Datos Abiertos nos ayuda a comprender mejor al momento de unificar criterios y lograr una clasificación de la información más homogénea, para poder cumplir de la mejor forma con las especificaciones de los informes.
En conclusión, el Protocolo de Datos Abiertos nos ha proporcionado una herramienta que nos está permitiendo mejorar la calidad de la información generada.
Las nuevas funcionalidades de Taqu
El Sistema de Gestión de Legajos Taqu versión 2.0 ya se encuentra disponible para usted, con utilidades nuevas y mejoras importantes. Ahora también en su versión móvil para Android.
Notificaciones y alertas en dispositivos móviles y de escritorio
Dispone de la función de alertas, que permiten recibir notificaciones en el dispositivo móvil o a su celular de un Legajo o una Actividad relacionada al mismo.
Gestión de las privaciones de libertad
Permite gestionar las privaciones de libertad relacionadas a un Legajo que pueden ser cumplir y realizar seguimientos a través de alertas sobre los plazos de las mismas.
Plantillas de documentos
El Sistema Taqu 2.0 ofrece una nueva funcionalidad que facilita la redacción de los documentos jurídicos que se generan a diario en cada Área. Permite generar y utilizar plantillas con datos previamente cargados, facilitando al usuario la carga de los mismos.
Búsqueda de legajos
Permite a los usuarios una vista de los datos básicos de todos los legajos registrados en el sistema.
Calendario de actividades
Proporciona un calendario de las actividades globales de cada Área, y un calendario particular de las actividades para cada legajo.
Módulo de Efectos
Permite Gestión de Efectos vinculados a una causa, permitiendo registrar la cadena de custodia interna y los sucesos que ocurren sobre los mismos.
Gestión y acceso centralizado
La nueva versión del sistema, concentra la información de todas las circunscripciones, facilitando las consultas de legajos y cruces de datos de las mismas.
Dinámica de trabajo colaborativa
El sistema ofrece la posibilidad de trabajo colaborativo y simultáneo entre las distintas áreas del MPF, permitiendo que las mismas interactúen sobre un legajo por medio de la designación de responsables, ubicación de las actividades y la posibilidad de desplazar pasos del legajo de un área a otra.
IMPLEMENTACIÓN DEL PROTOCOLO TÉCNICO DE DATOS
EXPERIENCIA DE RÍO NEGRO
MINISTERIO PÚBLICO FISCAL
DE LA PROVINCIA DE RÍO NEGRO
1. Puesta en marcha del Protocolo
- El Ministerio Público no contaba con un área informática.
- El área de estadística recién comenzaba a funcionar.
- En un principio se realizaban las tablas manualmente en Excel (primer protocolo) utilizando registros estadísticos incluidos en los Lex-Doctor de cada fiscalía.
2. Durante la implementación del Protocolo
- El Ministerio Público sufre modificaciones.
- Se crea el Departamento de Ingeniería en Sistemas del Ministerio Público.
- El día 01/08/2017 se puso en marcha el nuevo CPP (ley 5020, acusatorio).
- Se confecciona un nuevo sistema informático de gestión: Choique (php con framework yii2).
- Los organismos deben adaptarse al nuevo CPP y al nuevo sistema informático.
- Se modifica el Protocolo (cambios en las variables/campos de los listados).
- En marzo de 2018 pudimos adaptarnos al Protocolo. Se agregó un módulo especial denominado “Datos Abiertos” en el sistema Choique con el fin de obtener los datos fácilmente y confeccionar todas las tablas.
- En septiembre de 2018 se realiza la validación y publicación de los datos (sistema manual a uno moderno e informatizado).
3. Sistema Choique: ingreso a Datos Abiertos
4. Beneficios
- Integración entre los departamentos de Estadísticas e Ingeniería en Sistemas.
- Creciente interés por mejorar la carga de datos.
- Se agregaron nuevas funciones al Sistema que permitió mejorar la carga de datos (por ejemplo, campo “Fecha del Hecho”: campo obligatorio).
5. Proyectos
- Actualizar las tablas de equivalencias (específicamente la tabla de decisiones).
- Adecuar la tabla #2 del Protocolo Técnico de Datos y Procesos (incluir decisiones sobre las personas).
- Agregar campos de carga obligatoria.
- Implementar un protocolo de buenas prácticas en la carga de datos (en proyecto de elaboración).
|
705e5634-7289-472e-b042-f4cf7d8337b2
|
HuggingFaceFW/finepdfs/tree/main/data/spa_Latn/train
|
finepdfs
|
spa_Latn
| 254,104
|
BESLUT
Datum för beslut:
{Dte_es_:signer2:date:format(date, "yyyy-mm-dd") }}
{2024-04-19
Beslut om startbidrag Shahab Mirjalili
Beslutet
Skolchefen beslutar att tilldela Institutionen för Teknisk Mekanik 500 tkr under 3 år i startbidrag för biträdande lektor Shahab Mirjalili. Perioden för tilldelningen gäller från startdatum för anställningen och 3 år framåt. Institutionen för Teknisk Mekanik ska bistå med lika mycket, d.v.s. 500 tkr under tre år för samma period. Totalt beviljas 3 mkr, 1,5 mkr från Skolan och 1,5 mkr från Institutionen för Teknisk Mekanik.
Ett specifikt projekt för medlen ska inrättas på institutionsnivå. Medlen disponeras fritt men ska vara förbrukade inom en 5-årsperiod. Eventuella kvarstående medel efter 5 år återgår till skolan.
Medlen behöver inte rekvireras utan överförs direkt från skolan.
Ärendet
Shahab Mirjalili innebär en förnyelse av fakulteten och med en ambition att föra HPC-baserad strömningsmekanik av högsta rang mot för institutionen nya tillämpningar (tex additiv tillverkning) utan att tappa det grundläggande djupet.
Detta beslut har fattats av skolchef Sandra Di Rocco efter föredragning av prefekt Fredrik Lundell. Närvarande vid beslutet var ledningsstöd Annette Grahn.
Kungl. Tekniska högskolan
{
{Sig_es_:signer2:signature }}
Sandra Di Rocco, skolchef vid Skolan för teknikvetenskap
{
{Sig_es_:signer1:signature }}
Fredrik Lundell, prefekt vid Institutionen för Teknisk Mekanik
Diarienummer:
S-2024-0581 2.4.4
Sändlista
För åtgärd:
Fredrik Lundell, Prefekt vid Institutionen för Teknisk mekanik email@example.com, Institutionen för Teknisk mekanik
Seija Liedes, Skolcontroller
Kopia till:
Samtliga prefekter vid Skolan för teknikvetenskap
Expeditionsdatum:
{{*Expdate_es_:signer3:isdate(format=yyyy-mm-dd):default(YYYY-MM-DD)}} 2024-04-19
{Dte_es_:signer2:date:format(date, "yyyy-mm-dd") }}
2024-04-19
{
Diarienummer:
S-2024-0581 2.4.4
KTH internt beslut med e-signatur: S-2024-0581 2.4.4 Beslut om startbidrag Shahab Mirjalili
Slutgiltig revideringsrapport
2024-04-19
Skapad:
2024-04-19 (Centraleuropeisk sommartid)
Av:
Annette Grahn (firstname.lastname@example.org)
Status:
Signerat
Transaktions-ID:
CBJCHBCAABAAwvXOZV5Rw3RbCvfdxwLisSXgNXtf8-KP
"KTH internt beslut med e-signatur: S-2024-0581 2.4.4 Beslut o m startbidrag Shahab Mirjalili" – historik
Dokumentet skapades av Annette Grahn (email@example.com)
2024-04-19 - 12:52:19 GMT+2
Dokumentet skickades med e-post till Fredrik Lundell (firstname.lastname@example.org) för signering
2024-04-19 - 12:52:25 GMT+2
Dokumentet har e-signerats av Fredrik Lundell (email@example.com)
Signaturdatum: 2024-04-19 - 13:05:43 GMT+2 – Tidskälla: server
Dokumentet skickades med e-post till Sandra Di Rocco (firstname.lastname@example.org) för signering
2024-04-19 - 13:05:44 GMT+2
E-postmeddelandet har visats av Sandra Di Rocco (email@example.com)
2024-04-19 - 14:30:27 GMT+2
Dokumentet har e-signerats av Sandra Di Rocco (firstname.lastname@example.org)
Signaturdatum: 2024-04-19 - 15:03:46 GMT+2 – Tidskälla: server
Dokumentet skickades med e-post till Annette Grahn (email@example.com) för ifyllnad
2024-04-19 - 15:03:47 GMT+2
E-postmeddelandet har visats av Annette Grahn (firstname.lastname@example.org)
2024-04-19 - 15:16:14 GMT+2
Formuläret har fyllts i av Annette Grahn (email@example.com)
Datum för ifyllnad av formulär: 2024-04-19 - 15:16:39 GMT+2 - Tidskälla: server
Avtal har slutförts.
2024-04-19 - 15:16:39 GMT+2
|
<urn:uuid:7a7e75d4-3a15-4151-b819-a7af3ba5706a>
|
HuggingFaceFW/finepdfs/tree/main/data/swe_Latn/train
|
finepdfs
|
swe_Latn
| 3,560
|
Parafia Rzymskokatolicka SKARŻYSKO - KOŚCIELNE
10 lipca 2014 r.
* spotkanie z pilotem
* zbiórka uczestników w godzinach porannych
* rozlokowanie uczestników w autokarze a następnie wyjazd grupy
* krótkie zwiedzanie BELGRADU /ok. 2 godziny/
* przejazd tranzytowy przez SŁOWACJĘ, WĘGRY
* przyjazd na nocleg tranzytowy do SERBII
* obiadokolacja i nocleg w Serbii
11 lipca 2014 r.
/Serbia i Grecja to kraje prawosławne - msza mo
* Msza Świę
ta
* śniadanie
ż
liwa tylko w hotelach w miejscu noclegu/
* dalsza podróż do Grecji przez SERBIĘ i MACEDONIĘ
* obiadokolacja i nocleg
* zakwaterowanie w okolicach Salonik
12 lipca 2014 r.
* śniadanie
* Msza Święta w hotelu
* przejazd do METEORÓW, miasta klasztorów „zawieszonych w niebie" zwiedzanie klasztoru MEGA METEOR – jednego z 8 zachowanych bizantyjskich klasztorów
* przejazd na nocleg w okolicach Aten
* wizyta w pracowni ikon bizantyjskich
* obiadokolacja i nocleg
13 lipca 2014 r.
* śniadanie
* Msza Święta w hotelu
* zwiedzanie ATEN
* powrót do hotelu
m.in.: Muzeum Akropolu, Akropol z ruinami Panteonu, Aeropag gdzie nauczał w czasie swego pobytu w Atenach św. Paweł, Agora, Stadion Kalimarmaro, na którym odbyły się pierwsze nowożytne igrzyska olimpijskie, Parlament i Grób Nieznanego Żołnierza Greckiego, spacer po Place
* obiadokolacja i nocleg
14 lipca 2014 r.
* śniadanie
* Msza Święta w hotelu
* czas na wypoczynek nad morzem
Ul. Krakowska 11, 26-400 Przysucha tel. (48) 675 25 49; tel. / fax: (48) 675 00 71 firstname.lastname@example.org / www.wektur.pl NIP 799-125-70-10
/dla chętnych wyjazd alternatywny na przylądek Saunion - zwiedzanie świątyń Posejdona z V w p.n.e. lub całodzienna wycieczka statkiem - koszt ok. 120 Euro/
* obiadokolacja i nocleg
15 lipca 2014 r.
* śniadanie
* Msza Święta w hotelu
* przejazd na PELOPONEZ
* następnie przejazd do MYKEN
* postój przy Kanale Korynckim, zwiedzanie starożytnego Koryntu – Agora z bemą z której przemawiał św. Paweł, ruiny Świątyni Apollina
ą
twierdza ze słynn bram
ą
lwic, Grobowiec Agamemnona
* powrót do hotelu
* przejazd do EPIDAURUS – sanktuarium Asklepiosa – teatr z IV w p.n.e., ruiny świątyni
* obiadokolacja i nocleg
16 lipca 2014 r.
* śniadanie
* Msza Święta w hotelu
* przejazd do OSJOSLUKAS – odwiedzenie klasztoru z XI w. św. Łukasza z Bizantyjską katedrą udekorowaną wspaniałymi mozaikami. Kolejny punkt to DELFY, a w nich teatr /5000 miejsc/ i ruiny świątyni Apolla. Tu Święta ze Świętych – PYTIA przepowiadała, stąd wyrokowano w sprawach religii, polityki i moralności
* przejazd na nocleg
* przejazd na nocleg na Riwierze Olimpijskiej /postój w Termopilach – miejsce bitwy w 480 r. p.n.e. między Grekami a Persami/
* obiadokolacja i nocleg
17 lipca 2014 r.
* śniadanie
* Msza Święta w hotelu
* wyjazd do KAWALI, skąd rozpoczął swą misję w Europie św. Paweł. Widok na piękną panoramę portu. Kolejno odwiedzimy FILIPPI – miejsce ochrzczenia pierwszego Europejczyka
* obiadokolacja i nocleg
* powrót na nocleg na Riwierze Olimpijskiej
18 lipca 2014 r.
* śniadanie
* Msza Święta w hotelu
* wypoczynek nad morzem na Riwierze Olimpijskiej /wyjazd alternatywny do Litochoro i w masyw Olimpu/
19 lipca 2014 r.
* obiadokolacja i nocleg
* Msza Święta w hotelu
* przejazd do VERII, gdzie znajdują się bizantyjskie świątynie i pomnik św. Pawła
* śniadanie
* czas wolny
* obiadokolacja i nocleg
* przejazd do hotelu na Riwierze Olimpijskiej
Ul. Krakowska 11, 26-400 Przysucha tel. (48) 675 25 49; tel. / fax: (48) 675 00 71
email@example.com / www.wektur.pl
NIP 799-125-70-10
20 lipca 2014 r.
* śniadanie
* Msza Święta
* przejazd do SALONIK, drugiego po Atenach miasta Grecji zwiedzanie kościoła św. Demetriusa /patrona miasta/, rotunda z 306 r Łuk Galeriusza, Rotunda, Biała Wieża, pomnik Aleksandra Wielkiego, Agora, gdzie w synagodze nauczał św. Paweł, kościół św. Dziewicy od kotlarzy
* obiadokolacja i nocleg w okolicach Miszu w Serbii
* wyjazd w kierunku POLSKI
21 lipca 2014 r.
* śniadanie
* Msza Święta w hotelu
* przejazd przez SERBIĘ, /przerwa 2-godzinna/, WĘGRY, SŁOWACJĘ do Polski
* powrót w godzinach południowych
22 lipca 2014 r.
2.080,00 zł. /przy minimum 40 osobach/
2.500,00 zł. /przy minimum 30 osobach/
2.250,00 zł. /przy minimum 35 osobach/
2.800,00 zł. /przy minimum 25 osobach/
I obejmuje ona:
- 11 noclegów w hotelach **/***, pokoje 2 i 3-osobowe
- przejazd autokarem klasy LUX /uchylne siedzenia, pełna klimatyzacja, video, barek, toaleta/
- wyżywienie: 11 śniadań, 11 obiadokolacje
- opiekę duchową księdza
- opiekę pilota
- opłaty drogowe i parkingowe
- ubezpieczenie NNW, KL i bagażu
UWAGA!!!
2. Istnieje możliwość dopłaty do pokoju 1-osobowego.
1. Cena nie zawiera biletów wstępu do zwiedzanych obiektów i przewodników lokalnych /ok. 80 Euro/, napoi do obiadokolacji oraz świadczeń nie wymienionych w programie.
3. Proponujemy zabrać ze sobą paszport.
4. W/w program jest ramowy i może ulec zmianie kolejność zwiedzania w zależności od warunków atmosferycznych i godzin otwarcia zwiedzanych obiektów oraz lokalnych zarządzeń.
Ul. Krakowska 11, 26-400 Przysucha tel. (48) 675 25 49; tel. / fax: (48) 675 00 71
firstname.lastname@example.org / www.wektur.pl
NIP 799-125-70-10
|
<urn:uuid:1043cb4e-1d4e-45e3-87a1-5978a63eb1fe>
|
HuggingFaceFW/finepdfs/tree/main/data/pol_Latn/train
|
finepdfs
|
pol_Latn
| 5,171
|
SOUTH-NORTH CO-OPERATION ON RESEARCH AND CAPACITY BUILDING AT AFRICAN UNIIVERSITIES.
EXPERIENCES FROM A COOPERATION PROJECT AT MAKERERE UNIVERSITY, KAMPALA, UGANDA.
Presenters:
* Andreas Steigen
```
University of Bergen Norway. and
```
* Eldad Banda
Makerere University Uganda.
ORDER OF PRESENTATION
* ABSTRACT.
* INTRODUCTION.
* OBJECTIVES OF THE BASIC SCIENCES PROJECT.
* SUBPROJECTS.
* ADMINISTRATION.
* RESULTS:
-PHASE I(1992-1996)
-PHASE II(1996-2000)
-PHASE III(2002-2006).
- IMPACT ON DEVELOPMENT.
-CHALLENGES,
* CONCLUSION.
* APPENDIX (OUTPUTS OF NUFU BASIC SCIENCES PROJECT)
ABSTRACT
* The South –North co-operation on research and capacity building at African Universities is usually achieved through collaboration in education, research, and competence building between two or more Universities in the North and in the South. Such a University – University collaboration linkaqge is typified by the University of Bergen and Makerere University collaboration that started way back in 1991 when NUFU approved funding for research in Basic Sciences for the first time..
* During the life span of the project, there were improvements of infrastructure in the participating departments of Chemistry, Science and Technical Education, Mathematics and Physics. Technical staff training through workshops and attendance of specialized courses was carried out. Forty MSc's and 26PhD's were trained at Makerere University, about 30% of whom were females. Through this training both capacity and competence building were achieved. It is significant that six MSc and two PhD students from the University of Bergen have written theses based on data collected from Uganda.
* Apart from postgraduate training the project increased the research output in basic sciences as evidenced by the increase in the number of publications in refereed journals. The project formed a springboard for the Frame Agreement between Makerere University and the University of Bergen. This led to collaboration in Library, Human Resource , and Financial Information systems, and in ICT support for Makerere University.
1. INTRODUCTION
* Research cooperation between Universities in the South and those North is often initiated through individual efforts. In the case of Makerere University and the University of Bergen(UiB) the collaboration in research in the Basic Sciences was initiated through Professor Emeritus Endre Lillethun of UiB. It took him three years to achieve this. Planning for collaboration is usually made difficult by the fact that there are very few researchers from the North who show willingness to participate owing to the differences in priorities of researchers in the North and of those in the South. This was evident in planning for phase I of the Basic Sciences project at Makerere University.
2.OBJECTIVES OF THE BASIC SCIENCES PROJECT.
Research in basic sciences was supported by NUFU for fifteen years in three phases of five years each. The following were objectives of each of the phases .
* 2.1 Objectives of Phase I(1991-1995)
* The broad objective of this phase was to facilitate technological development in Uganda through education and research in the natural sciences.
* The specific objectives were
* To rehabilitate and modernise teaching laboratories. at Makerere.
* To develop capacity of academic and technical staff at Makerere.
* To develop research groups.
* To develop capacity and competence in research, especially experimental research in the natural sciences.
2.OBJECTIVES OF THE BASIC SCIENCES
PROJECT(Cont'd).
The following strategies were undertaken to achieve the set objectives.
* Visits by academic staff from Makerere to laboratories in Norway.
* Identification of priority research topics and scientists at Makerere and of interested counterpart researchers in Norway. This was crucial to successful collaboration.
* Planning for capacity building.
* Equipping research laboratories at Makerere.
* Holding of annual coordinators' workshops to discuss performance and budgets to ensure efficient use of funds.
2.2 Objectives of Phase II(1996-2000).
In addition to the objectives of phase I , the following were added:
* Capacity building through training of academic staff of Makerere University to PhD.
* Collaborative research between staff at Makerere University and at UiB.
* Co-supervision of PhD students.
* Exchange of postgraduate students between UiB and Makerere University.
2.3 Objectives of Phase III(2002-2006).
The following fundamental values were to be upheld:
* Academic freedom in the Ugandan context.
* The virtue of the scientific method.
* Cooperation between researchers and between institutions.
* Social responsibility.
The basic principles which guided the operations of this phase are:
* To recognize the social relevance of the basic sciences.
* To recognise the human factor as the corner stone of developing science.
* To recognise the necessity of promoting recruitment of qualified staff and of encouraging women in science.
* To uphold good institutional administration and transparent management of funds.
* To share attained competence with industry and society.
Objectives of Phase III(2002-2006)(Cont'd)
* The specific objectives were:
* To build competence and capacity through research relevant to local needs and through group work and experiments.
* To develop sandwich programmes in education.
* To promote national, regional and international collaboration.
* To promote inter-disciplinary research.
3.SUBPROJECTS
The subprojects of the Basic Science project were:
* Pigments from flowers, fruits and vegetables.
* Fish Oils.
* Environmental Chemistry.
* Enhancement and sustaining pedagogical quality in science and mathematics Teacher education at Makerere University.
* Capacity building and joint research in Industrial and Financial Mathematics.
* Joint research in Statistics, mathematical modelling in Epidemiology and Numerical Analysis.
* Materials Science (Clays of Uganda, up to first year of phase III).
* Environmental Physics: Light and Life in African environments.
* Solar radiation.
* Electronics and instrumentation (up to phase II).
* Radiation physics (up to phase II).
Electronics and Instrumentation, and later Materials science were phased out owing to lack of counterpart researchers at the UiB.
4. ADMINISTRATION
The project was managed by two management committees, one at Makerere and one at UiB. Each committee consisted of:
* Main Coordinator.
* Four coordinators ( one for each discipline).
* One administrator/Accountant .
:Management committee met monthly.
:The two committee's held joint annual workshops.
Institutional ownership assured through
-Departmental NUFU committee.
-University's Finance Department( financial transactions channelled
through the department).
-Dean of Faculty of Science (who endorsed annual reports)
-Vice Chancellor.
5.RESULTS
5.1: Phase I.
* The following were the major achievements of phase I of the project.
* Provision of teaching and learning materials.
* Rehabilitation of the laboratories.
* Rejuvenation of research in the departments. Research fields appropriate to the needs of Uganda were identified.
* Interaction of researchers at Makerere with the outside world through increased attendance of workshops and conferences.
* Commencement of training at both MSc and PhD levels.
The following were achieved during phase II
* Purchase of research equipment. This resulted into increased research activities. In 1998, the first researchers' workshop funded by the projected was held at Makerere. At this workshop research results obtained since the commencement of the project were presented.
* Increased personal contacts between scientists at Makerere and at UiB.
* Purchase of books for postgraduate and research work, in a range of fields.
* Purchase of computers for research and internet connectivity.
* Training of technical staff through workshops and attendance of specialized courses. Technical staff from UiB facilitated these workshops.
* Training of 34 MSc's since phase I and of 10PhD's during this phase.
Mode of PhD training:
-Joint supervision by academic staff at Makerere and UiB.
-Sandwich model (two to three months at Universities in Norway); no significant interruption of teaching, and students' social and family obligations.
5.3 Phase III
5.3.1 Educational achievements.
* Training of 12 MSc's and 16 PhD's who included those that had not completed by the end of phase II. Of the PhD candidates two still have to submit their theses.
* Four vocational training courses were developed and conducted by the Department of Science and Technical education (DOSATE). These represent a modest attempt by the project to reach out to the community. The trainees were young school dropouts. All 35 attendees of the vocational courses are gainfully employed.
* Development of new programmes. The Mathematics Department at Makerere University in collaboration with the Mathematics Department at UiB started MSc and PhD programmes in Insurance/Financial Mathematics. (Production of needed manpower and improvement of financial base of the department)
3. Phase III
5.3.1 Educational achievements.
* Training of 12 MSc's and 16 PhD's who included those that had not completed by the end of phase II. Of the PhD candidates two still have to submit their theses.
* Four vocational training courses were developed and conducted by the Department of Science and Technical education (DOSATE). These represent a modest attempt by the project to reach out to the community. The trainees were young school dropouts. All 35 attendees of the vocational courses are gainfully employed.
* Development of new programmes. The Mathematics Department at Makerere University in collaboration with the Mathemetics Department at UiB started MSc and PhD programmes in Insurance/Financial Mathematics. Besides producing the much needed manpower, the programme is expected to improve the financial base of the Mathematics Department at Makerere University.
5.3.2 Scientific achievements.
The improvements in infrastructure and the acquisition of research equipment enabled the project to improve capacity and competence in research.
* Nearly fifty papers were published in refereed journals while over one hundred papers were presented at conferences and workshops.
- The first International Biomathematics conference to be held in Africa run from 8th -12th December 2003.The African Biomathematics Society (ASB) at this conference. Professor Livingstone Luboobi, the sitting Vice Chancellor of Makerere University, was elected the first president of ASB.
The proceedings of the conference have been published by Makerere University Press [ISBN 9970 418 14 3] under the title " The importance of Mathematical Modelling of Biological and Biomedical Processes".
Scientific achievements (continued)
- A workshop to commemorate fifteen years of NUFU funded research in Basic Science at Makerere University was held February 2007.
- Two researchers' workshops were held at Makerere University in August 2005 and August 2006, and one at UiB in April 2005. The workshops held at Makerere served to train the budding researchers in writing research papers and in dissemination of research findings.
* Following increased research output by academic staff at Makerere University, the staff have risen through the ranks.
* The project coordinators have documented their experiences during the life of the NUFU project in a monograph which they hope will be published in the near future, if funds can be secured to do this.
5.3.3 International collaboration.
Research collaboration, in physics, with scientists from Tanzania, Gambia, University of Oslo, NIVA, and Steven's Institute of Technology in USA was initiated and is on -going.
5.4 Impact on development
* Research on clays has established the effects of porosity and microstructure on the mechanical strength, electrical and thermal conductivities. Transformation of the results into consumable goods has been hampered by lack of entrepreneurship. The current Vice Chancellor of Makerere University has taken initiative to link the university with the private sector and positive results are expected.
* The research on plant pigments has led to the isolation of a number anthocyanins. Anthocyanins exhibit antioxidant activity which is deemed to be chemoprotective. They have other health benefits such as treatment of various blood circulation disorders. They also have potential applications as colorants in foods and beverages in the budding food industry in Uganda. It is expected that jobs will be created through cultivation of good plant sources of anthyocyanins
* The research in Fish Oils has resulted in the extraction of omega3 and omega 6 fatty acids. These have potential pharmaceutical applications.
* Biomathematical models on malaria and HIV(aids) transmission have been developed. Their implications still need to be assessed.
* Research on photosynthetically active(PAR) and ultraviolet(UV) radiation levels in Lake Victoria has accumulated data on which to base future studies that will facilitate protection against cataracts.
* The solar radiation collected so far has been used to validate models for prediction of solar radiation from meteorological data. Approximate solar radiation distribution maps for Uganda have been drawn. These will be useful in onsite installations of solar energy devices in different parts of the country.
* Through attending international conferences, researchers at Makerere have been able to interact with researchers from other parts of the world. The interaction has been beneficial to their research and indirectly to institutional development.
5.5 Challenges:
Several challenges were encountered during the execution of the project.
* It has been taking unnecessarily long for students to register into the PhD programme. This has led to some of the candidates failing to meet deadlines for completion of their research. Potential paying graduate students tend to shy away from the programme because of current delays. The project has been constantly in dialogue with Faculty of Science administration and the Academic Registrar's department about the issue of delays. There are indications that the situation will improve in the near future.
* Lack of adequate government support for postgraduate training has made it difficult to recruit M.Sc. candidates into the programme because they had to pay tuition fees. This will ultimately stifle institutional capacity building. The few that entered the programme did so as Research Assistants who then used their earnings to pay tuition.
Challenges:
* The percentage of females admitted to postgraduate studies in Science is still low, currently standing at about 30%.
* PhD candidates were jointly supervised by academic staff at the University of Bergen and at Makerere. The project recognized this as healthy. Occasionally though, difficulties arose from insufficient dialogue between supervisors, with regard to how much work to expect from the candidates.
* The number of postgraduate students from UiB carrying out research in the research fields at Makerere is low.
Challenges:
* Lack of sufficient mechanisms for sustainability. The financial base of Makerere University has not improved substantially for the university to be able to commit reasonable funds to research. Direct government funding for research is minimal. The project was unable to create linkages with industry. Creation of such linkages remains Makerere University's challenge. Industry as the ultimate consumer of products of research needs to participate in:
– Supporting research by provision of research grants.
– Awarding researchers who come up with technology innovations.
– Popularization of science and technology.
7.CONCLUSION.
The project offered the Faculty of Science, Makerere University, unique opportunities for:
* improvement of infrastructure.
* capacity building through postgraduate training of academic staff.
* competence building in research .
* collaboration between Makerere University and universities and research institutes in Norway.
Appendix: Outputs of NUFU Basic Sciences Project.
Appendix:Output of NUFU Basic Sciences Project
PUBLICATIONS
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Ärendet
Anmälan enligt lex Maria från Västra Götalandsregionen om allvarlig vårdskada vid ögonsjukvården, Sahlgrenska Universitetssjukhuset (SU) i Göteborg.
Anmälan handlar om ett för tidigt fött barn som genomgick flera undersökningar enligt rutin för screening för att upptäcka näthinneförändringar (prematuritetsretinopati, ROP). Undersökningarna utfördes av flera olika läkare, vilket enligt vårdgivarens bedömning kan ha bidragit till att förändringarna upptäcktes först i ett sent stadium. När beslut om behandling togs var denna ordinerad så snart som möjligt. Behandlingstillfället planerades in tre dagar senare, vilket inte var så snart som den undersökande barnögonläkaren önskade men planeringen påverkades av personalbrist och helgdagar, samt att prioriteringsgraden inte uppfattades av verksamheten som planerade operationen.
Patientens prognos är blindhet på ett öga samt ledsyn på ett öga.
Beslut
Inspektionen för vård och omsorg (IVO) avslutar ärendet och kommer inte att vidta några ytterligare åtgärder.
Skälen för besluten
IVO bedömer att vårdgivaren har fullgjort sin skyldighet att utreda och anmäla händelser som har medfört eller hade kunnat medföra en allvarlig vårdskada. Denna skyldighet framgår av 3 kap. 3 och 5 §§ patientsäkerhetslagen (2010:659), PSL.
Enligt IVO framstår vårdgivarens slutsatser som rimliga och adekvata. Vårdgivaren har vidtagit och planerar att vidta åtgärder för att hindra att något liknande inträffar igen. Effekten av åtgärderna kommer att följas upp i verksamhetens ledningsgrupp i september respektive december 2016. IVO bedömer att vårdgivaren därmed uppfyllt kraven i 3 kap. 2 § PSL och 6 kap. Socialstyrelsens föreskrifter och allmänna råd (SOSFS 2005:28) om anmälningsskyldighet enligt lex Maria.
Vårdgivarens identifierade orsaker till händelsen
- bristande läkarkontinuitet bland screenande läkare
- förlust av information i överföringen av information mellan olika enheter och läkare
- prioriteringsgrad uppfattas inte av den enhet som planerar operation och postoperativ vård
- helgdagar och personalbrist påverkar möjlighet till kontroller och behandling inom önskade tidsintervall
- dokumentation vid ROP-undersökningar sker i datajournal samt på papper och riskerar därmed att bli inkonsekvent och otydlig
- bedömningen försvåras då konsultation sker per telefon
- det fanns inte tillgång till foto som bedömningsunderlag
- svår undersöknings teknik och svåra bedömningar gällande ROP-screening
Vårdgivarens planerade åtgärder
- säkerställa att rätt kompetens finns hos läkare som är involverade i ROP-screening
- ej sprida ut ROP-screening på för många läkare utan upprätthålla läkarkontinuitet
- använda kamera för fotodokumentation av ögonbotten vilket innebär att bedömning kan göras utifrån en bild istället för via telefon, underlättar när kollega skall konsulteras samt för att följa förändringar över tid
Vårdgivarens omedelbart vidtagna åtgärder
- veckovis rond bland ögonläkare för gemensam diskussion av de svåraste fallen
- standardisera och tydliggöra kommunikation för prioriteringsgrad till extern enhet som planerar plats för operation och post-operativ vård
- planera schema så att nödvändiga kontroller och behandlingar inte förskjuts och kan följa rutin
- underlätta för undersökande läkare att ta del av tidigare journalanteckningar samt direkt kunna dokumentera undersökningsfynden
- konsultanteckningar i patientjournalen skall samlas under ögonverksamhet
• utforma ett digitaliserat undersökningsprotokoll för statusbeskrivning av ROP och koppla det till patientjournalen
Underlag
• Anmälan som inkom till IVO 26 april 2016.
• Vårdgivarens interna utredning i form av en händelseanalys inklusive analysgraf och handlingsplan.
• Patientjournal från ögonmottagningen SU för perioden fr.o.m. 23 november 2015 t.o.m. 15 mars 2016.
• Rutin ”BARNÖGON Screening avseende ROP och andra ögon- och synproblem hos för tidigt födda barn”.
Beslut i detta ärende har fattats av enhetschef Mari-Ann Larsen. Inspektör Maria Lindberg har varit föredragande.
För Inspektionen för vård och omsorg
Mari-Ann Larsen
Maria Lindberg
Kopia till chefläkaren, SU
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Universitatea POLITEHNICA din Bucureşti
FACULTATEA de ENERGETICĂ
DOMENIUL: INGINERIE ENERGETICĂ
SPECIALIZAREA: Inginerie nucleară (MS 5)
Forma de învăţământ: Master de cercetare de aprofundare
PLAN DE ÎNVĂŢĂMÂNT
Anul I Semestrul 1
Anul I Semestrul 2
Legendă Cod disciplină
Legendă Tip disciplină:
U = umanistă
F = fundamentală
S = de specialitate
Mihnea COSTOIU
S = disciplină de sinteză
A = disciplină de aprofundare
Anul universitar: 2016-2017
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Is het klinisch redeneerproces in RCT’s bij patiënten met aspecifieke nekpijn volledig?
• Docent opleiding master fysiotherapie HU
• Onderzoeker in opleiding HU/VU
• Bestuurslid NVMT
• Redactielid FysioPraxis
• Fysio-manueel therapeut Fysiotherapie Westwijk te Vlaardingen
2008
Cursus: Verdieping in de ICF
Dr. Francois Maissan, Drs. Marjolein van der Werf
Cursus spierkracht meeten met de Microfit 2
Dr. Francois Maissan, Drs. Marjolein van der Werf
Basiscursus toegepaste klinimetrie in de fysiotherapie
Dr. Francois Maissan, Drs. Marjolein van der Werf
Klinisch redeneren
Objectiveren
Research Group Lifestyle and Health, HU University of Applied Sciences, Utrecht
Dr. Jan Pool
Dr. Harriet Wittink
Drs. Edwin de Raaij
Department of Health Sciences, VU University, Amsterdam and the EMGO Institute for Health and Care Research
Prof. dr. Raymond Ostelo
Herkent u uw praktijk in RCT’s?
Dagelijkse praktijk
Versus
Wetenschappelijk onderzoek: RCT’s
RCT
Population
Sampling
Sample
Randomisation
Intervention Arm
Control Group
Outcome
Within Group Analysis
Outcome
Within Group Analysis
Intervention
Compare
Between Group Analysis
Control/Usual care
Inclusie criteria
Physiotherapeut
selectieve Diagnose
Interventies
Evaluatie
Patients objective:
Experienced health problem
Evaluation
Patients objective:
Experienced health problem
Evaluation
Physiotherapist
selective
Diagnosis
Intervention
Evaluation
Natuurlozen
Pilates
Osteopathie
Beweging
Revalidatie
RCT ≠ Dagelijkse praktijk
“Clinical Reasoning”
“Clinical reasoning as a process in which the therapist, interacting with the patient and others (such as family members, or others providing care), helps patients structure meaning, goals and health management strategies based on clinical data, patient choices and professional judgement and knowledge”
(Higgs J, Jones MA. Clinical Reasoning in the health professions. 2nd ed. Boston, Mass: Butterworth-Heinemann; 2000: 3-14)
Componenten
• Een ervaren probleem (de klacht)
• Een oorzaak (gediagnosticeerd of beargumenteerd)
• Een doel gericht op de gediagnosticeerde functiestoornis of beperking in activiteit(en)
• Een interventie passend bij het doel
• Een uitkomstmaat gerelateerd aan de oorzaak (interventie gerelateerde uitkomst)
• Een uitkomstmaat gerelateerd aan het door de patient ervaren probleem (probleem gerelateerde uitkomst)
Dagelijkse praktijk
Gokt u wel eens met de gezondheid van uw patiënt?
Dagelijkse praktijk
Met andere woorden:
• Oorzaak niet duidelijk te objectiveren
Dagelijkse praktijk
Met andere woorden:
• Oorzaak niet duidelijk te objectiveren
• Proefbehandeling op basis van:
- beeld herkenning
or
- onderbuik gevoel
Dagelijkse praktijk
- Anamnese
- Lichamelijk onderzoek
- Beeld herkenning
- Onderbuik gevoel
- Kosten: een paar behandelingen
RCT
- Kent geen proefbehandeling
- Inclusie criteria (= diagnostisch proces RCT)
Inclusie criteria: a-specifieke nekpijn en leeftijd
- Kosten: > € 100.000 per RCT
Uitkomst review
Figure 3 HOAC II clinical reasoning process rating outcome
- Diagnosed cause pathway
- Assigned cause pathway
**Uitkomst review**
- **HOAC II**
- Experienced problem: 122 (100%)
- Cause: 60 (54%)
- Diagnosed cause: 20 (16%)
- Argued cause: 40 (33%)
- No cause: 60 (49%)
- **Item 1**
- Cause: 60 (54%)
- Diagnosed cause: 20 (16%)
- Argued cause: 40 (33%)
- No cause: 60 (49%)
- **Item 2**
- Diagnosed cause: 20 (16%)
- Goal of the intervention: 15 (12%)
- The intervention: 15 (12%)
- Argued cause: 40 (33%)
- Goal of the intervention: 41 (34%)
- The intervention: 41 (34%)
- No goal of the intervention: 5 (4%)
- No goal at the intervention: 5 (4%)
- **Item 3**
- Goal of the intervention: 15 (12%)
- The intervention: 15 (12%)
- The intervention: 41 (34%)
- Goal of the intervention: 41 (34%)
- The intervention: 41 (34%)
- No goal of the intervention: 5 (4%)
- No goal at the intervention: 5 (4%)
- **Item 4**
- The intervention: 15 (12%)
- No intervention related outcome: 4 (3%)
- The intervention: 41 (34%)
- Intervention related outcome: 11 (9%)
- Problem related outcome: 8 (6%)
- No intervention related outcome: 5 (4%)
- Intervention related outcome: 36 (30%)
- Problem related outcome: 29 (24%)
- No problem related outcome: 2 (2%)
Diagnostiek
11/122 RCTs hebben een indicatie voor fysiotherapie vastgesteld
Diagnostiek
Er waren 5 studies met als doel de Range of Motion (ROM) van de nek te verbeteren, echter werd er geen verbetering gevonden.
Het bleek dat de ROM op baseline al voldeed aan normwaarden...
Diagnostiek
Physical Therapy Reviews 2000; 5: 79–47
THE DIAGNOSTIC PROCESS AND INDICATION FOR PHYSIOTHERAPY: A PREREQUISITE FOR TREATMENT AND OUTCOME EVALUATION
H.J.M. HENDRIKS*, R.A.B. OOSTENDORP**, A.T.M. BERNARDS*, C.D. VAN RAVENSBERG*, Y.F. HEERKENS* and R.M. NELSON*
Vertaling naar de praktijk
• Voorbeelden zonder diagnostiek
• Voorbeelden zonder interventie gerelateerde uitkomstmaat
• Voorbeelden van klinisch relevante RCT s
| Studie | Inclusie criteria | Doel | Interventie | Functie uitkomsten | Activiteit uitkomsten |
|--------|-------------------|------|-------------|--------------------|----------------------|
| Akter | Nekpijn > 3 maanden | | | | |
| Ali | Niet gerapporteerd | | | | |
| Aquino | 18-65 jaar nekpijn > 3 maanden | | | | |
| Studie | Inclusie criteria | Doel | Interventie | Functie uitkomsten | Activiteit uitkomsten |
|--------|-------------------|------|-------------|--------------------|----------------------|
| Bid | 18-45 jaar, nekpijn < 4 weken, blootkoo en pijnlijke bewegingen en orthopedische testen positief voor facet gewrichts disfunctie | | | | |
| Deepa | 18-35 jaar, nekpijn en hoog thoracale stijfheid + pijn | | | | |
| Falla | Nekpijn < 3 maanden. Gewricht pijnlijk bij palpatie, afname uithoudingsvermogen op de CCFI test | | | | |
| Studie | Inclusie criteria | Doel | Interventie | Functie uitkomsten | Activiteit uitkomsten |
|--------|------------------|------|-------------|--------------------|----------------------|
| Beinert| Nekpijn, afname gewicht positie gevoel (lasertest) | | | | |
| Jull | Nekpijn > 3 maanden, afname gewicht positie gevoel (lasertest) | | | | |
| Studie | Inclusie criteria | Doel | Interventie | Functie uitkomsten | Activiteit uitkomsten |
|--------|------------------|------|-------------|--------------------|----------------------|
| Beer | Nekpijn, afname uithoudingsvermogen op de CCFT test | | | | |
| Jull | Nekpijn > 3 maanden, NDI <15, afname uithoudingsvermogen op de CCFT test | | | | |
**Betekenis in cijfers**
- Alle uitkomsten omgezet in effect size (ES)
- ES is een gestandaardiseerd maat voor effect voor alle uitkomsten
\[< 0.2 = \text{klein effect}\]
\[0.5 = \text{matig effect}\]
\[> 0.8 = \text{groot effect}\]
| Studie | Interventie | ES T1 (95% BI) |
|------------|------------------------------------------------------------------------------|----------------|
| Beinert | Exp gr= Balance training of the body Contr gr= no training, remain active | JPS 0.79 |
| | | NPRS 1.39 |
| Jull | Exp gr = craniocervical flexion training Interv gr= proprioceptive training | JPS L-rot 0.26 |
| | | JPS R-rot 0.54 |
| | | JS Ext -0.03 |
| | | VAS -0.43 |
| | | NDI 0.21 |
| Studie | Interventie | ES T1 (95% BI) |
|------------|------------------------------------------------------------------------------|----------------|
| Beer | Exp gr= Postural exercises Contr gr = No treatment | 30 mmHg 0.97 |
| | | VAS -0.05 |
| | | NDI 0.34 |
| | | PSK 0.28 |
| Jull | Exp gr = craniocervical flexion training Interv gr= high load strength training | SCM 30mmHg 1.15|
| | | AS 30mmHg 0.91 |
| | | ROM 1.1 |
| | | NPRS 0.26 |
| | | NDI 0.44 |
| | | PPE 0.22 |
**Conclusie**
- Praktijk onvoldoende te herkennen in deze RCT’s
- 11/122 heeft een indicatie voor fysiotherapie vastgesteld
- PROM geeft zelden inzicht in het werkingsmechanisme van de interventie
- Met diagnostiek en interventie gerelateerde uitkomstmaten zijn uitkomsten van RCT’s te vertalen naar de dagelijkse praktijk
En nu verder...
**Pain Medicine**
*Pain Medicine* 2013, 14: 460–469
Wang *et al.* 2013
**SPINE SECTION**
**Review Article**
*What Are the Clinical Criteria Justifying Spinal Manipulative Therapy for Neck Pain?*
*A Systematic Review of Randomized Controlled Trials*
- In de meeste beoordeelde studies werd eenvoudigweg het manipuleren gebaseerd op de klacht
- Er werd geen diagnose gesteld maar synoniemen genoemd
- Mechanische nekpijn als diagnose stellen geeft geen inzicht in de oorzaak van de pijn, maar reflecteert op wat de pijn doet toenemen
Bewijs van een manipuleerbare laesie kan worden afgeleid als uit onderzoeken is gebleken dat de diagnostische symptomen (tekens) na de behandeling zijn veranderd.
Geen van de bestudeerde onderzoeken leverde dit bewijs op. De tekens veranderden niet of ze werden niet getest.
Onderzoek naar MT diagnostiek
Wat zijn tekens en symptomen om te manipuleren of mobiliseren?
Content validiteit
Face validiteit van Manueel therapeuten, als expert, gericht op het diagnostisch proces wat leidt tot de interventie mobilisatie/manipulatie
Doel: vaststellen CWK functiestoornis
Content validiteit
Verzoek
Wilt u de tekens en symptomen beoordelen of u ze valide vindt voor de indicatie van een functiestoornis van de CWK?
---
Abstract
Subjective and clinical assessment criteria suggestive for five clinical patterns discernible in nonspecific neck pain patients. A Delphi-survey of clinical experts
Vincent Dewitte, Wim Peersman, Lieven Damsmeets, Katie Bouche, Arne Roets, Barbara Cagnie
---
Anamnese
- Pijn
- Functioneren
- Context
Lichamelijk onderzoek
• Myogene tests
• Pijnprovocatie tests
• Mobiliteit tests
Dank voor uw medewerking
KEEP CALM AND BEDANKT VOOR JULLIE AANDACHT
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Lehrinstitut für Neue Homöopathie Akademie für bewusstes Leben
Inhaberin Christiane Hein, Dozentin und Tierheiltherapeutin Schloßbergstraße 28, 38315 Hornburg, Tel.: 0 53 34 / 25 56 Akademie-für-bewusstes-Leben.de, E-Mail: email@example.com
Christiane Hein, Dozentin und Tierheiltherapeutin Regina Altkemper, Dozentin und Heilpraktikerin
Termine 2020 in Hornburg
Modul 1. Basiskurs Kompakt
Umgang mit der Einhandrute, Erkennen der Rutenausschläge zu den 24./25./26. Januar 2020 Stichkombinationen und den geometrischen Formen, Erdstrahlen und Elektrosmog, Narben, Herstellung von Informationswasser, Energie-Balance, Grundlagen der Traditionellen Chinesischen Medizin (TCM), Hormon-Balance
Modul 2. Aufbau-Seminar A
Zusammenhänge erkennen zwischen Allergien und Mykosen, Zahnmeridian 28./ 29. März 2020 Amalgam, Schwermetalle und sonstige Toxine, Informationen umschreiben Radionische Testungen und Umschreibungen, „Schamanische Rituale"
Modul 3. Aufbau-Seminar B
Farben, Töne und Rhythmen modulierend einsetzen,
Glaubenssatzarbeit, Chakra- und Aurabalance,
Modul 4. Aufbau-Seminar C
"Psychomeridian", The Work, Ho' Oponopono, Testlisten, Nachnährung
Modul 5. Abschluss-Seminar zum PraNeoHom® - Praktiker
Fallbeispiele, Praxisführung, Abschlusstest, Supervision,
Krankheitsbilder, Zertifizierung zum PraNeoHom®-Praktiker
PraNeoHom®-Tierpraktiker
Modul 1. Basiskurs Kompakt Grundlage für die Tierausbildung
Umgang mit der Einhandrute, Erkennen der Rutenausschläge zu den
21./22. Nov. 2020
24./25./26. Januar 2020
Stichkombinationen und den geometrischen Formen, Erdstrahlen und
Elektrosmog, Narben, Herstellung von Informationswasser, Energie-Balance,
Grundlagen der Traditionellen Chinesischen Medizin (TCM), Hormon-Balance
Aufbau Tier 1
Energie-Balance für Tiere, Grundlagen der Traditionellen Medizin (TCM), für Tiere Pferd, Hund, Katze, Futter, Ernährung, Schlafplatz, Bewegung,
Radionische Testungen, Ursachenfindung,
Aufbau Tier 2
Psychomeridian, Verhaltensauffälligkeiten,Tieraufstellung, Fallbeispiele,
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Dietary assessment in the 1993 Pelotas (Brazil) birth cohort study: comparing energy intake with energy expenditure
Avaliação dietética da coorte de nascimentos de Pelotas, Rio Grande do Sul, Brasil, 1993: uma comparação da ingestão e do gasto de energia
Abstract
1 Faculdade de Nutrição, Universidade Federal de Pelotas, Pelotas, Brasil. 2 Escola Superior de Educação Física, Universidade Federal de Pelotas, Pelotas, Brasil. 3 Programa de Pós-graduação em Educação Física, Universidade Federal de Pelotas, Pelotas, Brasil. 4 Programa de Pós-graduação em Epidemiologia, Universidade Federal de Pelotas, Pelotas, Brasil. 5 Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brasil.
6
Faculdade de Medicina,
Universidade Federal de
Pelotas, Pelotas, Brasil.
Correspondence D. P. Gigante Departamento de Nutrição, Faculdade de Nutrição, Universidade Federal de Pelotas. C. P. 354, Campus Universitário, Pelotas, RS 96010-900, Brasil. firstname.lastname@example.org
The study aims to describe and compare two methods of energy intake assessment and one measure of energy expenditure applied in adolescents from a birth cohort. In a sub-sample of the 1993 Pelotas (Brazil) birth cohort, followed up in 2006-7, information on intake was obtained through a food-frequency questionnaire (FFQ) and three 24-hour-recalls (24hR), while energy expenditure was assessed using an accelerometer. Bland & Altman plots were used in the analyses in order to compare the methods. The mean difference between FFQ and 24hR was 592 ± 929cal/day. Compared to energy expenditure, intake was overestimated when measured by FFQ (357 ± 968cal/day) and underestimated by 24hR (-278 ± 714cal/day). In spite of the great differences between energy intake obtained using the two methods, lower differences were observed when these methods were compared to expenditure.
Energy Intake; Adolescent Nutrition; Energy Metabolism; Validation Studies
Denise P. Gigante 1 Felipe Fossati Reichert 2,3 Pedro C. Hallal 3,4 Rosângela Velleda de Souza 1 Marilda Borges Neutzling 5 Maria de Fátima Alves Vieira 1 Maria Cecilia Formoso Assunção 1 Cora Luiza Araújo 1 Ana M. B. Menezes 6
Introduction
A challenge in nutritional epidemiology is to measure accurately food intake. Different methods are used in dietary assessment, but errors are inherent in all of these methods 1 . In epidemiology, the process used to assess measurement errors is known as validity. A measure is valid or accurate if the figure found is close to the true value. In nutritional epidemiology, however, this process is challenging, because it is unlikely that a single instrument will provide "gold standard" information on the intake of foods or nutrients.
Comparisons among different methods of dietary assessment, including reliability and reproducibility of measurements, have been conducted in several studies, mainly from high income countries, and summarized in review studies 2,3 . The conclusion of all these studies is that each method presents a margin of bias and none may be considered as a gold standard. In addition, while some methods investigate food intake over a one-day period, others assess the usual intake of foods. So, the validation process of energy intake has been compared using external methods such as: (a) energy required maintaining weight; (b) measured energy expenditure; (c) presumed energy requirements, expressed as multiples of basal metabolic rate. The three comparison methods are based on the assumption that energy intake is equal to energy expenditure when weight is stable. To sum up,
the validation process of energy intake should include different methods of dietary assessment and other techniques such as external measurements or biomarkers 3 .
The direct comparison of energy intake and expenditure allows the assessment of measurement errors and the doubly labeled water (DLW) technique has been considered as a gold standard for measuring energy expenditure under realistic daily conditions. Given that DLW is expensive and only available to a few research centers, alternative methods for measuring energy expenditure (heart-rate monitoring, accelerometers or physical activity questionnaires) may also be used to validate reported energy intake. Considering the limitation of reported physical activity through questionnaires and the high cost of DLW, accelerometry has become the method of choice for objectively measuring physical activity in free-living adolescents 4 , taking into account that the accelerometer shows reasonable concordance with DLW for measuring daily energy expenditure 5 .
In the present study, the main objective is to describe and compare two methods of energy intake assessment and one measure of energy expenditure applied in adolescents from a birth cohort study. Energy intake estimated from two instruments is compared with energy expenditure measured by accelerometry.
Methods
In 1993, all 5,265 births in the maternity wards of the city of Pelotas in Southern Brazil were identified and 5,249 mothers accepted to participate in a cohort study. A subsample of these mothers was followed up along the first five years of life of the children. When the cohort's members were aged 11 (2004-2005), the whole cohort was visited. In the following year, a subsample with data available for all waves of data collection was sought for a detailed study on physical activity and body composition. Further information on the 1993 Pelotas (Brazil) birth cohort study is presented in another set of literature 6,7 .
For the present analyses, we randomly selected 63 subjects from each tercile of socioeconomic status as in the 2004-2005 follow-up, representing one third of the subsample included in the physical activity and body composition study 8 . Therefore, 189 adolescents were selected to participate in the energy intake study. This sample was calculated based on a difference of 500 calories between the two methods, a standard deviation of 1,000 calories with 90% power, 95% confidence level, and an addition of 10% for losses 9 . The sample size was also sufficient to find a difference of 400 calories with 80% power and the same other parameters.
Data collection was conducted between the second semester of 2006 and the first semester of 2007. A food frequency questionnaire (FFQ) and three 24-hour-recalls (24hR) were applied by four nutritionists trained in these methods. The interviews were carried out in the subjects' home, preferentially in the kitchen, and the questionnaires were applied to the adolescent. Questions about some details of the recipes and cooking methods were also put to the person who usually prepares the meals. All recalls and questionnaire were checked before and after data entry of food composition by a fieldwork supervisor who was a nutritionist.
The interview to apply the first 24hR was scheduled on Friday followed by the Wednesday on which each adolescent started to wear the accelerometer. In the following week, the other two 24hR were carried out on one weekend day (Sunday) and another week day (Wednesday). On Thursday, the FFQ was also applied.
The ActiGraph accelerometer (model GT1M; LLC, Pensacola, USA), a motion sensor, was placed on the left side of the waist to determine physical activity measured by counts per minute (cpm). Adolescents wore the accelerometers from Wednesday to Monday and they were encouraged to wear them 24 hours per day, except when showering, bathing or swimming. An instruction sheet with a brief description of the device, details of how to wear, and contact information was left with the adolescent at the first visit. This instruction sheet also had a diary for the devices and the subjects were instructed to note if they did not wear the monitors for any period longer than one hour during the day. Usually on the Monday morning, a field-worker visited each adolescent's house to collect the monitor and the diary. After this, data from the accelerometers were downloaded and the devices were placed on battery chargers. On Tuesday the recharged monitors were set up for another adolescent.
The study was approved by the Ethics Committee at the Medical School of the Federal University of Pelotas. Written informed consent was obtained from parents or guardians prior to adolescent participation.
The FFQ included 72 foods/drinks according to a previous study with Brazilian adolescents 10 . Energy intake estimated from FFQ was calculated multiplying each food/drink declared frequency (daily, weekly, monthly or annually) by the caloric content of a standard portion for that food item, summing up the caloric content from all items declared in the questionnaire, and presented in daily energy intake. The standard portion sizes were determined by the mean amount obtained from the 24hR applied in adolescents from Pelotas private schools and the recall period was one year.
The 24hR captured in detail all foods/drinks including recipes, in case of prepared food, cooking methods and all portion size as consumed. The amount of food/drink was recorded using local serving utensils. A digital scale and a standard cup were used by the nutritionists to weigh and to measure foods and drinks in grams or milliliters, respectively, as needed and available. Pictures of fruits and vegetables with known amounts in grams were also used if the item was unavailable in the adolescent's home.
Energy intake was calculated using the Brazilian Food Composition Table (TACO, version 2. Núcleo de Estudos e Pesquisas em Alimentação, Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Campinas, Brazil). If a food/drink reported by the adolescent was not available in the Brazilian table, data from USDA National Nutrient Database for Standard Reference, Release 21 were used (United States Department of Agriculture. Food search for Window, version 1.0, database SR20. http://www.ars. usda.gov/nutrientdata, accessed on Sep/2008). These food composition tables were used for the 24hR and FFQ. Means were calculated for energy intake reported in the three days of 24hR and data were analyzed in an electronic version of a locally-built software aimed at analyzing 24hR (ADS Nutri – Nutritional system – 9 th version; Fundação de Apoio Universitário, Universidade Federal de Pelotas, Pelotas, Brazil). A do-file was created in the Stata 9.0 software (Stata Corp., College Station, USA) to analyze energy and macronutrients of all foods/drinks included in the FFQ. The energy intake was obtained through the sum of calories derived from macronutrients. The frequency of each food/drink in a standard portion was multiplied by the macronutrient content and it was summed in calories by multiplying by 4, 4 and 9 for each gram of protein, carbohydrate and lipid, respectively.
Energy expenditure was predicted using an equation developed by Trost et al. 11 in which counts per minute and body mass were included in a multiple regression to estimate calories.
Statistical analyses were performed in Stata 9.0. Information about adolescents whose daily intake was below the 1 st or above the 99 th percentile of the sample itself was excluded in order to avoid over or underestimation of the distribution of energy and macronutrients 12 .Results are presented through descriptive statistics, including means, medians, standard deviations and interquartile ranges. Bland & Altman plots were used in the analyses to compare methods of assessment energy intake and expenditure.
Results
A subsample of 183 adolescents from the births cohort (96.8% of this study sample), answered three 24hR and the FFQ. Mean age was 13.4 years (± 0.3); the youngest was aged 12.7 and the oldest 14 years. This subsample was equally distributed by sex and the proportions by categories of birth weight and maternal schooling in 1993 were similar when compared to the same groups of these variables for the whole cohort (Table 1).
Table 2 presents means of energy and macronutrients intake according to each dietary assessment method. Energy intake was overestimated by FFQ compared to 24hR; this due to overestimation of all macronutrients instead of any specific one (mean differences of carbohydrate: 79 ± 132; protein: 32 ± 39; lipid: 18 ± 38). However, the proportion of macronutrients in relation to total calories was similar in both methods.
Average energy expenditure estimated by accelerometers was 2,356kcal (± 460) and the median was 2,303kcal (inter-quartile range – IQR = 548). When FFQ was used as dietary assessment method, the ratio of energy intake and expenditure was 1.13 and it was 0.87 if 24hR was compared with energy expenditure measured through the accelerometer.
Bland & Altman analysis was performed for energy intake measured by both dietary methods (24hR and FFQ). The mean difference (592 ± 929cal/day) between the two methods reflected a considerable amount of over-reporting by FFQ compared to 24hR, and the limits of agreement ranged from -1,267 to 2,450cal/day ± 2SD (Figure 1). The overestimation of FFQ in relation to 24hR seems greater if the energy intake is higher.
The comparison between energy intake and expenditure is presented in Figures 2 and 3. The Bland & Altman plot for energy intake measured by FFQ and energy expenditure show that the overestimation of FFQ in relation to energy expenditure also seems greater if the energy intake is higher, however, the mean difference between FFQ and accelerometer (357 ± 968cal/day) was lower than the difference of both dietary methods. In spite of the lower difference, the limits of agreement ranged from -1,581 to 2,294 ± 2SD (Figure 2). Otherwise, the underestimation of energy intake measured by 24hR compared to energy expenditure measured by accelerometers does not seem to be related to the amount of energy intake, taking into account the distribution of the subjects in any energy intake and not only
Table 1
Characteristics of the original cohort and the sub-sample included in this analysis. 1993 Pelotas (Brazil) birth cohort study, 2006-2007.
* There is less than 0.5% of missing information.
Table 2
Mean, median and standard deviation (SD) and inter-quartile range (IQR) of daily energy and macronutrients intake estimated by 24-hour recall (24hR) and food-frequency questionnaire (FFQ) in adolescents. 1993 Pelotas (Brazil) birth cohort study, 2006-2007.
those who had higher energy intake as was observed in relation to the overestimation of FFQ. The mean difference was -278 ± 714cal/day and the limits of agreement ranged from -1,707 to 1,151 ± 2SD (Figure 3).
Discussion
The present study described the methods of dietary assessment used in a subsample from the 1993 Pelotas (Brazil) birth cohort and compared the results of energy intake with energy expendi- ture measured by accelerometry. The measurement of diet during adolescence in our cohort is very important, if we are able to investigate its long term consequences for health. In addition, the description of the differences between the two methods of dietary assessment adds quantitative information about food intake of these adolescents taking into account that qualitative data have been previously published 13 . However, a limitation of the present study is that the methods were compared only in energy, while a comparison including other nutrients could be more interesting.
Figure 1
Bland & Altman plot of differences between daily energy intake measured by food frequency questionnaire (FFQ) and 24-hour recall (24hR) among adolescents from the 1993 Pelotas (Brazil) birth cohort study.
Bland & Altman plot of differences between daily energy intake measured by food frequency questionnaire (FFQ) and energy expenditure estimated by accelerometer among adolescents from the 1993 Pelotas (Brazil) birth cohort study.
Bland & Altman plot of differences between daily energy intake measured by 24-hour recall (24hR) and energy expenditure estimated by accelerometer among adolescents from the 1993 Pelotas (Brazil) birth cohort study.
Validation studies of energy intake are extensively conducted in Europe and the USA 2,3 . We found 27 studies published in which the food intake of the Brazilian population was considered, and the validity of FFQ was assessed in most of them. While adults were investigated in the majority of these validation studies, children and adolescents were the target population in eleven papers. When excluding those with children up to 10 years of age, six studies were revised. The first was published in 1998 10 aiming to evaluate associated factors with overweight/obesity in adolescents and used a FFQ based on repeated 24hR. However, these methods were not compared and validity measurements (or reproducibility) were not presented. In two other studies 14,15, FFQ were applied twice, aiming to assess the repeatability of the measurements. Although these studies presented several differences and the validity was not assessed, both concluded that FFQ showed acceptable reproducibility and may be applied with adolescents. The relative validity of the estimates of energy was assessed in just one study including adolescents 16 (repeatability of the FFQ was previously assessed) 14 and the results showed high correlation in the comparison between FFQ and the average of three 24hR applied 45 days apart. Another study that included female adolescents 17 described the means of energy and other nutrients for each method applied (24hR, three day dietary records and purchase list), and concluded that the three methods presented measurement errors. A comparison of a short FFQ and the serum cholesterol was also found in the Brazilian studies with adolescents 18 . This study presented the largest sample, including 539 subjects aged 12 to 19 years from public schools and the results showed that the short FFQ was not a predictor of cholesterol concentration. To sum up, none of the previous measurements were able to identify the true value of energy intake among Brazilian adolescents.
Data from the present study showed a great difference in energy intake between the two methods of dietary assessment. At the same time, energy expenditure estimated by accelerometer was higher than energy intake measured by 24hR and lower than energy intake measured by FFQ. There is just one other Brazilian study comparing energy intake and expenditure 19 . Energy expenditure was estimated by oxygen uptake (VO 2 ) and respiratory exchange ratio (RER) in 38 women submitted to spirometry and heart rate monitoring. Energy intake was estimated by a seven-day food diary. Seventeen women (49%) underreported their energy intake and this was partially explained by women reporting eating less than usual, making mistakes in portion size estimation and complaining about having to record everything which was eaten 19 . Underreported energy intake was also observed in other studies using accelerometer to measure energy expenditure 20,21 . However, these studies included small samples of adults. In addition, the seven-day food diary was the dietary assessment method used in these studies. If energy expenditure was assessed by DLW and compared with energy intake, underreporting was also documented in several studies from the USA and Europe 3 . The DLW technique has been used to identify components of underreporting, for instance under-eating 22 . Although less frequent than underreporting, over reporting may also occur 3 .
The assessment of over- and underreporting is based on the assumption that the energy intake must be equal to expenditure when body weight is stable. This assumption is considered if energy expenditure was measured by both DLW and accelerometer 3 . The present study included a subsample of adolescents whose nutritional status was previously assessed 23 and the measurements of energy intake and expenditure were obtained in the same week for 24hR and accelerometer. Although FFQ is related to a one year period, the comparison among the three methods was based on daily energy intake or expenditure.
According to the assumption that the energy intake is equal to expenditure, we can consider that the adolescents from the 1993 Pelotas (Brazil) birth cohort study over- or underestimated their intakes if FFQ or 24hR, respectively, were used as dietary assessment methods. While different methods of measuring energy intake have their own limitations, the comparison with measurements of energy expenditure is interesting due to the presence of different sources of errors and bias. However, an estimate calculated by a predictive equation using measurements of body mass and counts per minute from the accelerometer may not be considered as a gold standard to measure energy expenditure.
In nutritional epidemiology, another aspect to be considered in the validation process is related to the differences among the techniques of analyses used in the studies. Most validation studies have used a correlation coefficient to assess the relationship between the intakes obtained from the two methods 1,2,3,6,24 . In the 168 validation studies (representing 83% of all) included in a review 2 , the correlation coefficient was used, being the most common statistical method. In 21 of the
27 Brazilian studies the correlation coefficient was also used. However, it has been recognized for a long time that the use of the correlation coefficient is inappropriate 25,26 due to the fact that it measures the strength of association and not the agreement between measurements 26 . So, considering that the first step to compare two numerical variables would be a scatter plot, it could be one of the reasons for many researchers to have used the correlation coefficient in validation studies of energy intake. The comparison with previous studies could be another reason to use the correlation coefficient. Other statistical methods (test on the means or medians, intra-class correlation, regression analysis, crossclassification, mean and standard deviation of the difference, analysis of categories, methods of triads and multivariate regression models) are also used in nutritional epidemiology. However, there is a lack of consensus on appropriate statistical methods for assessing the validity of dietary measurements 22 . Otherwise, statistical analysis of mean and standard deviation of the difference described by Bland & Altman 25 is considered as an appropriate analysis to method comparison studies, in which two different measurements of the same underlying (true) value are compared 26 .
While most studies in nutritional epidemiology have used the correlation coefficient in the analysis, five Brazilian studies using Bland & Altman plots were identified 15,16,27,28,29 . Two of these were conducted with adolescents and only reliability was assessed by Bland & Altman analysis 14,15. Regression analysis has also been used in nutritional epidemiology as a calibration method 2 . However, as proposed by Bland & Altman, using a new method to predict an old one is not the purpose of a comparitive study 30 .
Questions involving problems and limitations of dietary assessment studies have been published recently 31,32 . The focus was on the dietary assessment 33 and, specifically on micronutrient intakes 34 . Some questions in dietary assessment at any life stage, such as skills to provide a reliable report of dietary intake were discussed 34 . Although, in the present study, dietary methods were applied to adolescents, recipes and cooking methods were also asked to the person who usually prepares the meals. It is suggested that the use of surrogate reporters is unnecessary for subjects above 11 to 12 years of age, though some details may still need to be obtained from others, for example, types of spread, milk and cooking methods 35 . Recently, technology in dietary assessment has been proposed and adolescents, using a disposable camera, have taken pictures of the food they have eaten 36 . This method was more motivating than self-reporting. Considering
that in the 24hR, the adolescent has to remember everything that was eaten and in the FFQ, a list of foods is read to them, it is possible that more food items were recalled through this method, evidence that is confirmed in the findings of the present study.
In summary, this paper describes two methods of dietary assessment in a sub-sample of a birth cohort. In spite of the great differences between energy intakes from both methods, lower
Resumo
O objetivo do estudo foi descrever e comparar dois métodos de avaliação de consumo calórico e uma medida de gasto energético aplicados em adolescentes de uma coorte de nascimentos. Em uma subamostra da coorte de 1993 de Pelotas, Rio Grande do Sul, Brasil, acompanhada em 2006-2007, informações sobre consumo calórico foram obtidas através de questionário de frequência alimentar (QFA) e três recordatórios de 24 horas (R24h), enquanto gasto energético foi avaliado por acelerômetro. Gráficos de Bland & Altman foram usados na comparação dos métodos. A diferença média entre QFA e R24h foi 592 ± 929cal/dia. Ao comparar com gasto energético, o consumo foi superestimado se medido pelo QFA (357 ± 968cal/dia) e subestimado pelo R24h (-278 ± 714cal/dia). Apesar da grande diferença no consumo, menores diferenças foram observadas quando os dois métodos foram comparados ao gasto energético.
Ingestão de Energia; Nutrição do Adolescente; Metabolismo Energético; Estudos de Validação differences were observed when these dietary methods were compared to the measurement of energy expenditure. Taking into account that the true value is unknown, these results suggest that more than one method should be used if the main objective of the study is to estimate energy intake. We hope the findings of this paper may be useful for researchers interested in the investigation of the effects of early diet on the occurrence of chronic diseases.
Contributors
D. P. Gigante was involved in all stages of the study from planning to article write up. F. F. Reichert, M. B. Neutzling and M. F. A. Vieira contributed to all stages of the study from planning to article write up. P. C. Hallal, M. C. F. Assunção, C. L. Araújo and A. M. B. Menezes contributed towards the planning of the study and the revision of the article. R. V. Souza supervised data collection and reviewed the article.
Acknowledgments
The cohort study is supported by the Wellcome Trust. The initial phases of the cohort study were financed by the European Union, Brazilian Nation Program for Centers of Excellence (PRONEX), and by the Brazilian Ministry of Health. The current study also received support from the National Research Council (CNPq).
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Submitted on 23/Oct/2009 Final version resubmitted on 13/Jan/2010 Approved on 04/Apr/2010
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HuggingFaceFW/finepdfs/tree/main/data/eng_Latn/train
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finepdfs
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eng_Latn
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Konference sdružení pro ochranu památek Arte-fakt
Restaurování a ochrana uměleckých děl
restaurování restaurovaného
29. listopadu 2007
bývalý zámecký pivovar v Litomyšli
Konference sdružení pro ochranu památek Arte-fakt
Restaurování a ochrana uměleckých děl
restaurování restaurovaného
29. listopadu 2007
bývalý zámecký pivovar v Litomyšli
Program konference
Restaurování a ochrana uměleckých děl
restaurování restaurovaného
29. listopadu 2007, bývalý zámecký pivovar v Litomyšli
| čas | přednáška | strana |
|-----------|---------------------------------------------------------------------------|--------|
| 9:00 – 10:30 | registrace účastníků | |
| 10:00 | zahájení konference – Luboš Machačko, o. s. Arte-fakt | |
| 10:10 – 10:30 | Miloš Solař, NPU ÚP | 5 |
| | K otázce restaurování v památkové péči | |
| 10:30 – 10:50 | Jakub Důbal | 8 |
| | Několik poznatků z restaurování sochařské výzdoby chrámu sv. Barbory v Kutné Hoře | |
| 10:50 – 11:10 | Petr Gláser | 10 |
| | Příspěvek k poznání metody fluátování kamenosochařských děl – odkaz historických technologií | |
| 11:10 – 11:30 | Jan Fedorčák | 12 |
| | Restaurování sochy sv. Benna a andílka s kartuší z mariánského sloupu v Kladně | |
| 11:30 – 11:50 | Michal Blažek | 15 |
| | Restaurování v Angkoru | |
| 11:50 – 12:10 | diskuse | |
| 12:10 – 13:30 | přestávka na oběd | |
| 13:30 – 13:50 | Jakub Havlin, VŠCHT Praha | 14 |
| | Restaurování restaurovaného pomocí enzymů | |
| 13:50 – 14:10 | Veronika Gabčová | 18 |
| | Nové nedestruktivní metody výzkumu aplikované v restaurotářské praxi a metodika výuky | |
| 14:10 – 14:30 | Veronika Žáková | 21 |
| | Restaurování středověkého rukopisu ze sbírek ŽMP, restaurátorští zásah v kontextu historie restaurovaného objektu | |
| 14:30 – 14:50 | Zuzana Wichterlová | 23 |
| | Víme, jak se vyvinul naše zásahy do památky? | |
| 14:50 – 15:10 | Václav Špale | 25 |
| | Restaurátorské zásahy na sgrafitové výzdobě severního průčeli Velké Mičovny v Královské zahradě Pražského hradu | |
| 15:10 – 15:30 | Jan Vojtěchovský | 29 |
| | Srovnání restaurování dvou oltárních obrazů z kaplí sv. Bernarda a Českých zemských patronů z kostela Nanbeveztí Panny Marie v Sedlici - Kutné Hoře | |
| 15:30 – 15:50 | Luboš Machačko, FR Upce | 33 |
| | Restaurování sálů č. 116 v budově bývalé prelatury zámku ve Žďáru nad Sázavou | |
| 15:50 – 16:10 | diskuse | |
| 16:10 | ukončení konference | |
Redakce neruší za obsah jednotlivých příspěvků.
úvodní slovo
Motto:
...většina památek byla za dobu své existence opakovaně obnovována;
s pozůstatky takových zásahů je restaurátor ve své praxi denně konfrontován...
Vážení přátelé,
sborník, který právě držíte v rukou, je hmatatelným výsledkem našeho snažení, jehož cílem bylo uspořádání konference Restaurování a ochrana uměleckých děl – Restaurování restaurovaného, která se uskutečnila v prostorách bývalého zámeckého pivovaru v Litomyšli dne 29. listopadu 2007.
Tato konference navazuje na konferenci Restaurování a ochrana uměleckých malířských a sochařských děl, kterou naše sdružení uspořádalo v loňském roce.
Tématem letošního setkání je restaurování restaurovaného. Zohledňujeme tak skutečnost, že při své každodenní práci na památkách je restaurátor pravidelně konfrontován se zásahy z minulosti. Druhotné zásahy mají nejrůznější podobu, ale vždy je restaurátor nucen brát je v úvahu a nějakým způsobem na ně reagovat. Zároveň je to téma dostatečně široké na to, aby jednotlivé příspěvky mohly pokrýt významnou část spektra problematiky restaurování a ochrany památek.
Věříme, že konferenci Restaurování a ochrana uměleckých děl – Restaurování restaurovaného se nám podaří úspěšně navázat na loňský ročník a přispět, mimo jiné, k vzájemné mezioborové informovanosti všech profesí podílejících se na obnově památek.
Poděkování patří Pardubickému kraji, pod jehož záštitou se konference koná. Děkujeme také sponzorům a všem, kteří se přičinili o pořádání konference.
Za o. s. Arte-fakt,
sdružení pro ochranu památek
Luboš Machačko
www.arte-fakt.cz
Konference se koná za finanční podpory Pardubického kraje
finančně podpořili:
remmers
CSC stavby
www.cscstavby.cz
+420 608 600 900
Univerzita Pardubice
Fakulta restaurování
www.arte-fakt.cz
|
<urn:uuid:747222a8-c3b2-4c71-a2b8-1bc55505b923>
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HuggingFaceFW/finepdfs/tree/main/data/ces_Latn/train
|
finepdfs
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ces_Latn
| 5,742
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¿ QUÉ ES EL MARKETING 2.0 ?
Si viajamos en el tiempo veremos cómo hemos ido cambiando de costumbres a la hora de hacer negocios y de llegar al cliente
¿ La razón de este cambio ?
El marketing, tal y como se entendía desde los primeros años 80 hasta los albores del siglo XXI, está languideciendo.
Hoy en día las empresas deben apostar por dar el salto tecnológico y de contenido . La presencia de las empresas en las redes sociales no puede limitarse a tener un perfil corporativo en facebook. Es un concepto mucho más amplio y que, en algunos casos , debe representar la voz y, sobre todo los oidos de la empresa.
OBJETIVOS:
Desarrollar conocimientos adecuados sobre:
* La importancia de las Redes Sociales en la gestión de marketing dentro de las ventas
* La web 2.0 y las redes sociales: Estrategias de marketing y ventas
* El giro hacia la atención al consumidor y la creación de lazos con ellos de manera directa.
* Fidelización de los clientes y captar otros nuevos a través de redes sociales.
El espectacular auge de las Redes Sociales puede representar una oportunidad para crear valor de marca en las empresas .
CONTENIDOS:
Web 2.0 y marketing relacional
Marketing relacional 2.0
El poder de los social media
Social media como herramienta de relación
Una de las características esenciales de la visión tradicional de Marketing era su carácter invasivo. Teníamos que llamar la atención e irrumpir en el espacio del cliente. La web.2 nos ofrece otras características y otras formas de aproximarnos.
La red es colaborativa, asociativa y sobre todo crea comunidad .
DESARROLLO previsto
Febrero DE 19:00 A 21:00 H 8 HORAS
Matrícula:
18,10 € ( 10,86 BONIFICADOS)
SE EMITE CERTIFICADO DE ASISTENCIA
INFORMACIÓN E INSCRIPCIONES
UNIVERSIDAD POPULAR
C/ SAN ANTONIO N. º 45 TELF. 918.104.22.168
@uppopularyecla Universidad Popular Yecla email@example.com
www.yecla.es
UNIVERSIDAD POPULAR
MARKETING 2.0
PROGRAMACIÓN INICIAL
CURSO 2017 -2018
|
<urn:uuid:f720055e-83f5-4392-a2d7-b71c64fcd70b>
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HuggingFaceFW/finepdfs/tree/main/data/spa_Latn/train
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finepdfs
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spa_Latn
| 2,009
|
Language of Accused – Notification and Application in the Provincial Court of British Columbia
Langue de l'Accusé – Avis et demande auprès de la Cour Provinciale de la Colombie-Britannique
REGISTRY FILE NUMBER/NUMÉRO DE DOSSIER DU GREFFE
REGISTRY LOCATION/ADRESSE DU GREFFE
Canada: British Columbia / Colombie Britannique Section / Article 530 of the Criminal Code / du Code Criminel
In the case of / Dans l'affaire deR. v./c. __________________________________________________ ,
I / Je, _______________________________________
have read section 530 of the Criminal Code set out below, or it has been read to me. I confirm that I have been advised by my counsel, _________________________ of my right to apply for a trial or preliminary inquiry in English or French or, if the circumstances warrant, both official languages, and I understand that right.
I request to have my trial or preliminary inquiry in:
English
French
Both official languages
I understand that if I wish to have my trial or preliminary inquiry in French or both official languages, I should make this application no later than the time of my appearance at which a trial or preliminary inquiry date is set.
confirme que j'ai lu l'article 530 du Code Criminel retranscrit ci-dessous ou qu'une lecture m'en a été faite. Je confirme avoir été avisé par mon avocat ________________________ de mon droit de demander l'emploi du français ou de l'anglais au cours du procès ou de l'enquête préliminaire, ou les deux langues officielles si les circonstances le justifient, et que je comprends ce droit.
Je demande que mon procès ou l'enquête préliminaire se déroule :
Anglais
Français
Dans les deux langues officielles
Je comprends que si je souhaite qu'on utilise le français ou les deux langues officielles au cours de mon procès ou de l'enquête préliminaire, une demande devrait être faite au plus tard au moment de ma comparution à l'audience de fixation de la date du procès ou de l'enquête préliminaire.
Application 530 (1) On application by an accused whose language is one of the official languages of Canada, made not later than the time of the appearance of the accused at which their trial date is set, a judge, provincial court judge, judge of the Nunavut Court of Justice or justice of the peace shall grant an order directing that the accused be tried before a justice of the peace, provincial court judge, judge or judge and jury, as the case may be, who speak the official language of Canada that is the language of the accused or, if the circumstances warrant, who speak both official languages of Canada.
Demande 530(1) Sur demande d'un accusé dont la langue est l'une des langues officielles du Canada, faite au plus tard au moment de la comparution de celui-ci au cours de laquelle la date du procès est fixée, un juge, un juge de la cour provinciale, un juge de la Cour de justice du Nunavut ou un juge de paix ordonne que l'accusé subisse son procès devant un juge de paix, un juge de la cour provinciale, un juge seul ou un juge et un jury, selon le cas, qui parlent la langue officielle du Canada qui est celle de l'accusé ou, si les circonstances le justifient, qui parlent les deux langues officielles du Canada. Idem
530(2) Sur demande d'un accusé dont la langue n'est pas l'une des langues officielles du Canada, faite au plus tard au moment de la comparution de celui-ci au cours de laquelle la date du procès est fixée, un juge, un juge de la cour provinciale, un juge de la Cour de justice du Nunavut ou un juge de paix peut ordonner que l'accusé subisse son procès devant un juge de paix, un juge de la cour provinciale, un juge seul ou un juge et un jury, selon le cas, qui parlent la langue officielle du Canada, qui, à son avis, permettra à l'accusé de témoigner le plus facilement ou, si les circonstances le justifient, qui parlent les deux langues officielles du Canada.
Accused to be advised of Right 530 (3) The judge, provincial court judge, judge of the Nunavut Court of Justice or justice of the peace before whom an accused
530 (2) On application by an accused whose language is not one of the official languages of Canada, made not later than the time of the appearance of the accused at which their trial date is set, a judge, provincial court judge, judge of the Nunavut Court of Justice or justice of the peace may grant an order directing that the accused be tried before a justice of the peace, provincial court judge, judge or judge and jury, as the case may be, who speak the official language of Canada in which the accused, in the opinion of the judge, provincial court judge, judge of the Nunavut Court of Justice or justice of the peace, can best give testimony or, if the circumstances warrant, who speak both official languages of Canada.
PCR 976
07/2024
L'accusé doit être avisé de ce droit 530(3) Le juge, le juge de la cour provinciale, le juge de la Cour de justice du Nunavut ou le juge de paix devant qui l'accusé comparaît pour la première fois veille à ce que l'accusé soit avisé de
Page 1 of 2
first appears shall ensure that they are advised of their right to apply for an order under subsection (1) or (2) and of the time before which such an application must be made.
Variation of Order 530 (5) An order under this section that a trial be held in one of the official languages of Canada may, if the circumstances warrant, be varied by the court to require that it be held in both official languages of Canada, and vice versa.
Remand 530 (4) If an accused fails to apply for an order under subsection (1) or (2) and the judge, provincial court judge, judge of the Nunavut Court of Justice or justice of the peace before whom the accused is to be tried, in this Part referred to as "the court", is satisfied that it is in the best interests of justice that the accused be tried before a justice of the peace, provincial court judge, judge or judge and jury who speak the official language of Canada that is the language of the accused or, if the language of the accused is not one of the official languages of Canada, the official language of Canada in which the accused, in the opinion of the court, can best give testimony, the court may, if it does not speak that language, by order remand the accused to be tried by a justice of the peace, provincial court judge, judge or judge and jury, as the case may be, who speak that language or, if the circumstances warrant, who speak both official languages of Canada.
Renvoi 530(4) Lorsqu'un accusé ne présente aucune demande pour une ordonnance en vertu des paragraphes (1) ou (2) et que le juge, le juge de la cour provinciale, le juge de la Cour de justice du Nunavut ou le juge de paix devant qui l'accusé doit subir son procès — appelés « tribunal » dans la présente partie — est convaincu qu'il est dans les meilleurs intérêts de la justice que l'accusé subisse son procès devant un juge de paix, un juge de la cour provinciale, un juge seul ou un juge et un jury qui parlent la langue officielle du Canada qui est celle de l'accusé ou, si la langue de l'accusé n'est pas l'une des langues officielles du Canada, la langue officielle du Canada qui, de l'avis du tribunal, permettra à l'accusé de témoigner le plus facilement, le tribunal peut, par ordonnance, s'il ne parle pas cette langue, renvoyer l'accusé pour qu'il subisse son procès devant un juge de paix, un juge de la cour provinciale, un juge seul ou un juge et un jury qui parlent cette langue ou, si les circonstances le justifient, qui parlent les deux langues officielles du Canada.
Circumstances warranting order directing trial in both official languages
son droit de demander une ordonnance au titre des paragraphes (1) ou (2) et des délais dans lesquels il doit faire une telle demande.
Modification de l'ordonnance 530(5) Toute ordonnance rendue en vertu du présent article prévoyant le déroulement d'un procès dans l'une des langues officielles du Canada peut, si les circonstances le justifient, être modifiée par le tribunal pour prévoir son déroulement dans les deux langues officielles du Canada, et vice versa.
530 (6) The facts that two or more accused who are to be tried together are each entitled to be tried before a justice of the peace, provincial court judge, judge or judge and jury who speak one of the official languages of Canada and that those official languages are different may constitute circumstances that warrant that an order be granted directing that they be tried before a justice of the peace, provincial court judge, judge or judge and jury who speak both official languages of Canada
Circonstances justifiant l'utilisation des deux langues officielles 530(6) Peut constituer une circonstance justifiant une ordonnance portant qu'un accusé subira son procès devant un juge de paix, un juge de la cour provinciale, un juge seul ou un juge et un jury qui parlent les deux langues officielles du Canada le fait que des co-accusés qui doivent être jugés conjointement ont chacun le droit d'avoir un procès devant un juge de paix, un juge de la cour provinciale, un juge seul ou un juge et un jury qui parlent une des langues officielles du Canada, mais que cette langue n'est pas la même pour tous les co-accusés.
Date: ____________________________
Signature
Name of Accused / Nom du Prévenu:
____________________________________
Date:
____________________________
Signature
Counsel Name / Nom de l'Avocat:
______________________________________
PCR 976
07/2024
Page 2 of 2
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<urn:uuid:f39a47ad-e052-44e4-beea-bee9216e36fd>
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finepdfs
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fra_Latn
| 9,505
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z
2
2
2
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2
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http://www.novapdf.com)
Lösungen erstellt am 12.11.11 von W. Stark; Berufliche Oberschule Freising www.extremstark.de 2011 A I Lösung BE 1.0 Gegeben sind die reellen Funktionen 2 a x 2ax 1 f : x 2x 4a mit a IR in der maximalen Definitionsmenge a ID . Der Graph einer solchen Funktion wird mit a G bezeichnet. 4 1.1 Geben Sie a ID an und bestimmen Sie die Art der Definitionslücke. a 2a n x 2x 4a 0 x 2a ID IR\ 2 2 2 z 2a 2a 2a 2a 1 4a 4a 1 1 0 Somit hat man eine Polstelle mit Vorzeichenwechsel, eine senkrechte Asymptote mit der Gleichung x 2a . 6 1.2 Ermitteln Sie, für welche Parameterwerte a die Funktion a f zwei verschiedene Nullstellen, genau eine Nullstelle bzw. keine Nullstelle hat, und geben Sie die entsprechenden Nullstellen an. 12 2 2 2 2 2 z x x 2ax 1 0 2a 4 a 1 2a 4a 4 2a 2 a 1 x a a 1 2 2 2 Die Anzahl der Nullstellen der Funktion f hängt somit von der Diskriminante 2 D a 1 ab. Es gibt keine Nullstellen, falls 2 D a 1 0 , also für 1 a 1 . Es gibt eine Nullstelle, falls 2 D a 1 0 , also für 1 1 1 1 a 1 x 1 0 1 ID oder a 1 x 1 0 1 ID Es gibt zwei Nullstellen, falls 2 D a 1 0 , also für a 1 oder a 1 . 6 1.3 Untersuchen Sie das Verhalten der Funktionswerte a f x für x und bestimmen Sie die Gleichungen aller Asymptoten des Graphen a G . Senkrechte Asymptote: x 2a Somit folgt: 1 a 2 1 f x x 2x 4a Der Graph hat eine schiefe Asymptote mit der Gleichung: 1 2 y x Für sein Grenzwertverhalten folgt: 2 1 2 1 x 2ax 1 : 2x 4a x 2x 4a 2 x 2ax 1 Create PDF files without this message by purchasing novaPDF printer (http://www.novapdf.com)
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G ist streng monoton steigend für alle
a
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G ist streng monoton fallend für alle
a
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files without this message by purchasing novaPDF printer (
2
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2a 1
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und für
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Lösungen erstellt am 12.11.11 von W. Stark; Berufliche Oberschule Freising www.extremstark.de 1 1 1 1 1 a 2 2x 4a 2 2x 4a 2 x x x x x 0 lim f x lim x lim x lim lim x 1 1 1 1 1 a 2 2x 4a 2 2x 4a 2 x x x x x 0 lim f x lim x lim x lim lim x 8 1.4 Bestimmen Sie die maximalen Monotonieintervalle der Funktion a f und ermitteln Sie damit Art und Lage der Extrempunkte des Graphen a G . 2 a 2 x 2a 1 Mögliches Teilergebnis :f x 2 x 2a 2 a 2 a 2 2 2 2 a 2 2 2 a 2 x 2ax 1 f x 2x 4a 2x 4a 2x 2a x 2ax 1 2 f x 2x 4a 4x 4ax 8ax 8a 2x 4ax 2 f x 2x 4a 2x 8ax 8a 2 f x 0 2x 4a 12 2 2 2 2 2 2 2x 8ax 8a 2 0 8a 64a 8 8a 2 8a 64a 64a 16 8a 4 x 2a 1 4 4 4 Vorzeichentabelle: a G ist streng monoton steigend für alle x ; 2a 1 und für x 2a 1; a G ist streng monoton fallend für alle x 2a 1; 2a und für x 2a; 2a 1 2 2 2 a 2a 1 2a 2a 1 1 4a 4a 1 4a 2a 1 2a 2 f 2a 1 a 1 2 2a 1 4a 4a 2 4a 2 2 2 2 a 2a 1 2a 2a 1 1 4a 4a 1 4a 2a 1 2a 2 f 2a 1 a 1 2 2a 1 4a 4a 2 4a 2 Somit folgt für die Koordinaten der Extrempunkte: a H 2a 1; a 1 und a T 2a 1; a 1 2 2 2x 8ax 8a 2 2 2x 4a a f x a G x 2a 2a 1 2a 1 0 0 HP TP n.d. Create PDF files without this message by purchasing novaPDF printer (http://www.novapdf.com)
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1.5
f
x 1
1
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2 2x 4
in ihrer maximalen Definitionsmenge ID.
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1
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Lösungen erstellt am 12.11.11 von W. Stark; Berufliche Oberschule Freising www.extremstark.de 3 1.5 Zeigen Sie, dass unabhängig von a der Tiefpunkt a T 2a 1; a 1 und der Hochpunkt a H 2a 1; a 1 des Graphen a G immer denselben Abstand voneinander haben. Für den Abstand der beiden Extrempunkte gilt: 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 d x y d 2a 1 2a 1 a 1 a 1 d 2a 1 2a 1 a 1 a 1 d 2 2 d 4 4 d 8 unabhängig von a IR Somit ist der Abstand der beiden Extrempunkte für alle a IR gleich. 5 1.6 Setzen Sie a 1 und zeichnen Sie den Graphen 1 G mit seinen Asymptoten für 3 x 6 in ein kartesisches Koordinatensystem. Maßstab: 1LE 1cm . 1.7.0 Für a 1 erhält man nach entsprechender Umformung die Funktion 1 x 1 f : x 2 2x 4 in ihrer maximalen Definitionsmenge 1 ID . Der Graph 1 G begrenzt mit den drei Geraden mit den Gleichungen y 0 , x k und x k 1 mit k IR und k 2 ein Flächenstück k A . x y 1 G Create PDF files without this message by purchasing novaPDF printer (http://www.novapdf.com)
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Lösungen erstellt am 12.11.11 von W. Stark; Berufliche Oberschule Freising www.extremstark.de 9 1.7.1 Kennzeichnen Sie für k 3 das Flächenstück 3 A im Schaubild der Aufgabe 1.6 und zeigen Sie, dass für die von k abhängige Flächenmaßzahl F des Flächenstücks k A gilt: 1 1 2 2 k 1 F k k ln k 2 Um die gesuchte Fläche zu berechnen benötigt man den Funktionsterm f x . Verwendet man allerdings den in 1.0 gegebenen Term, so wird man nur schwer eine Stammfunktion finden. Besser ist es, man verwendet den Term, den man nach der Polynomdivision erhalten hat. Also: 1 1 1 2 2x 4 f x x Somit folgt nun für die gesuchte Fläche: k 1 k 1 2 1 1 1 1 2 2x 4 4 2 k k F k x dx x ln 2x 4 Da k 2 ist (vgl. 1.7.0) kann man den Betrag beim ln auch weglassen! k 1 2 1 1 4 2 k 2 2 1 1 1 1 4 2 4 2 2 2 1 1 1 1 1 1 4 2 4 2 4 2 1 1 1 2 4 2 1 1 1 2 2 2 1 1 2 2 1 1 2 2 F k x ln 2x 4 F k k 1 ln 2 k 1 4 k ln 2k 4 F k k k ln 2k 2 k ln 2k 4 F k k ln 2k 2 ln 2k 4 2k 2 F k k ln 2k 4 2 k 1 F k k ln 2 k 2 k 1 F k k ln k 2 x y 1 G Create PDF files without this message by purchasing novaPDF printer (http://www.novapdf.com)
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2
2
www.extremstark.de Lösungen erstellt am 12.11.11 von W. Stark; Berufliche Oberschule Freising www.extremstark.de 1.7.2 Bestimmen Sie den Parameterwert k so, dass die Flächenmaßzahl F ihren absolut kleinsten Wert annimmt. Nun noch die zweite Ableitung von F k 1 2 2 2 2 2 0 2k 3 F k k 3k 2 2k 3 F k 2 k 3k 2 1 2 3 5 F 5 0 Linkskrümmung 2 Somit hat F für 1 3 5 k 2 ein relatives Minimum. 1 1 1 1 1 k 1 2 2 2 2 2 k 2 k k k k 1 0 k 1 lim F k lim k ln lim k lim ln k 2
2.0
Somit hat F für
3 5
1
k
2
sogar ein absolutes Minimum.
Nach einem Modell des britischen Ökonomen Thomas Malthus kann die Zahl B der
Weltbevölkerung in Abhängigkeit von der Zeit t (in Jahren) näherungsweise durch folgende Funktionsgleichung beschrieben werden. (Einheiten werden nicht mitgeführt.)
B t
r t
0
B e
, wobei gilt t IR und t 0 sowie
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r IR und r 0 .
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Lösungen erstellt am 12.11.11 von W. Stark; Berufliche Oberschule Freising www.extremstark.de 5 4 1 1 1 1 1 1 k 1 2 2 2 2 2 k 2 k 2 k 2 k 2 k 2 0 k 1 limF k lim k ln lim k limln k 2 Somit hat F für 1 3 5 k 2 sogar ein absolutes Minimum. 2.0 Nach einem Modell des britischen Ökonomen Thomas Malthus kann die Zahl B der Weltbevölkerung in Abhängigkeit von der Zeit t (in Jahren) näherungsweise durch folgende Funktionsgleichung beschrieben werden. (Einheiten werden nicht mitgeführt.) r t 0 B t B e , wobei gilt t IR und t 0 sowie r IR und r 0 . Dabei gibt 0 B die Bevölkerungszahl zum Zeitpunkt t 0 am 1.1.1800 an und r ist ein Maß für die Wachstumsrate der Bevölkerung. Am 1.1.1950 betrug die Weltbevölkerung etwa 3,7 Milliarden Menschen, und am 1.1.2050 werden etwa 9,5 Milliarden Menschen weltweit erwartet. 5 2.1 Zeigen Sie, dass für die Werte von 0 B und r gilt: 9 0 B 0,90 10 und 3 r 9,43 10 . 150r 9 0 B 150 B e 3,7 10 250r 9 0 B 250 B e 9,5 10 Nun löst man die erste Gleichung nach 0 B und setzt dies in die zweite Gleichung ein: 9 0 150r 3,7 10 B e 9 250r 9 150r 250r 9 250r 9 100r 95 37 95 37 95 3 37 3,7 10 e 9,5 10 e e 9,5 10 e 3,7 10 e ln ... 100r ln r 9,43 10 100 3 9 9 0 150 9,4310 3,7 10 B 0,90 10 e Somit folgt: 3 9 9,4310 t B t 0,90 10 e Create PDF files without this message by purchasing novaPDF printer (http://www.novapdf.com)
B t
t 2 B t
B 125
75 2 B 125
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Lösungen erstellt am 12.11.11 von W. Stark; Berufliche Oberschule Freising www.extremstark.de 3 2.2 Stellen Sie die Entwicklung der Weltbevölkerung zwischen 1.1.1800 und 1.1.2050 mit einem geeigneten Maßstab graphisch dar. 5 2.3 Entnehmen Sie einer entsprechenden Markierung im Diagramm der Aufgabe 2.2 zu einem beliebigem Zeitpunkt t das Intervall t , für das folgende Bedingung gilt: B t t 2 B t Zeigen Sie durch Rechnung, dass das Zeitintervall t unabhängig vom Zeitpunkt t ist, und berechnen Sie t auf eine Nachkommastelle gerundet. Es soll gelten: B t t 2 B t Mit Hilfe des Diagramms folgt: B 200 2 B 125 also: B 125 75 2 B 125 Somit folgt für t 75 (ist abhängig von der Zeichen- und Ablesegenauigkeit) Nun noch durch Rechnung: r t t r t 0 0 r t r t r t r t r t r t r t 3 B t t 2 B t B e 2B e e 2 e e e 2 e e 2 ln ... r t ln 2 ln 2 t 73,5 r 9,43 10 9 B t in 10 t in Jahren B G Create PDF files without this message by purchasing novaPDF printer (http://www.novapdf.com)
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t
Lösungen erstellt am 12.11.11 von W. Stark; Berufliche Oberschule Freising www.extremstark.de 7 2.4 Die natürliche Tragfähigkeitsgrenze der Erde ist der Zeitpunkt TG t , an dem die Maßzahl der zur Verfügung stehenden Nahrungsmittel 7 9 N t 2,5 10 t 2,0 10 mit t IR und t 0 (t in Jahren) nicht mehr größer ist als die Zahl der Weltbevölkerung B t . (Eine Nahrungsmitteleinheit entspricht zur Vereinfachung dabei einer Bevölkerungseinheit.) Bestimmen Sie mit Hilfe des Newtonverfahrens den Zeitpunkt TG t . Benutzen Sie als Startwert 0 t 210 , führen Sie nur einen Näherungsschritt durch, runden Sie das Ergebnis auf ganze Jahre und geben Sie auch das entsprechende Jahr unserer Zeitrechnung an. 3 3 3 9 9,43 10 t 7 9 9 9,43 10 t 7 9 7 9,4310 t B t N t 0,90 10 e 2,5 10 t 2,0 10 0,90 10 e 2,5 10 t 2,0 10 0 90 e 2,5 t 200 0 Nun definiert man sich: 3 9,43 10 t D t 90 e 2,5 t 200 3 9,4310 t D t 0,8487 e 2,5 Mit dem Newtonverfahren (Startwert 0 t 210 ) folgt somit: 3 3 9,4310 210 0 1 0 9,4310 210 0 D t D 210 90 e 2,5 210 200 t t 210 210 230 0,8487 e 2,5 D t D 210 Die Tragfähigkeitsgrenze wäre damit am 01.01.2030 erreicht. __ 70 Create PDF files without this message by purchasing novaPDF printer (http://www.novapdf.com)
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HuggingFaceFW/finepdfs/tree/main/data/deu_Latn/train
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Bury St. Edmunds IP30 9ND United Kingdom
Mobile: 07798 836549
Telephone: 01359 271747
Cornish - Cormorant Mk1
£ 3,500
Description
OUR REF. † AYB00976 GENERAL Sixpence is a lovely example of a Mk1 Cornish Cormorant. She has exceptionally good gelcoat and benefits from recently being copper coated. Her foils, sail, spars and covers are also in good condition. She is ready to sail. BUILDER Cornish Crabbers. June 1992. Number 121 SPECIFICATION Original White GRP gelcoated hull with cream deck and teak trim. LOA 12'3" Beam 5'10" Draft 12" Plywood centre plate Weight 140kg RIGGING Cat gaff with varnished mast and spars in International Original. SAILS Main Tan main with slab reefing made by Rockal Sails in good condition. ENGINE No Engine. Anglia Yacht Brokerage can supply new Epropulsions or Tohatsu's at a good price. EQUIPMENT Compass, Oars and rowlocks, Outboard motor moiunt (Not fitted) Recent cockpit cover, Overall storage trailing cover in good condition. TRAILER Bramber combination galvanised road trailer with separate launching trolley. Trailer has recent suspension units with hubs/bearings, wheels and tyres. Launching trolley has new puncture proof wheels. LYING Our offices at Rougham by appointment.
Manufacturer: Cornish
Model: Cormorant Mk1
Year built: 1992
Length (m): 3.6576
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| 1,311
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La rasoiata di Occam
Cent’anni persi per il caligo
Previdenza o... Prevveggenza
Medici Veneziani in Sierra Leone
La CAO di Venezia alla festa della Guardia di Finanza
I giovedì dell’Ordine
ORDINE DEI MEDICI CHIRURGI E DEGLI ODONTOIATRI DELLA PROVINCIA DI VENEZIA
Consiglio Direttivo
dott. MAURIZIO SCASSOLA (Presidente)
dott. SALVATORE RAMUSCELLO (Vice-Presidente)
dott. CATERINA BOSCOLO (Segretario)
dott. DAVIDE RONCALI (Tesoriere)
dott. PIERLUIGI ALLIBARDI
dott. MORENO BREDA
dott. GIUSEPPE COLLURA
dott. GELLI GIUSEPPE FABRIS
dott. GIOVANNI LEONI
dott. TIZIANA MARUSSO
dott. MALEK MEDIATI
dott. GIULIANO NICOLIN
dott. GABRIELE OPTALE
dott. PAOLO REGINI
dott. MORENO SCEVOLA
dott. MAURIZIO SINIGAGLIA
dott. COSIMO TOMASELLI
Collegio dei Revisori dei Conti
Effettivi
dott. RENATO FAMELI (Presidente)
dott. PASQUALE PICCIANO
dott. ANDREA BAGOLAN
Supplente
dott. ALBERTO COSSATO
Commissione per gli iscritti all’Albo Odontoiatri
dott. COSIMO TOMASELLI (Presidente)
dott. STEFANO AUGUSTO BERTO
dott. GABRIELE CRIVELLENTI
dott. GIULIANO NICOLIN
dott. PIETRO VALENTI
Anno LI - n. 03 del 30 giugno 2010
Aut. Tribunale di Ve n. 239 - 31.1.1958
Direttore Editoriale
Maurizio Scassola
Direttore Responsabile
Franco Fabbro
Comitato di redazione
Giovanni Leoni, Giuliano Sassi,
Michela Morando, Gabriele Optale
Antonio Lo Giudice, Cristiano Samueli
Sede e Redazione
Via Mestrina, 86 - 30172 Mestre (VE)
Tel. 041.989479 - Fax 041.989663
firstname.lastname@example.org
Editore
Mazzanti Editori s.r.l.
R.O.C. 11028
Progetto Grafico
Valentina Remigi
Stampa
Grafiche Antiga - Crocetta del Montello (TV)
Concessionario di pubblicità
LYBRA ADV s.r.l.
Via delle Industrie, 19/B
30175 Venezia - Marghera
Tel. 041.5383576 - Fax 041.2529252
Chiuso in redazione il 30 giugno 2010
04 La rasoia di Occam
06 Cent'anni persi per il caligo
08 Previdenza... o preveggenza?
10 Costi in sanità alla luce della crisi economica
12 La ricetta medica
13 Tre medici veneziani in Sierra Leone
14 La realtà virtuale
16 www.nonfateimedici.it
17 Convegno sul cooperativismo in medicina generale
18 La CAO di Venezia alla festa della Guardia di Finanza
19 Sistema di controllo della tracciabilità dei rifiuti
21 Certificazioni online: comunicazione del Presidente FNOMCeO Amedeo Bianco
22 La noia della ragione, la sorpresa del torto
23 Polizza Sanitaria, nonostante tutto continuiamo insieme
25 Bellezza, armonia, salute: quale relazione?
26 FEDER.S.P.E.V.
28 Convegno a Mestre sulla contraccezione d'emergenza
30 La cura del paziente con osteoporosi: chi fa che cosa?
32 I giovedì dell’Ordine
Sommario
La rasoiata di Occam
“Entia non sunt multiplicanda praeter necessitatem”
Dalla introduzione del Ministro Sacconi al Libro Bianco sul futuro del modello sociale: “…Promuovere la salute consente di ridurre la povertà, l’emarginazione e il disagio sociale e anche di incrementare la produttività del lavoro, i tassi di occupazione, la crescita complessiva della economia. Allo stesso modo, un aumento della qualità del lavoro e delle occasioni di impiego per un arco di vita più lungo, così come un contesto favorevole alla occupabilità e alla mobilità sociale, qualunque sia il punto di partenza di ciascuno, si traducono in maggiore salute e benessere psicofisico…”.
I dati dell’OMS dimostrano da tempo come l’aspettativa di vita in Europa è diventata molto disomogenea ed è correlata al livello socio-economico; questo è chiaramente dimostrabile anche all’interno di comunità apparentemente omogenee; a Glasgow esiste un differenziale di aspettativa di vita di 8 anni tra la popolazione nelle migliori condizioni sociali e quella nelle peggiori; così a Torino e a Malmö!
Poniamoci alcune domande: dove si produce salute? Che strategie di investimento producono il miglior guadagno di salute nella popolazione? Quali strategie contribuiscono a ridurre le disuguaglianze nello stato di salute e danno valore aggiunto allo sviluppo sociale ed economico?
Questi quesiti divengono non eludibili in un periodo in cui la crisi economica è alimentata, specie nel nostro Paese, dal vuoto di responsabilità e di partecipazione. Se il livello socio-economico è uno dei determinanti fondamentali per lo stato di salute dobbiamo aspettarci, nei prossimi anni, un peggioramento delle condizioni della nostra popolazione senza poter offrire risposte adeguate ed appropriate ai nuovi bisogni. Con quali strumenti e con quali risorse dovremmo affrontare questi orizzonti? Crisi economica, privatizzazioni striscianti, crisi della professione medica che viene alimentata dagli effetti della gobba pensionistica 2015 – 2025, dalla fuga verso la pensione (con il colpevole contributo della recente manovra finanziaria), dalla crisi vocazionale, porteranno inevitabilmente ad una revisione del modello assistenziale.
Non è possibile presumere che possano esistere opportunità di assistenza che vadano oltre la pura necessità!
Come si prepara la classe medica a questi nuovi orizzonti? Litigando per l’ENPAM? Frazionandosi in sub sindacati che preservino i privilegi di pochi? Continuando a subire la logica delle “Aziende” ulss sempre più incapaci di programmare e chiusse nei vincoli di bilancio statale e regionale? Subendo leggi e normative che continuano a condizionarne libertà ed tempo per il lavoro?
Le Professioni Sanitarie hanno l’obbligo civile di trovare un coordinamento politico che delinei una strategia comune per la salvezza del Sistema Socio – Sanitario Nazionale.
Riprendiamo dal Libro bianco del Ministro Sacconi: “…L’aumento della domanda e dei bisogni conseguenti alla rivoluzione epidemiologica dell’ultimo ventennio comporterà una crescente spesa sanitaria difficilmente sostenibile dalla fiscalità generale anche in presenza di una gestione più virtuosa della spesa.
È necessario pertanto che il pilastro a capitalizzazione reale si sviluppi anche in ambito sanitario e assistenziale, valorizzando le possibili sinergie e complementarità con il pilastro pensionistico privato…La crescita di un nuovo secondo pilastro con nuove forme integrative di assistenza sanitaria e socio-sanitaria, rivisitando anche lo strumento delle società di mutuo soccorso, è rilevante anche al fine di valorizzare nuove forme di produzione dei servizi che fanno tradizionalmente parte dell’offerta dello Stato sociale…”
Ma quali sono i dati che sostengono questa “difficile sostenibilità anche in presenza di una gestione più virtuosa”? Si vuole spostare una quota parte della spesa sulle famiglie introducendo una nuova mutualità integrativa? Noi non siamo pregiudizialmente contrari ad analizzare questa ipotesi ove ci venisse dimostrato, con dati concreti, la loro fondatezza ma ci sembra che, in un panorama così incerto e di sostanziale diffusa “irresponsabilità”, vada posto con forza il problema del federalismo e della responsabilizzazione delle Regioni.
La categoria medica deve essere coinvolta nelle scelte sia a livello regionale che nazionale e deve partecipare alla verifica e revisione del Sistema. I sindacati devono garantire il livello di contrattazione, gli Ordini devono garantire la salvaguardia del ruolo, del decoro e della dignità della Professione.
Maurizio Scassola
Cent’anni persi per il caligo
Il 10 Luglio del 1910, con il veneziano Luigi Luzzatti alla presidenza del Consiglio dei Ministri, il Parlamento Italiano approvava la legge istitutiva dell’Ordine dei Medici. Siamo quindi in un periodo di celebrazioni, autocelebrazioni e autoincensamenti. Ma la conoscenza della nostra storia più che motivo di orgoglio, dovrebbe essere di rimpianto per gli obiettivi mancati e di stimolo per perseguirli con rinnovato vigore, finalmente.
La legge del 1910 non fu in realtà una istituzione ex-novo, ma l’institutionalizzazione degli Ordini dei Sanitari, già costituitisi su base volontaria in molte province italiane, tra cui Venezia nel 1889. Quindi con 20 anni di ritardo lo Stato Italiano riconosceva la funzione pubblica di associazioni volontarie preesistenti.
Lo spunto per la costituzione degli Ordini dei Sanitari, i quali all’inizio comprendevano anche veterinari e farmacisti, venne dalla promulgazione nel 1888 del Codice di Igiene e Sanità Pubblica da parte del governo Crispi, con il quale si riconosceva ai medici un ruolo pubblico. All’articolo 23 si stabiliva che per l’esercizio della Medicina era necessaria la laurea in una università italiana e all’articolo 35 si stabiliva che l’apertura di un istituto di cura era necessaria l’autorizzazione del prefetto. L’art.35 del Codice fu in seguito ripreso nell’art.193 del Testo Unico delle Leggi Sanitarie del 1934, il quale è ancora il fondamento della normativa sull’autorizzazione all’esercizio.
Veniva inoltre costituito il Consiglio Superiore di Sanità, il Consiglio Provinciale di Sanità, il Medico Provinciale e il Medico Comunale nella qualità di Ufficiale Sanitario. In quegli anni la popolazione italiana era di 35.000.000 di persone, la mortalità infantile di 140 per mille, la vita media di 46 anni, la prima causa di morte la tubercolosi, e diffusi erano pure il colera e la pellagra.
A seguito dell’emanazione del Codice per i medici italiani si pose il problema di strutturare in modo più organico il rapporto con lo Stato, passando da una fase di pura e semplice lotta sindacale ad un piano di collaborazione. Il fattore fondante identificato dagli Ordini Sanitari per questa collaborazione fu l’etica. L’appartenenza all’Ordine venne subordinata al rispetto di un Codice Deontologico.
Solo l’abitudine ci impedisce di sussultare a questa affermazione.
Consideriamo la situazione nella quale si svilupparono gli Ordini Sanitari: essi sono gli eredi delle associazioni mediche, prima tra tutte l’Associazione Medica Italiana (AMI) fondata nel 1862 e in seguito l’Associazione Nazionale dei Medici Comunali (ANMC). Il primo obiettivo di queste associazioni professionali è prettamente sindacale: un medico condotto dell’epoca guadagna da 1.700 a 2.300 lire all’anno, un pretore 8.000, un maresciallo dei carabinieri 4.500! Il contesto è il sindacalismo di stampo socialista, tanto che nel 1908 l’ANMC aderì alla Confederazione Generale del Lavoro (antesignana dell’odierna CGIL) di Filippo Turati.
A fianco dei Medici Condotti, i libero professionisti chiedevano la tutela della professione, la lotta alla plethora medica e all’abusivismo. Ricordiamo che l’obbligo della laurea in Medicina per l’esercizio dell’odontoiatria è del 1890.
Gli Ordini Sanitari su base volontaria e gli Ordini dei Medici istituiti con la legge del 1910 cercano invece un fondamento etico che li pone piuttosto nel filone corporativistico che sindacale.
Se teniamo presente che nel 1910 per i cattolici vigeva ancora il non expedit e ad essi era proibita l’attività politica nazionale (ma non nelle istituzioni locali), che nel 1909 don Murri fu scomunicato per essere stato eletto al parlamento tra l’altro con i voti dei socialisti, il fondamento deontologico dell’Ordine ci deve far particolarmente riflettere.
Non si trattava evidentemente di anni nei quali i cattolici erano assenti dalla vita pubblica, sia come istituzioni (pensiamo all’Opera dei Congressi e ai suoi epigoni) sia come pensatori (pensiamo al Toniolo) sia come singole personalità (pensiamo a san Riccardo Pampani e a san Giuseppe Moscati). Tuttavia quando gli Ordini Sanitari vennero riconosciuti dallo Stato evidentemente per etica non si intendeva e non si poteva intendere in senso restrittivo “etica cattolica”, ma neppure “etica laicista”.
Il riconoscimento della funzione pubblica dell’Ordine è una scommessa: che sia possibile una grande conciliazione nazionale, alternativa alla lotta di classe da un lato e all’individualismo liberista dall’altro. Che i medici possano liberamente riconoscere ed obbedire ad un imperativo etico superiore a qualunque legge ed interesse, il quale imperativo li pone genuinamente al servizio della salute di ogni singolo cittadino.
Ma questa avventura dura poco: nel 1926 viene sciolta la Federazione Nazionale degli Ordini dei Medici e nel 1935 vengono aboliti gli Ordini Provinciali. Il fascismo non vede con simpatia una organizzazione in gran parte diretta dai Medici Condotti, che resiste, seppure senza grande convinzione e con poco successo, all’ascesa fascista, e predilige i medici ospedalieri, sui quali sposta gli investimenti e dai quali si attende il maggior contributo alla sanità pubblica. D’altra parte il fascismo contrappone alla lotta di classe e all’individualismo liberista il nazionalismo, la cui etica non è compatibile con una etica personalista.
Dunque, ricapitolando: le principali rivendicazioni sindacali dei medici un secolo fa erano di tipo economico per i medici condotti e di lotta all’abusivismo per i libero professionisti. Essi si resero conto che tali interessi non potevano essere difesi se non acquisendo una funzione pubblica di tutela della salute dei cittadini. In questo contesto l’Ordine professionale viene visto dalle associazioni mediche come un passo verso il raggiungimento dei propri obiettivi e la deontologia come lo strumento che ne giustifica l’esistenza. Il regime fascista tuttavia dà la preferenza alla medicina ospedaliera, la quale è parzialmente sottratta al potere disciplinare dell’Ordine e assorbe gran parte delle risorse economiche della sanità pubblica.
Sembra quasi che cento anni non siano passati affatto.
Ma mentre cento anni fa l’Italia era un pullulare frenetico di idee e iniziative, oggi assistiamo ad un desolante panorama di conflitto di interessi. La riflessione sulla possibile collaborazione tra i medici e lo Stato sulla base di una etica condivisa, il fondamento razionale di tale etica e il suo rapporto con le etiche più diffuse (oggi quella cattolica e forse quella idealista, ma un domani, chissà, quella islamica) è del tutto assente. Molto chiare sono invece le rivendicazioni economiche dei medici di base, il conflitto ospedale-territorio, la lotta all’abusivismo odontoiatrico. La possibile separazione medici-odontoiatri acuirà, se possibile, la gravità della situazione.
In assenza di una riflessione etica, gli Ordini non possono fare altro che appiattirsi su posizioni sindacali senza riuscire a comporre i conflitti tra i propri iscritti e senza poter immaginare e proporre una via d’uscita alla crisi del sistema sanitario.
Dobbiamo uscire dal caligo, dobbiamo ritrovare la bussola della nostra ragion d’essere.
Cosimo Tomaselli
Oggi parliamo di Previdenza. In parole povere di pensioni. Piaccia o non piaccia è un argomento che prima o poi bisogna affrontare e, consiglio personale, prima lo fate, come tutte le cose importanti della vita, meglio è. Come voci tutti ben sapete, nel nostro Paese è in atto un progressivo ed, allo stato attuale, inarrestabile, invecchiamento della popolazione. Secondo recenti dati, ogni anno che passa aumenta di tre mesi l’aspettativa di vita media della popolazione italiana; quindi, si vivrà più a lungo di quanto previsto statisticamente anni addietro, quando furono impostati i parametri contributivi che domani potrebbero dimostrare tutta la loro inadeguatezza. Contemporaneamente è in atto un’importante trasformazione delle economie europee e mondiali, a loro volta influenzate dai grandi flussi migratori e dalla instabilità economica e sociale delle varie nazioni nel tempo. Entrambi questi fattori, insieme alla riduzione numerica della classe medica, alla evoluzione tecnologica della medicina rigenerativa ed alla diminuzione della natalità, porteranno ad uno squilibrio demografico ed economico tra generazioni subentranzi. Di qui il fatto che una generazione successiva non avrà reddito sufficiente per finanziare le pensioni e l’assistenza maturata dalla generazione che l’ha preceduta.
L’organizzazione del sistema pensionistico, nostro ed europeo, si basa sui tre pilastri della previdenza di cui avrete sicuramente sentito parlare. Il primo pilastro è la “Previdenza sociale obbligatoria” a finalità pubblica per la pensione base (leggi ENPAM). Il secondo, la “Previdenza complementare”, su base volontaria, a contrattazione collettiva ed adesione individuale (Fondo sanità). Il terzo pilastro riguarda la “previdenza integrativa privata”, su base assicurativa (fondi individuali pensionistici, piani individuali previdenziali, polizze vita).
Il problema che si pone è: riusciremo in definitiva a garantire i necessari flussi contributivi per pagare le pensioni più a lungo? Stante, ad esempio, il maggior consumo di sanità di una popolazione che invecchia? Oppure a causa del “rischio politico” e cioè il perdurare della tassazione sulla capitalizzazione dei contributi? In pratica, il patrimonio, obbligatoriamente costituito a garanzia del pagamento delle pensioni, è tassato come quello di una qualsiasi impresa speculativa ed ogni anno un flusso finanziario importante è sottratto alle pensioni ed alla solidarietà intracategoriale. Un altro fattore critico è il cambiamento in atto nella struttura imprenditoriale della libera professione, l’odontoiatria in primis, dove grossi gruppi finanziari fanno a gara per accaparrarsi forza lavoro a basso costo. Nel quotidiano succede che, giovani neolaureati debbano giocofora inserirsi in megastrutture tipo supermarket della salute, ove viene stravolto l’esclusivo rapporto sanatore-paziente. Non solo, ma questo imponente afflusso di capitali finalizzati unicamente al profitto sul mercato della salute, verosimilmente, indurrà forme di esercizio professionale elusive della contribuzione individuale. Quello che si è capito dalla recente crisi economica è che nessuno sa trarre dal passato modelli efficaci per anticipare il futuro, per cui parlare di redditività significativa con investimenti poco rischiosi, prontamente liquidabili ma a capitale garantito, diversificati ma equilibrati, può solo essere una chimera.
Nel passato il problema della terza età era finalizzato al mantenimento della pace e della serenità sociale, alla protezione del lavoratore nel periodo più debole della sua fase produttiva, cioè alla fine, tramite un trasferimento forzato di parte del reddito realizzato nel periodo fecondo alla fase finale della vita. Anche oggi è così, ma i meccanismi di attuazione di questo sistema si sono talmente riempiti di variabili che la sola previsione a breve termine si rivela molto difficile. Viviamo un presente in cui una folta generazione di 50/60enni si pensionerà nei prossimi 15 anni alterando per lungo tempo il rapporto tra attivi e pensionati. Ce la farà la futura generazione di colleghi a sostenere il sistema con la propria contribuzione se dal lavoro non arriveranno redditi sufficienti e se il Patrimonio accumulato non garantirà proventi sostanziosi? E ancora: chi saranno i sanitari di domani? Come evolverà l’attuale situazione che va ineluttabilmente verso la formazione di figure professionali, regolarmente sfornate dalle nostre università, sempre più parcelizzate e quindi con capacità contributiva limitata dal loro stesso status di super-specialisti? Non basta: volete che parliamo dei molti, purtroppo anche tra i nostri colleghi, che, approfittando di prepensionamenti o mega-pensioni, oltre a non essere produttivi, attingono a piele mani dalle casse del nostro sistema previdenziale? E quelli che non pagano i contributi? Oppure coloro che in un passato non troppo remoto riuscivano, con un banale quanto efficace stratagemma, a farsi liquidare interamente la pensione per poi ottenere lo stesso la minima, a cui non avrebbero avuto diritto essendo già stati pagati per il resto della loro esistenza? E che dire della tendenza socio-economico-finanziaria comunitaria di spostare il debito sempre più nel domani? Sicuramente affermare che chi nasce oggi nasce indebitato è un luogo comune, ma proviamo a spostarlo in campo previdenziale, in prospettiva reale: il risultato è devastante.
Parliamo dei giovani
Al di là del fatto che fino ad una certa età ci si ritiene immortali, ovviamente per inesperienza e totale mancanza di consapevolezza, rimane il fatto che, anche con il passare degli anni, nessuno di noi è disposto ad ammettere che la prospettiva non cambia. Mi spiego: perché devo spendere un sacco di soldi per riscattare gli anni di laurea quando finalmente comincio a guadagnare qualcosa? Ho appena cominciato il mio cammino di professionista, la pensione è ad anni luce dalla mia realtà. Se penso al sistema retributivo-contributivo immagino che funzionerà, sono io che lo pago, chi verrà dopo di me farà altrettanto. E via così. Ma, come abbiamo già detto, tutto ciò funzionerebbe se non fossimo ad un punto di svolta così incisivo come quello odierno. Il neolaureato (perdonatemi se lo considero tale almeno per svariati anni dopo la laurea) fin da subito dovrebbe essere istruito e guidato ai vantaggi di una previdenza complementare individuale, specialmente se libero professionista puro. Quale padre è stato in grado di trasferire la sua esperienza al figlio? E chi di noi non si è sentito padre del giovane collega ogniqualvolta costui lo ha interpellato in veste di mentore? Ebbene, nessuno ci è riuscito, nessuno ha infranto quella barriera temporale che fa di noi degli esseri umani profondamente immersi nella loro dimensione spazio-tempo. Ad ogni età i suoi frutti, si dice; ebbene potete parlare di previdenza ad un giovane che, se vi ascolterà e vi dirà di comprendere e di desiderare, nella realtà non andrà al di là dell’istante successivo.
Diverso è il discorso, e soprattutto diversa la disposizione d’animo, del collega che si accorge, generalmente all’improvviso, del suo ineluttabile affacciarsi al “fin della carriera”, inteso sia come “fin” del percorso professionale, ma soprattutto “fin” della sua vita. Mille dubbi, seppur mitigati dall’esperienza e dai risultati raggiunti, lo attanagliano. Lo spettro del significato della vita, oppure del senso della morte, si accavallano. Ma non possiamo dimenticare il vil denaro. E’ inutile far finta che non sia importante: nella nostra struttura sociale lo è. E, per noi, qui rientra in gioco un conosciuto acronimo: ENPAM. Ma non basta, visto che la proporzionalità tra i contributi versati e le prestazioni garantite non si sa se saranno soddisfacenti. Ci dobbiamo affidare oggi a coloro che ci guidano: pur vivendo in un mondo in recessione, con la prospettiva di un grosso esodo professionale nei prossimi anni, rimpiazzati in misura forse quantitativamente insufficiente in uno scenario professionale mutevole che potrebbe non garantire flussi contributivi adeguati, cominciamo a pensare che la previdenza complementare sia una via di fuga dall’oscurantismo economico che imperversa.
Stefano A. Berto
Costi in sanità alla luce della crisi economica
Quali riflessioni per andare incontro ai bisogni del cittadino - Un punto di vista "odontoiatrico"
Crisi e salute paiono essere, al giorno d’oggi, gli unici argomenti all’attenzione dell’opinione pubblica. A volte si ha l’impressione che parlare dell’uno serva solo a spostare l’attenzione generale dall’altro, sentendoci in realtà più coinvolti dal pianeta salute.
Oltre agli allarmismi sulla “pandemia” vera o falsa che sia, il termine più usato in sanità è razionalizzare: tagliare da parte del pubblico e, purtroppo, tagliare sulle proprie spese sanitarie anche da parte del cittadino.
La crisi economica è “scoppiata” più di un anno fa. I giornali e le riviste, anche quelle specialistiche del settore sanitario, riportano che 2/3 degli italiani dichiarano di aver contratto la spesa farmaceutica, esami o visite specialistiche nei sei mesi precedenti l’indagine.
Nonostante nel bilancio sanitario si tenda a lasciare per ultimo come budget da tagliare proprio ciò che attiene alla salute, ben ¾ delle persone “fragili” o con salute precaria riferiscono di aver ridotto la loro disponibilità economica per le spese mediche.
Si rinuncia ad esami gravati da ticket, non si acquistano i farmaci di fascia C, non è infrequente negli ambulatori dei MMG la richiesta del paziente di poter disporre di un “campione” per alcune patologie minori.
Non ci si poteva (può) d’altronde attendere un risultato diverso quando aumentiamo i disoccupati, i cassintegrati e le pensioni non sono adeguate al costo della vita.
Ciò che invece sicuramente aumenta ogni giorno è il carico burocratico che porta con sé un inevitabile aumento di costi per operatori e utenti.
E’ lapalissiano che con la crisi dell’utente-paziente, la stessa crisi si ripercuota sull’operatore-imprenditore che vede ridursi ogni giorno il proprio reddito basato proprio sull’afflusso di quel utente così duramente colpito dalla congiuntura economica e che si trova costretto a “risparmiare” sul suo bene più prezioso: la salute.
Già nel 2008 il settore odontoiatrico denunciava una ripercussione negativa della situazione economica generale, che interessava circa il 50% dei singoli studi professionali, prime avvisaglie della catastrofe attuale.
A leggere i dati del sito www.contribuenti.it si viene a conoscenza di un aumento della povertà in Italia del 44% e che l’indebitamento delle famiglie italiane è cresciuto dell’ 87,4%.
Dalla stessa fonte si apprende che le professioni, nel loro complesso, sono passate da un incremento del fatturato del 2008 ad un serio rischio di chiusura dell’attività per ben 300.000 studi professionali in tutta Italia.
Uno dei comparti di punta nelle professioni, quello medico, secondo i dati riferiti a tutto Ottobre 2009, ha un fatturato globale pari ad un 30% in meno rispetto allo stesso periodo del 2008, che già non aveva dati confortanti per l’odontoiatria, come prima accennato.
Le prestazioni sono scese di un buon 39%, l’occupazione riporta un meno 21% e un meno 45% nelle forniture professionali.
Ci troviamo di fronte, dunque, a forza lavoro al massimo della qualificazione come i professionisti, gli operatori della conoscenza su cui la società ha investito con lauree e specializzazioni al più alto livello, che lasciano l’attività in cerca di altre forme d’impiego e altre fonti di sostentamento.
Chi rimane attivo riduce il personale dipendente, mediamente ci sono due addetti per studio in campo odontoiatrico e ancor più drammatico il 45% in meno di investimenti per l’ammodernamento dello studio e l’aggiornamento tecnologico: in sostanza si pone un freno all’evoluzione della professione e al miglioramento del risultato finale cioè della prestazione medica.
Lo studio odontoiatrico è mono-professionale, o, al più, un’associazione di 2-3 professionisti dove il paziente è al centro dell’attenzione di tutto lo staff.
L’odontoiatria è una professione intellettuale. Non può essere paragonata o ricondotta, come qualcuno vorrebbe fare, ad un mero prodotto commerciale; non vi sono le sventide di fine stagione, non esiste il 2+1 che tanto attrae nei centri commerciali.
Se per costruire un’auto la tecnologia ha fatto ridurre i tempi ed i costi di produzione, per suonare una sinfonia servono sempre lo stesso numero di orchestrali.
Il tempo da dedicare al paziente non può essere cronometrato, la prestazione medica non è mai ripetitiva, ogni paziente è un unico che ha diritto alla massima attenzione e alla migliore prestazione possibile: non è assolutamente accettabile chi dice “meglio una cattiva prestazione che nessuna prestazione”.
In questo scenario di crisi economica, purtroppo, sta prendendo sempre più piede la mercificazione dell’atto medico.
Sorgono i cosiddetti “centri low cost” che invertono quanto da noi prima affermato: non si cura il paziente, ma il suo dente o la sua ruga o si rimodella il seno ecc., con tempi quanto più contingenti, propagandando il minor costo con “economie di scala” che mal si adattano alla prestazione sanitaria.
Si è traslato in sanità, in salute, il concetto di produttività e bassi costi in odontoiatria e in medicina.
Non a caso l’imprenditoria più varia è entrata a valanga su tutto ciò che riguarda la salute forse attratti da ipotetici facili guadagni e proponendo il concetto che è la struttura che fa la qualità mentre è il professionista che determina la qualità della prestazione, anche con l’ausilio della struttura, ma svincolato dal termine “produttività” ed incentrato sul prenderci cura del paziente e non solo otturando meccanicisticamente il suo dente.
In medicina si dice che “tutto ciò che è inutile è dannoso” ma se lo trasferiamo nel quotidiano nella gestione dell’attività professionale ciò pare essere, invece, la regola.
Moreno Breda
La ricetta medica
Atto conclusivo di un iter diagnostico è spesso la compilazione della ricetta medica che consentirà al paziente di accedere ai medicinali che reputiamo necessari per la cura. E' un atto che compiamo innumerevoli volte nello svolgimento della nostra attività, senza spesso valutarne l'importanza sotto il profilo etico-deontologico e giuridico.
La ricetta medica è un documento sottoscritto e datato dal medico-chirurgo e odontoiatra, che autorizza il farmacista a consegnare uno o più medicinali al paziente che ne necessita.
La prescrizione medica è protetta contro la falsità quale scrittura privata, ed assume rilevanza di atto pubblico quale certificazione del diritto dell'assistito ad usufruire della prestazione farmaceutica.
La normativa vigente distingue tra vari tipi di ricette (D.L.vo 539/92).
Inoltre, in attuazione delle direttive comunitarie 2001/83/CE e 2003/94/CE il 24 aprile 2006 è stato emanato il D.Lgs 219/2006 (pubblicato G.U. il 21-6-2006), che affronta varie problematiche attinenti i medicinali ad uso umano.
Tra i profili oggetto di trattazione vi sono le modalità che il professionista deve seguire per la compilazione della ricetta ad integrazione del D.Lvo 539/92.
Nelle tipologie più comuni di ricetta, ripetibile e non ripetibile (vedi tabelle 4 e 5 F.U. XI ed.), il prescrittore deve sempre essere identificabile (artt.4 e 5 D.Lvo 539/92; art.89 D.Lgs 219/2006).
La ricetta deve pertanto riportare, a stampa o mediante timbro, le generalità del medico-chirurgo o odontoiatra (nome, cognome e domicilio), ed eventualmente la denominazione della struttura da cui esso dipende.
Obbligatorie sono anche la data e la firma.
Solo per le ricette non ripetibili esiste l'obbligo di scrivere il nome e cognome del paziente od eventualmente il suo codice fiscale (comma 4 art.89 D.Lgs 219/2006).
Con nota dell'11-06-2006, il Ministero della Salute ha chiarito che "l'indicazione del codice fiscale in luogo della menzione del nome e del cognome deve intendersi obbligatoria quando l'interessato non voglia far comparire il proprio nome e cognome".
La non ottemperanza a questa norma prevede pesanti sanzioni amministrative, da 300 a 1800 €, ai sensi del comma 9 dell'art. 148 D.Lgs 219/2006.
La carenza di uno o più degli elementi sopra descritti, comporta la non validità della ricetta.
Compilare correttamente la prescrizione medica è quindi anche un obbligo deontologico per il medico-chirurgo o odontoiatra perché, un suo eventuale comportamento negligente, negherebbe al paziente il diritto di accedere alle cure. Per quanto riguarda i laureati in Odontoiatria e Protesi Dentaria, ai sensi dell'art.2 della Legge 409/85, essi possono prescrivere soltanto i medicinali necessari all'esercizio della loro professione, in altre parole quelli indicati nella "terapia delle malattie ed anomalie congenite ed acquisite dei denti, della bocca, delle mascelle e dei relativi tessuti".
Tale norma è evidentemente del tutto generica e richiede che si faccia riferimento, almeno in senso indicativo, alla prassi che ha portato all'identificazione di alcune classi di farmaci più comunemente necessari alla professione odontoiatrica quali principalmente gli analgesici-antinfiammatori, gli anestetici locali e gli antibiotici attivi sulla flora patogena del cavo orale. Sembra comunque accertato che all'Odontoiatra non compete la prescrizione di farmaci per la terapia di malattie non odontoiatriche, il cui uso potrebbe anzi configurare una responsabilità di abuso professionale. La preclusione all'uso di farmaci non strettamente pertinenti la professione odontoiatrica, non è ovviamente sostenibile nel caso delle emergenze che possono intervenire nell'attività professionale odontoiatrica e che possono comportare danno grave o pericolo di vita per il paziente. In tali situazioni anz. il mancato uso di farmaci di emergenza (cardiotonici, broncodilatatori, anti-shock, ecc.) potrebbe comportare precise responsabilità di ordine legale ed etico.
Pietro Valenti
Tre medici veneziani in Sierra Leone
Aeroporto di Freetown, 8 marzo 2010:io, Mimmo e Lele siamo in attesa dell'aereo per Venezia, ad una settimana di distanza dal nostro arrivo. Davanti a me ho la modesta pista per gli aerei, circondata da folla vegetazione e da alte palme. Dentro di me c'è tutto quello che ho visto in questi giorni e che mi ha riempito gli occhi e il cuore. Ospiti nella casa di Emergency a Goderich, abbiamo frequentato l'ospedale di Emergency, sorto nel 2001 alla fine di una lunga guerra civile che ha insanguinato il paese, combattuta da bambini-soldato con effettate mutilazioni ed uccisioni, guerra che ha causato 200mila morti. L'ospedale è semplice ed essenziale, ha un reparto di chirurgia, l'ortopedia-traumatologia e la pediatria. All'interno c'è un giardino ben curato, la scuola per i bambini ricoverati, un laboratorio analisi e la radiologia.
Dopo 9 anni di vita ha bisogno di essere ristrutturato ed ampliato. Fornisce assistenza sanitaria gratuita alla popolazione e, ogni mattina, il portico della sala d'attesa è pieno di mamme e qualche papà con i loro bambini. Sono lì dalle prime ore del mattino e aspettano in silenzio. Mimmo (dott. Risica, primario cardiologo Osp. S.S. Giovanni e Paolo) deve fare il controllo dei piccoli cardiopatici della Sierra Leone già operati gratuitamente nell'attività professionale odontoiatrica e che possono comportare danno grave o pericolo di vita per il paziente. In tali situazioni anz. il mancato uso di farmaci di emergenza (cardiotonici, broncodilatatori, anti-shock, ecc.) potrebbe comportare precise responsabilità di ordine legale ed etico.
Pietro Valenti
piccolo ha poche settimane, il più anziano 65 anni. Mimmo è molto bravo e paziente nella spiegazione delle immagini ecocardiografiche e nella lettura comune dell'ECG. Per noi è un'esperienza professionale e umana molto forte. Ci colpiscono i bambini che arrivano alla visita con tutti i segni dello scompenso cardiaco, la dispnea, l'aritmia da fibrillazione atriale, patologie che in Italia vediamo negli anziani. Visitiamo giovani con scompenso di cuore da pericardite costrittiva, terribile conseguenza della Tbc.
Nel percorso da casa all'ospedale incontriamo tantissimi bambini: sorridono e salutano, mentre vanno nelle rare scuole, giocano in rigagnoli d'acqua lurida, sorvegliano i mille poveri mercatini ai bordi delle vie. Alcuni tengono i fratellini più piccoli sul dorso, altri per tutto il giorno, sotto il sole e per un dollaro, spaccano grosse pietre rosse che ridurranno a ghiaia per i cantieri.
Nell'ospedale i bambini parlano con gli occhi e con la sofferenza dei loro corpi: bambini demitriti, di cui noti l'espressione dello sguardo e l'addome gonfio; bambini anemici, di cui ti colpisce il pallore anche se la pelle è scura; bambini
La Realtà Virtuale
Abstract per il congresso di neuroscienze “NEURO-TALK 2010” di Singapore 25-28 giugno
Abbiamo inserito l’applicazione della tecnologia della Realtà Virtuale (RV) in un progetto riabilitativo per i disturbi mnésici, ipotizzando una possibile facilitazione di recupero di nozioni dal serbatoio mnemonico. Il nostro obiettivo è quello di riuscire ad individuare preventivamente negli anziani questo iniziale deterioramento ed eventualmente rallentarne l’iter attraverso l’effettuazione di un training con alcune esperienze in un ambiente virtuale. La RV viene definita come un mondo tridimensionale creato dal computer che può essere esplorato in modo interattivo attraverso alcuni dispositivi periferici. L’interazione avviene utilizzando un joystick e indossando un casco all’interno del quale viene proiettato il mondo virtuale; con i movimenti della testa e del joystick, secondo i propri desideri e proprio come possiamo agire nella realtà attraverso i movimenti della nostra testa e delle nostre gambe, ci si può muovere nel mondo virtuale. La RV, è un’esperienza mentale in grado di far credere al soggetto di “essere lì” presente sulla scena e nel mondo virtuale. Il soggetto non è più semplice spettatore passivo di ciò che accade su un monitor, ma vive la sensazione di un coinvolgimento e di una partecipazione attiva, nonostante quegli oggetti e quegli spazi esistano solo nella memoria del computer e nella mente del soggetto stesso. Noi l’abbiamo utilizzata, dopo consenso informato, in uno studio controllato in soggetti con età media di 80 anni con deficit mnemonici, ospiti della Residenza Sanitaria Polivalente “Anni Sereni” di Scorzè (Venezia). Il virtual reality memory-training (VRMT) consiste nella ripetizione di alcune esperienze acustiche seguite da altre immersive e interattive nella RV per 3 volte alla settimana per tre mesi (ciclo “intensivo”), seguite da esperienze di rinforzo ogni settimana (mantenimento). Follow-up sono programmati a 3 e a 9 mesi. Queste esperienze sono finalizzate a favorire la focalizzazione attenta (per es. in una delle esperienze virtuali si cammina in un parco, dove sentieri contrassegnati da indicazioni di colore e forme differenti portano a mete differenti e solo uno ci permetterà di proseguire l’esperienza. Infatti qualora si percorra il sentiero sbagliato alla fine dello stesso si viene automaticamente riportati al punto del sentiero prima dell’errore fatto, finché non si arriva alla fine del percorso contrassegnato dall’attivazione di un breve filmato). I risultati di questo report hanno evidenziato un miglioramento al punteggio dei testi di memoria verbale (anche a lungo termine) e nello stato cognitivo generale nel gruppo sperimentale, mantenutosi anche nei follow up. Il gruppo di controllo, invece, ha manifestato un progressivo declino. Presumiamo che con questa inusuale e ripetuta sollecitazione dell’attenzione durante il VRMT, si possa favorire una “self directed strategy” di ricerca mnemonica basata su prove ed errori ed ipotizziamo che il VRMT possa contribuire a stimolare un processo di riattivazione mnésica, probabilmente legata alla riorganizzazione funzionale di alcuni pathways neuronali ancora attivi, utilizzando la componente di memoria implicita, presente anche nei soggetti affetti da Malattia di Alzheimer.
Gabriele Optale
Fare il Medico sicuramente è la professione più bella del mondo, ma purtroppo negli ultimi tempi le cose si stanno complicando un po'. Infatti come spesso vedete sui media i cosiddetti casi di malasanità sono il piatto preferito. Sembra che dare adosso al Medico sia diventato lo sport nazionale. Forse questa società non sa più difendersi dall'innata paura della morte e per esorcizzarla pretende che il binomio Medico-Tecnologia gli garantisca l'immortalità. Ed ecco che per niente ai Medici fioccano denunce; che come sapete nel 90% dei casi finiscono in un nulla di fatto.
Pero questo comporta comunque un logorio e una demotivazione non indifferente per la categoria, perché dopo un percorso di sei anni di laurea, cinque di specializzazione e un ulteriore periodo di training nel reparto dove si andrà a lavorare sotto la supervisione di un Primario, sicuramente si genera un professionista all'altezza del suo compito. Vedere tutto questo impegno mortificato dal rischio che in ogni momento possa succederti di trovarsi sui giornali non è certo rassicurante.
Se invece scegliete di lavorare nel Territorio, dopo che vi sarà assegnata una zona carente lotterete disperatamente per racimolare un po' di pazienti e siccome dovete anche campare vi metterete a fare qualche altra attività complementare (agopuntura, omeopatia, medicina estetica, ecc) che non lascerete quando sarete diventati massimalisti perché è un ritorno ritornare a mille pazienti se non saprete dare una pacata e tonica giustificazione a chi negherete una RMN autoprescritta per una lombalgia o se ritenete che per guarire da un'influenza bastino tre giorni e il paziente presentandosi il martedì non vi faccia osservare che non è il caso di ritornare al lavoro il venerdì.
Ma il peggio deve ancora venire. Come molti di Voi sapranno c'è una data minacciosa in arrivo, il 2020!!!
I grafici delle società di statistica dicono che dalla differenza tra i Medici che andranno in pensione e l'entrata dei nuovi medici che andranno a laurearsi, porterà al dimezzamento del numero dei Medici che saranno in attività nel 2020.
Purtroppo grazie alla nuova Finanziaria forse questa data dovrà essere anticipata di alcuni anni, per cui forse questi problemi cominceranno molto prima del 2020.
Che scenari si manifestano allora per il 2020 (o prima)?
Se si dimezza il numero dei Medici Ospedalieri ci ritroveremo con reparti con metà Medici. Però negli Ospedali Territoriali spesso un reparto è composto da circa 10 Medici, come faranno allora 5 Medici a coprire tutte le guardie, il lavoro di reparto e le attività ambulatoriali? Probabilmente questi colleghi non usciranno più dall'Ospedale!
E se fate i Medici di Medicina Generale invece di avere 1500 pazienti ne avrete 3000 o forse di più. Sarete costretti ad avere un orario di ambulatorio molto più ampio che Vi impegnerà l'intera mattina e tutto il pomeriggio! E la notte?
Non ci saranno più i Medici della Continuità Assistenziale e quindi Vi toccheranno anche le notti e le domeniche; riuscirete mai ad andare a casa?
Ma! Chissà come andrà veramente a finire, io proprio no lo so, però ricordavate solo che se sceglieste di fare i Medici, fatele la professione più bello del mondo!
Gelli Giuseppe Fabris
Sabato 5 giugno all'ordine dei medici di Venezia si è tenuto un interessante convegno-incontro sul cooperativismo nell'ambito della medicina generale: "Seminario Regionale Cos Veneto-Friulano".
Organizzato dall'ordine dei medici di Venezia ha visto la partecipazione di numerosi colleghi e rappresentanti sindacali della medicina generale del nostro territorio nonché del vicino territori Friulano e Trevigiano. Hanno portato la loro esperienza nel campo del cooperativismo e dell'organizzazione dell'offerta di servizi alle aggregazioni di Mmg nonché una ricca serie di dati e informazioni il dottor Antonio Di Malta (Presidente Co.S e Segretario Provinciale Fimmg Cremona) e il dottor Visconti, mmg ed esperto di sistemi informatici parlando sui seguenti argomenti: "Assetti societari, gestionali e organizzativi delle UCCP( unita complesse cure primarie ndr) negli accordi regionali"
- La cooperativa per la gestione dei fattori di produzione nelle UCCP
- Il sistema informativo delle UCCP
- Pacchetto PTMG (Presidi Territoriali Medicina Generale)
- Strumenti tecnologici Co.S. per le UCCP
- ANR - My Search, Sinapsis – PDTA (Percorsi Diagnostico Terapeutici Aggregati)
Il Consorzio sanità (Co.S S.c.a.r.l.) è un Consorzio di Consorzi regionali di Cooperative di medici di famiglia, distribuite in tutta l'Italia che ha come oggetto sociale quello di produrre per le Cooperative aderenti ai Consorzi regionali citati (e quindi per i loro soci) servizi di varia natura (info-telematici, organizzativi, di acquisto beni e strumenti, servizi consulenziali su temi fiscali, giuridici etc) utili all'acquisizione in forma mutualistica dei fattori di produzione necessari all'esercizio della professione medica che resta una professione individuale.
Per approfondimenti sugli argomenti trattati è possibile consultare i seguenti link
- http://www.cos.it/
- http://www.fimmgcremona.it
Antonio Lo Giudice
La CAO di Venezia alla festa della Guardia di Finanza
Giovedì 24 Giugno sono stato invitato al 236° anniversario di fondazione della Guardia di Finanza presso la stazione navale della G.d.F. alla Giudecca, presenti le principali autorità locali e regionali, con rappresentanze nazionali, nella mia veste di presidente della Commissione Albo Odontoiatri di Venezia.
Come potete immaginare ascoltare i diversi interventi e assistere alla premiazione dei finanzieri che si sono distinti in questo ultimo anno, ha provocato in me una “tempesta neuronale”, passatemi il termine, di cui vorrei dare conto.
Nel mio editoriale a pagina 6 di questo bollettino, accenno alla nascita (riconoscimento) dell’Ordine dei Medici 100 anni fa. La Guardia di Finanza è nata 236 anni fa: si tratta quindi di due istituzioni che ormai hanno una certa storia.
Riflettendo sul rapporto che noi medici, odontoiatri in primis, abbiamo con la G.d.F., mi sono reso conto che uno dei problemi più urgenti per l’Italia del XXI secolo è, ancora, la conciliazione nazionale. Non voglio ovviamente allargarci a parlare in generale della conciliazione tra le grandi anime del nostro paese: cattolici e liberali, destra e sinistra, e via elencando. Mi limito alla necessità della conciliazione tra i medici e le istituzioni dello Stato.
La natura “rivendicazionista” e sindacale dell’Ordine, che è alle nostre radici, in parte si ripropone anche oggi: vedi la circolare FNOMCeO del 17 Giugno u.s. con la quale il presidente Bianco presenta alcuni documenti sulla manovra finanziaria, sul ruolo del medico nelle equipe multi-professionali e sulla riforma delle professioni. Questa natura “rivendicazionista” è comunque coerente con l’origine stessa del nostro Ordine.
Sta di fatto che l’Ordine giustifica la propria esistenza in base ad un Codice Deontologico, cioè ad una Etica, e l’Etica è quella cosa che fa assumere determinati comportamenti anche quando gli stessi sono in contrasto con i propri interessi materiali immediati. Per noi odontoiatri, pare che il cammino verso la conciliazione sia ancora all’inizio, in particolare per quel che riguarda il rapporto contribuenti-istituzioni. Il fatto che noi si debba pagare le tasse per paura delle sanzioni o per un convincimento personale è il discrimine per il quale passa questa conciliazione nazionale. L’evasione fiscale è male, si dice, perché sottrae risorse alla collettività. Ma è male anche perché è causa di un ulteriore spreco di risorse impiegate per gli accertamenti. Per quel che riguarda i colleghi poi è male perché rappresenta una modalità di concorrenza sleale: chi non paga le tasse può fare prezzi inferiori guadagnando di più.
Dobbiamo allora ricordare che il corrispettivo per la nostra professione viene chiamato “onorario”, ciò che fa onore al nostro impegno e alla nostra fatica. L’onore noi lo dobbiamo non solo al nostro lavoro, ma alla società nel suo complesso, alle leggi dello Stato e ai nostri colleghi. Ma l’onore è una qualità reciproca: una persona d’onore riconosce agli altri ciò che spetta agli altri, e pretende che gli venga riconosciuto ciò che spetta a sé. La conciliazione del contribuente e dello Stato presuppone un rapporto di piena parità tra i due soggetti, affinché il dovere non nasca dal timore ma piuttosto dall’onore.
Posso permettermi di sognare che un giorno, quando un ispettore scorrerà la lista dei contribuenti, giungendo alla riga di un odontoiatra la salterà di pari passo perché gli odontoiatri saranno garantiti di più dall’adesione al proprio Codice Deontologico che dal timore delle sanzioni?
Qualcuno dirà che posso sognare, ma è irrealistico. Io dico che è irrealistico pensare che una società del tutto contro tutti e ciascuno per sé possa sopravvivere. Io preferisco cercare le strade per realizzare i miei sogni piuttosto che rassegnarmi a guardare impotente la nostra fine.
Cosimo Tomaselli
Sistema di controllo della tracciabilità dei rifiuti (c.d. sistema SISTRI):
Comunicazione della FNOMCeO ai Presidenti degli Ordini dei Medici Chirurghi e degli Odontoiatri e ai Presidenti degli iscritti alle Commissioni degli albi degli Odontoiatri sulla applicabilità ai medici ed odontoiatri
Facendo seguito alla Comunicazione n. 23/2010 e n. 33/2010 e ad alcune osservazioni inviate alla Federazione si ritiene opportuno ritornare sull’argomento nuovamente con un’ulteriore riflessione per meglio chiarire la portata degli ultimi interventi normativi.
Il D.M. 17/12/2009 che ha istituito il sistema di controllo della tracciabilità dei rifiuti (c.d. sistema SISTRI) è stato modificato e integrato dal D.M. 15 febbraio 2010.
Il D.M. 17/12/2009 è entrato in vigore il 14 gennaio 2010, giorno successivo alla data di pubblicazione in G.U., tuttavia, per l’avvio dell’operatività del sistema sono stati previsti tempi successivi qui di seguito indicati:
1. Dal 180° giorno dalla data di entrata in vigore del D.M. 17/12/2009 per i produttori iniziali di rifiuti pericolosi con più di 50 dipendenti
2. Dal 210° giorno dalla data di entrata in vigore del D.M. 17/12/2009 per le imprese ed enti produttori iniziali di rifiuti pericolosi che hanno fino a 50 dipendenti
3. Dal 210° giorno dalla data di entrata in vigore del D.M. 17/12/2009 per le imprese ed enti produttori di rifiuti speciali non pericolosi derivanti da attività diverse da quelle di cui all’art. 184, comma 3, lett.c), d) e g) del D.Lgs. 152/2006
Come già sottolineato nella Comunicazione n. 33 l’art. 189, comma 3, del D.Lgs. 152/2006 individua tra i soggetti obbligati ad aderire al sistema SISTRI, anche i produttori iniziali di rifiuti pericolosi quando gli stessi siano costituiti in forma di impresa o di ente.
E’ necessario chiarire a questo proposito che, come esplicitato nella Circolare del Ministero dell’Ambiente del 14 dicembre 1999, si debbono considerare enti che erogano prestazioni sanitarie quei complessi organizzati di persone e di cose aventi autonomia soggettività di diritto mentre le attività sanitarie erogate da professionisti nell’ambito di una organizzazione di impresa sono quelle in cui la prestazione intellettuale costituisce un elemento di una più ampia attività organizzata come cliniche, poliambulatori ecc e pertanto complessi dotati di autonomia soggettività rispetto alle persone che ne fanno parte.
E’ opportuno sottolineare in tale contesto che l’ampia nozione di impresa adottata ai fini della tutela delle norme sulla libera concorrenza secondo la quale si qualifica come impresa qualsiasi entità che esercita un’attività economica comprendendo anche l’attività delle professioni intellettuali deve essere contestualizzata nell’ambito del diritto alla concorrenza e pertanto non ha rilievo ai fini di cui trattasi.
Si schematizzano di seguito i principali adempimenti rivienti dalla recente normativa:
1. Categorie di soggetti obbligati all’iscrizione al SISTRI (art. 1, comma 1, lett. a) e b) D.M. 17/12/2009):
- produttori iniziali di rifiuti pericolosi con più di 50 dipendenti
- le imprese e gli enti produttori iniziali di rifiuti pericolosi che hanno fino a 50 dipendenti
2. Categorie di soggetti con possibilità di iscrizione facoltativa (art. 1, comma 4, D.M. 17/12/2009)
- imprese ed enti produttori iniziali di rifiuti non pericolosi derivanti da attività diverse da quelle di cui all’art. 184, comma 3, lett. c), d) e g) del D.Lgs. 152/2006 e pertanto i rifiuti derivanti da attività sanitaria.
3. Il caso di produttori di rifiuti pericolosi che non sono inquadrati in un’organizzazione di ente o impresa: I produttori di rifiuti pericolosi che non sono inquadrati in un’organizzazione di ente o impresa non hanno l’obbligo di iscriversi al SISTRI.
I termini entro cui iscriversi al sistema SISTRI, che a parere della FNOMCeO sono ordinatori e non perentori non essendo state previste sanzioni, sono così individuati (art. 3 D.M. 17/12/2009 come modificato dall’art. 1 del D.M. 15/2/2010):
Certificazioni online: comunicazione del Presidente FNOMCeO Amedeo Bianco
Cari colleghi,
con la presente Vi informiamo che, in data 22 giugno c.a., si è svolto a Palazzo Vidoni un incontro tra la FNOMCeO e il Ministero della Pubblica Amministrazione e dell’Innovazione sul tema delle certificazioni online. Per la Federazione erano presenti i dottori Giuseppe Augello e Guido Marinoni, assistiti dal Direttore dr. Bruno Bugli; per il Ministero erano invece presenti i dottori Turatto e Donzelli.
In quella sede la scrivente ha sottolineato le numerose criticità tecniche legate all’attivazione delle certificazioni online che, nei primi due giorni di colloquio, ha comportato (anche in Lombardia, dove è presente un’infrastruttura informatica evoluta) frequenti blocchi di sistema e rallentamenti.
Nelle altre Regioni la situazione è ancora più problematica, in ragione della mancanza di connettività negli studi medici e nelle strutture sanitarie e della disomogenea distribuzione delle credenziali di accesso.
Solo in Lombardia sembra essere in via di risoluzione il problema dell’attribuzione delle credenziali ai medici sostituti e ai medici delle strutture sanitarie e della continuità assistenziale. Nelle altre Regioni è prevista l’attribuzione di PIN “ussa e getta” per i sostituti temporanei dei medici di medicina generale. Per quanto riguarda l’individuazione di tali sostituti, verrà richiesta la collaborazione degli Ordini.
Durante l’incontro è stato inoltre ribadito come il compito della certificazione sia in capo a qualsiasi medico dipendente, convenzionato e libero professionista, e come, quindi, a tutti questi soggetti vadano attribuite le relative credenziali.
Al riguardo sono state segnalate anche le specifiche problematiche del Pronto Soccorso e dei Reparti Ospedalieri. Allo scopo di evitare ogni appesantimento burocratico in settori particolarmente delicati quali quello dell’emergenza, sono allo studio modalità informatizzate per consentire di estrarre in automatico la certificazione di malattia dal verbale di Pronto Soccorso.
Si segnala comunque che la Regione Lombardia, in una recente circolare, richiamando la circolare INPS n. 99 del 13 maggio 1996, ha ricordato, con riferimento alle strutture ospedaliere, che, nelle more, è ammesso anche l’utilizzo di certificazioni su modulario non regolamentare, quali quelle emesse in dimissione ospedaliera o dal Pronto Soccorso stesso.
Dal colloquio intercorso sembra evidente che il periodo di collaudo dovrà protrarsi ben oltre il mese inizialmente previsto, anche se è intenzione del Ministero della Funzione Pubblica stringere i tempi in un’ottica di concreta volontà di far funzionare il sistema.
Nel colloquio è stato chiarito che saranno previsti due distinti call center: uno per la segnalazione dei malfunzionamenti, l’altro sostitutivo delle procedure di certificazione online, ove se ne presenterà la necessità. Quest’ultimo dovrebbe essere automatizzato e prevedere sia il rilascio del codice di protocollo della certificazione (già sufficiente ai fini pratici), sia la possibilità, per l’assistito, di scaricare dal sito dell’INPS la documentazione cartacea.
Si è anche preso atto che il certificato sarà comunque valido in assenza di firma autografa del medico e di firma digitale o elettronica essendo, sotto il profilo legale, configurabile come documento non opponibile a terzi e per il quale è sufficiente una “autenticazione forte”, già garantita dall’accesso mediante codice PIN (o carta operatore per le Regioni che dispongono di tale sistema).
Inoltre, nel corso della riunione, è stato preso atto delle seguenti richieste della FNOMCeO:
- consentire la trasmissione del certificato entro le 24 ore dalla visita, permettendo di differenziare la data della stessa dalla data automatica di invio, e la retrodatazione del “dichiarare di essere ammalato” al giorno precedente;
- annullare automaticamente la compilazione del campo “dichiarai di essere ammalato dai”, in caso di continuazione di malattia,
- introduzione automatica – nel campo riservato al domicilio durante la malattia se diverso dalla abituale residenza – della dicitura “indirizzo di reperibilità indicato dall’assistito sotto la sua responsabilità”,
- eliminazione del colore azzurro dello sfondo del certificato onde evitare inutile consumo di toner in fase di stampa.
Infine, a conclusione dell’incontro, si è confermato che la FNOMCeO farà parte del gruppo tecnico che seguirà le procedure di collaudo e che, secondo quanto previsto, sarà convocato in un breve lasso di tempo.
Roma 23.6.2010
Amedeo Bianco
La noia della ragione, la sorpresa del torto
La VitalDent di Milano è fallita
Nell’ultimo numero del Bollettino dell’Ordine del 2009 pubblicavamo un inserto sui centri Low Cost, nel quale consideravamo la possibilità che in essi si potessero praticare tariffe scontate, una leggenda metropolitana, e ne prevedevamo il fallimento.
È di queste settimane la notizia del fallimento di una sede della VitalDent di Milano, con decine di dipendenti a casa senza stipendio e migliaia di pazienti truffati.
Nella mia figura di promotore dell’inserto di cui sopra, mi posso sentire orgoglioso di averci azzeccato.
In quanto cittadino sono indignato e mi domando cosa fanno le Istituzioni.
In quanto presidente della Commissione Odontoiatria di Venezia sono preoccupato: all’Ordine lo Stato affida il compito di vigilare sull’esercizio della professione nel nostro territorio, ma non fornisce gli strumenti per tale vigilanza.
In questi anni di attività ho accumulato diverse tristi esperienze: abbiamo inutilmente segnalato agli organi ispettivi il comportamento di un centro del territorio senza ottenere alcuna risposta, finché è giunto puntuale l’esposto di un cittadino a documentare gravi danni alla salute e al portafoglio.
Abbiamo più volte convocato i direttori sanitari di altre strutture, senza riuscire a chiarire in via definitiva l’elenco dei professionisti che lavorano in quelle strutture né le prestazioni effettuate da ciascuno. E potrei andare avanti.
Alla cittadinanza noi possiamo rispondere solo alzando sconsolatamente le braccia: dobbiamo lavorare ininterrottamente per quasi nulla. A fronte di un fallimento tipo VitalDent nel nostro territorio possiamo solo dire a voce alta che noi non abbiamo dormito né lesinato fatiche.
Pero ai colleghi possiamo chiedere uno sforzo di intelligenza.
I colleghi che vengono a conoscenza di episodi di malpratica all’interno di centri Low Cost devono comunicarlo senza indugi all’Ordine. Una supposta malpratica di un singolo collega può essere risolta agevolmente con una telefonata e un accordo. La malpratica di un centro Low Cost è estremamente pericolosa perché, come dimostra il caso di Milano, per il paziente truffato la possibilità di ottenere un minimo risarcimento del danno subito è molto remota.
Ma anche i colleghi che vanno a lavorare in questi centri dovrebbero riflettere attentamente sul dovere che si sono assunti pronunciando il giuramento con il quale sono stati ammessi all’esercizio della professione. Nessuna situazione economica giustifica comportamenti che poco o tanto, adesso o nel futuro, realizzano un rischio per la salute della popolazione. Il collega che lavora in un centro Low Cost nel quale si verifichi ciò che si è verificato a Milano merita, a mio avviso, la radiazione a vita dalla professione.
In quanto medico, laureato, professionista, non può dire che non sapeva. Le strutture Low Cost sono una minaccia per la salute di ogni cittadino e un medico legato alla promessa “primum non nocere” non può in nessun caso non avvertire il contrasto con quelle strutture.
Perciò che Vital Dent a Milano sia fallita, che la Nobel BioCare l’abbia denunciata per uso abusivo del suo marchio, che migliaia di cittadini siano stati danneggiati non può sorprendere nessuno e nessuno può accampare scuse, non tanto perché l’ha detto l’Ordine di Venezia ma perché da anni tali notizie circolavano in rete: http://davehul-journal.blogspot.com/2007/05/blowing-whistle-on-vital-dent.html, su facebook c’è addirittura una pagina in spagnolo contro la catena in franchising dove spiegano meccanismi e trucchi.
La notizia che davvero mi stupirebbe positivamente sarebbe invece che i nostri colleghi che adesso lavorano in quelle strutture, scegliessero la via dura, difficile, serpulosa ma onesta della professione rinunciando al facile guadagno immediato.
Cosimo Tomaselli
Polizza Sanitaria, nonostante tutto continuiamo insieme
Il 31 maggio di quest’anno è scaduta la polizza sanitaria per il rimborso delle spese degli interventi chirurgici effettuati in strutture sanitarie private e al di fuori del Servizio Sanitario Nazionale.
Questa Convenzione voluta dall’Enpam a significare la possibilità di avere un servizio spesso più rapido e sicuramente per molti aspetti migliorativo nei confronti di chi deve essere ricoverato per un intervento chirurgico e con l’intento di offrire una scelta e un più diretto contatto nel rapporto con i chirurghi curanti oltre ad una migliore collocazione di tipo alberghiero, ha avuto dall’anno 2000, data del primo contratto, una evoluzione positiva nel tempo, per i continui miglioramenti normativi e per l’ampliamento delle garanzie, ma anche di preoccupazione per l’insostenibilità negli ultimi anni dei costi da parte della Compagnia Generali che ha dovuto dissetare la Convenzione a termini di Legge.
Siamo riusciti a mantenere questa Convenzione con un’altra Compagnia, Unisalute, accettando un aumento dei premi e una limitazione dei massimi rimborsabili per i diversi tipi di interventi, i cosiddetti tetti di rimborso.
Siamo però anche riusciti ad introdurre una diaria per l’evento malattia mai prima compreso nelle garanzie.
Questa Polizza identificata negli iscritti come Polizza Enpam ha avuto motivo di notevole gradimento nei primi anni e un po’ meno in questi ultimi due anni.
Sono evidenti questi aspetti quando si pensi ai bassi premi e alle estese garanzie iniziali contro l’aumento dei premi dovuto alle esigenze del mercato assicurativo che non può sopportare certi livelli di perdite economiche.
Quando ci è stato comunicato che la Compagnia Generali aveva posto formale disdetta per l’anno successivo della polizza in atto ho avuto personale preoccupazione che chi si era assicurato tramite l’Ente, rinunciando al quella personale molto più costosa, venisse a trovarsi in difficoltà per avere perso una continuità assicurativa che gli consentiva il riconoscimento del rimborso delle spese sostenute per patologie pregresse che invece gli sarebbe stato precluso a partire dalla sottoscrizione di una polizza nuova.
E’ stata mia ferma volontà quindi che a chi avrebbe inteso sottoscrivere una nuova polizza...
Bellezza, armonia, salute: quale relazione?
16 ottobre 2010
Presso Ateneo Veneto, sala Tommaseo
Campo San Fantin 1897 Venezia
Poiché l’applicazione di musica, danza e arti in generale ha dato risultati sorprendenti e incoraggianti nella riabilitazione di pazienti gravemente compromessi (come esempio la scoperta che l’insegnamento del tango ai parkinsoniani fa migliorare la performance del movimento: “tango-terapia”), scopo ed obiettivo del Convegno è la diffusione di una cultura dell’applicazioni delle Arti quale metodo di cura fisica e psicoterapeutica in pazienti con importanti disabilità, con l’apporto di vari specialisti dediti alle arti, per l’applicazione della bellezza al recupero della salute.
PROGRAMMA
Ore 8.30: Registrazione dei partecipanti
Ore 8.45: Saluti delle Autorità:
Ore 9.35: Dott. Piero Ferrucci
“La bellezza e l’anima”
Ore 10.15: Dott. Gabriele Optale
“Sesso e bellezza”
Ore 10.30: Dottori Mauro Rossetti e Hugo Marquez,
“Il timore alla bellezza:
Bianc e Nocize”
Ore 10.55: Dott.ssa Antonella D. Turchetto
“La percezione del bello come opportunità di salute”
Pausa caffè 11.10 -11.30
Ore 11.30: Enrico Mengotti, Regista
La bellezza della vita: proiezione del cortometraggio “Nino e Nina”
Ore 12.00: Dott.ssa Cristina Ceroni
“La musica quale mezzo terapeutico-riabilitativo per malati gravi”
Ore 12.15: Dott.ssa Egidia Angi
“Tango Argentino e/o Tango-Terapia”
Ore 12.30: Dott. Salvatore Capodieci
“La decima Musa:
la bellezza di ridire.
L’utilizzo dell’umorismo in psicoterapia”
Ore 12.45: Dott.ssa Emanuela Tandello
“Desiderio e bellezza nella poesia lirica”
Ore 13.25: questionario ECM e rilascio certificati partecipazione
RESPONSABILI SCIENTIFICI:
dott. Renzo Giacomini, Presidente A.M.P.-Ve,
dott. Giuseppe Collura, Consigliere O.M.C.e O. di Venezia, Medico di Medicina generale
SEGRETARIA ORGANIZZATIVA:
TEL: 041 898479 FAX: 041 989663 E-MAIL: email@example.com
N° massimo di partecipanti 70.
Il corso è in fase di accreditamento presso ECM Veneto per Medici e Psicologi
Si riporta bozza proposta di legge a modifica delle disposizioni in materia di pensione di reversibilità e rivalutazione del trattamento pensionistico
La presente proposta di legge interviene nell’ambito della disciplina normativa dei trattamenti pensionistici ai superstiti per ovviare ad alcune distorsioni avvenute nell’applicazione della normativa stessa negli ultimi anni.
Tali distorsioni riguardano principalmente due aspetti:
1) le modalità di erogazione del trattamento di reversibilità in presenza di cumulo con altri redditi del coniuge avente diritto;
2) la concessione del trattamento di reversibilità senza limiti di età per il coniuge avente diritto e senza una durata minima del matrimonio tra il pensionato deceduto e il coniuge superstiti.
Per quel che riguarda la prima questione, è un dato di fatto che l’attuale normativa sul cumulo della pensione ai superstiti con altri redditi in possesso degli aventi diritto penalizza fortemente chi dichiara regolarmente i propri redditi rispetto a chi lavora nell’economia sommersa.
Come è noto di recente è stata ampliata dal legislatore la possibilità di cumulo dei redditi da pensione con redditi da lavoro, proprio perché si era constatato che un eccesso di imposizione fiscale portava automaticamente all’evasione. È stata proprio la volontà di lottare contro il lavoro sommerso che ha spinto il legislatore ad ampliare la casistica per la concessione della possibilità di cumulo dei redditi.
Allo stesso modo, la presente proposta di legge chiede di intervenire sul piano legislativo sulla pensione di reversibilità al fine di evitare una eccessiva penalizzazione per quei coniugi superstiti titolari di altri redditi.
Attualmente le fasce di riduzione del trattamento pensionistico sono articolate nel seguente modo: 25% se l’avente diritto oltre alla pensione è titolare di un reddito annuo superiore a tre volte il trattamento minimo, che per il 2010 era pari a 17.977,83.
40% se l’avente diritto oltre alla pensione è titolare di un reddito annuo superiore a quattro volte il trattamento minimo, che per il 2010 era pari a 23.970,44.
50% se l’avente diritto oltre alla pensione è titolare di un reddito annuo superiore a cinque volte il trattamento minimo, che per il 2010 era pari a 29.963,05.
Ricordiamo che secondo l’attuale normativa il coniuge superstité percepisce al massimo il 60% del trattamento pensionistico spettante al coniuge deceduto, e una percentuale anche inferiore nel caso in cui sussistano altri aventi diritto, ad esempio figli minori etc.
Una ulteriore riduzione dovuta al cumulo dei redditi comporta quindi una forte penalizzazione proprio nel momento in cui i bisogni crescono per il venir meno di un reddito e per l’avanzare degli anni.
La decurtazione appare come un’appropriazione indebita da parte dello Stato, se si considera che la reversibilità è una prestazione di tipo previdenziale (e non assistenziale) che si basa sull’ammontare dei contributi versati dal lavoratore venuto meno.
Si tratta di una anomalia del sistema pensionistico che di fatto premia coloro che vivono nel sommerso e danneggia coloro che denunciano regolarmente i propri redditi.
Si propone pertanto la rimodulazione di tutte le aliquote nel seguente modo:
a) fino a 5 volte il trattamento minimo Inps non vi sarà alcuna riduzione;
b) tra le 5 e le 8 volte il minimo Inps verrà applicato il 25% di riduzione;
c) tra le 8 e le 10 volte verrà applicato il 40%;
d) oltre 10 volte il minimo Inps viene operata la riduzione del 50%.
Negli ultimi anni (e passiamo alla seconda questione affrontata dalla presente proposta di legge) abbiamo assistito all’attribuzione sempre più frequente di assegni pensionistici a persone che non ne avrebbero, sul piano morale, diritto.
Accade spesso infatti che la pensione di reversibilità venga riconosciuta a persone anche molto giovani che abbiano contratto matrimonio con il de cuus negli ultimi mesi di vita o addirittura in punto di morte, beneficiando del relativo trattamento pensionistico per decenni con evidente aggravio per le casse degli enti previdenziali.
Questo è un fenomeno di malcostume sul quale occorre intervenire per introdurre un criterio di maggiore selettività nell’erogazione della spesa per pensioni di reversibilità.
Operando una maggiore selezione si conseguirebbero discrete economie nell’erogazione della spesa che potrebbero parzialmente coprire il maggiore fabbisogno derivante dalla modifica delle aliquote percentuali di riduzione del trattamento pensionistico di reversibilità in caso di cumulo con redditi preesistenti del superstité.
La presente proposta di legge interviene, inoltre, sul tema della perequazione automatica dei trattamenti pensionistici.
Il sistema di indicizzazione ha determinato negli anni un progressivo e ingiusto impoverimento di tutti i trattamenti pensionistici ma soprattutto di quelli di importo medio-alto, che vengono penalizzati sia in sede di prima liquidazione (a causa del meccanismo di calcolo della pensione con il sistema retributivo che prevede l’applicazione alla retribuzione pensionabile di aliquote di rendimenti decrescenti in relazione a fasce crescenti di pensione) sia per effetto del decalogo previsto in applicazione della normativa vigente.
Secondo l’attuale sistema, infatti, fino alla fine del 2010 l’indice di rivalutazione è del 100% per le fasce d’importo fino a cinque volte il trattamento minimo Inps (art. 5, c. 6 del D.L. 81/07 convertito con modificazioni dalla Legge 127/07).
Tuttavia dal 2011 riprenderà vigore la precedente normativa che prevedeva tre livelli di rivalutazione automatica ovvero:
a) il 100% per le fasce d’importo pensionistico fino a 3 volte il trattamento minimo Inps;
b) il 90% per le fasce di importo comprese tra 3 e 5 volte il trattamento minimo Inps;
c) il 75% per le fasce superiori a 5 volte il predetto minimo.
Si ricorderà inoltre che la legge n. 247/2007 di attuazione del Protocollo del 23 luglio 2007 (art.1, comma 19), ha disposto il blocco della perequazione per quegli importi che superano i 3.539,72 euro lordi mensili.
Ciò ha prodotto una ulteriore forte penalizzazione degli importi pensionistici, perché sebbene il blocco fosse disposto solo per l’anno 2008, esso ha comportato una “lesione economica duratura dei diritti dei pensionati coinvolti” come sottolineato nella Raccomandazione n. 9/1441 – quater - Al2 presentata dalla Camera dei Deputati e accolta dal Governo il 28 ottobre 2008.
La presente proposta di legge, a parziale risarcimento di tale iniqua misura, propone di applicare, dal 1° gennaio 2011, la rivalutazione automatica del 100% per le fasce d’importo pensionistico fino a 8 volte il trattamento minimo Inps.
Per gli importi superiori alle 8 volte il minimo (euro 2.063, 31 netti) resta ferma l’applicazione del 75% di rivalutazione automatica.
Concludendo, con le misure introdotte dalla attuale proposta di legge si intendono bloccare gli effetti di tutti i provvedimenti iniqui che hanno colpito negli ultimi anni le pensioni di importo medio, offrendo un aiuto economico alle numerose famiglie che vivono con tale forma di reddito.
A cura della Presidenza
Convegno a Mestre sulla contraccezione d’emergenza
Sabato 9 ottobre 2010, alle ore 8,30, nella Sala Convegni dell’Ordine dei Medici ed Odontoiatri della Provincia di Venezia, in Via Mestrina 86, a Mestre, si svolgerà un convegno, organizzato dall’Ordine e dalla Fondazione Ars Medica, avente come titolo “La contraccezione d’emergenza”.
La contraccezione d’emergenza (CE) consiste nell’assunzione, da parte di una donna fertile di un farmaco, principalmente il Levonorgestrel (LNG), durante le 72 ore successive a un rapporto sessuale non protetto. Nel 2005 l’OMS dichiarava che “la CE con LNG ha dimostrato di prevenire l’ovulazione e di non avere alcun rilevabile effetto sull’endometrio o sui livelli di progesteron, quando somministrata dopo l’ovulazione. La pillola è inefficace dopo l’annidamento e non provoca l’aborto.” La FIGO (Federazione Internazionale Ginecologi e Ostetrici), la massima Autorità mondiale in Ginecologia, in uno Statement (posizione ufficiale) del Marzo 2009, ha stabilito che la contraccezione d’emergenza con LNG ad alte dosi impedisce l’ovulazione, non impedisce l’impianto, non impedisce lo sviluppo dell’embrione, se iniziato, e quindi, “qualunque definizione di gravidanza si utilizzi, non è mai abortivo”.
Contro queste posizioni vi sono medici che sostengono che il LNG non abbia un sicuro effetto antiovulatorio, e che, quindi, non impedirebbe l’incontro tra uovo e spermatozoo, momento primo dell’inizio della vita.
Altro tema che verrà affrontato dal convegno è se esiste un diritto da parte della donna di vedersi prescritto, nei tempi utili, il Levonorgestrel e se esiste un diritto del medico a rifiutare la prescrizione per motivi d’obiezione di coscienza. In un documento del Consiglio Nazionale FNOMCEO approvato a Ferrara il 25 ottobre 2008, a proposito di LNG, si legge: “Nel riaffermare il diritto del medico alla clausola di coscienza che trova il suo fondamento nell’art. 22 del Codice di Deontologia Medica, va ricordato il dovere per il medico di “…fornire al cittadino ogni utile informazione e chiarimento”. In altre parole, l’equilibrio tra il diritto del medico alla clausola di scienza e coscienza e quello della donna alla fruizione della prestazione riconosciuta come disponibile, non fa venir meno l’obbligo, anche deontologico, dei medici di adoperarsi al fine di tutelare, nei termini suddetti, l’accesso alla prescrizione nei tempi appropriati.
Altre argomento che verrà discusso è la prescrizione del LNG a ragazze minorienni e l’obbligatorietà della ricetta non ripetibile, che esiste in Italia, assieme a Bulgaria, Ungheria, Irlanda e Lituania; mentre è un prodotto da banco in Belgio, Olanda, Danimarca, Finlandia, Francia, Norvegia, Portogallo, Regno Unito, Svezia, Svizzera, Albania, Croazia, Estonia, Grecia, Islanda, Lettonia e Romania, Israele, Tunisia, Turchia, Sud Africa, Stati Uniti, Canada, India, Cina, Nuova Zelanda e Australia e persino in Paesi Sudamericani dove l’aborto è vietato come Cile, Argentina, Uruguay, Colombia e Messico. Per l’OMS i preparati combinati e quelli a base di LNG sono considerati privi di restrizioni d’uso (Classe I WHO).
Angelo Frascati
ORGANIZZANO IL CONVEGNO
LA CONTRACCEZIONE D’EMERGENZA
Sabato 9 ottobre 2010
Sala Convegni Ordine Medici ed Odontoiatri, Via Mestrina, 86 MESTRE (VE)
PROGRAMMA
- **08.30** Registrazione partecipanti
- **08.45** dott. Angelo Frascati
Presentazione del Convegno
- **09.00** dott. Tiziano Maggino
Inquadramento del tema, indicazioni e congruità della richiesta, setting della risposta sanitaria, timing di somministrazione e meccanismo d’azione.
- **09.20** dott. Bruno Mozzanega
Definizione, meccanismo d’azione, stato della informazione, prospettive.
- **09.40** dott.ssa Raffaella Michieli
Il medico di Famiglia e la donna con richiesta di contraccezione d’emergenza.
- **10.00** Domande
- **10.20** Break
- **10.40** dott.ssa Anna Aprile
Gli aspetti medico legali.
- **11.00** dott. Maurizio Scassola
Gli aspetti deontologici.
- **11.20** Domande
- **11.40** Tavola rotonda
Chairmen: prof. Francesco Giorgino.
Partecipano: dott. Tiziano Maggino, dott.Bruno Mozzanega, dott.ssa Raffaella Michieli, dott. Alberto Cossato, dott.ssa Anna Aprile, dott.Maurizio Benato
- **12.50** test finale e verifica dell’apprendimento
SEGRETERIA ORGANIZZATIVA:
TEL. 041 989479 - FAX 041 989663 - EMAIL firstname.lastname@example.org
La cura del paziente con osteoporosi:
CHI FA CHE COSA?
PECULIARITÀ ED OBIETTIVI DELL’ULSS 13
PROGRAMMA PRELIMINARE
SABATO 6 NOVEMBRE 2010
ORE 8.30-9.00:
REGISTRAZIONE PARTECIPANTI
ORE 9.00-9.15:
INTRODUZIONE - Dott. A. Cester
ORE 9.15-9.45:
MAIN LECTURE - Prof. G. Luisetto
ORE 9.45-11.00
I SESSIONE
Diagnosi strumentale, stima del rischio di frattura e soglia di intervento terapeutico
Moderatori:
Dott. A. Cester, Dott. M. Scevola
Ore 9.45:
IL RUOLO DEL MMG
Ore 10.10: IL RUOLO DEL RADIOLOGO
Dott. Pinzani
Ore 10.35:
IL RUOLO DEL CENTRO DELL’OSTEOPOROSI
Dott. P. Corrò, Dott. P. Albanese
ORE 11.00-11.30
Coffee break
ORE 11.30-13.00
II SESSIONE
Tavola rotonda: la gestione del paziente con frattura da fragilità
Moderatori: Dott. P. Esopi, Dott. S. Buoso
IL RUOLO DELL’ORTOPEDICO
Dott.ssa S. Pini
IL RUOLO DEL FISIATRA
Dott. S. Buoso
MODELLI DI APPROCCIO
MULTIDISCIPLINARE
E DI CONTINUITÀ ASSISTENZIALE
Dott. A. Cester, Dott. F. Vescovi, Dott. M. Rizzi, Dott.ssa Baggio (Geriatra di Distretto)
ORE 13.00-14.00
Lunch
ORE 14.00
III SESSIONE: focus on osteoporosi severa
Dott. M. Scevola, Dott. G. Voltan
ORE 14.30
Compilazione questionari ECM
ORE 15.00 Chiusura dei lavori
U.O. coinvolte: Lungodegenza Riabilitativa (Noale), Geriatria (Dolo), Medicina (Dolo), Radiologia (Dolo), Ortopedia (Dolo), Medicina Fisica e Riabilitativa (Noale).
Patrocinii: in corso di definizione.
Sede del Convegno: Teatro di Mirano.
Crediti ECM: la procedura per l’accreditamento ECM verrà attivata presso la Segreteria ECM Nazionale nei tempi prefissati. I crediti saranno richiesti per la seguenti figure professionali: Medici di Medicina Generale, Geriatri, Internisti, Reumatologi, Nefrologi, Radiologi, Ortopedici, Fisiatri.
Attestato di partecipazione: un attestato di partecipazione al Convegno verrà rilasciato al termine dell’evento a tutti i partecipanti.
Iscrizioni: l’iscrizione al convegno è gratuita.
Segreteria Scientifica: Dott. M. Scevola, Dott. G. Voltan.
Segreteria Organizzativa: PLANNING Congressi.
I GIOVEDÍ DELL’ORDINE
Sede: Sala riunioni dell’Ordine dei Medici di Venezia
Via Mestrina 86 Mestre
Ciclo di seminari sugli aspetti medico-legali della professione medica ed odontoiatrica
GIOVEDÍ 30 SETTEMBRE 2010 - Ore 19.00-23.00
Introduzione dott. Breda Moreno
L’Informazione e il consenso informato del minore
Relatore: dott. Riolo Carlo Venusiano
L’angolo del Legale
A cura dell’avv. Zancani Simone
Conclusioni
dott. Roncali Davide
GIOVEDÍ 21 OTTOBRE 2010 - Ore 19.00-23.00
Introduzione dott. Breda Moreno
La cartella clinica
Relatori: dott. Nicolin Giuliano
dott. Crivellenti Gabriele
L’angolo del Legale
A cura dell’avv. Zancani Simone
Conclusioni
dott. Roncali Davide
GIOVEDÍ 11 NOVEMBRE 2010 - Ore 19.00-23.00
Introduzione
dott. Breda Moreno
La gestione del rischio clinico nello studio odontoiatrico
Relatori: Prof. Betti Dario
L’angolo del Legale
A cura dell’avv. Zancani Simone
Conclusioni
dott. Roncali Davide
Gli incontri costituiscono un unico corso di aggiornamento in corso di accreditamento presso l’ECM Nazionale
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Bay Point Home Green Options
A green home uses less energy, water and natural resources and creates less waste.
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Insulation in the home is one of the most important components of energy efficiency. Bay Point Homes LLC offers Nuwool blown-in cellulose dense-pack insulation. Nuwool is an engineered energy-saving insulation that is composed of 85% post-consumer recycled newspapers and it offers superior thermal and air infiltration properties. Cellulose dense pack insulation provides up to 40% savings on the homeowners heating bill compared to conventional insulation materials like fiberglass.
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We also offer several high performance wall systems that result in less thermal bridging. This reduces unnecessary wood in the wall and adds an exterior insulated skin. We measure wall performance beyond the rating system that is listed on a bag of insulation. This is known as Whole Wall Thermal Performance and reflects how all the design and all the components in a wall work to give a total Rvalue. A typical 2x6 wall may have a fiberglass batt insulation of R-19 and the performance rating may only be R-12. Our standard wall has an insulation rating of R21.0 and a Whole Wall Thermal Performance of R18, a 50% improvement. Optional wall systems can increase the Whole Wall Performance to R32.
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We use high performance energy efficient windows, which is very important when it comes to windows and doors because they are responsible for most of your heat lost. Our door and window headers are insulated and solid foam blocks are used to insulate the floor rims. Our homes are randomly scanned with an infrared camera.
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All our homes are energy efficient – not just an option! Each home is designed and built with energy efficiency in mind. Attention to details like floorplans, component features, lighting and heating are part of the process that help build our custom modular homes.
Energy Star is a joint program of the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency and the U.S. Department of Energy helping us all save money and protect the environment through energy efficient products and practices.
This program was first administered by the Clinton Administration in 1992. Australia, Canada, Japan, New Zealand, Taiwan and the European Union have also adopted this program.
Bay Point Homes LLC., is dedicated to building the most green energy efficient home possible!
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Giorgio Bassani – Die Gärten der Finzi-Contini
von Michael Kleeberg
Schreibt man allmonatlich über die Bücher seines persönlichen Literaturkanons, über Bücher also, die man bewundert und gerne rühmt, stellt sich einem irgendwann automatisch die Frage, ob man sie denn tatsächlich alle gleichermaßen hochschätzt und liebt. Es stellt sich die – im Grunde unsinnige – Frage nach einer Hierarchie, es stellt sich die berühmte Inselfrage: Welche zehn, welche fünf oder drei würdest du als einzige dir für den Rest deines Lebens verbleibende Lektüre mit auf jene einsame Insel nehmen, auf der man vermutlich, viel dringender als jedes Buch, einen Stromanschluß, einen Wasserreiniger und einen guten Caterer bräuchte.
Nun, man liebt sie überhaupt nicht alle. Manche achte ich „nur", schätze sie, bewundere sie von Fachmann zu Fachmann für ihr gediegenes Handwerk, ihre Sprachkunst, ihren originellen Zugriff auf die Probleme der „condition humaine". Aber es gibt eben ein paar, die man – und das ist viel eher abhängig von einem selbst als von ihnen – liebt wie man eigentlich nur Menschen lieben sollte, und manchmal mehr als die meisten Menschen.
Zu diesen Büchern, zu diesen zehn, fünf oder drei, gehört für mich Giorgio Bassanis Roman „Il Giardino dei Finzi-Contini, eigentlich „der" Garten, aus dem aus unerfindlichen, aber irgendwie nachvollziehbaren Gründen in der deutschen Fassung, von Herbert Schlüter vorzüglich übersetzt, mehrere geworden sind: „Die Gärten der Finzi-Contini".
Wann immer ich diese Liebe erklären will, behelfe ich mir mit dem vagen Wort von der „Magie", die dieses Werk besitzt und ausstrahlt, aber vielleicht ist es an der Zeit, mir einmal selbst zu erklären, was ich damit eigentlich meine.
Giorgio Bassani wurde 1916 zwar in Bologna geboren, verbrachte aber seine Kindheit und Jugend in Ferrara, der Stadt in der Poebene, zu deren Chronisten er wurde. Fast sein gesamtes Werk, daß er sehr früh schon, in den sechziger Jahren abschloß, um schließlich 84 jährig in Rom zu verdämmern, ist ein Zyklus einander berührender, ineinander verwobener Geschichten aus dem Ferrara der faschistischen Epoche bis zum Krieg. Die Figuren in den Erzählungen der „Ferrareser Geschichten", die Tragödie des homosexuellen Arztes Fadigati in „Die Brille mit dem Goldrand", das Törleß-artige Pubertätsdrama „Hinter der Tür" und eben „Die Gärten der Finzi Contini" – sie alle rufen das Ferrara der dreißiger Jahre auf ebenso intensive Weise wach wie Proust sein Combray.
Und noch eine Verbindung gibt es zwischen dem Sucher nach der verlorenen Zeit der französischen belle époque und dem melancholischen Wiedererbauer des versunkenen Ferrara: Beide erzählen sie Geschichten von der assimilierten jüdischen Mittelschicht ihres jeweiligen
Landes, beide erfassen sie akribisch die Situation der Juden zwischen Anpassung bis hin zum chauvinistischen Nationalismus und Ausgrenzung bis hin zur Ermordung.
Hier aber liegt auch der Unterschied: Während Proust sein früher Tod davor bewahrte, Zeuge der versuchten Vernichtung der europäischen Juden werden zu müssen, ist für Bassani die Chiffre „Auschwitz" der Dreh und Angelpunkt seiner Literatur – ihr Endpunkt, denn alle Geschichten vom jüdischen Bürgertum Ferraras enden, selbst da, wo die Helden seiner Romane Deportation und Ermordung entgehen können, zwangsweise an dem Ort, vor dem verstummen muß, wer von der Symbiose zwischen Juden und Nichtjuden in den zivilisierten Ländern Europas gesprochen hat: in den Konzentrationslagern und den Verbrennungsöfen des Nazismus.
Das Wissen um diesen Abgrund, der die Zeit in „vorher" und „nachher" teilt und über den keine Brücke zurück führt, grundiert „Die Gärten der Finzi-Contini" mit einer Tragik, die gar nicht groß ausgeführt werden muß, um die gesamte Geschichte, auch in ihren komischen, auch in ihren romantischen Passagen in tiefe Melancholie zu tauchen. Bassanis Ich-Erzähler, der sich zwanzig Jahren zurückerinnert, um sie zu heraufzurufen, verfährt zu Beginn ganz ähnlich wie der Erzähler von Thomas Manns „Zauberberg", der ebenfalls eine Geschichte von „zuvor" schildert, nur daß es sich da um den Ersten Weltkrieg handelt, der die Zäsur bildet, nicht um die Shoah: „Die hochgradige Verflossenheit unserer Geschichte", heißt es im „Zauberberg", „rührt daher, daß sie vor einer gewissen, Leben und Bewußtsein tief zerklüftenden Wende und Grenze spielt… wenn auch nicht lange vorher. Aber ist der Vergangenheitscharakter einer Geschichte nicht desto tiefer… je dichter „vorher" sie spielt?"
Dieses beständige Gefühl von Unwiederbringlichkeit ist einer der Gründe für die Magie, den Magnetismus, den dieses Werk ausstrahlt. Es erzählt von der exzentrischen jüdischen Großbürgerfamilie Finzi-Contini, deren weitläufiges Anwesen in Ferrara in den Zeiten zunehmender Ausgrenzung der Juden aus dem gesellschaftlichen Leben der Stadt ein Treffpunkt für die jungen Leute wird, die sich anderswo nicht mehr treffen können und dort zwischen Tennis und Unterhaltungen über Literatur die Zeit totschlagen. Und es erzählt von der Freundschaft – oder ist es Liebe – des Ich-Erzählers zur charismatischen Tochter des Hauses, Micòl.
Bassanis Beschreibungskunst – der Menschen, des Gartens, der Straßen -, ist stupend. Wandert man mit dem Buch in der Hand durchs heutige Ferrara, so scheint der Text authentischer als die Stadt. Der spröde, ruhige Ton, in dem er die Psychologie seiner Figuren mehr andeutet als entschlüsselt, in dem er ihre jeweilige, ganz eigene Sprache mitsamt ihren Ticks und Eigentümlichkeiten hörbar macht, all das bildet zusammen ein musikalisches Opfer in Moll, dessen Kombination aus Sehnsucht und Genauigkeit man sich nicht entziehen kann noch will.
Ist es Liebe oder Freundschaft, was den Erzähler und jene Micòl Finzi-Contini verbindet, die nie ganz von dieser Welt zu sein scheint, die nie ganz und gar in diese Welt oder gar in ein konkretes bürgerliches Glück in ihr gezogen werden wollte oder könnte? Von Seiten des Erzählers ist es gewiß Liebe. Eine Liebe mit all der zehrenden Eifersucht und dem Mißtrauen und dem GlaubenWollen, das dazugehört und für die es nichts schlimmeres gibt als mit Freundschaft erwidert zu werden. Aber ist Freundschaft nicht das Beste, was Micòl zu geben hat?
Letztlich bleibt alles in der Schwebe. Liebt Micol den Erzähler? Liebt sie einen anderen? Oder liebt sie nur, wie sie selbst sagt „le vivace et le bel aujourd'hui" – das lebensvolle und schöne Heute? Von der ersten Seite an ahnen wir Leser, daß sie damit recht gehabt hätte, denn „keiner weiß, ob Micòl, ihr Vater, Professor Ermanno, ihre Mutter Olga und deren gelähmte uralte Mutter, die alle im Herbst 1943 nach Deutschland deportiert wurden, überhaupt ein Grab gefunden haben."
© Michael Kleeberg
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Tal Total – Autofreies Rheintal ist eine Großveranstaltung, die seit 1992 am letzten Sonntag im Juni im Mittelrheintal stattfindet. Während der Veranstaltung sind die B 42 zwischen Rüdesheim und Lahnstein sowie die B 9 zwischen Bingerbrück und Koblenz-Stolzenfels für den Kraftverkehr gesperrt. Die Sperrung erfolgt zwischen 9 und 19 Uhr. Beide Straßen stehen während dieser Zeit ausschließlich dem nichtmotorisierten Verkehr zur Verfügung. Nach Schätzungen von Fremdenverkehrsämtern gehen beim Tal Total bis zu 150.000 Radfahrer, Inlineskater und Fußgänger auf die insgesamt 120 Kilometer lange Strecke. In den Ortschaften entlang des Welterbes Oberes Mittelrheintal findet ein umfangreiches Rahmenprogramm mit Volksfesten und Konzerten statt. Die Deutsche Bahn setzt zwischen Wiesbaden und Koblenz Sonderzüge mit Fahrradanhängern ein, um den Teilnehmern eine autofreie An- und Abreise zu ermöglichen. Tal Total wird medial vom Rundfunksender SWR1 begleitet.
Quelle Wikipedia
(alle diese Angaben sind frei bleibend, evtl. Änderungen im Programmablauf sind möglich)
Sollten Sie zu diesem Termien verhindert sein: wir haben auch ein schönes Silvester-, Oster-, Pfingst-, & „Rhein in Flammen-, Programm im Angebot.
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<urn:uuid:599aa796-351b-4a05-80ed-a84094e7a1f4>
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HuggingFaceFW/finepdfs/tree/main/data/deu_Latn/train
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finepdfs
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deu_Latn
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A la "pesca" de nuevas fuentes de financiación para infraestructura
Elnuevosiglo.com.co - Redacción Nacional Bogotá - Diciembre 03, 2019 08:45 AM
https://elnuevosiglo.com.co/articulos/12-2019-la-pesca-de-nuevas-fuentesde-financiacion-para-infraestructura
Foto cortesía Invías
Más inversión extranjera, recursos de los fondos de pensiones, venta de activos estatales o mayor endeudamiento son las alternativas que se barajan para impulsar la construcción en el país
____________
Cuando actualmente en el país se encuentran en fase de planificación y estructuración 15 proyectos de desarrollo de infraestructura, la nación está tras la búsqueda de más inversión extranjera hacia el sector. Por parte del Gobierno, todavía se tiene en mente vender algunos activos para lograr mayores recursos, como sucedió con parte de la venta de Isagen, pero esta es una decisión política que puede demorarse.
De otro lado está el interés de los fondos privados de pensiones de ampliar la colocación de recursos, pero alternativamente se estudia un mayor endeudamiento externo con organismos multilaterales pero la capacidad de pago del país está apretada tras los compromisos fiscales que tiene.
De acuerdo con Carlos Sandoval, vicepresidente de Estructuración de la Financiera de Desarrollo Nacional, "Colombia se está transformando con la modernización de su infraestructura. En la FDN, como banco de desarrollo especializado en financiamiento y estructuración de infraestructura, nos hemos encargado de catalizar los recursos para el financiamiento del programa vial más grande de las APP en Latinoamérica y de estructurar otros proyectos, como el Metro de Bogotá, que ha atraído el interés de los financiadores internacionales y de importantes empresas de construcción globales".
Mayor crecimiento
El director de Fedesarrollo, Luis Fernando Mejía, dijo que las inversiones en el sector de infraestructura pueden ayudar a dinamizar el crecimiento del PIB.
"El impacto de los aumentos de la inversión en infraestructura, hablamos de incrementos del 8% en obras civiles y del 7% en la inversión pública, pueden generar un incremento del PIB del 0,4%. Si se consideran los efectos en la productividad, podríamos estar hablando de crecimientos por encima del 1,5%", dijo Mejía.
Señaló que es necesario que el país encuentre fuentes de financiamiento para conseguir recursos para el sector.
"Hay dos pilares fundamentales, uno continuar con las alianzas público privadas con el fin de que los privados den más dineros para las obras de infraestructura, y la otra es hacer énfasis en un mejor manejo de los recursos de regalías", dijo.
Señaló que el país no tiene espacio para incrementar el endeudamiento y atraer más dineros para el sector, pero dijo que la posibilidad de realizar enajenaciones debe seguir estando sobre la mesa.
"Sí creo que hay algo de espacio para mejorar el portafolio de activos de la Nación. Hacer las enajenaciones para invertir en infraestructura debe estar en la agenda de mediano plazo", dijo.
Actualmente, según Mejía, el Gobierno tiene recursos por más de $20 billones que se podrían utilizar para atender las vías terciarias.
Endeudamiento
De otro lado, el presidente de BTG Pactual, Armando Montenegro, sostiene que el Gobierno debería considerar el mayor endeudamiento siempre y cuando no se pongan en riesgo las metas fiscales del país.
"Puede haber algunas dificultades para vender activos ahora, más que todo por temas políticos. Si esa vía está dificultada, entonces el país va a tener que usar el crédito, pero sin exceder los límites fiscales", agregó.
No obstante, es evidente que las condiciones fiscales del país durante los últimos años, no han sido las mejores. Hay, en efecto, dificultades presupuestales que, de cara al futuro, bien podrían poner en vilo la ejecución de nuevos proyectos estratégicos.
De ahí entonces, la necesidad de barajar alternativas para la consecución de recursos frescos, provenientes de nuevas fuentes. Voces autorizadas, a las cuales nos sumamos, han sugerido, por ejemplo, la enajenación del 8,5% de Ecopetrol para tal fin. Connotados expertos y analistas también proponen hacer lo mismo con la participación del Estado en la generadora eléctrica ISA.
Los recursos derivados de la venta de Isagén -que valga decirlo no fueron utilizados para financiar gasto corriente de la nación- viabilizaron activos estratégicos para acometer obras prioritarias.
Fondos de capital
El jefe de Infraestructura para América Latina de Goldman Sachs, Fernando Bravo, instó al país para que se aproveche de forma rápida que en el mundo hay más de US$55.000 millones en fondos de capital global y se atraiga una parte para los nuevos proyectos que requiere emprender el país, antes de que se generen aversiones al riesgo.
"Los problemas a nivel global, la guerra comercial y los problemas regionales pueden generar que las ventanas sean más cortas y se cierren para atraer capitales extranjeros a financiar los nuevos proyectos de infraestructura", indicó el experto.
En momentos en que el sector de la infraestructura y otros renglones insisten en la venta de participaciones en empresas estatales, como Ecopetrol o ISA, para destinar el dinero a financiar nuevos proyectos de infraestructura, ante las restricciones fiscales por el uso de vigencias futuras para respaldar el programa vial de cuarta generación (vías 4G), el Gobierno, en cabeza del ministerio de Hacienda, Alberto Carrasquilla, recalca la necesidad de "ser más creativos" en este frente. El jefe de las finanzas públicas le dio un campanazo de alerta al nuevo presidente de la Financiera de Desarrollo Nacional (FDN), Francisco Lozano, para usar los millonarios recursos que tiene la entidad.
"Si uno mira el balance de la Financiera, uno lo que dice es: hay que estrenarlo", indicó el ministro.
Carrasquilla se refiere a los $2,5 billones que la FDN emitió en bonos ordinarios y que tomó el Fondo Nacional para el Desarrollo de la Infraestructura (Fondes) como administrador de los $6,5 billones que recibió la Nación por la venta del 57,6% de Isagén.
Principales proyectos de infraestructura
-Primera línea del Metro de Bogotá: tendrá 23.96 kilómetros de recorrido y 15 estaciones. Tendrá un costo estimado de US$4.347 millones.
-Tren ligero elevado en Rionegro: este proyecto transportará alrededor de 500.000 pasajeros por día.
-Regiotram de Occidente: es un proyecto que busca implementar un tren ligero que conecte los municipios aledaños a Bogotá. Tendrá una longitud de 41 km, 18 estaciones y transportará a más de 200.000 pasajeros por día. La inversión será de US$1.700 millones.
-Plan maestro de transporte intermodal – PMTI: con una inversión de US$69.300 millones, se trata del proyecto de infraestructura más grande de Latinoamérica. Comprende la ampliación de la infraestructura vial 4G con más de 7.000 kilómetros de nuevas avenidas, más de 1.370
kilómetros de avenidas de doble vía y dos túneles; la modernización, adaptación y ampliación de 31 aeropuertos; la transformación de la red vial terciaria, que hoy cuenta con 142.284 kilómetros; y el Plan Nacional Fluvial, que contempla ocho proyectos de inversión y la intervención de ocho ríos para la construcción de una red fluvial.
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<urn:uuid:15eea79f-709c-48d0-9ec0-a525b5bac487>
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HuggingFaceFW/finepdfs/tree/main/data/spa_Latn/train
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finepdfs
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spa_Latn
| 7,235
|
| Par | Org | Pol | N+Z+Uz | Popis | Schválený rozpočet |
|-----|-----|-----|--------|----------------------------------------------------------------------|-------------------|
| 0000| 0000| 1111| 0000000000| Daň z příjmů fyz. osob ze záv. činnosti a funkčních požitků | 624 000,00 |
| 0000| 0000| 1112| 0000000000| Daň z příjmů fyz. osob ze sam. výděl. činnosti | 11 000,00 |
| 0000| 0000| 1113| 0000000000| Daň z příjmů fyz. osob z kapitál. výnosů | 62 000,00 |
| 0000| 0000| 1121| 0000000000| Daň z příjmů právnických osob | 567 000,00 |
| 0000| 0000| 1211| 0000000000| Daň z přidané hodnoty | 1 333 000,00 |
| 0000| 0000| 1340| 0000000000| | 160 000,00 |
| 0000| 0000| 1341| 0000000000| | 8 000,00 |
| 0000| 0000| 1511| 0000000000| Daň z nemovitosti | 696 000,00 |
| 0000| 0000| 4112| 0000000000| Neinv.přij.transfery ze st.rozp.v rámci souhrn.dotač.vzta | 54 400,00 |
| | | | | ** | 3 515 400,00 |
Celkem Par: 0000
1012 Podnikání a restruktur. v zeměd. a potr.
1012 0000 2131 0000000000 Příjmy z pronájmu pozemků
Org: 0000
Celkem Par: 1012 Podnikání a restruktur. v zeměd. a potr.
1039 Ostatní záležitosti lesního hospodářství
1039 0400 2111 0000000000 Příjmy z poskytování služeb a výrobků
Org: 0400 lesy
Celkem Par: 1039 Ostatní záležitosti lesního hospodářství
3113 Základní školy
3113 0000 2324 0000000000 Přijaté nekapitálové příspěvky a náhrady
Org: 0000
Celkem Par: 3113 Základní školy
3392 Zájmová činnost v kultuře
3392 0000 2132 0000000000 Příjmy z pronájmu ostatních nemovitostí a jejich částí
Org: 0000
Celkem Par: 3392 Zájmová činnost v kultuře
3612 Bytové hospodářství
3612 0000 2132 0000000000
Org: 0000
Celkem Par: 3612 Bytové hospodářství
3613 Nebytové hospodářství
3613 0000 2132 0000000000 Příjmy z pronájmu ostatních nemovitostí a jejich částí
Org: 0000
3 000,00
Schválený rozpočet roku 2014
PŘÍJMY - dle paragrafů, organizací a položek
| Par | Org | Pol | N+Z+Uz | Popis | Schválený rozpočet |
|-----|-----|-----|--------|------------------------------|--------------------|
| | | | | Celkem Par: 3613 Nebytové hospodářství | 3 000,00 |
6310 Obecné příjmy a výdaje z finančních operací
| Par | Org | Pol | N+Z+Uz | Popis | Schválený rozpočet |
|-----|-----|-----|--------|------------------------------|--------------------|
| 6310| 0000| 2141| 0000000000| Příjmy z úroků (část) | 2 000,00 |
| | | | | Org: 0000 | 2 000,00 ** |
Celkem Par: 6310 Obecné příjmy a výdaje z finančních operací 2 000,00
PŘÍJMY - dle paragrafů, organizací a položek 3 874 400,00
Rekapitulace rozpočtu dle položkových tříd
| Třída 1: DAŇOVÉ PŘÍJMY | 3 461 000,00 |
| Třída 2: NEDAŇOVÉ PŘÍJMY | 359 000,00 |
| Třída 3: KAPITÁLOVÉ PŘÍJMY | 0,00 |
| Třída 4: PŘIJATÉ DOTACE | 54 400,00 |
Rozpočet schválili:
Dne: 13.03.2014
| Par | Org | Pol | N+Z+Uz | Popis | Schválený rozpočet |
|-----|-----|-----|--------|----------------------------------------------------------------------|-------------------|
| 1039| | | | Ostatní záležitosti lesního hospodářství | |
| 1039| 0000| 5021 | 000000000 | Ostatní osobní výdaje | 7 000,00 |
| 1039| 0000| 5169 | 000000000 | Nákup ostatních služeb | 33 000,00 |
| | 0000| | | | 40 000,00 ** |
| | | | | Celkem Par: 1039 Ostatní záležitosti lesního hospodářství | 40 000,00 |
| 2219| | | | Ostatní záležitosti pozemních komunikací | |
| 2219| 0000| 5171 | 000000000 | Opravy a udržování | 10 000,00 |
| | 0000| | | | 10 000,00 ** |
| | | | | Celkem Par: 2219 Ostatní záležitosti pozemních komunikací | 10 000,00 |
| 3113| | | | Základní školy | |
| 3113| 0000| 5331 | 000000000 | Neinvestiční příspěvky zřízeným příspěvkovým organizacím | 500 000,00 |
| 3113| 0000| 6121 | 000000000 | Budovy, haly a stavby | 154 000,00 |
| | 0000| | | | 654 000,00 ** |
| | | | | Celkem Par: 3113 Základní školy | 654 000,00 |
| 3314| | | | Činnosti knihovnické | |
| 3314| 0000| 5021 | 000000000 | Ostatní osobní výdaje | 3 400,00 |
| 3314| 0000| 5138 | 000000000 | Knihy, učební pomůcky a tisk | 1 000,00 |
| 3314| 0000| 5229 | 000000000 | Ostatní neinvestiční transfery veřejným rozpočtům územní úro | 5 000,00 |
| | 0000| | | | 9 400,00 ** |
| | | | | Celkem Par: 3314 Činnosti knihovnické | 9 400,00 |
| 3392| | | | Zájmová činnost v kultuře | |
| 3392| 0000| 5139 | 000000000 | Nákup materiálu jinde nezařazený | 30 000,00 |
| 3392| 0000| 5154 | 000000000 | Elektrická energie | 10 000,00 |
| 3392| 0000| 5155 | 000000000 | Pevná paliva | 40 000,00 |
| 3392| 0000| 5169 | 000000000 | Nákup ostatních služeb | 10 000,00 |
| 3392| 0000| 5171 | 000000000 | Opravy a udržování | 20 000,00 |
| | 0000| | | | 110 000,00 ** |
| | | | | Celkem Par: 3392 Zájmová činnost v kultuře | 110 000,00 |
| 3399| | | | Ostatní záležitost kultury, církvi a sděl. prostředků | |
| 3399| 0000| 5194 | 000000000 | Věcné dary | 15 000,00 |
| | 0000| | | | 15 000,00 ** |
| | | | | Celkem Par: 3399 Ostatní záležitost kultury, církvi a sděl. prostředků| 15 000,00 |
| 3421| | | | Využití volného času dětí a mládeže | |
| 3421| 0000| 5222 | 000000000 | Neinvestiční transfery občanským sdružením | 15 000,00 |
| | 0000| | | | 15 000,00 ** |
| Par | Org | Pol | N+Z+Uz | Popis | Schválený rozpočet |
|-----|-----|-------|--------|--------------------------------------------|--------------------|
| | | | | Celkem Par: 3421 Využití volného času dětí a mládeže | 15 000,00 |
| | | | | 3429 Ostatní zájmová činnost a rekreace | |
| | | | | 3429 0000 5169 000000000 Nákup ostatních služeb | 2 000,00 |
| | | | | 3429 0000 5175 000000000 Pohoštění | 5 000,00 |
| | | | | 3429 0000 5194 000000000 Věcné dary | 5 000,00 |
| | | | | Org: 0000 | 12 000,00 ** |
| | | | | Celkem Par: 3429 Ostatní zájmová činnost a rekreace | 12 000,00 |
| | | | | 3612 Bytové hospodářství | |
| | | | | 3612 0000 5164 000000000 Nájemné | 28 000,00 |
| | | | | Org: 0000 | 28 000,00 ** |
| | | | | Celkem Par: 3612 Bytové hospodářství | 28 000,00 |
| | | | | 3631 Veřejné osvětlení | |
| | | | | 3631 0000 5139 000000000 Nákup materiálu jinde nezařazený | 20 000,00 |
| | | | | 3631 0000 5154 000000000 Elektrická energie | 35 000,00 |
| | | | | 3631 0000 5171 000000000 Opravy a udržování | 40 000,00 |
| | | | | Org: 0000 | 95 000,00 ** |
| | | | | Celkem Par: 3631 Veřejné osvětlení | 95 000,00 |
| | | | | 3632 Pohřebnictví | |
| | | | | 3632 0000 5021 000000000 Ostatní osobní výdaje | 5 000,00 |
| | | | | Org: 0000 | 5 000,00 ** |
| | | | | Celkem Par: 3632 Pohřebnictví | 5 000,00 |
| | | | | 3722 Sběr a svoz komunálních odpadů | |
| | | | | 3722 0000 5139 000000000 Nákup materiálu jinde nezařazený | 4 000,00 |
| | | | | 3722 0000 5169 000000000 Nákup ostatních služeb | 246 000,00 |
| | | | | Org: 0000 | 250 000,00 ** |
| | | | | Celkem Par: 3722 Sběr a svoz komunálních odpadů | 250 000,00 |
| | | | | 3745 Péče o vzhled obcí a veřejnou zeleň | |
| | | | | 3745 0000 5011 000000000 Platy zaměstnanců v pracovním poměru | 45 000,00 |
| | | | | 3745 0000 5021 000000000 Ostatní osobní výdaje | 85 000,00 |
| | | | | 3745 0000 5031 000000000 Základní běžný účet územ.samospr.celků | 10 000,00 |
| | | | | 3745 0000 5032 000000000 Povinné pojistné na veřejné zdravotní pojištění | 5 000,00 |
| | | | | 3745 0000 5139 000000000 Nákup materiálu jinde nezařazený | 30 000,00 |
| | | | | 3745 0000 5156 000000000 Pohonné hmoty a maziva | 40 000,00 |
| | | | | 3745 0000 5169 000000000 Nákup ostatních služeb | 15 000,00 |
| | | | | 3745 0000 5171 000000000 Opravy a udržování | 10 000,00 |
| | | | | Org: 0000 | 240 000,00 ** |
## Schválený rozpočet roku 2014
### VÝDAJE - dle paragrafů, organizací a položek
| Par | Org | Pol | N+Z+Uz | Popis | Schválený rozpočet |
|-----|-----|-----|--------|----------------------------------------------------------------------|--------------------|
| | | | | **Celkem Par: 3745 Péče o vzhled obcí a veřejnou zeleň** | 240 000,00 |
#### 5512 Požární ochrana - dobrovolná část
| Par | Org | Pol | N+Z+Uz | Popis | Schválený rozpočet |
|-----|-----|-----|--------|----------------------------------------------------------------------|--------------------|
| 5512| 0000| 5021| 000000000| Ostatní osobní výdaje | 5 000,00 |
| 5512| 0000| 5139| 000000000| Nákup materiálu jinde nezařazený | 5 000,00 |
| 5512| 0000| 5154| 000000000| Elektrická energie | 5 000,00 |
| 5512| 0000| 5156| 000000000| Pohonné hmoty a maziva | 5 000,00 |
| 5512| 0000| 5171| 000000000| Opravy a udržování | 10 000,00 |
| 5512| 0000| 5222| 000000000| Neinvestiční transfery občanským sdružením | 21 000,00 |
| | 0000| | | **Org:** | 51 000,00 ** |
| | | | | **Celkem Par: 5512 Požární ochrana - dobrovolná část** | 51 000,00 |
#### 6112 Zastupitelstva obcí
| Par | Org | Pol | N+Z+Uz | Popis | Schválený rozpočet |
|-----|-----|-----|--------|----------------------------------------------------------------------|--------------------|
| 6112| 0000| 5023| 000000000| Odměny členů zastupitelstev obcí a krajů | 245 000,00 |
| 6112| 0000| 5032| 000000000| Povinné pojištěné na veřejné zdravotní pojištění | 22 000,00 |
| | 0000| | | **Org:** | 267 000,00 ** |
| | | | | **Celkem Par: 6112 Zastupitelstva obcí** | 267 000,00 |
#### 6171 Činnost místní správy
| Par | Org | Pol | N+Z+Uz | Popis | Schválený rozpočet |
|-----|-----|-----|--------|----------------------------------------------------------------------|--------------------|
| 6171| 0000| 5011| 000000000| Platy zaměstnanců v pracovním poměru | 220 000,00 |
| 6171| 0000| 5031| 000000000| Povinné pojištěné na sociální zabezpečení | 51 000,00 |
| 6171| 0000| 5032| 000000000| Povinné pojištěné na veřejné zdravotní pojištění | 22 000,00 |
| 6171| 0000| 5137| 000000000| Drobny hmotný dlouhodobý majetek | 40 000,00 |
| 6171| 0000| 5139| 000000000| Nákup materiálu jinde nezařazený | 50 000,00 |
| 6171| 0000| 5151| 000000000| Studená voda | 3 000,00 |
| 6171| 0000| 5154| 000000000| Elektrická energie | 65 000,00 |
| 6171| 0000| 5161| 000000000| Služby pošt | 8 000,00 |
| 6171| 0000| 5162| 000000000| Služby telekomunikaci a radiokomunikaci | 25 000,00 |
| 6171| 0000| 5163| 000000000| Služby peněžních ústavů | 5 000,00 |
| 6171| 0000| 5167| 000000000| Služby školení a vzdělávání | 5 000,00 |
| 6171| 0000| 5169| 000000000| Nákup ostatních služeb | 15 000,00 |
| 6171| 0000| 5171| 000000000| Opravy a udržování | 10 000,00 |
| 6171| 0000| 5172| 000000000| Programové vybavení | 17 000,00 |
| 6171| 0000| 5173| 000000000| Cestovné (tuzemské i zahraniční) | 10 000,00 |
| 6171| 0000| 5222| 000000000| Neinvestiční transfery občanským sdružením | 27 000,00 |
| 6171| 0000| 6121| 000000000| Budovy, haly a stavby | 3 021 000,00 |
| | 0000| | | **Org:** | 3 594 000,00 ** |
| | | | | **Celkem Par: 6171 Činnost místní správy** | 3 594 000,00 |
#### 6310 Obecné příjmy a výdaje z finančních operací
| Par | Org | Pol | N+Z+Uz | Popis | Schválený rozpočet |
|-----|-----|-----|--------|----------------------------------------------------------------------|--------------------|
| 6310| 0000| 5163| 000000000| Služby peněžních ústavů | 55 000,00 |
| | 0000| | | **Org:** | 55 000,00 ** |
| | | | | **Celkem Par: 6310 Obecné příjmy a výdaje z finančních operací** | 55 000,00 |
Schválený rozpočet roku 2014
VÝDAJE - dle paragrafů, organizací a položek
| Par | Org | Pol | N+Z+Uz | Popis |
|-----|-----|-----|--------|-------------|
| | | | | Schválený rozpočet |
VÝDAJE - dle paragrafů, organizací a položek 5 450 400,00
Rekapitulace rozpočtu dle položkových tříd
Třída 5: BĚŽNÉ VÝDAJE 2 275 400,00
Třída 6: KAPITÁLOVÉ VÝDAJE 3 175 000,00
Rozpočet schválil:
Dne: 13.03.2014
Schválený rozpočet roku 2014
FINANCOVÁNÍ - dle paragrafů, organizací a položek
| Par | Org | Pol | N+Z+Uz | Popis | Schválený rozpočet |
|-----|-----|-----|--------|----------------------------------------------------------------------|-------------------|
| 0000| | | | | |
0000 0000 8115 000000000 Změna stavu krátkodobých prostředků na bank.účtech 1 576 000,00
Org: 0000 1 576 000,00 **
Celkem Par: 0000 1 576 000,00
FINANCOVÁNÍ - dle paragrafů, organizací a položek 1 576 000,00
Rozpočet schválil:
Dne: 13.03.2014
Zastupitelstvo obce schvaluje rozpočet na rok 2014 ve výši příjmů 3.875 a výdajů 5.451. Závazným ukazatelem rozpočtu schvaluje zastupitelstvo paragrafy. Schodek bude kryt přebytkem hospodaření z minulých let.
vyvěšeno dne: 17.2.2014
sejmuto dne: 12.3.2014
elektronicky vyvěšeno dne: 17.2.2014
elektronicky sejmuto dne: 12.3.2014
SCHVÁLENO DNE: 13.3.2014
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| 19,065
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Luuppi ry:n strategia
Tämä on Luuppi ry:n strategia vuosille 2021-2025. Strategia on Luupin toimintasuunnitelmaa ohjaava dokumentti ja siinä olevat toimenpiteet ovat suuntaa antavia. Strategiaa voidaan päivittää vuosittain tarvittaessa. Strategia on hyväksytty yleiskokouksessa 20.04.2021
Missio
Luupin ensisijainen tarkoitus on toimia aktiivisesti jäsentensä etujen valvojana ja yhdistää jäsenopiskelijat fuksista alumniin. Osallistumme aktiivisesti tietojenkäsittelytieteiden, matematiikan ja tilastollisen data-analyysin opiskelijoiden opintojen kehittämiseen. Luuppi mahdollistaa tutustuttamisen ja sosiaalisen kanssakäymisen muiden opiskelijoiden kanssa, myös poikkitieteellisesti. Tuemme jäseniämme myös opiskelussa koko yliopisto-opiskelun ajan.
Visio
Luuppi tukee ja yhdistää opiskelijoita fuksista alumniin. Toimimme helposti lähestyttävänä, avoimena ja yhdenvertaisena ainejärjestönä.
Arvot
Yhdenvertaisuus
Kaikilla jäsenillä on yhdenvertaiset mahdollisuudet osallistua Luupin toimintaan. Luuppi kohtelee kaikilla osa-alueilla jokaista jäsentään yhdenvertaisesti.
Yhteisöllisyys
Luuppi tuo ensisijaisesti yhteen erilaiset opiskelijat edustamiensa tutkinto-ohjelmien parista sekä edistää poikkitieteellistä yhteistyötä ja verkostoitumista.
Avoimuus
Avoimuus on luuppilaisille ominainen piirre, jolla on pitkät perinteet. Luupin hallinto on avointa ja jäsenet avoimia muita opiskelijoita kohtaan. Avoimuus tekee toiminnastamme ja päätöksistämme läpinäkyviä jäsenistölle.
Helposti lähestyttävyys
Luuppi varmistaa omalla toiminnallaan järjestön tapahtumien ja oheistoiminnan saavutettavuuden kaikille jäsenilleen tasapuolisesti.
Tulevaisuus ja tavoitteet
Yhdenvertaisuus
Toimimme kiusaamista, syrjintää ja häirintää vastaan kaikessa Luupin toiminnassa. Varmistamme yhdenvertaisen mahdollisuuden osallistua toimintaan myös järjestämällä laajasti erilaisille ihmisille suunnattuja tapahtumia ja viestimällä toiminnasta suomeksi ja englanniksi.
Toimenpiteet:
- Laadimme Luupille yhdenvertaisuussuunnitelman, jonka toteutumista seurataan aktiivisesti.
- Luupilla on yhdenvertaisuusvastaava joka toimii helposti lähestyttävänä apuna ongelmatilanteiden selvittämisessä.
Aktiivitoiminnan helposti lähestyttävyys:
Aktiivitoimijat viestivät avoimemmin omasta toiminnastaan ja verkostoituvat monipuolisesti kaikkien luuppilaisten kanssa. Toimistolla päivystäjä toimii aktiivisesti Luupin edustajana. Tapahtumissa on hyvä mahdollisuus tutustua uusiin ja vanhoihin jäseniin.
Toimenpiteet:
- Aktiivitoimijat kartoittavat ajoissa mahdollisia seuraavan vuoden hallituksen jäseniä ja toimihenkilöitä viestimällä omasta tekemisestään.
- Hallituksen jäsenten ja toimihenkilöiden vastuulla on osallistaa jäseniä Luupin toimintaan ja kertoa toiminnan mahdollisuuksista.
Toimisto ja toimitila
Toimiston tulee palvella jäsenistön tarpeita. Perinteisten toimistopalvelujen lisäksi moni jäsen hakee toimistolta sosiaalista seuraa sekä apua opiskeluun. Toimiston pitää olla paikka, johon jokainen luuppilainen on tervetullut viettämään aikaa. Luupin oman toimitilan ja toimiston hankinnan edistämistä jatketaan aktiivisesti. Toimitilan on tarkoitus mahdollistaa asioita, joihin toimistoa ei voi käyttää, kuten isompien tapahtumien järjestämiseen.
Toimenpiteet:
- Luuppi hankkii yliopistolta isomman toimiston, joka soveltuu paremmin jäsenistön käyttötarkoitukseen.
- Päivystäjä ja paikalla olevat hallituksen jäsenet ja toimihenkilöt ovat vastuussa toimiston ilmapiiristä ja pitävät huolen siitä, että jäsenet kokevat olevansa tervetulleita toimistoon.
- Luuppi hankkii yliopiston keskustakampuksen läheisyydestä toimitilan, joka mahdollistaa esimerkiksi etkoilun tai sitsien järjestämisen. Tila voidaan omistaa tai vuokrata käyttöön. Omistajana Luuppi voi vuokrata tilaa Luupin nimissä ulkopuolisille.
- Luuppi laatii taloussuunnitelman, johon sisältyy toimitilan rahoitusstrategia, jolla ohjataan talousarviosta ylijääneiden rahojen tai budjetissa allokoitujen varojen sijoittamista.
Luupin toiminnan jatkuvuus
Luuppi huolehtii jatkossa toimintansa aktiivisesta dokumentoinnista ja jatkuvuudesta. Hyvällä dokumentoinnilla taataan sujuva tiedonvaihto eri hallitusten ja toimijoiden välillä. Tehtävien siirtyminen eteenpäin helpottuu, kun mahdollisia jatkajia kartoitetaan ja jopa koulutetaan ennen toimikauden loppua. Tämä koskee erityisesti yritysyhteistyötä sekä yhdenvertaisuutta.
Toimenpiteet:
- Hallituksen jäsenet tarkistavat ja päivittävät oman osa-alueensa dokumentit toimikauden aikana.
- Osa-alueiden vastuuhenkilöt kartoittavat jo valmiiksi halukkaita toimijoita seuraavalle vuodelle.
Tapahtumat
Luuppi edistää yhteisöllisyyttä järjestämällä tapahtumia. Tapahtumat mahdollistavat tutustumisen eri vuosikurssien, alumnien, kansainvälisten opiskelijoiden ja yliopiston muiden opiskelijoiden kanssa poikkitieteellisesti. Luuppi tarjoaa matalan kynnyksen mahdollisuuksia osallistua järjestön toimintaan ja tutustua uusiin ihmisiin.
Toimenpiteet:
- Tapahtumien saavutettavuus varmistetaan tapahtumien monimuotoisuudella, esimerkiksi alkoholittomien ja etätapahtumien muodossa.
Viestintä ja WWW
Viestimme Luupin päätöksenteosta ja toiminnasta avoimesti jäsenistölle. Hallituksen kokousten pöytäkirjat ovat koko jäsenistön luettavissa nettisivuilla, ja päätöksistä viestitään myös muissa Luupin viestintäkanavissa. Viestinnällä panostetaan myös siihen, että edunvalvonta on entistä näkyvämpää ja helposti lähestyttävämpää toimintaa.
Toimenpiteet:
- Tiedotetaan säännöllisesti edunvalvontaan liittyvistä asioista jäsenistölle.
- Hallituksen jäsenet ja toimihenkilöt viestivät avoimesti omien toimialueidensa toimista jäsenistölle.
- Jatketaan Luupin nettisivujen kehittämistä.
- Luuppi laatii viestintäsuunnitelman.
Näkyvyys uusille ja tuleville opiskelijoille
Nykyisillä nettisivuilla ei kerrota Luupin edustamien alojen opinnoista ja sivujen ulkoasu ei tällä hetkellä ole kauhean houkutteleva. Kun tervetulokirje on nykyään sähköinen, yhä useampi opiskelija todennäköisesti päätyy etsimään Luupista tietoa netin kautta.
Toimenpiteet:
- Luuppi mainostaa edustamiaan aloja erilaisilla messuilla, kuten Studia-messuilla.
- Kannustetaan luuppilaisia myös esittelemään Luupin alaisia aloja toisen asteen oppilaitoksissa.
- Lisätään Luupin nettisivuille kohta, jossa kerrotaan Luupin edustamien alojen opinnoista sekä miksi Luuppiin tulisi liittyä.
Brändi ja näkyvyys
Luuppi uudistaa ja kehittää brändiään. Luuppi näkyy uusille potentiaalisille opiskelijoilleen jo ennen pääsykokeita esittäytymällä toisen asteen kouluissa sekä messuilla. Yritysyhteistyön kehittäminen jatkuu vuodesta toiseen. Yritystiimissä pyritään jatkuvuuteen ja uusien toimijoiden vankkaan perehdyttämiseen.
Toimenpiteet:
- Luupille luodaan brändiohje.
- Luuppi kehittää lisäpalveluita palvelemaan yritysyhteistyötä paremmin yritysten ja jäsenistön näkökulmasta, kuten rekrysauna ja yrityssivujen rekrypalvelu.
- Luuppi mahdollistaa jatkossa mahdollisimman laajan yrityskenttään tutustumisen ja verkostoitumisen kaikille jäsenilleen. Erityisesti matematiikan ja tilastollisen data-analyysin opiskelijoille järjestetään enemmän tapahtumia.
- Kannustetaan opiskelijoita esittelemään omaa pääainettaan vanhassa toisen asteen koulussaan.
Strategian kehitys:
- Istuva hallitus on vastuussa strategian toteutumisesta, sen seuraamisesta ja kehittämisestä.
- Strategia päivitetään 5 vuoden välein tai tarvittaessa.
Strategian on laatinut Luupin strategiatyöryhmä:
Riina Harjuniemi Veeti Ahvonen Joonas Toimela Joel Sallinen
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Lausunto
24.04.2023
Asia: VN/8064/2023
Lausuntopyyntö luonnoksesta hallituksen esitykseksi eduskunnalle kotoutumisen edistämisestä annetun lain 87 e §:n muuttamisesta
Varsinais-Suomen hyvinvointialue
Varsinais-Suomen hyvinvointialue katsoo kotoutumisen edistämisestä annetun lain 87 e §:n muuttamisen olevan tarpeellista, jotta kunnilla on oikeus hakea ja saada korvauksia myös vuonna 2021 tuottamistaan palveluista.
Lakimuutoksessa tulisi kuitenkin huomioida se, että kyseessä olevat asiakirjat ovat aiemmin kunnan hallussa olleita sosiaali- ja terveydenhuollon asiakirjoja. Asiakirjojen siirrossa on ollut omat haasteensa ja on mahdollista, että osa asiakirjoista ei ole siirtynyt tai osa on vielä prosessissa. Lakimuutoksessa tulisi huomioida, että hyvinvointialue voi luovuttaa kunnalle vain sellaisia tietoja ja asiakirjoja, jotka se on saanut kunnilta. Hyvinvointialuetta ei voida pitää vastuullisena sellaisten asiakirjojen saatavuudesta tai oikeellisuudesta, joista kunnat olivat vastuussa ennen vuotta 2023.
Edellä esitetyn pohjalta Varsinais-Suomen hyvinvointialue toteaa, että lakimuutosta tulisi täsmentää siten, että tiedonsaanti oikeus vuosilta 2021 ja 2022 koskee niitä asiakirjoja, jotka ovat tosiasiallisesti hyvinvointialueen käytettävissä.
Varsinais-Suomen hyvinvointialue
Soile Merilä sosiaalityön johtaja
Lausuntopalvelu.fi
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George Washington Academy
Thursday January 23, 2014 7:30 p.m.
Board Meeting Minutes
Location:
2277 S. 3000 E., St George, Utah, 84790 Board Room, Portable Building
Work Session: Kent Schwager, John Siggard, and Kaber Esplin presented regarding potential uses for Google Chromebooks at GWA to help prepare students for SAGE testing.
The Board meeting convened at 7:30 p.m. following the work session.
Board Members Present: Kody Young, Vice President; Patrick Carroll, CFO; Tiffany Draper; Adam Lofgran; Owen Olsen; and Matt Hafen, Secretary
Board Members Absent: Shannon Greer, President.
Others Present: Don Fawson, Principal; Anya Yeager, Vice Principal; Glenda Raschke, District Manager; Thayne Smith; Rachelle Crawford; Jerri Moro; Kaber Esplin; Steve Finley; Mike Winslow; and John Siggard.
Board President Welcome: Kody Young, Vice President
Roll Call: Kody Young, Vice President
Pledge of Allegiance: Tiffany Draper
Approval of Minutes: The Board requested that Anya Yeager be added to the list of people that were present at the meeting and correct the spelling of Glory Kline's name. Patrick Carroll motioned to approve the Minutes from the December 19, 2013 meeting with the changes indicated above. Tiffany Draper seconded the motion, which passed unanimously.
Public Opportunity to Address the Board:
Patrick Carroll set the time for adjournment at 10:03 p.m.
Teacher Representative Report: Rachelle Crawford, Teacher Representative reported Jerri Moro is now a second Teacher Representative. Jerri Moro asked for feedback on what the Board would like to hear from the teachers. The Board responded that it would like to hear individual success stories and honest feedback about what they need and how things are going.
Administration Report: Don Fawson, Principal and/or Anya Yeager, Vice Principal
* Enrollment Report and Employee hours reported vs. budgeted (overtime) – Enrollment was at 1,009 as of last Friday. The reason we lost five students is because one family decided to home school and two students moved to southern California. The overtime report was the same as last month at 62.5 hours. The attendance report dropped slightly to 96.1% due to sicknesses, and the tardy percentage was at 97%.
* Don Fawson reported that he went to an emergency preparedness conference last week. One presentation was from a group called "211" which is a number that provides a lot of resources in the case of an emergency that does not rise to the severity of a 911 call.
* Don Fawson reported that they conducted a fire drill which provided insight on some improvements that could be made to the emergency response procedures.
* Proposed 2014-2015 Calendar (Anya Yeager) – Anya Yeager presented the proposed 2014-2015 school calendar. It matches the WCSD calendar exactly. Owen Olsen motioned to approve the proposed calendar. Tiffany Draper seconded the motion, which passed unanimously.
* Anya Yeager reported that as of today we have over 1,100 applications for GWA next year. Anya will email the number per grade to the Board.
* Status of State Reports Due in January – None.
Financial Report: Business Administrator
* Status of State Reports Due in January:
* Financial Summary and Detail Report as of December 31, 2013 – Red Apple reported that we are doing well in all of the expense categories. They reported that the school is in great shape financially.
o Utah Money Management Report (December 31) – Red Apple reported that they will be completing it this week before the deadline.
o Single Audit Report FY13 (December 31) – Red Apple reported that this was not applicable to us.
o Management Letters and Management Response Letters (FY13) (December 31) – Red Apple reported that we are fine on this.
o File DWS wage report for prior quarter (December 31) – Red Apple reported that they have a week to complete this so they will do it.
Committee Reports (3 min each):
* Compensation- Patrick Carroll, Chair, reported that he would like to transition to having Adam Lofgran chair this committee. There are a number of items that will need to be addressed in this committee.
* Policies – Matt Hafen reported that the Policies Committee met yesterday morning and discussed appointing Anya Yeager as the committee chair going forward. Anya Yeager has attended a couple of administrator meetings over the past few months and has received a list of policies that the state requires or suggests that we have in place, and we are in the process of developing these policies to present to the Board.
* Finance – Patrick Carroll, Chair, reported that the committee is looking at some credit card issues and considering a new CD for funds that are in the school's bank account.
* Continuation – The committee did not have a report.
* Investment – Glenda Raschke, Chair, reported that employees are now actively participating in the new 401(k) program.
* Curriculum – The committee did not have a report.
* Charitable Giving – The committee did not have a report.
* Accreditation– The committee did not have a report.
* Technology - Kent Schwager and Kaber Esplin reported that Deep Freeze and the wi-fi projects are going well. The committee reported that the new server saved data that potentially would have been lost without the new server. Kent Schwager reported that the new tier system has been working better, but it would be better to have one person working 40 hours a week because the communication is difficult. The committee will bring a report next meeting with more detailed information about what they need.
* LAND Trust – The committee did not have a report.
* Outreach – Owen Olsen, Chair, reported that The Spectrum has printed a press release regarding the new administrator appointment at GWA. Anya Yeager reported that the GWA commercial at the movie theaters did not run over the holidays so they have agreed to try to put the commercial in for Spring Break.
* Grant Writing – The committee did not have anything to report.
* PTO Committee – Tiffany Draper, Chair, reported that their committee discussed options to replace the raffle for next year. They will bring some ideas to the next meeting. The PTO will be audited next year.
* Board Recruitment – The committee did not have a report.
* Board Development - The committee did not have a report.
Additional Discussion and/or Action Items:
o GWA is sending Glenda Raschke to a Power School training to learn how to get more out of Power School. Owen Olsen motioned to approve the Power School Training purchase order in the amount of $3,899.59. Tiffany Draper seconded the motion, which passed unanimously.
* Expenditures over $3,000
*
o Owen Olsen motioned to approve the emergency purchase order to purchase Google Chromebooks in an amount not to exceed $5,700.01. Tiffany Draper seconded the motion, which passed unanimously.
o Mike Winslow presented the Interlocal Agreement for the Use of School Facilities during an Emergency of Washington County. In the case of an emergency, the school facility could be used by the county. Mike copied almost word for word the agreement Washington County School District has with Washington County with a few changes particular to GWA. It is recommended that it be reviewed by a legal expert on our end, and then send to the County for their review.
Interlocal Agreement for the Use of School Facilities during an Emergency (Washington County)
o Owen Olsen motioned to approve the Agreement as presented. Patrick Carroll seconded the motion, which passed unanimously.
o Mike Winslow presented the Agreement for the Use of School Facilities during an Emergency with Washington County School District. Mr. Fawson recommended that we table this for a few months so he can talk with the district. Patrick Carroll motioned to table this item for three months. Owen Olsen seconded the motion, which passed unanimously.
* Agreement for the Use of School Facilities during an Emergency (WCSD)
* Proposal to change Administrative Structure – Owen Olsen motioned to table this item until next month. Tiffany Draper seconded the motion, which passed unanimously.
* Increase in students from 1,025 to 1,050 for 2015-2016 school year – We have capacity to handle up to approximately 1,050 students in our building at full capacity. Anya Yeager has contacted Marlies and has obtained the new Charter Amendment form. Anya provided the form to Red Apple to fill in the financial information.
* Bank Account – Patrick Carroll reported that the finance committee is looking for the right fit for our funds. The committee will be working on specific proposals for next month. Patrick Carroll motioned to table this until next month. Owen Olsen seconded the motion, which passed unanimously.
o Owen Olsen motioned to approve the proposal to amend the Charter to increase the student count to 1,050 for the 2015-2016 school year as presented. Tiffany Draper seconded the motion, which passed unanimously.
* Middle School Fee Review for 2014-2015 – Glenda Raschke reported that this has not been updated for some time and she has amended it. She presented the amended policy. Patrick Carroll recommended that we add "or waiver" to the second sentence in the Fee Requirements section. Kody Young recommended that we define "GWA" as "George Washington Academy" the first time it is used, and then use GWA throughout the remainder of the document.
o Anya Yeager will head this effort. The Board will review the Charter by next Board meeting to provide any additional recommendations for amending the Charter.
o Tiffany Draper motioned to approve the Student Fee Policy as presented, with the amendments set forth above. Owen Olsen seconded the motion, which failed. The Board discussed the need to change "guarantees" to "reserved" in the "Fee Requirements" section. Owen Olsen motioned to table this item, and Tiffany Draper seconded the motion which passed unanimously.
* Building Use Application - After School Program Supervision – Glenda Raschke reported that there have been some problems with unsupervised children when the school is used for some after-school programs. The Building Use Application proposed amendment provided additional language requiring the building users to supervise those using the building.
* Prayer Policy for Board meetings – Kody Young presented a proposed policy for prayer at Board meetings. The Board discussed the potential benefits and risks of a prayer policy. Kody Young presented a Supreme Court case in which a Supreme Court Justice supported prayer in public meetings.
o Owen Olsen motioned to approve the amendment to the Building Use Application as presented. Tiffany Draper seconded the motion, which passed unanimously.
o Patrick Carroll motioned to approve the Prayer Policy as presented. Adam Lofgran seconded the motion, which was approved by all but Owen Olsen and Matt Hafen. The motion carried.
o Tiffany Draper motioned to approve the School Emergency and Response Plan as presented. Owen Olsen seconded the motion. Patrick Carroll recommended that we put on the Board calendar to review this plan each year in August to update the names. The motion passed unanimously.
* School Emergency and Response Plan – Don Fawson presented the School Emergency and Response Plan.
No closed session was held
Next Meeting: The next regular Board meeting will be held on Thursday, February 27, 2014 at 7:30 p.m.
Being no further business, Owen Olsen motioned to adjourn. Tiffany Draper seconded the motion, which passed unanimously. The meeting adjourned at 9:55 p.m.
Respectfully submitted by Matt Hafen, Secretary
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Food Safety When Eating Out
Food businesses have a responsibility to serve food that is safe to eat. However, there are some basic measures you can take that will minimise the risk of food poisoning when eating out.
Premises and equipment
The store should appear clean and tidy. Dirty floors, work surfaces and tables can carry bacteria and attract pests.
Food handlers
Staff should be clean, tidy and well presented with long hair tied back and their uniform clean.
High-risk foods
Food-poisoning bacteria can grow and multiply on some types of food more easily than others. These high-risk foods include:
- raw and cooked meat, including poultry such as chicken and turkey, and foods containing these, such as casseroles, curries and lasagne
- dairy products, such as custard and dairy-based desserts like custard tarts and cheesecake
- eggs and egg products, such as mousse
- small goods such as hams and salamis
- seafood, such as seafood salad, patties, fish balls, stews containing seafood and fish stock
- cooked rice and pasta
- prepared salads like coleslaws, pasta salads and rice salads
- prepared fruit salads
- ready-to-eat foods, including sandwiches, rolls, and pizzas that contain any of the food above.
Self-service and salad bars
Self-service salad/dessert bars in restaurants can be popular but there are some food safety issues to keep in mind.
Hot food should ideally be served steaming hot, in hot food displays or over burners. However, in a buffet situation short periods of time at room temperature are acceptable. Chilled food should be kept chilled in refrigerated cabinets. Once again short periods at room temperature are acceptable.
Fresh food should be brought out regularly, and it should not be combined with the leftovers from the food being replaced. Each salad or dessert should have its own utensil. Use the one that is allocated to the item and don’t mix the serving utensils. Hold the utensils by the handle and, when replacing, ensure that the handle does not come into contact with the food.
Never touch or taste food on display. If you see anyone doing this, report it to a staff member. Food should be protected from coughs and sneezes by a guard – usually a clear plastic, or glass cover extending over the food.
Buying lunch
Pre-made sandwiches and rolls containing perishable ingredients, such as soft cheeses and meats, should preferably be stored under refrigeration, or otherwise at cooler room temperatures for no more than four hours. Do not buy ‘tired-looking’ products, as they may have been at room temperature for too long.
Food in hot display cabinets should be steaming hot. Avoid purchasing food that is stacked too high in hot display cabinets. Return lukewarm pies and other filled products to the shop. Minced meats, such as hamburgers and sausages, and chickens should be cooked right through. Food from take-away outlets should be eaten within a few hours.
Doggy Bags
It is at the restaurant’s discretion to offer customers the option of taking their leftover food home. This is often referred to as a ‘doggy bag’. If you do take a ‘doggy bag’ home, ensure that you take the following measures:
- Refrigerate the food as soon as possible or throw it out if it’s been out of refrigeration longer than two hours,
- Reheat the food to piping hot, above 75°C,
- Discard the food if not eaten within 24 hours.
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Il Talmud e gli sposi socialmente responsabili
MASSIMO GIULIANI
Senza dubbio sposarsi è una delle decisioni più importanti nella vita di un individuo. Come atto fondativo, dà forma a una nuova famiglia spesso chiamata "cellula della società". Le religioni lo hanno rivestito di molti simboli e significati per esaltarne il valore e le potenzialità, anzitutto la procreazione e l'educazione dei figli. In molte culture si tratta di un business enorme, i cui costi mettono a dura prova le famiglie di origine. Eppure poche realtà sociali hanno avuto anche in Occidente un'evoluzione più complessa di quella dell'istituto matrimoniale. Il trattato *Qiddushin* del Talmud babilonese, da poco tradotto in italiano a cura del rabbino capo di Roma Riccardo Di Segni ne è una preziosa testimonianza. A partire dal contesto storico dell'antico Medio Oriente e dei sistemi giuridici come quello neo-babilonese e romano, i maestri di Israele hanno "santificato" un momento fondamentale dell'esistenza umana: hanno analizzato e discusso vetuste norme di diritto tribale trasformandole, poco alla volta, in un vero e proprio "diritto matrimoniale" grazie al quale la donna passa da "oggetto" di acquisto da parte del marito a "soggetto" libero e consenziente, e nel quale si alzano i limiti di età per le giovani donne e dove si profila l'importanza di avere un progetto comune tra gli sposi garantito da uno spazio di crescita spirituale. L'evoluzione culturale e religiosa dell'umanità, si può ben dire, è ben dimostrata dai cambiamenti storici dell'istituto matrimoniale e il Talmud l'ha registrata dal vivo, quasi in streaming. Ecco perché questo trattato, difficile in quanto a volte tecnico (come tutti i trattati giuridici, del resto), è una straordinario documento di civiltà.
*Qiddushin*, vuol dire "consacrazione" ed è il termine rabbinico con cui si indica il vincolo nuziale. Può sembrare strano questo plurale, essendo l'uomo a prendere l'iniziativa di sposare ("acquisire") una donna e consacrarla a sé; ma tale plurale lascia intendere che in quell'atto la consacrazione degli sposi è reciproca e rende esclusivo il legame sponsale. Non va dimenticato, tra l'altro, che il testo biblico - il *Tanakh* ebraico - usa proprio la relazione sponsale come metafora del legame tra Dio e il popolo di Israele, e la santità di quel legame si riflette nella sua esclusività (ossia il non seguire altri déi, dato che l'idolatria è paragonata all'adulterio). Pur restando profondamente umana, tesa a legittimare ed esaltare l'uso della sessualità, tale relazione viene dal mondo ebraico elevata a modello e immagine della relazione del Creatore con la sua creatura: se non fossimo assuefatti, resteremmo sorpresi per l'audacia teologica di questo linguaggio.
Tecnicamente *qiddushin* è solo la prima parte del matrimonio ebraico; la seconda si chiama *nissuim*, che indica il sollevare o il portare la sposa nella casa dello sposo. Oggi le due parti sono celebrate contestualmente sotto la *kuppà*, un baldacchino che viene costruito appositamente per il rito del matrimonio in sinagoga, o in qualsiasi altro luogo (anche in un giardino o davanti al mare). Ma un tempo i due atti giuridici erano separati: il primo faceva scattare il divieto di adulterio e tra questo e la convivenza potevano passare mesi, se non anni. Come spiega Di Segni nell'introduzione al trattato, senza *qiddushin* il legame veniva considerato una sorta di concubinaggio. Non era, e non è, solo l'aspetto morale a disturbare il mondo religioso ebraico già nel Talmud; è anche il fatto che, senza atto giuridico, la donna rischia di non essere tutelata nei suoi diritti ovvero nella sua dignità. I decisori - legislatori - tra i rabbini hanno cercato di tutelare sempre più la parte debole del legame: elevando l'età legale della sposa, pretendendo che il legame abbia almeno due testimoni (usanza poi entrata nel diritto comune) e soprattutto attraverso la stipula di un vero e proprio contratto, chiamato *ketubbà*, nel quale sono scritte e firmate (dal marito) le eventuali penalità pecuniarie nel caso di divorzio o ripudio della moglie. Si intuisce che l'approccio ebraico al matrimonio non è meramente spirituale: questo legame tra due individui durerà se vi sarà compatibilità caratteriale, intesa sessuale, capacità di risolvere i conflitti e stabilità economica. Questo realismo rende la consacrazione una scelta e non, come si esprime proprio un maestro nel trattato *Qiddushin*, «una macina al collo», una forma di schiavitù. Sebbene l'amore in quanto sentimento non giocava nel mondo antico, all'apparenza, un ruolo centrale nel processo dell'unione nuziale, esso non solo non era escluso, ma era auspicato come risultato; nondimeno il legame non scaturiva da una scelta sentimentale, ma costituiva, e costituisce, la risposta a un reale bisogno umano di relazione fisica e spirituale, ed è questo legame che viene "consacrato" religiosamente pur restando di natura umana.
La complessità di questi legami, come atti giuridici di rilevanza sociale e politica, traspare dal fatto che nel Talmud esistono quattro altri trattati che integrano la normativa concessa al diritto matrimoniale: come accennato, *Ketubbot* (plurale di *ketubbà*) si occupa di come debbano essere stesi i contratti matrimoniali per essere validi, tratta cioè dei doveri coniugali; *Yevamot* tratta delle norme del levirato, antica istituzione biblica che cercava di tenere la vedova "in famiglia" e assicurarle un futuro dignitoso; il trattato *Sotà* affronta la delicata questione delle infedeltà coniugali (che in un contesto patriarcale erano, ahinò, solo quelle femminili); e infine il trattato *Gittìn* copre la normativa sui divorzi. Per quanto si cerchi di salvare ogni legame matrimoniale in crisi, se il bene dei coniugi e dei figli corre seri rischi, si può procedere con lo scioglimento del patto sponsale davanti a un regolare tribunale rabbínico. Il divorzio è un'«estrema ratio», ma mostra che nel mondo ebraico il bene (il ben-essere) delle persone viene prima dell'istituto giuridico che deve garantirlo. Avere tra le mani questo antico testo della sapienza halakhica (giuridica) del mondo ebraico può aiutare a comprendere che il percorso che ha portato a istituire il matrimonio, religioso e non solo, come lo conosciamo oggi è stato lungo e contorto. Oggi si dà per scontato, almeno in Occidente, che quel legame debba essere monogamico, ma nel mondo antico quest'idea non era condivisa. Pur essendo stato monogamico assai prima (già in età talmudica), solo nel X secolo e solo in area ashkenazita il mondo ebraico proibisce ufficialmente - ossia religiosamente - a un uomo di avere due o più mogli. Anche l'uso dell'anello come simbolo dell'"acquisto" sponsale è un'aggiunta moderna. Ma tutti sanno, perché colpisce l'immaginazione, che durante il rito nuziale ebraico si rompe un bicchiere di vetro come segno, quasi un memoriale della distruzione del Tempio di Gerusalemme. Tradotto, significa che anche nel momento della massima gioia - e commette peccato chi non festeggia e gioisce con gli sposi nel giorno del loro matrimonio - occorre non dimenticare il lutto nazionale, la perdita del luogo che rappresentava il legame tra Dio e il suo popolo. Indirettamente, costringe a pensare che la scelta di sposarsi non è un mero fatto privato, ma un gesto di responsabilità sociale, l'assunzione di doveri politicamente rilevanti. E c'è su cui riflettere in un'epoca in cui la convivenza ha soppiantato l'istituto-matrimonio. Ancora una volta il giudaismo insegna che non è una questione di moralità, o se si vuole di controllo della sessualità, ma di responsabilità verso terzi, i figli (che il matrimonio tutela più delle libere unioni) ma anche dell'intera società. Per l'ebraismo antico tutto ciò era vitale: è grazie al vincolo matrimoniale nella dovuta forma halakhica, è in virtù di questi legami forti e consacrati che il popolo ebraico e le sue tradizioni religiose sono sopravvissuti fino ad oggi. Il libro sarà presentato lunedì 11 alle ore 12 presso l'Università Tor Vergata di Roma dal curatore con Orazio Schillaci, Giorgio Adamo, Clelia Piperno, Ruth Dureghello, Diego Quaglioni, Myriam Silvera, Lucia Ceci, Alessandro Finazzi, Claudio Procaccia.
Riccardo Shemuel Di Segni (a cura di)
Talmud Babilonese
Trattato Qiddushin
Giuntina 2 volumi
Pagine 1088. Euro 100,00
Jozef Israëls, "Matrimonio ebraico" (1903). Amsterdam, Rijksmuseum / Wikicommons
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Patrick Hegglin
Peter Bitterli
Philipp Seiler
Philippe Weizenegger
Pirmin Bossart
Redaktion
Stefan Zihlmann
Stoph Ruckli
Tiziana Bonetti
Urs Hangartner
Yasmin Billeter
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Panik manipuliert Ordnung, bevor der Rabenkönig ein wenig Angst und Schrecken verbreitet
Südpol Kriens, 23.1.2014: Das neue Jahr im Südpol erreicht einen ersten Zenit: Für ein abwechslungsreiches Abendprogramm aus (Theater-)Performance und Sound(-Performance) pilgern zahlreiche Gäste in die Luzerner Peripherie. Verantwortliche Abendgestalter: Theaterkollektiv ultra und The Dead Brothers.
Von Michael Sutter
Zwar kann man immer noch nicht mit dem Fahrrad die alten Geleise vom Bahnhof Luzern in Richtung Südpol tuckern, doch der 14er Bus erweist sich im Winter als gemütliche Alternative. Knapp eingetroffen, 20:01 Uhr, steht erfreulicherweise eine riesige Menge Menschen im Eingangsbereich. Alle mit demselben Ziel: die neue als Performance angekündigte Theaterproduktion von ultra, «Panik», zu besuchen. Man gibt sich in der Vorbeschreibung mysteriös und vage. «Du wirst nicht mehr wissen, wer ich bin – eine Erinnerung im Voraus» heisst es als Zusatz im Titel der Produktion und dies avanciert durchaus zum Leitmotiv des Abends. Im Zentrum steht die fiktive (oder vielleicht auch reale) Biografie von Alice Bollier-Plüss, Jahrgang 1928. Nach einer Y.M.C.A.-Minichoreografie mit Zahlenabfolge rezitieren drei Protagonisten autobiografische Versatzstücke ihrer individuellen Beziehung zu Alice. Orpheo Carcano erzählt auf Italienisch von Alices Vergangenheit als Apothekerin, Thomas Köppel äussert sich zu Alices Lieblingsspielen und Nina Langensand thematisiert Alices Faible für Heilsteine. Das minimalistische Setting – es besteht aus verschiedenen Handlungsstationen wie einem Tisch mit Brettspiel und Topfpflanze, einem karierten Fussbodenabschnitt, Hellraumprojektor und Beamer, Mischpult mit Computer und einem Schlagzeug – wird von den drei Protagonisten durch systematische Eingriffe in Anspruch genommen. Teilweise werden die Handlungen, die sich mit der Reorganisation von vorgefassten Strukturen beschäftigen, mit mündlichen Erklärungen in erfrischendem Schweizerdeutsch vorgetragen. So wird beispielsweise die Monte-Carlo-Simulation oder die Markov-Kette visualisiert, mit Kreide an die Wand gezeichnet oder modellhaft erklärt und meist sofort auf ein
Prinzip (oder ein Spiel) angewendet. Kombinatorische Wahrscheinlichkeiten beim Monopoly-Spiel werden ausgerechnet und der karierte Fussbodenabschnitt mit einer neuen Ordnung derangiert. Manie und Ausdauer erhalten eine besondere Beachtung und sind der permanenten Wiederholung ausgesetzt, ohne aber ein vorgefasstes Muster aufzuweisen. Dementsprechend leicht verwirrend, aber stets auf einem hohen Spannungsniveau, das nur selten der Langwierigkeit von Wiederholung ausgeliefert ist, präsentiert sich die Aufführung, sich stets zwischen Theater und Performance bewegend.
Nach zwei Dritteln betritt tatsächlich der personifizierte Alzheimer in Form der 87-jährigen Alice die Bühne, um eine Partie Eile Mit Weile zu spielen und zu ihrer Lieblingsmusik zu tanzen. Doch Alice erinnert sich nicht an vergangene Zeiten, erinnert sich nicht an ihr Lieblingsmusikstück (oder doch?) und bekundet grösste Mühe im Spielverlauf von Eile mit Weile. Alice hat Alzheimer. Während die drei Performer abwechselnd mit Alice das Brettspiel bewürfeln, vollzieht sich auf der Bühne das gewohnte Spektakel an algorithmischer Wiederholung, Gehirntrainingsmethoden und nicht definierbaren Nonsens-Aufgaben. Die rund sechzigminütige Aufführung endete mit einem gemeinsamen Tanz zu sizilianischer Folklore und klassischem Walzer. Die Angst vom Vergessen verschwindet für einen Moment.
Nichts für Leute mit Herzleiden oder Liebeskummer
Noch war nicht aller Tage Abend, denn mit dem Auftritt des Rabenkönigs wurde das performative Abendprogramm auf Musik ausgeweitet. Aus dem meilenweit entfernten Genf marschierten die fünf Dead Brothers (teilweise mit Vogelmasken ausgestattet), angeführt von dem charismatischen, an Mephisto erinnernden Alain Croubalian, auf die Bühne des Südpol Clubs. Seit 1998 verschmilzt das selbsternannte Beerdigungsorchester diverse Stile wie Blues, Punk, Country und Chansons in mehrheitlich englischer, aber auch deutscher Sprache.
Erzählt werden traurige, melancholische, bisweilen bösartige Geschichten und Anekdoten aus dunklen Parallelwelten menschlicher Abgründe. Sie singen von intriganten Liebschaften, eiskalten Herzen und dubiosen
Machenschaften in der Unterwelt, jedoch stets mit einem tödlichen Augenzwinkern in Richtung Tod selbst. Oder sie besingen eine beschauliche Ode an das Städtchen Langenthal. Tuba, Mundharmonika, eine Vielzahl an Saiteninstrumenten, Flöten und Schlagzeug definieren den rudimentären, jedoch harmonisch auf einer Linie gleitenden Noir Folk, der mittels weniger Passagen auch auszubrechen vermag. Die Inszenierung der Musik und die Präsenz der Bandmitglieder (allen voran Alain Croubalian) auf der Bühne hält das Südpolpublikum gemässigt auf Trab. Als gegen Ende die Dead Brothers ihren marschierenden Abschied starteten, avancierte die Bartrese mehr oder weniger spontan zum erweiterten Bühnenraum. Und falls sie das nächste Mal nach Luzern kommen, sollte das Château Gütsch einen schwarzen Anstrich erhalten. Halleluja!
Kategorie: Bühne, Kunst, Musik | Tags: Dead Brothers, Nina Langensand, Noir Folk, Orpheo Carcano Performance, südpol, Thomas Köppel, ultra, Vaudeville Kommentar »
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SWISS-MADE TIME!
Tatsachenroman von Jan von Duhn
Im Stadttheater von Freiburg setzt die Rahmenhandlung ein. Der Icherzähler berichtet aus seinem Bohemeleben. Einige schlüpfrige Stellen lassen ein rein belletristisches Buch erwarten. Die ironische Intention des Autors, der damit eine subtile Parodie auf die Sexualisierung der Medienwelt entwirft, ist anfangs noch nicht erkennbar. („We had to sex it up" zitiert er im Vorwort den britischen Premierminister aus einer Unterhausdebattezum Irak-Krieg 2003.)
Sie erschließt sich erst durch den Kontrast zur Gesellschaftskritik der folgenden Kapitel. Diese enthalten unbekannte, politische Facts, Perspektiven einer alternativen Zeitgeschichte, bestürzende Tatsachenberichte. Darin enthalten viele Informationen, die die Medien unterschlagen haben. So werden bedeutsame Zeitereignisse bis hin zu den Kriegen der 90er Jahren neu reflektiert.
(Z. B. erfährt man aus dieser Sicht, dass die Srebrenica-Massaker 1995 erst durch ein Versagen distinguierter Europaparlamentarier (u. a. Daniel Cohn-Bendit und der heutige französ. Außenminister Bernard Kouchner) und der sie begleitenden Medien kriegspsychologisch möglich wurden. - Übrigens vertritt der Autor hierzu wie auch bei anderen Themen keine „Verschwörungstheorie". Er schildert Begegnungen mit Diplomaten und Politikern, die ihren Einfluss falsch oder gar nicht nutzten.)
Als Hauptthema, das den Roman durchzieht, folgt ab Seite 108 die aufrüttelnde Darstellung eines Kinderrechtsskandals am Rand sozialer Elitesphären der Schweiz. Duhn erzählt eine unerhörte „Nicht ohne meine Tochter!"-Geschichte, die insbesonders jede Feministin herausfordert: Seine Verlobte und ihre Tochter Estrella wurden auf Betreiben von Familienangehörigen versklavt, psychiatrisiert, traumatisiert, auf Dauer getrennt. Fundamentale Menschenrechtsprinzipien wurden dabei skrupellos verletzt. Kantonsbehörden (BS/ BL) waren hierbei Handlanger. In gewisser Weise handelte es sich um eine moderne Romeo-und-Julia-Story. ... Unvorstellbar: Hinter den Kulissen war vermutlich ein Onkel seiner Verlobten mitbeteiligt. Ko-Gründer des Züricher Diogenes-Verlags, der u. a. Shakespeare herausgibt. Die reale Tragödie wurde so in einigen Features aus dem Medienmilieu erfolgreicher Bestsellerprodukion und PR mit in Szene gesetzt.
Welche Redundanz!
Doch die Justiz und mit ihr Politik und Medien der Schweiz, wehrten diesen Fall in einem kafkaesken, faschistoiden Konsens ab. Sie verhielten sich feindselig, gemein und verleumderisch. So, als käme schon die Wahrnehmung des Skandals einem militärischen Angriff gleich. Niemals seit 20 Jahren durften darüber Berichte erscheinen! Zu entdecken war eine gleichgeschaltete strikte Selbstzensur innerhalb der Massenmedien.
Wo auch immer der Autor seit 1991 diese Vorgänge thematisierte, wurde eine Befassung damit abgelehnt. Und in Deutschland stellte es sich heraus, dass Medienvertreter und Politiker dem Prestige der Schweiz und der involvierten Bankenmacht gegenüber absolut hörig reagierten. So scheiterte auch hier jeder Versuch eine Veröffentlichung zu erzielen.
Im Widerstand gegen dieses Zensurphänomen entdeckte Duhn, dass er nun eine echte Wilhelm-Tell-Legitimation besaß. Er entwickelte bizarre Revanchestrategien, die er nun teilweise aufdeckt. Wobei er mit sarkastischen Zynismus auch Terrorismus einbezieht, wie etwa den AlQaida-Überfall von Luxor 1997, bei dem u. a. 46 Schweizer Touristen ermordet wurden.
Nebenbei erwähnt: Duhn, der bis heute kein Arabisch spricht und Anweisungen des Propheten für seinen „Djihad" auf Deutsch zu empfangen meint, stammt von ehrbewussten Wüstenkriegern ab. Der Koran und sein Vatersname fordern somit Blutrache an denen, die die Menschenrechte seiner Kinder schändeten. ... Er beschreibt, wie er sich diesem islamischen Gebot auf interessante Weise entzog und stattdessen „christlich und demütig" auf andere Art hunderttausendfache Rache übte ohne im Geringsten Schuld auf sich zu laden.
Dieser Roman enthält nie veröffentlichte Backgroundinformationen zur Zeitgeschichte. Politiker, Historiker, Journalisten sollten sich zur Verhinderung von künftigem Terrorismus unbedingt mit darin berichteten Fakten und Motiven befassen. (Trotz der literarischen Form!)
Das ist spannend zu lesen. Man erfährt von einer ungeahnten Philosophie des Schattenkampfes, die in keinerlei Beziehung zur Gewalt tritt, und doch der Dekadenz der Schweiz einen Spiegel vorzuhalten vermag. Duhn überließ es nämlich genauso zynisch wie die Bankiers anonymen kriminellen Elementen, die Immoral des Systems auf katastrophale Weise zu manifestieren. Er trat nie in Beziehung zu gewaltbereiten Gruppen, doch konnte er sich stets auf die inhärenten schwarzen Kraftfelder einer Nation verlassen, die einem „völkischen Traum" huldigt.
Diesbezüglich entdeckte er, dass z. B. die Imagekampagnen der Schweizer Uhrenindustrie einer Art „Zeitreligion" der einflussreichsten Manager und Bankiers entspringen. ... Indem er dies rational analysierte, realisierten sich im Laufe der Zeit mehrere teuflische Projekte ohne jedes Zutun. Wobei er sich allerdings manchmal so vorkam, als sei er ein Impulsgeber. In diesem Sinn nimmt er inzwischen an, dass etwa die Bevorzugung von simultanen, synchronen Bombenattentaten durch AlQaida von dieser intellektuellen Hypothese inspiriert wurde, ie er schon lange theoretisch entwicklt hatte. d
Was Duhn hierzu mit Melancholie oder einfach trocken und sachlich niederschreibt, drückt keine schöngeistige Larmoryanz aus. Er begnügt sich zumeist mit der Nennung komplexer Ereignis-, Faktenund Datenpuzzles. Diese fügt er auf erstaunliche Art zusammen. Das besondere Synchronereignis allerdings, mit dem er Erklärungsversuche aufnimmt, lässt sich keiner Revanche zuordnen. Es handelt sich um den Unfalltod Prinzessin Dianas am Morgen des Schweizer Staatsakts zum „Zionismusjubiläum" von Basel. (Hundert Jahre zuvor hatte Theodor Herzl in dieser Stadt das moderne Israel und die Bewegung des Zionismus proklamiert.)
Um zu demonstrieren, welche Zufallskräfte nun generiert wurden, nimmt Duhn den Leser mit in den Wirbel, die Aufregung, die Widersprüche, die in Basel vorherrschten. Die Schweiz war 1997 gezwungen diesen Anlass zu zelebrieren, während sie zugleich wegen dem Bankenskandal betreffs der Unterschlagung von Vermögen im Holocaust ermorderter Juden unter massiven Druck durch die USA und den Jüdischen Weltkongress stand. Eine Affäre, die seit 1995 weltweite Medienaufmerksamkeit erzielte.
Aufgrund eines Flyers zum Jubiläum wurde Duhn in der Festwoche zweimal festgenommen. So nahm er weit deutlicher als andere existenzielle Spannungen wahr, die in jenen Tagen vorherrschten. Eine explosive Stimmung erfüllt von finsteren Vorahnungen. Das manifestierte sich nach der 2. Verhaftung, die am Abend des 30. 8. erfolgte, mit dem sensationellen Pariser Unfall um 0h36am Sonntagmorgen des 31. 8. 1997.
Allein Duhn ist bislang in der Lage auf Fakten hinzuweisen, die die beiden medienwirksamen Geschehnisse jenes Tag verbanden. Er kann dazu einen historischen Komplex einbeziehen, der wahrhaft frappierend ist, doch noch nie einer Erörterung zugänglich war. Darin finden sich Elemente, die eine vom Zufall unabhängige Synchronthese plausibel erscheinen lassen. So gewährt der Roman Einblicke, die neben einer politischen Interpretationen diverser Zeitereignisse eine neues Verständnis des Todes der ‚Prinzessin der Herzen' mit ins Spiel bringen.
636 Seiten + Anmerkungen / Dokumente / Fotos 23,50€
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Protecting Controlled Unclassified Information in Nonfederal Systems and Organizations
Final Public Draft
Ron Ross
Victoria Pillitteri
This publication is available free of charge from:
https://doi.org/10.6028/NIST.SP.800-171r3.fpd
Protecting Controlled Unclassified Information in Nonfederal Systems and Organizations
Final Public Draft
Ron Ross
Victoria Pillitteri
Computer Security Division
Information Technology Laboratory
This publication is available free of charge from:
https://doi.org/10.6028/NIST.SP.800-171r3.fpd
November 2023
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**Author ORCID iDs**
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**Public Comment Period**
November 9, 2023 – January 12, 2024
**Submit Comments**
firstname.lastname@example.org
National Institute of Standards and Technology
Attn: Computer Security Division, Information Technology Laboratory
100 Bureau Drive (Mail Stop 8930) Gaithersburg, MD 20899-8930
*All comments are subject to release under the Freedom of Information Act (FOIA).*
Abstract
The protection of Controlled Unclassified Information (CUI) resident in nonfederal systems and organizations is of paramount importance to federal agencies and can directly impact the ability of the Federal Government to successfully conduct its essential missions and functions. This publication provides federal agencies with recommended security requirements for protecting the confidentiality of CUI when the information is resident in nonfederal systems and organizations. The requirements apply to components of nonfederal systems that process, store, or transmit CUI or that provide protection for such components. The security requirements are intended for use by federal agencies in contractual vehicles or other agreements established between those agencies and nonfederal organizations.
Keywords
Controlled Unclassified Information; Executive Order 13556; FIPS Publication 199; FIPS Publication 200; FISMA; NIST Special Publication 800-53; nonfederal organizations; nonfederal systems; organization-defined parameter; security assessment; security control; security requirement.
Reports on Computer Systems Technology
The Information Technology Laboratory (ITL) at the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) promotes the U.S. economy and public welfare by providing technical leadership for the Nation’s measurement and standards infrastructure. ITL develops tests, test methods, reference data, proof of concept implementations, and technical analyses to advance the development and productive use of information technology. ITL’s responsibilities include the development of management, administrative, technical, and physical standards and guidelines for the cost-effective security and privacy of other than national security-related information in federal information systems. The Special Publication 800-series reports on ITL’s research, guidelines, and outreach efforts in information system security, and its collaborative activities with industry, government, and academic organizations.
Audience
This publication serves a diverse group of individuals and organizations in the public and private sectors, including:
- Federal agencies responsible for managing and protecting CUI
- Nonfederal organizations responsible for protecting CUI
- Individuals with system development life cycle responsibilities (e.g., program managers, mission/business owners, information owners/stewards, system designers and developers, system/security engineers, systems integrators)
- Individuals with acquisition or procurement responsibilities (e.g., contracting officers)
- Individuals with system, security, or risk management and oversight responsibilities (e.g., authorizing officials, chief information officers, chief information security officers, system owners, information security managers)
- Individuals with security assessment and monitoring responsibilities (e.g., auditors, system evaluators, assessors, analysts, independent verifiers and validators)
The above roles and responsibilities can be viewed from two perspectives:
- **Federal perspective**: The entity establishing and conveying the security requirements in contractual vehicles or other types of agreements
- **Nonfederal perspective**: The entity responding to and complying with the security requirements set forth in contracts or agreements
Note to Reviewers
This update to NIST Special Publication (SP) 800-171, Revision 3 includes the changes made to the initial public draft (ipd) in response to the public comments received. Many trade-offs have been made to ensure that the technical and non-technical requirements have been stated clearly and concisely while also recognizing the specific needs of federal and nonfederal organizations. The following significant changes have been made to the initial public draft of NIST SP 800-171, Revision 3:
- Eliminated the NFO control tailoring category
- Introduced a new control tailoring category for controls that are addressed by other related controls (ORC)
- Eliminated selected organization-defined parameters (ODPs) where the ODP specification did not significantly impact the security requirement
- Clarified the responsibility for assigning ODP values
- Combined security requirements (or parts of requirements) with other requirements for consistency and ease of use
- Added security requirements due to control categorization changes
- Sequenced the content in the discussion sections to align with the individual parts of the requirements
- Modified the tailoring categories of selected controls and control items (subparts of controls)
- Added leading zeros to security requirement numbers to achieve greater consistency with SP 800-171A numbering formats and to support automated tool usage
Information regarding the transition of security requirements from NIST SP 800-171, Revision 2 to Revision 3 can be found on the publication details web page.
Reviewers are encouraged to comment on all or parts of draft NIST SP 800-171, Revision 3. NIST requests that comments be submitted to email@example.com by 11:59 p.m. Eastern Standard Time (EST) on January 12, 2024. Commenters are encouraged to use the comment template provided with the document announcement.
Comments received in response to this request will be posted on the Protecting CUI project site after the due date. Submitters’ names and affiliations (when provided) will be included, while contact information will be removed.
Call for Patent Claims
This public review includes a call for information on essential patent claims (claims whose use would be required for compliance with the guidance or requirements in this Information Technology Laboratory (ITL) draft publication). Such guidance and/or requirements may be directly stated in this ITL Publication or by reference to another publication. This call also includes disclosure, where known, of the existence of pending U.S. or foreign patent applications relating to this ITL draft publication and of any relevant unexpired U.S. or foreign patents.
ITL may require from the patent holder, or a party authorized to make assurances on its behalf, in written or electronic form, either:
a) assurance in the form of a general disclaimer to the effect that such party does not hold and does not currently intend holding any essential patent claim(s); or
b) assurance that a license to such essential patent claim(s) will be made available to applicants desiring to utilize the license for the purpose of complying with the guidance or requirements in this ITL draft publication either:
i. under reasonable terms and conditions that are demonstrably free of any unfair discrimination; or
ii. without compensation and under reasonable terms and conditions that are demonstrably free of any unfair discrimination.
Such assurance shall indicate that the patent holder (or third party authorized to make assurances on its behalf) will include in any documents transferring ownership of patents subject to the assurance, provisions sufficient to ensure that the commitments in the assurance are binding on the transferee, and that the transferee will similarly include appropriate provisions in the event of future transfers with the goal of binding each successor-in-interest.
The assurance shall also indicate that it is intended to be binding on successors-in-interest regardless of whether such provisions are included in the relevant transfer documents.
Such statements should be addressed to: firstname.lastname@example.org
# Table of Contents
1. **Introduction** .......................................................................................................................... 1
1.1. Purpose and Applicability .................................................................................................... 1
1.2. Organization of This Publication ......................................................................................... 2
2. **The Fundamentals** .................................................................................................................. 3
2.1. Basic Assumptions ............................................................................................................. 3
2.2. Security Requirement Development Methodology ........................................................... 3
3. **The Requirements** .................................................................................................................. 6
3.1. Access Control .................................................................................................................... 6
3.1.1. Account Management ................................................................................................. 6
3.1.2. Access Enforcement .................................................................................................. 7
3.1.3. Information Flow Enforcement .................................................................................. 8
3.1.4. Separation of Duties ................................................................................................. 8
3.1.5. Least Privilege .......................................................................................................... 9
3.1.6. Least Privilege – Privileged Accounts ....................................................................... 9
3.1.7. Least Privilege – Privileged Functions ...................................................................... 10
3.1.8. Unsuccessful Logon Attempts .................................................................................. 10
3.1.9. System Use Notification ........................................................................................... 11
3.1.10. Device Lock ........................................................................................................... 11
3.1.11. Session Termination ............................................................................................... 12
3.1.12. Remote Access ....................................................................................................... 12
3.1.13. Withdrawn ............................................................................................................. 13
3.1.14. Withdrawn ............................................................................................................. 13
3.1.15. Withdrawn ............................................................................................................. 13
3.1.16. Wireless Access ..................................................................................................... 13
3.1.17. Withdrawn ............................................................................................................. 14
3.1.18. Access Control for Mobile Devices ....................................................................... 14
3.1.19. Withdrawn ............................................................................................................. 15
3.1.20. Use of External Systems ....................................................................................... 15
3.1.21. Withdrawn ............................................................................................................. 16
3.1.22. Publicly Accessible Content .................................................................................. 16
3.2. Awareness and Training .................................................................................................... 16
3.2.1. Literacy Training and Awareness ............................................................................. 16
3.2.2. Role-Based Training ............................................................................................... 17
3.2.3. Withdrawn ............................................................................................................. 18
3.3. Audit and Accountability ................................................................................................... 18
3.3.1. Event Logging ................................................................. 18
3.3.2. Audit Record Content .................................................. 19
3.3.3. Audit Record Generation .............................................. 19
3.3.4. Response to Audit Logging Process Failures .................... 20
3.3.5. Audit Record Review, Analysis, and Reporting ............... 20
3.3.6. Audit Record Reduction and Report Generation ............... 21
3.3.7. Time Stamps ................................................................. 21
3.3.8. Protection of Audit Information ..................................... 22
3.3.9. Withdrawn ................................................................. 22
3.4. Configuration Management .............................................. 22
3.4.1. Baseline Configuration ................................................ 22
3.4.2. Configuration Settings ................................................ 23
3.4.3. Configuration Change Control ...................................... 23
3.4.4. Impact Analyses ......................................................... 24
3.4.5. Access Restrictions for Change ..................................... 24
3.4.6. Least Functionality ..................................................... 25
3.4.7. Withdrawn ................................................................. 25
3.4.8. Authorized Software – Allow by Exception ..................... 25
3.4.9. Withdrawn ................................................................. 26
3.4.10. System Component Inventory ....................................... 26
3.4.11. Information Location .................................................. 27
3.4.12. System and Component Configuration for High-Risk Areas . 27
3.5. Identification and Authentication ....................................... 28
3.5.1. User Identification, Authentication, and Re-Authentication .... 28
3.5.2. Device Identification and Authentication ......................... 28
3.5.3. Multi-Factor Authentication .......................................... 29
3.5.4. Replay-Resistant Authentication .................................... 29
3.5.5. Identifier Management ................................................ 29
3.5.6. Withdrawn ................................................................. 30
3.5.7. Password Management ................................................ 30
3.5.8. Withdrawn ................................................................. 31
3.5.9. Withdrawn ................................................................. 31
3.5.10. Withdrawn ............................................................... 31
3.5.11. Authentication Feedback ............................................. 31
3.5.12. Authenticator Management ......................................... 31
3.6. Incident Response .......................................................... 32
3.6.1. Incident Response Plan and Handling ................................................................. 32
3.6.2. Incident Monitoring, Reporting, and Response Assistance .......................... 33
3.6.3. Incident Response Testing .................................................................................. 33
3.6.4. Incident Response Training .............................................................................. 34
3.7. Maintenance ........................................................................................................... 34
3.7.1. Withdrawn ........................................................................................................... 34
3.7.2. Withdrawn ........................................................................................................... 34
3.7.3. Withdrawn ........................................................................................................... 35
3.7.4. Maintenance Tools ............................................................................................. 35
3.7.5. Nonlocal Maintenance ....................................................................................... 35
3.7.6. Maintenance Personnel .................................................................................... 36
3.8. Media Protection .................................................................................................. 36
3.8.1. Media Storage .................................................................................................... 36
3.8.2. Media Access ..................................................................................................... 37
3.8.3. Media Sanitization ............................................................................................. 37
3.8.4. Media Marking ................................................................................................... 38
3.8.5. Media Transport ................................................................................................ 38
3.8.6. Withdrawn ........................................................................................................ 39
3.8.7. Media Use .......................................................................................................... 39
3.8.8. Withdrawn ........................................................................................................ 39
3.8.9. System Backup – Cryptographic Protection .................................................. 39
3.9. Personnel Security ................................................................................................ 40
3.9.1. Personnel Screening ........................................................................................ 40
3.9.2. Personnel Termination and Transfer ............................................................... 40
3.10. Physical Protection .............................................................................................. 41
3.10.1. Physical Access Authorizations ....................................................................... 41
3.10.2. Monitoring Physical Access ............................................................................. 42
3.10.3. Withdrawn ........................................................................................................ 42
3.10.4. Withdrawn ........................................................................................................ 42
3.10.5. Withdrawn ........................................................................................................ 42
3.10.6. Alternate Work Site ........................................................................................ 42
3.10.7. Physical Access Control .................................................................................. 43
3.10.8. Access Control for Transmission and Output Devices .................................. 43
3.11. Risk Assessment .................................................................................................. 44
3.11.1. Risk Assessment ............................................................................................... 44
3.11.2. Vulnerability Monitoring and Scanning .......................................................... 44
3.11.3. Withdrawn ................................................................. 45
3.12. Security Assessment and Monitoring .................................. 45
3.12.1. Security Assessment .................................................. 45
3.12.2. Plan of Action and Milestones ..................................... 46
3.12.3. Continuous Monitoring .............................................. 46
3.12.4. Withdrawn ............................................................... 47
3.12.5. Information Exchange .............................................. 47
3.13. System and Communications Protection ............................ 47
3.13.1. Boundary Protection .................................................. 47
3.13.2. Withdrawn ............................................................... 48
3.13.3. Withdrawn ............................................................... 48
3.13.4. Information in Shared System Resources ....................... 48
3.13.5. Withdrawn ............................................................... 48
3.13.6. Network Communications – Deny by Default – Allow by Exception 49
3.13.7. Withdrawn ............................................................... 49
3.13.8. Transmission and Storage Confidentiality ..................... 49
3.13.9. Network Disconnect .................................................. 49
3.13.10. Cryptographic Key Establishment and Management ........... 50
3.13.11. Cryptographic Protection .......................................... 50
3.13.12. Collaborative Computing Devices and Applications .......... 51
3.13.13. Mobile Code ............................................................ 51
3.13.14. Withdrawn ............................................................. 51
3.13.15. Session Authenticity ............................................... 52
3.13.16. Withdrawn ............................................................. 52
3.14. System and Information Integrity ..................................... 52
3.14.1. Flaw Remediation ...................................................... 52
3.14.2. Malicious Code Protection .......................................... 53
3.14.3. Security Alerts, Advisories, and Directives ..................... 53
3.14.4. Withdrawn ............................................................... 54
3.14.5. Withdrawn ............................................................... 54
3.14.6. System Monitoring .................................................... 54
3.14.7. Withdrawn ............................................................... 55
3.14.8. Information Management and Retention ......................... 55
3.15. Planning ................................................................. 55
3.15.1. Policy and Procedures .............................................. 55
3.15.2. System Security Plan ............................................... 56
3.15.3. Rules of Behavior ................................................................. 57
3.16. System and Services Acquisition ........................................... 57
3.16.1. Acquisition Process ....................................................... 57
3.16.2. Unsupported System Components .................................. 58
3.16.3. External System Services .............................................. 58
3.17. Supply Chain Risk Management ............................................ 59
3.17.1. Supply Chain Risk Management Plan ............................. 59
3.17.2. Acquisition Strategies, Tools, and Methods .................... 60
3.17.3. Supply Chain Requirements and Processes ..................... 60
References .................................................................................. 62
Appendix A. Acronyms ............................................................... 69
Appendix B. Glossary ................................................................. 71
Appendix C. Tailoring Criteria ..................................................... 79
Appendix D. Change Log ............................................................. 91
List of Tables
Table 1. Security requirement families .................................................................4
Table 2. Security control tailoring criteria .........................................................79
Table 3. Access Control (AC) ...........................................................................79
Table 4. Awareness and Training (AT) .............................................................80
Table 5. Audit and Accountability (AU) ............................................................80
Table 6. Assessment, Authorization, and Monitoring (CA) ..........................81
Table 7. Configuration Management (CM) .......................................................81
Table 8. Contingency Planning (CP) .................................................................82
Table 9. Identification and Authentication (IA) ...............................................83
Table 10. Incident Response (IR) ....................................................................84
Table 11. Maintenance (MA) ...........................................................................84
Table 12. Media Protection (MP) .....................................................................84
Table 13. Physical and Environmental Protection (PE) ................................85
Table 14. Planning (PL) ..................................................................................85
Table 15. Program Management (PM) ............................................................85
Table 16. Personnel Security (PS) ...................................................................86
Table 17. PII Processing and Transparency (PT) ..........................................87
Table 18. Risk Assessment (RA) .....................................................................87
Table 19. System and Services Acquisition (SA) ..........................................88
Table 20. System and Communications Protection (SC) ..............................88
Table 21. System and Information Integrity (SI) .............................................89
Table 22. Supply Chain Risk Management (SR) .............................................90
Table 23. Change Log .......................................................................................92
Acknowledgments
The authors gratefully acknowledge and appreciate the significant contributions from individuals and organizations in the public and private sectors whose constructive comments improved the overall quality, thoroughness, and usefulness of this publication. The authors also wish to thank the NIST technical editing and production staff – Jim Foti, Jeff Brewer, Eduardo Takamura, Isabel Van Wyk, and Cristina Ritfeld – for their outstanding support in preparing this document for publication. Finally, a special note of thanks goes out to Kelley Dempsey for the initial research and development of the technical content used in the prototype CUI overlay.
Historical Contributions
The authors also wish to acknowledge the following organizations and individuals for their historic contributions to this publication:
- **Organizations**: National Archives and Records Administration, Department of Defense
- **Individuals**: Carol Bales, Matthew Barrett, Jon Boyens, Devin Casey, Christian Enloe, Gary Guissanie, Peggy Himes, Robert Glenn, Elizabeth Lennon, Vicki Michetti, Dorian Pappas, Karen Quigg, Mark Riddle, Matthew Scholl, Mary Thomas, Murugiah Souppaya, Patricia Toth, and Patrick Viscuso
1. Introduction
Executive Order (EO) 13556 [1] established a governmentwide program to standardize the way the executive branch handles Controlled Unclassified Information (CUI). EO 13556 required that the CUI program emphasize openness, transparency, and uniformity of governmentwide practices and that the program implementation take place in a manner consistent with Office of Management and Budget (OMB) policies and National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) standards and guidelines. As the CUI program Executive Agent, the National Archives and Records Administration (NARA) provides information, guidance, policy, and requirements on handling CUI [4]. This includes approved CUI categories and descriptions, the basis for safeguarding and dissemination controls, and procedures for the use of CUI. The CUI federal regulation [5] provides guidance to federal agencies on the designation, safeguarding, marking, dissemination, decontrolling, and disposition of CUI; establishes self-inspection and oversight requirements; and delineates other facets of the program.
The CUI regulation requires federal agencies that use federal information systems to process, store, or transmit CUI to comply with NIST standards and guidelines. The responsibility of federal agencies to protect CUI does not change when such information is shared with nonfederal organizations. Therefore, a similar level of protection is needed when CUI is processed, stored, or transmitted by nonfederal organizations using nonfederal systems. To maintain a consistent level of protection, the security requirements for safeguarding CUI in nonfederal systems and organizations must comply with FIPS 199 [6] and FIPS 200 [7]. The requirements are derived from the controls in NIST Special Publication (SP) 800-53 [8].
1.1. Purpose and Applicability
The purpose of this publication is to provide federal agencies with recommended security requirements for protecting the confidentiality of CUI when such information is resident in nonfederal systems and organizations and where there are no specific safeguarding requirements prescribed by the authorizing law, regulation, or governmentwide policy for the CUI category listed in the CUI registry [4]. The requirements do not apply to nonfederal organizations that are collecting or maintaining information on behalf of a federal agency or using or operating a system on behalf of an agency.
---
1 CUI is any information that a law, regulation, or governmentwide policy requires to have safeguarding or disseminating controls, excluding information that is classified under EO 13526 [2], or any predecessor or successor order, or the Atomic Energy Act [3] as amended.
2 Procedures for the use of CUI include marking, safeguarding, transporting, disseminating, reusing, and disposing of the information.
3 A federal information system is a system that is used or operated by an executive agency, by a contractor of an executive agency, or by another organization on behalf of an executive agency. The term system is used in this publication to represent people, processes, and technologies involved in the processing, storage, or transmission of CUI. Systems can include operational technology (OT), information technology (IT), Internet of Things (IoT) devices, Industrial IoT (IIoT) devices, specialized systems, cyber-physical systems, embedded systems, and sensors.
4 A nonfederal organization is any entity that owns, operates, or maintains a nonfederal system.
5 A nonfederal system is any system that does not meet the criteria for a federal information system.
6 The term security requirement refers to the protection needs for a system or organization. Security requirements may be derived from laws, Executive Orders, directives, regulations, policies, standards, mission and business needs, or risk assessments.
7 In accordance with EO 13526 [2] and 32 CFR 2002 [5], the scope of CUI protection is primarily focused on confidentiality. However, the security objectives of confidentiality and integrity are closely related since many of the underlying security mechanisms support both objectives. Therefore, the security requirements in this publication address the protection of CUI from unauthorized disclosure and modification.
8 Nonfederal organizations that collect or maintain information on behalf of a federal agency or that use or operate a system on behalf of an agency must comply with the requirements in FISMA [9].
The security requirements in this publication are *only* applicable to components of nonfederal systems that process, store, or transmit CUI *or* that provide protection for such components.\(^9\) The requirements are intended for use by federal agencies in contractual vehicles or other agreements that are established between those agencies and nonfederal organizations.
Appropriately scoping requirements is an important factor in determining protection-related investment decisions and managing security risks for nonfederal organizations. If nonfederal organizations designate specific system components for the processing, storage, or transmission of CUI, those organizations may limit the scope of the security requirements by isolating the designated system components in a separate CUI security domain. Isolation can be achieved by applying architectural and design concepts (e.g., implementing subnetworks with firewalls or other boundary protection devices and using information flow control mechanisms). Security domains may employ physical separation, logical separation, or a combination of both. This approach can provide adequate security for CUI and avoid increasing the organization’s security posture beyond what it requires for protecting its missions, operations, and assets.
### 1.2. Organization of This Publication
The remainder of this special publication is organized as follows:
- **Section 2** describes the assumptions and methodology used to develop the security requirements for protecting the confidentiality of CUI, the format of the requirements, and the tailoring criteria applied to the NIST standards and guidelines to obtain the requirements.
- **Section 3** lists the security requirements for protecting the confidentiality of CUI in nonfederal systems and organizations.
The following sections provide additional information to support the protection of CUI in nonfederal systems and organizations:
- **References**
- **Appendix A**: Acronyms
- **Appendix B**: Glossary
- **Appendix C**: Tailoring Criteria
- **Appendix D**: Change Log
\(^9\) System *components* include workstations, servers, notebook computers, smartphones, tablets, input and output devices, network components, operating systems, virtual machines, database management systems, and applications.
2. The Fundamentals
This section describes the basic assumptions and methodology used to develop the requirements to protect the confidentiality of CUI in nonfederal systems and organizations. It also includes the tailoring\(^{10}\) criteria applied to the controls in NIST SP 800-53 [8].
2.1. Basic Assumptions
The security requirements in this publication are based on the following assumptions:
- Federal information designated as CUI has the same value, whether such information resides in a federal or a nonfederal system or organization.
- Statutory and regulatory requirements for the protection of CUI are consistent in federal and nonfederal systems and organizations.
- Safeguards implemented to protect CUI are consistent in federal and nonfederal systems and organizations.
- The confidentiality impact value for CUI is no less than *moderate*.\(^{11}\)
- Nonfederal organizations can directly implement a variety of potential security solutions or use external service providers to satisfy security requirements.
2.2. Security Requirement Development Methodology
Starting with the NIST SP 800-53 controls in the NIST SP 800-53B [12] moderate baseline, the controls are *tailored* to eliminate selected controls or parts of controls that are:
- Primarily the responsibility of the Federal Government;
- Not directly related to protecting the confidentiality of CUI;
- Adequately addressed by other related controls;\(^{12}\) or
- Not applicable.
The NIST SP 800-171 security requirements represent a subset of the controls that are necessary to protect the confidentiality of CUI. The security requirements are organized into 17 families, as illustrated in Table 1. Each family contains the requirements related to the general security topic of the family. Certain families from NIST SP 800-53 are not included due to the aforementioned tailoring criteria.\(^{13}\)
---
\(^{10}\) *Tailoring* is the process by which control baselines are modified to achieve certain organizational goals and objectives [13].
\(^{11}\) FIPS 199 [6] defines three confidentiality impact values: low, moderate, and high. In accordance with 32 CFR 2002 [5], CUI is categorized at no less than the moderate confidentiality impact value. However, when federal law, regulation, or governmentwide policy establishing the control of CUI specifies controls that differ from those of the moderate confidentiality baseline, then the applicable law, regulation, or governmentwide policy is followed.
\(^{12}\) “Adequately addressed by other related controls” means that the protection capability offered by the control is provided by another control in the same or different control family. Using this tailoring option helps to eliminate potential redundancy in requirements without affecting the protection of CUI in nonfederal systems and organizations.
\(^{13}\) The PI Processing and Transparency (PT) family is not included because PII is a category of CUI, and therefore, no additional requirements are specified for confidentiality protection. The Program Management (PM) family is not included because it is not associated with any security control baseline.
Table 1. Security requirement families
| Access Control | Maintenance | Security Assessment and Monitoring |
|----------------|-------------|------------------------------------|
| Awareness and Training | Media Protection | System and Communications Protection |
| Audit and Accountability | Personnel Security | System and Information Integrity |
| Configuration Management | Physical Protection | Planning |
| Identification and Authentication | Risk Assessment | System and Services Acquisition |
| Incident Response | | Supply Chain Risk Management |
Organization-defined parameters (ODPs) are included for some requirements. These ODPs provide flexibility through the use of assignment and selection operations to allow federal agencies and nonfederal organizations to specify values for the designated parameters in the requirements.\(^{14}\) Assignment and selection operations provide the capability to customize the security requirements based on specific protection needs. The determination of organization-defined parameter values can be guided and informed by laws, Executive Orders, directives, regulations, policies, standards, guidance, or mission and business needs. Once specified, the values for the organization-defined parameters become part of the requirement.
A discussion section is included with each requirement. It is derived from the control discussion sections in NIST SP 800-53 and provides additional information to facilitate the implementation and assessment of the requirements. The discussion section is informative, not normative. It is not intended to extend the scope of a requirement or to influence the solutions that organizations may use to satisfy a requirement. The use of examples is notional, not exhaustive and not reflective of potential options available to organizations. A references section provides the source controls from NIST SP 800-53 and a list of NIST Special Publications with additional information on the topic described in the security requirement.\(^{15}\)
The structure and content of a typical security requirement is provided in the example below:
3.13.11 Cryptographic Protection
**REQUIREMENT:** 03.13.11
Implement the following types of cryptography when used to protect the confidentiality of CUI: [Assignment: organization-defined types of cryptography].
**DISCUSSION**
Cryptography is implemented in accordance with applicable laws, Executive Orders, directives, policies, regulations, standards, and guidelines.
**REFERENCES**
Source Control: SC-13
Supporting Publications: FIPS 140-3 [38]
\(^{14}\) NIST does not establish or assign values for ODPs. If ODP values for selected security requirements are not formally established or assigned by a federal agency or a consortium of federal agencies, nonfederal organizations assign those values to complete the requirements.
\(^{15}\) Unless specified in federal policy, the guidance in supporting NIST publications in the references section is *informative*, not *normative*.
ORGANIZATION-DEFINED PARAMETERS
Organization-defined parameters are an important part of a security requirement specification. ODPs provide the flexibility and specificity needed by organizations to clearly define their CUI security requirements, given the diverse nature of their missions, business functions, technologies, operational environments, and risk tolerance. ODPs also support consistent security assessments in determining whether specified security requirements have been satisfied.
The term *organization* is used in many security requirements. The meaning of the term is context dependent. For example, in a security requirement with an ODP, an organization can refer to either the federal agency or the nonfederal organization establishing the parameter values for the requirement.
Appendix C describes the security control tailoring criteria used to develop the CUI security requirements and the results of the tailoring process. The appendix provides a list of controls from NIST SP 800-53 that support the requirements and the controls that have been eliminated from the moderate baseline in accordance with the tailoring criteria.
3. The Requirements
This section describes 17 families of security requirements for protecting the confidentiality of CUI in nonfederal systems and organizations. When used in the context of the requirements in Section 3, the term *system* is narrowed to only include nonfederal systems or system components that process, store, or transmit CUI or that provide protection for such systems or components. Not all security requirements mention CUI explicitly. However, the requirements are included because they directly affect the protection of CUI during processing, while in storage, and when in transmission between different locations.
Some systems, including specialized systems (e.g., industrial/process control systems, medical devices, computer numerical control machines), may have limitations on the application of certain security requirements. To accommodate such issues, the system security plan — as reflected in requirement 03.15.02 — is used to describe any enduring exceptions to the security requirements. Individual, isolated, or temporary deficiencies are managed through organizational plans of action and milestones, as reflected in requirement 03.12.02.
3.1. **Access Control**
3.1.1. **Account Management**
**REQUIREMENT:** 03.01.01
a. Define the types of system accounts allowed and prohibited.
b. Create, enable, modify, disable, and remove system accounts in accordance with organizational policy, procedures, prerequisites, and criteria.
c. Specify authorized users of the system, group and role membership, and access authorizations (i.e., privileges).
d. Authorize access to the system based on a valid access authorization and intended system usage.
e. Monitor the use of system accounts.
f. Disable system accounts when:
1. The accounts have expired;
2. The accounts have been inactive for [Assignment: organization-defined time period];
3. The accounts are no longer associated with a user or individual;
4. The accounts are in violation of organizational policy; or
5. Significant risks associated with individuals are discovered.
g. Notify organizational personnel or roles when:
1. Accounts are no longer required;
2. Users are terminated or transferred; and
3. System usage or need-to-know changes for an individual.
DISCUSSION
This requirement focuses on account management for systems and applications. The definition and enforcement of access authorizations other than those determined by account type (e.g., privileged access, non-privileged access) are addressed in requirement 03.01.02. System account types include individual, group, temporary, system, guest, anonymous, emergency, developer, and service. Users who require administrative privileges on system accounts receive additional scrutiny by organizational personnel responsible for approving such accounts and privileged access. Types of accounts that organizations may prohibit due to increased risk include group, emergency, guest, anonymous, and temporary.
Organizations may choose to define access privileges or other attributes by account, type of account, or a combination of both. Other attributes required for authorizing access include restrictions on time-of-day, day-of-week, and point-of-origin. In defining other account attributes, organizations consider system requirements (e.g., system upgrades, scheduled maintenance) and mission and business requirements (e.g., time zone differences, remote access to facilitate travel requirements).
Users who pose a significant security risk include individuals for whom reliable evidence indicates either the intention to use authorized access to the system to cause harm or that adversaries will cause harm through them. Close coordination among human resource managers, mission/business owners, system administrators, and legal staff is essential when disabling system accounts for high-risk individuals. Time periods for the notification of organizational personnel or roles may vary.
REFERENCES
Source Controls: AC-02, AC-02(03), AC-02(13)
Supporting Publications: SP 800-46 [14], SP 800-57-1 [15], SP 800-57-2 [16], SP 800-57-3 [17], SP 800-77 [18], SP 800-113 [19], SP 800-114 [20], SP 800-121 [21], SP 800-162 [22], SP 800-178 [23], SP 800-192 [24], IR 7874 [25], IR 7966 [26]
3.1.2. Access Enforcement
REQUIREMENT: 03.01.02
Enforce approved authorizations for logical access to CUI and system resources.
DISCUSSION
Access control policies control access between active entities or subjects (i.e., users or system processes acting on behalf of users) and passive entities or objects (i.e., devices, files, records, domains) in organizational systems. Types of system access include remote access and access to systems that communicate through external networks, such as the internet. Access enforcement mechanisms can also be employed at the application and service levels to provide increased protection for CUI. This recognizes that the system can host many applications and services in support of mission and business functions.
REFERENCES
Source Control: AC-03
Supporting Publications: SP 800-46 [14], SP 800-57-1 [15], SP 800-57-2 [16], SP 800-57-3 [17], SP 800-77 [18], SP 800-113 [19], SP 800-114 [20], SP 800-121 [21], SP 800-162 [22], SP 800-178 [23], SP 800-192 [24], IR 7874 [25], IR 7966 [26]
3.1.3. Information Flow Enforcement
REQUIREMENT: 03.01.03
Enforce approved authorizations for controlling the flow of CUI within the system and between connected systems.
DISCUSSION
Information flow control regulates where CUI can transit within a system and between systems (versus who can access the information) and without explicit regard to subsequent accesses to that information. Flow control restrictions include keeping CUI from being transmitted in the clear to the internet, blocking outside traffic that claims to be from within the organization, restricting requests to the internet that are not from the internal web proxy server, and limiting information transfers between organizations based on data structures and content.
Organizations commonly use information flow control policies and enforcement mechanisms to control the flow of CUI between designated sources and destinations (e.g., networks, individuals, and devices) within systems and between interconnected systems. Flow control is based on characteristics of the information or the information path. Enforcement occurs in boundary protection devices (e.g., encrypted tunnels, routers, gateways, and firewalls) that use rule sets or establish configuration settings that restrict system services, provide a packet-filtering capability based on header information, or provide a message-filtering capability based on message content (e.g., implementing key word searches or using document characteristics). Organizations also consider the trustworthiness of filtering and inspection mechanisms (i.e., hardware, firmware, and software components) that are critical to information flow enforcement.
Transferring information between systems that represent different security domains with different security policies introduces the risk that such transfers violate one or more domain security policies. In such situations, information owners or stewards provide guidance at designated policy enforcement points between interconnected systems. Organizations consider mandating specific architectural solutions when required to enforce specific security policies. Enforcement includes prohibiting information transfers between interconnected systems (i.e., allowing information access only), employing hardware mechanisms to enforce one-way information flows, and implementing trustworthy regrading mechanisms to reassign security attributes and security labels.
REFERENCES
Source Control: AC-04
Supporting Publications: SP 800-160-1 [11], SP 800-162 [22], SP 800-178 [23]
3.1.4. Separation of Duties
REQUIREMENT: 03.01.04
a. Identify the duties of individuals requiring separation.
b. Define system access authorizations to support separation of duties.
DISCUSSION
Separation of duties addresses the potential for abuse of authorized privileges and reduces the risk of malevolent activity without collusion. Separation of duties includes dividing mission functions and support functions among different individuals or roles, conducting system support functions
with different individuals or roles (e.g., quality assurance, configuration management, system management, assessments, programming, and network security), and ensuring that personnel who administer access control functions do not also administer audit functions. Because separation of duty violations can span systems and application domains, organizations consider the entirety of their systems and system components when developing policies on separation of duties. This requirement is enforced by 03.01.02.
REFERENCES
Source Control: AC-05
Supporting Publications: SP 800-162 [22], SP 800-178 [23]
3.1.5. Least Privilege
REQUIREMENT: 03.01.05
a. Allow only authorized system access for users (or processes acting on behalf of users) that is necessary to accomplish assigned organizational tasks.
b. Authorize access to [Assignment: organization-defined security functions and security-relevant information].
c. Review the privileges assigned to roles or classes of users periodically to validate the need for such privileges.
d. Reassign or remove privileges, as necessary.
DISCUSSION
Organizations employ the principle of least privilege for specific duties and authorized access for users and system processes. Least privilege is applied to the development, implementation, and operation of the system. Organizations consider creating additional processes, roles, and system accounts to achieve least privilege. Security functions include establishing system accounts and assigning privileges, installing software, configuring access authorizations, configuring settings for events to be audited, establishing vulnerability scanning parameters, and establishing intrusion detection parameters. Security-relevant information includes threat and vulnerability information, filtering rules for routers or firewalls, configuration parameters for security services, security architecture, cryptographic key management information, and access control lists.
REFERENCES
Source Controls: AC-06, AC-06(01), AC-06(07), AU-09(04)
Supporting Publications: None
3.1.6. Least Privilege – Privileged Accounts
REQUIREMENT: 03.01.06
a. Restrict privileged accounts on the system to [Assignment: organization-defined personnel or roles].
b. Require that users (or roles) with privileged accounts use non-privileged accounts when accessing nonsecurity functions or nonsecurity information.
DISCUSSION
Privileged accounts are typically described as system administrator accounts. Restricting privileged accounts to specific personnel or roles prevents nonprivileged users from accessing security functions or security-relevant information. Requiring the use of non-privileged accounts when accessing nonsecurity functions or nonsecurity information limits exposure when operating from within privileged accounts. Including roles addresses situations in which organizations implement access control policies, such as role-based access control, and where a change of role provides the same degree of assurance in the change of access authorizations for the user and the processes acting on behalf of the user as would be provided by a change between a privileged and non-privileged account.
REFERENCES
Source Controls: AC-06(02), AC-06(05)
Supporting Publications: None
3.1.7. Least Privilege – Privileged Functions
REQUIREMENT: 03.01.07
a. Prevent non-privileged users from executing privileged functions.
b. Log the execution of privileged functions.
DISCUSSION
Privileged functions include establishing system accounts, performing system integrity checks, conducting patching operations, or administering cryptographic key management activities. Non-privileged users do not possess the appropriate authorizations to execute privileged functions. Circumventing intrusion detection and prevention mechanisms or malicious code protection mechanisms are examples of privileged functions that require protection from non-privileged users. This requirement represents a condition to be achieved by the definition of authorized privileges in 03.01.01 and the enforcement of those privileges in 03.01.02.
The misuse of privileged functions – whether intentionally or unintentionally by authorized users or by unauthorized external entities that have compromised system accounts – is a serious and ongoing concern that can have significant adverse impacts on organizations. Logging the use of privileged functions is one way to detect such misuse and mitigate the risks from insider threats and advanced persistent threats.
REFERENCES
Source Controls: AC-06(09), AC-06(10)
Supporting Publications: None
3.1.8. Unsuccessful Logon Attempts
REQUIREMENT: 03.01.08
Limit the number of consecutive invalid logon attempts to [Assignment: organization-defined number] in [Assignment: organization-defined time period].
DISCUSSION
Due to the potential for denial of service, automatic system lockouts are, in most cases, temporary and automatically release after a predetermined period established by the organization (i.e., using a delay algorithm). Organizations may employ different delay algorithms for different system components based on the capabilities of the respective components. Responses to unsuccessful system logon attempts may be implemented at the system and application levels.
REFERENCES
Source Control: AC-07
Supporting Publications: SP 800-63-3 [27], SP 800-124 [28]
3.1.9. System Use Notification
REQUIREMENT: 03.01.09
Display a system use notification message with privacy and security notices consistent with applicable CUI rules before granting access to the system.
DISCUSSION
System use notifications can be implemented using warning or banner messages. The messages are displayed before individuals log in to the system. System use notifications are used for access via logon interfaces with human users and are not required when human interfaces do not exist. Organizations consider whether a secondary use notification is needed to access applications or other system resources after the initial network logon. Posters or other printed materials may be used in lieu of an automated system message. This requirement is related to 03.15.03.
REFERENCES
Source Control: AC-08
Supporting Publications: None
3.1.10. Device Lock
REQUIREMENT: 03.01.10
a. Prevent access to the system by [Selection (one or more): initiating a device lock after [Assignment: organization-defined time period] of inactivity; requiring the user to initiate a device lock before leaving the system unattended].
b. Retain the device lock until the user reestablishes access using established identification and authentication procedures.
c. Conceal, via the device lock, information previously visible on the display with a publicly viewable image.
DISCUSSION
Device locks are temporary actions taken to prevent access to the system when users depart from the immediate vicinity of the system but do not want to log out because of the temporary nature of their absences. Device locks can be implemented at the operating system level or application level. User-initiated device locking is behavior- or policy-based and requires users to take physical action to initiate the device lock. Device locks are not an acceptable substitute for logging out of the system, such as when organizations require users to log out at the end of
workdays. Pattern-hiding displays can include static or dynamic images, such as patterns used with screen savers, photographic images, solid colors, a clock, a battery life indicator, or a blank screen with the caveat that controlled unclassified information is not displayed.
REFERENCES
Source Controls: AC-11, AC-11(01)
Supporting Publications: None
3.1.11. Session Termination
REQUIREMENT: 03.01.11
Terminate a user session automatically after [Assignment: organization-defined conditions or trigger events requiring session disconnect].
DISCUSSION
This requirement addresses the termination of user-initiated logical sessions in contrast to the termination of network connections that are associated with communications sessions (i.e., disconnecting from the network) in 03.13.09. A logical session is initiated whenever a user (or processes acting on behalf of a user) accesses a system. Logical sessions can be terminated (and thus terminate user access) without terminating network sessions. Session termination ends all system processes associated with a user’s logical session except those processes that are created by the user (i.e., session owner) to continue after the session is terminated. Conditions or trigger events that require automatic session termination can include organization-defined periods of user inactivity, time-of-day restrictions on system use, and targeted responses to certain types of incidents.
REFERENCES
Source Control: AC-12
Supporting Publications: None
3.1.12. Remote Access
REQUIREMENT: 03.01.12
a. Establish usage restrictions, configuration requirements, and connection requirements for each type of allowable remote system access.
b. Authorize each type of remote system access prior to establishing such connections.
c. Route remote access to the system through authorized and managed access control points.
d. Authorize remote execution of privileged commands and remote access to security-relevant information.
DISCUSSION
Remote access to the system represents a significant potential vulnerability that can be exploited by adversaries. Monitoring and controlling remote access methods allows organizations to detect attacks and ensure compliance with remote access policies. This occurs by auditing the connection activities of remote users on the systems. Routing remote access through managed access control points enhances explicit control over such connections and reduces susceptibility to unauthorized access to the system, which could result in the unauthorized disclosure of CUI.
Restricting the execution of privileged commands and access to security-relevant information via remote access reduces the exposure of the organization and its susceptibility to threats by adversaries. A privileged command is a human-initiated command executed on a system that involves the control, monitoring, or administration of the system, including security functions and security-relevant information. Security-relevant information is information that can potentially impact the operation of security functions or the provision of security services in a manner that could result in failure to enforce the system security policy or maintain isolation of code and data. Privileged commands give individuals the ability to execute sensitive, security-critical, or security-relevant system functions. Controlling access from remote locations helps to ensure that unauthorized individuals are unable to execute such commands with the potential to do serious or catastrophic damage to the system.
REFERENCES
Source Controls: AC-17, AC-17(03), AC-17(04)
Supporting Publications: SP 800-46 [14], SP 800-77 [18], SP 800-113 [19], SP 800-114 [20], SP 800-121 [21], IR 7966 [26]
3.1.13. Withdrawn
Incorporated into 03.01.12.
3.1.14. Withdrawn
Incorporated into 03.01.12.
3.1.15. Withdrawn
Incorporated into 03.01.12.
3.1.16. Wireless Access
REQUIREMENT: 03.01.16
a. Establish usage restrictions, configuration requirements, and connection requirements for each type of wireless access to the system.
b. Authorize each type of wireless access to the system prior to establishing such connections.
c. Disable, when not intended for use, wireless networking capabilities prior to issuance and deployment.
DISCUSSION
Establishing usage restrictions, configuration requirements, and connection requirements for wireless access to the system provides criteria to support access authorization decisions. These restrictions and requirements reduce susceptibility to unauthorized system access through wireless technologies. Wireless networks use authentication protocols that provide credential protection and mutual authentication. Organizations authenticate individuals and devices to protect wireless access to the system. Special attention is given to the variety of devices with potential wireless access to the system, including small form factor mobile devices (e.g., smart phones, smart watches). Wireless networking capabilities that are embedded within system
components represent a significant potential vulnerability that can be exploited by adversaries. Disabling wireless capabilities when not needed for essential missions or business functions can help reduce susceptibility to threats by adversaries involving wireless technologies.
REFERENCES
Source Controls: AC-18, AC-18(03)
Supporting Publications: SP 800-94 [29], SP 800-97 [30], SP 800-124 [28]
3.1.17. Withdrawn
Incorporated into 03.01.16.
3.1.18. Access Control for Mobile Devices
REQUIREMENT: 03.01.18
a. Establish usage restrictions, configuration requirements, and connection requirements for mobile devices.
b. Authorize the connection of mobile devices to the system.
c. Implement full-device or container-based encryption to protect the confidentiality of CUI on mobile devices.
DISCUSSION
A mobile device is a computing device that has a small form factor such that it can easily be carried by a single individual; is designed to operate without a physical connection; possesses local, non-removable, or removable data storage; and includes a self-contained power source. Mobile device functionality may also include voice communication capabilities, on-board sensors that allow the device to capture information, and/or built-in features for synchronizing local data with remote locations. Examples include smart phones, smart watches, and tablets. Mobile devices are typically associated with a single individual. The processing, storage, and transmission capability of mobile devices may be comparable to or a subset of notebook or desktop systems, depending on the nature and intended purpose of the device. The protection and control of mobile devices is behavior- or policy-based and requires users to take physical action to protect and control such devices when outside of controlled areas. Controlled areas are spaces for which the organization provides physical or procedural controls to meet the requirements established for protecting CUI.
Due to the large variety of mobile devices with different characteristics and capabilities, organizational restrictions may vary for the different classes or types of such devices. Usage restrictions, configuration requirements, and connection requirements for mobile devices include configuration management, device identification and authentication, implementing mandatory protective software, scanning devices for malicious code, updating virus protection software, scanning for critical software updates and patches, conducting primary operating system (and possibly other resident software) integrity checks, and disabling unnecessary hardware. Organizations can employ full-device encryption or container-based encryption to protect the confidentiality of CUI on mobile devices. Container-based encryption provides a fine-grained approach to the encryption of data and information, including encrypting selected data structures (e.g., files, records, or fields).
3.1.20. Use of External Systems
REQUIREMENT: 03.01.20
a. Prohibit the use of external systems unless the systems are specifically authorized.
b. Establish the following terms, conditions, and security requirements to be satisfied on external systems prior to allowing use of or access to those systems by authorized individuals: [Assignment: organization-defined terms, conditions, and requirements].
c. Permit authorized individuals to use an external system to access the organizational system or to process, store, or transmit CUI only after:
1. Verification of the implementation of security requirements on the external system as specified in the organization’s security plans; and
2. Retention of approved system connection or processing agreements with the organizational entity hosting the external system.
d. Restrict the use of organization-controlled portable storage devices by authorized individuals on external systems.
DISCUSSION
External systems are systems that are used by but are not part of the organization. External systems include personally owned systems, system components, or devices; privately owned computing and communication devices in commercial or public facilities; systems owned or controlled by nonfederal organizations; and systems managed by contractors. Organizations have the option to prohibit the use of any type of external system or specified types of external systems, (e.g., prohibit the use of external systems that are not organizationally owned). Terms and conditions are consistent with the trust relationships established with the entities that own, operate, or maintain external systems and include descriptions of shared responsibilities.
Authorized individuals include organizational personnel, contractors, or other individuals with authorized access to the organizational system and over whom organizations have the authority to impose specific rules of behavior regarding system access. Restrictions that organizations impose on authorized individuals need not be uniform, as the restrictions may vary depending on the trust relationships between organizations. Organizations need assurance that the external systems satisfy the necessary security requirements so as not to compromise, damage, or harm the system. This requirement is related to 03.16.03.
REFERENCES
Source Controls: AC-20, AC-20(01), AC-20(02)
Supporting Publications: None
3.1.21. Withdrawn
Incorporated into 03.01.20.
3.1.22. Publicly Accessible Content
REQUIREMENT: 03.01.22
a. Train authorized individuals to ensure that publicly accessible information does not contain CUI.
b. Review the content on publicly accessible systems for CUI periodically and remove such information, if discovered.
DISCUSSION
In accordance with applicable laws, Executive Orders, directives, policies, regulations, standards, and guidelines, the public is not authorized to have access to nonpublic information, including CUI.
REFERENCES
Source Control: AC-22
Supporting Publications: None
3.2. Awareness and Training
3.2.1. Literacy Training and Awareness
REQUIREMENT: 03.02.01
a. Provide security literacy training to system users:
1. As part of initial training for new users and periodically thereafter;
2. When required by system changes or following [Assignment: organization-defined events]; and
3. On recognizing and reporting indicators of insider threat, social engineering, and social mining.
b. Update security literacy training content periodically and following [Assignment: organization-defined events].
DISCUSSION
Organizations provide basic and advanced levels of security literacy training to system users (including managers, senior executives, system administrators, and contractors) and measures to test the knowledge level of users. Organizations determine the content of literacy training based on specific organizational requirements, the systems to which personnel have authorized access, and work environments (e.g., telework). The content includes an understanding of the need for security and the actions required of users to maintain security and to respond to incidents. The content also addresses the need for operations security and the handling of CUI.
Security awareness techniques include displaying posters, offering supplies inscribed with security reminders, displaying logon screen messages, generating email advisories or notices from organizational officials, and conducting awareness events using podcasts, videos, and
webinars. Security literacy training is conducted at a frequency consistent with applicable laws, directives, regulations, and policies. Updating literacy training content on a regular basis ensures that the content remains relevant. Events that may precipitate an update to literacy training content include assessment or audit findings, security incidents or breaches, or changes in applicable laws, Executive Orders, directives, regulations, policies, standards, and guidelines.
Potential indicators and possible precursors of insider threats include behaviors such as inordinate, long-term job dissatisfaction; attempts to gain access to information that is not required for job performance; unexplained access to financial resources; bullying or sexual harassment of fellow employees; workplace violence; and other serious violations of the policies, procedures, rules, directives, or practices of organizations. Organizations may consider tailoring insider threat awareness topics to the role (e.g., training for managers may be focused on specific changes in the behavior of team members, while training for employees may be focused on more general observations).
Social engineering is an attempt to deceive an individual into revealing information or taking an action that can be used to breach, compromise, or otherwise adversely impact a system. Social engineering includes phishing, pretexting, impersonation, baiting, quid pro quo, threadjacking, social media exploitation, and tailgating. Social mining is an attempt to gather information about the organization that may be used to support future attacks. Security literacy training includes how to communicate employee and management concerns regarding potential indicators of insider threat and potential and actual instances of social engineering and data mining through appropriate organizational channels in accordance with established policies and procedures.
REFERENCES
Source Controls: AT-02, AT-02(02), AT-02(03)
Supporting Publications: SP 800-50 [32], SP 800-160-2 [10]
3.2.2. Role-Based Training
REQUIREMENT: 03.02.02
a. Provide role-based security training to organizational personnel:
1. Before authorizing access to the system or CUI, before performing assigned duties, and periodically thereafter; and
2. When required by system changes or following [Assignment: organization-defined events].
b. Update role-based training content periodically and following [Assignment: organization-defined events].
DISCUSSION
Organizations determine the content and frequency of security training based on the assigned duties, roles, and responsibilities of individuals and the security requirements of the systems to which personnel have authorized access. In addition, organizations provide system developers, enterprise architects, security architects, software developers, systems integrators, acquisition/procurement officials, system and network administrators, personnel conducting configuration management and auditing activities, personnel performing independent verification and validation, security assessors, and personnel with access to system-level software with security-related technical training specifically tailored for their assigned duties.
Comprehensive role-based training addresses management, operational, and technical roles and responsibilities that cover physical, personnel, and technical controls. Such training can include policies, procedures, tools, and artifacts for the security roles defined. Organizations also provide the training necessary for individuals to carry out their responsibilities related to operations and supply chain security within the context of organizational information security programs.
REFERENCES
Source Control: AT-03
Supporting Publications: SP 800-161 [33], SP 800-181 [34]
3.2.3. Withdrawn
Incorporated into 03.02.01.
3.3. Audit and Accountability
3.3.1. Event Logging
REQUIREMENT: 03.03.01
a. Specify the following event types selected for logging within the system: [Assignment: organization-defined event types].
b. Review and update the event types selected for logging periodically.
DISCUSSION
An event is any observable occurrence in a system, including unlawful or unauthorized system activity. Organizations identify event types for which a logging functionality is needed. This includes events that are relevant to the security of systems and the environments in which those systems operate to meet specific and ongoing auditing needs. Event types can include password changes, the execution of privileged functions, failed logons or accesses related to systems, administrative privilege usage, or third-party credential usage. In determining event types that require logging, organizations consider the system monitoring and auditing that are appropriate for each of the security requirements. When defining event types, organizations consider the logging necessary to cover related events, such as the steps in distributed, transaction-based processes (e.g., processes that are distributed across multiple organizations) and actions that occur in service-oriented or cloud-based architectures. Monitoring and auditing requirements can be balanced with other system needs. For example, organizations may determine that systems must have the capability to log every file access, both successful and unsuccessful, but not activate that capability except for specific circumstances due to the potential burden on system performance. The event types that are logged by organizations may change over time. Periodically reviewing and updating the set of logged event types is necessary to ensure that the current set remains necessary and sufficient.
REFERENCES
Source Control: AU-02
Supporting Publications: SP 800-92 [35]
3.3.2. Audit Record Content
REQUIREMENT: 03.03.02
a. Include the following content in audit records:
1. What type of event occurred;
2. When the event occurred;
3. Where the event occurred;
4. Source of the event;
5. Outcome of the event; and
6. Identity of individuals, subjects, objects, or entities associated with the event.
b. Provide additional information for audit records, as needed.
DISCUSSION
Audit record content that may be necessary to support the auditing function includes time stamps, source and destination addresses, user or process identifiers, event descriptions, file names, and the access control or flow control rules that are invoked. Event outcomes can include indicators of event success or failure and event-specific results (e.g., the security state of the system after the event occurred). Detailed information that organizations may consider in audit records includes a full text recording of privileged commands or the individual identities of group account users.
REFERENCES
Source Controls: AU-03, AU-03(01)
Supporting Publications: None
3.3.3. Audit Record Generation
REQUIREMENT: 03.03.03
a. Generate audit records for the selected event types and audit record content specified in 03.03.01 and 03.03.02.
b. Retain audit records for a time period consistent with records retention policy.
DISCUSSION
Audit records can be generated at various levels of abstraction, including at the packet level as information traverses the network. Selecting the appropriate level of abstraction is a critical aspect of an audit logging capability and can facilitate the identification of root causes to problems. The ability to add information generated in audit records is dependent on system functionality to configure the audit record content. Organizations may consider additional information in audit records, including the access control or flow control rules invoked and the individual identities of group account users. Organizations may also consider limiting additional audit record information to only information that is explicitly needed for audit requirements.
REFERENCES
Source Controls: AU-11, AU-12
Supporting Publications: SP 800-92 [35]
3.3.4. Response to Audit Logging Process Failures
REQUIREMENT: 03.03.04
a. Alert organizational personnel or roles within [Assignment: organization-defined time period] in the event of an audit logging process failure.
b. Take the following additional actions: [Assignment: organization-defined additional actions].
DISCUSSION
Audit logging process failures include software and hardware errors, failures in audit log capturing mechanisms, and reaching or exceeding audit log storage capacity. Response actions include overwriting the oldest audit records, shutting down the system, and stopping the generation of audit records. Organizations may choose to define additional actions for audit logging process failures based on the type of failure, the location of the failure, the severity of the failure, or a combination of such factors. When the audit logging process failure is related to storage, the response is carried out for the audit log storage repository (i.e., the distinct system component where the audit logs are stored), the system on which the audit logs reside, the total audit log storage capacity of the organization (i.e., all audit log storage repositories combined), or all three. Organizations may decide to take no additional actions after alerting designated roles or personnel.
REFERENCES
Source Control: AU-05
Supporting Publications: None
3.3.5. Audit Record Review, Analysis, and Reporting
REQUIREMENT: 03.03.05
a. Review and analyze system audit records periodically for indications and potential impact of inappropriate or unusual activity.
b. Report findings to organizational personnel or roles.
c. Analyze and correlate audit records across different repositories to gain organization-wide situational awareness.
DISCUSSION
Audit record review, analysis, and reporting cover information security logging performed by organizations and can include logging that results from the monitoring of account usage, remote access, wireless connectivity, configuration settings, the use of maintenance tools and nonlocal maintenance, system component inventory, mobile device connection, equipment delivery and removal, physical access, temperature and humidity, communications at system interfaces, and the use of mobile code. Findings can be reported to organizational entities, such as the incident response team, help desk, and security or privacy offices. If organizations are prohibited from reviewing and analyzing audit records or unable to conduct such activities, the review or analysis may be carried out by other organizations granted such authority. The scope, frequency, and/or depth of the audit record review, analysis, and reporting may be adjusted to meet organizational needs based on new information received. Correlating audit record review, analysis, and reporting processes helps to ensure that they collectively create a more complete view of events. The requirement to assess a given system is agnostic as to whether this correlation is applied at the system level or at the organization level across all systems.
3.3.6. Audit Record Reduction and Report Generation
REQUIREMENT: 03.03.06
a. Implement an audit record reduction and report generation capability that supports audit record review, analysis, reporting requirements, and after-the-fact investigations of incidents.
b. Preserve the original content and time ordering of audit records.
DISCUSSION
Audit records are generated in 03.03.03. Audit record reduction and report generation occur after audit record generation. Audit record reduction is a process that manipulates collected audit information and organizes it in a summary format that is more meaningful to analysts. Audit record reduction and report generation capabilities do not always come from the same system or organizational entities that conduct auditing activities. An audit record reduction capability can include, for example, modern data mining techniques with advanced data filters to identify anomalous behavior in audit records. The report generation capability provided by the system can help generate customizable reports. The time ordering of audit records can be a significant issue if the granularity of the time stamp in the record is insufficient.
REFERENCES
Source Control: AU-07
Supporting Publications: None
3.3.7. Time Stamps
REQUIREMENT: 03.03.07
a. Use internal system clocks to generate time stamps for audit records.
b. Record time stamps for audit records that meet [Assignment: organization-defined granularity of time measurement] and that:
1. Use Coordinated Universal Time (UTC);
2. Have a fixed local time offset from UTC; or
3. Include the local time offset as part of the time stamp.
DISCUSSION
Time stamps generated by the system include the date and time. Time is commonly expressed in Coordinated Universal Time (UTC) – a modern continuation of Greenwich Mean Time (GMT) – or local time with an offset from UTC. The granularity of time measurements refers to the degree of synchronization between system clocks and reference clocks (e.g., clocks synchronizing within hundreds or tens of milliseconds). Organizations may define different time granularities for system components. Time service can be critical to other security capabilities, such as access control, and identification and authentication, depending on the nature of the mechanisms used to support those capabilities.
3.3.8. Protection of Audit Information
REQUIREMENT: 03.03.08
a. Protect audit information and audit logging tools from unauthorized access, modification, and deletion.
b. Authorize access to management of audit logging functionality to only a subset of privileged users or roles.
DISCUSSION
Audit information includes the information needed to successfully audit system activity, such as audit records, audit log settings, audit reports, and personally identifiable information. Audit logging tools are programs and devices used to conduct audit and logging activities. The protection of audit information focuses on technical protection and limits the ability to access and execute audit logging tools to authorized individuals. The physical protection of audit information is addressed by media and physical protection requirements.
Individuals or roles with privileged access to a system and who are also the subject of an audit by that system may affect the reliability of the audit information by inhibiting audit activities or modifying audit records. Requiring privileged access to be further defined between audit-related privileges and other privileges limits the number of users or roles with audit-related privileges.
REFERENCES
Source Controls: AU-09, AU-09(04)
Supporting Publications: None
3.3.9. Withdrawn
Incorporated into 03.03.08.
3.4. Configuration Management
3.4.1. Baseline Configuration
REQUIREMENT: 03.04.01
a. Develop and maintain under configuration control, a current baseline configuration of the system.
b. Review and update the baseline configuration of the system periodically and when system components are installed or modified.
DISCUSSION
Baseline configurations for the system and system components include aspects of connectivity, operation, and communications. Baseline configurations are documented, formally reviewed, and agreed-upon specifications for the system or configuration items within the system. Baseline
configurations serve as a basis for future builds, releases, or changes to the system and include information about system components, operational procedures, network topology, and the placement of components in the system architecture. Maintaining baseline configurations requires creating new baselines as the system changes over time. Baseline configurations of the system reflect the current enterprise architecture.
REFERENCES
Source Control: CM-02
Supporting Publications: SP 800-124 [28], SP 800-128 [41], IR 8011-2 [42], IR 8011-3 [43]
3.4.2. Configuration Settings
REQUIREMENT: 03.04.02
a. Establish, document, and implement the following configuration settings for the system that reflect the most restrictive mode consistent with operational requirements: [Assignment: organization-defined configuration settings].
b. Identify, document, and approve any deviations from established configuration settings.
DISCUSSION
Configuration settings are the set of parameters that can be changed in hardware, software, or firmware components of the system and that affect the security posture or functionality of the system. Security-related configuration settings can be defined for computing systems (e.g., servers, workstations), input and output devices (e.g., scanners, copiers, printers), network components (e.g., firewalls, routers, gateways, voice and data switches, wireless access points, network appliances, sensors), operating systems, middleware, and applications.
Security parameters are those parameters that impact the security state of the system, including the parameters required to satisfy other security requirements. Security parameters include registry settings; account, file, and directory permission settings (i.e., privileges); and settings for functions, ports, protocols, and remote connections. Organizations establish organization-wide configuration settings and subsequently derive specific configuration settings for the system. The established settings become part of the system’s configuration baseline.
Common secure configurations (also referred to as security configuration checklists, lockdown and hardening guides, security reference guides, and security technical implementation guides) provide recognized, standardized, and established benchmarks that stipulate secure configuration settings for specific information technology platforms/products and instructions for configuring those system components to meet operational requirements. Common secure configurations can be developed by a variety of organizations, including information technology product developers, manufacturers, vendors, consortia, academia, industry, federal agencies, and other organizations in the public and private sectors.
REFERENCES
Source Control: CM-06
Supporting Publications: SP 800-70 [44], SP 800-126 [45], SP 800-128 [41]
3.4.3. Configuration Change Control
REQUIREMENT: 03.04.03
a. Define the types of changes to the system that are configuration-controlled.
b. Review proposed configuration-controlled changes to the system and approve or disapprove such changes with explicit consideration for security impacts.
c. Implement and document approved configuration-controlled changes to the system.
d. Monitor and review activities associated with configuration-controlled changes to the system.
**DISCUSSION**
Configuration change control refers to tracking, reviewing, approving or disapproving, and logging changes to the system. Specifically, it involves the systematic proposal, justification, implementation, testing, review, and disposition of changes to the system, including system upgrades and modifications. Configuration change control includes changes to baseline configurations for system components (e.g., operating systems, applications, firewalls, routers, mobile devices) and configuration items of the system, changes to configuration settings, unscheduled and unauthorized changes, and changes to remediate vulnerabilities.
**REFERENCES**
Source Control: CM-03
Supporting Publications: SP 800-124 [28], SP 800-128 [41]
### 3.4.4. Impact Analyses
**REQUIREMENT:** 03.04.04
Analyze the security impact of changes to the system prior to implementation.
**DISCUSSION**
Organizational personnel with security responsibilities conduct impact analyses that include reviewing security plans, policies, and procedures to understand security requirements; reviewing system design documentation and operational procedures to understand how system changes might affect the security state of the system; reviewing the impacts of changes on supply chain partners with stakeholders; and determining how potential changes to a system create new risks and the ability to mitigate those risks. Impact analyses also include risk assessments to understand the impacts of changes and to determine whether additional security requirements are needed.
**REFERENCES**
Source Control: CM-04
Supporting Publications: SP 800-128 [41]
### 3.4.5. Access Restrictions for Change
**REQUIREMENT:** 03.04.05
Define, document, approve, and enforce physical and logical access restrictions associated with changes to the system.
**DISCUSSION**
Changes to the hardware, software, or firmware components of the system or the operational procedures related to the system can have potentially significant effects on the security of the system. Therefore, organizations permit only qualified and authorized individuals to access the
system for the purpose of initiating changes. Access restrictions include physical and logical access controls, software libraries, workflow automation, media libraries, abstract layers (i.e., changes implemented into external interfaces rather than directly into the system), and change windows (i.e., changes occur only during specified times).
REFERENCES
Source Control: CM-05
Supporting Publications: FIPS 140-3 [38], FIPS 180-4 [39], SP 800-128 [41]
3.4.6. Least Functionality
REQUIREMENT: 03.04.06
a. Configure the system to provide only mission-essential capabilities.
b. Prohibit or restrict use of the following functions, ports, protocols, connections, and services:
[Assignment: organization-defined functions, ports, protocols, connections, and services].
c. Review the system periodically to identify unnecessary or nonsecure functions, ports, protocols, connections, and services.
d. Disable or remove functions, ports, protocols, connections, and services that are unnecessary or nonsecure.
DISCUSSION
Systems can provide a variety of functions and services. Some functions and services that are routinely provided by default may not be necessary to support essential organizational missions, functions, or operations. It may be convenient to provide multiple services from single system components. However, doing so increases risk over limiting the services provided by any one component. Where feasible, organizations limit functionality to a single function per component.
Organizations review the functions and services provided by the system or system components to determine which functions and services are candidates for elimination. Organizations disable unused or unnecessary physical and logical ports and protocols to prevent the unauthorized connection of devices, transfer of information, and tunneling. Organizations can employ network scanning tools, intrusion detection and prevention systems, and endpoint protection systems (e.g., firewalls and host-based intrusion detection systems) to identify and prevent the use of prohibited functions, ports, protocols, system connections, and services. Bluetooth, File Transfer Protocol, and peer-to-peer networking are examples of the types of protocols that organizations consider eliminating, restricting, or disabling.
REFERENCES
Source Controls: CM-07, CM-07(01)
Supporting Publications: SP 800-160-1 [11], SP 800-167 [46]
3.4.7. Withdrawn
Incorporated into 03.04.06.
3.4.8. Authorized Software – Allow by Exception
REQUIREMENT: 03.04.08
a. Identify software programs authorized to execute on the system.
b. Implement a deny-all, allow-by-exception policy for the execution of software programs on the system.
c. Review and update the list of authorized software programs periodically.
**DISCUSSION**
If provided with the necessary privileges, users can install software in organizational systems. To maintain control over the software installed, organizations identify permitted and prohibited actions regarding software installation. Permitted software installations include updates and security patches to existing software and downloading new applications from organization-approved “app stores.” Prohibited software installations include software with unknown or suspect pedigrees or software that organizations consider potentially malicious. The policies selected for governing user-installed software are organization-developed or provided by some external entity. Policy enforcement methods can include procedural methods and automated methods.
Authorized software programs can be limited to specific versions or from a specific source. To facilitate a comprehensive authorized software process and increase the strength of protection against attacks that bypass application-level authorized software, software programs may be decomposed into and monitored at different levels of detail. These levels include applications, application programming interfaces, application modules, scripts, system processes, system services, kernel functions, registries, drivers, and dynamic link libraries. Organizations consider verifying the integrity of authorized software programs using digital signatures, cryptographic checksums, or hash functions. The verification of authorized software can occur either prior to execution or at system startup.
**REFERENCES**
Source Control: [CM-07(05)]
Supporting Publications: SP 800-160-1 [11], SP 800-167 [46]
3.4.9. Withdrawn
Addressed by 03.01.05, 03.01.06, 03.01.07, and 03.04.08.
3.4.10. System Component Inventory
**REQUIREMENT:** 03.04.10
a. Develop and document an inventory of system components.
b. Review and update the system component inventory periodically.
c. Update the system component inventory as part of installations, removals, and system updates.
**DISCUSSION**
System components are discrete, identifiable assets (i.e., hardware, software, and firmware elements) that compose a system. Organizations may implement centralized system component inventories that include components from all systems. In such situations, organizations ensure that the inventories include system-specific information required for component accountability. The information necessary for effective accountability of system components includes the
system name, software owners, software version numbers, hardware inventory specifications, software license information — and for networked components — the machine names and network addresses for all implemented protocols (e.g., IPv4, IPv6). Inventory specifications include component type, physical location, date of receipt, manufacturer, cost, model, serial number, and supplier information.
REFERENCES
Source Controls: CM-08, CM-08(01)
Supporting Publications: SP 800-124 [28], SP 800-128 [41], IR 8011-2 [42], IR 8011-3 [43]
3.4.11. Information Location
REQUIREMENT: 03.04.11
a. Identify and document the location of CUI and the system components on which the information is processed and stored.
b. Identify and document the users who have access to the system and system components where CUI is processed and stored.
c. Document changes to the location (i.e., system or system components) where CUI is processed and stored.
DISCUSSION
Information location addresses the need to understand the specific system components where CUI is being processed and stored and the users who have access to CUI so that appropriate protection mechanisms can be provided, including information flow controls, access controls, and information management.
REFERENCES
Source Control: CM-12
Supporting Publications: None
3.4.12. System and Component Configuration for High-Risk Areas
REQUIREMENT: 03.04.12
a. Issue systems or system components with the following configurations to individuals traveling to high-risk locations: [Assignment: organization-defined system configurations].
b. Apply the following security requirements to the system or system components when the individuals return from travel: [Assignment: organization-defined security requirements].
DISCUSSION
When it is known that a system or a specific system component will be in a high-risk area, additional security requirements may be needed to counter the increased threat. Organizations can implement protective measures on systems or system components used by individuals departing on and returning from travel. Actions include determining the locations that are of concern, defining the required configurations for the components, ensuring that the components are configured as intended before travel is initiated, and taking additional actions after travel is completed. For example, systems going into high-risk areas can be configured with sanitized hard drives, limited applications, and more stringent configuration settings. Actions applied to
mobile devices upon return from travel include examining the device for signs of physical tampering and purging and reimaging the device storage.
REFERENCES
Source Control: CM-02(07)
Supporting Publications: SP 800-124 [28], SP 800-128 [41]
3.5. Identification and Authentication
3.5.1. User Identification, Authentication, and Re-Authentication
REQUIREMENT: 03.05.01
a. Uniquely identify and authenticate system users and associate that unique identification with processes acting on behalf of those users.
b. Re-authenticate users when [Assignment: organization-defined circumstances or situations requiring re-authentication].
DISCUSSION
System users include individuals (or system processes acting on behalf of individuals) who are authorized to access a system. Typically, individual identifiers are the usernames associated with the system accounts assigned to those individuals. Since system processes execute on behalf of groups and roles, organizations may require the unique identification of individuals in group accounts or accountability of individual activity. The unique identification and authentication of users applies to all system accesses. Organizations employ passwords, physical authenticators, biometrics, or some combination thereof to authenticate user identities. Organizations may re-authenticate individuals in certain situations, including when roles, authenticators, or credentials change; when the execution of privileged functions occurs; after a fixed time period; or periodically.
REFERENCES
Source Controls: IA-02, IA-11
Supporting Publications: SP 800-63-3 [27]
3.5.2. Device Identification and Authentication
REQUIREMENT: 03.05.02
Uniquely identify and authenticate devices before establishing a system connection.
DISCUSSION
Devices that require unique device-to-device identification and authentication are defined by type, device, or a combination of type and device. Organization-defined device types include devices that are not owned by the organization. Systems use shared known information (e.g., Media Access Control [MAC], Transmission Control Protocol/Internet Protocol [TCP/IP] addresses) for device identification or organizational authentication solutions (e.g., Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers [IEEE] 802.1x and Extensible Authentication Protocol [EAP], RADIUS server with EAP-Transport Layer Security [TLS] authentication, Kerberos) to
identify and authenticate devices on local and wide area networks. PKI and certificate revocation checking for the certificates exchanged can also be included as part of device authentication.
REFERENCES
Source Control: 1A-03
Supporting Publications: SP 800-63-3 [27]
3.5.3. Multi-Factor Authentication
REQUIREMENT: 03.05.03
Implement multi-factor authentication for access to system accounts.
DISCUSSION
Multi-factor authentication requires the use of two or more different factors to achieve authentication. The authentication factors are defined as follows: something you know (e.g., a personal identification number [PIN]), something you have (e.g., a physical authenticator, such as a cryptographic private key), or something you are (e.g., a biometric). Multi-factor authentication solutions that feature physical authenticators include hardware authenticators that provide time-based or challenge-response outputs and smart cards. In addition to authenticating users at the system level, organizations may also employ authentication mechanisms at the application level to provide increased information security.
REFERENCES
Source Controls: 1A-02(01), 1A-02(02)
Supporting Publications: SP 800-63-3 [27]
3.5.4. Replay-Resistant Authentication
REQUIREMENT: 03.05.04
Implement replay-resistant authentication mechanisms for access to system accounts.
DISCUSSION
Authentication processes resist replay attacks if it is impractical to successfully authenticate by recording or replaying previous authentication messages. Replay-resistant techniques include protocols that use nonces or challenges, such as time synchronous or challenge-response one-time authenticators.
REFERENCES
Source Control: 1A-02(08)
Supporting Publications: SP 800-63-3 [27]
3.5.5. Identifier Management
REQUIREMENT: 03.05.05
a. Receive authorization from organizational personnel or roles to assign an individual, group, role, service, or device identifier.
b. Select and assign an identifier that identifies an individual, group, role, service, or device.
c. Prevent reuse of identifiers for [Assignment: organization-defined time period].
d. Uniquely identify the status of each individual with an identifying characteristic.
**DISCUSSION**
Identifiers are provided for users, processes acting on behalf of users, and devices. Prohibiting the reuse of identifiers prevents the assignment of previously used individual, group, role, service, or device identifiers to different individuals, groups, roles, services, or devices. Characteristics that identify the status of individuals include contractors, foreign nationals, and non-organizational users. Identifying the status of individuals by these characteristics provides useful information about the people with whom organizational personnel are communicating. For example, is useful for an employee to know that one of the individuals on an email message is a contractor.
**REFERENCES**
Source Controls: IA-04, IA-04(04)
Supporting Publications: SP 800-63-3 [27]
### 3.5.6. Withdrawn
### 3.5.7. Password Management
**REQUIREMENT:** 03.05.07
a. Maintain a list of commonly-used, expected, or compromised passwords and update the list periodically and when organizational passwords are suspected to have been compromised.
b. Verify, when users create or update passwords, that the passwords are not found on the list of commonly-used, expected, or compromised passwords.
c. Transmit passwords only over cryptographically-protected channels.
d. Store passwords in a cryptographically-protected form.
e. Select a new password upon first use after account recovery.
f. Enforce the following composition and complexity rules for passwords: [Assignment: organization-defined composition and complexity rules].
**DISCUSSION**
Password-based authentication applies to passwords used in single-factor or multi-factor authentication. Long passwords or passphrases are preferable to shorter passwords. Enforced composition rules provide marginal security benefits while decreasing usability. However, organizations may choose to establish certain rules for password generation (e.g., minimum character length) under certain circumstances and can enforce this requirement. For example, account recovery can occur when a password is forgotten. Cryptographically protected passwords include salted one-way cryptographic hashes of passwords. The list of commonly used, compromised, or expected passwords includes passwords obtained from previous breach corpuses, dictionary words, and repetitive or sequential characters. The list includes context-specific words, such as the name of the service, username, and derivatives thereof. Changing temporary passwords to permanent passwords immediately after system logon ensures that the necessary strength of the authentication mechanism is implemented at the earliest opportunity and
reduces the susceptibility to authenticator compromises. Long passwords and passphrases can be used to increase the complexity of passwords.
REFERENCES
Source Control: 1A-05(01)
Supporting Publications: SP 800-63-3 [27]
3.5.8. Withdrawn
3.5.9. Withdrawn
Incorporated into 03.05.07.
3.5.10. Withdrawn
Incorporated into 03.05.07.
3.5.11. Authentication Feedback
REQUIREMENT: 03.05.11
Obscure feedback of authentication information during the authentication process.
DISCUSSION
The feedback from systems does not provide information that would allow unauthorized individuals to compromise authentication mechanisms. For example, for desktop or notebook computers with relatively large monitors, the threat may be significant (often referred to as shoulder surfing). For mobile devices with small displays, this threat may be less significant and is balanced against the increased likelihood of input errors due to small keyboards. Therefore, the means for obscuring the authenticator feedback is selected accordingly. Obscuring feedback includes displaying asterisks when users type passwords into input devices or displaying feedback for a limited time before fully obscuring it.
REFERENCES
Source Control: 1A-06
Supporting Publications: None
3.5.12. Authenticator Management
REQUIREMENT: 03.05.12
a. Verify the identity of the individual, group, role, service, or device receiving the authenticator as part of the initial authenticator distribution.
b. Establish initial authenticator content for any authenticators issued by the organization.
c. Establish and implement administrative procedures for initial authenticator distribution, for lost, compromised, or damaged authenticators, and for revoking authenticators.
d. Change default authenticators at first use.
e. Change or refresh authenticators periodically or when the following events occur:
[Assignment: organization-defined events].
f. Protect authenticator content from unauthorized disclosure and modification.
**DISCUSSION**
Authenticators include passwords, cryptographic devices, biometrics, certificates, one-time password devices, and ID badges. The initial authenticator content is the actual content of the authenticator (e.g., the initial password). In contrast, requirements for authenticator content contain specific characteristics. Authenticator management is supported by organization-defined settings and restrictions for various authenticator characteristics (e.g., password complexity and composition rules, validation time window for time synchronous one-time tokens, and the number of allowed rejections during the verification stage of biometric authentication).
The requirement to protect individual authenticators may be implemented by 03.15.03 for authenticators in the possession of individuals and by 03.01.01, 03.01.02, 03.01.05, and 03.13.08 for authenticators stored in organizational systems. This includes passwords stored in hashed or encrypted formats or files that contain encrypted or hashed passwords accessible with administrator privileges. Actions can be taken to protect authenticators, including maintaining possession of authenticators, not sharing authenticators with others, and immediately reporting lost, stolen, or compromised authenticators. Developers may deliver system components with factory default authentication credentials to allow for initial installation and configuration. Default authentication credentials are often well-known, easily discoverable, and present a significant risk. Authenticator management includes issuing and revoking authenticators for temporary access when no longer needed. The use of long passwords or passphrases may obviate the need to periodically change authenticators.
**REFERENCES**
Source Control: IA-05
Supporting Publications: SP 800-63-3 [27]
### 3.6. Incident Response
#### 3.6.1. Incident Response Plan and Handling
**REQUIREMENT:** 03.06.01
a. Develop an incident response plan that provides the organization with a roadmap for implementing its incident response capability.
b. Implement an incident-handling capability for incidents that is consistent with the incident response plan and includes preparation, detection and analysis, containment, eradication, and recovery.
c. Update the incident response plan to address system and organizational changes or problems encountered during plan implementation, execution, or testing.
**DISCUSSION**
It is important that organizations develop and implement a coordinated approach to incident response. Organizational mission and business functions determine the structure of incident response capabilities. Incident-related information can be obtained from a variety of sources, including audit monitoring, network monitoring, physical access monitoring, user and
administrator reports, and reported supply chain events. An effective incident handling capability involves coordination among many organizational entities, including mission and business owners, system owners, human resources offices, physical and personnel security offices, legal departments, operations personnel, and procurement offices.
REFERENCES
Source Controls: IR-04, IR-08
Supporting Publications: SP 800-50 [32], SP 800-61 [47], SP 800-161 [33]
3.6.2. Incident Monitoring, Reporting, and Response Assistance
REQUIREMENT: 03.06.02
a. Track and document system security incidents.
b. Report suspected incidents to the organizational incident response capability within [Assignment: organization-defined time period].
c. Report incident information to [Assignment: organization-defined authorities].
d. Provide an incident response support resource that offers advice and assistance to users of the system for the handling and reporting of incidents.
DISCUSSION
Documenting incidents includes maintaining records about each incident, the status of the incident, and other pertinent information necessary for forensics as well as evaluating incident details, trends, and handling. Incident information can be obtained from many sources, including network monitoring, incident reports, incident response teams, user complaints, supply chain partners, audit monitoring, physical access monitoring, and user and administrator reports. 3.6.1 provides information on the types of incidents that are appropriate for monitoring. The types of incidents reported, the content and timeliness of the reports, and the reporting authorities reflect applicable laws, Executive Orders, directives, regulations, policies, standards, and guidelines. Incident information informs risk assessments, the effectiveness of security assessments, the security requirements for acquisitions, and the selection criteria for technology products. Incident response support resources provided by organizations include help desks, assistance groups, automated ticketing systems to open and track incident response tickets, and access to forensic services or consumer redress services, when required.
REFERENCES
Source Controls: IR-05, IR-06, IR-07
Supporting Publications: SP 800-61 [47], SP 800-86 [36]
3.6.3. Incident Response Testing
REQUIREMENT: 03.06.03
Test the effectiveness of the incident response capability periodically.
DISCUSSION
Organizations test incident response capabilities to determine their effectiveness and identify potential weaknesses or deficiencies. Incident response testing includes the use of checklists, walk-through or tabletop exercises, and simulations. Incident response testing can include a
determination of the effects of incident response on organizational operations, organizational assets, and individuals. Qualitative and quantitative data can help determine the effectiveness of incident response processes.
REFERENCES
Source Control: IR-03
Supporting Publications: SP 800-84 [48]
3.6.4. Incident Response Training
REQUIREMENT: 03.06.04
a. Provide incident response training to system users consistent with assigned roles and responsibilities:
1. Within [Assignment: organization-defined time period] of assuming an incident response role or responsibility or acquiring system access;
2. When required by system changes; and
3. Periodically thereafter.
b. Review and update incident response training content periodically and following [Assignment: organization-defined events].
DISCUSSION
Incident response training is associated with the assigned roles and responsibilities of organizational personnel to ensure that the appropriate content and level of detail are included in such training. For example, users may only need to know whom to call or how to recognize an incident; system administrators may require additional training on how to handle incidents; and incident responders may receive specific training on forensics, data collection techniques, reporting, system recovery, and system restoration. Incident response training includes user training in identifying and reporting suspicious activities from external and internal sources. Incident response training for users may be provided as part of 03.02.02. Events that may precipitate an update to incident response training content include incident response plan testing, response to an actual incident, audit or assessment findings, or changes in applicable laws, Executive Orders, policies, directives, regulations, standards, and guidelines.
REFERENCES
Source Control: IR-02
Supporting Publications: SP 800-86 [36], SP 800-137 [49]
3.7. Maintenance
3.7.1. Withdrawn
Recategorized as NCO.
3.7.2. Withdrawn
Incorporated into 03.07.04 and 03.07.06.
3.7.3. Withdrawn
Incorporated into 03.08.03.
3.7.4. Maintenance Tools
REQUIREMENT: 03.07.04
a. Approve, control, and monitor the use of system maintenance tools.
b. Inspect the maintenance tools for improper or unauthorized modifications.
c. Check media containing diagnostic and test programs for malicious code before the media are used in the system.
d. Prevent the removal of system maintenance equipment containing CUI by:
1. Verifying that there is no CUI on the equipment;
2. Sanitizing or destroying the equipment; or
3. Retaining the equipment within the facility.
DISCUSSION
Approving, controlling, monitoring, and reviewing maintenance tools address security-related issues associated with the tools that are used for diagnostic and repair actions on the system. Maintenance tools can include hardware and software diagnostic and test equipment as well as packet sniffers. The tools may be pre-installed, brought in with maintenance personnel on media, cloud-based, or downloaded from a website. Diagnostic and test programs are potential vehicles for transporting malicious code into the system, either intentionally or unintentionally. Examples of media inspection include checking the cryptographic hash or digital signatures of diagnostic and test programs and/or media. If organizations inspect media that contain diagnostic and test programs and determine that the media also contains malicious code, the incident is handled consistent with incident handling policies and procedures. A periodic review of maintenance tools can result in the withdrawal of approval for outdated, unsupported, irrelevant, or no-longer-used tools. Maintenance tools do not address the hardware and software components that support maintenance and are considered a part of the system (including software implementing utilities such as “ping,” “ls,” “ipconfig,” or hardware and software that implement the monitoring port of an Ethernet switch).
REFERENCES
Source Controls: MA-03, MA-03(01), MA-03(02), MA-03(03)
Supporting Publications: SP 800-88 [50]
3.7.5. Nonlocal Maintenance
REQUIREMENT: 03.07.05
a. Approve and monitor nonlocal maintenance and diagnostic activities.
b. Implement multi-factor authentication and replay resistance in the establishment of nonlocal maintenance and diagnostic sessions.
c. Terminate session and network connections when nonlocal maintenance is completed.
DISCUSSION
Nonlocal maintenance and diagnostic activities are conducted by individuals who communicate through an external or internal network. Local maintenance and diagnostic activities are carried out by individuals who are physically present at the system location and not communicating across a network connection. Authentication techniques used to establish nonlocal maintenance and diagnostic sessions reflect the requirements in 03.05.01.
REFERENCES
Source Control: MA-04
Supporting Publications: SP 800-63-3 [27], SP 800-88 [50]
3.7.6. Maintenance Personnel
REQUIREMENT: 03.07.06
a. Establish a process for maintenance personnel authorization.
b. Maintain a list of authorized maintenance organizations or personnel.
c. Verify that non-escorted personnel who perform maintenance on the system possess the required access authorizations.
d. Designate organizational personnel with required access authorizations and technical competence to supervise the maintenance activities of personnel who do not possess the required access authorizations.
DISCUSSION
Maintenance personnel refers to individuals who perform hardware or software maintenance on the system, while 03.10.01 addresses physical access for individuals whose maintenance duties place them within the physical protection perimeter of the system. The technical competence of supervising individuals relates to the maintenance performed on the system, while having required access authorizations refers to maintenance on and near the system. Individuals who have not been previously identified as authorized maintenance personnel (e.g., manufacturers, consultants, systems integrators, and vendors) may require privileged access to the system, such as when they are required to conduct maintenance with little or no notice. Organizations may choose to issue temporary credentials to these individuals based on their risk assessments. Temporary credentials may be for one-time use or for very limited time periods.
REFERENCES
Source Control: MA-05
Supporting Publications: None
3.8. Media Protection
3.8.1. Media Storage
REQUIREMENT: 03.08.01
Physically control and securely store system media containing CUI until the media are destroyed or sanitized using approved equipment, techniques, and procedures.
DISCUSSION
System media includes digital and non-digital media. Digital media includes diskettes, flash drives, magnetic tapes, external or removable solid state or magnetic drives, compact discs, and digital versatile discs. Non-digital media includes paper and microfilm. Physically controlling stored media includes conducting inventories, establishing procedures to allow individuals to check out and return media to libraries, and maintaining accountability for stored media. Secure storage includes a locked drawer, desk, or cabinet or a controlled media library. Controlled areas provide physical and procedural controls to meet the requirements established for protecting information and systems. Sanitization techniques (e.g., cryptographically erasing, destroying, clearing, and purging) prevent the disclosure of CUI to unauthorized individuals. The sanitization process removes CUI from media such that the information cannot be retrieved or reconstructed.
REFERENCES
Source Control: MP-04
Supporting Publications: SP 800-111 [51]
3.8.2. Media Access
REQUIREMENT: 03.08.02
Restrict access to CUI on system media.
DISCUSSION
System media includes digital and non-digital media. Access to CUI on system media can be restricted by physically controlling such media, which includes conducting inventories, ensuring that procedures are in place to allow individuals to check out and return media to the media library, and maintaining accountability for stored media.
REFERENCES
Source Control: MP-02
Supporting Publications: SP 800-111 [51]
3.8.3. Media Sanitization
REQUIREMENT: 03.08.03
Sanitize system media containing CUI prior to disposal, release out of organizational control, or release for reuse.
DISCUSSION
Media sanitization applies to digital and non-digital media subject to disposal or reuse, whether or not the media is considered removable. Examples include digital media in scanners, copiers, printers, notebook computers, workstations, mobile devices, network components, and non-digital media. The sanitization process removes CUI from media such that the information cannot be retrieved or reconstructed. Sanitization techniques (e.g., cryptographically erasing, clearing, purging, and destroying) prevent the disclosure of CUI to unauthorized individuals when such media is reused or released for disposal. NARA policies control the sanitization process for media containing CUI and may require destruction when other methods cannot be applied to the media.
3.8.4. Media Marking
REQUIREMENT: 03.08.04
Mark system media containing CUI to indicate distribution limitations, handling caveats, and security markings.
DISCUSSION
System media includes digital and non-digital media. Security marking refers to the application or use of human-readable security attributes. Security labeling refers to the use of security attributes for internal system data structures. Digital media includes diskettes, magnetic tapes, external or removable solid state or magnetic drives, flash drives, compact discs, and digital versatile discs. Non-digital media includes paper and microfilm. CUI is defined by NARA along with marking, safeguarding, and dissemination requirements for such information.
REFERENCES
Source Control: MP-03
Supporting Publications: None
3.8.5. Media Transport
REQUIREMENT: 03.08.05
a. Protect and control system media containing CUI during transport outside of controlled areas.
b. Maintain accountability of system media containing CUI during transport outside of controlled areas.
DISCUSSION
System media includes digital and non-digital media. Digital media includes flash drives, diskettes, magnetic tapes, external or removable solid state or magnetic drives, compact discs, and digital versatile discs. Non-digital media includes microfilm and paper. Controlled areas are spaces for which organizations provide physical or procedural measures to meet the requirements established for protecting information and systems. Media protection during transport can include cryptography and/or locked containers. Cryptographic mechanisms can provide confidentiality protections, depending on the mechanisms implemented. Activities associated with media transport include releasing media for transport, ensuring that media enters the appropriate transport processes, and the actual transport. Authorized transport and courier personnel may include individuals external to the organization. Maintaining accountability of media during transport includes restricting transport activities to authorized personnel and tracking or obtaining records of transport activities as the media moves through the transportation system to prevent and detect loss, destruction, or tampering. This requirement is related to 03.13.11.
REFERENCES
Source Controls: MP-05, SC-28, SC-28(01)
Supporting Publications: SP 800-111 [51]
3.8.6. Withdrawn
Incorporated into 03.08.05.
3.8.7. Media Use
REQUIREMENT: 03.08.07
a. Restrict or prohibit the use of [Assignment: organization-defined types of system media].
b. Prohibit the use of removable system media without an identifiable owner.
DISCUSSION
In contrast to requirement 03.08.01, which restricts user access to media, this requirement restricts the use of certain types of media, such as restricting or prohibiting the use of external hard drives, flash drives, or smart displays. This requirement also includes any potential restrictions on the use of removable system media in external systems. Organizations can use technical and non-technical measures (e.g., policies, procedures, and rules of behavior) to control the use of system media. For example, organizations may control the use of portable storage devices by using physical cages on workstations to prohibit access to external ports or disabling or removing the ability to insert, read, or write to devices.
Organizations may limit the use of portable storage devices to only approved devices, including devices provided by the organization, devices provided by other approved organizations, and devices that are not personally owned. Organizations may also control the use of portable storage devices based on the type of device — prohibiting the use of writeable, portable devices — and implement this restriction by disabling or removing the capability to write to such devices. Limits on the use of organization-controlled system media in external systems include restrictions on how the media may be used and under what conditions. Requiring identifiable owners (e.g., individuals, organizations, or projects) for removable system media reduces the risk of using such technologies by allowing organizations to assign responsibility and accountability for addressing known vulnerabilities in the media (e.g., insertion of malicious code).
REFERENCES
Source Control: MP-07
Supporting Publications: SP 800-111 [51]
3.8.8. Withdrawn
Incorporated into 03.08.07.
3.8.9. System Backup – Cryptographic Protection
REQUIREMENT: 03.08.09
Implement cryptographic mechanisms to prevent the unauthorized disclosure of CUI at backup storage locations.
DISCUSSION
Backup storage locations may include system-level information and user-level information. System-level information includes system state information, operating system software,
application software, and licenses. User-level information includes information other than system-level information. Hardware-enabled security technologies (e.g., hardware security modules [HSM]) can be used to enhance cryptographic protection for backup information. HSM devices safeguard and manage cryptographic keys and provide cryptographic processing. Cryptographic operations (e.g., encryption, decryption, and signature generation/verification) are typically hosted on the HSM device, and many implementations provide hardware-accelerated mechanisms for cryptographic operations. This requirement is related to 03.13.11.
REFERENCES
Source Control: CP-09(08)
Supporting Publications: SP 800-34 [52], SP 800-130 [53], SP 800-152 [54]
3.9. Personnel Security
3.9.1. Personnel Screening
REQUIREMENT: 03.09.01
a. Screen individuals prior to authorizing access to the system.
b. Rescreen individuals in accordance with [Assignment: organization-defined conditions requiring rescreening].
DISCUSSION
Personnel security screening activities involve the assessment of an individual’s conduct, integrity, judgment, loyalty, reliability, and stability (i.e., the individual’s trustworthiness) prior to authorizing access to the system or when elevating system access. The screening and rescreening activities reflect applicable federal laws, Executive Orders, directives, policies, regulations, and criteria established for the level of access required for the assigned position.
REFERENCES
Source Control: PS-03
Supporting Publications: SP 800-181 [34]
3.9.2. Personnel Termination and Transfer
REQUIREMENT: 03.09.02
a. When individual employment is terminated:
1. Disable system access within [Assignment: organization-defined time period];
2. Terminate or revoke authenticators and credentials associated with the individual; and
3. Retrieve security-related system property.
b. When individuals are reassigned or transferred to other positions in the organization:
1. Review and confirm the ongoing operational need for current logical and physical access authorizations to the system and facility;
2. Initiate [Assignment: organization-defined transfer or reassignment actions] within [Assignment: organization-defined time period following the transfer or reassignment action]; and
3. Modify access authorization to correspond with any changes in operational need.
**DISCUSSION**
Security-related system property includes hardware authentication tokens, system administration technical manuals, keys, identification cards, and building passes. Exit interviews ensure that terminated individuals understand the security constraints imposed by being former employees and that accountability is achieved for the organizational property. Security topics at exit interviews include reminding individuals of potential limitations on future employment and nondisclosure agreements. Exit interviews may not always be possible for some individuals, including in cases related to the unavailability of supervisors, illnesses, or job abandonment.
The timely execution of termination actions is essential for individuals who have been terminated for cause. Organizations may consider disabling the accounts of individuals who are being terminated prior to the individuals being notified. This requirement applies to the reassignment or transfer of individuals when the personnel action is permanent or of such extended duration as to require protection. Protections that may be required for transfers or reassignments to other positions within organizations include returning old and issuing new identification cards, keys, and building passes; changing system access authorizations (i.e., privileges); closing system accounts and establishing new accounts; and providing access to official records to which individuals had access at previous work locations in previous system accounts.
**REFERENCES**
Source Controls: PS-04, PS-05
Supporting Publications: None
### 3.10. Physical Protection
#### 3.10.1. Physical Access Authorizations
**REQUIREMENT:** 03.10.01
a. Develop, approve, and maintain a list of individuals with authorized access to the physical location where the system resides.
b. Issue authorization credentials for physical access.
c. Review the physical access list periodically.
d. Remove individuals from the physical access list when access is no longer required.
**DISCUSSION**
A facility can include one or more physical locations containing systems or system components that process, store, or transmit CUI. Physical access authorizations apply to employees and visitors. Individuals with permanent physical access authorization credentials are not considered visitors. Authorization credentials include identification badges, identification cards, and smart cards. Organizations determine the strength of the authorization credentials consistent with applicable laws, Executive Orders, directives, regulations, policies, standards, and guidelines. Physical access authorizations may not be necessary to access certain areas within facilities that are designated as publicly accessible.
3.10.2. Monitoring Physical Access
REQUIREMENT: 03.10.02
a. Monitor physical access to the location where the system resides to detect and respond to physical security incidents.
b. Review physical access logs periodically.
DISCUSSION
A facility can include one or more physical locations containing systems or system components that process, store, or transmit CUI. Physical access monitoring includes publicly accessible areas within organizational facilities. Examples of physical access monitoring include the employment of guards, video surveillance equipment (i.e., cameras), and sensor devices. Reviewing physical access logs can help identify suspicious activity, anomalous events, or potential threats. The reviews can be supported by audit logging controls if the access logs are part of an automated system. Incident response capabilities include investigations of physical security incidents and responses to those incidents. Incidents include security violations or suspicious physical access activities, such as access outside of normal work hours, repeated access to areas not normally accessed, access for unusual lengths of time, and out-of-sequence access.
REFERENCES
Source Control: PE-06
Supporting Publications: None
3.10.3. Withdrawn
Incorporated into 03.10.07.
3.10.4. Withdrawn
Incorporated into 03.10.07.
3.10.5. Withdrawn
Incorporated into 03.10.07.
3.10.6. Alternate Work Site
REQUIREMENT: 03.10.06
a. Determine alternate work sites allowed for use by employees.
b. Employ the following security requirements at alternate work sites: [Assignment: organization-defined security requirements].
DISCUSSION
Alternate work sites include the private residences of employees or other facilities designated by the organization. Alternate work sites can provide readily available alternate locations during contingency operations. Organizations can define different security requirements for specific alternate work sites or types of sites, depending on the work-related activities conducted at the sites. Assessing the effectiveness of the requirements and providing a means to communicate incidents at alternate work sites supports the contingency planning activities of organizations.
REFERENCES
Source Control: PE-17
Supporting Publications: SP 800-46 [14], SP 800-114 [20]
3.10.7. Physical Access Control
REQUIREMENT: 03.10.07
a. Control physical access at the location where the system resides by:
1. Verifying individual physical access authorizations before granting access; and
2. Controlling ingress and egress with physical access control systems/devices or guards.
b. Maintain physical access audit logs for entry or exit points.
c. Escort visitors and control visitor activity [Assignment: organization-defined circumstances requiring visitor escorts and control of visitor activity].
d. Secure keys, combinations, and other physical access devices.
DISCUSSION
This requirement addresses physical locations containing systems or system components that process, store, or transmit CUI. Organizations determine the types of guards needed, including professional security staff or administrative staff. Physical access devices include keys, locks, combinations, biometric readers, and card readers. Physical access control systems comply with applicable laws, Executive Orders, directives, policies, regulations, standards, and guidelines. Organizations have flexibility in the types of audit logs employed. Audit logs can be procedural, automated, or some combination thereof. Physical access points can include exterior access points, interior access points to systems that require supplemental access controls, or both. Physical access control applies to employees and visitors. Individuals with permanent physical access authorizations are not considered visitors.
REFERENCES
Source Control: PE-03
Supporting Publications: None
3.10.8. Access Control for Transmission and Output Devices
REQUIREMENT: 03.10.08
a. Control physical access to system distribution and transmission lines in organizational facilities.
b. Control physical access to output devices to prevent unauthorized individuals from obtaining access to CUI.
DISCUSSION
Safeguarding measures applied to system distribution and transmission lines prevent accidental damage, disruption, and physical tampering. Such measures may also be necessary to prevent eavesdropping or the modification of unencrypted transmissions. Safeguarding measures used to control physical access to system distribution and transmission lines include disconnected or locked spare jacks, locked wiring closets, protecting cabling with conduit or cable trays, and wiretapping sensors. Controlling physical access to output devices includes placing output devices in locked rooms or other secured areas with keypad or card reader access controls and allowing access to authorized individuals only, placing output devices in locations that can be monitored by personnel, installing monitor or screen filters, and using headphones. Examples of output devices include monitors, printers, scanners, audio devices, facsimile machines, and copiers.
REFERENCES
Source Controls: PE-04, PE-05
Supporting Publications: None
3.11. Risk Assessment
3.11.1. Risk Assessment
REQUIREMENT: 03.11.01
a. Assess the risk (including supply chain risk) of unauthorized disclosure resulting from the processing, storage, or transmission of CUI.
b. Update risk assessments periodically.
DISCUSSION
Establishing the system boundary is a prerequisite to assessing the risk of unauthorized disclosure of CUI. Risk assessments consider threats, vulnerabilities, likelihood, and adverse impacts to organizational operations and assets based on the operation and use of the system and the unauthorized disclosure of CUI. Risk assessments also consider risks from external parties (e.g., service providers, contractors operating systems on behalf of the organization, individuals accessing systems, outsourcing entities). Risk assessments can be conducted at the organization level, the mission or business process level, or the system level and at any phase in the system development life cycle. Risk assessments include supply chain-related risks associated with suppliers or contractors and the system, system component, or system service that they provide.
REFERENCES
Source Controls: RA-03, RA-03(01), SR-06
Supporting Publications: SP 800-30 [55], SP 800-161 [33]
3.11.2. Vulnerability Monitoring and Scanning
REQUIREMENT: 03.11.02
a. Monitor and scan for vulnerabilities in the system periodically and when new vulnerabilities affecting the system are identified.
b. Remediate system vulnerabilities within [Assignment: organization-defined response times].
c. Update system vulnerabilities to be scanned periodically and when new vulnerabilities are identified and reported.
**DISCUSSION**
Organizations determine the required vulnerability scanning for system components and ensure that potential sources of vulnerabilities (e.g., networked printers, scanners, and copiers) are not overlooked. Vulnerability analyses for custom software may require additional approaches, such as static analysis, dynamic analysis, or binary analysis. Organizations can use these approaches in source code reviews and tools (e.g., static analysis tools, web-based application scanners, binary analyzers). Vulnerability scanning includes scanning for patch levels; scanning for functions, ports, protocols, and services that should not be accessible to users or devices; and scanning for improperly configured or incorrectly operating flow control mechanisms.
To facilitate interoperability, organizations consider using products that are Security Content Automated Protocol (SCAP)-validated and that employ the Extensible Configuration Checklist Description Format (XCCDF). Organizations also consider using scanning tools that express vulnerabilities in the Common Vulnerabilities and Exposures (CVE) naming convention and that employ the Open Vulnerability Assessment Language (OVAL). Sources for vulnerability information also include the Common Weakness Enumeration (CWE) listing, the National Vulnerability Database (NVD), and the Common Vulnerability Scoring System (CVSS).
**REFERENCES**
Source Controls: RA-05, RA-05(02)
Supporting Publications: SP 800-40 [56], SP 800-53A [57], SP 800-70 [44], SP 800-115 [58], SP 800-126 [45]
### 3.11.3. Withdrawn
Incorporated into 03.11.02.
### 3.12. Security Assessment and Monitoring
#### 3.12.1. Security Assessment
**REQUIREMENT:** 03.12.01
Assess the security requirements for the system and its environment of operation periodically to determine if the requirements have been satisfied.
**DISCUSSION**
By assessing the security requirements, organizations determine whether the necessary safeguards and countermeasures are implemented correctly, operating as intended, and producing the desired outcome. Security assessments identify weaknesses and deficiencies in the system and provide the essential information needed to make risk-based decisions. Security assessment reports document assessment results in sufficient detail as deemed necessary by the organization to determine the accuracy and completeness of the reports. Security assessment results are provided to the individuals or roles appropriate for the types of assessments being conducted.
3.12.2. Plan of Action and Milestones
REQUIREMENT: 03.12.02
a. Develop a plan of action and milestones for the system:
1. To document the planned remediation actions to correct weaknesses or deficiencies noted during security assessments; and
2. To reduce or eliminate known system vulnerabilities.
b. Update the existing plan of action and milestones periodically based on the findings from security assessments, independent audits or reviews, and continuous monitoring activities.
DISCUSSION
Plans of action and milestones (POAMs) are important documents in organizational security programs. Organizations use POAMs to describe how unsatisfied security requirements will be met and how planned mitigations will be implemented. Organizations can document system security plans and POAMs as separate or combined documents and in any format. Federal agencies may consider system security plans and POAMs as inputs to risk-based decisions on whether to process, store, or transmit CUI on a system hosted by a nonfederal organization.
REFERENCES
Source Control: CA-05
Supporting Publications: SP 800-37 [59]
3.12.3. Continuous Monitoring
REQUIREMENT: 03.12.03
Develop and implement a system-level continuous monitoring strategy that includes ongoing monitoring and security assessments.
DISCUSSION
Continuous monitoring at the system level facilitates ongoing awareness of the system security posture to support risk management decisions. The terms *continuous* and *ongoing* imply that organizations assess and monitor their systems at a frequency that is sufficient to support risk-based decisions. Different types of security requirements may require different monitoring frequencies.
REFERENCES
Source Control: CA-07
Supporting Publications: SP 800-37 [59], SP 800-39 [60], SP 800-53A [57], SP 800-115 [58], SP 800-137 [49]
3.12.4. Withdrawn
Incorporated into 03.15.02.
3.12.5. Information Exchange
REQUIREMENT: 03.12.05
a. Approve and manage the exchange of CUI between the system and other systems using [Selection (one or more): interconnection security agreements; information exchange security agreements; memoranda of understanding or agreement; service level agreements; user agreements; nondisclosure agreements].
b. Document, as part of the exchange agreements, interface characteristics, security requirements, and responsibilities for each system.
c. Review and update the exchange agreements periodically.
DISCUSSION
The types of agreements selected are based on factors such as the relationship between the organizations exchanging information (e.g., government to government, government to business, business to business, government or business to service provider, government or business to individual) and the level of access to the organizational system by users of the other system. Types of agreements can include interconnection security agreements, information exchange security agreements, memoranda of understanding or agreement, service-level agreements, or other types of agreements. Organizations may incorporate agreement information into formal contracts, especially for information exchanges established between federal agencies and nonfederal organizations (e.g., service providers, contractors, system developers, and system integrators). Examples of the types of information contained in exchange agreements include the interface characteristics, security requirements, controls, and responsibilities for each system.
REFERENCES
Source Control: CA-03
Supporting Publications: SP 800-47 [83]
3.13. System and Communications Protection
3.13.1. Boundary Protection
REQUIREMENT: 03.13.01
a. Monitor and control communications at the external managed interfaces to the system and at key internal managed interfaces within the system.
b. Implement subnetworks for publicly accessible system components that are physically or logically separated from internal networks.
c. Connect to external systems only through managed interfaces consisting of boundary protection devices arranged in accordance with an organizational security architecture.
DISCUSSION
Managed interfaces include gateways, routers, firewalls, network-based malicious code analysis, virtualization systems, and encrypted tunnels implemented within a security architecture. Subnetworks that are either physically or logically separated from internal networks are referred to as demilitarized zones or DMZs. Restricting or prohibiting interfaces within organizational systems includes restricting external web traffic to designated web servers within managed interfaces, prohibiting external traffic that appears to be spoofing internal addresses, and prohibiting internal traffic that appears to be spoofing external addresses.
REFERENCES
Source Control: SC-07
Supporting Publications: SP 800-41 [64], SP 800-125B [65], SP 800-160-1 [11], SP 800-189 [67], SP 800-207 [66]
3.13.2. Withdrawn
Recategorized as NCO.
3.13.3. Withdrawn
Addressed by 03.01.01, 03.01.02, 03.01.03, 03.01.04, 03.01.05, 03.01.06, 03.01.07.
3.13.4. Information in Shared System Resources
REQUIREMENT: 03.13.04
Prevent unauthorized and unintended information transfer via shared system resources.
DISCUSSION
Preventing unauthorized and unintended information transfer via shared system resources stops information produced by the actions of prior users or roles (or actions of processes acting on behalf of prior users or roles) from being available to current users or roles (or current processes acting on behalf of current users or roles) that obtain access to shared system resources after those resources have been released back to the system. Information in shared system resources also applies to encrypted representations of information. In other contexts, the control of information in shared system resources is referred to as object reuse and residual information protection. Information in shared system resources does not address information remanence, which refers to the residual representation of data that has been nominally deleted, covert channels (including storage and timing channels) in which shared system resources are manipulated to violate information flow restrictions, or components within systems for which there are only single users or roles.
REFERENCES
Source Control: SC-04
Supporting Publications: None
3.13.5. Withdrawn
Incorporated into 03.13.01.
3.13.6. Network Communications – Deny by Default – Allow by Exception
REQUIREMENT: 03.13.06
Deny network communications traffic by default and allow network communications traffic by exception.
DISCUSSION
This requirement applies to inbound and outbound network communications traffic at the system boundary and at identified points within the system. A deny-all, allow-by-exception network communications traffic policy ensures that only essential and approved connections are allowed.
REFERENCES
Source Control: SC-07(05)
Supporting Publications: SP 800-41 [64], SP 800-77 [18], SP 800-189 [67]
3.13.7. Withdrawn
Addressed by 03.01.12, 03.04.02 and 03.04.06.
3.13.8. Transmission and Storage Confidentiality
REQUIREMENT: 03.13.08
Implement cryptographic mechanisms to prevent the unauthorized disclosure of CUI during transmission and while in storage.
DISCUSSION
This requirement applies to internal and external networks and any system components that can transmit CUI, including servers, notebook computers, desktop computers, mobile devices, printers, copiers, scanners, facsimile machines, and radios. Unprotected communication paths are susceptible to interception and modification. Encryption protects CUI from unauthorized disclosure during transmission and while in storage. Cryptographic mechanisms that protect the confidentiality of CUI during transmission include TLS and IPsec. Information in storage (i.e., information at rest) refers to the state of CUI when it is not in process or in transit and resides on internal or external storage devices, storage area network devices, and databases. Protecting CUI in storage does not focus on the type of storage device or the frequency of access to that device but rather on the state of the information. This requirement relates to 03.13.11.
REFERENCES
Source Controls: SC-08, SC-08(01), SC-28, SC-28(01)
Supporting Publications: FIPS 140-3 [38], FIPS 197 [68], SP 800-46 [14], SP 800-52 [69], SP 800-56A [73], SP 800-56B [74], SP 800-56C [75], SP 800-57-1 [15], SP 800-57-2 [16], SP 800-57-3 [17], SP 800-77 [18], SP 800-111 [51], SP 800-113 [19], SP 800-114 [20], SP 800-121 [21], SP 800-124 [28], SP 800-177 [70]
3.13.9. Network Disconnect
REQUIREMENT: 03.13.09
Terminate network connections associated with communications sessions at the end of the sessions or after periods of inactivity.
**DISCUSSION**
This requirement applies to internal and external networks. Terminating network connections associated with communications sessions includes deallocating TCP/IP addresses or port pairs at the operating system level or deallocating networking assignments at the application level if multiple application sessions are using a single network connection. Time periods of inactivity may be established by organizations and include time periods by type of network access or for specific network accesses.
**REFERENCES**
Source Control: [SC-10]
Supporting Publications: None
### 3.13.10. Cryptographic Key Establishment and Management
**REQUIREMENT:** 03.13.10
Establish and manage cryptographic keys in the system in accordance with the following key management requirements: [Assignment: organization-defined requirements for key establishment and management].
**DISCUSSION**
Cryptographic key establishment and management include key generation, distribution, storage, access, rotation, and destruction. Cryptographic keys can be established and managed using either manual procedures or automated mechanisms supported by manual procedures. Organizations satisfy key establishment and management requirements in accordance with applicable federal laws, Executive Orders, policies, directives, regulations, and standards that specify appropriate options, levels, and parameters. This requirement is related to 03.13.11.
**REFERENCES**
Source Control: [SC-12]
Supporting Publications: FIPS 140-3 [38], SP 800-56A [73], SP 800-56B [74], SP 800-56C [75], SP 800-57-1 [15], SP 800-57-2 [16], SP 800-57-3 [17], SP 800-63-3 [27]
### 3.13.11. Cryptographic Protection
**REQUIREMENT:** 03.13.11
Implement the following types of cryptography when used to protect the confidentiality of CUI: [Assignment: organization-defined types of cryptography].
**DISCUSSION**
Cryptography is implemented in accordance with applicable laws, Executive Orders, directives, regulations, policies, standards, and guidelines.
**REFERENCES**
Source Control: [SC-13]
3.13.12. Collaborative Computing Devices and Applications
REQUIREMENT: 03.13.12
a. Prohibit remote activation of collaborative computing devices and applications.
b. Provide an explicit indication of use to users physically present at the devices.
DISCUSSION
Collaborative computing devices include white boards, microphones, and cameras. Indication of use includes notifying users (e.g., a pop-up menu stating that recording is in progress, or that the microphone has been turned on) when collaborative computing devices are activated. Dedicated video conferencing systems, which typically rely on one of the participants calling or connecting to the other party to activate the video conference, are excluded. Solutions to prevent device usage include webcam covers and buttons to disable microphones.
REFERENCES
Source Control: SC-15
Supporting Publications: None
3.13.13. Mobile Code
REQUIREMENT: 03.13.13
a. Define acceptable mobile code and mobile code technologies.
b. Authorize, monitor, and control the use of mobile code.
DISCUSSION
Mobile code includes software programs or parts of programs obtained from remote systems, transmitted across a network, and executed on a local system without explicit installation or execution by the recipient. Decisions regarding the use of mobile code within the system are based on the potential for the code to cause damage to the system if used maliciously. Mobile code technologies include Java applets, JavaScript, HTML5, VBScript, and WebGL. Usage restrictions and implementation guidelines apply to the selection and use of mobile code installed on servers and mobile code downloaded and executed on individual workstations and devices, including notebook computers, smart phones, and smart devices. Mobile code policy and procedures address the actions taken to prevent the development, acquisition, and use of unacceptable mobile code within the system, including requiring mobile code to be digitally signed by a trusted source.
REFERENCES
Source Control: SC-18
Supporting Publications: SP 800-28 [71]
3.13.14. Withdrawn
Technology-specific.
3.13.15. Session Authenticity
REQUIREMENT: 03.13.15
Protect the authenticity of communications sessions.
DISCUSSION
Protecting session authenticity addresses communications protection at the session level, not at the packet level. Such protection establishes grounds for confidence at both ends of the communications sessions in the ongoing identities of other parties and the validity of the transmitted information. Authenticity protection includes protecting against “adversary-in-the-middle” attacks, session hijacking, and the insertion of false information into sessions.
REFERENCES
Source Control: SC-23
Supporting Publications: SP 800-52 [69], SP 800-77 [18], SP 800-95 [72], SP 800-113 [19]
3.13.16. Withdrawn
Incorporated into 03.13.08.
3.14. System and Information Integrity
3.14.1. Flaw Remediation
REQUIREMENT: 03.14.01
a. Identify, report, and correct system flaws.
b. Install security-relevant software and firmware updates within [Assignment: organization-defined time period] of the release of the updates.
DISCUSSION
Organizations identify systems that are affected by announced software and firmware flaws, including potential vulnerabilities that result from those flaws, and report this information to designated personnel with information security responsibilities. Security-relevant updates include patches, service packs, hot fixes, and anti-virus signatures. Organizations address the flaws discovered during security assessments, continuous monitoring, incident response activities, and system error handling. Organizations can take advantage of available resources, such as the Common Weakness Enumeration (CWE) or Common Vulnerabilities and Exposures (CVE) databases, in remediating the flaws discovered in organizational systems. Organization-defined time periods for updating security-relevant software and firmware may vary based on a variety of factors, including the criticality of the update (i.e., severity of the vulnerability related to the discovered flaw). Some types of flaw remediation may require more testing than other types of remediation.
REFERENCES
Source Control: SI-02
Supporting Publications: SP 800-39 [60], SP 800-40 [56], SP 800-128 [41]
3.14.2. Malicious Code Protection
REQUIREMENT: 03.14.02
a. Implement malicious code protection mechanisms at designated locations within the system to detect and eradicate malicious code.
b. Update malicious code protection mechanisms as new releases are available in accordance with configuration management policy and procedures.
c. Configure malicious code protection mechanisms to:
1. Perform scans of the system [Assignment: organization-defined frequency] and real-time scans of files from external sources at endpoints or network entry and exit points as the files are downloaded, opened, or executed; and
2. Block malicious code, quarantine malicious code, or take other actions in response to malicious code detection.
DISCUSSION
Malicious code insertions occur through the exploitation of system vulnerabilities. Periodic scans of the system and real-time scans of files from external sources as files are downloaded, opened, or executed can detect malicious code. Malicious code can be inserted into the system in many ways, including by email, the Internet, and portable storage devices. Malicious code includes viruses, worms, Trojan horses, and spyware. Malicious code can be encoded in various formats, contained in compressed or hidden files, or hidden in files using techniques such as steganography. In addition to the above technologies, pervasive configuration management, comprehensive software integrity controls, and anti-exploitation software may be effective in preventing the execution of unauthorized code. Malicious code may be present in commercial off-the-shelf software and custom-built software and could include logic bombs, backdoors, and other types of attacks that could affect organizational mission and business functions.
If malicious code cannot be detected by detection methods or technologies, organizations can rely on secure coding practices, configuration management and control, trusted procurement processes, and monitoring practices to help ensure that the software only performs intended functions. Organizations may determine that different actions are warranted in response to the detection of malicious code. For example, organizations can define actions to be taken in response to malicious code detection during scans, the detection of malicious downloads, or the detection of maliciousness when attempting to open or execute files.
REFERENCES
Source Control: SI-03
Supporting Publications: SP 800-83 [76], SP 800-125B [65], SP 800-177 [70]
3.14.3. Security Alerts, Advisories, and Directives
REQUIREMENT: 03.14.03
a. Receive system security alerts, advisories, and directives from external organizations on an ongoing basis.
b. Generate and disseminate internal system security alerts, advisories, and directives, as necessary.
c. Implement security directives in accordance with established time frames.
DISCUSSION
There are many publicly available sources of system security alerts and advisories. For example, the Department of Homeland Security’s Cybersecurity and Infrastructure Security Agency (CISA), the National Security Agency (NSA), and the Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI) generate security alerts and advisories to maintain situational awareness across the Federal Government and in nonfederal organizations. Software vendors, subscription services, and industry Information Sharing and Analysis Centers (ISACs) may also provide security alerts and advisories. Compliance with security directives is essential due to the critical nature of many of these directives and the potential immediate adverse effects on organizational operations and assets, individuals, other organizations, and the Nation should the directives not be implemented in a timely manner.
REFERENCES
Source Control: SI-05
Supporting Publications: SP 800-161 [33]
3.14.4. Withdrawn
Incorporated into 03.14.02.
3.14.5. Withdrawn
Addressed by 03.14.02.
3.14.6. System Monitoring
REQUIREMENT: 03.14.06
a. Monitor the system to detect:
1. Attacks and indicators of potential attacks; and
2. Unauthorized connections.
b. Identify unauthorized use of the system.
c. Monitor inbound and outbound communications traffic to detect unusual or unauthorized activities or conditions.
DISCUSSION
System monitoring involves external and internal monitoring. External monitoring includes the observation of events that occur at the system boundary. Internal monitoring includes the observation of events that occur within the system. Organizations can monitor the system, for example, by observing audit record activities in real time or by observing other system aspects, such as access patterns, characteristics of access, and other actions. The monitoring objectives may guide determination of the events.
A system monitoring capability is achieved through a variety of tools and techniques (e.g., audit record monitoring software, intrusion detection systems, intrusion prevention systems, malicious code protection software, scanning tools, network monitoring software). Strategic locations for monitoring devices include selected perimeter locations and near server farms that support critical applications with such devices being employed at managed system interfaces.
The granularity of monitoring the information collected is based on organizational monitoring objectives and the capability of the system to support such objectives.
Systems connections can be network, remote, or local. A network connection is any connection with a device that communicates through a network (e.g., local area network, the internet). A remote connection is any connection with a device that communicates through an external network (e.g., the internet). Network, remote, and local connections can be either wired or wireless.
Unusual or unauthorized activities or conditions related to inbound and outbound communications traffic include internal traffic that indicates the presence of malicious code in the system or propagating among system components, the unauthorized export of information, or signaling to external systems. Evidence of malicious code is used to identify a potentially compromised system. System monitoring requirements, including the need for types of system monitoring, may be referenced in other requirements.
REFERENCES
Source Controls: SI-04, SI-04(04)
Supporting Publications: SP 800-61 [47], SP 800-83 [76], SP 800-92 [35], SP 800-94 [29], SP 800-137 [49], SP 800-177 [70]
3.14.7. Withdrawn
Incorporated into 03.14.06.
3.14.8. Information Management and Retention
REQUIREMENT: 03.14.08
Manage and retain CUI within the system and CUI output from the system in accordance with applicable laws, executive orders, directives, regulations, policies, standards, guidelines, and operational requirements.
DISCUSSION
Federal agencies consider data retention requirements for nonfederal organizations. Retaining CUI on nonfederal systems after contracts or agreements have concluded increases the attack surface for those systems and the risk of the information being compromised. NARA provides federal policy and guidance on records retention and schedules.
REFERENCES
Source Control: SI-12
Supporting Publications: None
3.15. Planning
3.15.1. Policy and Procedures
REQUIREMENT: 03.15.01
a. Develop, document, and disseminate to organizational personnel or roles, policies and procedures needed to implement security requirements.
b. Review and update policies and procedures periodically.
**DISCUSSION**
This requirement addresses policies and procedures for the protection of CUI. Policies and procedures contribute to security assurance and should address each family of the CUI security requirements. Policies can be included as part of the generalized organizational security policy or be represented by separate policies that address each family of requirements. Procedures describe how policies are implemented and can be directed at the individual or role that is the object of the procedure. Procedures can be documented in system security plans or in one or more separate documents.
**REFERENCES**
Source Controls: AC-01, AT-01, AU-01, CA-01, CM-01, IA-01, IR-01, MA-01, MP-01, PE-01, PL-01, PS-01, RA-01, SA-01, SC-01, SI-01, SR-01
Supporting Publications: SP 800-12 [61], SP 800-100 [62]
### 3.15.2. System Security Plan
**REQUIREMENT:** 03.15.02
a. Develop a system security plan that:
1. Defines the constituent system components;
2. Describes the system operating environment;
3. Describes specific threats to the system that are of concern to the organization;
4. Provides an overview of the security requirements for the system;
5. Identifies connections to other systems;
6. Identifies individuals that fulfill system roles and responsibilities; and
7. Includes other relevant information necessary for the protection of CUI.
b. Review and update the system security plan periodically.
c. Protect the system security plan from unauthorized disclosure.
**DISCUSSION**
System security plans provide key characteristics of the system that is processing, storing, and transmitting CUI and how the system and information are protected. System security plans contain sufficient information to enable a design and implementation that is unambiguously compliant with the intent of the plans and the subsequent determinations of risk if the plan is implemented as intended. System security plans can be a collection of documents, including documents that already exist. Effective system security plans make use of references to policies, procedures, and additional documents (e.g., design specifications) where detailed information can be obtained. This reduces the documentation requirements associated with security programs and maintains security information in other established management or operational areas related to enterprise architecture, the system development life cycle, systems engineering, and acquisition.
**REFERENCES**
Source Control: PL-02
3.15.3. Rules of Behavior
REQUIREMENT: 03.15.03
a. Establish and provide to individuals requiring access to the system, rules that describe their responsibilities and expected behavior for handling CUI and system usage.
b. Receive a documented acknowledgement from individuals indicating that they have read, understand, and agree to abide by the rules of behavior before authorizing access to CUI and the system.
c. Review and update the rules of behavior periodically.
DISCUSSION
Rules of behavior represent a type of access agreement for system users. Organizations consider rules of behavior for the handling of CUI based on individual user roles and responsibilities and differentiate between rules that apply to privileged users and rules that apply to general users.
REFERENCES
Source Control: PL-04
Supporting Publications: SP 800-18 [63]
3.16. System and Services Acquisition
3.16.1. Acquisition Process
REQUIREMENT: 03.16.01
Include the following security requirements, explicitly or by reference, in the acquisition contract for the system, system component, or system service: [Assignment: organization-defined security requirements].
DISCUSSION
Security requirements include security functional and security assurance requirements. Security functional requirements are typically derived from mission or business requirements as well as requirements stated in laws, regulations, policies, and standards. The derived requirements can include security capabilities, functions, and mechanisms. Assurance requirements can include development processes, procedures, methodologies, and the evidence from development and assessment activities that provide grounds for confidence that the required functionality is implemented and possesses the required strength of mechanism. Strength of mechanism requirements associated with such capabilities, functions, and mechanisms include degree of correctness, completeness, resistance to tampering or bypass, and resistance to direct attack. This requirement is related to 03.16.03 and 03.17.02.
REFERENCES
Source Control: SA-04
Supporting Publications: SP 800-160-1 [11], SP 800-160-2 [10], SP 800-161 [33]
3.16.2. Unsupported System Components
REQUIREMENT: 03.16.02
a. Replace system components when support for the components is no longer available from the developer, vendor, or manufacturer.
b. Provide options for risk mitigation or alternative sources for continued support for unsupported components if components cannot be replaced.
DISCUSSION
Support for system components includes software patches, firmware updates, replacement parts, and maintenance contracts. An example of unsupported components includes when vendors no longer provide critical software patches or product updates, which can result in opportunities for adversaries to exploit weaknesses or deficiencies in the installed components. Exceptions to replacing unsupported system components include systems that provide critical mission or business capabilities when newer technologies are unavailable or when the systems are so isolated that installing replacement components is not an option.
Alternative sources for support address the need to provide continued support for system components that are no longer supported by the original manufacturers, developers, or vendors when such components remain essential to organizational mission and business functions. If necessary, organizations can establish in-house support by developing customized patches for critical software components or obtain the services of external providers who provide ongoing support for the designated unsupported components through contractual relationships. Such contractual relationships can include open-source software value-added vendors. The increased risk of using unsupported system components can be mitigated, for example, by prohibiting the connection of such components to public or uncontrolled networks or implementing other forms of isolation.
REFERENCES
Source Control: SA-22
Supporting Publications: None
3.16.3. External System Services
REQUIREMENT: 03.16.03
a. Require the providers of external system services used for the processing, storage, or transmission of CUI, to comply with the following security requirements: [Assignment: organization-defined security requirements].
b. Define and document user roles and responsibilities with regard to external system services including shared responsibilities with external providers.
c. Implement processes, methods, and techniques to monitor security requirement compliance by external service providers on an ongoing basis.
DISCUSSION
External system services are provided by external service providers. Organizations establish relationships with external service providers in a variety of ways, including through business partnerships, contracts, interagency agreements, lines of business arrangements, licensing agreements, joint ventures, and supply chain exchanges. The responsibility for managing risks from the use of external system services remains with the organization charged with protecting
CUI. Service-level agreements define the expectations of performance, describe measurable outcomes, and identify remedies, mitigations, and response requirements for instances of noncompliance. Information from external service providers regarding the specific functions, ports, protocols, and services used in the provision of such services can be useful when there is a need to understand the trade-offs involved in restricting certain functions and services or blocking certain ports and protocols. This requirement is related to 03.01.20.
REFERENCES
Source Control: SA-09
Supporting Publications: SP 800-160-1 [11], SP 800-161 [33]
3.17. Supply Chain Risk Management
3.17.1. Supply Chain Risk Management Plan
REQUIREMENT: 03.17.01
a. Develop a plan for managing supply chain risks associated with the research, development, design, manufacturing, acquisition, delivery, integration, operations, maintenance, and disposal of the system, system components, or system services.
b. Review and update the supply chain risk management plan periodically.
c. Protect the supply chain risk management plan from unauthorized disclosure.
DISCUSSION
Dependence on the products, systems, and services from external providers and the nature of the relationships with those providers present an increasing level of risk to an organization. Threat actions that may increase security risks include unauthorized production; the insertion or use of counterfeits; tampering; theft; the insertion of malicious software, firmware, and hardware; and poor manufacturing and development practices in the supply chain. Supply chain risks can be endemic or systemic within a system, component, or service. Managing supply chain risks is a complex, multifaceted undertaking that requires a coordinated effort across an organization to build trust relationships and communicate with internal and external stakeholders.
Supply chain risk management (SCRM) activities include identifying and assessing risks, determining appropriate risk response actions, developing SCRM plans to document response actions, and monitoring performance against the plans. The system-level SCRM plan is implementation-specific and provides policy implementation, requirements, constraints, and implications. It can either be stand-alone or incorporated into system security plans. The SCRM plan addresses the management, implementation, and monitoring of SCRM controls and the development or sustainment of systems across the system development life cycle to support mission and business functions. Because supply chains can differ significantly across and within organizations, SCRM plans are tailored to individual program, organizational, and operational contexts.
REFERENCES
Source Control: SR-02
Supporting Publications: SP 800-30 [55], SP 800-39 [60], SP 800-160-1 [11], SP 800-181 [34]
3.17.2. Acquisition Strategies, Tools, and Methods
REQUIREMENT: 03.17.02
Develop and implement acquisition strategies, contract tools, and procurement methods to identify, protect against, and mitigate supply chain risks.
DISCUSSION
The acquisition process provides an important vehicle for protecting the supply chain. There are many useful tools and techniques available, including obscuring the end use of a system or system component, using blind or filtered buys, requiring tamper-evident packaging, or using trusted or controlled distribution. The results from a supply chain risk assessment can inform the strategies, tools, and methods that are most applicable to the situation. Tools and techniques may provide protections against unauthorized production, theft, tampering, the insertion of counterfeits, the insertion of malicious software or backdoors, and poor development practices throughout the system life cycle.
Organizations also consider providing incentives for suppliers to implement controls, promote transparency in their processes and security practices, provide contract language that addresses the prohibition of tainted or counterfeit components, and restrict purchases from untrustworthy suppliers. Organizations consider providing training, education, and awareness programs for personnel regarding supply chain risk, available mitigation strategies, and when the programs should be employed. Methods for reviewing and protecting development plans, documentation, and evidence are commensurate with the security requirements of the organization. Contracts may specify documentation protection requirements.
REFERENCES
Source Control: SR-05
Supporting Publications: SP 800-30 [55], SP 800-161 [33]
3.17.3. Supply Chain Requirements and Processes
REQUIREMENT: 03.17.03
a. Establish a process for identifying and addressing weaknesses or deficiencies in the supply chain elements and processes.
b. Enforce the following security requirements to protect against supply chain risks to the system, system components, or system services and to limit the harm or consequences from supply chain-related events: [Assignment: organization-defined security requirements].
DISCUSSION
Supply chain elements include organizations, entities, or tools that are employed for the research, development, design, manufacturing, acquisition, delivery, integration, operations and maintenance, and disposal of systems and system components. Supply chain processes include hardware, software, firmware, and systems development processes; shipping and handling procedures; personnel and physical security programs; configuration management tools, techniques, and measures to maintain provenance; or other programs, processes, or procedures associated with the development, acquisition, maintenance, and disposal of systems and system components. Supply chain elements and processes may be provided by organizations, system integrators, or external providers. Weaknesses or deficiencies in supply chain elements or
processes represent potential vulnerabilities that can be exploited by adversaries to harm the organization and affect its ability to carry out its core missions or business functions.
REFERENCES
Source Control: SR-03
Supporting Publications: SP 800-30 [55], SP 800-161 [33]
References
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[60] Joint Task Force Transformation Initiative (2011) Managing Information Security Risk: Organization, Mission, and Information System View. (National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, MD), NIST Special Publication (SP) 800-39. https://doi.org/10.6028/NIST.SP.800-39
[61] Nieles M, Pillitteri VY, Dempsey KL (2017) An Introduction to Information Security. (National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, MD), NIST Special Publication (SP) 800-12, Rev. 1. https://doi.org/10.6028/NIST.SP.800-12r1
[62] Bowen P, Hash J, Wilson M (2006) Information Security Handbook: A Guide for Managers. (National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, MD), NIST Special Publication (SP) 800-100, Includes updates as of March 7, 2007. https://doi.org/10.6028/NIST.SP.800-100
[63] Swanson MA, Hash J, Bowen P (2006) Guide for Developing Security Plans for Federal Information Systems. (National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, MD), NIST Special Publication (SP) 800-18, Rev. 1. https://doi.org/10.6028/NIST.SP.800-18r1
[64] Scarfone KA, Hoffman P (2009) Guidelines on Firewalls and Firewall Policy. (National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, MD), NIST Special Publication (SP) 800-41, Rev. 1. https://doi.org/10.6028/NIST.SP.800-41r1
[65] Chandramouli R (2016) Secure Virtual Network Configuration for Virtual Machine (VM) Protection. (National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, MD), NIST Special Publication (SP) 800-125B. https://doi.org/10.6028/NIST.SP.800-125B
[66] Rose S, Borchert O, Mitchell S, Connelly S (2017) Zero Trust Architecture. (National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, MD), NIST Special Publication (SP) 800-207. https://doi.org/10.6028/NIST.SP.800-207
[67] Sriram K, Montgomery D (2019) Resilient Interdomain Traffic Exchange: BGP Security and DDoS Mitigation. (National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, MD), NIST Special Publication (SP) 800-189. https://doi.org/10.6028/NIST.SP.800-189
[68] National Institute of Standards and Technology (2001) Advanced Encryption Standard (AES). (U.S. Department of Commerce, Washington, D.C.), Federal Information Processing Standards Publication (FIPS) 197, updated May 9, 2023. https://doi.org/10.6028/NIST.FIPS.197-upd1
[69] McKay KA, Cooper DA (2019) Guidelines for the Selection, Configuration, and Use of Transport Layer Security (TLS) Implementations. (National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, MD), NIST Special Publication (SP) 800-52, Rev. 2. https://doi.org/10.6028/NIST.SP.800-52r2
[70] Rose SW, Nightingale S, Garfinkel SL, Chandramouli R (2019) Trustworthy Email. (National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, MD), NIST Special Publication (SP) 800-177, Rev. 1. https://doi.org/10.6028/NIST.SP.800-177r1
[71] Jansen W, Winograd T, Scarfone KA (2008) Guidelines on Active Content and Mobile Code. (National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, MD), NIST Special Publication (SP) 800-28, Version 2. https://doi.org/10.6028/NIST.SP.800-28ver2
[72] Singhal A, Winograd T, Scarfone KA (2007) Guide to Secure Web Services. (National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, MD), NIST Special Publication (SP) 800-95. https://doi.org/10.6028/NIST.SP.800-95
[73] Barker EB, Chen L, Roginsky A, Vassilev A, Davis R (2018) Recommendation for Pair-Wise Key-Establishment Schemes Using Discrete Logarithm Cryptography. (National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, MD), NIST Special Publication (SP) 800-56A, Rev. 3. https://doi.org/10.6028/NIST.SP.800-56Ar3
[74] Barker EB, Chen L, Roginsky A, Vassilev A, Davis R, Simon S (2019) Recommendation for Pair-Wise Key-Establishment Using Integer Factorization Cryptography. (National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, MD), NIST Special Publication (SP) 800-56B, Rev. 2. https://doi.org/10.6028/NIST.SP.800-56Br2
[75] Barker EB, Chen L, Davis R (2020) Recommendation for Key-Derivation Methods in Key-Establishment Schemes. (National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, MD), NIST Special Publication (SP) 800-56C, Rev. 2. https://doi.org/10.6028/NIST.SP.800-56Cr2
[76] Souppaya MP, Scarfone KA (2013) Guide to Malware Incident Prevention and Handling for Desktops and Laptops. (National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, MD), NIST Special Publication (SP) 800-83, Rev. 1. https://doi.org/10.6028/NIST.SP.800-83r1
[77] Tracy MC, Jansen W, Scarfone KA, Butterfield J (2007) Guidelines on Electronic Mail Security. (National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, MD), NIST Special Publication (SP) 800-45, Version 2. https://doi.org/10.6028/NIST.SP.800-45ver2
[78] Committee on National Security Systems (2022) Committee on National Security Systems (CNSS) Glossary. (National Security Agency, Fort George G. Meade, MD), CNSS Instruction 4009. Available at https://www.cnss.gov/CNSS/issuances/Instructions.cfm
[79] Title 44 U.S. Code, Sec. 3552, Definitions. 2017 ed. Available at https://www.govinfo.gov/app/details/USCODE-2017-title44/USCODE-2017-title44-chap35-subchapII-sec3552
[80] Title 40 U.S. Code, Sec. 11331, Responsibilities for Federal information systems standards. 2017 ed. Available at https://www.govinfo.gov/app/details/USCODE-2017-title40/USCODE-2017-title40-subtitleIII-chap113-subchapIII-sec11331
[81] Title 44 U.S. Code, Sec. 3502, Definitions. 2017 ed. Available at https://www.govinfo.gov/app/details/USCODE-2021-title44/USCODE-2021-title44-chap35-subchapI-sec3502
[82] Chandramouli R, Rose SW (2013) Secure Domain Name System (DNS) Deployment Guide. (National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, MD), NIST Special Publication (SP) 800-81-2. https://doi.org/10.6028/NIST.SP.800-81-2
[83] Dempsey K, Pillitteri V, Regenscheid A (2021) Managing the Security of Information Exchanges. (National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, MD), NIST Special Publication (SP) 800-47, Rev. 1. https://doi.org/10.6028/NIST.SP.800-47r1
## Appendix A. Acronyms
| Acronym | Description |
|---------|-------------|
| CFR | Code of Federal Regulations |
| CISA | Cybersecurity and Infrastructure Security Agency |
| CUI | Controlled Unclassified Information |
| CVE | Common Vulnerabilities and Exposures |
| CVSS | Common Vulnerabilities Scoring System |
| CWE | Common Weakness Enumeration |
| DMZ | Demilitarized Zone |
| EAP | Extensible Authentication Protocol |
| EO | Executive Order |
| FIPS | Federal Information Processing Standards |
| FISMA | Federal Information Security Modernization Act |
| FTP | File Transfer Protocol |
| GMT | Greenwich Mean Time |
| IEEE | Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers |
| IIoT | Industrial Internet of Things |
| IoT | Internet of Things |
| ISOO | Information Security Oversight Office |
| IT | Information Technology |
| Code | Term | Description |
|------|---------------|--------------------------------------------------|
| 2546 | LSI | Large-Scale Integration |
| 2548 | MAC | Media Access Control |
| 2550 | NARA | National Archives and Records Administration |
| 2552 | NVD | National Vulnerabilities Database |
| 2554 | ODP | Organization-Defined Parameter |
| 2556 | OMB | Office of Management and Budget |
| 2558 | OT | Operational Technology |
| 2560 | PII | Personally Identifiable Information |
| 2562 | PIN | Personal Identification Number |
| 2564 | PROM | Programmable Read-Only Memory |
| 2566 | ROM | Read-Only Memory |
| 2568 | SCAP | Security Content Automation Protocol |
| 2570 | SCRM | Supply Chain Risk Management |
| 2572 | SP | Special Publication |
| 2574 | TCP/IP | Transmission Control Protocol/Internet Protocol |
| 2576 | TLS | Transport Layer Security |
| 2578 | UTC | Coordinated Universal Time |
Appendix B. Glossary
Appendix B provides definitions for the terminology used in NIST SP 800-171. The definitions are consistent with the definitions contained in the National Information Assurance Glossary [78] unless otherwise noted.
**agency**
Any executive agency or department, military department, Federal Government corporation, Federal Government-controlled corporation, or other establishment in the Executive Branch of the Federal Government, or any independent regulatory agency. [13]
**assessment**
See *security control assessment*.
**assessor**
See *security control assessor*.
**audit log**
A chronological record of system activities, including records of system accesses and operations performed in a given period.
**audit record**
An individual entry in an audit log related to an audited event.
**authentication**
Verifying the identity of a user, process, or device, often as a prerequisite to allowing access to resources in a system. Adapted from [7].
**availability**
Ensuring timely and reliable access to and use of information. [79]
**advanced persistent threat**
An adversary that possesses sophisticated levels of expertise and significant resources which allow it to create opportunities to achieve its objectives by using multiple attack vectors including, for example, cyber, physical, and deception. These objectives typically include establishing and extending footholds within the IT infrastructure of the targeted organizations for purposes of exfiltrating information, undermining or impeding critical aspects of a mission, program, or organization; or positioning itself to carry out these objectives in the future. The advanced persistent threat pursues its objectives repeatedly over an extended period; adapts to defenders’ efforts to resist it; and is determined to maintain the level of interaction needed to execute its objectives. [60]
**authenticator**
Something the claimant possesses and controls (typically a cryptographic module or password) that is used to authenticate the claimant’s identity. This was previously referred to as a token.
**baseline configuration**
A documented set of specifications for a system or a configuration item within a system that has been formally reviewed and agreed upon at a given point in time, and that can only be changed through change control procedures.
**common secure configuration**
Recognized, standardized, and established benchmarks that stipulate secure configuration settings for specific information technology platforms/products and instructions for configuring those system components to meet operational requirements. These benchmarks are also referred to as security configuration checklists, lockdown and hardening guides, security reference guides, and security technical implementation guides.
confidentiality
Preserving authorized restrictions on information access and disclosure, including means for protecting personal privacy and proprietary information. [79]
configuration management
A collection of activities focused on establishing and maintaining the integrity of information technology products and systems through the control of processes for initializing, changing, and monitoring the configurations of those products and systems throughout the system development life cycle.
configuration settings
The set of parameters that can be changed in hardware, software, or firmware that affect the security posture and/or functionality of the system.
controlled area
Any area or space for which the organization has confidence that the physical and procedural protections provided are sufficient to meet the requirements established for protecting the information or system.
controlled unclassified information
Information that law, regulation, or governmentwide policy requires to have safeguarding or disseminating controls, excluding information that is classified under Executive Order 13526, Classified National Security Information, December 29, 2009, or any predecessor or successor order, or the Atomic Energy Act of 1954, as amended. [1]
CUI Executive Agent
The National Archives and Records Administration (NARA), which implements the executive branch-wide CUI Program and oversees federal agency actions to comply with Executive Order 13556. NARA has delegated this authority to the Director of the Information Security Oversight Office (ISOO). [5]
CUI program
The executive branch-wide program to standardize CUI handling by all federal agencies. The program includes the rules, organization, and procedures for CUI, established by Executive Order 13556, 32 CFR Part 2002, and the CUI Registry. [5]
CUI registry
The online repository for all information, guidance, policy, and requirements on handling CUI, including everything issued by the CUI Executive Agent other than 32 CFR Part 2002. Among other information, the CUI Registry identifies all approved CUI categories, provides general descriptions for each, identifies the basis for controls, establishes markings, and includes guidance on handling procedures. [5]
cyber-physical systems
Interacting digital, analog, physical, and human components engineered for function through integrated physics and logic.
executive agency
An executive department specified in 5 U.S.C. Sec. 101; a military department specified in 5 U.S.C. Sec. 102; an independent establishment as defined in 5 U.S.C. Sec. 104(1); and a wholly owned Government corporation fully subject to the provisions of 31 U.S.C. Chapter 91.
external system (or component)
A system or component of a system that is outside of the authorization boundary established by the organization and for which the organization typically has no direct control over the application of required security controls or the assessment of security control effectiveness.
external system service
A system service that is implemented outside of the authorization boundary of the organizational system (i.e., a service that is used by but not a part of the organizational system) and for which the organization typically has no direct control over the application of required security controls or the assessment of security control effectiveness.
external network
A network not controlled by the organization.
facility
One or more physical locations containing systems or system components that process, store, or transmit information.
federal agency
See executive agency.
federal information system
An information system used or operated by an executive agency, by a contractor of an executive agency, or by another organization on behalf of an executive agency. [80]
FIPS-validated cryptography
A cryptographic module validated by the Cryptographic Module Validation Program (CMVP) to meet the requirements specified in FIPS Publication 140-2 (as amended). As a prerequisite to CMVP validation, the cryptographic module is required to employ a cryptographic algorithm implementation that has successfully passed validation testing by the Cryptographic Algorithm Validation Program (CAVP). See NSA-approved cryptography.
firmware
Computer programs and data stored in hardware – typically in read-only memory (ROM) or programmable read-only memory (PROM) – such that the programs and data cannot be dynamically written or modified during execution of the programs. See hardware and software. [78]
hardware
The material physical components of a system. See software and firmware. [78]
identifier
Unique data used to represent a person’s identity and associated attributes. A name or a card number are examples of identifiers.
A unique label used by a system to indicate a specific entity, object, or group.
impact
With respect to security, the effect on organizational operations, organizational assets, individuals, other organizations, or the Nation (including the national security interests of the United States) of a loss of confidentiality, integrity, or availability of information or a system. With respect to privacy, the adverse effects that individuals could experience when an information system processes their PII.
impact value
The assessed worst-case potential impact that could result from a compromise of the confidentiality, integrity, or availability of information expressed as a value of low, moderate or high. [6]
incident
An occurrence that actually or imminently jeopardizes, without lawful authority, the confidentiality, integrity, or availability of information or an information system; or constitutes a violation or imminent threat of violation of law, security policies, security procedures, or acceptable use policies. [79]
information
Any communication or representation of knowledge such as facts, data, or opinions in any medium or form, including textual, numerical, graphic, cartographic, narrative, electronic, or audiovisual forms. [13]
information flow control
Procedure to ensure that information transfers within a system do not violate the security policy.
information resources
Information and related resources, such as personnel, equipment, funds, and information technology. [81]
information security
The protection of information and systems from unauthorized access, use, disclosure, disruption, modification, or destruction in order to provide confidentiality, integrity, and availability. [79]
information system
A discrete set of information resources organized for the collection, processing, maintenance, use, sharing, dissemination, or disposition of information. [81]
information technology
Any services, equipment, or interconnected system(s) or subsystem(s) of equipment, that are used in the automatic acquisition, storage, analysis, evaluation, manipulation, management, movement, control, display, switching, interchange, transmission, or reception of data or information by the agency. For purposes of this definition, such services or equipment if used by the agency directly or is used by a contractor under a contract with the agency that requires its use; or to a significant extent, its use in the performance of a service or the furnishing of a product. Information technology includes computers, ancillary equipment (including imaging peripherals, input, output, and storage devices necessary for security and surveillance), peripheral equipment designed to be controlled by the central processing unit of a computer, software, firmware and similar procedures, services (including cloud computing and help-desk services or other professional services which support any point of the life cycle of the equipment or service), and related resources. Information technology does not include any equipment that is acquired by a contractor incidental to a contract which does not require its use. [13]
insider threat
The threat that an insider will use her/his authorized access, wittingly or unwittingly, to do harm to the security of the United States. This threat can include damage to the United States through espionage, terrorism, unauthorized disclosure, or through the loss or degradation of departmental resources or capabilities.
integrity
Guarding against improper information modification or destruction and includes ensuring information non-repudiation and authenticity. [79]
internal network
A network in which the establishment, maintenance, and provisioning of security controls are under the direct control of organizational employees or contractors or in which the cryptographic encapsulation or similar security technology implemented between organization-controlled endpoints provides the same effect (with regard to confidentiality and integrity). An internal network is typically organization-owned yet may be organization-controlled while not being organization-owned.
least privilege
The principle that a security architecture is designed so that each entity is granted the minimum system authorizations and resources needed to perform its function.
malicious code
Software or firmware intended to perform an unauthorized process that will have an adverse impact on the confidentiality, integrity, or availability of a system. Examples of malicious code include viruses, worms, Trojan horses, spyware, some forms of adware, or other code-based entities that infect a host.
media
Physical devices or writing surfaces including, but not limited to, magnetic tapes, optical disks, magnetic disks, Large-Scale Integration (LSI) memory chips, and printouts (but not including display media) onto which information is recorded, stored, or printed within a system. [7]
mobile code
Software programs or parts of programs obtained from remote systems, transmitted across a network, and executed on a local system without explicit installation or execution by the recipient.
mobile device
A portable computing device that has a small form factor such that it can easily be carried by a single individual; is designed to operate without a physical connection (e.g., wirelessly transmit or receive information); possesses local, non-removable, or removable data storage; and includes a self-contained power source. Mobile devices may also include voice communication capabilities, on-board sensors that allow the devices to capture information, or built-in features that synchronize local data with remote locations. Examples include smartphones, tablets, and e-readers.
multi-factor authentication
Authentication using two or more different factors to achieve authentication. Factors include something you know (e.g., PIN, password), something you have (e.g., cryptographic identification device, token), or something you are (e.g., biometric). See authenticator.
network
A system implemented with a collection of interconnected components. Such components may include routers, hubs, cabling, telecommunications controllers, key distribution centers, and technical control devices.
network access
Access to a system by a user (or a process acting on behalf of a user) communicating through a network (e.g., local area network, wide area network, the internet).
nonfederal organization
An entity that owns, operates, or maintains a nonfederal system.
nonfederal system
A system that does not meet the criteria for a federal system.
nonlocal maintenance
Maintenance activities conducted by individuals communicating through an external network (e.g., the internet) or an internal network.
NSA-approved cryptography
Cryptography that consists of an approved algorithm, an implementation that has been approved for the protection of classified information and/or controlled unclassified information in a specific environment, and a supporting key management infrastructure. [8]
on behalf of (an agency)
A situation that occurs when: (i) a non-executive branch entity uses or operates an information system or maintains or collects information for the purpose of processing, storing, or transmitting Federal information; and (ii) those activities are not incidental to providing a service or product to the government. [5]
organization
An entity of any size, complexity, or positioning within an organizational structure. Adapted from [7]
organization-defined parameter
The variable part of a security requirement that is instantiated by an organization during the tailoring process by assigning an organization-defined value as part of the requirement. Adapted from [8].
overlay
A specification of security or privacy controls, control enhancements, supplemental guidance, and other supporting information employed during the tailoring process, that is intended to complement (and further refine) security control baselines. The overlay specification may be more stringent or less stringent than the original security control baseline specification and can be applied to multiple information systems. [13]
personnel security
The discipline of assessing the conduct, integrity, judgment, loyalty, reliability, and stability of individuals for duties and responsibilities requiring trustworthiness. [8]
portable storage device
A system component that can be inserted into and removed from a system and that is used to store information or data (e.g., text, video, audio, and/or image data). Such components are typically implemented on magnetic, optical, or solid-state devices (e.g., floppy disks, compact/digital video disks, flash/thumb drives, external hard disk drives, flash memory cards/drives that contain nonvolatile memory).
potential impact
The loss of confidentiality, integrity, or availability could be expected to have: (i) a limited adverse effect (FIPS Publication 199 low); (ii) a serious adverse effect (FIPS Publication 199 moderate); or (iii) a severe or catastrophic adverse effect (FIPS Publication 199 high) on organizational operations, organizational assets, or individuals. [6]
privileged account
A system account with the authorizations of a privileged user.
privileged user
A user who is authorized (and therefore, trusted) to perform security-relevant functions that ordinary users are not authorized to perform.
records
The recordings (automated and/or manual) of evidence of activities performed or results achieved (e.g., forms, reports, test results) that serve as a basis for verifying that the organization and the system are performing as intended. Also used to refer to units of related data fields (i.e., groups of data fields that can be accessed by a program and that contain a complete set of information on particular items).
remote access
Access to an organizational system by a user (or a process acting on behalf of a user) communicating through an external network (e.g., the internet). Remote access methods include dial-up, broadband, and wireless.
remote maintenance
Maintenance activities conducted by individuals communicating through an external network (e.g., the internet).
replay resistant
Protection against the capture of transmitted authentication or access control information and its subsequent retransmission with the intent of producing an unauthorized effect or gaining unauthorized access.
risk
A measure of the extent to which an entity is threatened by a potential circumstance or event, and typically is a function of: (i) the adverse impact, or magnitude of harm, that would arise if the circumstance or event occurs; and (ii) the likelihood of occurrence. [13]
risk assessment
The process of identifying risks to organizational operations (including mission, functions, image, reputation), organizational assets, individuals, other organizations, and the Nation, resulting from the operation of a system. [55]
sanitization
Actions taken to render data written on media unrecoverable by ordinary and — for some forms of sanitization — extraordinary means.
A process to remove information from media such that data recovery is not possible, including the removal of all classified labels, markings, and activity logs.
security
A condition that results from the establishment and maintenance of protective measures that enable an organization to perform its mission or critical functions despite risks posed by threats to its use of systems. Protective measures may involve a combination of deterrence, avoidance, prevention, detection, recovery, and correction that should form part of the organization’s risk management approach. [78]
security assessment
See security control assessment.
security control
The safeguards or countermeasures prescribed for an information system or an organization to protect the confidentiality, integrity, and availability of the system and its information. [13]
security control assessment
The testing or evaluation of security controls to determine the extent to which the controls are implemented correctly, operating as intended, and producing the desired outcome with respect to meeting the security requirements for an information system or organization. [13]
security domain
A domain that implements a security policy and is administered by a single authority. Adapted from [78]
security functions
The hardware, software, or firmware of the system responsible for enforcing the system security policy and supporting the isolation of code and data on which the protection is based.
security requirement
A requirement levied on a system or an organization that is derived from applicable laws, Executive Orders, directives, regulations, policies, standards, procedures, or mission/business needs to ensure the confidentiality, integrity, and availability of information that is being processed, stored, or transmitted. Adapted from [7] and [8].
split tunneling
The process of allowing a remote user or device to establish a non-remote connection with a system and simultaneously communicate via some other connection to a resource in an external network. This method of network access enables a user to access remote devices (e.g., a networked printer) at the same time as accessing uncontrolled networks.
system
See information system.
system component
A discrete identifiable information technology asset that represents a building block of a system and may include hardware, software, and firmware. [41]
system security plan
A document that describes how an organization meets or plans to meet the security requirements for a system. In particular, the system security plan describes the system boundary, the environment in which the system operates, how the security requirements are implemented, and the relationships with or connections to other systems.
system service
A capability provided by a system that facilitates information processing, storage, or transmission.
threat
Any circumstance or event with the potential to adversely impact organizational operations, organizational assets, individuals, other organizations, or the Nation through a system via unauthorized access, destruction, disclosure, modification of information, and/or denial of service. [55]
system user
An individual or (system) process acting on behalf of an individual that is authorized to access a system.
Appendix C. Tailoring Criteria
This appendix describes the security control tailoring criteria used to develop the CUI security requirements. Table 2 lists the available tailoring options and the shorthand tailoring symbols. Table 3 through Table 22 specify the tailoring actions applied to the controls in the NIST SP 800-53 moderate baseline [12] to obtain the security requirements in Section 3. The controls and control enhancements are hyperlinked to the NIST Cybersecurity and Privacy Reference Tool, which provides online access to the specific control language and supplemental materials in NIST SP 800-53.
Table 2. Security control tailoring criteria
| TAILORING SYMBOL | TAILORING CRITERIA |
|------------------|--------------------|
| NCO | The control is not directly related to protecting the confidentiality of CUI. |
| FED | The control is primarily the responsibility of the Federal Government. |
| ORC | The outcome of the control relating to the protection of confidentiality of CUI is adequately covered by other related controls.\(^{16}\) |
| N/A | The control is not applicable. |
| CUI | The control is directly related to protecting the confidentiality of CUI. |
Table 3. Access Control (AC)
| NIST SP 800-53 CONTROLS MODERATE BASELINE | TAILORING CRITERIA | SECURITY REQUIREMENT |
|-------------------------------------------|--------------------|----------------------|
| AC-01 Policy and Procedures | CUI | 03.15.01 |
| AC-02 Account Management | CUI | 03.01.01 |
| AC-02(01) Account Management | Automated System Account Management | NCO | — |
| AC-02(02) Account Management | Automated Temporary and Emergency Account Management | NCO | — |
| AC-02(03) Account Management | Disable Accounts | CUI | 03.01.01 |
| AC-02(04) Account Management | Automated Audit Actions | NCO | — |
| AC-02(05) Account Management | Inactivity Logout | ORC | — |
| AC-02(13) Account Management | Disable Accounts for High-Risk Individuals | CUI | 03.01.01 |
| AC-03 Access Enforcement | CUI | 03.01.02 |
| AC-04 Information Flow Enforcement | CUI | 03.01.03 |
| AC-05 Separation of Duties | CUI | 03.01.04 |
| AC-06 Least Privilege | CUI | 03.01.05 |
| AC-06(01) Least Privilege | Authorize Access to Security Functions | CUI | 03.01.05 |
| AC-06(02) Least Privilege | Non-Privileged Access for Nonsecurity Functions | CUI | 03.01.06 |
| AC-06(05) Least Privilege | Privileged Accounts | CUI | 03.01.06 |
| AC-06(07) Least Privilege | Review of User Privileges | CUI | 03.01.05 |
\(^{16}\) The security controls in NIST SP 800-53 provide a comprehensive set of security capabilities needed to protect organizational systems that taken together, support the concept of defense-in-depth. As such, some of the security controls may address similar or overlapping security topics that are covered by other related controls. These controls have been designated as ORC in the tailoring criteria.
| NIST SP 800-53 CONTROLS MODERATE BASELINE | TAILORING CRITERIA | SECURITY REQUIREMENT |
|------------------------------------------|---------------------|----------------------|
| AC-06(09) Least Privilege | Log Use of Privileged Functions | CUI | 03.01.07 |
| AC-06(10) Least Privilege | Prohibit Non-Privileged Users from Executing Privileged Functions | CUI | 03.01.07 |
| AC-07 Unsuccessful Logon Attempts | CUI | 03.01.08 |
| AC-08 System Use Notification | CUI | 03.01.09 |
| AC-11 Device Lock | CUI | 03.01.10 |
| AC-11(01) Device Lock | Pattern-Hiding Displays | CUI | 03.01.10 |
| AC-12 Session Termination | CUI | 03.01.11 |
| AC-14 Permitted Actions Without Identification or Authentication | FED | — |
| AC-17 Remote Access | CUI | 03.01.02 |
| AC-17(01) Remote Access | Monitoring and Control | NCO | — |
| AC-17(02) Remote Access | Protection of Confidentiality and Integrity Using Encryption | CUI | 03.13.08 |
| AC-17(03) Remote Access | Managed Access Control Points | CUI | 03.01.12 |
| AC-17(04) Remote Access | Privileged Commands and Access | CUI | 03.01.12 |
| AC-18 Wireless Access | CUI | 03.01.16 |
| AC-18(01) Wireless Access | Authentication and Encryption | ORC | — |
| AC-18(03) Wireless Access | Disable Wireless Networking | CUI | 03.01.16 |
| AC-19 Access Control for Mobile Devices | CUI | 03.01.18 |
| AC-19(05) Access Control for Mobile Devices | Full Device or Container-Based Encryption | CUI | 03.01.18 |
| AC-20 Use of External Systems | CUI | 03.01.20 |
| AC-20(01) Use of External Systems | Limits on Authorized Use | CUI | 03.01.20 |
| AC-20(02) Use of External Systems | Portable Storage Devices – Restricted Use | CUI | 03.01.20 |
| AC-21 Information Sharing | FED | — |
| AC-22 Publicly Accessible Content | CUI | 03.01.22 |
**Table 4. Awareness and Training (AT)**
| NIST SP 800-53 CONTROLS MODERATE BASELINE | TAILORING CRITERIA | SECURITY REQUIREMENT |
|------------------------------------------|---------------------|----------------------|
| AT-01 Policy and Procedures | CUI | 03.15.01 |
| AT-02 Literacy Training and Awareness | CUI | 03.02.01 |
| AT-02(02) Literacy Training and Awareness | Insider Threat | CUI | 03.02.01 |
| AT-02(03) Literacy Training and Awareness | Social Engineering and Mining | CUI | 03.02.01 |
| AT-03 Role-Based Training | CUI | 03.02.02 |
| AT-04 Training Records | NCO | — |
**Table 5. Audit and Accountability (AU)**
| NIST SP 800-53 CONTROLS MODERATE BASELINE | TAILORING CRITERIA | SECURITY REQUIREMENT |
|------------------------------------------|---------------------|----------------------|
| AU-01 Policy and Procedures | CUI | 03.15.01 |
| NIST SP 800-53 CONTROLS MODERATE BASELINE | TAILORING CRITERIA | SECURITY REQUIREMENT |
|------------------------------------------|---------------------|----------------------|
| AU-02 Event Logging | CUI | 03.03.01 |
| AU-03 Content of Audit Records | CUI | 03.03.02 |
| AU-03(01) Additional Audit Information | CUI | 03.03.02 |
| AU-04 Audit Log Storage Capacity | NCO | — |
| AU-05 Response to Audit Logging Process Failures | CUI | 03.03.04 |
| AU-06 Audit Record Review, Analysis, and Reporting | CUI | 03.03.05 |
| AU-06(01) Audit Record Review, Analysis, and Reporting | Automated Process Integration | NCO | — |
| AU-06(03) Audit Record Review, Analysis, and Reporting | Correlate Audit Record Repositories | CUI | 03.03.05 |
| AU-07 Audit Record Reduction and Report Generation | CUI | 03.03.06 |
| AU-07(01) Audit Record Reduction and Report Generation | Automatic Processing | NCO | — |
| AU-08 Time Stamps | CUI | 03.03.07 |
| AU-09 Protection of Audit Information | CUI | 03.03.08 |
| AU-09(04) Protection of Audit Information | Access by Subset of Privileged Users | CUI | 03.03.08 |
| AU-11 Audit Record Retention | CUI | 03.03.03 |
| AU-12 Audit Record Generation | CUI | 03.03.03 |
Table 6. Assessment, Authorization, and Monitoring (CA)
| NIST SP 800-53 CONTROLS MODERATE BASELINE | TAILORING CRITERIA | SECURITY REQUIREMENT |
|------------------------------------------|---------------------|----------------------|
| CA-01 Policy and Procedures | CUI | 03.15.01 |
| CA-02 Control Assessments | CUI | 03.12.01 |
| CA-02(01) Control Assessments | Independent Assessors | NCO | — |
| CA-03 Information Exchange | CUI | 03.12.05 |
| CA-05 Plan of Action and Milestones | CUI | 03.12.02 |
| CA-06 Authorization | FED | — |
| CA-07 Continuous Monitoring | CUI | 03.12.03 |
| CA-07(01) Continuous Monitoring | Independent Assessment | NCO | — |
| CA-07(04) Continuous Monitoring | Risk Monitoring | NCO | — |
| CA-09 Internal System Connections | NCO | — |
Table 7. Configuration Management (CM)
| NIST SP 800-53 CONTROLS MODERATE BASELINE | TAILORING CRITERIA | SECURITY REQUIREMENT |
|------------------------------------------|---------------------|----------------------|
| CM-01 Policy and Procedures | CUI | 03.15.01 |
| CM-02 Baseline Configuration | CUI | 03.04.01 |
| CM-02(02) Baseline Configuration | Automation Support for Accuracy and Currency | NCO | — |
| CM-02(03) Baseline Configuration | Retention of Previous Configurations | NCO | — |
| CM-02(07) Baseline Configuration | Configure Systems and Components for High-Risk Areas | CUI | 03.04.12 |
| NIST SP 800-53 CONTROLS MODERATE BASELINE | TAILORING CRITERIA | SECURITY REQUIREMENT |
|------------------------------------------|-------------------|---------------------|
| CM-03 | CUI | 03.04.03 |
| CM-03(02) | NCO | — |
| CM-03(04) | NCO | — |
| CM-04 | CUI | 03.04.04 |
| CM-04(02) | ORC | — |
| CM-05 | CUI | 03.04.05 |
| CM-06 | CUI | 03.04.02 |
| CM-07 | CUI | 03.04.06 |
| CM-07(01) | CUI | 03.04.06 |
| CM-07(02) | ORC | — |
| CM-07(05) | CUI | 03.04.08 |
| CM-08 | CUI | 03.04.10 |
| CM-08(01) | CUI | 03.04.10 |
| CM-08(03) | NCO | — |
| CM-09 | NCO | — |
| CM-10 | NCO | — |
| CM-11 | ORC | — |
| CM-12 | CUI | 03.04.11 |
| CM-12(01) | NCO | — |
Table 8. Contingency Planning (CP)
| NIST SP 800-53 CONTROLS MODERATE BASELINE | TAILORING CRITERIA | SECURITY REQUIREMENT |
|------------------------------------------|-------------------|---------------------|
| CP-01 | NCO | — |
| CP-02 | NCO | — |
| CP-02(01) | NCO | — |
| CP-02(03) | NCO | — |
| CP-02(08) | NCO | — |
| CP-03 | NCO | — |
| CP-04 | NCO | — |
| CP-04(01) | NCO | — |
| CP-06 | NCO | — |
| CP-06(01) | NCO | — |
| CP-06(03) | NCO | — |
| CP-07 | NCO | — |
| CP-07(01) | NCO | — |
| CP-07(02) | NCO | — |
| CP-07(03) | NCO | — |
| CP-08 | NCO | — |
| NIST SP 800-53 CONTROLS MODERATE BASELINE | TAILORING CRITERIA | SECURITY REQUIREMENT |
|------------------------------------------|---------------------|----------------------|
| CP-08(01) Telecommunications Services | Priority of Service Provisions | NCO | — |
| CP-08(02) Telecommunications Services | Single Points of Failure | NCO | — |
| CP-09 System Backup | | NCO | — |
| CP-09(01) System Backup | Testing for Reliability and Integrity | NCO | — |
| CP-09(08) System Backup | Cryptographic Protection | CUI | 03.08.09 |
| CP-10 System Recovery and Reconstitution | | NCO | — |
| CP-10(02) System Recovery and Reconstitution | Transaction Recovery | NCO | — |
**Table 9. Identification and Authentication (IA)**
| NIST SP 800-53 CONTROLS MODERATE BASELINE | TAILORING CRITERIA | SECURITY REQUIREMENT |
|------------------------------------------|---------------------|----------------------|
| IA-01 Policy and Procedures | CUI | 03.15.01 |
| IA-02 Identification and Authentication (Organizational Users) | CUI | 03.05.01 |
| IA-02(01) Identification and Authentication (Organizational Users) | Multi-Factor Authentication to Privileged Accounts | CUI | 03.05.03 |
| IA-02(02) Identification and Authentication (Organizational Users) | Multi-Factor Authentication to Non-Privileged Accounts | CUI | 03.05.03 |
| IA-02(08) Identification and Authentication (Organizational Users) | Access to Accounts – Replay Resistant | CUI | 03.05.04 |
| IA-02(12) Identification and Authentication (Organizational Users) | Acceptance of PIV Credentials | FED | — |
| IA-03 Device Identification and Authentication | CUI | 03.05.02 |
| IA-04 Identifier Management | CUI | 03.05.05 |
| IA-04(04) Identifier Management | Identify User Status | CUI | 03.05.05 |
| IA-05 Authenticator Management | CUI | 03.05.12 |
| IA-05(01) Authenticator Management | Password-Based Authentication | CUI | 03.05.07 |
| IA-05(02) Authenticator Management | Public Key-Based Authentication | FED | — |
| IA-05(06) Authenticator Management | Protection of Authenticators | ORC | — |
| IA-06 Authentication Feedback | CUI | 03.05.11 |
| IA-07 Cryptographic Module Authentication | FED | — |
| IA-08 Identification and Authentication (Non-Organizational Users) | FED | — |
| IA-08(01) Identification and Authentication (Non-Organizational Users) | Acceptance of PIV Credentials from Other Agencies | FED | — |
| IA-08(02) Identification and Authentication (Non-Organizational Users) | Acceptance of External Authenticators | FED | — |
| IA-08(04) Identification and Authentication (Non-Organizational Users) | Use of Defined Profiles | FED | — |
| IA-11 Re-Authentication | CUI | 03.05.01 |
| IA-12 Identity Proofing | FED | — |
| IA-12(02) Identity Proofing | Identity Evidence | FED | — |
| IA-12(03) Identity Proofing | Identity Evidence Validation and Verification | FED | — |
| IA-12(05) Identity Proofing | Address Confirmation | FED | — |
### Table 10. Incident Response (IR)
| NIST SP 800-53 CONTROLS MODERATE BASELINE | TAILORING CRITERIA | SECURITY REQUIREMENT |
|------------------------------------------|---------------------|----------------------|
| IR-01 | CUI | 03.15.01 |
| IR-02 | CUI | 03.06.04 |
| IR-03 | CUI | 03.06.03 |
| IR-03(02) | NCO | — |
| IR-04 | CUI | 03.06.01 |
| IR-04(01) | NCO | — |
| IR-05 | CUI | 03.06.02 |
| IR-06 | CUI | 03.06.02 |
| IR-06(01) | NCO | — |
| IR-06(03) | NCO | — |
| IR-07 | CUI | 03.06.02 |
| IR-07(01) | NCO | — |
| IR-08 | CUI | 03.06.01 |
### Table 11. Maintenance (MA)
| NIST SP 800-53 CONTROLS MODERATE BASELINE | TAILORING CRITERIA | SECURITY REQUIREMENT |
|------------------------------------------|---------------------|----------------------|
| MA-01 | CUI | 03.15.01 |
| MA-02 | NCO | — |
| MA-03 | CUI | 03.07.04 |
| MA-03(01) | CUI | 03.07.04 |
| MA-03(02) | CUI | 03.07.04 |
| MA-03(03) | CUI | 03.07.04 |
| MA-04 | CUI | 03.07.05 |
| MA-04(02) | NCO | — |
| MA-05 | CUI | 03.07.06 |
| MA-06 | NCO | — |
### Table 12. Media Protection (MP)
| NIST SP 800-53 CONTROLS MODERATE BASELINE | TAILORING CRITERIA | SECURITY REQUIREMENT |
|------------------------------------------|---------------------|----------------------|
| MP-01 | CUI | 03.15.01 |
| MP-02 | CUI | 03.08.02 |
| MP-03 | CUI | 03.08.04 |
| MP-04 | CUI | 03.08.01 |
| MP-05 | CUI | 03.08.05 |
| MP-06 | CUI | 03.08.03 |
| MP-07 | CUI | 03.08.07 |
### Table 13. Physical and Environmental Protection (PE)
| NIST SP 800-53 CONTROLS MODERATE BASELINE | TAILORING CRITERIA | SECURITY REQUIREMENT |
|-------------------------------------------|---------------------|----------------------|
| PE-01 Policy and Procedures | CUI | 03.15.01 |
| PE-02 Physical Access Authorizations | CUI | 03.10.01 |
| PE-03 Physical Access Control | CUI | 03.10.07 |
| PE-04 Access Control for Transmission | CUI | 03.10.08 |
| PE-05 Access Control for Output Devices | CUI | 03.10.08 |
| PE-06 Monitoring Physical Access | CUI | 03.10.02 |
| PE-06(01) Monitoring Physical Access | Intrusion Alarms and Surveillance Equipment | NCO | — |
| PE-08 Visitor Access Records | NCO | — |
| PE-09 Power Equipment and Cabling | NCO | — |
| PE-10 Emergency Shutoff | NCO | — |
| PE-11 Emergency Power | NCO | — |
| PE-12 Emergency Lighting | NCO | — |
| PE-13 Fire Protection | NCO | — |
| PE-13(01) Fire Protection | Detection Systems – Automatic Activation and Notification | NCO | — |
| PE-14 Environmental Controls | NCO | — |
| PE-15 Water Damage Protection | NCO | — |
| PE-16 Delivery and Removal | NCO | — |
| PE-17 Alternate Work Site | CUI | 03.10.06 |
### Table 14. Planning (PL)
| NIST SP 800-53 CONTROLS MODERATE BASELINE | TAILORING CRITERIA | SECURITY REQUIREMENT |
|-------------------------------------------|---------------------|----------------------|
| PL-01 Policy and Procedures | CUI | 03.15.01 |
| PL-02 System Security and Privacy Plans | CUI | 03.15.02 |
| PL-04 Rules of Behavior | CUI | 03.15.03 |
| PL-04(01) Rules of Behavior | Social Media and External Site/Application Usage Restrictions | NCO | — |
| PL-08 Security and Privacy Architectures | NCO | — |
| PL-10 Baseline Selection | FED | — |
| PL-11 Baseline Tailoring | FED | — |
### Table 15. Program Management (PM)
| NIST SP 800-53 CONTROLS MODERATE BASELINE | TAILORING CRITERIA | SECURITY REQUIREMENT |
|-------------------------------------------|---------------------|----------------------|
| PM-01 Information Security Program Plan | N/A | — |
| PM-02 Information Security Program Leadership Role | N/A | — |
| PM-03 Information Security and Privacy Resources | N/A | — |
| NIST SP 800-53 CONTROLS MODERATE BASELINE | TAILORING CRITERIA | SECURITY REQUIREMENT |
|-----------------------------------------|-------------------|---------------------|
| PM-04 | Plan of Action and Milestones Process | N/A | — |
| PM-05 | System Inventory | N/A | — |
| PM-05(01) | System Inventory | N/A | — |
| PM-06 | Measures of Performance | N/A | — |
| PM-07 | Enterprise Architecture | N/A | — |
| PM-07(01) | Enterprise Architecture | N/A | — |
| PM-08 | Critical Infrastructure Plan | N/A | — |
| PM-09 | Risk Management Strategy | N/A | — |
| PM-10 | Authorization Process | N/A | — |
| PM-11 | Mission and Business Process Definition | N/A | — |
| PM-12 | Insider Threat Program | N/A | — |
| PM-13 | Security and Privacy Workforce | N/A | — |
| PM-14 | Testing, Training, and Monitoring | N/A | — |
| PM-15 | Security and Privacy Groups and Associations | N/A | — |
| PM-16 | Threat Awareness Program | N/A | — |
| PM-16(01) | Threat Awareness Program | N/A | — |
| PM-17 | Protecting Controlled Unclassified Information on External Systems | N/A | — |
| PM-18 | Privacy Program Plan | N/A | — |
| PM-19 | Privacy Program Leadership Role | N/A | — |
| PM-20 | Dissemination of Privacy Program Information | N/A | — |
| PM-20(01) | Dissemination of Privacy Program Information | N/A | — |
| PM-21 | Accounting of Disclosures | N/A | — |
| PM-22 | Personally Identifiable Information Quality Management | N/A | — |
| PM-23 | Data Governance Body | N/A | — |
| PM-24 | Data Integrity Board | N/A | — |
| PM-25 | Minimization of PII Used in Testing, Training, and Research | N/A | — |
| PM-26 | Complaint Management | N/A | — |
| PM-27 | Privacy Reporting | N/A | — |
| PM-28 | Risk Framing | N/A | — |
| PM-29 | Risk Management Program Leadership Roles | N/A | — |
| PM-30 | Supply Chain Risk Management Strategy | N/A | — |
| PM-30(01) | Supply Chain Risk Management Strategy | N/A | — |
| PM-31 | Continuous Monitoring Strategy | N/A | — |
| PM-32 | Purposing | N/A | — |
Table 16. Personnel Security (PS)
| NIST SP 800-53 CONTROLS MODERATE BASELINE | TAILORING CRITERIA | SECURITY REQUIREMENT |
|-----------------------------------------|-------------------|---------------------|
| PS-01 | Policy and Procedures | CUI | 03.15.01 |
| PS-02 | Position Risk Designation | FED | — |
| NIST SP 800-53 CONTROLS MODERATE BASELINE | TAILORING CRITERIA | SECURITY REQUIREMENT |
|-----------------------------------------|-------------------|---------------------|
| PS-03 | CUI | 03.09.01 |
| PS-04 | CUI | 03.09.02 |
| PS-05 | CUI | 03.09.02 |
| PS-06 | ORC | — |
| PS-07 | ORC | — |
| PS-08 | NCO | — |
| PS-09 | FED | — |
Table 17. PII Processing and Transparency (PT)
| NIST SP 800-53 CONTROLS MODERATE BASELINE | TAILORING CRITERIA | SECURITY REQUIREMENT |
|-------------------------------------------|-------------------|---------------------|
| PT-01 | N/A | — |
| PT-02 | N/A | — |
| PT-02(01) | N/A | — |
| PT-02(02) | N/A | — |
| PT-03 | N/A | — |
| PT-03(01) | N/A | — |
| PT-03(02) | N/A | — |
| PT-04 | N/A | — |
| PT-04(01) | N/A | — |
| PT-04(02) | N/A | — |
| PT-04(03) | N/A | — |
| PT-05 | N/A | — |
| PT-05(01) | N/A | — |
| PT-05(02) | N/A | — |
| PT-06 | N/A | — |
| PT-06(01) | N/A | — |
| PT-06(02) | N/A | — |
| PT-07 | N/A | — |
| PT-07(01) | N/A | — |
| PT-07(02) | N/A | — |
| PT-08 | N/A | — |
Table 18. Risk Assessment (RA)
| NIST SP 800-53 CONTROLS MODERATE BASELINE | TAILORING CRITERIA | SECURITY REQUIREMENT |
|-------------------------------------------|-------------------|---------------------|
| RA-01 | CUI | 03.15.01 |
| RA-02 | FED | — |
| NIST SP 800-53 CONTROLS MODERATE BASELINE | TAILORING CRITERIA | SECURITY REQUIREMENT |
|-----------------------------------------|---------------------|----------------------|
| RA-03 | CUI | 03.11.01 |
| RA-03(01) | CUI | 03.11.01 |
| RA-05 | CUI | 03.11.02 |
| RA-05(02) | CUI | 03.11.02 |
| RA-05(05) | ORC | — |
| RA-05(11) | NCO | — |
| RA-07 | ORC | — |
| RA-09 | NCO | — |
Table 19. System and Services Acquisition (SA)
| NIST SP 800-53 CONTROLS MODERATE BASELINE | TAILORING CRITERIA | SECURITY REQUIREMENT |
|-----------------------------------------|---------------------|----------------------|
| SA-01 | CUI | 03.15.01 |
| SA-02 | NCO | — |
| SA-03 | NCO | — |
| SA-04 | CUI | 03.16.01 |
| SA-04(01) | NCO | — |
| SA-04(02) | NCO | — |
| SA-04(09) | NCO | — |
| SA-04(10) | FED | — |
| SA-05 | NCO | — |
| SA-08 | NCO | — |
| SA-09 | CUI | 03.16.03 |
| SA-09(02) | NCO | — |
| SA-10 | ORC | — |
| SA-11 | ORC | — |
| SA-15 | ORC | — |
| SA-15(03) | NCO | — |
| SA-22 | CUI | 03.16.02 |
Table 20. System and Communications Protection (SC)
| NIST SP 800-53 CONTROLS MODERATE BASELINE | TAILORING CRITERIA | SECURITY REQUIREMENT |
|-----------------------------------------|---------------------|----------------------|
| SC-01 | CUI | 03.15.01 |
| SC-02 | ORC | — |
| SC-04 | CUI | 03.13.04 |
| SC-05 | NCO | — |
| SC-07 | CUI | 03.13.01 |
| NIST SP 800-53 CONTROLS MODERATE BASELINE | TAILORING CRITERIA | SECURITY REQUIREMENT |
|------------------------------------------|---------------------|----------------------|
| SC-07(03) Boundary Protection | Access Points | ORC | — |
| SC-07(04) Boundary Protection | External Telecommunications Services | ORC | — |
| SC-07(05) Boundary Protection | Deny by Default – Allow by Exception | CUI | 03.13.06 |
| SC-07(07) Boundary Protection | Split Tunneling for Remote Devices | ORC | — |
| SC-07(08) Boundary Protection | Route Traffic to Authenticated Proxy Servers | ORC | — |
| SC-08 Transmission Confidentiality and Integrity | CUI | 03.13.08 |
| SC-08(01) Transmission Confidentiality and Integrity | Cryptographic Protection | CUI | 03.13.08 |
| SC-10 Network Disconnect | CUI | 03.13.09 |
| SC-12 Cryptographic Key Establishment and Management | CUI | 03.13.10 |
| SC-13 Cryptographic Protection | CUI | 03.13.11 |
| SC-15 Collaborative Computing Devices and Applications | CUI | 03.13.12 |
| SC-17 Public Key Infrastructure Certificates | FED | — |
| SC-18 Mobile Code | CUI | 03.13.13 |
| SC-20 Secure Name/Address Resolution Service (Authoritative Source) | NCO | — |
| SC-21 Secure Name/Address Resolution Service (Recursive or Caching Resolver) | NCO | — |
| SC-22 Architecture and Provisioning for Name/Address Resolution Service | NCO | — |
| SC-23 Session Authenticity | CUI | 03.13.15 |
| SC-28 Protection of Information at Rest | CUI | 03.13.08 |
| SC-28(01) Protection of Information at Rest | Cryptographic Protection | CUI | 03.13.08 |
| SC-39 Process Isolation | NCO | — |
Table 21. System and Information Integrity (SI)
| NIST SP 800-53 CONTROLS MODERATE BASELINE | TAILORING CRITERIA | SECURITY REQUIREMENT |
|------------------------------------------|---------------------|----------------------|
| SI-01 Policy and Procedures | CUI | 03.15.01 |
| SI-02 Flaw Remediation | CUI | 03.14.01 |
| SI-02(02) Flaw Remediation | Automated Flaw Remediation Status | NCO | — |
| SI-03 Malicious Code Protection | CUI | 03.14.02 |
| SI-04 System Monitoring | CUI | 03.14.06 |
| SI-04(02) System Monitoring | Automated Tools and Mechanisms for Real-Time Analysis | NCO | — |
| SI-04(04) System Monitoring | Inbound and Outbound Communications Traffic | CUI | 03.14.06 |
| SI-04(05) System Monitoring | System-Generated Alerts | NCO | — |
| SI-05 Security Alerts, Advisories, and Directives | CUI | 03.14.03 |
| SI-07 Software, Firmware, and Information Integrity | NCO | — |
| SI-07(01) Software, Firmware, and Information Integrity | Integrity Checks | NCO | — |
| SI-07(07) Software, Firmware, and Information Integrity | Integration of Detection and Response | NCO | — |
| SI-08 Spam Protection | ORC | — |
| SI-08(02) Spam Protection | Automatic Updates | NCO | — |
| SI-10 Information Input Validation | NCO | — |
| SI-11 Error Handling | NCO | — |
| NIST SP 800-53 CONTROLS MODERATE BASELINE | TAILORING CRITERIA | SECURITY REQUIREMENT |
|------------------------------------------|---------------------|----------------------|
| SI-12 | CUI | 03.14.08 |
| SI-16 | NCO | — |
**Table 22. Supply Chain Risk Management (SR)**
| NIST SP 800-53 CONTROLS MODERATE BASELINE | TAILORING CRITERIA | SECURITY REQUIREMENT |
|------------------------------------------|---------------------|----------------------|
| SR-01 | CUI | 03.15.01 |
| SR-02 | CUI | 03.17.01 |
| SR-02(01) | NCO | — |
| SR-03 | CUI | 03.17.03 |
| SR-05 | CUI | 03.17.02 |
| SR-06 | CUI | 03.11.01 |
| SR-08 | NCO | — |
| SR-10 | NCO | — |
| SR-11 | NCO | — |
| SR-11(01) | NCO | — |
| SR-11(02) | NCO | — |
| SR-12 | ORC | — |
Appendix D. Change Log
This publication incorporates the following changes from the original edition (February 2020; updated January 28, 2021):
- Streamlined introductory information in Section 1 and Section 2 to improve clarity and understanding
- Modified the security requirements and families in Section 3 to reflect the security controls in the NIST SP 800-53B [12] moderate baseline and the tailoring actions in Appendix C
- Eliminated the distinction between basic and derived security requirements
- Increased the specificity of security requirements to remove ambiguity, improve the effectiveness of implementation, and clarify the scope of assessments
- Introduced organization-defined parameters (ODPs) in selected security requirements to increase flexibility and help organizations better manage risk
- Grouped security requirements, where possible, to improve understanding and the efficiency of implementations and assessments
- Removed outdated and redundant security requirements
- Added new security requirements
- Added titles to security requirements
- Restructured and streamlined the discussion sections for security requirements
- Introduced new tailoring categories: Other Related Controls (ORC) and Not Applicable (N/A)
- Recategorized selected controls in the NIST SP 800-53B moderate baseline (using the tailoring criteria in Appendix C)
- Revised the security requirements for consistency with the security control language in NIST SP 800-53
- Revised the structure of the References, Acronyms, and Glossary sections for greater clarity and ease of use
- Revised the tailoring tables in Appendix C for consistency with the changes to the security requirements
Table 23 shows the changes incorporated into this publication. Errata updates can include corrections, clarifications, or other minor changes in the publication that are either editorial or substantive in nature. Any potential updates to this document that are not yet published in an errata update or a formal revision, including additional issues and potential corrections, will be posted as they are identified. See the publication details for this report. The current release of this publication does not include any errata updates.
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Making Clay Bead Crafts (How-to Library): Kathleen ... Create a Bead Roll Pick out the colors of polymer clay that you want to use for your bead roll, and knead each color for about 2 minutes to make the clay soft and malleable. You will need about 1 ounce of each color. Roll out each color into a long snake with your fingers.
Make clay beads | Etsy
Making Clay Bead Crafts (How-to Library) - Kindle edition by Kathleen Petelinsek. Download it once and read it on your Kindle device, PC, phones or tablets. Use features like bookmarks, note taking and highlighting while reading Making Clay Bead Crafts (How-to Library).
All in One Polymer Clay Tutorials - Made At Home Crafts
Make sure the hole you create reaches through the entire bead so you can insert the string through the bead. To ensure that the bead doesn't end up with an exit wound on one side, insert the toothpick until just the tip comes through the other side. Then flip the bead around, and insert the toothpick in the same spot it exited.
How to Make Handmade Beads out of Clay, Paper ... - Crafts
Bead Roller Hack to make Barrel Beads with Polymer Clay - Duration: 37:39. TurtleSoupBeads 117,457 views
Starting To Make Beads With Polymer Clay Tutorial
Polymer clay beads Learn a New Craft, Polymer Clay can be therapeutic. If you never used Polymer Clay before, do not feel intimidated as it is a very easy and enjoyable craft to get into. With few techniques you will be able to make lovely pieces as beads, necklaces, jewelry, cover pens and journals, charms, cups and mugs…. there is no limit ...
Making Clay Bead Crafts How
How to Make Polymer Clay Beads Step 1: What You'll Need. If you don't have a "pre-made cane",... Step 2: Workstation. Something to remember is polymer clay is soft and will pretty much pick up... Step 3: Slices. Choose your cane and begin cutting slices from one end. Step 4: Cover. Pick a wood ...
How to Make Polymer Clay Beads - Babble Dabble Do
Making Clay Bead Crafts (How-to Library) [Kathleen Petelinsek] on Amazon.com. *FREE* shipping on qualifying offers. Complete a variety of fun craft projects using clay beads. Crafters practice reading comprehension as they follow the steps for each project. The easiest crafts are at the beginning
Polymer Clay Jewelry Making: 5 FREE Polymer Clay Projects ...
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Clay Bead Making and Bracelet | DIY
To create beads, you will need polymer clay in colors of your choosing, a hard and flat surface, a flat blade or craft knife, and a toothpick. Once you have created your beads, you'll also need to bake them and finish them (see part three). A piece of tile or glass works well for the hard, flat surface.
How to use polymer clay to make beads and buttons
Spheres of clay can be used as is or sculpted into different shapes. Step Three For cylindrical shaped beads roll the clay on a table. Adults can slice the tube into pieces using a sharp knife to make bead shapes. Step Four Make holes in your beads by carefully inserting a toothpick through the entire bead and then removing it.
How to Make Polymer Clay Beads : 7 Steps (with Pictures ...
How to Make Clay Beads - Using Polymer Clay Make sure your hands and work surface are clean. Consider having some baby wipes close by. Cut off a small amount of clay and knead it. Shape your clay. Set your clay aside if it becomes too soft. Poke holes using a toothpick or tapestry needle. ...
Polymer Clay Beads - Mia's Craft Ideas
1.Take a piece of clay and roll into a ball. I wanted nice chunky beads, so mine was about 1 inch/ 2.5cm in diameter. 2.Use a cocktail stick to make a hole. If the hole is off center, just roll the clay up and have another go!
Clay Bead Project for Children - dummies
Prepare the clay by kneading it, both by hand and with an acrylic roller, until soft. When it's soft, add powdered pigment to the dough. 2. Roll the clay into small balls and shapes with the Tri-Bead Roller.
How to Make Polymer Clay Beads: 15 Steps (with Pictures ... 1- 3 Clay Recipes from The Artful Crafter. These are for a cold porcelain variety and make good, fine grained modeling clays. The article has great tips for colouring and working the materials as well. 2- Jewelry Clay from Homemade Clay Recipe.
46 Ideas For DIY Jewelry You'll Actually Want To Wear Made at Home Crafts. It is easier than you think! Add different design, shapes and colours as you practice. For the bead above I used polymer clay extruder which is one of the best buy products if you want to create amazing and unique designs. How I make polymer clay beads: Made at Home Crafts. 1-Choose the colors you are going to use.
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Фондация "Асоциация за развитие на туризма и занаятите- българско възраждане"
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NOTICE: THIS MEETING WILL BE HELD IN ACCORDANCE WITH CALIFORNIA GOVERNMENT CODE SECTION 59453, SUBDIVISION (e) OF THE RALPH M. BROWN ACT (CALIFORNIA GOVERNMENT CODE SECTION 54950, ET SEQ.), CERES RESOLUTION NO 2022-06, AND THE FEDERAL AMERICANS WITH DISABILITIES ACT. WHILE THIS MEETING WILL BE PHYSICALLY OPEN TO THE PUBLIC, GIVEN THE STATE OF EMERGENCY REGARDING THE THREAT OF COVID-19, MEMBERS OF THE PUBLIC MAY ALSO PARTICIPATE AND COMMENT VIA THE APPLICATION, ZOOM.
Direct Link to Join from a PC, Mac, iPad, iPhone or Android device: https://us02web.zoom.us/j/84858999046?pwd=eFlkU0s5Rk8yQUVvV1BjRy9oY0srU T09
Or join by phone: (669) 900-6833 Webinar ID: 848 5899 9046; Passcode: 184871
REMOTE PUBLIC COMMENT IS ALSO AVAILABLE FOR THE CITY COUNCIL MEETING BY EMAILING THE CITY CLERK AT firstname.lastname@example.org BY 8:00 AM THE DATE OF THE WORKSHOP. THE CLERK MAY READ WRITTEN COMMENTS INTO THE RECORD, IF SPECIFICALLY REQUESTED TO DO SO AT THE BEGINNING OF YOUR EMAIL. YOUR WRITTEN COMMENT WILL BE DISTRIBUTED TO THE CITY COUNCIL AND KEPT ON FILE AS PART OF THE OFFICIAL RECORD OF THE MEETING
*If you have any questions on how to attend virtually or are encountering difficulties connecting to the meeting, please contact the City Clerk at (209) 646-4812 or by email at email@example.com
AGENDA
SPECIAL MEETING/GOAL SETTING WORKSHOP
CITY OF CERES, CALIFORNIA Small Assembly Room/Chambers, 2701 Fourth Street
Friday, March 18, 2022 – 8:00 a.m.
Mailing Address: Ceres City Hall, 2720 Second Street, Ceres, CA 95307-3292
Phone: (209) 538-5700 Fax: (209) 538-5780
Members of the public are advised that all cellular telephones and any other communication devices are to be turned off upon entering the City Council Chambers.
CALL TO ORDER
Mayor Lopez
ROLL CALL
Mayor:
Lopez
Vice Mayor:
Silveira
Council Members: Casey, Kline, Ryno
CITIZEN COMMUNICATIONS to the Council on matters included on the agenda (five minutes).
GOAL SETTING WORKSHOP
* Strategic Plan Discussion
* Financial Overview
* Department Presentations
* Overview
* Priority / Goal Setting
* Budget Approval Schedule
* Other Discussion Items
ADJOURNMENT
Regular City Council Meeting Monday, March 28, 2022 at 6:00 p.m. Council Chambers located in the Community Center at 2701 Fourth Street, Ceres, CA
AFFIDAVIT OF POSTING
I, Diane Nayares-Perez, City Clerk, for the City of Ceres, declare under penalty of perjury that the foregoing agenda for the City Council Goal Setting Workshop was posted on March 16, 2022, at 6:30 p.m. at the following locations in Ceres:
- Display case - 2701 Fourth Street
______________________________________
Diane Nayares-Perez City Clerk
Council Agenda:
The City Council agenda is available for public review on the City's website at www.ci.ceres.ca.us and posted at the time and places noted above.
Related Materials:
Any writings or documents provided to a majority of the City Council regarding any item on this agenda will be made available for public inspection at the City Clerk's Office at City Hall located at 2720 Second Street, Ceres, CA during normal business hours. Persons with questions concerning any agenda item may call the City Clerk's Office at (209) 538-5731.
Notice regarding Americans with Disabilities Act:
In compliance with the Americans with Disabilities Act, if you need special assistance to participate in this meeting or if you need the agenda and/or the documents in the agenda packet provided in an alternative format, please contact the city clerk's office at (209) 5385731 at least 48 hours prior to the meeting to ensure that reasonable arrangements can be made (28CFR 35.102-35.104 ADA TITLE II)
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Driedaags Quartzfestival strijkt voor tweede keer neer in Sint-Truiden.
De (inter)nationale top van de strijkmuziek verzamelt op vrijdag 1, zaterdag 2 en zondag 3 oktober in de hoofdstad van Haspengouw. Daar vindt voor de tweede keer ‘Quartz’ plaats, een muziek- en ontmoetingsfestival, enig in zijn soort.
Cultuurstad
“De waardevolle historische decors van onze stad lenen zich uitermate goed voor culturele - en muzikale ervaringen. De unieke akoestiek van onze Academiezaal is ideaal voor de strijkintermezzo’s van zowel binnenlandse als buitenlandse gezelschappen. Het gaat hierbij om de wereldtop van het vioolgenre. Met de organisatie van Quartz zetten we Sint-Truiden als cultuurstad op de internationale kaart”, zegt schepen van Cultuur Jurgen Reniers.
Toegankelijk programma op zondag
Na de indrukwekkende optredens op vaste locaties, trekt het festival op zondag de stad in voor een toegankelijk en verrassend muzikaal programma.
“Zo speelt muzikantencollectief Zwarte Zusters het publiek toe vanaf de Abdijtoren, is er tijd voor meerdere muzikale ontmoetingen op de Grote Markt en vindt er in de Academiezaal een kindervoorstelling plaats voor de allerkleinsten. Via een uitgebreid wandelparcours kunnen geïnteresseerden ook vier achtereenvolgende uitvoeringen opzoeken en beluisteren in onder andere de Sint-Maartenkerk, de Keizerzaal en het Kapucijnenklooster. Bovendien rijdt er een Hummerlimousine door de stad waarin passagiers ook een concert kunnen meepikken. Kom dit weekend dus zeker genieten van een uniek vleugje cultuur. Er zal heel veel te beleven zijn want naar aanleiding van het Weekend van de Klant zijn de winkels ook zondagnamiddag open”, aldus nog schepen van Cultuur Jurgen Reniers.
Het volledige programma vind je terug op www.quartzfestival.com
Uitnodiging
We willen jou graag bedanken voor je verslaggeving rond het Quartzfestival. Zin in meer beleving? Wij nodigen je graag uit voor een exclusieve blik achter de schermen. Op vrijdag 1 oktober om 11u kan je de repetities van het 3-daags festival meemaken in de Academiezaal, Plankstraat 18, Sint-Truiden.
Contact
Jurgen Reniers | schepen van Cultuur
M 0497 43 64 43 | firstname.lastname@example.org
Communicatie stad Sint-Truiden
M 0497 41 30 21 | email@example.com
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DESCRIPTION:
Starting with a classic silhouette of a sabre leg chest, we have ornamented the drawers with a simple metal overlay that flows into the hardware pull. Crafted in oak solids and brushed quarterd oak veneer.
FAULKNER CHEST - SKU 4068-04
SPECIFICATIONS:
41"W x 19"D x 32.25"H
FINISHES:
04 Tobacco Finish
Material: Oak Solids and brushed quartered oak veneer
(336) 887-8246 WOODBRIDGEFURNITURE.COM
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| Nº | NOMBRE DE FUNCIONARIO | CARGO | DESTINO | DURACIÓN | OBJETIVO DEL VIAJE | VALOR DEL PASAJE US$ | VIATICOS US$ | FUENTE DE FINANCIAMIENTO |
|----|--------------------------------|------------------------------|----------------------------------------------|---------------------------|-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|----------------------|---------------|--------------------------|
| 2 | Lic. Roberto José d'Aubuisson Munguía | Alcalde Municipal | la Ciudad de México y Colima, Mexico | Del 10 al 15 de marzo del 2020. | Participar en la "Tercera Reunión del Grupo de Trabajo para la Facilitación de Trámites y Permisos de Construcción", del 11 al 13 de marzo 2020 | 597.63 | 885.00 | F2 (Propios) |
| | Rómulo Fabricio Carballo Medina | Gerente de Cooperación e Inversión | | | La Organización de los Estados Americanos (OEA), cubrirá los gastos de boleto aéreo y alojamiento para 3 días. | | 1,205.00 | F2 (Propios) |
| 3 | | | | | | | | |
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SE EMITE VERSIÓN PÚBLICA DE ACUERDO AL ARTÍCULO 19 DE LA LEY DE ACCESO A LA INFORMACIÓN PÚBLICA, PROTEGIENDO INFORMACIÓN EN RESERVA.
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Carl Morten Iversen
Hva gjør hatefulle ytringer med samfunnet?
De senere års digitale utvikling med blogger, medietweets, facebook og kommentarfelt i nettaviser har ført til framvekst av hets og hatefull ytringer. Lovverket er ikke alltid like klart, og det samme kan sier om myndighetenes innsats for å motvirke trenden.
I det denne artikkelen skal skrives dukker det opp en tweet der det framgår at sportskleskjeden Stormberg har mottatt mange hatefulle reaksjoner etter at de ga en hel dagsomsetning, ca. 220.000 kroner, til arbeidet for syriske flyktninger. Dette er et eksempel på en hatefull ytring som ikke er forbudt iht. norsk lovverk. Den må, for å følge innstillingen til ytringsfrihetskommisjonen, 1 bli møtt med motargumenter, uansett hvor hatefull og motbydelig man måtte mene at den er.
uenighet når det gjelder en eventuell avskaffelse av paragrafen. Få personer er imidlertid blitt dømt for å bryte den.
Uklare og omdiskuterte lover
Det er straffelovens § 135a, Rasismeparagrafen, som inntil nylig har satt de lovlige grensene for hatefulle ytringer. Paragrafen fikk tilnavnet rasismeparagrafen, fordi paragrafen først dreide seg om hatefulle ytringer rettet mot folk på grunn av hudfarge og etnisk opprinnelse. I dag er denne betegnelsen upresis. Paragrafen er gjennom årene blitt endret og utvidet flere ganger, slik at den nå også gjelder ytringer som diskriminerer homofile og andre seksuelle minoriteter, samt hatefulle ytringer basert på religion og livssyn. Brudd på paragrafen kan straffes med fengsel i opp til tre år. § 135a er en omdiskutert lovparagraf i Norge, da den innebærer en begrensning i ytringsfriheten. Selv i Norsk PENs styre er det
I følge Store Norske Leksikon inneholder § 135 a "ikke forbud mot ytringer med et kjønnsdiskriminerende innhold. Hvorvidt det skulle innføres et forbud mot kjønnsdiskriminerende ytringer i straffeloven § 135 a har vært diskutert, men har blitt avvist blant annet med begrunnelsen at kvinner ikke er en minoritetsgruppe og at bestemmelsen burde begrenses til utsatte minoritetsgrupper med et særlig behov for vern. At det ikke er etablert et strafferettslig vern mot kjønnsdiskriminerende ytringer betyr imidlertid ikke at alle ytringer med kjønnsdiskriminerende innhold er tillatte. Blant annet etablerer FNs barnekonvensjon, FNs konvensjon om økonomiske, sosiale og kulturelle rettigheter og FNs kvinnediskrimineringskonvensjon plikter for konvensjonsstatene, herunder Norge, for å sikre at det ikke formidles undervisning i skolen med et kjønnsdiskriminerende innhold."
Carl Morten Iversen er Seniorrådgiver, Norsk PEN.
Siste års digitale utvikling med blogger, medietweets, facebook og kommentarfelt i nettaviser har ført til framvekst av de såkalte nett-trollene. Dette er de ytrerne som skriver anonymt, og de bidrar ofte med svært usaklige og ofte hatefulle ytringer som er ute etter "mannen, men ikke ballen". Eller kanskje kvin-
Når den nye straffeloven fra 2005 trer i kraft vil den eksisterende straffelovens § 135 (a) erstattes av en ny § 185: Hatefulle ytringer.
nen, for det er kvinner som er mest utsatt for slik hets. Som altså ikke er forbudt iflg. norsk lov. Straffeloven forutsetter at ytringene er offentlige før de straffes og så langt har ytringer på internett utrolig nok ikke blitt rammet av loven. Men når lovendringene fra 2005 trer i kraft vil rasistiske og diskriminerende ytringer framsatt på internett også kunne rammes av den nye straffeloven.
Kvinner mer tilbakeholdne på åpne nettsider
Reaksjonene på fenomenet nett-troll, særlig fra kvinnelige journalister som ofte er svært utsatt, varierer fra "dette må vi regne med og vi må svare" og "slikt bare ignorerer jeg" til "dette er svært belastende". Det har også ført til at kvinner, iflg. en undersøkelse finansiert av Fritt Ord – "Status for Ytringsfriheten i Norge", legger større bånd på seg når de ytrer seg på nettet. I en kronikk på undersøkelsens Facebook-side, vises det til at kvinner pålegger seg "større sosiale begrensninger på nettet enn i privatsfæren." I følge forsker Bernard Enjolras ved Institutt for Samfunnsforskning som gjennomførte undersøkelsen, har man funnet at "kvinner er langt mer forbeholdne enn menn til å uttale seg i sosiale medier eller på åpne nettsider, uansett hvilken type risiko de presenteres for. Det er spesielt store forskjeller når det gjelder faren for å bli latterliggjort, for å bli oppfattet som uhøflig eller for å støte andre. Kvinner ser dermed ut til å ville legge mer bånd på seg enn menn i det offentlige digitale rommet." Dette kan i følge kronikken også føre til at bestemte grupper eller synspunkter blir underrepresentert.
Hva gjør myndighetene?
Norske myndigheters innsats for å motvirke denne trenden er foreløpig noe uklar og de foreslåtte lovendringene fra 2005 er altså så langt ikke trådt i kraft. UD har, som en del av oppfølging av Meld. St. 10 (2014-2015) Muligheter for alle – menneskerettighetene som mål og middel i utenriks- og utviklingspolitikken, varslet økt satsing på fremme av ytringsfriheten og det de kaller "beskyttelse av ytringsfrihetsutøvere", uten at dette foreløpig er konkretisert.
Men dette gjelder internasjonalt. Hva så med Norge – hva gjør myndighetene? Et forsøk på å innføre et forbud mot religionskritikk ble lagt dødt av den rødgrønne regjeringen i 2009. Heldigvis – menneskerettighetene skal beskytte mennesker, ikke religioner. I 2012 ble også et forslag fra Frp om "vern av ytringsfrihet og anonymitet på internett" lagt dødt i Familie- og kulturkomitéen. I følge en artikkel på hjemmesiden til MIRA-senteret inviterte statsminister Solberg til et møte om bekjempelse av hatefulle ytringer i slutten av november 2014. "Å karakterisere hatefulle ytringer kun som irrasjonelle og individuelle handlinger er farlig og undervurderer deres innvirkning på samfunnet", heter det i artikkelen. Det framkommer på regjeringens hjemmesider at bakgrunnen for møtet var arbeidet med en handlingsplan med tiltak mot hatefulle ytringer, men det foreligger ikke noen informasjon om når denne vil foreligge. Et lenge planlagt seminar på Stortinget om samme tema blir stadig utsatt, så her har politikerne tydeligvis ingen hast.
Vi trenger mer forskning
Men hva hadde vært ønskelig? Forskning på området er meget mangelfull og vi vet ikke hva som dypest sett ligger bak netthetsen – konkrete personangrep, dyp, reell frustrasjon, eller en eller flere av disse i kombinasjon med alkohol. Både medier og nettbrukere vil være tjent med å få en bedre oversikt.
De eneste som kan sies å ta denne problemstillingen delvis på alvor, er de nettavisene som nå har innført moderering av sine kommentarfelt. Hvorvidt dette på sikt vil føre til mindre netthets, gjenstår å se. Det vil i det minste skjerme de som skriver kommentarer, men vi har jo fortsatt Facebook, der det, inntil den nye loven trer i kraft, er fritt fram for alle mulige ytringer. Et kjent eksempel er islamisten Ubaydullah Hussains uttalelse på Facebook etter at 23 gisler var blitt drept i et terrorangrep i gassproduksjonsanlegget i In
Aménas i Algerie. "Måtte Allah den høyeste belønne våres brødre med den største og beste Paradiset og drive fiender av Islam ut av våres land og utslette dem", uttalte han. Han ble siktet og tiltalt, men frikjent i oktober 2014. § 135a dekker kun oppfordring til vold, men dette ble åpenbart tolket som forherligelse av vold. Dessuten var det jo heller ikke en "offentlig ytring", og da er den altså lovlig.
Så hvor går grensene? Om dette strides tydeligvis de lærde.
Not
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A COMBINATION OF GRAPHIC NOTATION AND MICROTONAL PITCH NOTATION IN THE VIDEO SCORE OF THE OPERA “THE CROSS OF THE ENGAGED”
Christian Klinkenberg
Vrije Universiteit Brussel and
Koninklijk Conservatorium Brussel
email@example.com
ABSTRACT
This paper describes a procedure for isolating pitch notation in the environment of a flexible real-time graphic video notation. It aims to combine precise microtonal pitch and the flexible interpretation of other parameters such as rhythm, volume, attack and decay. The procedure was developed and tested in the opera *The Cross of the Engaged*. The pitch is notated exclusively by note heads and accidentals on the lower third of the screen, sometimes supplemented by short written explanations or pictograms. These note heads are linked to a corresponding graphic element on the upper part of the screen by using the same color. Each musician, conductor, director, singer and technician was given a custom-made video file, playable on his or her private laptop or tablet, regardless of operating system or video player app used.
1. INTRODUCTION
1.1 The Opera
In January 2015, the preparations for the microtonal opera *The Cross of the Engaged*¹ began. As the financial means were limited, the rehearsal time with the orchestra had to be reduced to the minimum.
After the development phase, the individual scenes were combined through video editing to a single piece with duration of 1h45.
In the process, some scenes’ lengths had to be shortened in collaboration with the director. Similarly, silence was added to other scenes in order to create space for musical development. A score for the orchestra, singers and lighting technicians had to be created before the premiere on the 4th of February 2017, based on the transcription of this video.
After some experiments with different notation systems, real-time graphical notation, playable on tablets and notebooks, had been chosen. This made microtonal notation and complex rhythm readable and more intuitive for the musicians. Every musician, conductor, director, singers and even the lighting technician received individual scores.
1.2 The Libretto
Nicole Erbe, writer and theatre director at the *Landestheater Neuss* (Germany), was commissioned to write the libretto and later to direct the opera. The topic was given – the libretto is based on a true story:
*Marie Solheid and François Reiff are probably the most famous victims of the High Fens, a huge moor area in the Ardennes. In the summer of 1870, during the fair in the village of Jalhay, Belgium, two young people have met. Soon, they were yearning to be wed. In January 1871, Marie and Francois made their way to Xhoffraix, Marie’s birth-place, in order to get her marriage papers, but were surprised by a severe snowstorm. Weeks later, on March 22, 1871, the 24-year-old Maria Solheid’s body was found.*
2. THE COMPOSER
2.1 Previous compositions
The author’s first microtonal compositions² included a complex rhythmical structure. When rehearsing, musicians were sometimes overloaded by the sheer amount of information – the double complexity: on one hand the complexity of the rhythm notation, on the other hand the inclusion of the additional accidentals. One possible solution was to search for a possibility to separate rhythm and pitch.
Looking at the compositions of the “classic” pioneers [1] in the field of graphic notation, such as Earle Brown, Sylvano Bussotti, John Cage, Morton Feldman and Roman Haubenstock-Ramati, one notices how often the pitch is notated relatively imprecisely. Often the musician is offered an approximate range. Specifying a precise pitch, of course, was usually not a concern of these composers. The origin is likely that these compositions were mostly intended for the 12-equal temperament. The musicians knew all the sorts of intervals and combinations in this temperament due to lifelong experience.
---
¹ *Das Kreuz der Verlobten – Eine Oper.*
http://www.daskreuzderverlobten.com
² http://christianklinkenberg.com/
However, when starting to work with quarter-tones or even eighth-tones, most musicians can no longer rely on this wealth of experience. In this case, the composer must have a clear way of notating pitch while other parameters might remain in the spirit of “classical” graphic notation.
The notation for the accidentals (Figure 1) used in the opera is inspired by the suggestions for quarter tones from Kurt Stone’s book “Music Notation in the Twentieth Century” [2], and was combined with up or down arrows for eighth tone deviations.
### 2.2 Microtones
Specially designed acoustic instruments based on alternative scales have been constructed in recent years in the recent years. Examples are Stephen Fox’s Bohlen-Pierce clarinet or Stephen Altoft’s 19edo trumpet. Another tendency is the production of instruments that extend the 12-equal temperament with additional flaps and valves (for wind instruments) or additional frets (for example, for guitars) to quarter, eighth or even twelfth tones. The reason to limit the composition for this project to eighth tones (in consultation with the artistic director of the ensemble) was the collaboration with the Ensemble 88\(^7\), which specializes in contemporary music with standard instruments.
**Figure 2.** Harmonic series.
The seventh harmonic (Figure 3) is lowered by 1 eighth-tone\(^8\) compared to the twelve-equal temperament and the eleventh harmonic (Figure 4) by a quarter-tone [3]. The 2, 3, 5, 9 harmonics (Figure 2) and their multiples are not corrected in comparison to the standard notation in twelve equal temperament, because the difference is closer to the traditional notation than the eighth-tone (25 c\(^9\)) or quarter tone deviation (50 c\(^9\)). The possibility of the notation of quarter-tones and eighth-tones allows a relatively acceptable approach to the 7th and 11th partials.
Eighth-tones can be produced by means of special microtonal techniques on most traditional instruments.
---
\(^3\) A microtone is an interval smaller than a semitone.
\(^4\) *Stephen Fox Clarinets*, http://www.sfoxclarinets.com
\(^5\) An example of the microtonal technique for a standard 3-valve trumpet playing eighth-tones can be found on the blog by Donald Boustead and Stephen Altoft, https://microtonalprojects.com
\(^6\) http://www.21stcenturyoboe.com/
\(^7\) Ensemble 88 is a Limburg (NL)-based musical ensemble for contemporary music, http://www.ensemble88.nl
\(^8\) Rounding up – strictly a 1/6 tone.
\(^9\) c = cent, the standard semitone can be divided in 100 c.
\(^{10}\) edo = equal division of the octave.
\(^{11}\) *Marc Kirschvink’s Website*, http://www.mkirschvink.com
3.2 Graphical elements
Under the painting, the lyrics and microtonal pitches in eighth-tone notation were notated in 4 different, easily distinguishable colours: red, green, blue and black.
It takes 40 seconds to perform one page. This is not apparent to the performer, since the individual sheets are connected to each other.
The rhythm can be precisely transferred to a transparency (Figure 7) with the different underlying grids.
**Figure 5.** Flute, page 99.
First example: The flute-player (Figure 5) has to play the red graphical symbol. A possible interpretation would be a strong attack followed by a long decrescendo. Other musicians play the blue and black shapes.
Second example: Every musician, in this case the viola (Figure 6) plays his/her individual film score on a tablet or a notebook. Underneath the painting that is common to all, one can see the separate pitch notation that has to be combined with the graphical symbols in the upper painting with the corresponding colour. The viola player has to play the green clouds. As the violin is using this colour as well, both pitches are included for an easier intonation.
**Figure 6.** Viola, page 28.
3.3 Tempo and grids
The scrolling in this graphical score runs from right to left. The score length on the sketch paper was 40 cm per page.
3.4 Duties and liberties of the painter
The painter receives the sketches of the composer. The sketch is scanned into the PDF\(^{12}\) format and the painter can save this sketch as a layer\(^{13}\) in his drawing software (in this case a combination of Adobe Acrobat [4], InDesign [5] and Illustrator [6]). After this, he can paint over this sketch in a new layer. The size, the basic colour, the vertical and the horizontal position, the background colour, the basic form and its outline are specified by the composer.
3.4.1 Size
The size must be kept, as it affects the volume parameter.
3.4.2 Color
The basic foreground color (black, red, blue, green) must be adhered to, as the form must be linked with the note on the bottom part of the screen. The basic emotions (anger, disgust, fear, happiness, sadness and surprise) [7], researched by the American psychologist Paul Ekman [8], are used as a basis for the background. These have then been combined with the psychology of colors. In Figure 5 the background is colored in violet. “Violet” stands for a depressed situation. In Figure 6 the background is colored in red. “Red” stands for anger and passion.
However, the painter has the opportunity to adapt the color tone and the graphic design to his pictorial composition and to the background.
3.4.3 Positioning
The vertical and horizontal position must be adhered to, since the temporal aspect of the note is important in terms of composition.
---
\(^{12}\) Portable Document Format (PDF) is a file format used to present and exchange documents reliably, independent of software, hardware, or operating system.
\(^{13}\) https://helpx.adobe.com/illustrator/using/layers.html
3.4.4 Form
The basic form (triangle, square, circle, cloud, funnel ...) must be respected by the painter, but the design is left to him. For example, within the size, the painter can creatively form the shape of the cloud.
3.4.5 Outline
The composer gives the outlines. For example, wavy, jagged, round, straight. However, the painter also has creative freedom to a certain extent: Shape of the waves, regularity, irregularity or thickness of the outline.
3.4.6 Filling
The painter can choose the filling of the form. For example, the default may be “restless” or “fluent” (added to the sketch in writing). The painter can freely choose the design of these fillings.
3.4.7 Background
The composer gives the background colour, as the background can change the character of the music. This way, through the background colour selection, the musical scene becomes “agitated” or “graceful” – without the composer's notions such as “agitato” or “grazioso”. In addition to the colour selection, the background design chosen by the painter (large dots, lines, blurred shapes...) can influence the musical character as well.
3.5 Mutual enrichment
The influence of the painter on the musical output is significant. The mood is completely changed with only small graphical variations. There are possibilities of influencing the tone colour, shape variation, outlines and filling. An example: the strings change the style of their playing according to the intensity of the form in the graphic. So the painter can to a certain degree influence whether the strings ultimately play “arco”, “pizzicato”, “tremolo”, “sul tasto” or “sul ponticello”. It would be an interesting experiment to explore the musical output from the work of another painter using the same composer’s sketches. Apart from that, the overall visual impression is much more appealing, compared to composer’s rough sketches.
4. SIMILAR APPROACHES
Only a few months after the premiere of the opera, the composer learned about a software called Decibel ScorePlayer\textsuperscript{14}. It is interesting to see how many similar solutions have been found: screen scrolling from left to right, vertical line indicating position, possibility of relative pitch by vertical arrangement, etc. [9]
In the opera, the vertical line was intended only for the conductor, not for the musicians. In this way, the conductor was able to detach himself from this line as needed. This was necessary, especially because the singers/actors had to play freely and therefore did not have the screen with the video score while singing.
A big advantage of the Decibel ScorePlayer is the synchronization of the scores over a network connection. This means that all musicians always see exactly the same time window. In the opera, the conductor counted at the beginning and all musicians had to press “play” simultaneously. An exact synchronization can of course not be guaranteed in this way. However, it did not cause problems in this case, as the conductor conducted with numbered hand signals.
Knowing about Decibel ScorePlayer would probably have significantly influenced the development of this project. Individual solutions, such as the isolation of the pitch might not have been found.
A disadvantage of Decibel ScorePlayer is the binding to Apple. This would have already been a deal-breaker for this project because of budgetary restrictions. The musicians are forced to use a single vendor’s hardware exclusively. Also, the painter could not create the entire composition on canvas as was the case with the software of his choice.
5. THE PERSPECTIVE OF THE MUSICIANS
After initial difficulties, the musicians (Figure 8) quickly got used to this alternative notation system. Of course, some musicians are alienated by the world of computers. Another negative point was the unreliability of computers as opposed to notes on paper. At the concerts there were several crashes of individual computers. For this reason, a replacement computer was provided (Figure 9). It included all scores. It was observed that the sections in the composition, which had a stronger rhythmic impetus, were difficult to coordinate. Intricate rhythmic writing is probably not best suited for this style of notation.
However, there are a lot of advantages: Different tempos can be performed concurrently and the music is understandable even to non-musicians: the lighting technician got his own score, which did not require any knowledge of music notation, but it still allowed a comprehension of the scenic and musical events.
\textsuperscript{14}http://www.decibelnewmusic.com/decibel-scoreplayer.html
A very positive aspect was the possibility of improvisation. The musicians interpreted some graphic symbols in very different ways during the 5 performances. On the other side, the lack of possibility to make notes (e.g. conductor’s remarks) on the score was a common complaint.
6. THE CONDUCTOR
Apart from the conductor, none of the musicians and singers received a fixed positional reference on the screen. The conductor received a vertical black line (Figure 10) on his score, which would not change its position during the play. Thus, the conductor could act freely within the score in a range of 40 seconds. There is always a possibility that the singers in certain places “wander” too far in advance, or they may lag behind in other places. Similar to Lutoslawski in his 3rd Symphony, 5 numbers were used in connection with the finger marks. These are hand signals from numbers 1-5, in which the respective number of fingers is shown. The numbers are notated in the middle of a downward pointing triangle. Kurt Stone also proposes this solution, which is quite similar to the subject of video notation, in the context of Proportional Notation in his book. This way the director is able to tell or show the musicians where on the screen he wants them to be at this moment. This is especially important in free passages.
7. THE SOFTWARE
Finale\textsuperscript{15} was used as a notation software for the lower part of the score. The individual line for every musician involved was placed under the painting.
The paintings were transformed into high resolution JPG\textsuperscript{16} files, so they could later be incorporated in a slideshow (Figure 11) with Adobe Premiere Pro\textsuperscript{17}.
The painting was in 16:7.5 format and the score in 16:2.5 format. Afterwards the movies could then be rendered in 720p resolution.
\begin{figure}[h]
\centering
\includegraphics[width=\textwidth]{rescue-notebook.png}
\caption{One rescue-notebook is placed on the scene for safety. With so much electronics involved there is a higher probability of failure.}
\end{figure}
\begin{figure}[h]
\centering
\includegraphics[width=\textwidth]{score-conductor.png}
\caption{Page 52 of the score: The conductor has a vertical black line on his score and finger-numbering marks are indicated.}
\end{figure}
\begin{figure}[h]
\centering
\includegraphics[width=\textwidth]{adobe-premiere-pro.png}
\caption{In Adobe Premiere Pro all JPG files had been imported: on top is the painting that is common to all the parts, on the bottom are the individual pages from Finale (exported to PDF and converted to JPG).}
\end{figure}
\footnotesize
\begin{itemize}
\item \textsuperscript{15} https://www.finalemusic.com/.
\item \textsuperscript{16} JPEG is a common format for lossy compression of digital images.
\item \textsuperscript{17} Video editing software [10].
\end{itemize}
8. CONCLUSION
8.1 The score
The main reason for the graphic notation was the isolation of pitch from the other parameters. This has succeeded in any case. The pitch is easily readable despite many additional accidentals. Unfortunately, structured fast rhythms are easier to read using traditional notation. This implies that the composer must adapt his music to the notation method.
8.2 Outlook
A composition in the alternative tuning system Bohlen-Pierce\textsuperscript{18} is planned for the 27th of April 2018. Unlike the 12edo, the repeating frame is not formed by an octave, but by a tritave\textsuperscript{19}. This tritave is divided into 13 steps. The result is an alternative scale that opens new possibilities to music. For this reason, the musicians have specially constructed instruments (clarinet, keyboard, chimes). The string instruments (e-guitar, bass, and violin) also need to retune their strings and have to increase the spacing of the fingerings or frets by about half.
The use of a characteristic alternative temperament such as Bohlen-Pierce opens the doors to a interpretation of the intervals that has more freedom compared to “classical” graphic compositions, as mentioned at the beginning of this paper. It is quite similar to a guided improvisation. The lower note head would not always be necessary. The use of eighth-tones, as in the opera is an extension of 12edo. Compared to improvising in systems like Bohlen-Pierce, the combinatory possibilities of the intervals are almost too many.
Since this graphic notation requires no prior musical knowledge, it is possible to integrate the audience into the performance via a projection. This is made possible by a web app for smartphones or tablets (Figure 13). The spectators will interact proactively with the orchestra by reading the projected symbols.
A second opera is planned for November 2019, combining various systems like 19edo, 48edo and Bohlen-Pierce [10] (Figure 12).
8.3 Considerations for improvement
8.3.1 Synchronization
In the open-source software \textit{syncplay}\textsuperscript{20} there is the possibility of cross-system synchronization of video players such as VLC\textsuperscript{21} or MPV\textsuperscript{22} over network.
8.3.2 Alternative to the connection through colors
Unfortunately, colorblind people are disempowered by the combination of the music heads and graphic elements. One approach would be to highlight the linked graphical elements and to blur the remaining elements.
\textsuperscript{18} \textit{The Bohlen-Pierce Site.} http://www.huygens-fokker.org/bpsite.
\textsuperscript{19} perfect twelfth.
\textsuperscript{20} https://syncplay.pl
\textsuperscript{21} www.videolan.org
\textsuperscript{22} www.mpv.io
9. REFERENCES
[1] E. Karkoschka, *Das Schriftbild der Neuen Musik*. Moeck, 1991.
[2] K. Stone, *Music Notation in the Twentieth Century: A Practical Guidebook*. WW Norton & Co, 1980.
[3] S. Safari and M. Stahnke, *1001 Mikrotöne*. von Bockel Verlag, 2015.
[4] L. Fridsma and B. Gyncild, *Adobe Acrobat Classroom in a Book*. Adobe Press, 2014.
[5] K. Kordes Anton and T. DeJarld, *Adobe InDesign CC Classroom in a Book*. Adobe Press, 2017.
[6] B. Wood, *Adobe Illustrator Classroom in a Book*. Adobe Press, 2017.
[7] R. J. Davidson, *Nature of emotions*. Series in Affective Science, 1995.
[8] P. Ekman, *Emotions Revealed: Recognizing Faces and Feelings to Improve Communication and Emotional Life*. Times Books, New York, 2003.
[9] C. Hope and L. Vickery, “Visualising the Score: Screening Scores in Real-time Performance,” in *Interactive Media E-Journal*, 7, 2011.
[10] M. Jago, *Adobe Premiere Pro CC Classroom in a Book*. Adobe Press, 2017.
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Immanuel – St. Paul's
Lutheran Church Missouri Synod
The Eleventh Sunday after Trinity
August 12, 2018
Today's Readings
First Reading Epistle Reading Gospel Reading
Genesis 4:1-15
Ephesians 2:1-10
Luke 18:9-14
A Note to Our Visitors
We welcome you in the name of our living Savior, Jesus Christ, and we pray that your time of worship with us today will be a blessing to you.
Immanuel-St. Paul Lutheran Parish The Lutheran Church-
Rev. Sean Smith, Pastor firstname.lastname@example.org (e-mail)
Missouri Synod 11845 Wine Hill Rd. Steeleville, IL 62288
Church Website: imstp.org
Church E-mail: email@example.com
My sheep listen to My voice; I know them and they follow Me. I give them eternal life, and they shall never perish; no one can snatch them out of My hand. John 10:27-28
Next Sunday's Scripture Readings Are:
Church Notes
August 12, 2018
Isaiah 29:17-24 2 Corinthians 3:4-11 Mark 7:31-37
Fundraiser for Wib Koch
During the potluck breakfast on Sunday, August 19, Immanuel will take free-will donations for Wib Koch. All donations will be used to help with the Koch family's expenses during Wib's treatments.
Voters' Meeting
St. Paul's next Voters' Meeting is today following the service.
Mite Boxes
Today, the second Sunday of the month, St. Paul's will gather the mite offering boxes. The mite boxes are for Lutheran women in missions. Thank you for your gift and prayers for the missions.
Sunday School
St. Paul's Sunday School will resume on Sunday, September 9 and the children will sing during the morning's church service. To celebrate, a lunch will be served after the church service. Those who plan on attending are asked to bring a side dish and a desert to share. The meat and beverages will be provided.
Jr. High Catechesis (Confirmation Preparation)
We are quickly approaching that time of year again when school resumes, so we will also be resuming our "church school" with educating our children in the basics of their Christian faith in preparation for their Confirmation of their Baptismal faith. The plan is to resume Jr. High Catechesis Instruction (confirmation preparation classes) in September. However, in preparation for this, Pastor Sean needs to know who needs to begin catechesis instruction. It is two years of instruction and is for all 7th and 8th grade students of Immanuel and St. Paul's who desire confirmation. (However, you are free to start your student in 6th grade if you so desire.) So if you have a student desiring confirmation, please email Pastor Sean at firstname.lastname@example.org with the name of the student and their grade so that he can begin formulating that list and setting up the class. Thank you!
Continuing Education for The Confessional Lutheran…
"Concord Matters" is a radio talk show and podcast that seeks to be of one mind, that is the mind of Christ. "Concord Matters" is hosted by LCMS Pastor Sean Smith and produced by KFUO radio in St. Louis, MO. This week's subject is: Free Will, from the Apology of the Augsburg Confession, Article XVIII in the Book of Concord. You can tune-in live Tuesday from 2-3 p.m. or Saturday from 10-11a.m. on KFUO, AM 850. You can also listen at your convenience, live-steaming or archived for OnDemand listening at www.kfuo.org.
KFUO Radio
Listen to Worldwide KFUO AM850, your radio station for practical Lutheran talk, daily Bible and Confession studies, daily worship opportunities, and current issues from a Lutheran worldview. All programs are archived at KFUO.org for 24/7 on-demand listening. You can also find our programming wherever you get your podcasts! Have a question or comment? Find us at @KFUOradio on Facebook, Twitter, and Instagram.
This week on KFUO AM850, hear from guests and guest co-hosts on topics including social media, identity theft, and the hardship of early Lutheran immigrants on The Coffee Hour (weekdays at 9:00 a.m.); study 1 Corinthians with Rev. Jonathan Fisk and guest pastors on Sharper Iron (weekdays at 8:00 a.m.); dig into Hebrews with Rev. William Weedon and guest pastors on Thy Strong Word (weekdays at 11:00 a.m.); and worship with us in Daily Chapel at 10:00 a.m. Find programs on demand at kfuo.org!
SID Older Adult Springfield Day Trip
The SID will be hosting an older adult day trip to Springfield on Thursday, October 11, 2018. During the trip, we will visit the Lincoln Museum and Dana Thomas House. For those interested in attending, the early registration fee (Aug. 24) is $50.00 and the late registration fee (Sept. 7) is $60.00. Additional information and registration forms are available at https://www.sidlcms.org/formsregistrations.
Christ Our Savior Lutheran High School
Back to School BBQ & Worship Service: It is back-to-school time. Plan to join us as we open the 2018-2019 school year with a Back to School BBQ and worship service following at Christ Our Savior Gymnasium on August 20 at 6:00 pm. The first day of school for COS students is a ½ day, Wednesday, August 15.
Come, Holy Spirit, And Fill the Hearts of Your Faithful
This Week at Immanuel-St. Paul
But God, being rich in mercy, because of the great love with which he loved us, even when we were dead in our trespasses, made us alive together with Christ—by grace you have been saved. Ephesians 2:4-5.
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INSTITUT ZA GRAĐEVINARSTVO, GRAĐEVINSKE MATERIJALE I NEMETALE d.o.o.
75 000 Tuzla, Kojšino 29, telefon: +387 (0) 35 258-083; 258-085; FAX: +387 (0) 35 258-089
e-mail: firstname.lastname@example.org; web adresa: www.institut-git.com.ba
OBR 7.1-04
IZJAVA
O PRAVIMA I OBAVEZAMA PODNOSIOCA ZAHTJEVA ZA CERTIFICIRANJE PROIZVODA
PODACI O PODNOSIOCU ZAHTJEVA:
NAZIV: ___________________________________________________________________________
ADRESA: ___________________________________________________________________________
TEL/FAX: ___________________________________________________________________________
E-mail:
___________________________________________________________________________
Kao podnosilac zahtjeva za certificiranje i budući korisnik vaših usluga certificiranja, izjavljujem da ću:
* Uvijek ispunjavati relevantne odredbe programa certificiranja utvrđene standardom BAS EN ISO/IEC 17065 i vašom procedurom OP 7.1-01 – Postupak certificiranja, uključujući primjenu odgovarajućih izmjena onda kada ga o njima obavijesti certifikaciono tijelo
* Preduzeti sve neophodne aktivnosti koje će Tijelu za certificiranje omogućiti vrednovanje proizvoda, uključujući i pregled dokumentacije i pristup svim područjima, zapisima i reklamacijama
* Davati izjave i informacije kupcima samo za certificirane proizvode
* Upotrebljavati certificiranje svog proizvoda i davati izjave i informacije na način koji ne šteti ugledu Tijela za certificiranje
* Koristiti certifikat, znak i dokumentaciju certificiranja na način koji neće štetiti Tijelu za certificiranje
* Nakon suspenzije i opoziva certificiranja obustaviti svako oglašavanje u vezi sa certificiranjem i vratiti sve dokumente i znakove koje zatraži Tijelo za certificiranje
*
Ako klijent daje kopije dokumenata certifikacije drugima onda dokumenti moraju biti u cjelini reprodukovani ili onako kako je definisano šemom certifikacije
* Certificiranje upotrebljavati isključivo kako bih pokazao da su specificirani proizvodi u skladu sa pripadajućim standardima
* Nastojati osigurati da se certifikat i znak ne zloupotrijebe. Obavijestiti Tijelo za certificiranje o svim izmjenama na proizvodu ili u procesu proizvodnje koji mogu dovesti u pitanje validnost certifikata
* Čuvati i staviti na uvid Tijelu za certificiranje sve zapise u vezi reklamacija od strane kupaca i poduzetih mjera
* Čuvati i staviti na uvid Tijelu za certificiranje sve zapise u vezi s kvalitetom proizvoda i procesa koji se prave u mom preduzeću, a koji mogu poslužiti kao dokaz ispunjavanja odredbi certificiranja.
* Klijent bez odlaganja mora obavijestiti Tijelo za certificiranje o izmjenama koje mogu negativno da utiču na sposobnost da proizvod bude usaglašen sa zahtjevima za certifikaciju
PODNOSILAC ZAHTJEVA
Datum: _______________
Izdanje 2
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IT SYSTEMS ANALYST
JOB DESCRIPTION
ROLE PURPOSE:
The System Analyst is a driving force behind Pennine Healthcare’s mission to improve and save lives through the manufacturing and supply of life-changing medical devices. This role goes beyond systems and processes, it's about empowering the entire organisation to operate at its best. By designing, implementing, and optimising core business systems like ERP, CRM, and eQMS, the System Analyst ensures that every aspect of our operations is streamlined and effective. Through close collaboration with stakeholders and end users at all levels, this role helps unlock innovations and efficiencies that directly contribute to delivering world-class medical devices to those who need them most.
KEY RESPONSIBILITIES:
The main role and responsibilities will include:
System Implementation:
1. Act as the go between for our business requirements and our software platforms.
2. Assist with configuration, customisation and implementation of software modules to meet business requirements.
3. Ensure software systems are validated in line with the companies QMS requirements and procedures.
Business Process Analysis
2. Collaborate with functional departments (e.g., Manufacturing, Procurement, Planning etc.) to understand and document various business processes.
3. Translate business processes into defined requirements for system implementations and enhancements.
Support and Training
3. Act as a point of contact for end users to resolve system related questions or issues.
4. Troubleshoot technical issues and escalate to third parties when necessary.
5. Develop training material for end users and carry out training workshops too ensure effective use of the company’s business systems.
Data and Reporting
4. Assist with data migration, integration, and validation during system updates or changes.
5. Create, modify, maintain reports for the system to meet end user requirements.
OTHER REQUIREMENTS:
• Our operation is a 24/7 business, although this role fits with our core office hours, there will be an expectation at times to be flexible and work either evening hours, or weekends in order to support the provision of effective systems. For clarity, we expect this to be no more than an average of 4 times per year.
• Any other reasonable requested as designated by your manager or a senior leader.
RELATIONSHIPS:
| WHO (Role) | RELATIONSHIP (liaison, reporting line, managers) |
|-----------------------------|--------------------------------------------------|
| IT Systems Administrator | Liaison |
| Project Manager | Liaison |
| Finance/systems analyst | Liaison |
| Other senior leaders e.g. Head of Marketing, Head(s) of Sales | Liaison |
LEADERSHIP/SUPERVISORY RESPONSIBILITIES:
• N/A
PERSON PROFILE: Experience, Qualifications and Role Specific Skills
Education / Qualifications:
Essential:
- Computer Science, Business or IT/analyst related degree/training course
Preferable:
- Computer Science, Business or IT/analyst related degree/training course
Work Experience:
Essential:
- Experience with business systems and processes in a manufacturing environment
- Experience of process mapping or modelling business processes
- Proficiency in SQL, Report Development, Data Analysis
Preferable:
- Experience of working within a regulated industry is desirable
- Confident user of data visualisation tools (e.g. SSRS, PowerBI, Birst)
Professional Skills:
Essential:
- An excellent communicator who can translate between technical and non-technical audiences
- A great problem solver with an analytical approach to innovative ideas and solutions
- Passion for uncovering commercial insights with data to contribute to business success
Preferable:
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CONVENTION DE TRANSCRIPTIONS
/, //, /// Pauses (courte, moyenne, longue)
+>
Auto‑interruption
<+
Hétéro‑interruption
MAJ Segment accentué ; augmentation significative de l'intensité
i(l)
Segment non réalisé:
Allongement
XXX
Eléments non reconnus
[ ]
Gloses ou commentaires du transcripteur
LISTE DES ABRÉVIATIONS UTILISÉES
‑ abréviations conventionnelles en linguistique
fam.
arg.
argotique injur.
familier lit.
injurieux
N
pl.
péj.
pop.
littéralement péjoratif
nom pluriel
populaire
V
verbe sg.
singulier vulg.
vulgaire
‑ sigles des notions‑clés
ACJ argot commun des jeunes
FCC français contemporain des cités
HS hapax statistique
RT République tchèque
‑ sigles des dictionnaires consultés
CTT Comment tu tchatches ! Dictionnaire du français contemporain des cités (J. P. Gou daillier, 2003, 3 e éd., Maisonneuve & Larose)
DAFO Dictionnaire de l'argot (J. P. Colin et al., 1992, Larousse) – nouvelle édition de 2002 s'intitule Dictionnaire de l'argot français et de ses origines, d'où l'abréviation
DFNCDictionnaire dufrançaisnonconventionnel(J. Cellard, A. Rey, 1991, Hachette)
DZ Dictionnaire de la Zone (Cobra le cynique, 2006, en ligne : http://www.diction‑ nairedelazone.fr)
PL LePetitLarousse(plusieurs éditions)
PR Le Petit Robert (plusieurs éditions)
PRE Le Petit Robert électronique (CD ROM, version 2001)
SNČ Slovník nespisovné češtiny [Dictionnaire du tchèque non‑standard] (J. Hugo et al., 2006, Maxdorf)
SSJČ Slovník spisovného jazyka českého [Dictionnaire de la langue tchèque standard] (B. Havránek et al., 1989, Academia)
SPM Slangový projev mládeže: slovník současné hovorové češtiny [Expression argotique des jeunes: dictionnaire du tchèque parlé contemporain] (K.ateřina Rysová, 2003, Ped. centrum České Budějovice)
ŠJČ Šmírbuch jazyka českého. Slovník nekonvenční češtiny [Filoche‑book de la langue tchèque. Dictionnaire du tchèque non‑conventionnel] (P. Ouředník, 1992, Nakladatelství Ivo Železný et 2005, Paseka)
TLFI Le Trésor de la langue française informatisé (en ligne http://atilf.atilf.fr/tlf.htm)
VLJEP Le vrai langage des jeunes expliqué aux parents (Eliane Girard, Brigitte Kernel, 1996, Albin Michel)
VSH Velký slovník hantecu [Grand dictionnaire du hantec] (P. Kopřiva et al., 2002, FT Records)
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<urn:uuid:dc5217d2-0d44-43c7-8707-5561f9b11546>
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HuggingFaceFW/finepdfs/tree/main/data/fra_Latn/train
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finepdfs
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fra_Latn
| 2,275
|
| Place | Lane | Team | Finish | Qual |
|-------|------|-------------------------------------------|-----------------|------|
| 1 | 4 | AZS UMK Toruń | 07:13,98 + 00:00,00 | FA |
| | | Krawczyk Jakub 04 (9527) | | |
| | | Koprowski Karol 14 (9520) | | |
| | | Kruszkowski Kacper 03 (10237) | | |
| | | Jaworski Filip 04 (9534) | | |
| | | Wiśniewska Martyna 04 (9522) | | |
| | | Coach: KRUSZKOWSKI Sławomir (151T) ROBASZKIEWICZ Agnieszka (217T) WisNIEWSKI Szymon (199T) | | |
| 2 | 3 | AZS Szczecin | 07:17,76 + 00:03,77 | FA |
| | | Brasławski Sergiusz 04 (9320) | | |
| | | Usnarski Paweł 03 (9301) | | |
| | | Mateńko Kacper 04 (9701) | | |
| | | Sitek Weronika 03 (9704) | | |
| | | Pyzia Dawid 03 (9319) | | |
| | | Coach: KRÓL Robert (143T) | | |
| 3 | 5 | WIR Hława | 07:26,15 + 00:12,16 | FB |
| | | Jeżyński Mateusz 04 (9003) | | |
| | | Józefowicz Wiktor 04 (9316) | | |
| | | Ryś Jakub 04 (9314) | | |
| | | Bakirzyński Paweł 03 (9976) | | |
| | | Dluszczaowska Aleksandra 03 (9485) | | |
| | | Coach: PIERCZYŃSKI Paweł (185T) | | |
| 4 | 2 | AZS AWFiS Gdańsk | 07:30,04 + 00:16,06 | FB |
| | | Jessa Kacper 04 (9605) | | |
| | | Stroyk Remigiusz 04 (9671) | | |
| | | Chyżynska Natalia 03 (9910) | | |
| | | Klimaszewski Jan 04 (10064) | | |
| | | Koss Jakub 04 (9602) | | |
| | | Coach: PETRYKOWSKI Andrzej (45T) | | |
| 5 | 1 | KTW Kalisz | 07:40,96 + 00:26,97 | FB |
| | | Dobrach Tomasz 04 (10044) | | |
| | | Kuś Kacper 03 (9183) | | |
| | | Matyjasz Kacper 04 (10042) | | |
| | | Kornacki Adam 04 (10180) | | |
| | | Bora Damian 04 (10043) | | |
| | | Coach: KLIBER Anna (189T) | | |
Progression: 1,2->FA, 3..->FB
Results delivered by fofinish system
description: DNF – did not finish; DNS – did not start; DSQ – disqualified; EXC – excluded; OOC – out of competition; BUW – boat under weight
| Place | Lane | Team | Finish | Qual |
|-------|------|-----------------------------|-----------------|------|
| 1 | 4 | UKS 93 Kraków | 08:00,35 + 00:00,00 | FA |
| | | Rusek Wiktor O4 (9174) | | |
| | | Jakóbik Kacper O4 (9616) | | |
| | | Coach: | | |
| 2 | 2 | AZS Wratislavia | 08:15,81 + 00:15,45 | FA |
| | | Bouwman Gert O3 (9846) | | |
| | | Bychawski Bartłomiej O3 (9847) | | |
| | | Coach: | | |
| 3 | 3 | AZS UMK Toruń | 08:22,77 + 00:22,41 | FB |
| | | Tomczuk Krzysztof O4 (9737) | | |
| | | Bajewski Cezary O4 (9523) | | |
| | | Coach: ROBASZKIEWICZ Agnieszka (217T) WISNIEWSKI Szymon (199T); | | |
| 4 | 6 | WTW Warszawa | 08:29,36 + 00:29,00 | FB |
| | | Wiącek Grzegorz O4 (9890) | | |
| | | Śladewski Stanisław O4 (9431)| | |
| | | Coach: BRODZIAK Dominik (186T); | | |
| 5 | 5 | BTW Bydgoszcz | 08:55,05 + 00:54,69 | FB |
| | | Walasek Jakub O4 (9290) | | |
| | | Lipiński Mateusz O4 (9690) | | |
| | | Coach: CHMARA Anna (213T); | | |
| 6 | 1 | KSWiR Pegaz Wrocław | 09:37,81 + 01:37,45 | FB |
| | | Malinowski Igor O4 (10299) | | |
| | | Kępa Mateusz O3 (9249) | | |
| | | Coach: GQSZCZAK Michał (188T); | | |
Progression: 1,2->FA, 3..->FB
Results delivered by fotofinish system
description: DNF – did not finish; DNS – did not start; DSQ – disqualified; EXC – excluded; OOC – out of competition; BUW – boat under weight
| Place | Lane | Team | Finish | Qual |
|-------|------|-----------------------------|-----------------|------|
| 1 | 3 | Tryton Poznań | 08:20,56 + 00:00,00 | SA/B |
| | | Kajdanek Sandra O3 (8615) | | |
| | | Mrowińska Alicja O3 (9144) | | |
| | | Coach: FILIPEK Artur (184T) | | |
| 2 | 5 | BKW Bydgoszcz | 08:25,17 + 00:04,61 | SA/B |
| | | Różańska Aleksandra O3 (9385)| | |
| | | Ciechna Julia O4 (9383) | | |
| | | Coach: TRZECIAK Katarzyna (210T) | | |
| 3 | 4 | MKS Dwójka Warszawa | 08:44,05 + 00:23,48 | SC/D |
| | | Kurek Urszula O4 (9374) | | |
| | | Walewska Nina O3 (9857) | | |
| | | Coach: ZIELINSKI Maciej (167I) | | |
| 4 | 1 | AZS Szczecin | 10:04,50 + 01:43,93 | SC/D |
| | | Dulska Julia O4 (9877) | | |
| | | Front Izabela O4 (9878) | | |
| | | Coach: KOWALCZYK Ryszard (29T) | | |
| 5 | 2 | KW 1904 Poznań | 10:06,57 + 01:46,01 | SC/D |
| | | Kozłowska Joanna O4 (10268)| | |
| | | Kubiak Tacianna O4 (10269) | | |
| | | Coach: KALET Sylwia (168T) | | |
Progression: 1,2->SA/B, 3..->SC/D
Results delivered by fotofinish system
description: DNF – did not finish; DNS – did not start; DSQ – disqualified; EXC – excluded; OOC – out of competition; BUW – boat under weight
| Place | Lane | Team | Finish | Qual |
|-------|------|-----------------------------|-----------------|------|
| 1 | 2 | AZS AWF Gorzów Wlkp. | 08:27,47 + 00:00,00 | SA/B |
| | | Rega Gabriela O3 (9411) | | |
| | | Ciemna Weronika O3 (8970) | | |
| | | Coach: ZASTAWA-SCHODOWSKA Paulina (126TI) | | |
| 2 | 3 | UKS Szóstka | 08:37,84 + 00:10,37 | SA/B |
| | | Kowalska Nadia O3 (9270) | | |
| | | Ochremuk Aleksandra O4 (9812)| | |
| | | Coach: PSZCZOŁKOWSKI PATRYK (208T) | | |
| 3 | 5 | BKW Bydgoszcz | 08:56,50 + 00:29,02 | SC/D |
| | | Smyk Martyna O4 (9694) | | |
| | | Strzyżewska Aleksandra O4 (9695)| | |
| | | Coach: TRZECIAK Katarzyna (210T) | | |
| 4 | 4 | KU AZS UW | 09:10,45 + 00:42,98 | SC/D |
| | | Król Konstancja O4 (10294) | | |
| | | Borys Julia O4 (9925) | | |
| | | Coach: BORYS Robert (14T) | | |
Progression: 1,2->SA/B, 3..->SC/D
Results delivered by fotofinish system
description: DNF – did not finish; DNS – did not start; DSQ – disqualified; EXC – excluded; OOC – out of competition; BUW – boat under weight
| Place | Lane | Team | Finish | Qual |
|-------|------|-----------------------------|-----------------|------|
| 1 | 4 | WIR Iława | 08:33,33 + 00:00,00 | SA/B |
| | | Józefowicz Paulina O3 (8999) | | |
| | | Panuś Julia O3 (9001) | | |
| | | Coach: PIERCZYŃSKI Paweł (185T) | | |
| 2 | 3 | CHTW Chełmża | 08:41,58 + 00:08,25 | SA/B |
| | | Ścibior Wiktoria O3 (9066) | | |
| | | Polzin Wiktoria O3 (9455) | | |
| | | Coach: BATOR Michał (203T) | | |
| 3 | 2 | Polonia Poznań | 08:57,65 + 00:24,31 | SC/D |
| | | Krupka Julia O4 (9966) | | |
| | | Helminski Laura O4 (9465) | | |
| | | Coach: KNOPIK Jacek (165T) KOBYLINSKI Maciej (163T) WLEKLIŃSKI Piotr (33T) | | |
| 4 | 5 | MKS Dwójka Warszawa | 09:50,93 + 01:17,59 | SC/D |
| | | Cieszykowska Julia O3 (9387)| | |
| | | Gierlicz Julia O4 (10240) | | |
| | | Coach: DURJASZ Andrzej (18T) | | |
Progression: 1,2->SA/B, 3..->SC/D
Results delivered by fotofinish system
description: DNF – did not finish; DNS – did not start; DSQ – disqualified; EXC – excluded; OOC – out of competition; BUW – boat under weight
| Place | Lane | Team | Finish | Qual |
|-------|------|-------------------------------------------|-----------------|------|
| 1 | 3 | MKS Dwójka Warszawa | 08:21,77 + 00:00,00 | SA/B |
| | | Kozdró Oliwia 03 (9399) | | |
| | | Prokosińska Weronika 03 (9375) | | |
| | | Coach: ZIELiNSKI Maciej (16TI) DURJASZ Andrzej (18T) | | |
| 2 | 4 | MOS Elk | 08:23,81 + 00:02,04 | SA/B |
| | | Gluchowska Amelia 04 (9909) | | |
| | | Zukowska Maria 04 (9490) | | |
| | | Coach: SKORUPA Sławomir (28TI) | | |
| 3 | 2 | AZS Szczecin | 09:08,71 + 00:46,94 | SC/D |
| | | Kukier Julia 03 (9089) | | |
| | | Sitek Weronika 03 (9704) | | |
| | | Coach: KRÓL Robert (143TI) | | |
| 4 | 5 | Klub Sportowy Wisła dla Wioślarzy | 10:15,21 + 01:53,44 | SC/D |
| | | Zawiślak Hanna Urszula 04 (9944) | | |
| | | Szumowska Zofia Halina 04 (9945) | | |
| | | Coach: | | |
Progression: 1,2->SA/B, 3.->SC/D
Results delivered by fotofinish system
description: DNF – did not finish; DNS – did not start; DSQ – disqualified; EXC – excluded; OOC – out of competition; BUW – boat under weight
| Place | Lane | Team | Finish | Qual |
|-------|------|-------------------------------------------|-----------------|------|
| 1 | 4 | PTW Płock | 07:12.81 + 00:00.00 | FA |
| | | Brudzyński Piotr O3 (9240) | | |
| | | Serafin Eryk O3 (9234) | | |
| | | Wróblewski Damian O3 (10118) | | |
| | | Budziński Karol O3 (9239) | | |
| | | Opasińska Adrianna O3 (9236) | | |
| | | Coach: ZALEWSKI Bogdan (167T) KAROLAK Jacek (24T); | | |
| 2 | 2 | AZS AWFiS Gdańsk | 07:16.35 + 00:03.54 | FA |
| | | Zieliński Dawid O3 (9055) | | |
| | | Sobczak Jacek O3 (9055) | | |
| | | Wąchoła Kamil O4 (9483) | | |
| | | Chyżynska Natalia O3 (9910) | | |
| | | Płatek Błażej O3 (9052) | | |
| | | Coach: PETRYKOWSKI Andrzej (45T); | | |
| 3 | 3 | LOTTO Bydgoszta | 07:19.61 + 00:06.80 | FB |
| | | Klamrowski Szymon O3 (9092) | | |
| | | Bednarek Jakub O3 (9130) | | |
| | | Sobecki Fryderyk O3 (9096) | | |
| | | Tłock Dominika O3 (9098) | | |
| | | Chojecki Jan O3 (9131) | | |
| | | Coach: BEIKA - SIEMION Aneta (63TI); | | |
| 4 | 5 | Posnania RBW Poznań | 07:37.73 + 00:24.92 | FB |
| | | Jackowiak Bartłomiej O4 (9408) | | |
| | | Borysiewicz Jakub O4 (9676) | | |
| | | Mikołajczak Wojciech O4 (9413) | | |
| | | Danieliewicz Maksymilian O6 (10286) | | |
| | | Zachwiej Ignacy O3 (10015) | | |
| | | Coach: HOFFMANN Maciej (9ST); | | |
| 5 | 6 | AZS UMK Toruń | 07:45.58 + 00:32.76 | FB |
| | | Szkopinski Robert O4 (9738) | | |
| | | Dylewski Konrad O4 (9535) | | |
| | | Malinowski Stanisław O4 (9740) | | |
| | | Weichhaus Martin O5 (10176) | | |
| | | Kardas Maksymilian O4 (9529) | | |
| | | Coach: ROBASZKIEWICZ Agnieszka (217T) WISNIEWSKI Szymon (199T); | | |
| 6 | 1 | Posnania RBW Poznań | 08:35.75 + 01:22.93 | FB |
| | | Nowakowski Witold O4 (9880) | | |
| | | Kaczmarek Oliwier O4 (9882) | | |
| | | Ujazdowski Mateusz O4 (9873) | | |
| | | Grzesiowski Tomasz O4 (9513) | | |
| | | Janka Jakub O3 (10081) | | |
| | | Coach: HOFFMANN Maciej (9ST); | | |
Progression: 1,2->FA, 3..->FB
Results delivered by fotofinish system.
description: DNF – did not finish; DNS – did not start; DSQ – disqualified; EXC – excluded; OOC – out of competition; BUW – boat under weight
| Place | Lane | Team | Finish | Qual |
|-------|------|-----------------------------|----------------------|------|
| 1 | 3 | UKS 93 Kraków | 08:45,61 + 00:00,00 | FA |
| | | Klimkowicz Natalia O3 (9163) | | |
| | | Migdał Zuzanna O3 (9177) | | |
| | | Coach: PIETRUSZKA Jacek (59T) | | |
| | | WILK Ewelina (133T) | | |
| 2 | 4 | UKS Milenium Wrocław | 08:55,76 + 00:10,14 | FA |
| | | Czopczyz Gabriela O3 (9275) | | |
| | | Szewczyk Martyna O3 (9424) | | |
| | | Coach: PIERZYŃSKA Ludmiła (173T) | | |
| 3 | 2 | AZS UMK Toruń | 09:03,91 + 00:18,29 | FB |
| | | Gębicka Alicja O4 (9521) | | |
| | | Kocinska Aleksandra O4 (9525)| | |
| | | Coach: ROBASZKIEWICZ Agnieszka (217T) | WŁŚNIEWSKI Szymon (199T) | |
| 4 | 6 | UKS 93 Kraków | 09:56,92 + 01:11,30 | FB |
| | | Urbanska Julia O3 (9366) | | |
| | | Zalman Zuzanna O4 (9165) | | |
| | | Coach: PIETRUSZKA Jacek (59T) | | |
| | | WILK Ewelina (133T) | | |
| 5 | 5 | UKS Milenium Wrocław | 10:12,43 + 01:26,81 | FB |
| | | Zdanowicz Paulina O3 (9247) | | |
| | | Gorzelak Anna O4 (10283) | | |
| | | Coach: PIERZYŃSKA Ludmiła (173T) | | |
| 6 | 1 | UKS Milenium Wrocław | 10:32,50 + 01:46,88 | FB |
| | | Choma Aleksandra O3 (9274) | | |
| | | Skurak Kinga O3 (9248) | | |
| | | Coach: PIERZYŃSKA Ludmiła (173T) | | |
Progression: 1,2->FA, 3..->FB
Results delivered by fotofinish system.
description: DNF – did not finish; DNS – did not start; DSQ – disqualified; EXC – excluded; OOC – out of competition; BUW – boat under weight
| Place | Lane | Team | Finish | Qual |
|-------|------|-----------------------------|-----------------|------|
| 1 | 2 | AZS Wratislavia | 07:43,13 + 00:00,00 | SA/B |
| | | Pisarski Dominik 03 (9849) | | |
| | | Krajewski Jakub 03 (9850) | | |
| | | Coach: SZYMEROWSKI Wojciech (66TI) | | |
| 2 | 4 | UKS Bekawianka | 07:48,07 + 00:04,93 | SA/B |
| | | Krzywicki Damian 04 (9816) | | |
| | | Tobjasz Paweł 04 (9817) | | |
| | | Coach: | | |
| 3 | 5 | AZS Wratislavia | 07:51,61 + 00:08,48 | SA/B |
| | | Gryńczyk Oskar 04 (10210) | | |
| | | Rańda Michał 04 (10258) | | |
| | | Coach: SZYMEROWSKI Wojciech (66TI) | | |
| 4 | 3 | Wisła Grudziądz | 08:00,95 + 00:17,81 | FC |
| | | Kaszuba Igor 04 (9426) | | |
| | | Kalużny Tytus 04 (9427) | | |
| | | Coach: | | |
| 5 | 1 | AZS Szczecin | 08:55,53 + 01:12,39 | FC |
| | | Mateńko Kacper 04 (9701) | | |
| | | Dąbkowski Ignacy 04 (10236) | | |
| | | Coach: KRÓL Robert (143TI) | | |
Progression: 1,2,3->SA/B, 4..->FC
Results delivered by fotofinish system.
description: DNF – did not finish; DNS – did not start; DSQ – disqualified; EXC – excluded; OOC – out of competition; BUW – boat under weight
| Place | Lane | Team | Finish | Qual |
|-------|------|-----------------------------|-----------------|------|
| 1 | 1 | Drakkar Gdańsk | 07:45,85 + 00:00,00 | SA/B |
| | | Stankiewicz Szymon O4 (9191) | | |
| | | Kownacki Paweł O3 (8790) | | |
| | | Coach: BYKOWSKI Tomasz (53T) | | |
| 2 | 3 | UKS 93 Kraków | 07:48,11 + 00:02,25 | SA/B |
| | | Chłapicki Michał O3 (9168) | | |
| | | Pisula Stefan O4 (9179) | | |
| | | Coach: WILK Ewelina (133TI) PIETRUSZKA Jacek (59T) | | |
| 3 | 5 | Polonia Poznań | 08:06,54 + 00:20,68 | SA/B |
| | | Zwoliński Wojciech O3 (9519)| | |
| | | Przybylski Jacek O2 (9972) | | |
| | | Coach: KNOPIK Jacek (165T) KOBYLInSKI Maciej (163T) WLEKLInSKI Piotr (33T) | | |
| 4 | 2 | BTW Bydgoszcz | 08:08,10 + 00:22,25 | FC |
| | | Marciniak Dominik O4 (9286) | | |
| | | Szalajda Dawid O3 (10159) | | |
| | | Coach: CHMARA Anna (213T) STRASZEWSKA-MIKOJACZAK Paulina (214T) | | |
| 5 | 4 | Tryton Poznań | 08:11,63 + 00:25,77 | FC |
| | | Gendera Kamil O3 (9517) | | |
| | | Piana Igor O4 (9471) | | |
| | | Coach: FILIPEK Artur (184T) | | |
| 6 | 6 | Polonia Poznań | 09:44,86 + 01:59,00 | FC |
| | | Stanisławski Fabian O4 (9970)| | |
| | | Zieliński Mateusz O4 (9460) | | |
| | | Coach: KNOPIK Jacek (165T) KOBYLInSKI Maciej (163T) WLEKLInSKI Piotr (33T) | | |
Progression: 1,2,3->SA/B, 4..->FC
Results delivered by fotofinish system.
description: DNF – did not finish; DNS – did not start; DSQ – disqualified; EXC – excluded; OOC – out of competition; BUW – boat under weight
| Place | Lane | Team | Finish | Qual |
|-------|------|-------------------------------------------|-----------------|------|
| 1 | 4 | AZS AWFiS Gdańsk | 07:07,94 + 00:00,00 | FA |
| | | Płotka Błażej O3 (9052) | | |
| | | Zieliński Dawid O3 (9055) | | |
| | | Wąchała Kamil O4 (9483) | | |
| | | Sobczak Jacek O3 (9053) | | |
| | | Coach: PETRYKOWSKI Andrzej (45T) | | |
| 2 | 5 | PTW Płock | 07:09,83 + 00:01,88 | FA |
| | | Brudzyński Piotr O3 (9240) | | |
| | | Serafin Eryk O3 (9234) | | |
| | | Budziński Karol O3 (9239) | | |
| | | Wróblewski Damian O3 (10118) | | |
| | | Coach: KAROLAK Jacek (24T) ZALEWSKI Bogdan (167T) | | |
| 3 | 2 | LOTTO Bydgostia | 07:13,88 + 00:05,93 | FA |
| | | Lewicki Tomasz O3 (9134) | | |
| | | Kierzek Krystian O3 (9091) | | |
| | | Bednarek Jakub O3 (9150) | | |
| | | Sobiecki Fryderyk O3 (9096) | | |
| | | Coach: BEIKA · SIEMION Aneta (63Tl) | | |
| 4 | 3 | AZS UMK Toruń | 07:31,44 + 00:23,50 | FA |
| | | Koprowski Karol 14 (9520) | | |
| | | Kardas Maksymilian O4 (9529) | | |
| | | Szkośliński Robert O4 (9738) | | |
| | | Jaworski Filip O4 (9534) | | |
| | | Coach: ROBASZKIEWICZ Agnieszka (217T) WiśNIEWSKI Szymon (199T) | | |
| 5 | 1 | PTW Płock | 07:40,60 + 00:32,66 | FB |
| | | Wiśniewski Oliwier O4 (9639) | | |
| | | Ossowski Wiktor O4 (10141) | | |
| | | Wysoczy Miłosz O4 (10108) | | |
| | | Olczak Igor O4 (9643) | | |
| | | Coach: KAROLAK Jacek (24T) | | |
| 6 | 6 | Zawisza Bydgoszcz | 07:56,17 + 00:48,23 | FB |
| | | Koperski Dariusz O4 (9452) | | |
| | | Matelski Jacek O3 (9814) | | |
| | | Kolodziejski Kacper O4 (9453) | | |
| | | Suproniak Filip O4 (10137) | | |
| | | Coach: KLAWITTER Mateusz (209T) | | |
Progression: 1..4->FA, 5..->FB
Results delivered by fotofinish system.
Description:
DNP – did not finish; DNS – did not start; DSQ – disqualified; EXC – excluded; OOC – out of competition; BUW – boat under weight
| Place | Lane | Team | Finish | Qual |
|-------|------|-----------------------------|-----------------|------|
| 1 | 3 | Zawisza Bydgoszcz | 08:27,01 + 00:00,00 | SA/B |
| | | Mickiewicz Kacper 04 (9679) | | |
| | | Coach: KLAWITTER Mateusz (209T) | | |
| 2 | 5 | Polonia Poznań | 08:40,32 + 00:13,31 | SA/B |
| | | Zwoliński Wojciech 03 (9519)| | |
| | | Coach: KNOPIK Jacek (165T) KOBYLINSKI Maciej (163T) WLEKLINSKI Piotr (33T) | | |
| 3 | 4 | AZS Wratislavia | 08:46,17 + 00:19,15 | SC/D |
| | | RaNda Michał 04 (10258) | | |
| | | Coach: SZYMEROWSKI Wojciech (66TI) | | |
| 4 | 2 | UKS Brdów | 08:55,29 + 00:28,27 | SC/D |
| | | Junkiert Patryk 04 (9904) | | |
| | | Coach: MIKOJAJCZYK Bartosz (102TI) | | |
| 5 | 6 | MOS Ełk | 09:14,59 + 00:47,58 | SC/D |
| | | Żyskowski Szymon 04 (9953) | | |
| | | Coach: KOSIOREK Sebastian (155TI) | | |
| 6 | 1 | AZS Wratislavia | 09:16,13 + 00:49,12 | SC/D |
| | | GryNczyk Oskar 04 (10210) | | |
| | | Coach: SZYMEROWSKI Wojciech (66TI) | | |
Progression: 1,2->SA/B, 3..->SC/D
Results delivered by fotofinish system.
description: DNF – did not finish; DNS – did not start; DSQ – disqualified; EXC – excluded; OOC – out of competition; BUW – boat under weight
| Place | Lane | Team | Finish | Qual |
|-------|------|-------------------------------------------|-----------------|------|
| 1 | 4 | AZS AWF Gorzów Wlkp. | 08:12,61 + 00:00,00 | SA/B |
| | | Skonieczy Szymon 03 (8710) | | |
| | | Coach: ZASTAWA-SCHODOWSKA Paulina (126T) ; | | |
| 2 | 3 | KW 1904 Poznań | 08:24,15 + 00:11,53 | SA/B |
| | | Kmiecik Radosław 03 (8815) | | |
| | | Coach: REWERS Mirosław (122T) ; | | |
| 3 | 6 | Wisła Grudziądz | 08:35,93 + 00:23,31 | SC/D |
| | | Malinowski Kamil 03 (9343) | | |
| | | Coach: KOWAL MARIUSZ Mariusz (139T) SZARSZEWSKI Paweł (198T) ; | | |
| 4 | 2 | Tryton Poznań | 09:08,38 + 00:55,76 | SC/D |
| | | Piana Igor 04 (9471) | | |
| | | Coach: FILIPEK Artur (184T) ; | | |
| 5 | 5 | AZS Szczecin | 09:40,30 + 01:27,68 | SC/D |
| | | Łagwinow Konrad 04 (9883) | | |
| | | Coach: KOWALCZYK Ryszard (29T) ; | | |
| 6 | 1 | Klub Sportowy Wisła dla Wioślarzy | 10:06,21 + 01:53,60 | SC/D |
| | | Zawistlak Józef Jan 03 (9943) | | |
| | | Coach: | | |
Progression: 1,2->SA/B, 3..->SC/D
Results delivered by fotofinish system.
description: DNF – did not finish; DNS – did not start; DSQ – disqualified; EXC – excluded; OOC – out of competition; BUW – boat under weight
## Results
### czwórka podwójna bez sterniczki
#### juniorek młodszych
#### 26.07.2019 | 14:18
| Place | Lane | Team | Finish | Qual |
|-------|------|-------------------------------------------|-----------------|------|
| 1 | 4 | WTW Włocławek | 07:45,29 + 00:00,00 | FA |
| | | Klasinska Weronika O4 (9359) | | |
| | | Orlińska Wiktoria Sylwia O3 (8987) | | |
| | | Gęsicka Julia O4 (9365) | | |
| | | Klasinska Wiktoria O4 (9360) | | |
| | | Coach: GABRYELEWICZ Krzysztof (47T) | | |
| 2 | 5 | KTW Kalisz | 07:50,08 + 00:04,78 | FA |
| | | Eberchart Adriana O4 (9788) | | |
| | | Adamczyk Martyna O3 (8862) | | |
| | | Pilarska Oliwia O3 (8861) | | |
| | | Graczykowska Daria O4 (9792) | | |
| | | Coach: | | |
| 3 | 3 | AZS Szczecin | 07:57,34 + 00:12,04 | FB |
| | | Nogaj Wiktoria O3 (9318) | | |
| | | Smolińska Zuzanna O3 (9703) | | |
| | | Taczek Maria O4 (9840) | | |
| | | Serafin Karolina O3 (10099) | | |
| | | Coach: KRÓL Robert (143T) | | |
| 4 | 2 | Drakkar Gdańsk | 08:13,46 + 00:28,16 | FB |
| | | Beszterda Eliza O3 (9480) | | |
| | | Masa Zaklin O3 (10074) | | |
| | | Neumann Laura O4 (10076) | | |
| | | Neumann Alicja O4 (10075) | | |
| | | Coach: BYKOWSKI Tomasz (53T) | | |
| 5 | 1 | Posnania RBW Poznań | 08:41,69 + 00:56,40 | FB |
| | | Handke Natalia O4 (9213) | | |
| | | Nosal Gabriela O4 (10312) | | |
| | | Zwierciadłowska Julia O4 (9514) | | |
| | | Generowicz Zofia O4 (9919) | | |
| | | Coach: ABRAHAMCZYK Mariola (116TI) | | |
| | | ABRAHAMCZYK Piotr (169T) | | |
**Progression:** 1,2->FA, 3..->FB
Results delivered by fotofinish system.
*description:* DNF – did not finish; DNS – did not start; DSQ – disqualified; EXC – excluded; OOC – out of competition; BUW – boat under weight
Generated: 2019-07-26 14:27:00
Results available at [http://rowtiming.com](http://rowtiming.com)
Fundacja Wielkopolskie Wioślarstwo
| Place | Lane | Team | Finish | Qual |
|-------|------|-------------------------------------------|----------------------|------|
| 1 | 3 | UKS Ateny Wałcz | 08:57.99 + 00:00,00 | SA/B |
| | | Sulik Julia O3 (8322) | | |
| | | Coach: BIOCH Jacek (69T) | | |
| 2 | 4 | Zawisza Bydgoszcz | 09:23.42 + 00:25,42 | SA/B |
| | | Bryk Sandra O4 (9684) | | |
| | | Coach: KLAWITTER Mateusz (209T) | | |
| 3 | 5 | AZS Wratislavia | 09:25.30 + 00:27,30 | SA/B |
| | | Wołosińska Alicja O4 (9206) | | |
| | | Coach: SZYMEROWSKI Wojciech (66TI) | | |
| 4 | 2 | Polonia Poznań | 09:35.21 + 00:37,22 | SC/D |
| | | Helmincka Laura O4 (9465) | | |
| | | Coach: KNOPIK Jacek (165T) KOBYLIŃSKI Maciej (163T) WLEKLIŃSKI Piotr (33T) | | |
| 5 | 1 | Tryton Poznań | 09:49.45 + 00:51,46 | SC/D |
| | | Aumiler Julia O3 (9962) | | |
| | | Coach: FILIPEK Artur (184T) | | |
| 6 | 6 | Wiśla Grudziądz | 10:09.21 + 01:11,22 | SC/D |
| | | Zdrojewska Maja O4 (10276) | | |
| | | Coach: ZIELINSKI KRZYSZTOF Krzysztof (105TI) | | |
Progression: 1..3->SA/B, 4..->SC/D
Results delivered by fotofinish system.
description: DNF – did not finish; DNS – did not start; DSQ – disqualified; EXC – excluded; OOC – out of competition; BUW – boat under weight
| Place | Lane | Team | Finish | Qual |
|-------|------|-----------------------------|-----------------|------|
| 1 | 3 | MOS Elk | 09:07,50 + 00:00,00 | SA/B |
| | | Zukowska Maria O4 (9490) | | |
| | | Coach: SKORUPA Sławomir (28TI); | | |
| 2 | 5 | WIR Iława | 09:22,90 + 00:15,39 | SA/B |
| | | Józefowicz Paulina O3 (8999) | | |
| | | Coach: PIERCZYŃSKI Paweł (185T); | | |
| 3 | 4 | Tryton Poznań | 09:27,20 + 00:19,70 | SA/B |
| | | Kajdanek Sandra O3 (8615) | | |
| | | Coach: FILIPEK Artur (184T); | | |
| 4 | 6 | WIR Iława | 09:41,25 + 00:33,75 | SC/D |
| | | Panus Julia O3 (9001) | | |
| | | Coach: PIERCZYŃSKI Paweł (185T); | | |
| 5 | 2 | Tryton Poznań | 09:53,86 + 00:46,36 | SC/D |
| | | Mrowińska Alicja O3 (9144) | | |
| | | Coach: FILIPEK Artur (184T); | | |
| 6 | 1 | MOS Elk | 10:15,57 + 01:08,07 | SC/D |
| | | Gluchowska Amelia O4 (9909) | | |
| | | Coach: SKORUPA Sławomir (28TI); | | |
Progression: 1..3->SA/B, 4..->SC/D
Results delivered by fotofinish system.
description: DNF – did not finish; DNS – did not start; DSQ – disqualified; EXC – excluded; OOC – out of competition; BUW – boat under weight
| Place | Lane | Team | Finish | Qual |
|-------|------|-------------------------------------------|-----------------|------|
| 1 | 3 | CHTW Chełmża | 09:05,48 + 00:00,00 | SA/B |
| | | Stepczyńska Jagoda 03 (8754) | | |
| | | Coach: BATOR Michał (203T) | | |
| 2 | 4 | MKS Dwójka Warszawa | 09:20,37 + 00:14,88 | SA/B |
| | | Kozdrój Oliwia 03 (9399) | | |
| | | Coach: DURJASZ Andrzej (16T) ZIELiNSKI Maciej (16TI) | | |
| 3 | 5 | WTW Włocławek | 09:30,13 + 00:24,64 | SA/B |
| | | Malkowska Wiktoria 03 (8896) | | |
| | | Coach: GABRYELEWICZ Krzysztof (47T) | | |
| 4 | 2 | KU AZS UW | 09:39,39 + 00:33,90 | SC/D |
| | | Borys Julia 04 (9925) | | |
| | | Coach: BORYS Robert (14T) | | |
| 5 | 1 | Wisła Grudziądz | 09:53,82 + 00:48,34 | SC/D |
| | | Rutkowska Aleksandra 03 (9333) | | |
| | | Coach: SZARSZEWSKI Paweł (198T) | | |
| 6 | 6 | Zawisza Bydgoszcz | 09:56,22 + 00:50,74 | SC/D |
| | | Kowalewska Julia 04 (9677) | | |
| | | Coach: KLAWITTER Mateusz (209T) | | |
Progression: 1..3->SA/B, 4..->SC/D
Results delivered by fotofinish system.
description: DNF – did not finish; DNS – did not start; DSQ – disqualified; EXC – excluded; OOC – out of competition; BUW – boat under weight
| Place | Lane | Team | Finish | Qual |
|-------|------|-------------------------------------------|-----------------|------|
| 1 | 4 | KW 1904 Poznań | 09:15,44 + 00:00,00 | SA/B |
| | | Mermela Adrianna O3 (9117) | | |
| | | Coach: KALET Sylwia (168T) | | |
| 2 | 3 | MKS Dwójka Warszawa | 09:23,86 + 00:08,41 | SA/B |
| | | Prokosińska Weronika O3 (9375) | | |
| | | Coach: DURJASZ Andrzej (18T) ZIELiNSKI Maciej (16TI) | | |
| 3 | 2 | AZS AWF Gorzów Wlkp. | 09:30,89 + 00:15,37 | SA/B |
| | | BubieN Zuzanna O4 (9405) | | |
| | | Coach: ZASTAWA-SCHODOWSKA Paulina (126TI) | | |
| 4 | 5 | Wisła Grudziądz | 09:31,86 + 00:16,41 | SC/D |
| | | Sikora Aleksandra O3 (9354) | | |
| | | Coach: SZARSZEWSKI Paweł (198T) ZIELiNSKI KRZYSZTOF Krzysztof (105TI) | | |
| 5 | 6 | WTW Włocławek | 09:55,84 + 00:40,39 | SC/D |
| | | Zając Wiktoria O4 (10073) | | |
| | | Coach: GABRYELEWICZ Krzysztof (47T) | | |
| 6 | 1 | MKS Dwójka Warszawa | 10:01,87 + 00:46,42 | SC/D |
| | | Golubiewska Małgorzata O4 (9858) | | |
| | | Coach: DURJASZ Andrzej (18T) | | |
Progression: 1..3->SA/B, 4..->SC/D
Results delivered by fotofinish system.
description: DNF – did not finish; DNS – did not start; DSQ – disqualified; EXC – excluded; OOC – out of competition; BUW – boat under weight
## Results
### 15 - 4x-MJM
Race 51
#### czwórka podwójna bez sternika juniorów młodszych
**26.07.2019 | 14:48**
| Place | Lane | Team | Finish | Qual |
|-------|------|-------------------------------------------|-----------------|------|
| 1 | 3 | Drakkar Gdańsk | 06:53,16 + 00:00,00 | FA |
| | | Gałga Daniel O4 (9298) | | |
| | | Stankiewicz Szymon O4 (9191) | | |
| | | Kownacki Paweł O3 (8790) | | |
| | | Przybylski Mateusz O3 (8776) | | |
| | | Coach: BYKOWSKI Tomasz (53T) | | |
| 2 | 4 | AZS Wratislavia | 06:54,93 + 00:01,76 | FA |
| | | Skica Maksymilian O3 (9852) | | |
| | | Pisarski Dominik O3 (9849) | | |
| | | Krajewski Jakub O3 (9850) | | |
| | | Kowaliński Szymon O3 (9848) | | |
| | | Coach: SZYMEROWSKI Wojciech (66TI) | | |
| 3 | 5 | AZS AWF Gorzów Wlkp. | 07:11,64 + 00:18,47 | FB |
| | | Nieżborała Paweł O4 (9403) | | |
| | | Lisek Tomasz O3 (8488) | | |
| | | Małecki Szymon O4 (9401) | | |
| | | PrEtki Jakub O4 (9402) | | |
| | | Coach: ZASTAWA-SCHODOWSKA Paulina (126TI) | | |
| 4 | 1 | AZS Szczecin | 07:27,96 + 00:34,79 | FB |
| | | Głogowski Przemysław O3 (8955) | | |
| | | Musiał Mateusz O3 (9088) | | |
| | | Konwiński Jakub O3 (9862) | | |
| | | PreŚ Tomasz O3 (10235) | | |
| | | Coach: KRŁŁ Robert (143TI) | | |
| 5 | 2 | WIR Iława | 07:47,55 + 00:54,38 | FB |
| | | Józefowicz Wiktor O4 (9316) | | |
| | | Jeżysiński Mateusz O4 (9003) | | |
| | | Ryś Jakub O4 (9314) | | |
| | | Bakirzyński Paweł O3 (9976) | | |
| | | Coach: PIERCZYŃSKI Paweł (185T) | | |
| 6 | 6 | Polonia Poznań | 08:49,29 + 01:56,12 | FB |
| | | Przybylski Jacek O2 (9972) | | |
| | | Wojtasz Antoni O4 (9969) | | |
| | | Kominek Tomasz O4 (9917) | | |
| | | Dziaczyński Wojciech O4 (10241) | | |
| | | Coach: KNOPIK Jacek (165T) KOBYLIŃSKI Maciej (163T) WLEKLIŃSKI Piotr (33T) | |
**Progression:** 1,2->FA, 3..->FB
Results delivered by fotofinish system.
**Description:**
DNP – did not finish; DNS – did not start; DSQ – disqualified; EXC – excluded; OOC – out of competition; BUW – boat under weight
Generated: 2019-07-26 14:58:02
Results available at [http://rowtiming.com](http://rowtiming.com)
## Results
### 16 - 8+MJM
Race 52
**Results**
ósemka juniorów młodszych
26.07.2019 | 14:54
**Repechage - RI**
Series: 2
| Place | Lane | Team | Finish | Qual |
|-------|------|-------------------------------------------|-----------------|------|
| 1 | 4 | WTW Warszawa | 06:54,34 | FA |
| | | Hassu Jakub 04 (9891) | | |
| | | Koletko Cezary 03 (9469) | | |
| | | Pyczek Mateusz 04 (9470) | | |
| | | Joc Adam 04 (10282) | | |
| | | Zalek Marcin 03 (10153) | | |
| | | Kot Mikołaj 04 (10154) | | |
| | | Drzewiecki Jan Kajetan 04 (10391) | | |
| | | Pniewski Tomasz 04 (10420) | | |
| | | Drzewiecki Jakub 05 (9979) | | |
| | | Coach: BRODZIAK Dominik (166T) | | |
| 2 | 3 | KTW Kalisz | 07:06,77 | FA |
| | | Jaminski Maciej 03 (9458) | | |
| | | Dobrach Tomasz 04 (10004) | | |
| | | Wowryniak Bartosz 01 (9645) | | |
| | | Szedecki Konrad 04 (9507) | | |
| | | Bara Damian 04 (10043) | | |
| | | Matyjasz Kaspar 04 (10042) | | |
| | | Chlebo Dominik 04 (9197) | | |
| | | Komacki Adam 04 (10180) | | |
| | | Kul Kaspar 03 (9183) | | |
| | | Coach: KLIMEK Anna (9197) | | |
| 3 | 5 | LOTTO Bydgoszta | 07:17,75 | FA |
| | | Polakowski Franciszek 03 (10147) | | |
| | | Rosolowski Jakub 04 (9101) | | |
| | | Klamowski Szymon 03 (9092) | | |
| | | Chojecki Jan 03 (9131) | | |
| | | Jarzębowski Bartosz 04 (9128) | | |
| | | Galić Mikołaj 03 (9114) | | |
| | | Chrapkowski Adam 03 (10271) | | |
| | | Landowski Oliwier 04 (9853) | | |
| | | Giza Stanisław 03 (10143) | | |
| | | Coach: BEJKA - SIEWIDON Annette (63TT) | | |
| | | LIDWARTCZYK Leszek (11ST) | | |
| 4 | 6 | BTW Bydgoszcz | 07:30,88 | FA |
| | | Szuklido Dawid 03 (10159) | | |
| | | Woloszek Jakub 04 (9930) | | |
| | | Lipinski Mateusz 04 (9460) | | |
| | | Kondracki Adrian 03 (9353) | | |
| | | Link Jakub 03 (10273) | | |
| | | Bokolorz Kaspar 04 (10274) | | |
| | | Nowakowski Dawid 05 (10206) | | |
| | | Marcinko Dominik 04 (9206) | | |
| | | Pyczek Jakub 03 (10311) | | |
| | | Coach: CHIMARA Anna (21ST) STRASZEWSKA-MIKOŁAJCZAK Paulina (214T) | | |
| 5 | 2 | Posnania RBW Poznań | 07:38,22 | FB |
| | | Barwińczyk Jakub 04 (9676) | | |
| | | Kaszmerek Oliwier 04 (9852) | | |
| | | Janko Jakub 03 (10081) | | |
| | | Ujazdowski Mateusz 04 (9873) | | |
| | | Jackowski Bartłomiej 04 (9408) | | |
| | | Jurgieł Jerzy 04 (9200) | | |
| | | Kruger Nikodem 03 (9105) | | |
| | | Grzędzikowik Tomasz 04 (9515) | | |
| | | Mikałyszak Jakub 04 (10239) | | |
| | | Coach: WOJFRAJN Maciej (91T) | | |
| 6 | 1 | WTW Warszawa | 08:01,06 | FB |
| | | Gawroński Leon 03 (8999) | | |
| | | Rozszkiew Filip 04 (10286) | | |
| | | Respondek Dawid 05 (9430) | | |
| | | Sieniński Michał 05 (8865) | | |
| | | Skupi Antoni 04 (10249) | | |
| | | Madala Mateusz 04 (9921) | | |
| | | Anuszewski Dominik 04 (9468) | | |
| | | Rakusa - Suszczewski Tymoteusz 04 (10310) | | |
| | | Sierka Michał 05 (9884) | | |
| | | Coach: BRODZIAK Dominik (166T) | | |
**Progression:** L.4->FA, 5.->FB
Results delivered by Fatriords system
*descriptions:* DNF – did not finish, DNS – did not start, DSQ – disqualified, EXC – excluded, OOC – out of competition, BUW – boot under weight
|
<urn:uuid:d3aae20c-f2ce-494f-acd1-587b7dfff542>
|
HuggingFaceFW/finepdfs/tree/main/data/eng_Latn/train
|
finepdfs
|
eng_Latn
| 51,019
|
De weersvoorspellers kregen dit keer niet helemaal gelijk. Er werd maximum 20° voorspeld, maar de zon zorgde ervoor dat het een pak warmer werd.
In de tweede wedstrijdhelft zorgde dit bij de meeste lopers voor oplopende rondetijden.
Leo Smets won onbedreigd in 3u29'28" voor Ronny Hertogen (3u43'53") en Patrick Vandebeek (3u46'21").
Heidi Janssens was de snelste vrouw met een eindtijd van 4u19'07" voor Patricia De Proost (4u22'32") en Ann Van Samang (marathon in 4u52'04")
De volledige uitslag:
| Plaats | Naam | EindtijdOpm. |
|--------|--------------------|--------------|
| 1 | Leo Smets | 3:29:28 |
| 2 | Ronny Hertogen | 3:43:53 |
| 3 | Patrick Vandebeek | 3:46:21 |
| 4 | Johan Wathy | 3:46:38 |
| 5 | Jan Spitael | 3:52:49 |
| 6 | Peter Palmans | 4:09:42 |
| 7 | Sjaak Bus | 4:14:46 |
| 8 | Jean-Pierre Merken | 4:16:42 |
| 9 | Heidi Janssens | 4:19:07 |
| 10 | Patricia De Proost | 4:22:32 |
| 11 | Xavier Verbruggen | 4:29:16 |
| 12 | John Haan | 4:32:20 |
| 13 | Roland Boussemaere | 4:34:58 |
| 14 | Jan Claereboudt | 4:38:35 |
| 15 | Dirk Van Springel | 4:39:13 |
| 16 | Fred Haustrate | 4:46:16 |
| 17 | Rudy Van Daele | 3:35:48 (Marathon) |
| 18 | Marc Bemong | 3:59:55 (Marathon) |
| 19 | Jacques Vandewal | 4:08:13 (Marathon) |
| 20 | Luc Maes | 4:26:39 (Marathon) |
| 21 | Ann Van Samang | 4:52:04 (Marathon) |
| 22 | Lia Bouts | 4:50:36 (38km) |
| 23 | Joris Van Bladel | 2:24:00 (30,640km) |
Opm.: Luc Maes vervolledigde de 50km nog buiten de officiële tijdsilmit in 5:29:56
|
<urn:uuid:aa259aed-128e-4d72-9310-309ffa081f20>
|
HuggingFaceFW/finepdfs/tree/main/data/nld_Latn/train
|
finepdfs
|
nld_Latn
| 1,799
|
Designed for recess mounting with double parabolic mirror optic louvre. Exceptional performance with LOR'S in excess of 90%. Mainly used for general lighting in offices, and shops.
**TM5 Utilization Factors**
| Utilization factors | Room reflection | LOR =89.3% | DLOR =89.3% | ULOR =0.0% |
|---------------------|-----------------|------------|-------------|------------|
| C | W | F | 0.75 | 1 | 1.25 | 1.5 | 2 | 2.5 | 3 | 4 | 5 |
| 0.7 | 0.5 | 0.2 | 72 | 78 | 83 | 86 | 90 | 92 | 94 | 96 | 98 |
| 0.3 | 67 | 74 | 79 | 82 | 87 | 89 | 92 | 94 | 96 | 98 | 98 |
| 0.1 | 64 | 70 | 75 | 79 | 84 | 87 | 89 | 92 | 94 | 96 | 98 |
| 0.5 | 0.5 | 0.2 | 70 | 76 | 81 | 84 | 87 | 90 | 91 | 93 | 94 |
| 0.3 | 66 | 73 | 77 | 80 | 85 | 87 | 89 | 91 | 93 | 95 | 96 |
| 0.1 | 63 | 70 | 75 | 78 | 82 | 85 | 87 | 89 | 90 | 92 | 93 |
| 0.3 | 69 | 75 | 79 | 82 | 85 | 87 | 88 | 90 | 91 | 93 | 94 |
| 0.3 | 66 | 72 | 76 | 79 | 82 | 85 | 87 | 89 | 90 | 92 | 93 |
| 0.1 | 63 | 69 | 74 | 77 | 81 | 83 | 85 | 87 | 89 | 90 | 91 |
| 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 62 | 67 | 72 | 75 | 78 | 80 | 82 | 84 | 85 |
SHR NOM =1.50 SHR MAX =1.65 SHR MAX TR =1.76
**Technical Data**
Photometry constructed by own Goniophotometer accurately measure the intensity distribution LOR, photometric factors and lumen per watt of light fittings.
| Body | Made of heavy gauge sheet steel. |
|-----------------------|----------------------------------|
| Louvre | High quality anodised aluminium. |
| Paintwork | Fully coated with a high gloss white epoxy polyester powder, giving resilient finish. |
| Light Source | Fluorescent T5 lamp of 28W. |
| Electrical Data | 240V, 50Hz, Power factor 0.95. |
| Wire | HR 105° C. |
| Ballast | Electronic Ballast. |
| Lampholder/ Starterholder | Moulded from Polycarbonate Material. |
**Dimensions**
| MODEL NO. | NO. OF LAMP | L (MM) | L1 (MM) | W (MM) | W1 (MM) | H (MM) | H1 (MM) |
|---------------|-------------|--------|---------|--------|---------|--------|---------|
| SAU 114 (AH) | 1x14W | 569 | 600 | 170 | 302 | 70 | - |
| SAU 128 (AH) | 1x28W | 1170 | 1210 | 170 | 302 | 70 | - |
| SAU 228 (AH) | 2x28W | 1170 | 1210 | 170 | 600 | 70 | - |
Note: Subject to +/- 1.5mm
*SJ Lite reserves the right to change and amend the specification without prior notice.*
|
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Gemeinde Eppertshausen
Bebauungsplan „Hauptstraße 67"
_______________________________
Begründung
planungsbüro für städtebau
göringer—hoffmann—bauer im rauhen see 1 64846 groß-zimmern
telefon (060 71) 493 33
telefax (060 71) 493 59
e-mail firstname.lastname@example.org
PB90022-P
Bearbeitet:
Mai 2019
Inhaltsverzeichnis
1. Anlass und Ziel der Planung
Durch die Aufstellung des Bebauungsplanes „Hauptstraße 67" sollen die planungsrechtlichen Voraussetzungen zur Errichtung einer barrierefreien Bushaltestelle (Eppertshausen-Mitte) samt Buswartehalle, Fahrplankästen, Beleuchtung, Fahrradabstellplätze sowie eines öffentlichen Pkw-Parkplatzes im Innerortsbereich geschaffen werden.
Der Bebauungsplan dient der Innenentwicklung und wird im beschleunigten Verfahren nach § 13a BauGB aufgestellt.
2. Verfahren nach § 13a BauGB
Die Aufstellung dieses Bebauungsplanes erfolgt nach den Bestimmungen des §13a BauGB. Danach können Bebauungspläne, die der Wiedernutzbarmachung von Flächen, der Nachverdichtung oder anderen Maßnahmen der Innenentwicklung dienen, in einem beschleunigten Verfahren aufgestellt werden.
Die Kriterien des Baugesetzbuches zur Anwendung des § 13a BauGB für Bebauungspläne der Innenentwicklung werden erfüllt. Dies bedingt sich durch die geringe Größe des Plangebietes von ca. 0,1 ha, wodurch die in § 13a Abs. 1 BauGB normierten Grenze (Grenzwert von 20.000 m² Grundfläche nach § 19 Abs. 2 BauNVO) deutlich unterschritten wird.
3. Räumlicher Geltungsbereich
Der Geltungsbereich umfasst das Flurstück Gemarkung Eppertshausen, Flur 2 Nr. 28/1 tlw. und ist aus nachfolgender Karte ersichtlich.
Abb.: Auszug Kataster mit Geltungsbereich des Bebauungsplanes (unmaßstäblich)
Datengrundlage: Hessische Verwaltung für Bodenmanagement und Geoinformation
Das im Kataster noch verzeichnete Gebäude wurde zwischenzeitlich niedergelegt.
4. Planungsrechtliche Situation
Regionalplan Südhessen
Der Regionalplan Südhessen 2010 weist das Plangebiet vollständig als „Vorranggebiet Siedlung, Bestand" aus.
Flächennutzungsplan
Wie aus nachfolgender Abbildung erkennbar, stellt der rechtswirksame Flächennutzungsplan (FNP) die Straßenflächen der Hauptstraße als „Verkehrsfläche Überörtliches Straßenverkehrsnetz" dar. Die östlich angrenzende Fläche des Plangebietes ist als „Gemischte Baufläche" dargestellt.
Die vorliegende Planung wird im beschleunigten Verfahren gemäß § 13a BauGB aufgestellt. Daher kann der Bebauungsplan von den Darstellungen des FNP abweichen. Die beschriebene Planung dient der geordneten städtebaulichen Entwicklung des Gemeindegebietes, folglich wird diese nicht beeinträchtigt. Der Flächennutzungsplan wird im Wege der Berichtigung angepasst.
Bebauungspläne
Für das Plangebiet besteht kein Bebauungsplan; es handelt sich um eine Innerortslage im Sinne des § 34 BauGB.
5. Situationsanalyse
Das Plangebiet ist vollständig versiegelt und überbaut und wurde ursprünglich durch einen Nahversorgungmarkt genutzt. Nach Verlagerung dieses Marktes stand das Gebäude überwiegend leer. Es wurde von der Gemeinde erworben und zwischenzeitlich abgetragen.
Der angrenzende Straßenraum der Hauptstraße weißt keine besonderen städtebaulichen Gestaltungsmerkmale auf. Bäume oder sonstiges Grün fehlen im Straßenraum, der ruhende Verkehr ist ungeordnet, Querungshilfen für den Fußgängerverkehr fehlen.
Das heutige Erscheinungsbild der Hauptstraße ist sehr von ihren Nutzungen als Ortsdurchfahrtsstraßen geprägt. Die vorhandene Kfz-Fahrbahn ist für den Kfz-Verkehr ausreichend dimensioniert, für Fußgänger und Radfahrer stehen durch ungeordnetes Parken Gehwege teilweise nicht bzw. nicht in vollem Umfang zur Verfügung.
Die vorhandene Bushaltestelle entspricht nicht den modernen Standards des ÖPNV.
Hinsichtlich der gemäß § 1 Abs. 6 Nr. 7 BauGB zu berücksichtigenden Belangen des Umweltschutzes einschließlich des Naturschutzes und der Landschaftspflege ist aus auszuführen, dass es sich bei dem Plangebiet überwiegend um schon versiegelte bzw. befestigte Flächen handelt. Einzelbäume, Gehölzstrukturen oder sonstige biotoprelevante Flächen sind nicht vorhanden. Schutzgebiete nach Naturschutz- und Wasserrecht sind ebenfalls nicht betroffen.
6. Planerisches Konzept
Wie auf der nachfolgenden Abbildung erkennbar, soll nach erfolgtem Abriss des ehemaligen Supermarktgebäudes auf dem freien Grundstück eine Bushaltestelle sowie ein öffentlicher Pkw-Parkplatz angelegt werden. Die Fahrgassen und Stellplätze sollen wie die angrenzende Friedhofstraße gepflastert werden. Die verkehrliche Erschließung soll ausschließlich von der Friedhofstraße aus erfolgen. Auf der Hauptstraße wird direkt vor dem Grundstück derzeit von der DADINA eine neue barrierefreie Bushaltstelle mit Buswartehalle, Fahrplankasten und Beleuchtung geplant. Im Bereich der Bushaltestelle werden 2 Behindertenparkplätze angelegt, im Bereich der Ein-/ Ausfahrt zur Friedhofstraße eine Elektro-Zapfsäule. Die gemäß Stellplatzsatzung erforderlichen 6 Bäume sind überwiegend zwischen Bushaltestelle und Parkplatz vorgesehen.
Von der Friedhofstraße erfolgt die Zufahrt über eine 6,0 m breite Fahrbahn. Neben der Fahrbahn stehen insgesamt 22 Stellplätze (Senkrechtaufstellung) zur Verfügung, die auf Grund der Fahrbahnbreite vorwärts angefahren werden können. Zwei Stellplätze im Bereich der Bushaltestelle sind als Behinderten-Stellplatz vorgesehen. Seitens der Gemeinde ist im Tagzeitraum eine Parkzeitbeschränkung vorgesehen.
Die Tiefe der Parkstände beträgt überall ca.4,30 m. Neben der Bushaltestelle sind die Wartehalle sowie offene Fahrradstellplätze eingeplant. Abschließbare Fahrradboxen sind am Nordrand des Flurstücks vorgesehen. Des Weiteren ist nördlich der Wartehalle eine Freifläche geplant.
Quelle: IBR Ing.-Büro Reitzel, Groß-Zimmern
Festsetzungen
Der Entwurf der Verkehrsflächen erfolgt auf der Grundlage einer entsprechenden Ausbauplanung durch das Ingenieurbüro Reitzel, Groß-Zimmern.
Wie dem Planbild des Bebauungsplanes zu entnehmen ist, wird der Geltungsbereich vollständig als „öffentliche Verkehrsfläche besonderer Zweckbestimmung – Pkw-Parkplatz " festgesetzt. Da die Pkw-Zufahrt ausschließlich über der Friedhofstraße erfolgen soll, ist zur Hauptstraße hin weitgehend ein „Bereich ohne Ein- und Ausfahrt" festgesetzt.
Auf die vorgesehene Parkplatzanordnung, die Fahrradabstellanlagen sowie die Fläche für das Buswartehäuschen wird in der Planzeichnung ebenso hingewiesen, wie auf einen möglichen Standplatz für wechselnde Verkaufswagen.
Der Bebauungsplan sieht weiterhin das Anpflanzen von 6 standortgerechten Laubbäumen vor. Diese sind mit einem Mindeststammumfang von 16 bis 18 cm anzupflanzen und im Bestand zu erhalten. Um Flexibilität gewährleisten zu können, kann von den zeichnerisch festgesetzten Standorten bis zu 5 m abgewichen werden.
Im Zusammenhang mit der Anpflanzungspflicht empfiehlt der Bebauungsplan verschiedene Arten und Sorten, die sich speziell für Anpflanzungen innerhalb von Verkehrsflächen eignen.
7. Denkmalschutz und Archäologie
Falls bei Erdarbeiten Bodendenkmäler bekannt werden, sind diese dem Landesamt für Denkmalpflege Hessen, Abteilung Archäologische Denkmalpflege oder der Unteren Denkmalschutzbehörde unverzüglich anzuzeigen.
8. Ver- und Entsorgung
Es wird angestrebt, um umfangreiche Anpassungsarbeiten zu vermeiden, die vorhandenen Höhenverhältnisse beizubehalten.
Die Entwässerung der Fahrbahn wird über ein Dachprofil realisiert. Die Parkstreifen werden zur Fahrbahn hin entwässert.
Soweit Schutzmaßnahmen für vorhandene Leitungen im Bereich von Baumpflanzungen erforderlich werden, erfolgen diese gemäß den Richtlinien und Vorschriften (DVGW; Amtsblatt GW 125) durch Folien, Halbschalen, Betonrohre oder ähnliches. Bei der Durchführung von Baumpflanzungen in der Nähe von Versorgungsleitungen ist auf einen Mindestabstand von 2,5 m zu den Versorgungsleitungen zu achten. Sollte dieser Mindestabstand unterschritten werden, sind Schutzmaßnahmen gem. o.g. Richtlinien und Vorschriften erforderlich, um Baumwurzeln von den Versorgungsleitungen fern zu halten.
Maßnahmen zur Versorgung sind ansonsten nicht erforderlich. Die vorhandenen Ver- und Entsorgungsleitungen liegen innerhalb der öffentlichen Flächen und werden bei den geplanten Umbaumaßnahmen berücksichtigt. Festsetzungen sind daher nicht erforderlich.
9. Wasserwirtschaftliche Belange, Bodenbelastungen
Gewässer oder Trinkwasserschutzgebiete sind von der Planung nicht betroffen.
Der Gemeinde sind keine Erkenntnisse über Altlasten im Plangebiet bekannt.
10. Auswirkungen auf die zu berücksichtigenden Umweltbelange
Aufgrund des Bestandes und der schon jetzt versiegelten bzw. befestigten Flächen wird es durch die Planung zu keinen weiteren negativen Auswirkungen auf die zu berücksichtigenden Umweltbelange kommen. Dem gegenüber stehen positive Auswirkungen aus den teilweise entsiegelten Flächen sowie den anzupflanzenden Einzelbäumen.
Da der Bebauungsplan im beschleunigten Verfahren nach § 13a BauGB aufgestellt wird, gelten Eingriffe in diesem Verfahren, als im Sinne des § 1a Abs. 3 Satz 5 BauGB vor der planerischen Entscheidung erfolgt oder zulässig. Auf die Erstellung eine Eingriffs-/Ausgleichsbilanzierung wird daher ebenso verzichtet. Das Verfahren wird i. S. d. § 13 BauGB und damit im sogenannten „vereinfachten" Verfahren durchgeführt. Vor diesem Hintergrund wird deshalb gemäß § 13 Abs. 3 BauGB von der Durchführung einer Umweltprüfung i. S. d. § 2 Abs. 4 BauGB, von der Erstellung eines Umweltberichtes nach § 2a BauGB und von der Angabe, welche Arten umweltbezogener Informationen verfügbar sind, abgesehen.
11. Städtebaulichen Kennzahlen
Die geplante Baumaßnahme umfasst eine Gesamtfläche von insgesamt ca. 1.000 m 2 (davon ca. 800 m 2 befestigt).
12. Kosten
Baukosten (brutto)
ca. 154.500,00 €
In den genannten Beträgen sind die Kosten für Grunderwerb und für den damit verbundenen Abbruch von Gebäuden nicht enthalten.
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## DIVISIONS
### OPEN MEN’S BB
6 CLASSES 1st - 5th & Overall
- **Bantam Weight** Up To - 143 1/4
- **LightWeight** 143 1/2 - 154 1/4
- **MiddleWeight** 154 1/2 - 176 1/4
- **Light HeavyWeight** 176 1/2 - 198 1/4
- **HeavyWeight** 198 1/2 - 225 1/4
- **Super HeavyWeight** 225 1/2 - Over
### JUNIOR MEN’S BB
2 CLASSES 1st - 5th & Overall
- **LightWeight** Up To - 176 1/4
- **HeavyWeight** 176 1/2 - Over
### TRUE NOVICE MEN’S BB
1 CLASS 1st - 5th
### TEEN’S BB
1 CLASS 1st - 5th
### MASTER MEN’S BB 40+
2 CLASSES 1st - 5th & Overall
- **LightWeight** Up To - 176 1/4
- **HeavyWeight** 176 1/2 - Over
### MASTER MEN’S BB 50+
1 CLASS 1st - 5th
### MASTER MEN’S BB 60+
1 CLASS 1st - 5th
### WHEELCHAIR BB
1 CLASS 1st - 5th
### OPEN WOMEN’S BB
1 CLASS 1st - 5th
### MASTER WOMEN’S BB 35+
1 CLASS 1st - 5th
### OPEN FIGURE
4 CLASSES 1st - 5th & Overall
- **A** Up To & Incl. 5’2”
- **B** Over 5’2” - 5’4”
- **C** Over 5’4” - 5’6”
- **D** Over 5’6”
### TRUE NOVICE FIGURE
1 CLASS 1st - 5th
### JUNIOR FIGURE
2 CLASSES 1st - 5th & Overall
- **A** Up To 5’4”
- **B** Over 5’4”
### MASTER FIGURE 35+
2 CLASSES 1st - 5th & Overall
- **A** Up To 5’4”
- **B** Over 5’4”
### MASTER FIGURE 40+
1 CLASS 1st - 5th
### MASTER FIGURE 50+
1 CLASS 1st - 5th
### OPEN BIKINI
4 CLASSES 1st - 5th & Overall
- **A** Up To & Incl. 5’2”
- **B** Over 5’2” - 5’4”
- **C** Over 5’4” - 5’6”
- **D** Over 5’6”
### TRUE NOVICE BIKINI
2 CLASSES 1st - 5th & Overall
- **A** Up To 5’4”
- **B** Over 5’4”
### MASTER BIKINI 35+
2 CLASSES 1st - 5th & Overall
- **A** Up To 5’4”
- **B** Over 5’4”
### MASTER BIKINI 40+
2 CLASSES 1st - 5th & Overall
- **A** Up To 5’4”
- **B** Over 5’4”
### OPEN MEN’S PHYSIQUE
4 CLASSES 1st - 5th & Overall
- **A** Up To 5’6”
- **B** Over 5’6” - Up To 5’8”
- **C** Over 5’8” - Up To 5’10”
- **D** Over 5’10”
### TRUE NOVICE MEN’S PHYSIQUE
2 CLASSES 1st - 5th & Overall
- **A** Up To 5’8”
- **B** Over 5’8”
### MASTER MEN’S PHYSIQUE 35+
2 CLASSES 1st - 5th & Overall
- **A** Up To 5’8”
- **B** Over 5’8”
### MASTER MEN’S PHYSIQUE 45+
1 CLASS 1st - 5th
### OPEN MEN’S CLASSIC PHYSIQUE
2 CLASSES 1st - 5th
- **A** Up To 5’7”
- **B** Over 5’7”
All Height & Weight Limits Apply: www.npcnewonline.com/classic-physique
### MASTER MEN’S CLASSIC PHYSIQUE 35+
1 CLASS 1st - 5th
All Height & Weight Limits Apply: www.npcnewonline.com/classic-physique
### MASTER MEN’S CLASSIC PHYSIQUE 45+
1 CLASS 1st - 5th
All Height & Weight Limits Apply: www.npcnewonline.com/classic-physique
### OPEN WOMEN’S PHYSIQUE
2 CLASSES 1st - 5th & Overall
- **A** Up To 5’6”
- **B** Over 5’6”
### MASTER WOMEN’S PHYSIQUE 35+
1 CLASS 1st - 5th
## MAIN EVENT: KNIGHT THEATER
430 S. Tryon Street, Charlotte, NC 28202
Box Office: 704.372.1000
## MAIN HOST HOTEL: RESIDENCE INN CHARLOTTE UPTOWN HOTEL
404 S. Mint Street, Charlotte, NC 28202
704.340.4000
Booking Discount: mention “Mid-Atlantic Classic” by 9/23/16
## FRIDAY, OCTOBER 14, 2016
5:30 - 8:30pm Early Weigh-Ins
- Located at RESIDENCE INN, Charlotte, NC
- Competition Suit Must Be Worn For Weigh-Ins
## SATURDAY, OCTOBER 15, 2016
7:15 - 8:30am Athlete Check-In & Weigh-In at Theater
8:30 - 9:00am Athlete Meeting
10:00am Prejudging
5pm Athlete Meeting
6pm Finals
## PURCHASE: WWW.CAROLINATIX.ORG
BOX OFFICE: (704) 372-1000
PREJUDGING 10:00AM (General Admission) $25
- Children Under 10 for Prejudging $15
FINALS 6:00PM (Reserved Seating) $55, $45, $35
- Children Under 10 for Finals $25
BACKSTAGE PASSES $125
- Limited Availability
- Trainers, Friends & Family Members Can Have Full Access to the Backstage to Assist Your Competitor
- Includes (1 - $25) Prejudging & (1 - $35) Finals Tickets
## ENTRY FEE
Late Fee (after October 8, 2016] $80.00
$25.00
Crossovers (Masters & Novice Only) $75.00
2016 NPC CARDS $125.00
- Available for Purchase at Weigh-Ins
- Available for Purchase Online at NPCNewsOnline.com
- Must Show Proof of Purchase if Purchased Online
## OPEN - Open to Any NPC Athlete
JUNIOR - Open to Any Competitor Who Has Not Won His or Her Class in an Open Division & Who Has Not Won the Overall in a Junior Division
MASTERS - Must Be at Least 35, 40, 45, 50 or 60 Years of Age or Older as of October 15, 2016 (Proof of Age is Required)
TRUE NOVICE - For First Time NPC Competitors Only
TEEN - Eligible From 16 Years Old Until the Day Prior to 20th Birthday. Must Be At Least 16 Years Old to Compete (Proof of Age is Required)
## CROSSOVERS - Available only for MASTERS & NOVICE divisions & from FIGURE to FITNESS (or vice versa). All MASTERS competitors can crossover into other master’s categories that they qualify for within their division
- All Contestants Must Supply Their Own Music
- Music Required ONLY for Bodybuilding, Women’s Physique & Classic Men’s Physique
- Posing Music Must Be on a CD & Brought to Check-Ins Friday Night
- Posing Music for Finals Must Be No Longer Than 60 Seconds
- Posing Music Must Be at the Beginning of the CD & Contain No Vulgarity
- Music Is Not Used During Pre-Judging
- Please Email Music Files to firstname.lastname@example.org Complete with Contest Name and Divisions of Competition
- Competition Suits Must Be Worn At Weigh-Ins
- No “T” Back Suits
- Bikini Suits Must Be In Good Taste. Minimum 50% Glute Coverage
- Bikini Contestants - Recommended You Bring 2 Suits
- Approved & Official Classic Physique Shorts: npc-wear.com/product_detail.cfm?id=344
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"Berger Paints India Limited Q4 FY2023 Results Conference Call"
May 15, 2023
ANALYST:
MR. NITIN GUPTA– EMKAY GLOBAL FINANCIAL SERVICES
MANAGEMENT
: MR. ABHIJIT ROY – MANAGING DIRECTOR & CHIEF EXECUTIVE OFFICER – BERGER PAINTS INDIA LIMITED MR. KAUSHIK GHOSH – VICE PRESIDENT & CHIEF FINANCIAL OFFICER – BERGER PAINTS INDIA LIMITED MR. SUJYOTI MUKHERJEE – VICE PRESIDENT – FINANCE & ACCOUNTS – BERGER PAINTS INDIA LIMITED
Moderator:
Nitin Gupta:
Sujyoti Mukherjee:
Abhijit Roy:
Berger Paints India Limited May 15, 2023
Ladies and gentlemen, welcome to the Q4 and FY2023 results conference call of Berger Paints India Limited hosted by Emkay Global Financial Services. As a reminder, all participant lines will be in the listen-only mode and there will be an opportunity for you to ask questions at the end of today's presentation. Should you need assistance during the conference, please signal an operator by pressing "*" then "0" on your touchtone phone. Please note that this conference is being recorded. I would now like to hand the conference over to Mr. Nitin Gupta of Emkay Global Financial Services. Thank you and over to you Sir!
Thank you Rubin. Good evening everyone. I would like to welcome the management and thank them for giving this opportunity. We have with us today Mr. Abhijit Roy, Managing Director and CEO, Mr. Kaushik Ghosh, Vice President and CFO and Mr. Sujyoti Mukherjee, Vice President, Finance and Accounts. I shall now hand over the call to the management for the opening remarks. Over to you gentlemen.
Thank you Nitin. Good evening ladies and gentlemen. A warm welcome to Berger Paints India Limited earnings call for Q4 FY2023 as well as for the financial year 2023. As always we have with us today Mr. Abhijit Roy our MD and CEO and Mr. Kaushik Ghosh, Vice President and CFO. We are really encouraged by your participation and I would like to inform you that the management presentation on the performance has been uploaded in our website as well as in the stock exchanges. I would like to handover this call to Mr. Abhijit Roy for his comments on the performance.
Thank you Sujyoti and very warm welcome to all of you to this earnings call. We will begin first by looking at what we have done for the year. The company recorded a strong performance for the year. Our consolidated top line crossed 10,000 Crores in this particular year in 2022-2023. India operations top line almost touched 10,000 Crores as well. Company gained market share in 2022-2023. The standalone turnover growth was 22.3% highest in the industry and consolidated turnover growth was 20.6%. The double digit operating profit growth at 13.8% in the standalone and 11.7% on the consolidated business. Company added around 8000 plus retail touch points in financial year 2023 and installed about 5200 colour bank machines. The protective coating business itself crossed 1000 Crore. We are the market leader and continue to remain a market leader in this segment. The non auto industrial business also recorded market leadership with top line of about 1450 Crore. All industrial business lines showed improved profitability at operating margin level. Company successful setup its biggest manufacturing facility in Sandila, Uttar Pradesh of 33,000 metric tonne capacity with an investment of 1037 Crores.
Berger Paints India Limited May 15, 2023
We have had consistent growth over the years. If we look at this year's growth as well volume sales growth versus 2022 and 2023, in 2023, we had a volume sales growth of 15.5%. The decorative volume growth is in the range of 17.6%. Three years compounded growth rate of the company per se is 16.6%. Value sales growth this year 22.3%. Three years compounded growth rate 18.5%. This comes on the backdrop of a robust 28.6% last year as well.
Over the years if you look at the standalone performance, this year as I said, the value growth of 22.3%, operating profit growth of 13.8%. PBIT 13.4, PBT 9.7 and PAT 10.5%. The financials results are there on the figures which are available in terms of PBDIT growth 13.8%. PBDIT to sales it is at 14.2% for the year. Growth rate consolidated 20.6% revenue growth. PBDIT 11.7% and PAT 3.3% brought down basically because of the Sandila investment. The depreciation and interest cost has gone up substantially reducing the PBT and PAT. If you look at some of the other issues in our internal capacity that we have 95,000 metric tonne. Biggest plant went on commercial production in February 2023 with 33,000 metric tonne capacity which will manufacture products across all categories. Presently the capacity utilization is hovering in the range of around 40 to 50%. Strong capacity addition in existing plants, but no further green field projects is envisaged for financial year 2023-2024. The new plant at Panagarh in West Bengal to be commissioned around March 2025 to produce industrial paints and construction chemical. Looking at the Q4 performance, the volume sales growth was at 11.1% overall for the company and for decorative it was slightly in excess of 14.5%. In case of value sales growth, we registered 13.6%. Three years compounded volume growth at 19.4% and three years compounded value growth is at 23.1%. Decorative business as I mentioned both double digit volume and value growth both in excess of 14%. Construction chemical segment also recorded a robust growth for the quarter. Several new products were launched in the quarter. In the industrial segment we had a flattish volume or negative volume for some of these like powder coating, but the value growth for all the industrial division were in excess of double digit primarily driven by price increases. Innovation for success and new product launches we introduced antidust cool and there were three products in the wood coating range Imperia Trend, Imperia Breathe Easy and Imperia Dura Coat. Some of these are very interesting finishes which you can possibly see if you are looking at the presentation metallic finishes, filament finish, hammer tone finish, so these are different type of finishes which are there for decorative finishes for wood coating. Similarly a product which got introduced called Dura Coat again a epoxy based product, very popular for small interior decorators as well, table etc., which can be created with different types of design. Some of which are shown in the photograph there. Media campaign continued. We in fact spent a little bit extra money both in digital media and television as well in this period in Q4 of this year compared to Q4 of last year so the spent percentage in advertising went up a little bit. In 2021-2022 Q4 we
Berger Paints India Limited May 15, 2023
had cut back on the advertisement spent and this year we actually increased it so therefore the growth in advertising spent has been much beyond the sales growth in this quarter. Industrial business, automotive, general industrial protective as I mentioned all had double digit value growth but volume growth were negligible primarily because they were led by price increase led growth, powder coating continued to have a negative growth rate both in volume and value terms.
As far as gross margin is concerned as we had mentioned last time we had seen a restoration of the gross margin on the back of drop in raw material prices. It has bounced back from 33.8% of Q3 to 39.6% as you can see in the graph so we are expecting that we will be able to maintain the gross margins at these levels, which is a healthy gross margin to be at and we have been consistently been in this range of 38 to 40 and that is where we would like to be in the future as well. As far as PBDIT is concerned it did not go up to that extent. It actually moved up from 12.9% to 15.6%. It could have been higher probably around 16.6 to 17 range which is where we would expect to be in Q1. This quarter we had some one off expenses and that is where we got impacted a bit. There were three issues, one was overhead and pre operating expenses in account of Sandila project which got completed in the month of February we started, but we had recruited from the month of November and that expense came in much of it all the workers, officers, managers, and that added up to an overhead expense which was in excess of what the normal expense is. The second part of it was we had done some Andhra Pradesh school project which was a big project which we had done the year before and in that 90% of the payment we received, 10% of the payment it comes delayed normally because lots of formalities to be filled up before that payment is released. That was taking time and we have provided for it therefore and if we had not dones these two one-off expenses and this is an expense which we are very sure that we will get back either this quarter or the next quarter, but we want to be doubly safe and therefore we have provided for it, had we not done it, our EBITDA would have possibly been about 1% higher which would have given us a growth rate in the range of 16-17% which would have been a healthier growth rate.
Operating margin excluding other income however showed an improvement sequentially of 270 basis points. We expect gross margin to hold as I mentioned at the same level going forward. Operating margins are expected to improve in Q1 of FY2024 itself. The PAT has been lower over corresponding quarter last year on account of higher depreciation and finance cost on the Sandila project which will be normalized in the coming quarter. The net debt situation which had risen to about 1000 Crores in September 2023 has come down to 610 Crores at the end of March and we would expect that we will become net cash positive by the end of financial year 2024. Company presently has the shortest receivable collection
Berger Paints India Limited May 15, 2023
days in the industry at around 37-38 days and if you look at the decorative again it will be probably the lowest in the industry at about 23 days.
Standalone growth for Q4 I have discussed already, but just to reiterate 13.6% in terms of income growth PBDIT growth 9% and PBT and PAT at -3.2 primarily because of the depreciation and interest cost of the Sandila plant. Financial results over the year income from operations has been fluctuating from Q1 of FY2022 due to COVID issues 96%, 26, 21.2 to 7.3 then again bounced back to 53.7%, 22.52 and then now 13.6. Consolidated results on similar count. The consolidated result if you observe is lower than that in terms of profit and also in sales growth rate and PAT and PBT are especially lower. The PBDIT lowering is due to primarily Bolix and Nepal operations which went negative in this quarter. Therefore you see a lowering from 9% to 6.4%. In case of PAT and PBT we had a fire in our Berger Becker plant in the month of March. We had to provide for our portion of it which is about 28 to 29 Crores, as a result of that and we had taken this provision though we have applied for the insurance and we are reasonably certain that we should get it in Q1 or Q2, but since it will take some time, we have provided for this and as and when it comes back it will be restored back into accounts. So therefore this is the reason why you see an extraordinary drop in PAT and primarily because of the fire incident and the provisions made thereof. Income from operation growth trend for consolidated on similar lines as that for standalone. The performance for consolidated company subsidiary STP Limited showed robust top line and profitability growth aided by high gross margin and reduction in overheads. This is the construction chemical company which we had acquired sometime back and did very well in Q4 and also right through the year. SBL which is Saboo Coating Limited had a marginal degrowth in top line for the year but showed improvement in profitability. The companies overseas subsidiary BGN Nepal had a degrowth in top line and profitability on account of steep inflation and cash crunch in the economy whereby company decided to hold back on extended credit. The outstanding were going up and we decided not to extend it anymore and therefore we cut back on the sales a little bit and suffered because of that. The company's overseas subsidiary Bolix Poland also had a degrowth in top line and profitability on account of Ukraine war and inflationary environment. UK operations were also impacted by high inflation. It is coming back, but we have to say it is too early to call as far as Bolix is concerned. Company's joint venture Berger Nippon paint automotive coatings had a very strong quarter of top line and profitability growth aided by the growth in the automotive sector. Company's joint venture Berger Décor Coating financial performance was negatively impacted on account of fire and the loss in one of the factories in this quarter an amount of about 28 odd Crores was provided for the same. Claims are being processed. Strategizing for growth we will expect to continue to grow at a good healthy pace, network expansion we are already having 40,000 retailers. We plan to add 8000 retail touch points in the year 2023-2024 as well. In
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Abneesh Roy:
Abhijit Roy:
Berger Paints India Limited May 15, 2023
terms of product innovation, we have done several product innovations in the recent past some more are there in the pipe line which will come this year in 2023-2024. The focus in advertising will be on the digital side of advertising though our advertising spends will increase considerably this year both on television and on the digital media once again. Influencer outreach, company has about 1.3 lakh contractors and painter will regular off take of company's product. We plan to scale up significantly in this area. Cost restructuring, working with R&D to find more cost effective alternative formulas and efficient formula, improvement in manufacturing efficiencies through automation and overhead reduction will carry on as we have been doing in the past. All this we will do and stay focused on the ESG part of it, environment, social and governance aspect. Even in the recent plant in Lucknow it is probably one of the greenest plant around, complete solar power generation, excellent water recycling and waste water reduction so we have taken lot of measures across various factories in order to become far better in terms of our environmental foot print, similarly in terms of social issues and governance. The company expects to continue its double digit growth in decorative business in the coming quarter as the demand outlook remains good in view of lower inflation and prediction of normal monsoon. I think so far April has begun well and we expect that May and June should also be good. Industrial outlook remains strong on the back of upturn in automotive and infrastructure sector. Raw material prices other than any exchange rate fluctuation appears benign as of now. We therefore expect that our gross margins will hold. Profitability expected to improve in Q1 of FY2024 on the back of improvement in operating margin, the one off expenses that we incurred would not be there and therefore we expect good solid improvement as far as EBITDA is concerned and company is confident to have a strong performance in its 100 th year of operation. Thank you and we can take the questions now.
Thank you. We will now begin the question and answer session. The first question is from the line of Abneesh Roy from Nuvama. Kindly proceed.
Thanks and you have shown good improvement in the volume growth trajectory my questions are essentially on the cost aspect so first is on the Andhra government delay in the receivables so would you be fully confident of this and if you could quantify how big is the amount and in the past have you seen such delays in other state government receivables also and does this change your aggression in any way to the state government.
Abneesh yes we are very confident of this amount that we should be getting it. Basically they have a system whereby it is automated and this amount goes through a portal which is called CSMS in their terms and once it reaches there it gets disbursed so of the total quantum which was there in excess of 300 Crores, we have received 90% of it and 10% was what was left, out of that what they had indicated was this was the last portion which is
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there for which there is procedure that we have to get certificates from the headmaster and the assistant engineers of each of the school. There are 12,000 of them. We have so far collected about 8000. We have to collect this balance 4000, which is taking some time because it is disbursed and we have to contact both of these guys and it takes some time. Once we get it, once we submit this we are 100% confident that the payment will come through so no worries as far as this is concerned. As far as other state governments yes we keep doing project elsewhere and so far there has been no such default from anywhere in the country.
Sir understood. My second question is on the advertising spends which you said has gone up significantly this quarter on Y-O-Y basis and next quarter and for the next full year FY2024 you do expect ad spends to go up which I understand given the gross margin expansion, if I see the market leader Q4 results also their other expenses has gone up so if I compare your ad expense versus pre-COVID as a percentage of sales if you could give clarity there. I understand Y-O-Y because of COVID etc wave 3, Y-O-Y it has gone up but versus pre-COVID where do we stand in terms of ad spend as a percentage of sale.
Y-O-Y as you are rightly saying, it is because we had cut back little bit and now we are going back to normal spend levels but pre COVID we are marginally ahead of that. We are spending a little bit extra especially on the digital media there has been a substantial increase in spends there. The TV has not gone up so much but the digital there has been a massive increase.
Digital increase is it due to any particular reason or is it just cost optimization versus the TV media and also other paint companies are saying lot of activity happening from their side on the architecture side so is that also a meaningful expense from your side.
On architecture side, we have not gone in such an extent but in the digital media we are going primarily because we see the audience quite a lot shifting in that direction. We have started targeting because we do not want to scatter our money uselessly into places where it may not be so useful for us. In certain states where we do want to do activity on certain brands which are not that strong all India we would prefer to go digitally there. There are certain brands like that where we want to advertise digitally and that is where the spend is going up. Corresponding little bit of reduction might be happening on the television. Overall therefore compared to pre COVID period there has been an increase, but marginal increase on television and much more substantial increase on digital.
Sure Sir. That is all from my side. Thank you.
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Thank you. The next question is from the line of Avi Mehta from Macquarie. Please go ahead.
Hi Sir. Sir I just wanted to clarify the amount that is left from Andhra Pradesh school project is 30 Crores or what is the amount. Sorry I missed that one.
So total amount that is due is approximately 30 Crores of which we took a hit of about 2021 Crores this quarter primarily because they have crossed one year period some of it in phases, so we have done some schools which were much earlier so that which crossed one year we have taken that complete provisioning for that.
Okay perfect that is very clear Sir. Sir the second bit when I look at the EBITDA margin what you have kind of indicated would it be fair to say that the 16.5 to 17% given the input cost are also remaining benign we should expect or we can expect such a performance for the year as well, obviously assuming that input cost remain benign is that a fair way to look at it or if you could help me understand that.
I can predict for you for the first quarter because that is more closer and we have got one month which has already gone past and so therefore with a reasonable degree of certainty
comment on that. If all other conditions remain similar then yes of course we are looking at that type of EBITDA range which is there. However, if we see some activity happening
which are beyond the normal then obviously things might change but yes if everything remains same that is where the range will be.
And those activities will largely be input cost related right Sir that is how I should see.
Primarily that unless of course towards the end of the year we expect competition to come in form of some of the players who have declared from the fourth quarter they will jump in.
At that point of time it might be some sort of skirmish in the market for a short while so there we do not know what may be the situation but otherwise yes this is where we will be.
Perfect Sir and when you answered ad spend remaining ahead of pre COVID that was ad spend to sales right I just want to clarify that part also.
Yes both in terms of absolute and sales as well.
And last bit Sir if you could give us a sense on the construction chemicals business and how do you see the growth in this category if you could give some understanding of how large is
it for right now and whether it is only in the subsidiaries or whether it comes in standalone.
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Berger Paints India Limited May 15, 2023
It is a mix of too many questions, but I just wanted to understand this construction chemicals business better Sir.
As far as Berger is concerned within Berger itself this is growing very well at a very robust phase and it is now becoming more and more significant. We expect this construction chemical to be around the range of 8 to 10% of the decorative business in the next two years that is for sure it looks like the way it is growing at present. In addition to this we have our subsidiary company which is STP which is also in the construction chemical space which also is growing quite fast so overall it should be around 10% range comfortably in the next one and half to two years.
Sir sorry just on that bit. Currently what is the sale in because that will give us a sense on the growth that we are expecting.
So currently both put together we will be somewhere around 1000 Crores.
Okay perfect Sir. I have some questions more but I will come back in the queue. Thank you very much Sir.
Thank you. We have the next question from the line of Percy Panthaki from IIFL. Please go ahead.
Hi Sir with some of amount of decline in crude and crude related input cost how are you looking at sort of the pricing scenario in the next few months and when I say pricing I am talking about consumer pricing plus any extra activity in the trade via discounts, rebating etc, etc.
Crude has come down. It is true and the prices of raw materials have become benign as we can see from the gross margin expansion also. It is quite evident however it is a competitive
industry and typically if there is competition you tend to fight more fiercely in the market and the prices do settle to a level which is sensible. I think there will be some amount of
rebating which is going to go up a little bit possibly, but not significantly because this is the level where we were pre COVID and it is not something which is substantially different
from where we were pre COVID.
Right Sir and you also spoke in your initial comments that gross margins I mean sustainable basis you would like to maintain it around 38 to 40% mark. If you can also give a similar
idea as to the EBITDA margins please.
Berger Paints India Limited May 15, 2023
Abhijit Roy:
If that is the range normally we operate at 16 to 17% range of EBITDA and that is where we can going forward as well.
Percy Panthaki:
This is on a consolidated basis right.
Abhijit Roy:
That is right.
Percy Panthaki:
Okay Sir that is all from me. Thanks and all the best.
Moderator:
Thank you. The next question is from the line of Tejash Shah from Avendus Spark. Please go ahead.
Tejash Shah:
Hi Sir. Thanks for the opportunity. Sir you spoke about adding somewhere around 8000 dealers on the base of 40,000 so that is a very healthy 20% addition so historically how does this translate into growth, a 20% addition on distribution when will it translate to 5%, 10%, 15% how does it actually impact the growth in the year where you are expanding.
Abhijit Roy:
Typically this will probably result in 5 to 6% of additional increase over whatever normal increase we would have got otherwise. If we have normally grown at 7 to 8% this will give us 5% additional which is about 13 odd percentage.
Tejash Shah:
Sure and Sir if you can give some hindsight on are we specifically targeting any geography where we are under indexed in terms of our presence and we are disproportionately adding dealers there or is it a normal course of expansion that we have been doing for last many years.
Abhijit Roy:
Normally we have been growing at about 4000 to 5000 outlets. Last year 2022-2023 we grew slightly faster. We grew about 7000 outlets of which 5000 plus were machine and this year again we want to go slightly ahead of that from 7000 instead to 8000 outlets and if you have seen last year also in terms of value based growth we were the highest in the industry and this could help us this year as well in growing at a faster pace than the industry in general.
Tejash Shah:
Sure and Sir last question if I may on your margin guidance. Sir your own commentary on the existing competitive scenario and then at the end of the year you also highlighted there is a competition which is coming, your guidance on going back to 14 to 16% kind of EBITDA margin. Do you think that upper end it is slightly aggressive or you believe that with raw material benefit coming through, you can actually revert back to those levels?
Abhijit Roy:
I did not get it. Can you repeat the questions please.
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Berger Paints India Limited May 15, 2023
14 to 16% right consolidated margins.
I said it will be in the range of 16 to 17% that is where we should be.
So Sir that is a healthy expansion where we are exiting this year, you qualified this year to be slightly competitive than the past years so just wanted to know how confident we are able to because I am assuming that a large part of this benefit or expansion will be gross margin led so looking at our stepped up investment on A&P commitment and then competitive landscape also how confident are we to actually kind of revert back to those levels of margins.
It is a combination of two, three factors. One of course is that where there was one off expenses which was there this year which will not be there next year. The second is that we are doing a lot of exercise on our overhead front which we expect will yield very positive result and we should be able to reduce our overhead percentage to sale at least by 0.5% is what we are looking at. This is something which is a work in progress, but we are reasonably confident that we should be able to deliver on that front and then lastly it is true that there will be an expansion in the gross margin which will happen, but in the competitive spirit that we are looking at it is not necessary that always that price will start falling and therefore it will drag down the EBITDA that is not what we have seen so far in the industry and we expect that trend will continue in the future as well.
Very clear Sir. Thanks and all the best.
Thank you. The next question is from the line of Shirish Pardeshi from Centrum Broking. Please go ahead.
Hi Sir good evening. Thanks for the opportunity. I have three questions, you just touched upon the competition. Would you be able to give us some colour how the competition is behaving at this time because what we gather from the trade is that they are expecting a very strong either improvement in terms of their profitability on the account of either dropping the prices or from the point of increasing the discounts because the competition is really heightening at the trade. We are interested at looking at what is your comment on that.
No the ground realities are slightly different. In fact the hyperactivity that we had seen about one year back is no longer there. It is much more normalized. If this trend continues I do not see any reason to be worried about in terms of delivering on the EBITDA margins as well.
Berger Paints India Limited
May 15, 2023
Shirish Pardeshi:
But do you think there is a pressure from the trade to drop the prices.
Abhijit Roy:
I do not think that is the scenario now. At least in the month of April they were pretty okay. In the month of May in the first seven to ten days it is a bit of slowdown but it is picking up now again, so I do not see that pressure coming in from the trade which will force all of us to look at trying to get additional sales through additional rebating.
Shirish Pardeshi:
Okay my second question on the regional split. I guess north has lot of issues in terms of the off take in the beginning but now it is improving while south has done well so in terms of
your saliency which segments or which markets has grown faster for you.
Abhijit Roy:
Almost across the board but we are relatively a weaker player in the south so for us it has been east and then north and west which have been growing. South also has grown well on
a lower base for us.
Shirish Pardeshi:
Okay and the last question on the initial slide what you have mentioned that this 33,000 metric tonne what we have added in the month of February and I think the present capacity is 95,000 metric tonne and you said that is about 40 to 50,000 utilization. To your understanding when does this 40 to 50,000 capacity utilization will happen for Sandila.
Abhijit Roy:
Sandila is operating at 40 to 50% you are right and that will take about one and half to two years for it to reach to 75 to 80%. For us normally the seasonal month it tends to go up to
100% utilization. Normal month it is about 65, 70, 75% so that is a good figure to be at. In one and half to two years timeframe we should be able to reach that level of 70-75% at
Sandila as well. Meanwhile in the next two years after we will have to start looking at brown field expansions in our existing plant and also a Greenfield possibly in the state of
Orissa which we will start setting up from 2026 onwards.
Shirish Pardeshi:
Okay so just one followup on the account of Sandila you said that the overheads has actually picked up your cost, but is there anything one off which is going to come in FY2024 because of Sandila plant.
Abhijit Roy:
No nothing more to be there. We have taken whatever had to be taken.
Shirish Pardeshi:
Okay thank you Sir and all the best.
Moderator:
Thank you. We have the next question from the line of Jai Doshi from Kotak Securities.
Please go ahead.
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Harsh Shah:
Berger Paints India Limited May 15, 2023
Hi thanks for the opportunity and congratulations on the three consecutive quarters of industry leading growth. I had two questions, the first one is just a book keeping question.
You called out 20 to 21 Crores of provisioning done on account of the Andhra Pradesh school project. You also indicated that there were some more provisioning at subsidiary
level and some one-off cost associated with the opening of the Sandila plant. Is it possible to quantify that eventually just trying to understand what is the extent of impact, onetime
cost as a percentage of consolidated revenue.
Approximately it will be another 8 or 9 Crores in addition to this Andhra Pradesh school so approximate value will be about 28 Crores which is there. It is one off so you can bill that in the percentage and understand whatever it is.
Could you give us some colour on what is your market share in the four regions, the north, south, east and west ballpark numbers will also be fine.
Very difficult to say Jai. We do not calculate in that way, but I can only let you know that in the east we are the strongest and north also we are well placed, relatively weaker in the west and the south and it varies from state to state even in these areas. For example in UP we might be relatively much stronger than say in Punjab or Himachal Pradesh so it is a very broad term to use and I do not think it makes any sense, but overall our market share hovers between 19 to 20% in all India scenario in the east obviously therefore it is much higher, north will be also slightly higher than average and relatively weaker in the west and south.
Weaker in south, my understanding is you are strong in Kerala and you do have presence in
AP, Telangana as well right so if Karnataka and Tamil Nadu are the two markets where you have very low market space.
And also Telangana we are very weak. Andhra we are strong and Kerala we are strong, but the other three states we are relatively much, much weaker.
That is it from my side. Thank you so much.
Thank you. The next question is from the line of Harsh Shah from InCred Capital. Please go ahead.
Hi Sir thanks for taking my question. Sir you talked about improving profitability in your industrial business so can you quantity or just give an indication as to what levels are the margin at EBITDA or PBT whatever you are comfortable sharing.
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In the industrial also different businesses have different levels, powder coating which is degrowing in sales has a very high EBITDA to sales as of now, quite close to decorative actually. As far as protective coating is concerned it is below decorative but it is improving every quarter so the last quarter it was in good double digit. In case of automotive and general industries, again it started at a very low level by the end of Q4 it was in double digit just about so that is how it is.
On a blended basis would the sustainable margin for the entire industry including auto and non auto if we put together would that be in low teens for you.
For the industrial business yes. It will be somewhere in between 12 to 14% blended if we assume that this Q4 results will continue and the decorative is much higher of course.
Okay thank you so much Sir.
Thank you. We have the next question from the line of Mihir P Shah from Nomura. Please go ahead.
Good evening Sir. Thank you for taking my questions. Sir firstly historically between the value growth and volume growth there used to be a negative mix historically, but we have
seen over a period of time that mix kind of going away so I just wanted to check with you in this quarter probably is it because there is no pricing and mix has gone away or there is still
some element of pricing and element of mix which is still leading to value and volume growth to be in the similar range.
This quarter the price increase benefit that we were getting in the second quarter and to some extent even in the third quarter has completely vanished in quarter four so the volume-
value gap become negligible expect for the positive mix changes if any which was to happen and when we sell this low end emulsions etc., those are also priced comparatively
lower and they are growing at a reasonably good phase as a result sometimes the volume growth might exceed the value growth if you are looking at that way so that explain the
slightly higher volume growth than the value growth in this quarter.
Got it Sir. I mean of course this can be some seasonality effect etc., but on a steady state basis how should we think about the negative mix that we used to see in the earlier years
can that settle down completely or it will be a quarter to quarter phenomena.
It can be quarter to quarter phenomena. It depends on every quarter if scenario changes a little bit in the paint industry. For example in the second quarter the mix normally tends to
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reverse in the negative direction because lot of sales of distemper, primers etc., happen in that quarter. Again in the third quarter and the fourth quarter it tends to pick up especially in the third quarter in the October, November, December Diwali period emulsions sale will go up significantly and that to high end emulsion and then you have value growth far in excess of volume so it varies from quarter to quarter it is very difficult to give you a generalized picture for the whole year.
Got it Sir. Sir how should one think about pricing now given raw materials are completely back. In your view do you think that there can be a phase for price cuts in the industry?
So in current situation I do not see that immediately what is required to be done especially if the demand scenario is decent and good there is no need for that at all. If the situation so arises that the demand starts faltering and we see the prices remaining benign and stable at these points or reducing further in terms of raw material prices then maybe a price cut maybe required, but not at this stage.
Got it Sir. Sir the other question I wanted to check with you was on the product mix that you have if you can share any broad range of your product mix between premium, mid, and mass where is it standing currently and where do you see that in the next three odd years because we have seen a lot of new differentiated high end launches that are happening so if you can throw some light on that product mix change that you are endeavoring to do.
The growth is improving as far as the premium luxury category is concerned for us and if that continues to happen over the period of years we have seen that improving. In the pre lux category not in the luxury category we still need to do some work on the luxury category and I believe there is a lot of growth opportunity in the luxury category as well where we have a product called weather coat long life and exterior category which is doing very well, but in the silk glamour which is the interior luxury that has not grown all that well that we would have anticipated so there is some space there for growth in that particular category. We are doing very well and we are a leader in the immediately below luxury category which is called the premium luxury category where we have two brands Easy Clean and Anti Dust both are leaders in their own category in that particular segment so that continues to grow very well and we will be investing in advertisement and also in terms of other activities to grow this premium luxury and the luxury category to help premiumization of our entire product portfolio.
Got it Sir. Thank you and my last question Sir is on the subsidiary the Bolix, any visibility by when do you expect an improvement in that region Sir or when we can start seeing some growth numbers versus a degrowth and improvement in margins.
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Last three months which is January, February, March which gets actually consolidated with our April, May, June accounts that has been good, but it is very difficult to say how things will be going forward. As of now the situation there remains tense because the war continues and lot of refugee flow into Poland and it creates some amount of disturbance. The inflation is at a high level though we manage to sell and do reasonably well whether we will be able to continue that that is something which I cannot give visibility on and this is a small operation for us and overall the stakes are not so high so it does not impact us so much as far as the overall result is concerned.
Thank you very much Sir. Wishing you all the very best. That is all from my side.
Thank you. The next question is from the line of Avi Mehta from Macquarie. Please go ahead.
Hi Sir. I just wanted to check on this fan business in the powder coating, when do you see that kind of turning around because it has been sometime since that weakness is continuing.
That is true and we were expecting that the summer setting in and April, May should have been much better so April it did improve to some extent because all this five star rating etc have settled down and the expectation was that it will do much better. It did improve but not to the extent that we would have loved it to. It is still below the threshold level that one would have expected but May again there has been further more improvement on that hopefully this trend will continue to improve because the pipeline which had got reduced considerably needs to be filled up again so gradually I think it will come back.
Okay Sir. That is all from my side. Thank you very much Sir.
Thank you. The next question is from the line of Deepak Parmar an individual investor.
Please go ahead.
Hi thank you for taking my question. My question is among the listed competitors are we planing to grow the fastest in FY2024 and gain market share. Can you put some colour on this?
So the intention is that because last year also we grew the fastest and we gained market share, my estimate is about 0.4% in the overall market for the companies which are in the listed space and we were the only company which would have grown significant market share in the year gone by and we expect that this year too in 2023-2024 we would gain
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some market share. The quantification is difficult but we would like to be the fastest growing definitely in the market.
Thank you so much. Another point is this UP plant how is it going to help in terms of improving the margin because north is your second best market so will it help in terms of improving the margin, the UP plant which has come up.
Yes so some amount of help definitely will happen. Two things which is there one of course is the freight cost reduction will happen to a large extent and the responsiveness of the company to certain changes in requirement will be much faster so thereby both sales and in terms of operating margin the freight cost reduction will help. In addition of course we have some tax benefit which will come in which will kick in also.
Okay and one last question as you rightly said with lot of other competitors coming in by Q4 and Telangana, Maharashtra, and Karnataka these are one of the biggest paint market so how are we going to counter the current existing players and the new players in our weaker market. I mean what are our strategies to counter these players.
These are the markets where we have been traditionally on the weaker side. We have taken some initiatives which are out of the box little bit and attempting those things. Last year we
did that. We achieved some degree of success I would say but this is something which needs to be continued this year as well and hopefully we will be able to grow at a
reasonable pace even in these market.
Okay thank you so much and all the best.
Thank you. As there are no further questions from the participants, I now hand the conference over to the management for closing comments. Over to you Sir!
Thank you. This has been a good year for us and we are entering in to the 100 th year. This will be in fact our 100 year in existence in India. We started our journey in 1923 in the month of December and therefore we will touch exactly 100 years in December of 2023. We expect that this year will be a good year for us and the 100 th year will be one of the best that we have seen so far. We have crossed this milestone of 10,000 Crores that gives us some wings to our journey and we hope that the year which is ahead of us we should be able to deliver on the promises that we have made. Thank you once again for listening to us patiently and wish us the luck as well for the coming year.
Moderator:
Berger Paints India Limited May 15, 2023
Thank you. On behalf of Emkay Global Financial Services that concludes this conference.
Thank you for joining us and you may now disconnect your lines.
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<urn:uuid:fa37fcd4-fb47-4a61-8b61-32906104a42d>
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HuggingFaceFW/finepdfs/tree/main/data/eng_Latn/train
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finepdfs
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eng_Latn
| 44,995
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Wipe clean using a soft damp cloth followed by a dry cloth.
Do not use abrasives or cleaning products which may contain ammonia or solvents.
Take care when handling or moving the furniture. Careless handling can damage wooden furniture, try to lift rather than drag.
**PARTS LIST**
1. 4FT6 x 36pes
2. 5FT x 38pes
3. 6FT x 38pes
**HARDWARE LIST**
- A 10mm*40mm=4pcs
- B M6*80mm=8pcs
- C 30mm*17mm=8pcs
- D M10*17mm=8pcs
- E 1pc
- F 4FT6 x 72pes
- 5FT x 76pes
- 6FT x 76pes
- G 1pc
- H 1pc
- I 1pc
- J M6X40mm=1pc
- K M6X20mm=4pcs
**STEP 1**
**STEP 2**
STEP3
STEP4
STEP5
slot in
1. **Headboard**
- Attach the headboard to the slats using the provided hardware.
2. **Footboard**
- Attach the footboard to the slats using the provided hardware.
3. **Slat Support**
- Place the slat support between the slats and attach it to the bed frame using the provided hardware.
4. **Bed Frame**
- Assemble the bed frame according to the instructions provided with the kit.
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<urn:uuid:41617acc-597d-4fab-bd1d-547f22403b6a>
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HuggingFaceFW/finepdfs/tree/main/data/eng_Latn/train
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finepdfs
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eng_Latn
| 990
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REFERENCES
Chapter 127
1. Gofeld M. Ultrasonography in pain medicine: a critical review. Pain Pract. 2008 Jul-Aug;8(4):226–240. PMID 18513228
2. Maecken T, Zenz M, Grau T. Ultrasound characteristics of needles for regional anesthesia. Reg Anesth Pain Med. 2007 Sep-Oct;32(5):440–447. PMID 17961844
3. Marhofer P, Chan VWS. Ultrasound-guided regional anesthesia: current concepts and future trends. Anesth Analg. 2007 May; 104:1265–1269. PMID 17456684
4. Peng P, Narouze S. Ultrasound-guided interventional procedures in pain medicine: a review of anatomy, sonoanatomy and procedures. Part I: non-axial structures. Reg Anesth Pain Med. 2009 Sep-Oct;34(5):458–474. PMID 19920421
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<urn:uuid:9f39fcae-6b4e-4051-83a2-94fc36358b44>
|
HuggingFaceFW/finepdfs/tree/main/data/eng_Latn/train
|
finepdfs
|
eng_Latn
| 678
|
Sudocube: An Experimental 3D Sudoku Puzzle
A puzzle by Cyrus Cousins
Place a digit from 1 through 8 into each cell of the $4 \times 4 \times 4$ grid. Digits may not repeat within the 8 nonoverlapping $2 \times 2 \times 2$ cubes, nor may they repeat along any of the $x$, $y$, or $z$ axes.
Place a digit from 1 through 8 into each cell of the $4 \times 4 \times 4$ grid. Digits may not repeat within the 8 nonoverlapping $2 \times 2 \times 2$ cubes, nor may they repeat along any of the $x$, $y$, or $z$ axes.
Standard domino sudoku rules apply: inequality signs between adjacent cells require that the digits placed in said cells respect the inequality, and solid Kropki dots (filled circles) require the digit placed in one adjacent cell to be twice the digit of the other. For visual clarity, all given dominos are orthogonal to the $z$ axis.
1. Consider the digits that are ruled out along all three axes, and within the cube, of every cell. Other standard Sudoku techniques may need to be adapted to work with the third dimension.
2. I recommend starting the puzzle by examining coordinate triplet (1, 1, 1), i.e., (west, south, down).
3. The classic and variant Sudoku puzzles have essentially the same solution, but the $x$ and $y$ axes are transposed, and the numbers are transformed by the (self-dual) mapping $d \mapsto 9 - d$. With this knowledge, you can combine the given clues for the two puzzles. This knowledge is not required to solve either puzzle: use only as a second-to-last resort.
4. If all else fails, contact me for the solutions.
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<urn:uuid:ba66718e-fe85-452a-af1d-b82f07c9a7dd>
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HuggingFaceFW/finepdfs/tree/main/data/eng_Latn/train
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finepdfs
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eng_Latn
| 1,562
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A Magyar Posta Biztosító Zrt. PostaAutóÔr kötelezô gépjármû-felelôsségbiztosításának
2013. április 1-jétôl alkalmazandó tarifája
Ügyfélszolgálat: 06 40 200 480 (H 8:00-20:00, K-P 8:00-18:00) • Fax: 06 1 423 4298 • www.postabiztosito.hu
Az elérhetô gondoskodás
Felhívjuk szíves figyelmét, hogy amennyiben a korábban kötött felelôsségbiztosítási szerzôdését határidôre jogszerûen nem mondja fel, akkor az új biztosítóval kötött szerzôdése a kötelezô gépjármû-felelôsségbiztosításról szóló 2009. évi LXII. törvény 10.§-a alapján érvénytelen. Kérjük, olvassa el a melléklet elsô oldalán szereplô részletes tájékoztatót! A gépjármû-felelôsségbiztosítási szerzôdés megkötésére Szerzôdôként a jármû forgalmi engedélybe bejegyzett Üzembentartója, ennek hiányában Tulajdonosa kötelezett.
2012. január 1-jétôl kezdôdôen a népegészségügyi termékadóról szóló 2011. évi CIII. törvény rendelkezései értelmében a kötelezô gépjármû-felelôsségbiztosítás (KGFB) megkötésére kötelezett Üzembentartónak a KGFB biztosítási díjon felül baleseti adót kell fizetnie. A tarifahirdetésben meghatározott díjak a baleseti adót nem tartalmazzák. Az adó mértéke az adóalap 30%-a, de az adó nem lehet több, mint a biztosító kockázatviselésével érintett idôtartam naptári napjaira naponta 83 forint/gépjármû. Mivel a fedezetlenségi idôszakban a biztosító nem visel kockázatot, a 83 Ft napi maximum nem érvényesíthetô, ezért a fedezetlenségi díjat minden esetben 30%-os adó terheli. Az adó beszedésére és befizetésére a törvény a biztosítót kötelezi. A befolyt összegbôl a biztosító elôször az idôszakra esô baleseti adót köteles levonni, ezért ha a Szerzôdô az esedékes biztosítási díj, az esetleges fedezetlenségi díj és a baleseti adó együttes összegét nem fizeti meg, akkor biztosítása díjrendezetlen lesz, ami a szerzôdés megszûnését eredményezi!
EGYEDI SZERZÔDÉSEK – 2013. április 1-jétôl alkalmazandó I. DÍJSZABÁS
Az I. Díjszabás azokra az egyedi szerzôdésekre vonatkozik, melyek 2011. január 1-je elôtti kockázatviselési kezdetûek, és amelyek az esedékes biztosítási évfordulójukon érvényben vannak a Magyar Posta Biztosító Zrt.-nél.
Alapdíjak I.
Szorzók
Köbcentiméter (cm 3 ) - kilowatt (kW) szerinti szorzó személygépkocsikra és motorkerékpárokra [A cm 3 a gépjármûvek motorjának hengerûrtartalmát, a kW a gépjármûvek motorjának teljesítményét határozza meg.] Alapszorzók
4_KGFB_sajto_2013_01_jav.indd 1
4_KGFB_sajto_2013_01_jav.indd 1
1/24/13 4:46 PM
1/24/13 4:46 PM
Kiegészítô szolgáltatások
Ha a Szerzôdô nem rendelkezik valamelyik alábbiakban felsorolt kiegészítô biztosítással, akkor annak díja 0,-Ft.
A Gépjármû Assistance kiegészítô biztosítás csak olyan személygépkocsira, motorkerékpárra vagy 3,5 tonna legnagyobb össztömeget meg nem haladó tehergépjármûre választható, amelynek kora az ajánlattétel idôpontjában kisebb, mint 14 év. A jármû kora = ajánlattétel éve – gyártási év.
A 2013. január 1-je elôtti kockázatviselési kezdetû Okozói kiegészítô biztosítás/Casco Light Plus Okozói kiegészítô biztosítás esetén, amelyek az esedékes biztosítási évfordulójukon érvényben vannak a Magyar Posta Biztosító Zrt.-nél, a Szerzôdô
által választott alábbi kártérítési maximumoknak megfelelô díjszorzó:
Kedvezmények – Általános irányelvek
Kedvezmények igénylése
A kedvezmények csak személygépkocsira igényelhetôk, kivéve a Családi többautó kedvezmény, az Autó-Motor kuponkedvezmény, a Kiskegyed kuponkedvezmény, melyek legfeljebb 3,5 tonna össztömegû tehergépkocsira is igényelhetôk.
A kedvezményeket a Szerzôdônek minden szerzôdésre külön igényelnie kell. A kedvezmény igénylése kérelemmel történhet.
Kedvezmény igénylésével a Szerzôdô kijelenti, hogy a jelen hirdetményben foglalt kedvezményre jogosító körülményeknek mindenben megfelel. A Magyar Posta Biztosító Zrt. ellenôrizheti, hogy a Szerzôdô a közlési- vagy változás-bejelentési kötelezettsége teljesítése során a valóságnak megfelelôen nyilatkozott-e. Az adatok és a nyilatkozatok helyességéért a Szerzôdô felelôsséget vállal. Ha a kedvezményre való jogosultság ellenôrzése során kiderül, hogy a Szerzôdô mégsem volt jogosult a kedvezményre, akkor tudomásul veszi, hogy a jogszabályokban biztosított határidôkön belül a Magyar Posta Biztosító Zrt. a kedvezményt visszavonja, és kiszámlázza a jogalap nélkül igénybe vett kedvezmény összegét. A kedvezményrendszer a biztosítási díjszámítás része.
Kedvezmények igénylésének határideje: azokra a szerzôdésekre, amelyekre a Magyar Posta Biztosító Zrt. a biztosítási idôszak végén (a biztosítási évfordulón) kockázatban áll, legkésôbb az esedékes biztosítási évfordulóig a biztosítóhoz megérkezôleg. A határidô után beérkezett igényléseket a Magyar Posta Biztosító Zrt. nem teljesíti.
Kedvezmények kiszámítása: a százalékosan megadott kedvezményeket össze kell adni. Ha az így kapott összesített kedvezmény több mint 30%, akkor a szerzôdésre maximum 30% kedvezmény vehetô igénybe. Ez alól kivétel a Postás kedvezmény, ahol a maximum 33%. Kedvezményszorzó összesen = (100–összesített kedvezmény százalékláb)/100
Külön igénylés nélkül továbbvihetô kedvezmények: azon szerzôdések esetén, amelyek a biztosítási idôszak végén (a biztosítási évfordulón) hatályosak a Magyar Posta Biztosító Zrt-nél, és amelyekre korábban Gyermekkedvezményt, Családi többautó kedvezményt, Autó-Motor kuponkedvezményt, Kiskegyed kuponkedvezményt, Sajtó kedvezményt, természetes személy Szerzôdôre vonatkozó Tömegközlekedési kedvezményt, Nyugdíjas kedvezményt, Közalkalmazotti, köztisztviselôi vagy kormánytisztviselôi kedvezményt, 3 éve nem váltók kedvezményét, illetve Postás kedvezményt vettek igénybe, és a kedvezmény igénybevételének feltételei a biztosítási idôszak végén (a biztosítási évfordulón) a jelen tarifa szerint is fennállnak, nem szükséges ezen kedvezmények külön igénylése. Ezek a kedvezmények változatlan kedvezménymértékkel továbbvihetôk, kivéve a Gyermekkedvezményt, mely 10%-os kedvezményként vihetô tovább, illetve a Nyugdíjas kedvezményt, mely 5%-os kedvezményként vihetô tovább. Nem vihetô tovább az Autó-Motor elôfizetôi kártyakedvezmény, valamint a B10 jóvezetô kedvezmény.
Kedvezmények
Gyermekkedvezmény
Gyermekkedvezmény igényelhetô arra a biztosítási szerzôdésre, melynek Szerzôdôje természetes személy, aki gyermeket nevel, és a gyermek a Szerzôdôvel közös háztartásban él, és a gyermek születési dátuma 1995. január 1-je vagy késôbbi. A kedvezmény mértéke nem függ a gyermekek számától. Kedvezmény: 10%
Családi többautó kedvezmény Családi többautó kedvezmény igényelhetô azokra a biztosítási szerzôdésekre, amelyek Szerzôdôi természetes személyek, közös háztartásban, azonos állandó bejelentett lakcímen élnek. Ezen kedvezmény az elsô jármûre nem, hanem csak a második és további jármûvekre igényelhetô.
Kedvezmény:
10%
Autó-Motor kuponkedvezmény
Ez a kedvezmény akkor igényelhetô, ha a Szerzôdô az ajánlatszámra (kötvényszámra) való hivatkozással megküldi a Magyar Posta Biztosító Zrt. által az Autó-Motor vagy Autó Bild magazinokban (kiadó: Axel Springer Budapest Kiadó Kft.) megjelentetett akciós kupont. Autó-Motor kuponból egy szerzôdésre csak egy darab használható fel. Kedvezmény: 5%
Díjszámítás
A díjszámítást a forgalmi engedélybe bejegyzett cím alapján kell elvégezni.
Személygépkocsi, tehergépkocsi
KGFB Részdíj = Gépjármû-kategória szerinti alapdíj x Bonus-malus osztály szerinti szorzó x Terület szerinti szorzó x Szerzôdô kora szerinti szorzó x Használat, jármû jellege szerinti szorzó x Kedvezményszorzó összesen x Gépjármû-kategóriának megfelelô cm 3 -kW szerinti szorzó
KGFB díj összesen = KGFB Részdíj x Fizetési ütem szerinti szorzó
Okozói díj (Okozói kiegészítô biztosítás vagy Casco Light Plus Okozói kiegészítô biztosítás díja) = KGFB Részdíj x a Szerzôdô által választott kártérítési maximumnak megfelelô díjszorzó
Kiegészítô biztosítások díja összesen = (Okozói díj + Bennülôk balesetbiztosítása kiegészítô biztosítási díja + Gépjármû Assistance kiegészítô biztosítás díja) x Fizetési ütem szerinti szorzó
A 2013. január 1-jei és ezen idôpont utáni kockázatviselési kezdetû Okozói kiegészítô biztosítás/Casco Light Plus
Okozói kiegészítô biztosítás esetén a Szerzôdô által választott alábbi kártérítési maximumoknak megfelelô díjszorzó:
100 000 Ft
nincs
30%
0,30
Kiskegyed kuponkedvezmény
Ez a kedvezmény továbbvihetô, ha a Szerzôdô az ajánlatszámra (kötvényszámra) való hivatkozással megküldte a Magyar Posta Biztosító Zrt. által a Kiskegyed lapcsaládban (kiadó: Axel Springer Budapest Kiadó Kft.) megjelentetett akciós kupont. Kiskegyed kuponból egy szerzôdésre csak egy darab használható fel. Ez a kedvezmény újonnan nem igényelhetô. Kedvezmény: 10%
Sajtó kedvezmény
Ez a kedvezmény külön igénylés nélkül továbbvihetô, ha a szerzôdés kockázatviselési kezdete 2010. január 1-je vagy korábbi idôpont, továbbá, ha a Szerzôdô a szerzôdéskötés idôpontjában és az esedékes biztosítási évfordulón is érvényes magyar- vagy nemzetközi sajtó- vagy újságírói igazolvánnyal rendelkezik. Ez a kedvezmény újonnan nem igényelhetô.
Kedvezmény:
20%
Tömegközlekedési kedvezmény
Ez a kedvezmény igényelhetô, ha a Szerzôdô természetes személy és rendelkezik érvényes, legalább 30 napra megváltott tömegközlekedési bérlettel. Kedvezmény: 10%
Nyugdíjas kedvezmény
Ez a kedvezmény igényelhetô, ha a Szerzôdô nyugdíjas.
Kedvezmény:
5%
Közalkalmazotti, köztisztviselôi vagy kormánytisztviselôi kedvezmény
Ez a kedvezmény igényelhetô, ha a Szerzôdô közalkalmazotti, köztisztviselôi vagy kormánytisztviselôi jogviszonyban áll, valamint akkor, ha a Szerzôdô magyar állami tulajdonú gazdasági társaság alkalmazottja. Jelen kedvezmény szempontjából magyar állami tulajdonú gazdasági társaságnak minôsülnek azok a gazdasági társaságok, amelyekben a Magyar Állam bármilyen mértékû tulajdoni hányaddal rendelkezik és a tulajdonosi jogokat az állami vagyon kezeléséért felelôs miniszter gyakorolja, aki e feladatát a Magyar Nemzeti Vagyonkezelô Zrt., a Magyar Fejlesztési Bank, illetve törvény felhatalmazása alapján az általa kijelölt központi költségvetési szerv, ennek intézménye, vagy 100%-ban állami tulajdonban lévô gazdasági társaság útján látja el. Kedvezmény: 10%
Kedvezmény legalább 3 éve nem váltóknak
Ez a kedvezmény külön igénylés nélkül továbbvihetô, ha a Magyar Posta Biztosító Zrt.-nél megkötött szerzôdés kockázatviselési kezdete 2010. január 1-je, és abban az idôpontban a Szerzôdô legalább 2007. január 1-je óta folyamatosan rendelkezett a biztosítani kívánt jármûre érvényes gépjármûfelelôsségbiztosítással ugyanannál a biztosítótársaságnál. Ezen kedvezmény újonnan nem igényelhetô.
Kedvezmény:
10%
Postás kedvezmény
Ez a kedvezmény külön igénylés nélkül továbbvihetô, ha a szerzôdés a Magyar Posta Zrt. hálózatán keresztül került megkötésre, és a kockázatviselés kezdete 2010. január 1-je vagy korábbi idôpont, és a Szerzôdô:
a Magyar Posta Zrt. munkavállalója, vagy ezen személynek házastársa, bejegyzett, illetôleg a Magyar Országos Közjegyzôi Kamara által vezetett Élettársi Nyilatkozatok Nyilvántartásában szereplô élettársa, szülôje, gyermeke, testvére, a testvére házastársa, vagy a testvére bejegyzett, illetôleg a Magyar Országos Közjegyzôi Kamara által vezetett Élettársi Nyilatkozatok Nyilvántartásában szereplô élettársa;
a Magyar Posta Zrt. kapcsolt, illetve egyéb részesedésû vállalkozásának [nevezetesen a következôknek: a Posta Kézbesítô Kereskedelmi és Szolgáltató Kft.-nek; a Posta Pénztárszolgáltató Kft.-nek; a Postaautó Duna Zrt.-nek; a JNT Security Logisztikai és Biztonsági Kft.-nek; a Magyar Posta Biztosító Zrt.-nek; a Magyar Posta Életbiztosító Zrt.-nek; a Postaflotta Szolgáltató Kft.-nek; a Posta Paletta Zrt.-nek; a Posta Init Informatikai Infrastruktúra Szolgáltató Zrt.nek] munkavállalója, vagy ezen személynek házastársa, bejegyzett, illetôleg a Magyar Országos Közjegyzôi Kamara által vezetett Élettársi Nyilatkozatok Nyilvántartásában szereplô élettársa, szülôje, gyermeke, testvére, a testvére házastársa, vagy a testvére bejegyzett, illetôleg a Magyar Országos Közjegyzôi Kamara által vezetett Élettársi Nyilatkozatok Nyilvántartásában szereplô élettársa.
Ezen kedvezmény újonnan nem igényelhetô.
A Postás kedvezménnyel együtt további kedvezmény nem érvényesíthetô.
Kedvezmény:
33%
Motorkerékpár, autóbusz
KGFB Részdíj = Gépjármû-kategória szerinti alapdíj x Bonus-malus osztály szerinti szorzó x Terület szerinti szorzó x Szerzôdô kora szerinti szorzó x Használat, jármû jellege szerinti szorzó x Gépjármû-kategóriának megfelelô cm 3 -kW szerinti szorzó KGFB díj összesen = KGFB Részdíj x Fizetési ütem szerinti szorzó
Kiegészítô biztosítás díja összesen = Gépjármû Assistance kiegészítô biztosítás díj x Fizetési ütem szerinti szorzó Éves díj összesen = KGFB díj összesen + Kiegészítô biztosítás díja összesen
Egyéb jármûvek (személygépkocsi, motorkerékpár, tehergépkocsi és autóbusz kivételével)
KGFB Részdíj = Gépjármû-kategória szerinti alapdíj x Bonus-malus osztály szerinti szorzó x Terület szerinti szorzó Éves díj összesen = KGFB Részdíj x Fizetési ütem szerinti szorzó
Megjegyzés:
Éves díj összesen = KGFB díj összesen + Kiegészítô biztosítások díja összesen
1./ Tehergépkocsik és autóbuszok esetében a gépjármû-kategóriának megfelelô cm 3 -kW szerinti szorzó 1,00. 2./ A pótkocsik, félpótkocsik, lassú jármûvek, munkagépek, segédmotoros-kerékpárok és négykerekû segédmotoros-kerékpárok, trolibuszok bonus-malus osztály szerinti szorzója mindig 1,00.
EGYEDI SZERZÔDÉSEK – 2013. április 1-jétôl alkalmazandó II. DÍJSZABÁS
A II. Díjszabás azokra az egyedi szerzôdésekre vonatkozik, melyek 2011. január 1-jei vagy az utáni kockázatviselési kezdetûek.
Alapdíjak II./A, II./B, II./C, II./D, II./E és II./F
(A kW a gépjármûvek motorjának teljesítményét határozza meg.)
Alapdíjak II./D Ezen alapdíjak érvényesek azokra az egyedi szerzôdésekre, amelyek 2012. január 1-je utáni, de legfeljebb 2012. december 31-ei kockázatviselési kezdetûek, és amelyek az esedékes biztosítási évfordulójukon érvényben vannak a Magyar Posta Biztosító Zrt.-nél.
Alapdíjak II./A Ezen alapdíjak érvényesek azokra az egyedi szerzôdésekre, amelyek 2013-ban vagy azt követôen január 1-jei kockázatviselési kezdetûek.
Alapdíjak II./B Ezen alapdíjak érvényesek azokra az egyedi szerzôdésekre, amelyek 2013-ban vagy azt követôen január 2-ától december 31-éig terjedô idôintervallumba esô kockázatviselési kezdetûek.
Alapdíjak II./C Ezen alapdíjak érvényesek azokra az egyedi szerzôdésekre, amelyek 2012. január 1-jei kockázatviselési kezdetûek és az esedékes biztosítási évfordulójukon érvényben vannak a Magyar Posta Biztosító Zrt.-nél.
Alapdíjak II./E Ezen alapdíjak érvényesek azokra az egyedi szerzôdésekre, amelyek 2011. január 1-jei kockázatviselési kezdetûek és az esedékes biztosítási évfordulójukon érvényben vannak a Magyar Posta Biztosító Zrt.-nél.
Alapdíjak II./F Ezen alapdíjak érvényesek azokra az egyedi szerzôdésekre, amelyek 2011. január 1-je utáni, de legfeljebb 2011. december 31-ei kockázatviselési kezdetûek, és amelyek az esedékes biztosítási évfordulójukon érvényben vannak a Magyar Posta Biztosító Zrt.-nél.
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Szorzók
Kiegészítô szolgáltatások
Ha a Szerzôdô nem rendelkezik valamelyik alábbiakban felsorolt kiegészítô biztosítással, akkor annak díja 0,-Ft.
A Gépjármû Assistance kiegészítô biztosítás csak olyan személygépkocsira, motorkerékpárra vagy 3,5 tonna legnagyobb össztömeget meg nem haladó tehergépjármûre választható, amelynek kora az ajánlattétel idôpontjában kisebb, mint 14 év. A jármû kora = ajánlattétel éve – gyártási év.
Kedvezmények – Általános irányelvek
Kedvezmények igénylése
A kedvezmények csak személygépkocsira igényelhetôk, kivéve a Családi többautó kedvezmény, az Autó-Motor kuponkedvezmény, a Kiskegyed kuponkedvezmény, melyek legfeljebb 3,5 tonna össztömegû tehergépkocsira is igényelhetôk.
A kedvezményeket a Szerzôdônek minden szerzôdésre külön igényelnie kell. A kedvezmény igénylése az ajánlati nyomtatványon, illetve a kockázatviselés kezdete vagy az esedékes biztosítási évforduló elôtt kérelemmel történhet.
Kedvezmény igénylésével a Szerzôdô kijelenti, hogy a jelen hirdetményben foglalt kedvezményre jogosító körülményeknek mindenben megfelel. A Magyar Posta Biztosító Zrt. ellenôrizheti, hogy a Szerzôdô a közlési- vagy változás-bejelentési kötelezettsége teljesítése során a valóságnak megfelelôen nyilatkozott-e. Az adatok és a nyilatkozatok helyességéért a Szerzôdô felelôsséget vállal. Ha a kedvezményre való jogosultság ellenôrzése során kiderül, hogy a Szerzôdô mégsem volt jogosult a kedvezményre, akkor tudomásul veszi, hogy a jogszabályokban biztosított határidôkön belül a Magyar Posta Biztosító Zrt. a kedvezményt visszavonja, és kiszámlázza a jogalap nélkül igénybe vett kedvezmény összegét. A kedvezményrendszer a biztosítási díjszámítás része.
Azokra a szerzôdésekre, amelyekre a Magyar Posta Biztosító Zrt. a biztosítási idôszak végén (a biztosítási évfordu-
Kedvezmények igénylésének határideje:
lón) kockázatban áll, legkésôbb az esedékes biztosítási évfordulóig a biztosítóhoz megérkezôleg. A kedvezmények az ajánlattétellel egy idôben az ajánlati nyomtatványon igényelhetôk. A kedvezmények kérelemmel is igényelhetôk a kockázatviselés kezdetét megelôzôen úgy, hogy ez idôpontig a kérelem a biztosítóhoz megérkezzen.
A határidô után beérkezett igényléseket a Magyar Posta Biztosító Zrt. nem teljesíti.
Kedvezmények kiszámítása: A Kiskegyed kupon, valamint a Facebook nélküli kedvezmények összege maximum 30% lehet. Ez alól kivétel a Postás kedvezmény, ahol a maximum 33%.
A Kiskegyed kuponkedvezmény vagy a Facebook kedvezmény a fenti 30%-os (Postás kedvezmény esetén 33%-os) limiten felül is igénybe vehetô.
A százalékosan megadott kedvezményeket össze kell adni (összesített kedvezmény).
Kedvezményszorzó összesen = (100–összesített kedvezmény százalékláb)/100
2012. január 1-je elôtti kockázatviselési kezdetû szerzôdések esetén a Kiskegyed kuponnal sem lehet magasabb a kedvezmény mértéke 30%-nál, Postás kedvezmény érvényesítése esetén 33%-nál.
Külön igénylés nélkül továbbvihetô kedvezmények:
Azon egyedi szerzôdések esetén, amelyek 2011. január 1-jei vagy az utáni, de legfeljebb 2012. december 31-ei kockázatviselési kezdetûek, és az esedékes biztosítási évfordulójukon érvényben vannak a Magyar Posta Biztosító Zrt-nél, és amelyekre korábban Gyermekkedvezményt, Családi többautó kedvezményt, Autó-Motor kuponkedvezményt, Kiskegyed kuponkedvezményt, természetes személy Szerzôdôre vonatkozó Tömegközlekedési kedvezményt, Nyugdíjas kedvezményt, Közalkalmazotti, köztisztviselôi vagy kormánytisztviselôi kedvezményt, 3 éve nem váltók kedvezményét, E-mail cím kedvezményt, Évfordulós váltók kedvezményét, Facebook kedvezményt, E-mail cím kedvezmény 2013-t, Korkedvezmény - Harmincasok kedvezményét, Korkedvezmény - Senior kedvezményt, Januári kedvezményt, illetve
Postás kedvezményt vettek igénybe, és a kedvezmény igénybevételének feltételei a biztosítási idôszak végén (a biztosítási évfordulón) a jelen tarifa szerint is fennállnak, nem szükséges ezen kedvezmények külön igénylése. Ezek a kedvezmények változatlan kedvezménymértékkel továbbvihetôk, kivéve a Gyermekkedvezményt, mely 10%-os kedvezményként vihetô tovább, illetve a Nyugdíjas kedvezményt, mely 5%-os kedvezményként vihetô tovább.
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Okozói kiegészítô biztosítás/Casco Light Plus Okozói
KGFB Részdíj x a Szerzôdô által választott kártérítési kiegészítô biztosítás éves díja
maximumnak megfelelô díjszorzó
Az Okozói kiegészítô biztosítás, illetve Casco Light Plus Okozói kiegészítô biztosítás csak személygépkocsira és ezen belül csak ALFA ROMEO, CHEVROLET, CITROEN, DACIA, DAEWOO, DAIHATSU, FIAT, FORD, HYUNDAI, ISUZU,
KIA, LADA, MARUTI, MAZDA, MITSUBISHI, NISSAN, OPEL, PEUGEOT, RENAULT, SEAT, SKODA, SUZUKI, TATA,
TOYOTA, VOLKSWAGEN, VOLVO gyártmányú gépkocsik európai forgalmazású modelljeire köthetô meg.
A 2013. január 1-jei és ezen idôpont utáni kockázatviselési kezdetû Okozói kiegészítô biztosítás/Casco Light Plus
Okozói kiegészítô biztosítás esetén a Szerzôdô által választott alábbi kártérítési maximumoknak megfelelô díjszorzó:
Nem vihetô tovább az Autó-Motor elôfizetôi kártyakedvezmény, Legalább 1 éve nem váltók kedvezménye, B1-B3 kedvezmény, B3-B7 kedvezmény, B4-B7 kedvezmény, B10 jóvezetô kedvezmény, B10 jóvezetô alapkedvezmény, Jóvezetô kedvezmény 2013 és Jóvezetô alapkedvezmény 2013, valamint a Lakáshitellel rendelkezôk kedvezménye.
Kedvezmények
Gyermekkedvezmény Gyermekkedvezmény igényelhetô arra a biztosítási szerzôdésre, melynek Szerzôdôje természetes személy, aki gyermeket nevel, és a gyermek a Szerzôdôvel közös háztartásban él, és a gyermek születési dátuma 1995. január 1-je vagy késôbbi. A kedvezmény mértéke nem függ a gyermekek számától. Kedvezmény: 10%
Családi többautó kedvezmény
Családi többautó kedvezmény igényelhetô azokra a biztosítási szerzôdésekre, amelyek Szerzôdôi természetes személyek, közös háztartásban, azonos állandó bejelentett lakcímen élnek. Ezen kedvezmény az elsô jármûre nem, hanem csak a második és további jármûvekre igényelhetô. Kedvezmény: 10%
Autó-Motor kuponkedvezmény
Ez a kedvezmény akkor igényelhetô, ha a Szerzôdô biztosítási ajánlathoz mellékeli, elektronikus ajánlattétel során pedig az ajánlatszámra (kötvényszámra) hivatkozással az ajánlattételt követôen megküldi a Magyar Posta Biztosító Zrt. által az Autó-Motor vagy Autó Bild magazinokban (kiadó: Axel Springer Budapest Kiadó Kft.) megjelentetett akciós kupont. Autó-Motor kuponból egy szerzôdésre csak egy darab használható fel. Ez a kedvezmény, valamint az e-mail cím kedvezmény kizárják egymást. Kedvezmény: 5%
Kiskegyed kuponkedvezmény
Ez a kedvezmény 2013. április 1-jei vagy késôbbi kockázatviselési kezdetû szerzôdésre igényelhetô, ha a Szerzôdô a biztosítási ajánlathoz mellékeli, elektronikus ajánlattétel során pedig az ajánlatszámra (kötvényszámra) való hivatkozással megküldi a Magyar Posta Biztosító Zrt. által a Kiskegyed lapcsaládban (kiadó: Axel Springer Budapest Kiadó Kft.) megjelentetett akciós kupont. Kiskegyed kuponból egy szerzôdésre csak egy darab használható fel. Ez a kedvezmény, valamint a Facebook kedvezmény kizárják egymást.
Kedvezmény:
10%
E-mail cím kedvezmény
Ez a kedvezmény a 2011. január 1-jei és 2012. január 1-jei vagy utáni kockázatviselési kezdetû szerzôdésekre vonatkozik, és külön igénylés nélkül továbbvihetô, ha a Szerzôdô a szerzôdésen megadta érvényes e-mail címét a biztosító részére. Ez a kedvezmény, valamint az Autó-Motor kuponkedvezmény kizárják egymást. Ez a kedvezmény újonnan nem igényelhetô.
Kedvezmény:
5%
E-mail cím kedvezmény 2013
Ez a kedvezmény a 2013. április 1-jei vagy utáni kockázatviselési kezdetû szerzôdésekre akkor igényelhetô, ha a Szerzôdô a szerzôdésen megadja érvényes e-mail címét a Magyar Posta Biztosító Zrt. részére. A biztosításközvetítô e-mail címének megadása ezen kedvezmény igénybevételére nem jogosít. A kedvezmény igénybevételének feltétele az is, hogy a Szerzôdô írásban hozzájáruljon, hogy a Gfbt. 17.§ (4) bekezdés szerinti, a biztosítási évfordulóról és a következô biztosítási idôszakra vonatkozó, a Magyar Posta Biztosító Zrt. KGFB díjtarifája szerint várható díjról szóló értesítést a Magyar Posta Biztosító Zrt. elektronikus úton küldje meg részére. Ez a kedvezmény, valamint az Autó-Motor kuponkedvezmény kizárják egymást. Kedvezmény: 5%
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Tömegközlekedési kedvezmény
Ez a kedvezmény igényelhetô, ha a Szerzôdô természetes személy, és rendelkezik a szerzôdéskötés idôpontjában érvényes, legalább 30 napra megváltott tömegközlekedési bérlettel. Kedvezmény: 10%
Nyugdíjas kedvezmény
Ez a kedvezmény igényelhetô, ha a Szerzôdô nyugdíjas.
Kedvezmény:
5%
Közalkalmazotti, köztisztviselôi vagy kormánytisztviselôi kedvezmény
Ez a kedvezmény igényelhetô, ha a Szerzôdô közalkalmazotti, köztisztviselôi vagy kormánytisztviselôi jogviszonyban áll, valamint akkor, ha a Szerzôdô magyar állami tulajdonú gazdasági társaság alkalmazottja. Jelen kedvezmény szempontjából magyar állami tulajdonú gazdasági társaságnak minôsülnek azok a gazdasági társaságok, amelyekben a Magyar Állam bármilyen mértékû tulajdoni hányaddal rendelkezik és a tulajdonosi jogokat az állami vagyon kezeléséért felelôs miniszter gyakorolja, aki e feladatát a Magyar Nemzeti Vagyonkezelô Zrt., a Magyar Fejlesztési Bank, illetve törvény felhatalmazása alapján az általa kijelölt központi költségvetési szerv, ennek intézménye, vagy 100%-ban állami tulajdonban lévô gazdasági társaság útján látja el.
Kedvezmény:
10%
Kedvezmény legalább 3 éve nem váltóknak
Ez a kedvezmény továbbvihetô, ha a Magyar Posta Biztosító Zrt.-nél megkötött szerzôdés kockázatviselési kezdete 2011. január 1-je, és ebben az idôpontban a Szerzôdô legalább 2008. január 1-je óta folyamatosan rendelkezett a biztosítani kívánt jármûre érvényes gépjármû-felelôsségbiztosítással ugyanannál a biztosítótársaságnál. Ezen kedvezmény újonnan nem igényelhetô. Kedvezmény: 10%
Évfordulós váltók kedvezménye
Akkor igényelhetô, ha a Magyar Posta Biztosító Zrt.-nél megkötött kötelezô gépjármû-felelôsségbiztosítási szerzôdés kockázatviselési kezdete 2013. április 1-je vagy késôbbi idôpont, és a Szerzôdô ugyanazon gépjármû vonatkozásában a korábbi kötelezô gépjármû-felelôsségbiztosítási szerzôdését a biztosítási idôszak végére felmondja, és a biztosítási idôszak végét követô nappal, mint kockázatviselési kezdettel megköti a kötelezô gépjármû-felelôsségbiztosítási szerzôdését a Magyar Posta Biztosító Zrt.-vel.
Kedvezmény: 10% Facebook kedvezmény
Ez a kedvezmény 2013. április 1-jei vagy késôbbi kockázatviselési kezdetû szerzôdésre igényelhetô, ha a Szerzôdô olyan, kilenc karakterbôl álló kuponkóddal bíró PostaAutóÔr kuponnal rendelkezik, mely a www.facebook.com/napisorsjegy oldalon elôre meghirdetett „Napisorsjegy" játékszabályzata alapján, annak megfelelô feltételekkel (azaz a Magyar Posta Biztosító Zrt., mint szervezô által meghirdetett bónusz napokon a nem nyertes játékosok részére vigaszdíjként adott kuponként) jutott a Szerzôdô birtokába. A jogosultságot a kuponkód megadásával kell igazolni. Facebook kuponból egy szerzôdésre csak egy darab használható fel. Egy kupon csak egy szerzôdéshez használható fel. Ez a kedvezmény és a Kiskegyed kuponkedvezmény kizárják egymást. Kedvezmény: 10%
Díjszámítás
A díjszámítást az állandó lakcím, ennek hiányában a forgalmi engedélybe bejegyzett cím alapján kell elvégezni. A 2012. január 1-je elôtti kockázatviselési kezdetû szerzôdések esetén a forgalmi engedélybe bejegyzett cím alapján kell elvégezni a díjszámítást.
Személygépkocsi, tehergépkocsi
KGFB Részdíj = Gépjármû-kategória szerinti alapdíj x Bonus-malus osztály szerinti szorzó x Terület szerinti szorzó x Szerzôdô kora szerinti szorzó x Használat, jármû jellege szerinti szorzó x Kedvezményszorzó összesen
KGFB díj összesen = KGFB Részdíj x Fizetési ütem szerinti szorzó
Okozói díj (Okozói kiegészítô biztosítás vagy Casco Light Plus Okozói kiegészítô biztosítás díja) = KGFB Részdíj x a Szerzôdô által választott kártérítési maximumnak megfelelô díjszorzó
Kiegészítô biztosítások díja összesen = (Okozói díj + Bennülôk balesetbiztosítása kiegészítô biztosítási díja + Gépjármû Assistance kiegészítô biztosítás díja) x Fizetési ütem szerinti szorzó
Postás kedvezmény
Ez a kedvezmény igényelhetô, ha a kötelezô gépjármû-felelôsségbiztosítási szerzôdés a Magyar Posta Zrt. hálózatán keresztül kerül(t) megkötésre, és a kockázatviselés kezdete 2013. április 1-je, vagy késôbbi idôpont, és a Szerzôdô:
a Magyar Posta Zrt. munkavállalója, vagy ezen személynek házastársa, bejegyzett, illetôleg a Magyar Országos Közjegyzôi Kamara által vezetett Élettársi Nyilatkozatok Nyilvántartásában szereplô élettársa, szülôje, gyermeke, testvére, a testvére házastársa, vagy a testvére bejegyzett, illetôleg a Magyar Országos Közjegyzôi Kamara által vezetett Élettársi Nyilatkozatok Nyilvántartásában szereplô élettársa;
a Magyar Posta Zrt. kapcsolt, illetve egyéb részesedésû vállalkozásának [nevezetesen a következôknek: a Posta Kézbesítô Kereskedelmi és Szolgáltató Kft.-nek; a Posta Pénztárszolgáltató Kft.-nek, a Postaautó Duna Zrt.-nek; a JNT Security Logisztikai és Biztonsági Kft.-nek; a Magyar Nemzeti Vagyonkezelô Zrt.; a Magyar Posta Befektetési Zrt.; a MPVI Mobil Zrt; a Magyar Posta Biztosító Zrt.-nek, valamint a Magyar Posta Életbiztosító Zrt.-nek; a Magyar Posta Oktatási Szolgáltató Kft.; a Postaflotta Szolgáltató Kft.-nek; a Posta Paletta Zrt.-nek; a Posta InIT Informatikai Infrastruktúra Szolgáltató Zrt.-nek] munkavállalója, vagy ezen személynek házastársa, bejegyzett, illetôleg a Magyar Országos Közjegyzôi Kamara által vezetett Élettársi Nyilatkozatok Nyilvántartásában szereplô élettársa, szülôje, gyermeke, testvére, a testvére házastársa, vagy a testvére bejegyzett, illetôleg a Magyar Országos Közjegyzôi Kamara által vezetett Élettársi Nyilatkozatok Nyilvántartásában szereplô élettársa.
Kedvezmény:
33%
Korkedvezmény – Harmincasok kedvezménye
Ez a kedvezmény igényelhetô, ha a Magyar Posta Biztosító Zrt.-nél megkötött kötelezô gépjármû-felelôsségbiztosítási szerzôdés kockázatviselési kezdete 2013. április 1-jei vagy késôbbi idôpont, és a Szerzôdô születési dátuma 1974. január 1-je és 1983. december 31-e közötti idôpontra esik.
Kedvezmény:
10%
Korkedvezmény - Senior kedvezmény
Ez a kedvezmény igényelhetô, ha a Magyar Posta Biztosító Zrt.-nél megkötött kötelezô gépjármû-felelôsségbiztosítási szerzôdés kockázatviselési kezdete 2013. április 1-jei vagy késôbbi idôpont, és a Szerzôdô születési dátuma 1948. január 1-je és 1958. december 31-e közötti idôpontra esik.
Kedvezmény:
10%
Januári kedvezmény
2013. január 2-ától 2013. január 31-éig terjedô idôintervallumba esô kockázatviselési kezdetû szerzôdésekre vonatkozik, és külön igénylés nélkül továbbvihetô, amennyiben a Szerzôdô azt érvényesen igénybe vette. Ez a kedvezmény újonnan nem igényelhetô.
Kedvezmény:
5%
Motorkerékpár, autóbusz
KGFB Részdíj = Gépjármû-kategória szerinti alapdíj x Bonus-malus osztály szerinti szorzó x Terület szerinti szorzó x Szerzôdô kora szerinti szorzó x Használat, jármû jellege szerinti szorzó
KGFB díj összesen = KGFB Részdíj x Fizetési ütem szerinti szorzó
Kiegészítô biztosítás díja összesen = Gépjármû Assistance kiegészítô biztosítás díj x Fizetési ütem szerinti szorzó Éves díj összesen = KGFB díj összesen + Kiegészítô biztosítás díja összesen
Egyéb jármûvek (személygépkocsi, motorkerékpár, tehergépkocsi és autóbusz kivételével)
KGFB Részdíj = Gépjármû-kategória szerinti alapdíj x Bonus-malus osztály szerinti szorzó x Terület szerinti szorzó Éves díj összesen = KGFB Részdíj x Fizetési ütem szerinti szorzó
Megjegyzés:
Éves díj összesen = KGFB díj összesen + Kiegészítô biztosítások díja összesen
A pótkocsik, félpótkocsik, lassú jármûvek, munkagépek, segédmotoros-kerékpárok és négykerekû segédmotoros-kerékpárok, trolibuszok bonus-malus osztály szerinti szorzója mindig 1,00.
FLOTTA SZERZÔDÉSEK – 2013. április 1-jétôl alkalmazandó III. DÍJSZABÁS
Jelen III. díjszabás szempontjából flottának minôsül ugyanazon – egyéni vállalkozó, jogi személy, jogi személyiség nélküli gazdasági társaság – szerzôdô Üzembentartó által biztosított gépjármûvek együttesen kezelt csoportja, ha ezen gépjármûvek darabszáma eléri az ötöt. A flotta alapdíjak és a díjszámítás alkalmazását kérni kell. A flottaszerzôdésekre nem alkalmazhatóak az egyedi szerzôdéseknél felsorolt kedvezmények és díjszorzók, kivéve a bonus-malus osztály szorzóit.
Minden más, a tehergépkocsikon (N1, N2, N3 gépjármû-kategória) kívüli gépjármû-kategória esetén az éves flotta alapdíj a II. Díjszabás Alapdíjak II./C szerinti, adott kategóriának megfelelô éves díjak 1,34-es szorzóval növelt értéke.
A Szerzôdô 3 évre visszamenôleg jármûvenként részletes kárelôzményi tájékoztatást köteles adni. A tájékoztatásnak tartalmaznia kell az okozott károkat, és a káronként kifizetett kártérítést. Ha még nem történt kifizetés, a kárt akkor is fel kell sorolni. Taxi, bérgépkocsi, oktatójármû, nemzetközi fuvarozás, tûz- és robbanásveszélyes anyagok szállítása, ADR bárcával közlekedô jármûvek, olyan jármûvek, amelyek repülôtéren is közlekednek, nem csak szárazföldön használható jármûvek esetében a flotta díjszámítás, a Talanx flotta kedvezmény alkalmazásával létrejövô szerzôdések kivételével, nem alkalmazható.
Díjszámítás
A kárelôzményi adatok figyelembe vételével a flotta alapdíjból az éves díjat az alábbiak szerint kell kiszámolni. Ha a Szerzôdô nem, vagy nem teljes körû kárelôzményt adott meg, akkor jármûvenként 200% pótdíjat kell alkalmazni. Ha a Szerzôdô pontos kárelôzményi adatokat adott, akkor ki kell számolni a Szerzôdô kárhányadát 3 évre visszamenôleg. A kárhányad egy százalékban kifejezett tört szám. A tört számlálója az elmúlt 3 évi kárkifizetések összege. Ha egy kárra még nem történt meg a teljes kárkifizetés, akkor azt káronként a megtörtént kárkifizetés növelve 1 000 000 forint átlaggal kell figyelembe venni. A tört nevezôje a jármûvenkénti jelen tarifa flotta alapdíjak összege, szorozva hárommal. A kárhányadtól függôen a flotta alapdíjakra a kárhányadnak megfelelô pótdíjat kell alkalmazni.
Kedvezmények (Egy flotta szerzôdésre csak egy kedvezmény vehetô igénybe.)
Postai flotta kedvezmény
Ha a Szerzôdô a Magyar Posta Zrt. vagy annak kapcsolt, illetve egyéb részesedésû vállalkozása [nevezetesen a következôknek: a Posta Kézbesítô Kereskedelmi és Szolgáltató Kft.-nek; a Posta Pénztárszolgáltató Kft.-nek, a Postaautó Duna Zrt.-nek; a JNT Security Logisztikai és Biztonsági Kft.-nek; a Magyar Nemzeti Vagyonkezelô Zrt.; a Magyar Posta Befektetési Zrt.; a MPVI Mobil Zrt; a Magyar Posta Biztosító Zrt.-nek, valamint a Magyar Posta Életbiztosító Zrt.-nek; a Magyar Posta Oktatási Szolgáltató Kft.; a Postaflotta Szolgáltató Kft.-nek; a Posta Paletta Zrt.-nek; a Posta InIT Informatikai Infrastruktúra Szolgáltató Zrt.-nek] , vagy ezen társaságok kapcsolt, illetve egyéb részesedésû vállalkozása, akkor kizárólag a flotta alapdíjat kell alkalmazni, 37% engedmény mellett.
Talanx flotta kedvezmény
50% kedvezmény jár azon vállalatok magyarországi közvetlen vagy közvetett többségi tulajdonú gazdasági társaságai vagy fióktelepei által üzemben tartott gépjármûvek flottadíjából, amely vállalatok a Talanx Csoportba tartozó, valamely az Európai Unión belüli, de Magyarországon kívüli székhelyû biztosító társaságnál már rendelkeznek csoportos kötelezô gépjármûfelelôsség– vagy casco biztosítási szerzôdéssel.
Ha a Szerzôdô jármûvenként igazolja a jármû bonus-malus osztályba sorolását, akkor a II. Díjszabás szerinti bonus-malus szorzót kell alkalmazni. Bonus-malus igazolás hiányában a jármûveket A00 osztályba kell sorolni.
Költségvetési szervek és állami vállalatok flotta kedvezménye
30% kedvezmény jár azon jármûvekre kötött flottaszerzôdések díjából, amelyek Szerzôdôje és a flottába tartozó jármûvek Üzembentartója központi költségvetési szerv, társadalombiztosítási költségvetési szerv, vagy közvetlenül magyar állami vagy önkormányzati többségi tulajdonban lévô gazdasági társaság. A kedvezmény csak casco szerzôdés együttes kötése esetén jár.
A Magyar Posta Biztosító Zrt.
Posta
Autó
Ôr kötelezô gépjármû-felelôsségbiztosításának
2013. április 1-jétôl alkalmazandó tarifája
Ügyfélszolgálat: 06 40 200 480 (H 8:00-20:00, K-P 8:00-18:00) • Fax: 06 1 423 4298 • www.postabiztosito.hu
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Propositionens huvudsakliga innehåll
I propositionen läggs fram förslag till höjd folkpension till gift pensionär vars make har partiellt förtida uttag av ålderspension. Propositionen innehåller vidare förslag till lagreglering av folkpensionens storlek vid partiell förtidspension kombinerad med partiellt förtida uttag av ålderspension.
I propositionen föreslås vidare att särskilt pensionstillägg för långvarig vård av sjukt eller handikappat barn vid förtida uttag av ålderspension beräknas försäkringsmässigt så att tillägget minskas endast i den mån det tas ut före den månad föräldern fyller 65 år.
Propositionen innehåller också förslag om att beräkningen av basbeloppet enligt lagen om allmän försäkring skall ske med bortseende från de importprisförändringar som följer av den svenska kronans depreciering under perioden den 19 november till den 18 december 1992.
Innehållsförteckning
1 Förslag till riksdagsbeslut ........................................ 3
2 Lagtext ................................................................. 4
2.1 Förslag till lag om ändring i lagen (1962:381) om allmän försäkring .................................................. 4
2.2 Förslag till lag om ändring i lagen (1990:773) om särskilt pensionstillägg till folkpension för långvarig vård av sjukt eller handikappat barn ........... 8
3 Pensionens storlek till gift pensionär ............................. 9
4 Särskilt pensionstillägg .............................................. 10
4.1 Bakgrund och gällande bestämmelser ....................... 10
4.2 Förmånens storlek vid förtida uttag av ålderspension . 11
4.3 Kostnader ......................................................... 12
5 Regler för beräkning av basbeloppet ............................... 12
Utdrag ur protokoll vid regeringssammanträde
den 7 oktober 1993 .................................................... 13
1 Förslag till riksdagsbeslut
Regeringen föreslår att riksdagen antar regeringens förslag till
1. lag om ändring i lagen (1962:381) om allmän försäkring,
2. lag om ändring i lagen (1990:773) om särskilt pensionstillägg till folkpension för långvarig vård av sjukt eller handikappat barn.
2 Lagtext
Regeringen har följande förslag till lagtext.
2.1 Förslag till
Lag om ändring i lagen (1962:381) om allmän försäkring
Härigenom föreskrivs att 1 kap. 6 §, 6 kap. 2 § och 7 kap. 4 § lagen (1962:381) om allmän försäkring¹ samt punkten 5 av övergångsbestämmelserna till lagen (1992:1702) om ändring i nämnda lag skall ha följande lydelse.
Nuvarande lydelse
Föreslagen lydelse
1 kap.
6 §²
Inom den allmänna försäkringen skall de beräkningar, som anges i denna lag, göras med anknytning till ett basbelopp. Vissa beräkningar skall dock göras enligt vad som anges i tredje stycket.
Basbeloppet fastställs av regeringen för varje år och utgör 29 700 kronor multiplicerat med det tal (jämförelsetal) som anger förhållandet mellan det allmänna prisläget i oktober året före det som basbeloppet avser och prisläget i oktober 1989. Därvid skall bortses från de prisförändringar som följer av ändringar av den statliga fastighetsskatten, av indirekta skatter och av räntebidrag inom bostadsbidragssystemet, allt i den mån åtgärderna vidtagits för att finansiera den sänkning av den statliga inkomstskatten som genomförs åren 1990 och 1991. Basbeloppet avrundas till närmaste hundratal kronor.
Basbeloppet fastställs av regeringen för varje år och utgör 29 700 kronor multiplicerat med det tal (jämförelsetal) som anger förhållandet mellan det allmänna prisläget i oktober året före det som basbeloppet avser och prisläget i oktober 1989. Därvid skall bortses från de prisförändringar som följer av ändringar av den statliga fastighetsskatten, av indirekta skatter och av räntebidrag inom bostadsbidragssystemet, allt i den mån åtgärderna vidtagits för att finansiera den sänkning av den statliga inkomstskatten som genomfördes åren 1990 och 1991. Vidare skall bortses från de direkta effekter på prisläget som beror på deprecieringen av den svenska kronan under tiden den 19 november - den 18 december 1992. Basbeloppet avrundas till närmaste hundratal kronor.
Det enligt andra stycket fastställda beloppet skall minskas med två procent vid beräkning av
a) folkpension i form av ålderspension, förtidspension och efterlevandepension enligt 6-8 kap. samt änkepension, barnpension och barn-
¹ Lagen omtryckt 1982:120.
² Senaste lydelse 1992:1744.
tillägg som uppbärts med stöd av övergångsbestämmelserna till lagen (1988:881) om ändring i denna lag,
b) allmän tilläggspension i form av ålderspension, förtidspension och efterlevandepension enligt 12-14 kap. samt änkepension och barnpension som uppbärts med stöd av övergångsbestämmelserna till lagen (1988:881) om ändring i denna lag.
I fråga om efterlevandepension som utgörs av barnpension skall någon minskning enligt tredje stycket inte göras när det gäller den beloppsgräns som anges i 8 kap. 3 § andra meningens.
6 kap.
2 §
Ålderspension utgör, där ej annat följer av vad i andra stycket samt 3 och 4 §§ sägs, för år räknat 96 procent eller, för gift försäkrad vars make åtnjuter folkpension i form av ålderspension eller förtidspension eller äger rätt till pension enligt 1 § första stycket, 78,5 procent av basbeloppet. Åtnjuter maken enligt 7 kap. 2 § tre fjärdedels, halv eller en fjärde dels förtidspension, utgår dock ålderspension med 82,9 procent, 87,25 procent respektive 91,6 procent av basbeloppet.
Börjar ålderspension utgå tidigare än från och med månad, varunder den försäkrade fyller sextiofem år, skall pensionen minskas med fem tiondels procent för varje månad, som då pensionen börjar utgå återstår till ingången av den månad varunder den försäkrade fyller sextiofem år. Om pensionen börjar utgå senare
---
3 Senaste lydelse 1992:1702.
än från och med sistnämnda månad, ökas pensionen med sju tiondels procent för varje månad, som då pensionen börjar utgå förflutit från ingången av den månad varunder den försäkrade uppnådde nämnda ålder; härvid må hänsyn dock ej tas till tid efter ingången av den månad, under vilken den försäkrade fyllt sjutto år, och ej heller till tid, då den försäkrade åtnjutit tilläggspension i form av ålderspension eller icke varit berättigad till folkpension.
7 kap.
4 §
Hel förtidspension utgör, där ej annat följer av vad i andra stycket sägs, för år räknat 96 procent eller, för gift försäkrad vars make åtnjuter folkpension i form av ålderspension eller förtidspension eller äger rätt till pension enligt 6 kap. 1 § första stycket, 78,5 procent av basbeloppet. Åtnjuter båda makarna förtidspension och är pensionen för endera eller båda sådan som i 2 § andra-fjärde styckena sägs, skall dock vid beräkning av pension hel förtidspension utgöra, om tre fjärdedels förtidspension utgår till andra maken, 82,9 procent, om halv förtidspension utgår till denne, 87,25 procent och, om en fjärde-dels förtidspension utgår till maken, 91,6 procent av basbeloppet.
Om förtidspension utgår för tid efter det att ålderspension med stöd av 6 kap. 3 § upphört att utgå, skall förtidspensionen minskas med motsvarande tillämpning.
4 Senaste lydelse 1992:1702.
av bestämmelserna i 6 kap. 3 och 4 §§.
5. Äldre bestämmelser i 6 kap. 2 § och 7 kap. 4 § skall fortfarande gälla i fråga om pension som utges till gift försäkrad vars make uppbär två tredjedels pension.
Denna lag trädde i kraft den 1 januari 1994. De nya bestämmelserna i 1 kap. 6 § tillämpas första gången vid fastställande av basbeloppet för år 1994. Äldre bestämmelser tillämpas på pension som avser tid före ikraftträdandet.
---
5 Senaste lydelse 1992:1702.
2.2 Förslag till
Lag om ändring i lagen (1990:773) om särskilt pensionstillägg till folkpension för långvarig vård av sjukt eller handikappat barn
Härigenom föreskrivs att 5 § lagen (1990:773) om särskilt pensionstillägg till folkpension för långvarig vård av sjukt eller handikappat barn skall ha följande lydelse.
**Nuvarande lydelse**
5 §
För sex tillgodoräknade vårdir är det särskilda pensionstillägget per kalenderår fem procent av basbeloppet enligt 1 kap. 6 § lagen (1962:381) om allmän försäkring. För varje vårdir som tillgodoräknas därutöver ökar tillägget med fem procent av basbeloppet.
För den som har börjat ta ut sin ålderspension tidigare eller senare än den månad under vilken han fyller 65 år minskas respektive ökas det särskilda pensionstillägget i motsvarande mån som pensionen skall minskas eller ökas vid förtida och uppskjutet uttag enligt 6 kap. nämnda lag.
Särskilt pensionstillägg till ålderspension, som enligt bestämmelserna i 5 kap. lagen om allmän försäkring utges med viss andel av oavkortad sådan pension, utgör motsvarande andel av det särskilda pensionstillägg som beräknats enligt första och andra styckena.
---
Denna lag trädde i kraft den 1 januari 1994. Äldre bestämmelser gäller fortfarande i fråga om särskilt pensionstillägg för tid före ikraftträdandet.
---
6 Senaste lydelse 1992:1279.
3 Folkpensionens storlek för gift pensionär då maken uppbär pension
Regeringens förslag: Folkpension i form av ålders- eller förtidspension/sjukbidrag enligt lagen (1962:381) om allmän försäkring (AFL) till en gift försäkrad vars make uppbär folkpension i form av både partiell ålderspension och partiell förtidspension/sjukbidrag och vars pensioner sammanlagt uppgår till hel pension skall utgöra 78,5 procent av basbeloppet. Uppbär maken partiell ålderspension samtidigt med partiell förtidspension/sjukbidrag och dessa sammanlagt uppgår till en halv eller tre fjärdedels pension skall folkpensionen utgöra 87,25 respektive 82,9 procent av basbeloppet.
Uppbär maken en fjärdedels, halv eller tre fjärdedels ålderspension i form av förtida uttag skall pensionen – på samma sätt som nu gäller partiell förtidspension – utgöra 91,6, 87,25 respektive 82,9 procent av basbeloppet.
Skälerna för regeringens förslag: Folkpensionens storlek för en gift pensionär är enligt gällande regler beroende av om maken har folkpension och om denne uppbär ålders- eller förtidspension. Enligt gällande regler i 6 kap. 2 § och 7 kap. 4 § AFL utgör folkpension för en gift försäkrad 78,5 procent av basbeloppet om maken har ålderspension eller hel förtidspension. Har maken däremot tre fjärdedels, halv eller en fjärdedels förtidspension är folkpensionen 82,9 procent, 87,25 procent respektive 91,6 procent av basbeloppet.
Fr.o.m. den 1 januari 1992 är det möjligt att samtidigt uppbära halv förtidspension och halv ålderspension i form av förtida uttag från folk- och tilläggspensioneringen (prop. 1990/91:141, bet. 1990/91:SfU16, rskr. 1990/91:303). Dessförinnan kunde förtidspension inte utges till den som uppbär ålderspension.
Fr.o.m. den 1 juni 1992 (prop. 1991/92:149, bet. 1991/92:SfU8, rskr. 1991/92:232) infördes möjligheten att göra förtida respektive uppskjutet uttag av en fjärdedels ålderspension och fr.o.m. den 1 juli 1993 (prop. 1992/93:31, bet. 1992/93:SfU9, rskr. 1992/93:157) även av tre fjärdedels ålderspension.
I och med att det numera finns möjlighet att kombinera förtidspension med förtida uttag av ålderspension samtidigt som antalet kombinationsmöjligheter har ökat föreligger det behov av enhetlighet vid bestämmande av folkpensionens storlek för gift pensionär då maken uppbär blandad pension. Vi anser att de procentsatser som nu gäller då maken uppbär partiell förtidspension även skall gälla i situationer med kombinerad pension.
Vi föreslår därför att folkpension i form av ålders- eller förtidspension till en gift försäkrad vars make uppbär folkpension i form av såväl partiell ålderspension som partiell förtidspension och dessa pensioner sammanlagt uppgår till hel pension skall utgöra 78,5 procent av basbeloppet. Uppgår maken s sammanlagda pensioner till en halv eller tre fjärdedels pension skall pensionen följaktligen utgöra 87,25 procent respektive 82,9 procent av basbeloppet.
Enligt vår mening är det även rimligt att reduktionen blir densamma när maken enbart uppbär förtida uttag av partiell ålderspension. Vi föreslår att en pensionär vars make uppbär enbart ålderspension i form av en fjärdedels, halv eller tre fjärdedels pension ges rätt till folkpension med 91,6 procent, 87,25 procent respektive 82,9 procent av basbeloppet.
Regeringens förslag föranleder ändringar i 6 kap. 2 § och 7 kap. 4 § AFL. Övergångsvis behövs en reglering av reduktionen för den vars make har två tredjedels förtidspension.
De ökade kostnader som följer av den föreslagna reduktionsregeln när maken har enbart partiell ålderspension beräknas uppgå till 1,5 miljoner kronor för budgetåret 1993/94. Kostnadskonsekvenser för budgetåret 1994/95 kommer att behandlas i årets budgetproposition.
4 Särskilt pensionstillägg till folkpension för långvarig vård av sjukt eller handikappat barn
4.1 Bakgrund och gällande bestämmelser
Särskilt pensionstillägg till folkpension för vård av sjukt eller handikappat barn (SPT) infördes den 1 januari 1991. Det är avsett att kompensera föräldrar som på grund av vård av ett sjukt eller handikappat barn under lång tid har gått miste om förvärvsinkomster och därmed fått låg eller ingen ATP (prop. 1989/90:117, bet. 1989/90:SfU20, rskr. 1989/90:347). Bestämmelser om SPT finns i lagen (1990:773) om särskilt pensionstillägg till folkpension för långvarig vård av sjukt eller handikappat barn. Kompletteringar har gjorts i lagen den 1 juli 1992 (prop. 1991/92:106, bet. 1991/92:SfU8, rskr.1991/92:232) och den 1 januari 1993 (prop. 1992/93:7, bet. 1992/93:SfU4, rskr. 1992/93:69).
För att erhålla särskilt pensionstillägg skall föräldern ha vårdat barnet under minst sex år. Pensionstillägget utges då med 5 % av basbeloppet per kalenderår. Överstiger vårdtiden sex år ökas beloppet med 5 % av basbeloppet per vårdår upp till en vårdtid av 15 år. Pensionstillägget kan således utgå med högst 50 % av basbeloppet per kalenderår. För att få rätt till vårdår krävs vidare att barnet under större delen av året skall ha fått hel förtidspension eller helt sjukbidrag jämte handikappersättning. I dessa fall rör det sig alltså om barn som är 16 år eller äldre. Enligt särskilda övergångsregler skall dock med vårdår likställas varje kalenderår fr.o.m. år 1964 t.o.m. år 1973, under vilket föräldern vårdat sjukt eller handikappat barn som inte uppnått 16 års ålder och som fått vårdbidrag i form av invaliditetsersättning. Motivet för dessa särskilda regler är att invaliditetsersättningen, till skillnad från vad som är fallet med
vårdbidrag, inte var ATP-grundande. Föräldrar får tillgodoräkna sig vårdår t.o.m. 64 års ålder eller, om föräldern är född före år 1928, t.o.m. 65 års ålder. För den som har börjat ta ut sin ålderspension tidigare eller senare än den månad under vilken han fyller 65 år, skall det särskilda pensionstillägget minskas eller ökas i motsvarande mån som pensionen minskas eller ökas vid förtida och uppskjutet uttag enligt 6 kap. lagen (1962:381) om allmän försäkring (AFL). Motsvarande bestämmelser finns i lagen (1969:205) om pensionstillskott.
Vid riksdagens behandling av regeringens budgetproposition för 1993/94 anförde socialförsäkringsutskottet (bet. 1992/93:SfU14) att regeringen hade anledning att se över reglerna om särskilt pensionstillägg med avseende på reducering av detta vid förtida uttag av ålderspension. Utskottet delade den uppfattning som framförts i en motion i frågan att en reducering av det särskilda pensionstillägget på grund av förtida uttag av ålderspension för tid innan detta tillägg infördes ger ett otillfredsställande resultat. Riksdagen delade utskottets mening och gav regeringen detta till känna (rskr. 1992/93:286).
4.2 Förmånens storlek vid förtida uttag av ålderspension
Regeringens förslag: Minskning av särskilt pensionstillägg skall endast göras i den mån föräldern tagit ut förmånen före den månad under vilken föräldern fyller 65 år.
Skälen för regeringens förslag: Enligt 5 § andra stycket lagen om särskilt pensionstillägg till folkpension för långvarig vård av sjukt eller handikappat barn minskas eller ökas det särskilda pensionstillägget på motsvarande sätt som folkpensionen vid förtida eller uppskjutet uttag av folkpension. När den nya tilläggsförmån infördes år 1991 och när gynnsammare regler för att bli berättigad till SPT infördes den 1 juli 1992 fanns det emellertid ett antal försäkrade som hade gjort förtida uttag av sin ålderspension vid en tidigare tidpunkt utan att samtidigt i förtid ha kommit i åtnjutande av särskilt pensionstillägg. Någon särskild regel infördes dock inte för att förhindra en livsvarig reducering av SPT när detta beviljats först efter det att det förtida uttaget av ålderspension skett.
Vi föreslår därför att lagstiftningen ändras så att reducering av SPT på grund av förtida uttag av ålderspension endast görs i den mån SPT ges ut för tid före den månad den försäkrade fyller 65 år.
Ändringen föreslås träda i kraft den 1 januari 1994 och tillämpas på pensionstillägg som avser tid efter ikraftträdandet.
4.3 Kostnader
I september år 1993 fanns det 930 ålderspensionärer som uppbär SPT. Den föreslagna förbättringen för pensionärer med förtida uttag av ålderspension som samtidigt uppbär SPT kommer att beröra ca 50 pensionärer.
Kostnaden för en något högre SPT till berörda pensionärer enligt regeringens förslag har beräknats till ca 90 000 kr/år. Den totala kostnaden för SPT budgetåret 1993/94 har enligt anslaget beräknats till 12 miljoner kronor.
5 Beräkning av basbeloppet
Regeringens förslag: Vid beräkning av basbeloppet för år 1994 skall bortses från de direkta effekter på konsumentprisindex som följer av höjda priser på importerade och importkonkurrerande varor till följd av den svenska kronans depreciering under tiden den 19 november – den 18 december 1992.
Skälen för regeringens förslag: Den 19 november 1992 övergav Sverige den fasta växelkursen. Därefter har den svenska kronan fått flyta. Den initiala depreciering av kronan som skedde gentemot ecu utgör en korrigering av ett för högt kostnadsläge i Sverige. För att inte det höga kostnadsläget ånyo skall uppstå bör vare sig löntagare eller personer som uppbär basbeloppsanknutna förmåner kompenseras för de priseffekter som beror på deprecieringen av den svenska kronan. Något realekonomiskt utrymme för en sådan kompensation föreligger inte.
Regeringen har givit Konjunkturinstitutet i uppdrag att beräkna hur konsumentprisindex (KPI) för oktober 1993 och oktober 1994, påverkas av den depreciering av kronan som skedde under tiden den 19 november – den 18 december 1992. Denna påverkan avser endast de direkta effekter på KPI som följer av höjda priser på importerade och importkonkurrerande varor. Konjunkturinstitutet skall redovisa sitt uppdrag före utgången av oktober 1993.
Regeringens förslag angående beräkningen av basbeloppet fr.o.m. år 1994 föranleder ändring i 1 kap. 6 § AFL.
Utdrag ur protokoll vid regeringssammanträde den 7 oktober 1993
Närvarande: Statsministern Bildt, ordförande och statsråden B. Westerberg, Friggebo, Johansson, Laurén, Hörnlund, Olsson, Svensson, af Ugglas, Dinkelspiel, Thurdin, Hellsvik, Wibble, Björck, Davidson, Körnberg, Odell, Lundgren, Unckel, P. Westerberg, Ask
Föredragande: statsrådet Körnberg
Regeringen beslutar proposition 1993/94:37 Vissa pensionsfrågor.
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finepdfs
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WORK TRUCK SOLUTIONS
SOLUCIONES PARA CAMIONETAS
SOLUTIONS POUR CAMIONS DE TRAVAIL
The work truck is a critical part of your business. It transports personnel, tools and equipment to the job site every day. Beyond these practical uses, the work truck serves as an extra layer of protection for your crew. Whether enhancing visibility in the roadway or navigating a remote area at night, ECCO’s lighting and warning solutions keep workers safe and productive.
ECCO stands behind its reliable and time-tested products. We design safety solutions to meet your fleet’s need regardless of the application. From residential service calls to utility line repair projects, ECCO has your back any time, any place.
La camioneta es una parte fundamental de su empresa. Transporta personal, herramientas y equipos al sitio de trabajo todos los días. Más allá de estos usos prácticos, la camioneta funciona como una capa adicional de protección para su personal. Ya sea para mejorar la visibilidad en el camino o navega en un área remota por la noche, las soluciones de iluminación y advertencia de ECCO permiten mantener a los trabajadores seguros y productivos.
ECCO respalda sus productos confiables y probados con el transcurso del tiempo. Diseñamos soluciones de seguridad que satisfacen las necesidades de su flota, independientemente de la aplicación. Desde llamadas para servicios residenciales hasta proyectos de reparación de cable del servicio público, ECCO lo respalda en cualquier momento, en cualquier lugar.
Le camion de travail est un élément essentiel de votre entreprise. Tous les jours, il transporte le personnel, les outils et l'équipement sur le chantier. Au-delà de ces utilisations pratiques, le camion de travail sera aussi une couche supplémentaire de protection pour votre équipe. Qu'il s'agisse d'améliorer la visibilité sur la chaussée ou de naviguer de nuit dans une région éloignée, les solutions d'éclairage et d'avertissement d'ECCO permettent aux travailleurs de rester productifs et en sécurité.
ECCO soutient ses produits fiables et éprouvés. Nous concevons des solutions de sécurité pour répondre aux besoins de votre parc, quelle que soit l'application. Des appels de services résidentiels aux projets de réparation de lignes de services publics, ECCO couvre vos arrières en tout temps et où que vous soyez.
Your truck is put to the test day in, day out. You need it to be ready to go at a moment’s notice along with the equipment you need to get the job done. Whether performing tasks inside or outside of the truck, ECCO’s lighting solutions save valuable time and make it easy to locate tools, find the work site and provide a perimeter of visibility. Camera systems and smart alarms greatly reduce the risk of crashes while reversing and driving around tight spaces. Warning lights give drivers and pedestrians ample warning to slow down and stay clear of equipment. Protect workers and mitigate property loss with ECCO’s recommended safety solutions for work and utility trucks.
CON ECCO EN EL TRABAJO, EL TRABAJO SE HACE
Su camioneta se pone a prueba día tras día. Necesita que esté lista para partir en cualquier momento junto con el equipo que necesita para realizar el trabajo. Ya sea que realice tareas dentro o fuera de la camioneta, las soluciones de iluminación de ECCO ahorran tiempo valioso y facilitan la organización del herramientario y la búsqueda del sitio de trabajo, además de proporcionar un perímetro de visibilidad. Los sistemas de cámaras y los alarmas inteligentes reducen considerablemente el riesgo de accidentes mientras retrocede y conduce en espacios estrechos. Las luces de advertencia brindan a los conductores y a los peatones una amplia advertencia para disminuir la velocidad y mantenerse lejos de los equipos. Proteja a los trabajadores y reduzca la pérdida de propiedad con las soluciones de seguridad recomendada para camionetas y camiones de servicio de ECCO.
AVEC ECCO SUR LE CHANTIER, LE TRAVAIL EST TERMINÉ
Votre camion est mis à rude épreuve toute la journée. Vous devez pouvoir compter sur lui pour être prêt à partir en un clin d’œil et sur l’équipement dont vous avez besoin pour faire le travail. Que ce soit pour effectuer des tâches à l’intérieur ou à l’extérieur du camion, les solutions d’éclairage d’ECCO permettent de gagner un temps précieux et de faciliter la localisation des outils et du chantier tout en assurant un périmètre de visibilité. Les systèmes de caméras et les alarmes intelligentes réduisent considérablement le risque de collision lors du recul et dans les espaces restreints. Les feux de détresse avertissent les conducteurs et les piétons de ralentir et de rester à l’écart de l’équipement. Protégez les travailleurs et atténuez les dommages matériels grâce aux solutions de sécurité recommandées d’ECCO pour les camions de travail.
The ED9215 is ideal for mounting on bumpers or the grille. It produces 135° of coverage and features a powerful light to illuminate the job site. The intense white light is in the center and it is flanked by dual-color warning lights. Two Hide-A-LED™ warning lights are mounted at a 45° angle on each end to provide effective off-angle visibility. Be seen and get the job done safely with this all-in-one, directional lighting solution.
Il modèle ED9215 est idéal pour le montage sur le pare-chocs ou la calandre. Il offre une couverture de 135° et un puissant faisceau pour éclairer le chantier. Le clairage blanc intense se trouve au centre et est entouré par deux flammes de feux de détresse bicolores. Deux feux de détresse Hide-A-LED™ sont montés à un angle de 45° à chaque extrémité pour offrir une bonne visibilité sans limites d’angle. Soyez visible et accomplissez votre travail en toute sécurité grâce à cette solution d’éclairage directionnel tout-en-un.
FEATURED PRODUCT
ED9215 SERIES
COMBO WARNING AND WORKLIGHT
Le modèle ED9215 est idéal pour le montage sur le pare-chocs ou la calandre. Il offre une couverture de 135° et un puissant faisceau pour éclairer le chantier. Le clairage blanc intense se trouve au centre et est entouré par deux flammes de feux de détresse bicolores. Deux feux de détresse Hide-A-LED™ sont montés à un angle de 45° à chaque extrémité pour offrir une bonne visibilité sans limites d’angle. Soyez visible et accomplissez votre travail en toute sécurité grâce à cette solution d’éclairage directionnel tout-en-un.
FEATURED PRODUCT
EW0800 SERIES
SLEEK INTERIOR LED LIGHTING
These thin, low-profile interior lights are designed to evenly light the cab, compartments or any tight space where illumination is required. Available in three lengths, the high-output lights mount easily with concealed fasteners. The EW0800 Series is built to last with aluminum housing and durable frosted lenses.
Ces dispositifs d’éclairage intérieurs minces et compacts sont conçus pour éclairer uniformément la cabine, les compartiments ou tout espace restreint où un éclairage s’avère nécessaire. Disponibles en trois longueurs, les dispositifs d’éclairage à haute puissance se montent facilement au moyen de fixations invisibles. La série EW0800 est conçue pour vous servir longtemps grâce à son boîtier en aluminium et à ses lentilles dépolies durables.
VEHICLE MOUNTING
12+ SERIES VANTAGE™
HEADACHE RACK BRACKET - #A1032RMK
STANDARD FEET KIT - #F69000
VEHICLE SPECIFIC BACKETS AVAILABLE
21 SERIES
HEADACHE RACK BRACKET - #A2127HRMK
STANDARD FEET KIT - #A2127FT
VEHICLE SPECIFIC BACKETS AVAILABLE
ADDITIONAL ACCESSORIES, MODELS, AND YEARS AVAILABLE AT WWW.ECCOESQ.COM
Otros accesorios, modelos y años disponibles en www.eccoesq.com / Accessoires, modèles et années supplémentaires offerts à l’adresse www.eccoesq.com
FEATURED PRODUCT
EW3200 SERIES
DOUBLE ROW | ADJUSTABLE END OR EXTRUSION MOUNT
ECCO’s double row utility bars offer a long, maintenance-free life, low amp draw, and intense white light output. The EW3200 is available in three lengths, each with a choice of two mounting options. Features include combination flood/spot beam patterns, durable aluminum housing, polycarbonate lens and five-year warranty.
Las barras utilitarias de doble fila de ECCO ofrecen una larga vida útil libre de mantenimiento, un bajo consumo de corriente y una intensa salida de luz blanca. El modelo EW3200 está disponible en tres longitudes, cada una con dos opciones de montaje. Las características incluyen una combinación de focos reflectores o de haz, carcasa duradera de aluminio, lente de policarbonato y cinco años de garantía.
Les barres utilitaires à rangées doubles d’ECCO offrent une longue durée de vie sans entretien, une faible consommation en ampères et un éclairage blanc extrêmement éblouissant. La barre EW3200 est offerte en trois longueurs, chacune avec deux options de montage. Les caractéristiques incluent des motifs de faisceau larges/étroit combinés, un boîtier en aluminium et une lentille en polycarbonate et une garantie de cinq ans.
A 12+ SERIES VANTAGE™
SAE CLASS I LIGHTBAR
24” - 27” LENGTHS
5-YEAR WARRANTY
B ED9051 SERIES
SINGLE- OR DUAL-COLOR
SAE CLASS I
5-YEAR WARRANTY
C ED3650 SERIES
DOUBLE ROW & 35” MODULES
FLOOD/SPOT COMBO
5-YEAR WARRANTY
D ED3760 SERIES
DUAL-COLOR
RUNNING LIGHTS, TAILGATES
5-YEAR WARRANTY
E EW2520
TWENTY-FOUR 1.5-WATT LEDS
DEUTSCH CONNECTOR
5-YEAR WARRANTY
F EW0360 / EW0370
LED INTERIOR LIGHTING
SURFACE MOUNT
5-YEAR WARRANTY
G 800 SERIES
REVERSE-NIGHT VISION SPEAKER
SMART & OEM OPTIONS
ECCOFLITE™ WARRANTY
H EW3420
50” COMBINATION UTILITY BAR
WITH SAFETY DIRECTOR
5-YEAR WARRANTY
I EW2601 SERIES
TWENTY-SEVEN 1-WATT LEDS
40° DOWN ANGLE
5-YEAR WARRANTY
J EW2530
SIX 10-WATT LEDS
120° FLOOD WORKLIGHT
5-YEAR WARRANTY
K EW2605
NINE 7-WATT LEDS
DEUTSCH CONNECTOR
5-YEAR WARRANTY
L EW2510 SERIES
NINE 3-WATT LEDS
SEVERE DUTY SPOT OR FLOOD
5-YEAR WARRANTY
M EW1010 SERIES
LED INTERIOR LIGHTING
HIGH-BOND TAPE / SCREW MOUNT
5-YEAR WARRANTY
N EC7008-WK
7” QUAD VIEW LCD
COLOR WIRELESS SYSTEM
FOUR CAMERA EXPANDABLE
O EW2110 SERIES
SEVEN 1-WATT LEDS
OPTIONAL DEUTSCH CONNECTOR
5-YEAR WARRANTY
P EW0300 / 203 SERIES
LED INTERIOR LIGHTING
HIGH-BOND TAPE / SCREW MOUNT
5-YEAR WARRANTY
Q EW0100 SERIES
LED INTERIOR LIGHTING
HIGH-BOND TAPE / SCREW MOUNT
5-YEAR WARRANTY
R EC6205-WK
5.6” COLOR WIRELESS SYSTEM
FOUR CAMERA EXPANDABLE
1-YEAR WARRANTY
S EC7008-WK
7” QUAD VIEW LCD
COLOR WIRELESS SYSTEM
FOUR CAMERA EXPANDABLE
VEHICLE MOUNTING
12+ SERIES VANTAGE™
HEADACHE RACK BRACKET - #A1032RMK
STANDARD FIT KIT - #R8002
VEHICLE SPECIFIC BRACKETS AVAILABLE
21/27 SERIES
HEADACHE RACK BRACKET - #A217HRMK
STANDARD FIT KIT - #A2127RT
VEHICLE SPECIFIC BRACKETS AVAILABLE
ED3760 SERIES
90” L BRACKET - #EZ3704BLKT
GRILLE BRACKET - #EZ3704GBKT
ADDITIONAL ACCESSORIES, MODELS, AND YEARS AVAILABLE AT WWW.ECCOESQ.COM
Otros accesorios, modelos y años disponibles en www.eccoesq.com / Accessoires, modèles et années supplémentaires offerts à l’adresse www.eccoesq.com
**FEATURED PRODUCT**
**5550 SERIES REFLEX®**
11” MICROBAR
The Micro Reflex® Series LED minibar provides a low-profile, yet powerful warning solution that features single- or dual-color LEDs that produce dozens of flash patterns. Choose from single- or dual-color lightbars that deliver highly visible, focused light to meet the public safety need. Integrate the microbar with the unit’s complement of exterior warning lights within the permanent mount model. The temporary, vacuum-magnet models allow operators to quickly cycle through flash patterns with simple on/off/selection switch functionality.
El minibar LED de la serie Micro Reflex® proporciona una perfil bajo, potente solución de advertencia que cuenta con LED de uno o dos colores que producir docenas de patrones de destello. Elija entre cabinas de luz de uno o dos colores que entregan luz enfocada altamente visible para satisfacer las necesidades de seguridad pública. Integre la microcaba con el complemento de luces de advertencia exteriores de la unidad con el modelo de montaje permanente. Los modelos temporales de imán de vacío permiten a los operadores recorrer rápidamente el flash patrones con funcionalidad simple de encendido / apagado / interruptor de selección.
Le mini-bar LED de la série Micro Reflex® fournit une solution d’avertissement discrete mais puissante qui comprend des LED à une ou deux couleurs qui produisent des dizaines de modèles de flash. Choisissez parmi des phares monocouleurs ou bicolores qui fournissent une lumière haute visibilité et focalisée pour répondre aux besoins de sécurité publique. Intégrez le microbar avec le complément de feux d’avertissement extérieurs de l’unité avec le modèle à montage permanent. Les modèles temporaires à aimant à vide permettent aux opérateurs de parcourir rapidement les modèles de flash avec de simples fonctionnalité du commutateur marche / arrêt / sélection.
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**VEHICLE MOUNTING**
12+ SERIES VANTAGE™ HEADACHE RACK BRACKET - #A1032RMK STANDARD-FIT KIT - #K9000 VEHICLE SPECIFIC BRACKETS AVAILABLE
---
**ED3701/3708 SERIES**
SINGLE-, SPLIT-, DUAL-, OR TRI-COLOR LOW PROFILE SURFACE MOUNT SAE CLASS I 5-YEAR WARRANTY
**ED5777 SERIES**
SINGLE- OR DUAL-COLOR 180° MULTI-MOUNT SAE CLASS I 5-YEAR WARRANTY
**ED7700 SERIES**
SINGLE-, SPLIT-, OR DUAL-COLOR SURFACE MOUNT SAE CLASS I 5-YEAR WARRANTY
**SB14/3987 SERIES**
SINGLE- OR DUAL-COLOR SURFACE OR GROMMET MOUNT SAE CLASS I 5-YEAR WARRANTY
---
**EWG380 / EWG370**
LED INTERIOR LIGHTING SURFACE MOUNT 5-YEAR WARRANTY
**EWG600 SERIES**
LED INTERIOR LIGHTING 90° CORNER MOUNT 5-YEAR WARRANTY
**EW2025/203 SERIES**
LED INTERIOR LIGHTING HIGH BOND TAPE / SCREW MOUNT 5-YEAR WARRANTY
**EWG100 SERIES**
LED INTERIOR LIGHTING HIGH BOND TAPE / SCREW MOUNT 5-YEAR WARRANTY
---
**EW3200 SERIES**
DOUBLE ROW, 8-25” MODELS 120V AC/DC COMBO 5-YEAR WARRANTY
**EDB215 SERIES**
COMBO WARNING AND WORKLIGHT 120V AC/DC 5-YEAR WARRANTY
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**FOCUS360™ SERIES**
TEN 5-WATT LEDS 360° CONTINUOUS ROTATION 5-YEAR WARRANTY
**EW2110 SERIES**
SEVEN 1-WATT LEDS OPTIONAL DEUTSCH CONNECTOR 5-YEAR WARRANTY
**EW2601 SERIES**
TWENTY-SEVEN 5-WATT LEDS 40° DOWN ANGLE 5-YEAR WARRANTY
**EW2101**
SIX 3-WATT LEDS FLOOD WORKLIGHT 5-YEAR WARRANTY
---
**EW2308**
8” DOUBLE ROW FLOOD / SPOT COMBO 5-YEAR WARRANTY
**EA9724**
MULTI-FREQUENCY™ SMART ALARM™ 12-24V, 71-91dB ECOLOFT™ WARRANTY
**SA851**
SMART ALARM™ 12-48V, 71-91dB 2-YEAR WARRANTY
**EC700B-WK**
7” QUAD VIEW LCD COLOR WIRELESS SYSTEM FOUR CAMERA EXPANDABLE
---
**VEHICLE MOUNTING**
ED3701/300 BRACKET
90° L BRACKET - #E2370L8KT
GRILLE BRACKET - #E2370G8KT
ED3708/300 BRACKET
90° L BRACKET - #E2370L8KT / #E2370L48KT
GRILLE BRACKET - #E2370G8KT / #E2370G48KT
LICENSE PLATE BRACKET - #E2370LP8KT
---
**ADDITIONAL ACCESSORIES, MODELS, AND YEARS AVAILABLE AT WWW.ECCOESQ.COM**
www.eccoesq.com/mounting/accessories.html#accessories | www.eccoesq.com | EccoEsq reserves all rights and reserves all rights to change specifications and prices without notice.
UTILITY TRUCK - PRODUCT APPLICATION WORKSHEET
Camion de servicio - Fichas de solicitud del producto | Camion de travail - Feuilles de travail d'application de produits
Sales Rep Name_________________________ Sales Rep Phone #_________________________
Agency Name_________________________ Agency Phone #_________________________ Date_________________________
CARGO VAN - PRODUCT APPLICATION WORKSHEET
Carga - Fichas de solicitud del producto | Camion de transporte - Feuilles de travail d'application de produits
Sales Rep Name_________________________ Sales Rep Phone #_________________________
Agency Name_________________________ Agency Phone #_________________________ Date_________________________
NOTES
FLATBED TRUCK • PRODUCT APPLICATION WORKSHEET
Camión de plataforma - Fichas de solicitud del producto | Camion à plateforme - Feuilles de travail d'application de produits
Sales Rep Name_________________________ Sales Rep Phone #_________________________
Agency Name_________________________ Agency Phone #_________________________ Date_________________________
NOTES
BOOM TRUCK • PRODUCT APPLICATION WORKSHEET
Camión grúa - Fichas de solicitud del producto | Camion à flèche - Feuilles de travail d'application de produits
Sales Rep Name_________________________ Sales Rep Phone #_________________________
Agency Name_________________________ Agency Phone #_________________________ Date_________________________
NOTES
ECCO®
www.eccoasg.com
DISTRIBUTED BY
APS USA
610 Gateway Center Way, Suites J & K
San Diego, CA 92102 USA
P: 1 619 263 4164
F: 1 619 263 6814
APS Australia
U48 / 9 Vision Street,
Wangara, WA 6065 Australia
Phone: 61 (8) 9302 2369
Fax: 61 (8) 6305 0047
APS: Singapore
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Colombia
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www.aps-supply.com
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HuggingFaceFW/finepdfs/tree/main/data/fra_Latn/train
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finepdfs
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fra_Latn
| 16,697
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Increasing Opportunities for Alexandria City Youth
A Community Report Executive Summary
DECEMBER 2023
Executive Summary
High-quality out-of-school time (OST) programs promote positive youth development and offer a safe space where youth can explore their potential. OST programs are viewed as a valuable resource by community members in the City of Alexandria (City), and this holds true across all populations and grades. However, less than 35 percent of students/families reported being engaged in OST activities in the past twelve months. An opportunity exists to reimagine how programs are delivered in the City: right-sizing and growing offerings so that all youth in the City have equitable access and engagement in meaningful OST programs and communitybased activities.
What is This Study?
The Youth Support Network - ACT for Alexandria, with financial support from the City of Alexandria and Frank & Betty Wright Foundation, in collaboration with a multitude of stakeholders, commissioned Weber Moore Partners, LLC to conduct a community-wide study.
The study...
Documents and maps the current state of OST and community programming for K-12 students in the City.
Develops recommendations to inform the continued development of the Youth Support Network and serve as a community-wide call to action about the value and importance of expanded learning programs for children and youth.
Identifies the hopes, needs, and barriers experienced by youth, families and providers related to OST time activities with a focus on middle and high-school students.
This study builds on the commitment of the Alexandria community to prioritize OST activities and the findings of the Alexandria Out-of-School Time—A 2017 Community Report which highlighted a drop off in participation rates as youth entered middle school. This study was conducted over the course of 18 months, utilizing a mix of qualitative and quantitative techniques securing insights from 5,785 community members.
Parents and youth identified having fun as the top desired outcome from participating in OST programs, and there is a broad range of desired activities. They are looking for programs that value diversity, cultural sensitivity and meet youth where they are in both interests and location. Providers identified multiple areas where additional support is desired, with a centralized program locator, support coordinating with schools, opportunities for networking, and professional development topping the list.
Study Key Findings
1. Many youth do not participate in OST programming. This is an untapped market and opportunity.
2. A culture shift in how we design opportunities and communicate about them is needed to make youth-informed programming a priority.
5. A coordinated, community-based approach is needed to support a robust OST environment.
3. One size does not fit all – families and youth want inclusive, accessible, diverse and age-appropriate programming.
6. Better communication and promotion of programs is a must. How activities are described needs to match audience needs and wants.
7. Professional development/training and technical assistance would support providers in program delivery that meets consumer needs and demands.
Six Implementation Priorities
Create a way to capture and share information.
Grow diversity of programs and activities.
Advance robust professional development/training opportunities for OST staff.
Expand community-based partnerships.
Develop a comprehensive communication plan.
Implement supportive policies.
4. A potentially inequitable geographic distribution of OST activities needs to be further explored.
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HuggingFaceFW/finepdfs/tree/main/data/eng_Latn/train
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finepdfs
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eng_Latn
| 3,652
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LEI MUNICIPAL Nº 80/89
ORÇA A RECEITA E FIXA A DESPESA DO MUNICÍPIO DE PORTÃO PARA O EXERCÍCIO DE 1990.
CARLOS WALDOMIRO SELBACH, Prefeito Municipal de Portão. Faço saber que a Câmara Municipal decretou e eu sanciono e promulgo a Seguinte:
LEI
ART.1º) A receita do Município de Portão, para o exercício de 1.990 é orçado em NCZ$ 52.000.000,00 (Cinquenta e Dois Milhões de Cruzados Novos) obedecendo a seguinte classificação geral:
RECEITAS CORRENTES
| Receita Tributária | NCZ$ 3.119.000,00 |
|-------------------|------------------|
| Receita Patrimonial | 325.000,00 |
| Receita Industrial | 92.000,00 |
| Transf.Correntes | 48.291.000,00 |
| Recietas Diversas | 170.000,00 |
51.997.000,00
RECEITAS DE CAPITAL
| Operações de crédito | NCZ$ 1.000,00 |
|----------------------|---------------|
| Alienação de Bens Mov.Imov. | 2.000,00 |
| | 3.000,00 |
ART. 20) A despesa do município para o exercício de 1990 é fixada em NCZ$ 52.000.000,00 (Cinquenta e Dois Milhões de Cruzados Novos) e será realizada de conformidade com os quadros de dotações por Órgãos de Governo e respectivas unidades orçamentárias e anexos que integram a presente Lei, obedecendo a classificação competente como segue:
**DESPESAS CORRENTES**
| Despesas de custeio | NCZ$ 34.381.000,00 |
|---------------------|---------------------|
| Transf. Correntes | 229.000,00 |
| | 34.610.000,00 |
**DESPESAS DE CAPITAL**
| Investimentos | NCZ$ 16.580.000,00 |
|---------------------|---------------------|
| Transf. Capital | 10.000,00 |
| Inversões Financeiras | 800.000,00 |
| | 17.390.000,00 |
ART. 30) Fica o Poder Executivo autorizado a promover suprimentos de caixa ou movimento de fundos, para atendimento de despesas de custeio do município, bem como realização por antecipação de receita do exercício, as operações de crédito quando necessárias para atender as insuficiências de caixa, na forma do que dispõe o art. 7º da Lei Federal nº 4320/64, até o limite de 25% (Vinte e Cinco Por cento) da receita orçada ou seja, a importância de NCZ$ 13.000.000,00 (Treze Milhões de Cruzados novos) ao juro corrente nos estabelecimentos de créditos, para liquidação integral na forma de legislação em vigor.
ART. 40) Fica o poder Executivo autorizado a abrir créditos suplementares em qualquer época do ano, até o limite de 25% (Vinte e Cinco Por Cento) da receita orçada, ou seja, a importância de NCZ$ 13.000.000,00 (Treze Milhões de Cruzados Novos) de acordo com o que dispõe os artigos 7º, 42º e 43º da Lei Federal nº 4320/64.
ART.58) Esta Lei entrará em vigor na data de sua publicação, sendo em 01 de Janeiro de 1990, revogadas as disposições em contrário.
Prefeitura Municipal de Portão, 30 de novembro de 1989.
CARLOS WALDOMIRO SELBACH
Prefeito Municipal
ILVO IGNACIO HALLMANN
Sec. de Administração
RUY BORGES DA FONSECA
Sec. da Fazenda
Dr. DIOGO J.S.BRAGGIO
Sec. Saúde e Ação social
ROQUE DE PAULA
Sec. Obras e Viação
RENATO DIETRICH
Assessor de Gabinete
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<urn:uuid:969906d0-ea98-4bc9-b005-cf886106e643>
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HuggingFaceFW/finepdfs/tree/main/data/por_Latn/train
|
finepdfs
|
por_Latn
| 3,096
|
SANP 2019 Nature Photography Competition
Color Print Division Entry Form
SANP 2019 Nature Photography Competition
B & W Print Division Entry Form
Scenic
Wildlife
Travel
Miscellaneous
Photo Title:
Name:
Address:
Telephone:
Scenic
Photo Title:
Name:
Address:
Telephone:
Scenic
Photo Title:
Name:
Address:
Telephone:
Scenic
Photo Title:
Name:
Address:
Telephone:
Decline Display
SANP 2019 Nature Photography Competition Color Print Division Entry Form
Wildlife
Travel
Miscellaneous
Decline Display
SANP 2019 Nature Photography Competition Color Print Division Entry Form
Wildlife
Travel
Miscellaneous
Decline Display
SANP 2019 Nature Photography Competition Color Print Division Entry Form
Wildlife
Travel
Miscellaneous
Decline Display
Photo Title:
Name:
Address:
Telephone:
Decline Display
SANP 2019 Nature Photography Competition B & W Print Division Entry Form
Photo Title:
Name:
Address:
Telephone:
Decline Display
SANP 2019 Nature Photography Competition B & W Print Division Entry Form
Photo Title:
Name:
Address:
Telephone:
Decline Display
SANP 2019 Nature Photography Competition B & W Print Division Entry Form
Photo Title:
Name:
Address:
Telephone:
Decline Display
SANP 2019 Nature Photography Competition Color Print Division Entry Form
Scenic
Wildlife
Travel
Miscellaneous
Photo Title:
Name:
Address:
Telephone:
Decline Display
SANP 2019 Nature Photography Competition
Color Print Division Entry Form
Scenic
Wildlife
Travel
Miscellaneous
Photo Title:
Name:
Address:
Telephone:
Decline Display
SANP 2019 Nature Photography Competition
Color Print Division Entry Form
Scenic
Wildlife
Travel
Miscellaneous
Photo Title:
Name:
Address:
Telephone:
Decline Display
SANP 2019 Nature Photography Competition Color Print Division Entry Form
Scenic
Wildlife
Travel
Miscellaneous
Photo Title:
Name:
Address:
Telephone:
Decline Display
|
<urn:uuid:4e5e7746-95ed-4ac8-b4ff-216bc97585b4>
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HuggingFaceFW/finepdfs/tree/main/data/eng_Latn/train
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finepdfs
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eng_Latn
| 1,980
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ZAPISNIK O JAVNOM OTVARANJU PONUDA
Koturaška cesta 43, Zagreb, dana 15.09.2016 godine s početkom u 11:00:00 sati.
Podaci o naručitelju
Hrvatske autoceste održavanje i naplata cestarine d.o.o., Koturaška cesta 43, 10000, Zagreb, OIB: 62942134377
Odgovorna osoba naručitelja: UPRAVA DRUŠTVA
Predmet nabave: ISPITIVANJE I POPRAVAK TK KABELA
Vrsta postupka javne nabave: Otvoreni postupak javne nabave
Evidencijski broj nabave: H 231/16
Broj objave iz Elektroničkog oglasnika javne nabave Republike Hrvatske: 2016/S 002-0018697
Datum i vrijeme početka otvaranja ponuda: 15.09.2016, 11:00:00
Ovlašteni predstavnici naručitelja – prisutni na otvaranju:
Marija Tičić
Ana Hlavaty
Ovlašteni predstavnici ponuditelja – prisutni (ovlaštenja priložena uz Zapisnik):
Nema
Ostali prisutni na javnom otvaranju: Nema
Rok za dostavu ponuda: 15.09.2016, 11:00:00
Broj zaprimljenih ponuda: 2
Prvo se otvaraju elektronički dostavljene ponude prema rednom broju iz upisnika o zaprimanju elektronički dostavljenih ponuda, a nakon njih ponude dostavljene u papirnatom obliku prema rednom broju iz upisnika o zaprimanju ponuda.
| Red broj | Naziv, adresa, sjedište i MBOIB ponuditelja | Naziv predmeta / grupe | Izmjena dodatka ponude na elektronik | Elektronički podpisan a ponuda dala/na | Navod od koliko je dijelova ponuda izrađena u elektroničkom obliku (da- ne) | Cijena ponude (bez PDV-a) | Cijena ponude (sa PDV-om) |
|---------|---------------------------------------------|------------------------|-------------------------------------|----------------------------------------|---------------------------------------------------------------|--------------------------|--------------------------|
| 1 | TEB INŽENJERING d.d., Vodčinina 2, 10000, Zagreb, 865535/88653444/76DZ | ISPITIVANJE I POPRAVAK TK KABELA | NE | DA | 1 | 180.000,00 | 225.000,00 |
| 2 | ELEKTROCENTAR Petek, d.o.o., Elektrarska cesta 8, 10310, Ivanic Grad, 1/49197/848, UP-2985-16 | ISPITIVANJE I POPRAVAK TK KABELA | NE | DA | 2 | 197.250,00 | 246.562,50 |
Konstatiira se da je Zaprimljena ponuda/dio ponude dana 15.09.2016. godine u 08:42:00
Pod rednim brojem 1. GARANCIJA ZA OZBIJNOST PONUDE broj: 4100782095 od ELEKTROCENTAR PETEK d.o.o.
Primjedbe prisutnih ovlaštenih predstavnika naručitelja i ponuditelja na postupak otvaranja ponuda:
Nema
Javno otvaranje ponuda završeno je 15.09.2016 u 11:30 sati.
Rok za izjavljivanje žalbe na postupak javnog otvaranja ponuda je 5 dana od dana javnog otvaranja ponuda.
Zapisnik se daje na uvid, provjeru sadržaja i potpis ovlaštenim predstavnicima ponuditelja. Svim ovlaštenim predstavnicima ponuditelja je omogućeno uvid u ponudbeni list svake ponude.
POTPIS OVLAŠTENIH PREDSTAVNIKA PONUDITELJA
POTPIS OVLAŠTENIH PREDSTAVNIKA NARUČITELJA
Marija Tičić
Ana Hlavaty
Svim nazočnim predstavnicima ponuditelja uručuje se preslika Zapisnika.
Zapisničar: Josipa Maros
(potpis)
UPISNIK ELEKTRONIČKIH PONUDA
Podaci o naručitelju
Hrvatske autoceste održavanje i naplata cestarine d.o.o., Koturaška cesta 43, 10000, Zagreb, OIB: 62942134377
Predmet nabave: ISPITIVANJE I POPRAVAK TK KABELA
| Rbr | Ponuditelj | Vrijeme zaprimanja ponude | Oznaka – predmet ponude | Oznaka ponuditelja | Vrsta unosa ponude |
|-----|---------------------|---------------------------|-------------------------|--------------------|-------------------|
| 1 | TEB INŽENJERING d.d.| 14.9.2016 16:03:48 | H 231/16 | 444/16/DZ | |
| 2 | ELEKTROCENTAR Pelek,d.o.o. | 15.9.2016 6:59:27 | H 231/16 | UP2985-16 | |
UPISNIK O ZAPRIMANJU PONUDA
Predmet nabave: Usluge Ispitivanja i popravka TK kabela
Evidencijski broj nabave: H 231/16
Rok za dostavu ponuda: 15.09.2016. godine do 11,00 sati
Redoslijed zaprimanja:
| Red. Broj | PONUDITELJI (naziv, adresa i OIB) | Datum | Vrijeme | Napomena |
|-----------|----------------------------------|-------------|-----------|----------|
| 1 | MANIĆ-GRAD | 15-09-2016 | 08:42:00 | OSOBNO |
| | ELEKTRO CENTAR PETEK D.O.O. | | | |
* prilikom zaprimanja na omotnicama ubilježiti redni broj, datum i vrijeme zaprimanja ponuda prema redoslijedu zaprimanja
** ako je dostavljena izmjena i/ili dopuna ponude, ona se upisuje u upisnik i dobiva redni broj prema redoslijedu zaprimanja. U tom slučaju ponuda se smatra zaprimljenom u trenutku zaprimanja posljednje izmjene i/ili dopune ponude
*** pri neposrednoj dostavi ponude, izmjene i/ili dopune ponude, pisane izjave o odustajanju od dostavljene ponude, ponuditelju se o tome mora izdati potvrda
**** ponude pristigle nakon isteka roka za dostavu ponuda ne upisuju se u upisnik ali se evidentiraju se kao zakašnjele ponude i obilježavaju se kao zakašnjele: "zakašnjelo pristigla ponuda - vratiti neotvorenu"
HRVATSKA AUTOCESTE
reprezentant u upravnom sudu:
ODRŽAVANJE I NAPLATA CESTARINE d.o.o.
VRUDOBEEM PRIMIL JU 169
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<urn:uuid:75697c9b-285f-40f5-a2bb-0a3749ca55a7>
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HuggingFaceFW/finepdfs/tree/main/data/hrv_Latn/train
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finepdfs
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hrv_Latn
| 5,316
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The Importance of AI in Financial Compliance
As communication technology evolves, compliance challenges become increasingly complicated. Today, voice interactions take place across a broad range of platforms and devices that go beyond traditional voice channels. Alongside dealerboards and cellphones, traders now have a wide array of devices and digital channels to choose from – such as unified communications platforms like Microsoft Teams or Zoom – which all further complicate the capture of spoken interactions.
Leverage AI to ensure compliance and detect misconduct
As regulations are constantly being changed to cover every aspect of evolving communication forms, adhering to regulatory requirements is becoming more and more difficult. Financial organizations must keep up with technological advancements; otherwise they can become vulnerable to compliance and conduct risks.
Voice communication has become more complex
In parallel with the evolution of communication, the way people work and communicate has also undergone fundamental changes, and the financial industry is no exception. In the past, compliance efforts focused on capturing "trades", which were one-to-one conversations.
However, increased regulation has resulted in the need to capture both conference calls and persistent interactions. These persistent, multi-participant conversations pose further challenges to trading organizations, as interactions can now happen across platforms, go on indefinitely, and involve multiple participants. Maintaining compliance has become more complicated than ever.
Furthermore, because of the unique "language" of the trading floor, as well as the serious legal, financial, and reputational consequences of non-compliance, the challenges in the financial sector have multiplied. Due to the changes in communication technology and user behavior, these challenges can no longer be overcome with traditional capture and compliance tools.
Solutions that leverage AI, including generative AI and large language models (LLMs), can be game changers in helping compliance teams enhance their capabilities and efficiencies. Through domain-focused LLM building and fine-tuning, AI can be trained to understand and transcribe spoken interactions, then analyze them to provide valuable insights. What's more, it can also be trained to detect emotions and changes in sentiment, as well as identify people by the sound of their voice.
These automated contextual and behavioral interaction data insights go a long way in helping businesses detect and proactively manage compliance and conduct breaches. Without AI, discovering such risks would require manual audio reviews, and the sheer volume of communications means that many potential instances of non-compliance and misconduct could go unnoticed.
In addition, AI can take over mundane, repetitive tasks from compliance/surveillance teams, letting them focus on activities that require human attention, such as detailed investigations or risk assessment tasks.
Finally, organizations are often preoccupied with fixing known issues and fail to pay attention to the gaps they don't know about. However, achieving true compliance requires a proactive approach, rather than constant firefighting.
A comprehensive compliance solution with AI at the core can help you focus on the known as well as the unknown compliance gaps.
Executive Perspective
Find the gaps with AI-powered speech transcription and analytics
Deliver AI Business Outcomes with Communications Analytics
Verint ® Financial Compliance ™ tackles modern communication and compliance challenges with AI-powered communications analytics. Built on LLMs and speech AI pre-trained for the financial markets, the solution offers best-in-class speech transcription and analytics capabilities that let you find the gaps in your organization's voice communications.
Among other features, Verint Communications Analytics ™ can:
* Automatically detect and transcribe up to 30 languages in any voice conversation, facilitating compliance for businesses operating in multilingual regions.
* Leverage generative AI to create a clear, concise summary of your employees' spoken conversations, making the audio review process more efficient.
* Automatically analyze speaker sentiment and behavior to detect potential signs of misconduct, such as rapid changes in sentiment.
* Use AI to automatically find and validate speaker identities in all captured voice conversations in an anonymized manner, helping to detect unauthorized participants in trade-related conversations.
Combined with comprehensive, best-in-class compliance features available in Verint Financial Compliance, our AIpowered Communications Analytics solution can enable you to overcome the complex challenges caused by the evolution of communication technology and drive tangible AI business outcomes, such as:
* Detecting conduct and compliance breaches efficiently.
* Avoiding legal sanctions and reputational damage.
* Gaining valuable data insights from all captured voice interactions across platforms and devices.
* Making the audio review process more efficient.
* Fill the gaps in captured metadata.
In addition, it's important to ensure that the AI you're using is ethical and explainable. In full compliance with the EU AI Act and our own Responsible and Ethical AI principles, Verint Communications Analytics enhances your operations in a completely transparent way. As a result, every AI-driven decision the solution makes can be easily audited to make sure it was the right decision.
Verint ® . The CX Automation Company ™
Americas firstname.lastname@example.org
+1 770 754 1900
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firstname.lastname@example.org
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1-800-4VERINT
© 2024 Verint Systems Inc. All marks referenced herein are trademarks, registered or otherwise, of Verint Systems Inc. ("Verint"), its subsidiaries, or its respective licensor owners.
this document, Verint is not making representations regarding the correctness or completeness of its contents and reserves the right to alter this document at any time without
All Rights Reserved Worldwide. Unauthorized use, duplication, or modification of this document, or any part, without the written consent of Verint is strictly prohibited. By providing notice. Features listed in this document are subject to change and not all functionality is available in all configurations. 10.2024
verint.com x.com/verint
linkedin.com/company/verint
verint.com/blog
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<urn:uuid:cfe7736a-83a8-4806-bf3e-306be24f6f6f>
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HuggingFaceFW/finepdfs/tree/main/data/eng_Latn/train
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finepdfs
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eng_Latn
| 6,579
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¿QUÉ ES ASERMA?
- Asociación Española de Gestores de Biomasas de Madera Recuperadas.
- ASERMA se creó en 1999 por la inquietud de un grupo de empresarios.
- ASERMA, organización empresarial encargada de la representación, promoción y defensa de los intereses profesionales de las empresas.
- ASERMA punto de unión de los gestores y logísticos de biomasas de madera recuperadas de toda España.
- ASERMA representa a productores de CSR y/o CDR con un 30% de biomasas de madera – AEN/CTN 301 CSR.
- ASERMA es miembro de CONFEMADERA y AENOR.
- ASERMA forma parte de la Alianza por la Bioenergía y PROBIOMASA.
- ASERMA está formada por 30 empresas repartidas por todo el territorio español.
Actividades ASERMA
• Foro de empresarios del sector.
• Relaciones con la Administración: local, autonómica y nacional.
• Relaciones con proveedores.
• Relaciones con clientes
• Relaciones con otras entidades, agencia de la energía, etc.
• Actividades de difusión, participación en foros, congresos, ferias… – Jornada LPS de biomasa para usos energéticos.
• Consultas legislativas y participación directa.
• Estudios y análisis.
• Información y apoyo a asociados.
Empresas asociadas y tipología
• En su mayoría son empresas familiares pymes de varias generaciones.
• Algunas provienen de zonas tradicionales de madera y mueble, otras de la gestión integral de residuos, otras del mundo del aserradero y algunas también del reciclaje de palets.
• Crisis sector madera – mueble
• Aserraderos en España
• Caída del consumo y vuelta a “viejos hábitos”
Materiales que se gestionan
BIOMASA ¿Qué es la biomasa?
Es la fracción biodegradable de los productos, desechos y residuos de origen biológico, procedentes de actividades agrarias (incluidas las sustancias de origen vegetal y de origen animal), de la silvicultura y de las industrias conexas, incluidas la pesca y la acuicultura, así como la fracción biodegradable de los residuos industriales y municipales. (DIRECTIVA 2009/28/CE de 23 de abril de 2009 relativa al fomento del uso de energía procedente de fuentes renovables)
Fuente: “Situación actual y tendencias de futuro de la biomasa” CONAMA 10
¿De dónde proviene esa biomasa?
- De fábricas de muebles, de envases, de palets, carpinterías, de podas, de parques y jardines, de residuos de construcción y demolición, trabajos forestales, etc.
- Tendencia es que se vayan ajustando todos los orígenes = las distintas calidades.
¿Dónde se consume esa biomasa?
- Destinos relacionados con la industria de la cadena madera y mueble, tanto como combustible como materia prima, fabricación de combustibles alternativos: pellets industriales y domésticos, producción de CSR y CDR, camas de ganado, compost, para sustitución de combustible en otras industrias, etc.
Cambios tanto en la entrada como en la salida
AEN/CTN 301 CSR
Comité Espejo de CEN/TC 343 Solid Recovered Fuels
- Formado por Institutos, Centros Tecnológicos, Consumidores y Productores, Administraciones. Presidencia: IDAE Secretaria: ASERMA
- Los CSR garantizan una calidad del material - se revisan anualmente.
- Posibilidad de crear normativa española ajustada a nuestra realidad.
- Los CSR cumplen la nueva legislación medioambiental (End of Waste).
- Ya hay varias normas editadas en español – UNE’s
- Potenciar su consumo en distintos sectores – permisos administrativos.
- Principales normas a conocer:
- CEN/TS 15357 Terminology, definitions and descriptions.
- CEN/TS 15358 Quality management systems – Particular requirements for their application to the production of solid recovered fuels.
- CEN/TS 15359 Specifications and classes
- CEN/TS 15440 Method for the determination of biomass content
- CEN/TS 15400 Methods for the determination of calorific value
Clasificación CSR
- CEN/TS 15359 sobre especificaciones y clases se clasifican en función de 3 parámetros dando lugar a 5 clases:
| Parámetro | Medida estadística | Unidad | Clase |
|---------------|--------------------|----------|-------|
| | | | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 |
| Poder calorífico | Media | Media MJ/MJ | ≥ 25 | ≥ 20 | ≥ 15 | ≥ 10 | ≥ 3 |
| Cloro (Cl) | Media | % s/MS | ≤ 0,2 | ≤ 0,6 | ≤ 1,0 | ≤ 1,5 | ≤ 3,0 |
| Mercurio (Hg) | Mediana | mg/MJ | ≤ 0,02 | ≤ 0,03 | ≤ 0,08 | ≤ 0,15 | ≤ 0,50 |
| | Percentil 80 | Mg/MJ | ≤ 0,04 | ≤ 0,06 | ≤ 0,16 | ≤ 0,30 | ≤ 1,0 |
También se tendrían en cuenta otros parámetros como son el tamaño y la forma, contenido en cenizas, metales pesados, humedad, etc.
Situación actual
- El RD Ley de suspensión a las primas a las renovables ha traído perplejidad, enfado y tristeza.
- Dudas de algunos proyectos muy adelantados ¿qué harán las CC.AA?
- ¿Son posibles esos proyectos sin primas? Si han de ajustarse + inversión
- El gestor se encuentra en una situación delicada con inversiones sobretodo en maquinaria y pérdida de ilusión.
- En la situación actual ¿qué pasará con los objetivos, medidas e ideas del PER?
- Los productores de CSR esperaban un crecimiento y ahora dudan.
- Asociaciones empresariales han de apoyar a las empresas.
- Necesaria y urgente unidad del sector.
Conclusiones ¿por qué biomasa?
• No aprovechamos nuestro potencial tanto en biomasa como con la fracción biodegradable de los residuos – deficientes energéticamente.
• La biomasa es nacional, está aquí y participan empresas españolas.
• Gran concepto de biomasa – necesidad I+D+i
• Esa necesidad trae empleo: estudios, proyectos, colaboraciones…
• Los proyectos traen ilusión a las empresas
• La biomasa es sostenibilidad ya que parte de asegurar el suministro y da solución a muchos materiales.
• Suministro de calidad como estrategia empresarial a seguir: biomasa por consumos.
Bioenergía es heterogeneidad, empleo y mercado nacional
¡¡¡MUCHAS GRACIAS A TODOS!!!
Asociación Española de Gestores de Biomasas de Madera Recuperadas,
ASERMA
Sheila Rodríguez del Moral
Secretaria General
C/ Recoletos, 13 - 1º Dcha.
28001 Madrid
Telf.: +34 91 594 44 04 Fax: +34 91 594 44 64
firstname.lastname@example.org
www.aserma.org
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<urn:uuid:ec22a6b1-639e-4db2-b042-1e8d5f50f059>
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HuggingFaceFW/finepdfs/tree/main/data/spa_Latn/train
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finepdfs
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spa_Latn
| 6,124
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Ny plats för loppis och musik. Vaksala torg i förändring
KATARINA EK-NILSSON & BIRGITTA MEURLING
Är området kring Vaksala torg samma plats i dag som för några år sedan? Eller har området genomgått en så radikal förvandling att man kan tala om en helt ”ny” plats? Rent konkret kan man konstatera att mycket har skett på och omkring Vaksala torg under de senaste åren. Hus har rivits, nya har uppförts, affärer och restauranger har öppnat. Gatulivet blomstrar och det har blivit populärt och ”inne” att bo här. Den forna arbetarstadsdelen har med en bebyggelsehistorisk term gentrifierats, vilket innebär en statushöjning av ett område genom nybyggnationer och inflyttning av välsluterade människor. En bidragande orsak till denna utveckling i området kring Vaksala torg är sannolikt uppförandet av vad som i folkmun kallas Musikens hus. Förutom restauranger och affärer finns nu också ett rikt kulturellt utbud att ta del av.
Våren 2006 gjorde en grupp studenter vid Etnologiska avdelningen vid Uppsala universitet ett fältarbete i området runt Vaksala torg. De observerade aktiviteterna på torget och intervjuade handlare och kunder för att analysera torget som en scen för interaktion och kontakt. Vi ville att de skulle kartlägga vad torget och aktiviteterna på torget betydde för olika aktörer. Torghandeln, och inte minst lördagarnas loppmarknad, beskrevs ingående.
Under den här perioden förekom en intensiv, för att inte säga hätsk, debatt om byggandet av Musikens hus vid torget. Debatten var inte bara ett diskussionsämne bland politiker som intog skilda ståndpunkter i frågan, utan den pågick i högsta grad bland allmänheten. *Upsala Nya Tidning* översvämmades av en mängd insändare som var för eller emot Musikens hus, en så kallad folkrörelse mot bygget hade bildats och debatten antog en oförsonlig ton. Debatten pågick på tidningens insändarsida och debattforum i nätupplagan långt efter det att huset var färdigbyggt och invigt. Skällsord som "fulhuset", "Forsmark", "betongkoloss", "nya skandalhuset", "bunkern vid Vaksala torg" användes flitigt. Hösten 2007 följdес fältarbetet upp med en ny omgång, där fokus låg på Musikens hus, som då var invigt och hade ett par månaders verksamhet bakom sig.
Denna artikel bygger på det material som samlades in av våra studenter, de uppsatser som skrevs i anslutning till fältarbetet, på pressmaterial samt våra egna observationer. I det följande börjar vi med att besöka Vaksala torg, för att sedan förflytta oss till Musikens hus och diskussionen om dess vara eller icke vara.
Ett levande torg
Det myllrar av människor. Stånd står vid stånd och utbudet är stort: blommor, grönsaker, frukt, kläder, böcker, skivor, möbler, husgeråd, cyklar… Det är lördag på Vaksala torg och kommersen är i full gång. Människor går runt, småpratar med varandra och med försäljarna, lyfter upp saker, vrider och vänder på dem eller diskuterar initierat priser vid grönsaks- och blomsterstånden. Torghandeln tycks, som vår student Hanna Holmer konstaterar i sin uppsats, locka till sig alla kategorier av människor: unga, gamla, svenskar, invandrare, akademiker, kontorsanställda, industriarbetare, arbetslösa, förtidspensionärer och många, många andra. Så här såg det emellertid inte ut för tjugo år sedan. Då gjorde Vaksala torg nästan skäl för epitetet ”stenöken”. Det var stort, kalt och tomt med den av Gunnar Leche ritade Vaksalaskolan som en pampig fond i bakgrunden. Blott sporadisk försäljning av frukt och grönt förekom. Endast under marknadsdagarna på höst och vinter var det liv och rörelse på torget. I början av 1990-talet började dock saker och ting förändras. Först kom grönsaks- och blomsterhandlare och beredde vägen även för annan handel. I synnerhet lördagsmarknaderna har blivit populära evenemang.
Hur förvandlades då Vaksala torg från stenöken till ett levande torg? Det finns naturligtvis flera förklaringar. Förändringar i de ekonomiska konjunkturerna kan vara en faktor. Under senare delen av 1980-talet skedde en ekonomisk nedgång och det blev mera accepterat att sälja sina saker på loppmarknad och att köpa saker där. Det menar i alla fall journalisten och författaren Martin Landahl, som i många år studerat aktiviteterna på torget. En annan faktor kan vara den ökade invandringen. Av dem som ägnar sig åt torghanDEL på heltid idag, det vill säga grönsaks-, blomster- och matvaruförsäljarna, är majoriteten invandrare. Precis som andra torg- och marknadsplatser i Sverige utgör Vaksala torg ett småskaligt exempel på det mångkulturella samhället. Torget fungerar som en kulturell mötesplats, där svenskar successivt börjar anamma andra köpvanor än de gängse och där de invandrare som arbetar i stånden skaffar sig insikt i hur det svenska samhället fungerar. Ytterligare ett skäl till torghandelns blomstring kan vara att vi reser mer idag än tidigare. Det innebär att vi kommer i kontakt med marknader och torghanDEL på andra håll i världen och lär oss uppskatta vad dessa har att erbjuda.
Människor har alltså fått upp ögonen för vad torghanDELn kan tillföra gaturummet och försäljarna har inte varit sena att tillvarata möjligheterna till sysselSättning och inkomster. I sin kommunikation med kunderna använder de delvis olika strategier, vilket Björn Westin diskuTERar i sin uppsats om försäljarna på torget. Att vara artigt förekommande är en
självklarhet för de flesta, men medan somliga pratar mycket med kunderna är andra mer återhållsamma. Kunderna visar också ett varierande intresse för att samtala med försäljarna. Vissa kunder är mycket språksamma, andra mer tystlåtta. Rent allmänt kan man dock konstatera att kommersen och stämningen på torget tycks inbjuda till mer samspråk än när man handlar i vanliga affärer. Kort sagt, kunderna förefaller mer talföra på torget än i butiken. Vad kommunikationen försäljarna emellan beträffar varierar också den i intensitet. Men oavsett om de har större eller mindre kontakt med varandra brukar de ge varandra rabatt på sina varor, vilket kan ses som exempel på kollegialitet branschfolk emellan.
På torget säljs cyklar till ett överkomligt pris. Foto Hanna Holmer.
Konsten att gå på loppis
En särskilt livaktig del av lördagskommersen på Vaksala torg står loppmarknaden för. ”Loppisen” har nämligen blivit något av ett folknöje. Försäljarna kommer tidigt på morgonen och ställer upp sina bord för att få bra platser och för att fynda hos varandra. Vissa försäljare är noga med att lägga upp sakerna snyggt och prydligt, så att det ser tilltalande ut, andra låter sakerna ligga som det faller sig och kunderna får då gå och botanisera bland prylarna på egen hand. Vid vissa stånd säljs helt nya kläder och föremål.
Försäljarna är av skilda slag. Det finns skolungdomar som säljer bröd för att finansiera sin klassresa, det finns ”vanligt folk” som rensat ut prylar från källare och vindar och det finns mer professionella försäljare som åker runt och köper upp saker från andra försäljare parallellt med att de säljer egna saker. Att köpa och sälja på loppis är en konst. De rutinerade vet vad de är ute efter och hur olika ting skall värderas. Andra är mindre nogräknade och styrs i högre grad av lustprincipen: de tycker det är roligt att sälja prylar som de vill bli av med eller att göra vad de uppfattar som fynd för en billig penning. ”Det finns allt för inga pengar”, som en av de citerade intervupersonerna i Hanna Berndalens uppsats om loppmarknaden säger.
Loppmarknadens kunder utgörs också de av en heterogen skara. Somliga är stamkunder, andra kommer bara ibland. Många pensionärer rör sig bland stånden, men också unga människor och studenter. Att handla på loppmarknad kan nästan vem helst göra idag och någon lågstatusstämpla tycks inte vidhäfta den som köper second hand-prylar. Tvärtom, i vissa kretsar uppfattas det till och med som ”bohemchic” att köpa saker i andra hand.
Nöjet med att gå på loppmarknad kan vara av mångahanda slag. Somliga är ute efter att hitta vissa saker, till exempel porslin från 1950- eller 60-talen. Deras blickar vandrar rutinerat runt bland stånden. Andra strosar omkring på måfå, njuter av mångfalden av varor och av att småprata med andra kunder. Andra åter tycker att det roligaste är att pruta och se om man kan få ner priset några kronor. En del av nöjet för somliga kunder är just möjligheten att pruta. Om man lyckas kan det öka tillfredsställelsen med inköpet.
De många föremålen på loppmarknaden ingår i ett slags kretslopp. Efter att ha varit moderna, snygga och/eller funktionala, har de rensats ut av ett eller annat skäl. På loppisen tillskrivs de ett nytt värde. Inte sällan genomgår de nostalgiska omladdningar och får nya betydelser och användningsområden. Sakerna får helt enkelt ”nytt liv” och laddas med nya betydelser. Kunderna känner kanske igen vissa föremål från sin barndom eller ungdom, vilket gör att de kan känna köpEn av studenterna tar del av loppmarknaden rika utbud. I bakgrunden syns Musikens hus-bygget, april 2006. Foto Hanna Holmer.
lusten öka av nostalgska skäl. Man kan höra kommentarer som ”en sån där tvättmaskin hade min mormor” eller ”en sån där kaffeservis hade vi på landet när jag var liten”. Positiva minnen kan göra oss benägna att köpa föremål vi egentligen inte behöver, men som påminner om ett lyckligt förflutet.
De diskussioner som förs om olika föremål på loppmarknaden är intressanta att lyssna till, så även köpslåendet. I Sverige anses vi inte vara särskilt benägna att dividera om priset, men på loppmarknaden är det uppenbarligen annorlunda. Här prutas det friskt och kund och försäljare ikläder sig på förhand givna
roller. Det skapas en social situation, som gör att bågge parter bekantar sig med varandra och kanske rent av munhuggs i all vänskaplighet. Här förs diskussioner om varor och priser, som vida skiljer sig från hur man beter sig när man säljer eller köper varor i köpcentret Kvarnen tvärs över gatan. Den rutinerade torgbesökaren lär sig också efter ett tag hur prutningsritualen går till och hur man skall gå tillväga för att göra ett lyckat inköp.
Vad är det som lockar?
Folklivet på torget är, som vi redan konstaterat, myllrande och interaktionen livlig. Folk som kanske aldrig annars skulle
prata med varandra kommer i samspråk. Många kommer till torget för att träffa andra, se liv och rörelse omkring sig, inte för att handla. På så vis fyller torget en social funktion, inte minst för äldre och ensamma människor. Vissa människor har till och med ett besök på torget som en daglig programpunkt och torgets nattliga försäljning av frukt och grönsaker, som man kan läsa om i *Upsala Nya Tidning* sommaren 2008, lockar såväl turister som lokalinvånare.
Vad är det då som är så lockande med torget och torghandeln? Det finns naturligtvis en rad anledningar till att människor besöker Vaksala torg. För det första är torget en plats där man söker efter varor som frukt och grönsaker, alternativt
oväntade fynd på loppisen. Varuutbudet har således en attraktionskraft som kan få människor att planera in ett lördagsbesök på torget, men det kan också locka förbipasserande att stanna till. För det andra är torget en mötesplats, där man träffar vänner och bekanta eller kommer i sampråk med människor man inte träffat tidigare. Stämningen är otvungen och ger utrymme för improvisation, kreativitet och leklust, samtidigt som det finns vissa oskrivna regler och förväntningar på hur man beter sig som försäljare, kund och flanör. Torghandeln inbjuder exempelvis till köpslående och diskussion på ett annat sätt än om man handlar i en vanlig butik. Slutligen talar torget också till våra sinne på ett speciellt sätt. Torghandeln utgör ett färgglatt blickfång med alla stånd och varor i olika färger och former och doften vid frukt-, grönsaks- och blomsterstånden lockar många till sig, liksom kaffedoften från cafépaviljongen och Café on Wheels-vagnen. Att gå runt på Vaksala torg när det är marknad, kan således vara en estetisk och sinnlig upplevelse som många njuter av.
Musikens hus ett år
Musikens hus har fyllt ett år. Ulrika Knutson skriver under rubriken ”Staden som fick ett hus att fylla” i Upsala Nya Tidning om den märkliga byggnaden. Det märkligaste, menar hon, är kanske att huset alls finns. Redan 1912 väcktes frågan om ett konserthus i Uppsala. Efter lång tids debatt fattade Uppsala kommunfullmäktige 2004 beslut om att bygga ett koncert- och kongresshus, som skulle ligga vid Vaksala torg. Den danske arkitekten Henning Larsens Tegnestue, känd för flera prestigefyllda byggnader runtom i världen, vann den arkitekttävling som kommunen utlyste. 2007 invigdes det. Kommunrekord i segdragning?, undrar Ulrika Knutson retoriskt.
Som en sammanfattning av husets ställning ett år efter invigningen konstaterar Ulrika Knutson att
- Mer än 240 konserter har ägt rum under det första året
- Arkitekturbedömare har hyllat huset, som har fått en rad priser
- Huset har betytt ett stort konstnärligt lyft för Uppsala Kammarorkester
- Under det första året har intäkterna inte nått upp till budget
Grannar, som bedriver olika slags verksamheter i husets närhet, får också uttala sig i Knutsons artikel. Alla dessa är positiva och tycker att affärerna har påverkats i rätt riktning. I underklädesaffären Vivi & Victoria säljs strumpbyxor och behår som aldrig förr. ”Vi har redan avvärt några strumpbyxkatastrofer”, uppger man nöjt och Mehmet Muhammed, frukt- och grönsakshandlare på torget, tycker det är kul med fler människor i rörelse på kvällarna.
Mahinas Abusultan, som säljer blommor på torget, är också nöjd med Musikens hus, där hon hört ”massor av bra musik”. Även möbelbutiken Välamagasinet har upplevt ett lyft. Där tycker man att huset är ”underbart” och att hela torget levat upp. Det är mer rörelse än tidigare på kvällarna, vilket gör att fler tittar i butikens skyltfönster och kommer in dagen därpå.
Ilska, trots arkitekturpriser
Är då allt frid och fröjd, är uppsalaborna glada över sitt konserthus och de positiva effekter som det lett till, och den gamla fejden om dess byggande skrinlagd?
Djupare än så gick meningsskiljaktigheterna. Konserthusets VD Magnus Bäckström, tidigare chef för det då nya konserthuset i Gävle, jämför med stämningarna i Gävle, där konserthusbygget också föregicks av en hård debatt. Där blåste de hårdas striderna över, man blev överens och lade undan meningsskiljaktigheterna. ”Här finns det så mycket agg kvar”, säger han.
Ulrika Knutson talar med styrelseordföranden för Uppsala Konsert och Kongress. Han tillhör dem som alltjämt är kritisk till beslutet att bygga Musikens hus. Trots att han blir pressad är det enda positiva han kan komma på med huset själva läget! Annars menar han att arkitekturen är bristfällig och till och med uppmuntrar till självmord (!), verksamheten går inte bra ekonomiskt och han beklagar husets ekonomi med ett påstående (som visar sig felaktigt) att Uppsalas dagisbarn inte får gå på teater av ekonomiska skäl.
Hur kan det komma sig att en offentlig byggnad som fått en rad utmärkelser och nomineringar, och dess verksamhet, inte omfattas av större positivt intresse ens från den som är ordförande för alltsammans? Varför är det alltjämt många uppsalabor som inte alls är stolta över sitt konserthus utan i stället, att döma av debatten på *Upsala Nya Tidnings* nätupplaga, alltjämt in på 2008 är ilsket kritiska? Byggnaden har tilldelats Samhällsbyggarpriset 2008, Guldmedaljen för de största offentliga byggnaderna vid Biennalen i Miami Beach 2007 och Svenska Fabriksbetongföreningens pris. Det har också blivit nominerat till det prestigefyllda svenska arkitekturpriset Kasper Salinpriset 2007 och nu senast nominerat vid World Architectural Festival i Barcelona.
För att förstå de negativa känslor som alltjämt, ett år efter invigningen, lever kvar i relation till huset och som för många präglar upplevelsen av den ”nya platsen” i och runt Musikens hus, bör man följa debatten bakåt i tiden och fundera över om debatten verkligt bara handlar om ett konserthusbygge eller om något annat. Kanske handlar den också om vad man har för uppfattning om själva platsen, eller om sig själv i relation till platsen?
Ett hus för eliten eller för ”alla”?
I en uppsats, skriven utifrån fältarbetet hösten 2007 med intervjuer rörande Musikens hus, analyserar Rita Elgenstierna den vision, som konserthusledningen ger uttryck för, att Konsert- och kongresshuset ska vara ”ett hus för alla”. Vad menas egentligen med det, frågar hon, och har det blivit ”ett hus för alla”?
Elgenstierna konstaterar att Uppsala Konsert och Kongress i sin strävan att vara ett hus för ”alla” satsar på ett mycket brett utbud. Det breda utbudet leder till många nischade konserter, vilket i sin tur kan resultera i generaliseringar och stereotyper, som gärna placerar människor i kategorier och antaganden av typ ”ungdomar tycker om punk och hip-hop”. Elgenstierna drar slutsatsen att i stället för att vara ett hus för ”alla” har Uppsala Konsert och kongress snarare blivit ett hus för ”alla grupper”, något som bygger på att individuella identiteter infogas i föreställda grupptillhörigheter. Detta är kanske oundvikligt, och faktum är att programutbudet under det första verksamhetsåret uppvisar en imponerande bredd som tillfredsställer många olika musikmaker.
Vid ett besök i Uppsala Konsert och Kongress ett år efter invigningen är det svårt att föreställa sig hur motståndet mot uppförandet av byggnaden kunde vara så starkt. Under Kulturnatten i september 2008 kunde vi konstatera hur tonåringar välldes in till ett arrangemang, samtidigt som en uppvisning av japansk kampsport ägde rum utanför. Argumenten, som användes flitigt för ett år sedan, att detta hus bara skulle bli för kulturéliten, ”finfolket”, känns nu irrelevanta.
"Glasburen" för bättre bemedlade
Debatten om huruvida Uppsala Konsert och Kongress borde byggas, var det i så fall skulle ligga och hur det borde se ut eller inte se ut byggde på föreställningar och handlade om företeelser utöver själva sakfrågan. Många av insändarna i *Upsala Nya Tidning* och debatten som fördes av bland andra föreningen Folkkampanjen mot Musikens hus och föreningen Rädda kvarteret Gerd utgick från en kultursyn där begreppet kultur är liktydigt med så kallad finkultur, omhuldad och legitimerad av de övre samhällsklasserna. Ett underifrån-perspektiv var tydligt och kunde uttryckas som ”Tusentals invånare kommer inte att ha råd att gå på konserterna. Byggs ‘Glasburen’ bara för de bättre bemedlade” eller ”har vår stad verkligen råd att satsa sina knappa resurser på att bygga ett konserthus åt ett litet antal människor?”.
Flera insändare framhöll att så länge det finns brister inom vård och skola så borde inte något konserthus byggas, och ville inte se det som en investering vilken skulle generera inkomster till kommunen.
Många tycktes utgå från att när kommunen byggde ett konserthus så skulle det i första hand fyllas med så kallad finkultur, exempelvis klassisk musik. Således skulle den stora kommunala satsningen bara komma en del av befolkningen tillgodo, nämligen den del som uppskattar klassisk musik. Den utgångspunkten blev i sig ett argument mot hela projektet vilket gjorde att ett slags cirkelresonemang uppstod. Jasidans motargument att konserthuset skulle bli ett hus för olika typer av evenemang och tillfredsställa vitt skilda musiksmaker hade svårt att nå ut, menar Susanna Persenius i sin uppsats om vad som kom till uttryck i insändarna om Musikens hus. Insändarna
på tidningssidorna dominerades av nejsägarna, medan ja-anhängarna, möjligen som en följd av medvetandet om att det trots allt fanns en politisk majoritet för bygget, var mer passiva. Av 325 insändare under tiden 1 juli 2003 till 20 april 2004 var 267 emot bygget. Jasidan ordnade inte heller några möten eller demonstrationer, vilket däremot nej-anhängarna gjorde. Däremot uppväxte inlägg på *Upsala Nya Tidnings* debattsida en jämnare fördelning med 33 inlägg mot och 37 för under samma tid. Debattsidan tar in betydligt längre inlägg än vad som gäller på insändarsidan och har en annan status än insändarsidan. Debattsidan styrs hårdare av en debattredaktör för att åstadkomma en balans i opinionsbildningen och kräver en högre grad av argumenteringsförmåga än insändarsidan, som har mer karaktären av ”allmänhetens forum”.
Vid sidan av ett allmänt underliggande uttryck av ”vi här nere och dom där uppe” framfördes misstankar i debatten om mygel och fusk. Folkkampanjen mot Musikens hus krävde en folkomröstning, något som inte genomfördes. Detta gav i sin tur upphov till uppfattningen att väljarna inte fick påverka beslutet, trots att det fattats helt enligt vedertagen politisk ordning av demokratiskt valda ledamöter. ”Det är nu bara en prestigefråga. Det är klart att de inte vill ha en folkomröstning. Då skulle de förlora”, som en insändarskribent skriver.
Sammanfattningsvis kan hävdas att motståndet mot byggandet av Uppsala Konsert och Kongress bygger på en föreställning om att det finns en elit som fattar beslut som medborgarna inte kan påverka, och att beslutet om ett Musikens hus fattats på orätta grunder samt att det strider mot majoritetens önskan. Emily Waldén visar i sin uppsats om föreställningar kopplade till Musikens hus att huset av vissa motståndare uppfattas som en symbol för makten eller till och med en symbol för mygel. Debatten kanaliserade ett allmänt missnöje med vad man uppfattade som den styrande eliten.
**Det gamla och det nya**
”Sorgen är då fruktansvärd, dels för dem som bor i kvarterset och dels för alla oss som ville att det här skulle bli ett blomstrande kvarter…”, säger en av informanterna, tillhörande nejsidan, i Emily Waldéns uppsats.
För att ge plats åt Uppsala Konsert och Kongress revs 1800-talshusen i kvarterset. Dessförinnan, våren 2004, hade några av husen i kvarterset brunnit. Rykten uppstod om att branden var anlagd. ”...branden, den kom som på beställning”, enligt en informant. Branden passade väl in i konspirationsteorierna om att det långvariga förfallet av kvarterset Gerd var en medveten strategi från kommunens sida, enligt många tillhörande nejsidan.
Uppfattningen om vad det var för typ av bebyggelse som fick skatta åt föregångelsen skiljer sig åt, vilket inte är förvånande. Under processen med att ta fram ett byggnadsprogram för ett konserthus hade det från antikvariskt håll förordats att ett förslag där det nya huset skulle kunna kombineras med en bevarad äldre bebyggelse i kvarteret vore att föredra. I stället valdes ett förslag som förutsatte att samtliga äldre hus i kvarteret revs. Detta väckte bestörtning på många håll, och användes som ett av argumenten mot Musikens hus. De hus som för många företrädare för jasidan var "...bara skräp och sopor..." och "...bara skit och uteliggare…”, enligt en intervju i Emily Waldéns uppsats, beskrivs av en annan informant som ”En unik gårdskultur som man skulle kunna rusta… De kunde byggt bostäder där och gjort det till ett väldigt fint kvarter där verkligen folk skulle kunna komma och wow, lite känsla va, med gårdskulturen kvar och gallerier…”.
Värdet eller hopplösheten i den gamla bebyggelsen låg i betraktarens öga och påverkades av hur man såg på förslaget om Musikens hus, som det kom att utformas.
Även om det nya huset förelåg diametralt motsatta åsikter. En byggnad i en tilltalande modern arkitektur, en arkitektonisk pärla för upsalaborna att vara stolta över, enligt Waldén ingående i en vision om Uppsala som framtidsstad, eller något fult som skulle dominera torgbilden och på ett groteskt sätt bryta av mot den mer tilltalande omgivningen. Det som för några var ”fulkolossen” eller ”idiotbygget” kunde av andra beskrivas så här: ”Arkitekturen är ny och originell. Det finns en medvetenhet med allt angående det här huset, arkitekten har tänkt på allt.”
Upprördheten mot rivningen av den äldre bebyggelsen kan ses mot bakgrunden av tidigare rivningar i Uppsala. Tidigare decennier har gått hårt fram med delar av Uppsala och gett minnen som väcktes till liv av insändardebatten och som också kom fram i en del intervjuer. Det förfutna färgade uppfattningen om den samtida processen.
Vad är en plats?
Vad är då en plats – något för alltid givet, oföränderligt och geografiskt fastslaget? Eller är det så att platsen i själva verket utgörs och fylls av människors upplevelser, tankar, minnen och känslor knutna till en viss geografiskt avgränsad yta?
De senaste årens förändringar av och kring Vaksala torg har förändrat platsens ”identitet” och människors upplevelse av den. Från att ha betraktats som en stor stenöken och transportsträcka att ta sig över, associeras torget nu med liv, rörelse, torghandel, loppmarknad och en internationell atmosfär. Musikens hus har därtill gett ytterligare en dimension till torget men också upphov till en bitter debatt. Nubefolkas platsen av konsertbesökare, kongressdeltagare och lunchgäster. Planerna på ett Uppsala Konsert och Kongress blev ett slagfält där åsikter, som hade sin grund också i andra samhällsföreteelser, bröts mot varandra.
Avslutningsvis kan vi konstatera att Vaksala torg med intilliggande kvarter ingalunda utgör en neutral plats med en för alltid given innebörd. Det är i stället en plats som olika människor laddar med olika innebörder och betydelser, vilka också förändras över tid. Det ”gamla” torget och det ”nya” är därför en och samma plats rent geografiskt, men många och olika för de människor som tar det i besittning.
Not
1 Det officiella namnet är Uppsala Konsert och Kongress, men huset kallas ofta Musikens hus eller helt enkelt Konserthuset.
Källor och litteratur
Otryckta källor
Intervjuer och övrigt fältarbetsmaterial insamlat av B-studenter i etnologi vt 2006 och ht 2007. Materialet förvaras vid Etnologiska avdelningen, Uppsala universitet.
Opublicerat material
Berndalen, Hanna, 2006. "Det finns allt för inga pengar". En studie av loppmarknaden på Vaksala torg. B-uppsats i etnologi, Uppsala universitet.
Elgenstierna, Rita, 2007. "Ett hus för alla". En studie av Uppsala Konsert och Kongress. B-uppsats i etnologi, Uppsala universitet.
Holmer, Hanna, 2006. Ett levande torg – en studie av Vaksala torg och dess aktörer. B-uppsats i etnologi, Uppsala universitet.
Persenius, Susanna, 2006. Musikens hus. En etnologisk studie av debatten om Musikens hus på Upsala Nya Tidnings insändarsida. B-uppsats i etnologi, Uppsala universitet.
Waldén, Emily, 2006. Musikens hus till varje pris? Föreställningar kopplade till debatten om Musikens hus i Uppsala. B-uppsats i etnologi, Uppsala universitet.
Westin, Björn, 2006. De står på torget. En etnologisk studie av yrkesverksamma torghandlare vid Vaksala torg. B-uppsats i etnologi, Uppsala universitet.
Litteratur
Aunver, Kristjan & Landahl, Martin, 1997. *Torgets ansikten. Ett bildtextcollage*. Uppsala: Edition Edda.
Berglund-Lake, Håkan, 2001. *Livet äger rum. Försörjning och platstagande i norrländska sågverkssamhällen*. Etnolore 22. Uppsala: Etnologiska avdelningen/Uppsala universitet.
Hall, Stuart, 1997. *Representation. Cultural Representations and Signifying Practices*. London: Sage Publications.
Klein, Barbro (red.), 1995. *Gatan är vår! Ritualer på offentliga platser*. Stockholm: Carlssons.
Ottoson, Erik, 2008. *Söka sitt. Om möten mellan människor och föremål*. Etnolore 32. Uppsala: Etnologiska avdelningen/Uppsala universitet.
Pressmaterial
Anseus, Emmali, 2008. Här köps melon efter midnatt. I: *Upsala Nya Tidning* 2008-07-19.
Knutson, Ulrika, 2008. Staden som fick ett hus att fylla. I: *Upsala Nya Tidning* 2008-08-31.
*Upsala NyaTidning* 2002-10-23.
*Upsala Nya Tidning* 2004-02-04.
*Upsala Nya Tidning* 2004-02-26.
*Upsala Nya Tidnings* nätupplaga, debattforum 2006–2007.
Katarina Ek-Nilsson är fil.dr, arkivchef på Nordiska museet och timlärare vid Etnologiska avdelningen, Uppsala universitet.
Birgitta Meurling är universitetslektor och docent vid Etnologiska avdelningen, Uppsala universitet.
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El comité de selección del Concurso Público de Méritos N° 001-2019-MPBJA-SEGUNDA CONVOCATORIA, cumple con publicar los RESULTADOS FINALES.
| Nº | APELLIDOS NOMBRE | PLAZA A LA QUE POSTULA | EVALUACION CURRICULAR | EVALUACION TECNICA | ENTREVISTA PERSONAL | BONIFICACION POR FF.PA. | BONIFICACION POR DISCAPACIDAD | TOTAL | RESULTADO |
|----|----------------------------------|------------------------|-----------------------|--------------------|---------------------|--------------------------|-------------------------------|-------|-----------|
| 1 | SANTISTEBAN PATYCA ANA MAREILA | ASISTENTE ADMINISTRATIVO| 45 | 21 | - | - | - | 63 | GANADOR |
| 2 | VALLE VASQUEZ ERIKA FLOR | CONTADOR IV | 47 | 18 | 2 | - | - | 62 | GANADOR |
| 3 | ZELADA MEDINA JUSBELLY JAMALI | TESORERO | 46 | 13 | 22 | - | - | 81 | GANADOR |
| 4 | SOPLA MASILUCAN SERGIO | ASISTENTE RENTAS | 45 | 19 | 20 | 2 | - | 86 | GANADOR |
| 5 | PEREZ MEDINA LUIS ALBERTO | ASIST ADM. EDUCACION CULTURA Y | 48 | 13 | 25 | - | - | 86 | GANADOR |
| 6 | FILCO COLQUI MARDEN | POLICIA MUNICIPAL | 43 | 16 | 28 | - | - | 69 | GANADOR |
| 7 | JARINGA NATALY PAMELA | TRABAJADOR DE SERVICIOS| 44 | 14 | 24 | - | - | 62 | GANADOR |
| 8 | VARGAS TELLO SONIA | ANALISTA DESARROLLO HUMANO | 41 | 12 | 26 | - | - | 79 | GANADOR |
Los postulantes incluidos en el Cuadro anterior deberán acercarse a la Municipalidad Provincial de Bongará, ubicada en el Jr. Castellano de la Vega N° 555 –Jumbilla, el día 31 de julio de 2019 a las 8:30 am conforme a lo establecido en las bases de la convocatoria para la suscripción de contrato, para ello deberán traer su Curriculum Vitae en original copia.
Ing. Javier Walter Jarcolin Sacra
Presidente
Ing. Roberto Torres Luna
Vopan
Miembro
Eugenio Henry Villanueva Gonzales
Miembro
Ing. Javier Walter Jarcolin Sacra
Presidente
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Een sociaal notariaat?
Toegankelijkheid notariële dienstverlening voor burgers en kleine bedrijven
Marijke ter Voert
Iris Sportel
Sebastiaan Roes
Faculteit der Rechtsgeleerdheid
Radboud Universiteit
2024
Colofon
Radboud Universiteit Nijmegen, 2024
Auteurs: Marijke ter Voert
Iris Sportel
Sebastiaan Roes
Opdrachtgever: WODC
Voorwoord
In dit rapport beschrijven wij de uitkomsten van een onderzoek naar de toegankelijkheid van notariële dienstverlening voor burgers en kleine bedrijven. Dit onderzoek is uitgevoerd in opdracht van het Wetenschappelijk Onderzoek- en Datacentrum (WODC).
De uitvoering van dit onderzoek was niet mogelijk geweest zonder alle respondenten die tijd vrij hebben gemaakt om deel te nemen aan een interview. Ook hebben verschillende organisaties en individuen achtergrondinformatie verstrekt, bijvoorbeeld in de vorm van cijfers of voorbeelden van documenten. Wij willen hen allen graag hartelijk danken voor hun waardevolle bijdrage.
Daarnaast ontvingen wij van verschillende mensen praktische hulp bij de uitvoering van het onderzoek. Annelies van der Laan heeft praktische ondersteuning gegeven bij het werven van notarissen en andere contactpersonen voor interviews. Student-assistenten Quinty van Asperen, Inse Bekx en Joske Wein leverden een bijdrage aan het organiseren, transcriberen en analyseren van de interviews.
Tot slot willen wij onze dank uitspreken aan de begeleidingscommissie onder voorzitterschap van Nick Huls (zie bijlage 1) voor hun waardevolle inbreng.
Marijke ter Voert
Iris Sportel
Sebastiaan Roes
Afkortingen
Bebr Besluit eigen bijdrage rechtsbijstand
CBS Centraal Bureau voor de Statistiek
IPR Internationaal privaatrecht
KNB Koninklijke Notariële Beroepsgroep
LOSR Landelijke Organisatie Sociaal Raadslieiden
NB Notarieel Bureau
RvR Raad voor Rechtsbijstand
SCP Sociaal Cultureel Planbureau
Wna Wet op het notarisambt
WODC Wetenschappelijk Onderzoek- en Datacentrum
Wrb Wet op de rechtsbijstand
# Inhoudsopgave
| Hoofdstuk | Pagina |
|---------------------------------------------------------------------------|--------|
| Voorwoord | 1 |
| Afkortingen | 2 |
| Samenvatting | 6 |
| 1 Inleiding | 11 |
| 1.1 Het notariaat | 11 |
| 1.2 Toegankelijkheid | 13 |
| 1.3 Beleidscontext | 16 |
| 1.4 Onderzoeksvragen en afbakening | 18 |
| 1.5 Methode van onderzoek | 19 |
| 1.5.1 Operationalisering | 19 |
| 1.5.2 Dataverzameling | 20 |
| 1.5.3 Privacy en datamanagement | 21 |
| 2 Vraag en aanbod van notariële diensten | 22 |
| 2.1 Aanbod van diensten | 22 |
| 2.1.1 Aantal (toegevoegd) notarissen, kandidaat-notarissen en kantoorvestigingen | 22 |
| 2.1.2 Aanbod algemene informatie en diensten | 24 |
| 2.1.3 Aanbod type kantoren en specialisaties | 25 |
| 2.2 Vraag naar diensten | 27 |
| 2.2.1 Aantal gepasseerde notariële akten | 27 |
| 2.2.2 Behoefte aan notariële dienstverlening | 29 |
| 2.2.3 Doelgroepen die niet komen of afhaken | 39 |
| 2.3 Samenvatting | 42 |
| 3 Financiële toegankelijkheid van het notariaat | 44 |
| 3.1 Tarieven en prijsdifferentiatie notariële akten | 44 |
| 3.1.1 Prijsindexcijfers | 44 |
| 3.1.2 Tariefdifferentiatie | 45 |
| 3.2 Perceptie van betaalbaarheid | 48 |
| 3.3 De werking van artikel 56 Wna | 50 |
| 3.3.1 Voorwaarden en gebruik Artikel 56 Wna | 51 |
| 3.3.2 Artikel 56 Wna in interviews | 54 |
| 3.4 Initiatieven sociale dienstverlening notarissen | 56 |
| 3.5 Samenvatting | 58 |
4 Andere vormen van toegankelijkheid ................................................................. 61
4.1 Kennis over nut en rol notaris ................................................................. 61
4.1.1 Kennis burgers over werkzaamheden notaris ............................... 61
4.1.2 Gebrek aan kennis over familievermogensrecht ............................. 63
4.1.3 Kennis eerstelijns hulpverleners en andere professionals over nut en rol notaris 64
4.1.4 Initiatieven notariaat kennis en bekendheid .................................. 66
4.2 Begrijpelijkheid ...................................................................................... 67
4.2.1 Dimensies van begrijpelijkheid ....................................................... 68
4.2.2 Initiatieven voor het verbeteren van begrijpelijkheid ....................... 71
4.3 Imago van het notariaat ........................................................................... 73
4.4 Fysieke toegankelijkheid: locaties en bereikbaarheid ............................ 75
4.5 Digitale toegankelijkheid ........................................................................ 76
4.6 Doen vermogen ....................................................................................... 78
4.7 Samenvatting ........................................................................................... 79
5 Verkenning van knelpunten en voorgestelde oplossingsrichtingen ............... 81
5.1 Knelpunt 1: financiële toegankelijkheid .................................................. 81
5.2 Knelpunt 2: Niet-financiële toegankelijkheid .......................................... 82
5.3 Oplossingsrichting: sociaal notariaat ..................................................... 82
5.3.1 Voor- en nadelen sociaal notariaat .................................................. 82
5.3.2 Financiering sociaal notariaat .......................................................... 87
5.3.3 Beperkingen, grenzen en voorwaarden sociaal notariaat ................. 89
5.3.4 Inbedding en samenwerking met eerstelijns hulpverlening ............... 91
5.4 Mogelijkheden aanpassing wetgeving ..................................................... 94
5.5 Samenvatting ........................................................................................... 97
6 Conclusie ........................................................................................................ 99
6.1 Vraag en aanbod notariële dienstverlening ............................................ 99
6.2 Financiële toegankelijkheid ..................................................................... 101
6.3 Niet-financiële vormen van toegankelijkheid ........................................ 103
6.4 Knelpunten en oplossingsrichtingen .................................................... 104
6.4.1 Bereiken van doelgroepen ............................................................... 104
6.4.2 Sociaal notariaat – voor en nadelen ................................................ 105
6.4.3 Aanpassingen wetgeving ................................................................. 109
6.5 Afsluitende overwegingen ...................................................................... 110
Literatuur ........................................................................................................ 112
| Bijlage 1 | Begeleidingscommissie | 114 |
|----------|-----------------------|-----|
| Bijlage 2 | Informatieformulier en topiclijsten interviews | 115 |
| Bijlage 3 | Aantal gepasseerde notariële akten naar rechtsgebied | 121 |
| Summary | | 122 |
Samenvatting
De minister voor Rechtsbescherming heeft in de Tweede Kamer de toezegging gedaan om onderzoek te laten verrichten naar de staat van het notariaat en de toegankelijkheid van de notariële dienstverlening in het bijzonder. In de Tweede Kamer werd onder meer de vraag opgeworpen of minderdraagkrachtigen voldoende toegang tot het notariaat hebben en of er geen sociaal notariaat zou moeten komen. Deze vragen vormen de aanleiding tot dit onderzoek en de volgende onderzoeksvragen:
1. Hoe toegankelijk is de notariële dienstverlening voor burgers en ondernemers?
a. Hoe ziet het aanbod van de notariële dienstverlening er uit?
b. Hoe ziet de vraag naar notariële dienstverlening er uit?
c. Hoe is de financiële toegankelijkheid van de notariële dienstverlening?
d. Hoe staat het met andere vormen van toegankelijkheid (zoals, begrijpelijkheid en bereikbaarheid) van de notariële dienstverlening, ook in relatie tot de legal capabilities en het doenvermogen van burgers?
2. Hoe kunnen eventuele knelpunten in de toegankelijkheid worden geadresseerd?
a. Als bepaalde doelgroepen niet worden bereikt, welke mogelijkheden worden er dan genoemd om daaraan tegemoet te komen?
b. Zou de instelling van een sociaal notariaat een oplossing vormen om de toegankelijkheid te bevorderen? Zo ja, wat zijn hiervan de voor- en nadelen?
Om een beeld te krijgen van de toegankelijkheid van de notariële dienstverlening is gekeken naar het aanbod van dienstverlening, de vraag naar dienstverlening, de betaalbaarheid, de bereikbaarheid en de begrijpelijkheid. Vanuit de vraagstek van de rechtzoekende is tevens gekeken naar legal capabilities (kennis, vaardigheden, attitudes, persoonlijkheidskenmerken, beschikbare financiële, sociale, culturele hulpbronnen) en het doenvermogen van burgers.
Het begrip ‘sociaal notariaat’ is gedefinieerd als een gereguleerde financieringsvorm voor het notariaat om notariële diensten te verlenen aan mensen die niet in staat zijn hiervoor een marktconforme prijs te betalen. De term ‘sociale notariële dienstverlening’ is gebruikt voor niet-gereguleerde vormen van dienstverlening door notarissen, bijvoorbeeld allerlei gratis vormen van dienstverlening of dienstverlening tegen een gereduceerd tarief.
Methode van onderzoek
Voor de dataverzameling is gebruikgemaakt van verschillende bronnen. Er zijn gegevens en documenten opgevraagd bij de KNB en data gebruikt van het CBS. Ook is bestaand onderzoek en literatuur geraadpleegd en is informatie gezocht op websites. Er zijn in totaal 48 semi-gestructureerde interviews gehouden met vertegenwoordigers van verschillende organisaties. Er zijn gesprekken gevoerd met a) (kandidaat-)notarissen, medewerkers van verschillende typen (notaris)kantoren of platforms voor notariële dienstverlening; b) vertegenwoordigers van diverse belangenorganisaties; c) hulpverleners of medewerkers van loketten waar mensen terechtkunnen met juridische vraagstukken, of met professionals die met specifieke typen problemen in aanraking komen; d) vertegenwoordigers van de KNB, het Rijksvastgoedbedrijf en het Kadaster.
Het aanbod van notariële dienstverlening
Voor het in kaart brengen van het aanbod is een beschrijving gegeven van: a) de ontwikkeling van het aantal (toegevoegd) notarissen, kandidaat-notarissen en kantoorvestigingen de afgelopen vijf jaar; b) het type kantoren en specialisaties; c) het aanbod van algemene (eerstelijns)informatie of hulp voor notariële vraagstukken.
In 2024 telde Nederland in totaal 3.427 (toegevoegd) notarissen en kandidaat-notarissen: een stijging met 77 in vergelijking met vijf jaar eerder. Het aantal kantoorvestigingen daalde in die periode met 23 naar in totaal
889 vestigingen in 2024. Er is dus sprake van schaalvergroting: het aantal beroepsboeienaren per kantoor is toegenomen. Het aantal kantoorvestigingen daalt al vanaf 2009: er zijn dus minder locaties waar burgers terecht kunnen.
Burgers kunnen kantoren kiezen met verschillende specialisaties, bijvoorbeeld voor specifieke rechtsgebieden, grensoverschrijdende zaken in specifieke landen, of dienstverlening in verschillende talen. Enkele kantoren richten zich op specifieke doelgroepen zoals expats of LHBTI-ouders.
Voor ander aanbod van algemene (eerstelijns)informatie of hulp voor notariële vraagstukken kunnen burgers diverse websites raadplegen, of te rade gaan bij eerstelijnsorganisaties zoals de Notaristelefoon, het Juridisch Loket, sociaal raadslieden, en rechtswinkels. Daarnaast kunnen ze via sommige lidmaatschappen of bijvoorbeeld overlijdens- of rechtsbijstandsverzekeringen, advies of hulp krijgen. Deze hulp is vaak beperkt tot specifieke onderwerpen, zoals het opstellen van een testament, of wordt alleen verstrekt bij juridische conflicten.
**De vraag naar notariële dienstverlening**
De vraag naar notariële dienstverlening is in kaart gebracht door een beschrijving van: a) de ontwikkeling van het aantal notariële akten in de afgelopen vijf jaar; b) de behoefte aan notariële dienstverlening onder de bevolking; c) doelgroepen die niet bij de notaris komen of afhaken, waarvoor een notaris wel meerwaarde biedt.
Tussen 2013 en 2021 steeg het aantal gepasseerde akten sterk. In 2021 passeerden ongeveer 2 miljoen akten, daarna daalde dat aantal naar ruim 1,7 miljoen in 2023. De daling doet zich vooral voor in de registergoederenpraktijk. De vraag naar akten in familiepraktijk stijgt al jaren, vooral voor testamenten en levenstestamenten. In 2023 is voor het eerst de omvang van gepasseerde akten in de familiepraktijk (42% van alle akten) groter dan die in de registergoederenpraktijk (38% van alle akten).
Bevolkingsonderzoek wijst uit dat ongeveer 45 procent van de Nederlanders wel eens een notaris heeft bezocht. Een deel daarvan komt vooral bij de notaris omdat het nou eenmaal moet, bijvoorbeeld in verband met de aankoop van een huis.
Bij eerstelijnshulpverleners is de vraag naar notariële dienstverlening gering in vergelijking met het totaal aan hulpvragen dat ze binnenkrijgen. De exacte omvang van de hulpvragen met een notarieel aspect is echter niet bekend. Sommige hulpvragen kunnen via eerstelijnshulpverleners worden beantwoord, voor andere is advies, hulp of een akte van de notaris nodig. De niet-vervulde behoefte aan notariële dienstverlening ligt vooral op het gebied van het familievermogensrecht. Er worden diverse doelgroepen en situaties genoemd waarbij mensen afhaken of helemaal niet bij de notaris komen terwijl dat wel raadzaam is. Ook voor mensen met weinig financieel vermogen. Behoeftes die worden benoemd betreffen bijvoorbeeld het afwikkelen van een nalatenschap en het regelen van een testament, levenstestament, samenlevingscontract of huwelijksvoorwaarden. Het betreft enerzijds situaties waarin problemen in de toekomst kunnen worden voorkomen door bij de notaris een testament, levenstestament, huwelijksvoorwaarden of een samenlevingscontract te regelen. Anderzijds betreft het situaties waarin burgers met een probleem worden geconfronteerd, zoals het afwikkelen van een nalatenschap, daarin vastlopen en geen middelen hebben om een notaris in te schakelen. Dit kan bijvoorbeeld gelden voor minderjarige kinderen of mensen met schulden die een nalatenschap beneficiair moeten aanvaarden.
Doelgroepen die voor de bovengenoemde situaties niet bij de notaris komen of afhaken zijn volgens de geinterviewden: mensen met weinig economische hulpmiddelen (laag inkomen, schulden, de partner heeft schulden, mensen die te maken hebben met beschermingsbewind, curatele of mentorschap) met betrekking tot diverse familievermogensrechtelijk zaken; ouderen en mensen met een beperking in verband met het voorkomen van problemen bij wilsonbekwaamheid of voorkomen van problemen na overlijden; alleenstaanden, samenwoners en samengestelde gezinnen ter voorkoming van problemen bij nalatenschappen en/of scheidingen; kleine ondernemers of zzp’ers in verband met het voorkomen van problemen bij schulden en nalatenschappen en mensen met een migratieachtergrond die de meerwaarde van notariële akten niet kennen of zaken liever anders regelen. Daarnaast worden groepen genoemd die bepaalde vaardigheden missen en daarom niet bij de notaris komen of afhaken, bijvoorbeeld laaggeletterden.
De financiële toegankelijkheid
De financiële toegankelijkheid is aan de hand van de volgende kenmerken beschreven: a) de ontwikkeling van tarieven voor notariële dienstverlening; b) de ervaren financiële toegankelijkheid; c) de werking en toegankelijkheid van artikel 56 Wna; d) het aanbod van sociale dienstverlening vanuit het notariaat.
Tussen 2015 en 2023 zijn de tarieven voor notariële diensten op alle rechtsgebieden met ongeveer 35 procent gestegen. Dat is een sterkere stijging dan de prijzen van dienstverleners (dpi) in het algemeen; deze stegen met 22 procent. De variatie in tarieven voor dezelfde soort akten is echter groot en voor standaardakten bestaan er goedkopere mogelijkheden via online platforms. Ook kunnen rechtzoekenden via sommige uitvaart- of zorgorganisaties testamenten tegen een laag tarief krijgen.
De kosten kunnen een belangrijke belemmering vormen voor mensen om een beroep te doen op een notaris. Dit geldt vooral voor mensen uit de lagere inkomensgroepen en op het gebied van het familievermogensrecht. Soms zijn er ook bijkomende kosten (voor tolken, vertalingen, ipr-kwesties, toetsen wilsbekwaamheid). Er zijn groepen die niet kunnen betalen, zoals mensen in de bijstand of mensen met schulden. Er zijn ook burgers die wel kunnen, maar niet willen, ofwel andere prioriteiten stellen, de urgentie niet zien en minder gericht zijn op zekerheid voor de toekomst.
Artikel 56 Wna zou er voor moeten zorgen dat burgers die onder de Wet op de rechtsbijstand vallen bij de notaris bepaalde akten in het familievermogensrecht kunnen regelen door het vaststellen van een gemaximeerd tarief. Om in aanmerking te komen voor dat tarief moeten minder draagkrachtigen een verklaring omtrent inkomen en vermogen aanvragen bij Raad voor Rechtsbijstand en vervolgens een verzoek indienen bij de voorzitter van de bevoegde kamer voor het notariaat. In de periode 2018-2022 zijn jaarlijks slechts enkele verzoeken (12 tot 13) ingediend bij de vier kamers voor het notariaat. De meeste verzoeken werden bovendien voortijdig door de verzoekers ingetrokken. Dit komt omdat de kamers voor de hoogte van dit tarief de maximale eigen bijdrage volgens de WrB hanteren (in 2024 € 952). Dit bedrag is voor minderdraagkrachtigen erg hoog en bovendien ligt dat tarief doorgaans boven het gemiddelde tarief voor akten in de familiepraktijk. De regeling levert dan ook voor veel mensen geen voordeel op. Andere nadelen van de regeling zijn de vereiste zelfredzaamheid van de burger om een aanvraag in te dienen, de onbekendheid van zowel burgers als professionals met de regeling, de beperkte reikwijdte van de regeling (beperkt type akten, geen advies). Daarnaast wordt via deze regeling een notaris aangewezen. Dat kan ten koste gaan van de kwaliteit van de dienstverlening en als het vaste tarief niet kostendekkend is, wordt een notaris gedwongen onder de kostprijs te werken.
Notariskantoren verlenen verschillende vormen van sociale dienstverlening. Zo zijn er kantoren die een gratis spreekuur aanbieden (al dan niet in een wijkcentrum) en sommige kantoren helpen cliënten die weinig financiële middelen hebben met een gereduceerd tarief of een afbetalingsregeling. Ook zijn er kantoren die voor goede doelen, verenigingen en stichtingen gratis dan wel tegen gereduceerd tarief werk verrichten. De initiatieven zijn echter lokaal, veelal ad hoc (de client moet er wel om vragen) en afhankelijk van de bereidwilligheid van notarissen. Een deel van de notarissen is bovendien principieel tegen het aanbieden van gereduceerde tarieven.
Niet-financiële toegankelijkheid
Niet-financiële toegankelijkheidsfactoren vanuit de aanbodkant zijn de (on)begrijpelijkheid van notariële stukken en de beschikbaarheid en het overbrengen van begrijpelijke informatie, het ‘chique’ imago van het notariaat dat bepaalde doelgroepen kan afschrikken en de fysieke toegankelijkheid voor mensen met beperkingen. Uit de interviews komt naar voren dat deze aanbodfactoren de toegang tot het notariaat kunnen belemmeren. Digitale middelen kunnen de toegankelijkheid zowel verslechteren als bevorderen. Naast het aanbod van dienstverlening vanuit het notariaat spelen de legal capabilities van de rechtzoekenden zelf een rol bij de toegang tot het notariaat. Deze factoren vanuit de ‘vraagkant’ omvatten ten eerste de kennis over het nut en de noodzaak om iets te regelen bij de notaris. Ten tweede vereist het raadplegen van dienstverleners bepaalde vaardigheden: om informatie te vinden en te begrijpen of contact te leggen zijn bepaalde taal-, sociale of digitale vaardigheden vereist. Niet alle rechtzoekenden beschikken daarover. Ten derde is de attitude van de rechtzoekende van belang. Het hebben van vertrouwen in notarissen en het idee
hebben dat ze er voor jou zijn. Burgers hebben het idee dat de notaris er vooral is voor mensen met een zeker vermogen. Ook bepaalde culturele gewoonten kunnen een drempel vormen. Ten vierde kunnen persoonlijkheidskenmerken een rol spelen. Sommige burgers missen bijvoorbeeld het zelfvertrouwen om contact te leggen met een notaris. Bepaalde mensen hebben behoefte aan zekerheid en willen zaken geregeld hebben, terwijl anderen van dag tot dag leven en bereid zijn risico’s te nemen. Zij zullen pas bij een notaris komen als het moet. Ten slotte zijn de beschikbare hulpbronnen van belang. Naast de eerder besproken financiële hulpbronnen kunnen ook het beschikken over sociale (netwerk dat hulp kan bieden) of technologische hulpbronnen (internettoegang, beschikbaarheid devices) van belang zijn. Ongeveer 16 procent van de Nederlandse bevolking blijkt zowel over weinig economisch als ook sociaal, cultureel en persoonlijk kapitaal te beschikken.
Naast legal capabilities of het beschikken over verschillende vormen van ‘kapitaal’ is ook het doenvermogen van mensen van belang, de mate waarin mensen in staat zijn hun eigen gedrag effectief te sturen. En dit doenvermogen wordt minder in stressvolle situaties, zoals bij het overlijden van een dierbare of een echtscheiding. Doenvermogen alleen is echter niet genoeg. Daadwerkelijk tot actie overgaan, ‘grip op de omgeving krijgen’, vereist dat er ook voldoende financiële middelen en genoeg aanbod van adequate hulpverlening is. Voor mensen met weinig legal capabilities en doenvermogen is een goede samenwerking met eerstelijns juridische hulpverlening, zoals het juridisch loket, schuldhulpverlening, sociaal raadslieden of rechtswinkels dan ook van groot belang. De samenwerking tussen het notariaat en eerstelijnshulpverlening is echter nog beperkt. Eerstelijnshulpverleners hebben bovendien niet altijd voldoende kennis van het familievermogensrecht en over het nut en de noodzaak om iets te regelen bij de notaris. Als belangrijk probleemgebied wordt vaak het afwikkelen van nalatenschappen genoemd. Zo kan de vereffening van nalatenschappen complex zijn en het doenvermogen van veel burgers te boven gaan.
Vooral schuldhulpverleners en wettelijk vertegenwoordigers zoals bewindvoerders uiten een sterke behoefte aan een financiële regeling. Bij notarissen zelf en bij eerstelijnshulpverleners melden zich niet veel mensen. Als de financiële barrières minder worden, blijft het de vraag of burgers ook daadwerkelijk een notaris zullen inschakelen. Zoals hiervoor beschreven is een financiële hulpbron slechts een van de legal capabilities die daarbij meespeelt.
Het adresseren van knelpunten
Voor de gemelde knelpunten op het gebied van zowel de financiële als de niet-financiële toegankelijkheid van notariële dienstverlening worden verschillende oplossingsrichtingen besproken. Zowel op landelijk niveau door de KNB, als door individuele notariskantoren bestaan er verschillende initiatieven om belemmeringen in de toegang weg te nemen. Vooral op het gebied van begrijpelijkheid en kennis worden allerlei activiteiten ontplooid, zoals het geven van voorlichtingsbijeenkomsten, informatiecampagnes, het aanbieden van cursussen in begrijpelijk communiceren, en het begrijpelijker maken van akten. Ook is er een start gemaakt met de samenwerking tussen het notariaat en het Juridisch loket. Daarnaast zijn er lokale initiatieven voor sociale dienstverlening.
Een sociaal notariaat wordt wenselijk geacht voor preventie van problemen van bepaalde groepen burgers in de toekomst en daarmee ook het voorkomen van toekomstige kosten voor burgers met een kleine beurs. Ook wordt de urgentie gezien voor hulp bij het afwikkelen van lastige nalatenschappen. Vooral de vereffeningsprocedure gaat het doenvermogen van burgers te boven. Niet alle notarissen zijn overtuigd van de noodzaak van een sociaal notariaat. Deels omdat ze de doelgroep niet of weinig tegenkomen in hun praktijk en in voorkomende gevallen zelf wel een regeling treffen. Als nadelen worden mogelijke capaciteitsproblemen binnen het notariaat genoemd als de vraag naar diensten door een sociaal notariaat gaat toenemen. Ook wordt verwacht dat er gezien de problemen bij de sociale advocatuur weinig animo voor is onder notarissen.
Geïnterviewden noemen verschillende financieringsmogelijkheden voor een sociaal notariaat:
- het aanpassen van artikel 56 Wna zodat deze beter aansluit op de behoeften van de doelgroep;
- het toevoegen van de notaris aan het stelsel voor gefinancierde rechtsbijstand;
het opnemen van notariële diensten in een rechtsbijstandsverzekering of andere verzekerings- of abonnementsvormen;
het verdelen van de kosten over notariskantoren via een fonds of andere financieringsvorm
financiering vanuit de overheid via bijzondere bijstand van de gemeente.
Ook een combinatie van bijvoorbeeld financiering door de overheid en het notariaat wordt genoemd.
Aandachtspunten voor een nieuw financieringssysteem zijn: het instellen van een inkomens- en vermogenstoets, de reikwijdte van de regeling wat betreft rechtsgebieden, een gelijke verdeling van lasten tussen notariskantoren, beperkte administratieve lasten van het systeem en de vergoeding van bijkomende kosten (bijvoorbeeld voor een tolk, vertalingen).
Naast de financiële toegankelijkheid zijn ook andere aspecten van toegankelijkheid van belang. Ook hiervoor kan de instelling van een sociaal notariaat een oplossing vormen. Door bij het inrichten van een sociaal notariaat aan te sluiten bij de bestaande infrastructuur van (eerstelijns)hulpverleners en bijvoorbeeld spreekuren te organiseren op locaties waar doelgroepen gemakkelijker binnenlopen dan bij een notariskantoor, kunnen drempels worden verlaagd. Een loket waar mensen terecht kunnen met juridische vragen en problemen, zonder dat het nodig is dat zij zelf een inschatting moeten maken bij welke juridische professional een vraag thuishoort. Uit de interviews blijkt echter ook dat hulpverleners op dit moment nog niet altijd adequaat herkennen in welke situaties een notarieel advies of een akte raadzaam is. Aanvullende voorlichting of training van deze medewerkers is dan ook van belang.
Een andere oplossingsrichting die naar voren is gebracht, is het aanpassen van wetgeving, met name in het familievermogensrecht, waardoor zaken al preventief bij wet worden geregeld en minder mensen de diensten van een notaris nodig hebben. Bijvoorbeeld het goedkoper en simpeler regelen van ‘standaardgevallen’ voor een levenstestament of samenlevingscontract dat in landelijke registers kan worden opgenomen zonder dat daarbij een notaris betrokken is. Ook worden voorstellen gedaan de afwikkeling van nalatenschappen makkelijker en toegankelijker te maken door het faciliteren van deelgeschillenprocedures en het vereenvoudigen van bevoegdheden tussen de rechtbank en kantonrechter. Voor eventuele wetswijzigingen wordt geadviseerd deze ook langs de lat van de doenvermogenstoets van de WRR te houden en te evalueren. In de voorstellen voor ‘standaardgevallen’ waarin de zorgplicht rol van de notaris wegvalt, wordt aanbevolen de mogelijke (negatieve) effecten voor de rechtszekerheid en rechtsbescherming te onderzoeken.
1 Inleiding
Burgers en bedrijven kunnen bij notarissen terecht voor het vastleggen van rechtsgeldige en bindende afspraken op het terrein van het familievermogensrecht, het registergoederenrecht en het ondernemingsrecht. Notarissen verschaffen rechtszekerheid en rechtsbescherming door rechtsverhoudingen vast te leggen in akten en geven juridisch advies en voorlichting. Daarbij moeten zij letten op de belangen van alle betrokkenen en onafhankelijk en onpartijdig handelen. Zij hebben tevens een poortwachtersrol om fraude en misstanden in het rechtsverkeer te voorkomen.
Notarissen zijn enerzijds ambtenaren die door de Kroon worden benoemd en exclusief met een aantal wettelijke taken zijn belast. Anderzijds zijn ze in economische zin vrije beroepsbeoefenaren met een ondernemersrisico. Het beroep is door wetgeving gereguleerd (Wet op het notarisambt; Wna), in combinatie met zelfregulering door de Koninklijke Notariële Beroepsorganisatie (KNB). De KNB heeft tot taak een goede beroepsuitoefening en vakbekwaamheid te bevorderen en kan via verordeningen beroeps- en gedragsregels vaststellen (artikel 61 Wna) waar alle (kandidaat-)notarissen zich aan moeten houden.
De minister voor Rechtsbescherming is verantwoordelijk voor een toegankelijk en kwalitatief goed functionerend notarieel stelsel (stelselverantwoordelijkheid). In Commissiedebatten in de Tweede Kamer over de juridische beroepen op 4 november 2021 en op 6 oktober 2022 heeft de minister voor Rechtsbescherming de toezagging gedaan om een onderzoek te laten verrichten naar de staat van het notariaat en de toegankelijkheid van de notariële dienstverlening in het bijzonder.\(^1\) Tijdens die debatten werd onder meer de vraag opgeworpen of minderdraagkrachtigen wel voldoende toegang tot het notariaat hebben en of er geen sociaal notariaat zou moeten komen. Deze vragen vormen de aanleiding tot dit onderzoek en hebben geleid tot de volgende hoofdvragen:
1. Hoe toegankelijk is de notariële dienstverlening voor burgers en ondernemers?
2. Hoe kunnen eventuele knelpunten in de toegankelijkheid worden geadresseerd?
c. Als bepaalde doelgroepen niet worden bereikt, welke mogelijkheden worden er dan genoemd om daaraan tegemoet te komen?
d. Zou de instelling van een sociaal notariaat een oplossing vormen om de toegankelijkheid te bevorderen? Zo ja, wat zijn hiervan de voor- en nadelen?
Doel van het onderzoek is na te gaan hoe toegankelijk de notariële dienstverlening is en of er mogelijkheden zijn die toegankelijkheid voor burgers en bedrijven te verbeteren. Het gaat daarbij uitdrukkelijk niet om een tweede evaluatie van de Wet op het notarisambt, en evenmin om een analyse van de marktwerking die de wetgever met de wetswijziging van 1999 heeft willen bevorderen. De toegang tot het notariaat voor de beroepsgroep zelf maakt eveneens geen onderdeel uit van deze studie. Dit onderdeel zal het WODC in 2024 als een afzonderlijk onderzoek aanbesteden.
1.1 Het notariaat
Werkzaamheden van de notaris
De belangrijkste werkzaamheden van de notaris bestaan enerzijds uit voorlichting en advies en anderzijds uit vastlegging en registratie van (rechts)handelingen. De belangrijkste taken zijn:
- het verrichten van juridisch onderzoek en het adviseren over rechtshandelingen, het leiden van besprekingen die aan het opmaken en het verlijden van notariële akten voorafgaan, het informeren en zo
\(^1\) Verslag vaste commissie voor Justitie en Veiligheid d.d. 4 november 2021, vergaderjaar 2021–2022, 35 925 VI, nr. 29, blz. 41; Verslag commissiedebat over juridische beroepen, 6 oktober 2022, blz. 35.
nodig waarschuwen van partijen voor rechtsgevolgen, en het afwegen van de belangen van alle betrokkenen, ook van degenen die niet partij bij de akte zijn (derden);
- het vastleggen van afspraken in notariële akten;
- het bewaren van akten en het afgeven van afschriften van akten aan belanghebbenden;
- het (doen) registreren in openbare registers van onder andere onroerendgoedtransacties, van testamenten, van huwelijksvoorwaarden en van rechtshandelingen met betrekking tot naamloze en besloten vennootschappen, stichtingen, verenigingen en coöperaties;
- daarnaast vervullen notarissen een poortwachtersfunctie bij de bestrijding van witwaspraktijken, fraude en andere vormen van criminaliteit.
De notaris verricht zijn werkzaamheden op het gebied van het familievermogens-, registergoederen-, en ondernemingsrecht. Voor bepaalde rechtshandelingen is het inschakelen van een notaris verplicht (domeinmonopolie) en heeft een notaris de plicht zijn of haar diensten te verlenen\(^2\); bij andere rechtshandelingen is het inschakelen van een notaris facultatief.
Op het gebied van het *familievermogensrecht* is bijstand van een notaris verplicht in de volgende situaties:
- het maken of wijzigen van huwelijksvoorwaarden of partnerschapsvoorwaarden;
- het maken of wijzigen van een (openbaar, notarieel) testament.
Het is aan te raden (niet verplicht maar gebruikelijk) om een notaris in te schakelen voor bijvoorbeeld:
- het opstellen van een samenlevingscontract;
- het opstellen van een levenstestament;
- de afwikkeling (waaronder de verdeling) van een nalatenschap (voor zover daar geen onroerende zaken of aandelen op naam toe behoren).
Ten aanzien van *onroerend goed* is notariële bijstand onder andere verplicht bij:
- het overdragen van een onroerende zaak in eigendom, zoals een woning of een bedrijfspand, bijvoorbeeld ten titel van koop, schenking of legaat;
- het vestigen van zakelijke rechten, zoals een recht van hypotheek of een erfdienstbaarheid en dergelijke, op een onroerende zaak;
- het splitsen van een onroerende zaak in appartementsrechten.
Op het gebied van het *ondernemingsrecht* is het verplicht om de notaris in te schakelen voor onder meer de volgende situaties:
- het oprichten van een besloten vennootschap of een naamloze vennootschap;
- het overdragen van aandelen in een besloten vennootschap;
- het oprichten van een stichting, een formele vereniging en dergelijke rechtspersonen.
Het is aan te raden (maar niet verplicht) om een notaris in te schakelen voor bijvoorbeeld:
- het overeenkomen van een vennootschap onder firma (v.o.f.) of maatschap;
- de advisering omtrent de keuze voor een bepaalde rechtspersoon/ondernemingsvorm.
Nederland kent een Latijns notariaat. Dat wil zeggen dat notarissen hun taak onafhankelijk en onpartijdig moeten uitvoeren en een uitgebreide zorgplicht hebben. Die zorgplicht houdt in dat ze actief onderzoek moeten doen naar de wilscontrole van cliënten en een informatie- en adviesplicht hebben (Commissie Hammerstein, 2005, p. 13). Onderzoek naar de wilscontrole betekent dat notarissen moeten nagaan of de
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\(^2\) Een notaris heeft een zogeheten ministerieplicht. Alleen in bepaalde omstandigheden mag een notaris een cliënt weigeren of doorverwijzen. Artikel 21 lid 1 Wna: De notaris is verplicht de hem bij of krachtens de wet opgedragen of de door een partij verlangde werkzaamheden te verrichten, behoudens het bepaalde in het tweede, derde, en vierde lid.
inhoud van de akte overeenkomt met de wil van partijen. Ze hebben tevens de verplichting om cliënten te informeren over de juridische betekenis en de rechtsgevolgen van de akte. Deze informatieplicht hangt nauw samen met de wilscontrole: notarissen moeten controleren of partijen beseffen welke rechten en verplichtingen voortvloeien uit de akte. Volgens de Commissie Hammerstein hebben notarissen hierdoor als onafhankelijk adviseur een inhoudelijke inbreng en toegevoegde waarde. Als de taak van de notaris zich zou beperken tot het opmaken van akten en het vastleggen van wat partijen al zijn overeengekomen (het Engelse systeem) dan zou het kantoor een aktenfabriek worden en de notaris een veredelde stempelaar (Commissie Hammerstein, 2005, p. 13).
Indien een notaris wordt ingeschakeld is het wezenlijk dat zijn of haar bijstand dus ruimte creëert voor persoonlijke aandacht en zorg. Mondt de dienstverlening uit in een notariële akte dat zal de cliënt in bepaalde gevallen zelf voor de notaris moeten verschijnen, bijvoorbeeld bij het maken van een testament. Er is dan geen keuze de dienst af te ronden op afstand. In andere gevallen gaat de wet uit van een persoonlijke ontmoeting bij het tekenen van de akte maar kan ervoor worden gekozen een gevolmachtigde in te schakelen. Ook dan kan de notaris die persoonlijke aanwezigheid noodzakelijk achten en er dus op staan dat de cliënt voor hem of haar verschijnt. Gezien de complexiteit en diversiteit van de juridische vraagstukken waar de burger mee te maken heeft, is die persoonlijke aandacht van de notaris als onpartijdig en onafhankelijk ambtenaar betekenisvol. De notaris levert daarmee een bijdrage aan het voorkomen van geschillen, die anders bij de rechter terecht komen, en aan het voorkomen van misbruik en fraude.
**Type kantoren**
Voor een onderzoek naar de toegankelijkheid van het notariaat is het belangrijk een beeld te hebben van het aanbod van het type kantoren en de daarbij behorende cliënten. Notariskantoren kunnen sterk van elkaar verschillen, zowel in omvang als in de aard van de werkzaamheden. Kantoren kunnen onder andere variëren wat betreft het aantal (toegevoegd) notarissen, kandidaat-notarissen, aantal medewerkers (zoals klerken of notarieel medewerkers) of het aantal vestigingen. Er zijn kleine kantoren met bijvoorbeeld één notaris, een of twee kandidaat-notarissen en een klerk tot grote notariskantoren met zes of meer notarissen, meer dan 15 kandidaat-notarissen en veel (juridisch) medewerkers. Het geografische gebied waarop kantoren zich richten, kan variëren van lokaal, regionaal, nationaal tot internationaal. Dit hangt vaak samen met de groep cliënten waarop kantoren zich richten: vooral burgers en kleine bedrijven of vooral grote (inter)nationale ondernemingen. Het type dienstverlening kan verschillen van een algemene (dorps)praktijk tot bijvoorbeeld een specialistische praktijk in het (internationaal) ondernemingsrecht. Globaal geldt: hoe groter het kantoor, hoe meer gespecialiseerd het is.
Daarnaast zijn er multidisciplinaire kantoren waar (kandidaat-)notarissen, advocaten en/of belastingadviseurs met elkaar samenwerken al dan niet in een (internationaal) samenwerkingsverband. Landelijk zijn er ook samenwerkingsverbanden tussen kantoren die kennis delen of anderszins samenwerken (bijvoorbeeld Netwerknotorissen of Nico notarissen).
De grote kantoren hebben vaker grote (internationale) ondernemingen als cliënt en zijn vooral in het ondernemingsrecht actief, terwijl kleine kantoren eerder lokale burgers en (kleine) bedrijven bedienen en een algemene praktijk hebben. Dergelijke accentverschillen kunnen invloed hebben op de mate waarin bepaalde kantoren toegankelijk zijn voor bepaalde groepen in de samenleving en de mate waarin ze in staat zijn in te spelen op behoeften van bepaalde cliënten.
**1.2 Toegankelijkheid**
Om een beeld te krijgen van de toegankelijkheid van de notariële dienstverlening kan naar verschillende aspecten aan de aanbodkant worden gekeken (Ter Voert, 2016). Het kan gaan om:
- het aanbod van notariële dienstverleners en de soorten dienstverlening (bijvoorbeeld specialisaties);
- in combinatie met de vraag naar dienstverlening (bijvoorbeeld het aantal gepasseerde notariële akten per rechtsgebied);
- de betaalbaarheid (bijvoorbeeld de hoogte van tarieven; het verschil in tarieven; de transparantie over kosten);
- de bereikbaarheid (de vindbaarheid van kantoren; mogelijkheden om contact te leggen; nabijheid);
- de begrijpelijkheid (de toegankelijkheid/begrijpelijkheid van de gegeven informatie).
Daarnaast is de toegankelijkheid ook afhankelijk van de vraagkant: de persoon die toegang zoekt. Uit wetenschappelijk onderzoek blijkt dat economische, sociale en psychologische verschillen tussen mensen tot een ongelijke toegang tot het recht kunnen leiden en tot andere behoeftes van rechtoezoekenden. Denk hierbij aan de ongelijke verdeling van geld, kennis, omvang van sociale netwerken, taalvaardigheden of digitale vaardigheden. Verschillen in deze kenmerken van rechtoezoekenden kunnen gevolgen hebben voor welke problemen zij krijgen, hoe ze omgaan met problemen en de voordelen die ze kunnen halen uit de hulp die ze inschakelen. Pleasence en Balmer (2019) spreken in dit verband over de verzamelterm *Legal capability*. Volgens hen gaat het over vijf verschillende aspecten:
- **kennis**: snap ik het probleem; weet ik waar kan ik terecht kan voor hulp;
- **vaardigheden**: bijvoorbeeld taal-, sociale of digitale vaardigheden;
- **attitudes**: over het rechtssysteem en juridische dienstverleners, het vertrouwen in instanties;
- **persoonlijkheidskenmerken**: bijvoorbeeld zelfvertrouwen, emotionele beheersing en passiviteit;
- **beschikbare hulpbronnen**: bijvoorbeeld financieel, sociaal, technologisch.
De afgelopen jaren is hier het inzicht bijgekomen dat bepaalde *capabilities* ofwel vermogens van mensen contextafhankelijk kunnen zijn. De WRR (2017) wijst in dit opzicht naar het ‘doenvermogen’ van mensen: dat is het vermogen om in actie te komen, om het hoofd voldoende koel te houden, en om vast te houden aan goede voornemens. Het doenvermogen van mensen komt onder druk te staan als ze met problemen en stress te maken krijgen. Hierdoor slagen ze er niet in doelgericht en probleemoplossend te handelen. Ook mensen met een goede opleiding en een goede maatschappelijke positie kunnen in stresssituaties verzeild raken waarin hun redzaamheid ontoereikend is. Dat is niet omdat hun kennis of intelligentie tekortschiet, maar omdat er een te groot beroep wordt gedaan op hun doenvermogen.
In aansluiting op dit rapport over het doenvermogen van mensen, publiceerde de WRR in 2023 een rapport over ‘Grip: het maatschappelijke belang van persoonlijke controle’. Waar het doenvermogen vooral gaat over *zelfcontrole* - de mate waarin mensen in staat zijn hun eigen gedrag effectief te sturen -, gaat ‘grip’ vooral over *omgevingscontrole*: de mate waarin mensen in staat zijn hun omgeving effectief te beïnvloeden, en zo hun doelen te bereiken. Tussen de twee bestaat een verband, want wie zijn omgeving effectief wil beïnvloeden, moet zijn eigen gedrag kunnen reguleren. Grip veronderstelt dus een basis van doenvermogen, maar doenvermogen alleen is niet genoeg. Werkelijke grip op de omgeving vereist ook andere dingen, zoals voldoende financiële middelen, sociale hulpbronnen en rechten, maar ook een voorspelbare en navigeerbare omgeving. De kernboodschap van de WRR is dat de overheid bij het maken en uitvoeren van beleid meer moet inzetten op het vergroten van de grip van burgers.
Een ander belangrijk onderscheid dat in sociaalwetenschappelijke literatuur wordt gemaakt in het kader van de toegang tot het recht, is het verschil tussen *one shotters* en *repeat players* (Galanter, 1974). Bij dit onderscheid wordt vooral gekeken naar de kennis en de (financiële) middelen die partijen tot hun beschikking hebben. *One shotters* nemen eenmalig of weinig juridische diensten af, hebben weinig kennis van het recht en hebben meestal relatief weinig (financiële) middelen. Doorgaans worden burgers en kleine bedrijven tot deze groep gerekend. *Repeat players* nemen regelmatig juridische diensten af, hebben daardoor kennis, eigen juridische adviseurs, en hebben genoeg financiële middelen. Doorgaans geldt dit voor grote bedrijven en de overheid. Belangrijk hierbij is dat sommige notariskantoren zich vooral richten op de *repeat players*, zoals de corporate Zuidaskantoren, terwijl de kleine notariskantoren met een algemene praktijk vooral de *one shotters* bedienen.
De hiervoor genoemde kenmerken van rechtzoekenden kunnen dus van belang zijn voor de vraag of ze een notaris zullen inschakelen. Grofweg bepalen deze kenmerken het kennen, kunnen en willen van burgers. Het kan zijn dat burgers geen contact opnemen met een notaris omdat ze niet weten wat een notaris voor hen kan betekenen (gebrek aan kennis), omdat ze deze niet kunnen inschakelen – bijvoorbeeld door gebrek aan vaardigheden, financiële hulpbronnen of door stress of bepaalde persoonlijkheidskenmerken -, of omdat ze geen notaris willen inschakelen – bijvoorbeeld omdat ze geen vertrouwen in notarissen hebben of het risico voor lief nemen om bepaalde zaken niet te regelen. Wat hierbij meespeelt, is dat notarissen vaak preventieve rechtshulp verlenen. Door vooraf afspraken vast te leggen in notariële akten kunnen geschillen in de toekomst worden voorkomen. Er is vaak geen sprake van een urgent probleem waarvoor direct actie nodig is. Voor zover de inschakeling van een notaris niet verplicht is - zoals bij het kopen van een huis -, zal een burger zelf initiatief moeten nemen om mogelijke problemen in die toekomst te voorkomen. Dit kan bijvoorbeeld gelden voor het opstellen van een samenlevingscontract, huwelijks voorwaarden of een testament.
**Ongelijkheid in de samenleving**
Om een beeld te krijgen van de omvang van groepen die meer of minder hulpbronnen tot hun beschikking hebben, biedt onderzoek van het Sociaal en Cultureel Planbureau (SCP) enig inzicht. In het project *Verschil in Nederland* onderzoekt het SCP structurele ongelijkheid in de Nederlandse samenleving op basis van verschillende soorten hulpbronnen. Deze diverse hulpbronnen zijn verweven met elkaar. Ten eerste onderscheiden zij het hebben van economisch kapitaal (financieel vermogen, opleidingsniveaus en arbeidsmarktposities). Verschillen in dit economisch kapitaal zijn verstrengeld met ongelijkheid in andere hulpbronnen: ‘wie je kent’ (sociaal kapitaal), ‘waar je bij past’ (cultureel kapitaal) en ‘wie je bent’ (persoonskapitaal; gezondheid en aantrekkelijkheid). Op basis van deze vier vormen van hulpbronnen onderscheidt het SCP zeven sociale klassen in de Nederlandse samenleving. Die vormen gezamenlijk een maatschappelijke hiërarchie van veel naar weinig kapitaal (Vrooman, e.a., 2023, p. 6):
1. **De werkende bovenlaag** (19,9% van de volwassen bevolking) is actief op de arbeidsmarkt, en heeft het grootste aandeel zelfstandigen. Op drie van de vier typen beschikt deze groep over het meeste kapitaal. Bij het cultureel kapitaal nemen ze net aan de tweede positie in.
2. **De jongere kansrijken** (8,6%) zijn hoogopgeleid en hebben ook in andere opzichten veel hulpbronnen, maar kunnen nog groeien in hun inkomen, liquide vermogen en huizenbezit.
3. Mensen die behoren tot de **rentenierende bovenlaag** (12,2%) zijn in meerderheid gepensioneerd. Hun gemiddelde liquide vermogen is veruit het hoogst, evenals de overwaarde in de woning. Ook hebben zij doorgaans een goed inkomen en zijn ze vaak hoger opgeleid. Door hun gevorderde leeftijd staan de gezondheid en sociale netwerken echter onder druk.
4. **De omvangrijke werkende middengroep** (24,9%) neemt bij vrijwel alle kapitaalvormen een middenpositie in, en is daarom te karakteriseren als een middenklasse.
5. **De laagopgeleide gepensioneerden** (18,1%) zijn grotendeels niet meer actief op de arbeidsmarkt. Doorgaans bereiken zij niet het middelbare opleidingsniveau dat praktisch geschoolde vakmensen tegenwoordig nodig hebben (mbo-2 of hoger). De laagopgeleide gepensioneerden hebben echter wel vrij veel financieel vermogen – vooral overwaarde in de woning – en een redelijk inkomen. Daarentegen beschikken zij over weinig cultureel kapitaal: ze hebben een sobere leefstijl, beperkte digitale vaardigheden, een geringe beheersing van het Engels. Fysiek zijn ze vaak ongezond, en buiten de kring van familie, vrienden en buren om zijn de sociale netwerken beperkt.
6. In twee opzichten is de maatschappelijke positie van de **onzekere werkenden** (10,0%) wankel. Allereerst hebben zij moeite aan te haken op de arbeidsmarkt: deze groep kent verhoudingsgewijs veel werklozen, werknemers zonder vast contract en zzp’ers. Daarnaast heef deze sociale klasse het minste mentale kapitaal: vaak hebben deze mensen periodes van depressieve gevoelens, weinig zelfvertrouwen en een negatief beeld van zichzelf. Ook in veel andere opzichten blijven de hulpbronnen van de onzekere werkenden achter: onder hen treffen we veel lage inkomens en mensen met schulden aan, en veel huurders. De onzekere werkenden zijn fysiek tamelijk ongezond, het sociale netwerk is beperkt, de leefstijl is sober.
7. Het *precariaat* (6,3%) komt bij alle vier kapitaaltypen het laagst uit. Het woord precariaat is een samentrekking van het woord *precarie* en *proletariaat*. Het is een aanduiding voor de onderste sociale klasse die bestaat uit mensen met weinig geld, weinig sociale zekerheid en weinig kansen. Vier op de tien mensen uit deze klasse zijn gepensioneerd. Een even grote groep verricht geen betaald werk, en zoekt daar ook niet naar (bijvoorbeeld vanwege arbeidsongeschiktheid).
Vooral de ‘onzekere werkenden’ en het ‘precariaat’ vormen dus kwetsbare groepen wat betreft hun financiële positie en andere beschikbare hulpbronnen. Samen vormen ze ongeveer 16 procent van de bevolking.
### 1.3 Beleidscontext
**Financiële toegankelijkheid en tarieven**
Aanleiding voor het onderhavig onderzoek is onder andere de vraag vanuit de Tweede Kamer of minderdraagkrachtigen wel voldoende toegang tot het notariaat hebben. Voor minderdraagkrachtigen is de regeling van artikel 56 Wna beschikbaar. Deze regeling houdt in dat burgers die onder de criteria van de Wet op de rechtsbijstand (Wrb) vallen een verzoek kunnen indienen bij een kamer voor het notariaat om voor een vastgesteld tarief een notaris toegewezen te krijgen. Deze notaris moet dan voor dat vastgestelde tarief zijn diensten verlenen. De kamer voor het notariaat stelt dat tarief vast aan de hand van lid 1 van artikel 56 Wna: ‘... tegen een bedrag waarvan de maximumhoogte het bedrag is van de ingevolge de algemene maatregel van bestuur, bedoeld in artikel 35, tweede lid, van de Wet op de rechtsbijstand, hoogst mogelijke eigen bijdrage’.³
De regeling geldt alleen voor bepaalde notariële akten op het gebied van het familievermogensrecht. De achterliggende gedachte voor deze beperking is dat de regeling alleen beschikbaar moet zijn voor notariële diensten waar ‘geen vermogensobjecten of mogelijkheden tot financiering aanwezig zijn’. Ook cliënten uit de sector ondernemingsrecht werden uitgesloten.⁴
De regeling werd eveneens ingevoerd omdat de wetgever de familiepraktijk voor minvermogenden betaalbaar wilde houden. Men verwachtte namelijk dat de tarieven in de familiepraktijk zouden stijgen. De Wna van 1999 moest de marktwerving bevorderen en een van de pijlers daarvan was het vrijlaten van de tarieven in de onroerendgoed- en de familiepraktijk. Voor 1999 was het tarief voor een onroerendgoedakte verbonden met de prijs van het onroerend goed. Dit betekende dat de prijzen van deze akten stegen als gevolg van de fors gestegen huizenprijzen zonder dat de kostprijs in gelijke mate toenam. Het tarief was dus niet gebaseerd op de daadwerkelijk gemaakte kosten. In het notariaat werden de prijzen in de familiepraktijk voor 1999 daarentegen laag gehouden en voor een deel gecompenseerd door de hoge tarieven in de onroerendgoedpraktijk. Er was met andere woorden sprake van kruissubsidiëring. De verwachting was dat door het vrijlaten van de tarieven de prijzen meer gebaseerd zouden worden op de werkelijke kosten en geen kruissubsidiering meer zou worden toegepast. Dat wil zeggen, de verwachting was dat de prijzen in de onroerendgoedpraktijk zouden dalen en in de familiepraktijk zouden stijgen. Deze ontwikkeling heeft zich ook daadwerkelijk voorgedaan.⁵ De Commissie Hammerstein stelde in 2005 nog vast dat tijdens de behandeling van het wetsvoorstel van de Wna in de Tweede Kamer de vrees bestond dat notarissen na het vrijlaten van de tarieven de verliesgevende familiepraktijk zouden gaan afstoten en zich zouden gaan concentreren op de winstgevende praktijk van het onroerendgoed. Van de zijde van de regering werd destijds aangevoerd dat niet van notarissen mag en kan worden verwacht dat zij diensten verliesgevend aanbieden en dat juist de vrije tarieven de notaris de ruimte zouden bieden om door middel van reële, kostprijsgerelateerde tarieven een volwaardige winstgevende familiepraktijk op te bouwen naast de onroerendgoedpraktijk. De Commissie concludeerde destijds dat ‘de marktwerving ook in die zin tot de verwachte gunstige effecten heeft geleid’.
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³ In 2024 is dat 952 euro.
⁴ Kamerstukken II, vergaderjaar 1993-1994, nr. 3, p. 48
⁵ Zie onder andere Laclé en Ter Voert (2008, p. 25-30).
Van het op grote schaal afstoten van de familiepraktijk was geen sprake (Commissie Hammerstein, 2005 p. 31-32).
**Stelselverantwoordelijkheid**
Vanwege de stelselverantwoordelijkheid van de minister van Justitie en Veiligheid is de afgelopen decennia geregeld onderzoek verricht naar het notariaat. Om een vinger aan de pols te houden zijn met enige regelmaat ontwikkelingen in de toegankelijkheid en de kwaliteit van de notariële dienstverlening in kaart gebracht (Vogels e.a., 2002; Ter Voert & Van Ewijk, 2006; Laclé & Ter Voert, 2008; Ter Voert & Zwenk, 2011; Ter Voert, 2016).
In Commissiedebatten in de Tweede Kamer over de juridische beroepen op 4 november 2021 en op 6 oktober 2022 heeft de minister voor Rechtsbescherming de toezegging gedaan om een onderzoek te overwegen naar de staat van het notariaat en de toegang tot de notariële dienstverlening in het bijzonder.\(^6\) Tijdens die debatten werd onder meer de vraag opgeworpen door Van Nispen (SP) of minder draagkrachtigen wel voldoende toegang tot het notariaat hebben en of er geen sociaal notariaat moet komen. Minister Dekker meldt dat het binnen de Wet op de rechtsbijstand mogelijk is bijstand te laten verlenen door een notaris op basis van artikel 56 Wna voor specifieke akten in de familiepraktijk, maar dat daar weinig gebruik van wordt gemaakt. Van Nispen vindt dat nu juist het probleem en hij kan zich voorstellen dat ook dit terugkomt in het onderzoek naar de staat van het notariaat, waarin het juist om de toegankelijkheid en de betaalbaarheid gaat. Tijdens het Commissiedebat juridische beroepen op 6 oktober 2022\(^7\) kondigt Van Nispen zijn plan aan voor de oprichting van een sociaal notariaat. In november 2022 heeft hij daartoe een initiatiefnota opgesteld.
**Initiatiefnota van Van Nispen, ‘Op weg naar een sociaal notariaat’\(^8\)**
In zijn [initiatiefnota](#)\(^9\) geeft van Nispen enkele praktijkvoorbeelden uit het familierecht waarbij (minvermogende) rechtzoekenden in de knel komen doordat ze zaken niet goed hebben geregeld of door hoge notariskosten niet kunnen regelen (geen samenlevingscontract terwijl de partner overlijdt; verdeling van erfgenissen). Volgens Van Nispen is voor een groot deel van de Nederlandse bevolking de notaris niet toegankelijk, om verschillende redenen. ‘Veel mensen hebben simpelweg geen idee wat de notaris voor hen kan betekenen, maar een taalachterstand, een verstandelijke beperking of een gebrek aan voldoende financiële middelen kan een beroep op notariële dienstverlening op dit moment ook in de weg staan.’
Op basis van artikel 56 Wna in combinatie met artikel 34 Wet op de rechtsbijstand kan een minder financieel draagkrachtige in aanmerking komen voor gereduceerde notaristarieven bij familiezaken. Volgens Van Nispen wordt er echter weinig gebruik van gemaakt omdat de regeling niet aansluit bij de praktijk: de aanvraag is klantonvriendelijk (de rechtzoekende moet zelf de Raad voor Rechtsbijstand benaderen); er is een maximale eigen bijdrage van - destijds - 901 euro, wat voor veel situaties veel te hoog is; en de reikwijdte van de wet is te beperkt waardoor een aantal notariële diensten er niet onder valt. Om de financiële drempel weg te nemen pleit Van Nispen er voor dat analogo aan het toevoegingssysteem van de sociale advocatuur er een sociaal notariaat zou moeten komen waar mensen met een kleinere portemonnee terecht kunnen. Sociaalnotarissen moeten akten kunnen opstellen, maar er moet ook ruimte zijn voor laagdrempelig advies. Voor een goede bereikbaarheid van deze notarissen zouden ze bij voorkeur in iedere regio moeten zitten, bijvoorbeeld als onderdeel van een Huis van het Recht\(^9\) of in samenwerking met andere bestaande initiatieven.
Van Nispen wijst erop dat niet alleen gebrek aan geld en bereikbaarheid een probleem hoeft te zijn, maar dat ook de onbekendheid een rol speelt. Veel mensen weten niet dat een notariële dienst ook voor hen van belang kan zijn. Hij wijst daarbij op het belang dat diverse doelgroepen (ouderen, laaggeletterden, mensen
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\(^6\) Verslag vaste commissie voor Justitie en Veiligheid, 4 november 2021, vergaderjaar 2021–2022, 35 925 VI, nr. 29, p. 41; Verslag commissiedebat over juridische beroepen, 6 oktober 2022, p. 35.
\(^7\) Verslag commissiedebat over juridische beroepen, 6 oktober 2022, p. 35.
\(^8\) [www.sp.nl/sites/default/files/sociaal_notarissen.pdf](http://www.sp.nl/sites/default/files/sociaal_notarissen.pdf)
\(^9\) Samenwerkingsverband tussen verschillende organisaties, zie ook: [https://www.juridischloket.nl/professionals/nieuws/huis-van-het-recht/](https://www.juridischloket.nl/professionals/nieuws/huis-van-het-recht/), geraadpleegd maart 2024.
met een verstandelijke beperking en mensen met lage inkomens) goede voorlichting krijgen door hun belangenorganisaties en hulpverleners, maar ook door het notariaat zelf.
**Beleid Koninklijke Notariële Beroepsorganisatie**
De Koninklijke Notariële Beroepsorganisatie (KNB) heeft tot taak een goede beroepsuitoefening en vakbekwaamheid van notarissen te bevorderen. Voor de jaren 2020-2025 heeft de KNB een Strategische Agenda opgesteld, waarin de volgende missie voor het notariaat is geformuleerd: ‘De notaris biedt duidelijkheid en vertrouwen door te adviseren, rechtshandelingen te certificeren en registreren. De notaris stelt zich ondernemend om op zijn rol als adviseur en gids in de samenleving te vervullen.’\(^{10}\) Toegankelijkheid van de notariële dienstverlening is een van de belangrijke thema’s binnen de Strategische Agenda. De KNB streeft naar een notariaat dat toegankelijk is en blijft voor iedereen, fysiek én digitaal, ook voor minderdraagkrachtigen of mensen die anderszins moeilijk kunnen meekomen. Het notariaat ziet het als zijn maatschappelijke opgave om in de steeds complexer wordende maatschappij als juridisch adviseur en gids te fungeren voor zowel particulieren als bedrijven.\(^{11}\)
Om dit streven kracht bij te zetten is in 2022 een Plan van Aanpak meerjarenprogramma ‘Toegang tot het (notariële) recht voor iedereen’ opgesteld (KNB, 2022a). Hierin worden de volgende knelpunten gesignaleerd. Ten eerste de hoge drempel om naar de notaris toe te gaan. Daarbij gaat het niet alleen om de prijs, maar ook om het taalgebruik (schriftelijk, mondeling en non-verbaal) en de juridische benadering van cliënten op een notariskantoor. Ten tweede wordt geconstateerd dat consumenten vaak niet goed op de hoogte zijn welke toegevoegde waarde de notaris te bieden heeft voor hun persoonlijke situatie. Oftewel: ‘onbekend maakt onbemind’. Het programma richt zich op de volgende doelgroepen: laaggeletterden, verstandelijk beperkte mensen, kwetsbare ouderen en niet-Westerse immigranten.
### 1.4 Onderzoeksvragen en afbakening
In het onderzoek worden de volgende vragen en deelvragen beantwoord.
1. Hoe toegankelijk is de notariële dienstverlening voor burgers en ondernemers?
a. Hoe ziet het aanbod van de notariële dienstverlening er uit?
- Welke ontwikkelingen hebben zich de afgelopen vijf jaar voorgedaan in het aantal (toegevoegd) notarissen, kandidaat-notarissen en kantoorvestigingen?
- Wat is het aanbod van algemene (eerstelijns)hulp en informatie met betrekking tot notariële dienstverlening?
- Wat is het aanbod van type kantoren en specialisaties?
b. Hoe ziet de vraag naar notariële dienstverlening er uit?
- Hoeveel notariële akten zijn de afgelopen vijf jaar gepasseerd voor welke rechtsgebieden?
- Welke behoefte is er onder de bevolking aan notariële dienstverlening?
- Zijn er doelgroepen met bepaalde hulpvragen die niet bij de notaris komen of afhaken, waarvoor een notaris wel meerwaarde biedt?
c. Hoe is de financiële toegankelijkheid van de notariële dienstverlening?
- Hoe hebben tarieven van notariële akten zich ontwikkeld en in hoeverre verschillen de tarieven tussen kantoren?
- Hoe wordt de financiële toegankelijkheid ervaren?
- Onder welke voorwaarden kunnen burgers een beroep doen op artikel 56 Wna? Hoe vaak is er de afgelopen vijf jaar een beroep op die regeling gedaan en in hoeverre is deze regeling toegankelijk?
- Welk aanbod van sociale dienstverlening is er vanuit het notariaat?
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\(^{10}\) KNB (2020), Strategische Agenda 2020-2025, p. 15.
\(^{11}\) KNB (2020), Strategische Agenda 2020-2025, p. 15.
e. Hoe staat het met andere vormen van toegankelijkheid (zoals, begrijpelijkheid en bereikbaarheid) van de notariële dienstverlening, ook in relatie tot de *legal capabilities* en het doenvermogen van burgers?
2. Hoe kunnen eventuele knelpunten in de toegankelijkheid worden geadresseerd?
a. Als bepaalde doelgroepen niet worden bereikt, welke mogelijkheden worden dan genoemd om daaraan tegemoet te komen?
b. Zou de instelling van een sociaal notariaat een oplossing vormen om de toegankelijkheid te bevorderen? Zo ja, wat zijn hiervan de voor- en nadelen?
Het begrip ‘sociaal notariaat’ definiëren we in dit onderzoek als een equivalent van de ‘sociale advocatuur’, een toevoegingssysteem of andere gereguleerde financieringsvorm voor het notariaat om notariële diensten te verlenen aan mensen die niet in staat zijn hiervoor een marktconforme prijs te betalen. Voor niet-gereguleerde vormen van dienstverlening door notarissen gebruiken we de term ‘sociale notariële dienstverlening’. Hieronder verstaan we allerlei vormen van dienstverlening door notarissen die gratis zijn of worden verstrekt tegen een gereduceerd tarief.
Daarnaast onderscheiden we nog formele vormen van eerstelijnsdienstverlening waar burgers gratis of voor weinig geld terecht kunnen met juridische vragen op notarieel gebied, zoals de Notaristelefoon, het Juridisch Loket of sociaal raadslieden.
**Afbakening en beperkingen**
Zoals gezegd, heeft het onderzoek niet tot doel de toegang tot het notariaat voor de beroepsgroep zelf te onderzoeken en eventuele knelpunten voor het zoeken van opvolgers of voldoende gekwalificeerd personeel. Dit onderdeel zal het WODC als een afzonderlijk onderzoek aanbesteden.
Naast een toegankelijk notariaat is natuurlijk ook de kwaliteit van de dienstverlening van belang, zoals de hiervoor genoemde zorgplicht. Ook dit aspect zal niet worden onderzocht in de huidige studie.
### 1.5 Methode van onderzoek
In deze paragraaf beschrijven wij de operationalisering van toegankelijkheid en hoe we zijn omgegaan met het begrip ‘sociaal notariaat’. Tevens geven we een toelichting op de gebruikte onderzoeksmethoden en de omgang met de privacy van respondenten en opslag van data.
#### 1.5.1 Operationalisering
**Toegankelijkheid**
Om een beeld te krijgen van de toegankelijkheid van de notariële dienstverlening, kijken we naar verschillende aspecten. Zoals in de inleiding vermeld, onderscheiden we: het aanbod, de vraag, de betaalbaarheid, de bereikbaarheid en de begrijpelijkheid. In de tabellen staan de aspecten voor toegankelijkheid weergegeven vanuit de aanbodkant en uit welke bronnen informatie zal worden gehaald. Vanuit de vraagkant kunnen ook nog de persoonlijke kenmerken (kennis, vaardigheden, persoonlijkheid, attitudes, hulpbronnen) van rechtoezoekenden een rol spelen die we ook in de inleiding hebben weergegeven. In hoeverre die factoren een rol spelen, hebben we vooral uit de interviews met vertegenwoordigers van belangenorganisaties van bepaalde groepen in de samenleving en (juridische)hulpverleners proberen te halen.
### Aspecten van toegankelijkheid dienstverlening aanbodzijde
| Aanbod | Vraag | Betaalbaarheid | Bereikbaarheid | Begrijpelijkheid |
|---------------------------------------------|----------------------------------------------------------------------|--------------------------------------------------------------------------------|--------------------------------------------------------------------------------|------------------|
| Aantal kantoren en type | Aantal gepasseerde akten | CBS-prijsindexcijfers | Vormen van toegang (digitaal/fysiek) | Begrijpelijke taal |
| Aantal notarissen en kandidaten | Behoefte aan de notaris | Prijsdifferentiatie | Gebruiksvriendelijkheid toegangsmogelijkheden | |
| Aanbod informatie en advies | Niet-gebruikers en afhakers | Transparantie kosten | | |
| Type kantoren en specialisaties | | Gebruik art. 56 Wna | | |
| | | Perceptie betaalbaarheid | | |
| | | Aanbod ‘sociale dienstverlening’ | | |
#### Informatiebronnen
| Literatuur KNB | Literatuur KNB | Literatuur CBS | Literatuur KNB | Literatuur KNB |
|---------------------------------------------|-----------------------------------------------------------------------|------------------------------------------------------------------------------|-------------------------------------------------------------------------------|----------------|
| Monitor Rechtspleging Civiel en Bestuur | Monitor Rechtspleging Civiel en Bestuur | Monitor Rechtspleging C&B | Interviews | Interviews |
| Interviews | | | | |
### 1.5.2 Dataverzameling
**Literatuur en bestaande data**
Voor de dataverzameling is gebruikgemaakt van verschillende bronnen. Er zijn gegevens opgevraagd bij de KNB over aantallen kantoren, notarissen en akten en er is gebruik gemaakt van CBS-gegevens en de [Monitor Rechtspleging Civiel en Bestuur](https://www.wodc.nl/onderzoek-in-uitvoering/statistiek-en-monitoring/rechtspleging-civiel-en-bestuur). Om de ontwikkelingen van de afgelopen vijf jaar in de context van voorgaande jaren te kunnen beschrijven, zijn gegevens over de periode 2000-2024 of een kortere periode weergegeven. Tevens is onderzoek naar de toegankelijkheid van het notariaat over de periode 2019-2024 geïnventariseerd. Daarnaast zijn relevante documenten van de KNB en diverse websites geraadpleegd.
**Interviews**
De behoefte aan notariële diensten onder de Nederlandse bevolking is al in opdracht van de KNB onderzocht. Het betreft een vragenlijstonderzoek waarin Nederlandse burgers is gevraagd of ze in de voorafgaande vijf jaar een notaris hebben bezocht, of ze dat het daaropvolgende jaar van plan zijn te doen en wat hun keuze bepaalt (Motivationact, 2019; zie paragraaf 2.2.2). Om meer zicht te krijgen op specifieke knelpunten in de toegankelijkheid van notariële dienstverlening voor burgers, hebben we daarom gesprekken gevoerd met diverse vertegenwoordigers van belangenorganisaties van burgers en professionals die met notariële hulpvragen in aanraking komen. We hebben vooral belangenorganisaties, (rechts)hulpverleners en andere professionals gesproken die opkomen voor de belangen van, of hulpverlenen aan, groepen die gebaat zouden kunnen zijn bij een vorm van sociaal notariaat of sociale notariële dienstverlening. Het gaat hierbij om belangengroepen voor (migranten)ouderen, mensen met een verstandelijke beperking/dementie, laaggeletterden, mensen die onder curatele staan, wier vermogen onder bewind staat, en kleine ondernemers. Bij hulpverleners is vooral gesproken met professionals die burgers met een smalle beurs bedienen of met een bepaalde problematiek in aanraking komen, zoals schulden of nalatenschappen. Daarnaast is gesproken met verschillende notariële dienstverleners.
Er zijn in totaal 48 semi-gestructureerde interviews gehouden met vertegenwoordigers van verschillende organisaties.
Ten eerste zijn 18 gesprekken gevoerd met (kandidaat-)notarissen van verschillende typen kantoren die variëren wat betreft grootte, regio, type cliënten en type specialisatie. Tevens is gesproken met een medewerker van een website voor online notariële dienstverlening. Daarnaast is gesproken met een medewerker van een kantoor dat gespecialiseerd is internationaal privaatrechtelijk advies voor notarissen en andere juridische professionals.
Ten tweede is gesproken met 7 vertegenwoordigers van belangenorganisaties van verschillende doelgroepen. Het gaat hierbij om belangenorganisaties voor (migranten)ouderen, mensen met een verstandelijke beperking/dementie, laaggeletterden, vertegenwoordigers van mensen die onder curatele staan of wier vermogen onder bewind staat, en vertegenwoordigers van ondernemers in het midden- en kleinbedrijf.
Ten derde is gesproken met hulpverleners of loketten waar mensen terechtkunnen met juridische vraagstukken, of met professionals die met specifieke typen problemen in aanraking komen:
- Eerstelijnshulp: Juridisch Loket, rechtswinkels, Sociaal Raadslieden, Max ombudsman (N=8);
- Advocatuur (N=2);
- Rechtsbijstandsverzekeraar (N=1)
- Schuldhulp, financieel beheer, banken, gerechtsdeurwaarder (N=7);
- Rechtspraak onderdeel erfrecht (N=1)
Ten vierde zijn nog over specifieke onderwerpen gesprekken gevoerd met:
- Het Rijksvastgoedbedrijf in verband met meldingen over onbeheerde nalatenschappen (N=1; groepsgesprek met 2 personen);
- het Kadaster in verband met onbeheerd vastgoed (N=1);
- de KNB over het programma Toegang tot Recht (N=1, groepsgesprek met 3 personen) en het KNB-bestuur over knelpunten en mogelijke oplossingsrichtingen (N=1, groepsgesprek 5 personen).
Daarnaast heeft een van de vier Kamers voor het notariaat schriftelijk antwoord gegeven op enkele feitelijke vragen. De Kamers voor het notariaat gezamenlijk hebben geen antwoord gegeven op schriftelijke vragen over hun visie over de werking van artikel 56 Wna, eventuele verbeteringen of andere mogelijkheden om de betaalbaarheid van notariële diensten voor burgers te verbeteren.
Voorafgaand aan het interview kregen respondenten een topiclijst toegestuurd en een informatief formulier over onder meer het doel van het onderzoek, wat medewerking betekent en hoe er met hun gegevens wordt omgegaan (zie bijlage 2). De topiclijsten voor de vraaggesprekken zijn toegespitst op de verschillende typen gesprekspartners (zie bijlage 2). Daarin zijn vragen opgenomen over hun specifieke dienstverlening/belangenbehartiging, ervaringen met/oordeelen over verschillende aspecten van toegankelijkheid van het notariaat, specifieke knelpunten daarin en mogelijke oplossingen. Van de gesprekken zijn verslagen gemaakt die aan de geïnterviewden zijn voorgelegd ter controle en accordering. De interviewverslagen zijn gecodeerd en geanalyseerd met behulp van kwalitatieve analysesoftware Atlas.ti. Met behulp van dit programma kunnen antwoorden van respondenten worden geordend en op thema’s worden ingedeeld.
1.5.3 Privacy en datamanagement
Bij het beheer van de onderzoeksdata is het datamanagementprotocol van de rechtenfaculteit van de Radboud Universiteit (RU) gevolgd. Dit protocol geeft richtlijnen voor datamanagement in alle fasen van een onderzoek. De geanonimiseerde interviewverslagen zijn opgeslagen op beveiligde RU-netwerkschijven. Direct identificerende gegevens zoals namen zijn gescheiden van interviewverslagen bewaard en zijn na afloop van het onderzoek verwijderd.
2 Vraag en aanbod van notariële diensten
In dit hoofdstuk beschrijven we hoe toegankelijk de dienstverlening is voor burgers en bedrijven. We zullen daarvoor de volgende deelvragen beantwoorden over de vraag- en aanbodkant:
a. Hoe ziet het aanbod van de notariële dienstverlening er uit?
- Welke ontwikkelingen hebben zich de afgelopen vijf jaar voorgedaan in het aantal (toegevoegd) notarissen, kandidaat-notarissen en kantoorvestigingen?
- Wat is het aanbod van algemene (eerstelijns)informatie over notariële dienstverlening?
- Wat is het aanbod van type kantoren en specialisaties?
b. Hoe ziet de vraag naar notariële dienstverlening er uit?
- Hoeveel notariële akten zijn de afgelopen vijf jaar gepasseerd voor welke rechtsgebieden?
- Welke behoefte is er onder de bevolking aan notariële dienstverlening?
- Zijn er doelgroepen met bepaalde hulpvragen die niet bij de notaris komen of afhaken, waarvoor een notaris wel meerwaarde biedt?
In de volgende paragrafen behandelen we eerst het aanbod van diensten (paragraaf 2.1) en vervolgens de vraag naar diensten, waarbij we ook ingaan op de verschillende behoeften en potentiële doelgroepen (paragraaf 2.2).
### Toegankelijkheid dienstverlening
| Aanbod | Vraag |
|---------------------------------------------|--------------------------------------------|
| Aantal kantoorvestigingen | Aantal gepasseerde akten |
| Aantal (toegevoegd) notarissen en kandidaat-notarissen | Behoefte aan notariële diensten |
| Anbod algemene informatie en diensten | Niet-gebruikers en afhakers |
| Type kantoren en specialisaties | |
#### 2.1 Aanbod van diensten
##### 2.1.1 Aantal (toegevoegd) notarissen, kandidaat-notarissen en kantoorvestigingen
Het aantal (toegevoegd)\(^{13}\) notarissen is de afgelopen vijf jaar vrijwel gelijk gebleven: in 2020 waren er 1.466 en in 2024 1.469 (toegevoegd) notarissen (zie figuur 2.1). Het aantal kandidaat-notarissen is met ongeveer 80 gestegen: van 1.878 in 2020 naar 1.958 in 2024. De sterkste toename is te zien bij het aantal overige medewerkers: dit aantal steeg met 1.500 van ruim 6.900 in 2017 naar bijna 8.400 in 2022.\(^{14}\)
In figuur 2.1 zien we dat na een dieptepunt in 2013 en 2014 het totale aantal (kandidaat-)notarissen steeg tot het jaar 2022. Daarna is sprake van een lichte daling in 2023 en 2024.
Het percentage vrouwen in het notariaat neemt langzaam toe. In 2024 is bijna een derde (31%) van de notarissen en 73 procent van de toegevoegd notarissen vrouw. Bij kandidaat-notarissen is dat 70 procent.\(^{15}\)
---
\(^{13}\) Een toegevoegd notaris heeft dezelfde wettelijke bevoegdheden als de notaris. De titel ‘toegevoegd notaris’ is in 2013 ingevoerd voor kandidaat-notarissen die wel notaris willen worden, maar geen ondernemer willen zijn. Een toegevoegd notaris is in loondienst bij een notariskantoor (artikel 30b Wna). In 2024 zijn er 242 toegevoegd notarissen.
\(^{14}\) KNB, [factsheet](#) leden en medewerkers, januari 2022
\(^{15}\) KNB, [factsheet](#) leden en kantoren, januari 2024.
Aantal kantoren
Het aantal kantoorvestigingen laat vanaf 2009 een dalende trend zien (zie figuur 2.2). Op 1 januari 2024 waren er 889 kantoorvestigingen. Daarvan was bij 417 vestigingen (47%) één notaris werkzaam. Het aantal en het percentage vestigingen met één notaris zijn iets afgenomen in de afgelopen vijf jaar.\(^{16}\) In 2024 zijn bij de top 30 grootste notariskantoren in totaal 23 procent (n=777) van alle notarissen, toegevoegd notarissen en kandidaat-notarissen werkzaam.\(^{17}\)
\(^{16}\) KNB, factsheet leden en kantoren, januari 2024.
\(^{17}\) https://www.advocatie.nl/nieuws/top-30-notariaat-aantal-kandidaat-notarissen-vrijwel-stabiel-loyens-loeff-stevig-aan-kop/, geraadpleegd maart 2024
2.1.2 Aanbod algemene informatie en diensten
Voor hulpvragen kunnen burgers ook terecht op het internet of bij eerstelijnshulpverleners die al dan niet naar notarissen kunnen doorverwijzen. Een aantal verschillende mogelijkheden wordt hieronder kort toegelicht.
Websites
Op de door de KNB onderhouden website notaris.nl kan een rechtzoekende informatie vinden over de verschillende thema’s en rechtsgebieden waarop de notaris actief is. De informatie wordt niet alleen via tekst, maar ook via korte video’s in begrijpelijke taal beschikbaar gesteld. Tevens kan via de website naar een notaris in de buurt worden gezocht en/of naar specifieke rechtsgebieden en onderwerpen, talen (Duits, Engels, Frans, Spaans, Italiaans, Turks), expertise van specifieke landen (België, Duitsland, Frankrijk, Spanje, Italië, Turkije, Marokko, Caribisch Nederland, Suriname) en specifieke doelgroepen (expats).
Verder zijn er vele websites waarop informatie is te vinden, onder andere via de overheidswebsites van het Juridisch Loket, de Rijksoverheid en de Rechtspraak, maar ook van verschillende notariële dienstverleners.
Notaristelefoon
Bij de Notaristelefoon van de KNB kunnen rechtzoekenden terecht voor algemene vragen over notariële onderwerpen. Het is een informatielijn waar rechtzoekenden bijvoorbeeld uitleg kunnen krijgen over het verschil tussen het beneficiair aanvaarden van een nalatenschap en het verwerpen van een nalatenschap. Of hoe de afwikkeling van een nalatenschap werkt en wat de rol van de notaris daarbij is. Bij meer gedetailleerde vragen over een persoonlijke situatie wordt doorverwezen naar een notaris. Medewerkers van de Notaristelefoon stellen geen acties op, zij leggen geen dossier aan, ze mogen een persoonlijk dossier niet inzien en geven ook geen second opinion.
In 2018 kwamen 7.748 vragen binnen bij de Notaristelefoon. Daarvan werd ruim de helft (58%) doorverwezen naar een notaris. De meeste vragen (68%) gingen over schenken en erven. Ongeveer 6 procent van de telefoontjes had een internationaal aspect.\(^{18}\)
De Notaristelefoon kost 80 eurocent per minuut, met een starttarief van 4,54 eurocent. Het maximum is 40 euro per gesprek, plus de gebruikelijke belkosten. Gesprekken duren gemiddeld 6 minuten en kosten dus gemiddeld 9,34 euro, plus de gebruikelijke belkosten.\(^{19}\)
Het Juridisch Loket
Bij het Juridisch Loket kunnen burgers terecht met juridische vragen en problemen. Het is een eerstelijnsvoorziening die wordt gefinancierd door het Ministerie van Justitie en Veiligheid. Op de website van het Juridisch Loket wordt onder andere antwoord gegeven op veel gestelde vragen over erfenissen: bijvoorbeeld wie zijn erfgenamen; wie regelt de erfenis met en zonder testament; moet ik een erfenis aanvaarden of verwerpen; hoe werkt beneficiair aanvaarden van een erfenis; wat zijn de taken van een executor? Op het terrein van relaties is er informatie te vinden over samenlevingscontracten en trouwen zonder en met huwelijksvoorwaarden.\(^{20}\)
Mensen die recht hebben op gesubsidieerde rechtsbijstand kunnen ook persoonlijk advies krijgen. Zij kunnen gratis bellen of langsgaan bij een van de 50 vestigingen en servicepunten in Nederland.\(^{21}\) Het Juridisch Loket verwijst ook door naar notarissen.
Rechtswinkels
Een rechtswinkel geeft gratis (of tegen een sterk gereduceerd tarief) juridisch advies. Rechtswinkels kunnen door diverse organisaties worden gesubsidieerd, bijvoorbeeld door de Raad voor Rechtsbijstand, een
\(^{18}\) KNB, factsheet Notaristelefoon januari 2019
\(^{19}\) https://www.notaris.nl/de-notaris/notaristelefoon/, geraadpleegd januari 2024.
\(^{20}\) www.juridischloket.nl
\(^{21}\) https://www.juridischloket.nl/jaarverslag/, geraadpleegd juli 2024.
gemeente of een universiteit. De vrijwilligers die er werken zijn meestal rechtenstudenten. Sommige rechtswinkels bieden geen hulp als het financieel belang boven een bepaald bedrag, bijvoorbeeld 1.000 euro, ligt. Eenvoudige adviesvragen over testamenten of nalatenschappen handelen rechtswinkels zelf af. Complexere zaken worden doorverwezen naar een notaris.\footnote{Interview E2}
\textbf{Sociaal raadslieden}
Sociaal raadslieden bieden sociaaljuridische hulp- en dienstverlening bij problemen op het gebied van belastingen (toeslagen en inkomstenbelasting), inkomen, huisvesting, arbeid, consumentenzaken en juridische geschillen. Het is een gemeentelijke eerstelijnsvoorziening waar burgers gratis kunnen aankloppen. Cliënten zijn vaak mensen met een uitkering of een laag inkomen. Ze zijn dikwijls laagopgeleid en laaggeletterd, en vallen relatief vaak onder de groep met een migratieachtergrond, ouderen en eenoudergezinnen.\footnote{Zie MO-groep (2012). Met terugwerkende kracht. MO-groep, LOSR, p. 5} Bij de sociaal raadslieden komen soms ook vragen binnen over notariële kwesties of soms heeft een bureau sociaal raadslieden een speciaal notarieel spreekuur voor advies. Hier houden medewerkers van een lokaal notariskantoor dan een gratis spreekuur.\footnote{Interview E10 (koepelorganisatie eerstelijn), zie Bsrveldhoven.nl}
De meeste sociaal raadslieden zijn georganiseerd in de Landelijke Organisatie Sociaal Raadslieden (LOSR). In 2017 zijn bij de LOSR 70 bureaus aangesloten die een werkgebied van ongeveer 9 miljoen inwoners in 150 gemeenten bestrijken.
\textbf{Notarieel advies via lidmaatschappen of verzekeringen}
Leden van bijvoorbeeld Vereniging Eigen Huis, Max Ombudsman of mensen die een bepaalde uitvaartverzekering hebben afgesloten, kunnen via dergelijke organisaties gratis advies krijgen voor specifieke vragen op notarieel gebied. Rechtsbijstandsverzekeringen kunnen algemeen advies verstrekken, maar vergoeden geen preventieve (notariele) rechtshulp; er moet sprake zijn van een juridisch conflict. Ze verstrekken wel hulp aan erfgenamen als er geschillen zijn bij de afwikkeling van een nalatenschap. Uitgebreide rechtshulp valt niet onder de dekking van de verzekering als er geen sprake is van een juridisch geschil:
\begin{quote}
Dus als er erfgenamen zijn die heel goed met elkaar door een deur kunnen, maar gewoon de kennis niet hebben om zo'n nalatenschap af te wikkelen, dan verwijzen wij bijvoorbeeld door naar een notaris (E14 rechtsbijstandsverzekeraar).
\end{quote}
\subsection{Aanbod type kantoren en specialisaties}
Niet alle kantoren bedienen eenzelfde soort cliënten. Gewone burgers kunnen vooral terecht bij de kleine en middelgrote (dorps)kantoren met een algemene praktijk of bij regionale kantoren die sterk op prijs concurreren.
In verschillende interviews hoorden we wel dat ook kleine en middelgrote kantoren niet altijd meer alle diensten aanbieden en zich soms vooral op de onroerendgoedmarkt richten. Op de vraag aan een notaris van een middelgrote stadspraktijk welke dienstverlening hij aanbiedt, antwoordt deze het volgende:
\begin{quote}
Eigenlijk is het heel breed. Wij focussen niet alleen op vastgoed en we zitten er ook niet zo in dat we dat goedkoop willen doen of wat dan ook. We willen gewoon alles aanbieden en ik merk in [grote stad] dat wij wat familierecht betreft, steeds meer een van de weinige kantoren worden die dat nog op niveau doen. Dus voor huwelijksgemeenschappen en nalatenschappen zijn we een van de weinige kantoren die dat nog doen. Er wordt regelmatig naar ons verwezen,
\end{quote}
ook gewoon door wat kleinere kantoren en ook de hele grote kantoren (N4 notaris, middelgroot stadskantoor).
Voor bepaalde standaardakten kunnen burgers ook aankloppen bij online platforms waarbij notariskantoren zijn aangesloten en bij notariskantoren die zelf dergelijke diensten aanbieden. Via het beantwoorden van vragen wordt een conceptakte opgemaakt die vervolgens bij een aangesloten notariskantoor wordt gepasseerd. Dergelijke platforms beantwoorden overigens ook zonder kosten voor de rechtzoekende schriftelijke en telefonische vragen, zoals uit een van de interviews blijkt:
*Per jaar doen we ongeveer 1.500 schriftelijke vragen en 2.000 telefoontjes denk ik (N1 notarisplatform).*\(^{25}\)
Kleine en middelgrote ondernemers kunnen ook bij lokaal of regionaal opererende kantoren terecht. Daarnaast zijn het veelal de grote kantoren die zich vooral richten op grote nationale of internationale ondernemingen. Deze kantoren dragen vooral op het ondernemingsrecht en het registergoederenrecht. Het betreft vaak kantoren waarin wordt samengewerkt met de advocatuur. Notarissen vervullen hier meestal een adviserende functie en hun werk is minder gebaseerd op het verlijden van grote aantallen akten. Soms hebben dergelijke kantoren nog een kleine afdeling familierecht. Deze is vooral bedoeld voor de *estate planning* van hun vermogende cliënten.
**Specialisaties**
Het notariaat kent verschillende specialistenverenigingen waarvan alleen (kandidaat-)notarissen lid kunnen worden die aan bepaalde opleidingseisen voldoen. Deze verenigingen hebben als doel de vakkennis op peil te houden en bestaande kennis uit te wisselen. We hebben de verenigingen ingedeeld naar het type cliënten dat ze bedienen. De informatie is afkomstig van de website van de KNB.\(^{26}\)
**Doelgroep bedrijfsleven**
De Vereniging Ondernemingsrechtspecialisten Notariaat (VON) biedt een platform voor kennisuitwisseling binnen de beroeps groep van ondernemingsrechtspecialisten, maar wil ook notarissen opleiden tot specialist. Ondernemingsrechtsnotarissen zijn gesprekspartner van fiscalisten, accountants, advocaten en investeerders. Zij hebben kennis van alle aspecten die een rol spelen bij bijvoorbeeld het oprichten van een vennootschap, aandelenoverdrachten en beëindiging/overdracht van een onderneming.\(^{26}\)
De Vereniging voor Agrarisch Specialisten in het Notariaat (VASN) is opgericht als antwoord op de steeds complexer wordende wet- en regelgeving op agrarisch gebied. De aangesloten agri-notarissen zijn thuis in het agrarische bedrijfsleven en hebben kennis van bedrijfsoverdracht, bedrijfsbeëindiging, pacht, landinrichting en milieuvergunningen.\(^{27}\)
De Vereniging voor Notariële Registergoederen Specialisten (NRS) wil het onroerendgoedrecht verder stroomlijnen en geeft leden de mogelijkheid zich te verdiepen in dit vakgebied. Registergoederenrechtsnotarissen zijn gesprekspartner van fiscalisten, advocaten en investeerders. Zij hebben kennis van het notariële vastgoed in allerlei facetten: van leveringen, hypotheeken, vestiging van erfpacht- en opstalrechten, splitsingen, veilingen tot het opzetten en begeleiden van herontwikkelings- en (nieuwbouw)projecten.\(^{28}\)
De Vereniging IT-Notaris is het specialisatieorgaan van alle IT-notarissen in Nederland. IT-notarissen zijn werkzaam op het snijvlak van IT, recht en informatiebeveiliging. Zij zijn specialist op het gebied van intellectuele eigendom en auteursrecht ten aanzien van software, websites, domeinnamen of gegevensverzamelingen.\(^{29}\)
---
\(^{25}\) [www.knb.nl/de-notaris/het-beroep-notaris/specialisaties](http://www.knb.nl/de-notaris/het-beroep-notaris/specialisaties), geraadpleegd april 2023
\(^{26}\) [https://www.von-notaris.nl/over-ons](https://www.von-notaris.nl/over-ons), geraadpleegd februari 2024
\(^{27}\) [https://deagrinotaris.nl/vasn/](https://deagrinotaris.nl/vasn/)
\(^{28}\) [https://www.nrs-notaris.nl/](https://www.nrs-notaris.nl/)
\(^{29}\) [https://www.it-notaris.nl/home](https://www.it-notaris.nl/home)
Doelgroep particulieren
Leden van de Vereniging van Mediators in het Notariaat (VMN) zijn opgeleid om op een onpartijdige manier te bemiddelen in allerlei conflicten, vooral voor particulieren bij het beëindigen van relaties. De mediator neemt geen standpunten in, maar helpt en begeleidt bij het zoeken naar een oplossing.\(^{30}\)
Doelgroep zowel particulier als bedrijf
De leden van de Vereniging van Estate Planners in het Notariaat (EPN) geven juridisch en fiscaal advies over het overhevelen en het in stand houden van (familie)vermogens.\(^{31}\)
Daarnaast zijn er kantoren die zijn gespecialiseerd in notarieel recht in specifieke landen waarmee Nederlanders een band hebben, zoals België, het Caraïbisch gebied, Duitsland, Frankrijk, Italië, Marokko, Spanje, Suriname en Turkije. Ook zijn er kantoren die hun dienstverlening in andere talen aanbieden (Duits, Engels, Frans, Spaans, Italiaans, Turks). Daarnaast zijn enkele kantoren gespecialiseerd in ipr-vraagstukken of specifieke doelgroepen zoals expats of LHBTI-ouders.\(^{32}\)
2.2 Vraag naar diensten
2.2.1 Aantal gepasseerde notariële akten
Na het laagste aantal gepasseerde akten rond 2013, stegen de aantallen weer naar ongeveer 2 miljoen in 2021. De laatste jaren is weer een daling ingezet. In heel 2023 zijn ruim 1,7 miljoen akten gepasseerd (zie figuur 2.3).
In figuur 2.4 is te zien dat die daling zich vooral in de registergoederenpraktijk heeft voorgedaan. In topjaar 2021 betrof nog bijna de helft (48%) van alle gepasseerde akten de registergoederenpraktijk, eind 2023 is dat gedaald naar 37 procent. Het aantal akten in de familiepraktijk is juist gestegen. Vooral de vraag naar testamenten (zie figuur 2.4) en levenstestamenten is toegenomen (KNB factsheet Akten 2023). In 2023 is 43% van de gepasseerde akten afkomstig van de familiepraktijk. In dat jaar heeft 12 procent van de akten betrekking op de ondernemingsrechtpraktijk.
De vraag naar akten in de registergoederenpraktijk is voor een groot deel afhankelijk van de activiteiten op de onroerendgoedmarkt. In de crisisjaren tussen 2008 en 2014 was de vraag naar transport- en hypotheekakten daarom op een laag niveau. De laatste paar jaar daalt het aantal transacties door de gestegen rente en de stagnatie in de woningbouw.
Een deel van deze akten is via online platforms opgesteld. Zo heeft DoeHetZelfNotaris in een periode van vijf jaar ruim 30.000 akten opgesteld en NuNotariaat ongeveer 51.000 akten. Firm24 (oprichting van BV’s) begeleidt meer dan 10.000 akten per jaar.\(^{33}\)
\(^{30}\) https://www.vmn-notaris.nl/home
\(^{31}\) https://epn-notaris.nl
\(^{32}\) Zie https://www.notaris.nl/de-notaris/offerte-en-afspraak/een-notaris-kiezen
\(^{33}\) https://www.mr-online.nl/online-notaris-brengt-recht-dichterbij-maar-ongeschikt-voor-complexe-situaties/, geraadpleegd maart 2024.
Figuur 2.3 Aantal gepasseerde akten (x 1.000), 2000-2023*
Bron: Monitor Rechtspleging civiel en bestuur, 2000-2021 peildatum 1 oktober; KNB, 2022-2023 peildatum 31 december. Voor aantallen zie bijlage 3.
* 2014 ontbreekt vanwege wisseling registratiesysteem
Figuur 2.4 Aantal gepasseerde akten (x 1.000) naar rechtsgebied, 2015-2023
Bron: Monitor Rechtspleging civiel en bestuur, 2015-2021 peildatum 1 oktober; KNB 2022-2023, peildatum 31 december. Voor aantallen zie bijlage 3.
2.2.2 Behoefte aan notariële dienstverlening
De dienstverlening van notarissen bestaat niet alleen uit dienstverlening die uitmondt in het passeren (verlijden) van akten. Zij geven ook advies zonder dat dat resulteert in een akte, bemiddelen bij conflicten of wikkelen bijvoorbeeld nalatenschappen af. De behoefte aan notariële dienstverlening hebben wij proberen vast te stellen via gegevens uit bestaand onderzoek en door het houden van semi-gestructureerde interviews met notarissen, hulpverleners en vertegenwoordigers van belangenorganisaties.
In 2019 heeft de KNB een behoefteonderzoek laten uitvoeren onder Nederlandse burgers (Motivaction, 2019). De gegevens zijn verzameld via een internetpanel. Aan het onderzoek hebben 3.324 respondenten meegedaan, waarvan 1.274 respondenten in de voorafgaande vijf jaar een notaris bezochten of het komende jaar van plan waren een notaris te bezoeken.\(^{34}\) Uit het onderzoek bleek dat 45 procent van de Nederlanders weleens een notaris heeft bezocht, waarvan 55 procent in de voorafgaande vijf jaar. Daarnaast was 19 procent van de Nederlanders van plan het komende jaar een bezoek te brengen aan een notaris. De top 3 van redenen waarom een notaris is bezocht, heeft betrekking op de registergoederenpraktijk voor zaken waarin inschakeling van de notaris verplicht is (zie tabel 2.1). Een notaris associëren Nederlanders met ‘overlijden/testament’ (39%), koop en verkoop van een woning (25%) en ‘duur’ (19%). Deskundigheid en betrouwbaarheid zijn belangrijke kenmerken voor burgers om te kiezen voor een notaris, maar ook een lage prijs wordt belangrijk gevonden (zie tabel 2.1).
Tabel 2.1 Behoefteonderzoek KNB (Motivaction, 2019)
| Voor welk van de volgende gebeurtenissen zou je een notaris inschakelen? | Met welke reden(en) heb je de afgelopen vijf jaar een notaris bezocht? |
|---|---|
| Top 5 | Top 5 |
| 1. Testament maken (93%) | 1. Ik kocht een huis (44%) |
| 2. Een nalatenschap/erfenis afwikkelen (90%) | 2. Ik verkocht mijn huis (27%) |
| 3. Levenstestament maken (89%) | 3. Ik had een hypotheek nodig (21%) |
| 4. Kopen van een huis (89%) | 4. Ik ging een bedrijf starten (21%) |
| 5. Verkopen van een huis (83%) | 5. Een andere dierbare overleden (18%) |
| Bottom 5 | Bottom 5 |
| 1. Een huurcontract opstellen (34%) | 1. Ik heb geld uitgeleend (1%) |
| 2. Een juridisch geschil (34%) | 2. Ik ging met pensioen (1%) |
| 3. Een lening geven (33%) | 3. Ik vertrok naar het buitenland (1%) |
| 4. Belasting besparen (17%) | 4. Ik kwam terug in Nederland wonen (1%) |
| 5. Een goed doel steunen (16%) | 5. Ik kreeg kleinkinderen (0%) |
| Welk van onderstaande kenmerken zijn voor jou doorslaggevend in de keuze voor een notaris? | Welke van de volgende kenmerken van een notaris vind je belangrijk? |
|---|---|
| Top 5 | Top 5 |
| 1. Deskundigheid (52%) | 1. Gebruikt begrijpelijke taal en legt uit (47%) |
| 2. Te vertrouwen (33%) | 2. Correct en zorgvuldig (39%) |
| 3. Lage prijs (31%) | 3. Juiste prijs (29%) |
| 4. Goed aangeschreven (28%) | 4. Neemt zorgen uit handen (21%) |
| 5. Meedenken (23%) | 5. Heeft up-to-date kennis (20%) |
| Bottom 5 | Bottom 5 |
| 1. Specialisatie (15%) | 1. Geeft zekerheid (19%) |
| 2. Doorverwijzing vrienden/familie (11%) | 2. Onpartijdigheid (17%) |
| 3. Bereikbaarheid buiten kantooruren (3%) | 3. Specialist op een bepaald gebied (15%) |
| 4. Parkeermogelijkheden (2%) | 4. Houdt me op de hoogte (9%) |
| 5. De uitstraling van het pand (1%) | 5. Is sociaal betrokken (7%) |
\(^{34}\)De steekproef is gewogen naar leeftijd, geslacht, opleiding, regio en ‘mentality’ om een representatieve weergave van de Nederlandse bevolking te krijgen (zie Motivaction, 2019, p. 25).
Motivaction signaleert in het onderzoek drie behoeftenclusters:
- een groep Nederlanders die duidelijk de toegevoegde waarde van de notaris ziet en die het belangrijk vindt dat akten in begrijpelijke en duidelijke taal worden toegelicht;
- een groep die het vooral belangrijk vindt dat notariële zaken snel en goed geregeld worden. Deze groep komt vooral bij de notaris omdat het nou eenmaal moet;
- en een groep die het belangrijk vindt dat een notaris kritisch met ze meedenkt. Deze groep wil zaken goed begrijpen en heeft behoefte aan een gelijkwaardige gesprekspartner.
Het onderzoek van Motivaction geeft inzicht in de behoefte aan notariële diensten in het algemeen. Een onderzoek dat inzicht geeft in de behoefte aan een notaris bij juridische problemen (bijvoorbeeld het afwikkelen van een nalatenschap) is de Geschilbeslechtingsdelta 2019 (Ter Voert & Hoekstra, 2020). Dit is een onderzoek onder ruim 5.500 Nederlandse burgers, waarin in kaart wordt gebracht welke civiel- en bestuursrechtelijke problemen burgers in een periode van vijf jaar hebben gehad en hoe ze die hebben opgelost. Van alle respondenten (wel of geen probleem) schakelde 0,8 procent een notaris in voor het oplossen van een juridisch probleem in een periode van vijf jaar. Van alle burgers met een juridisch probleem, schakelde 1,4 procent (N=44) een notaris in en 0,7 procent (N=7) overwoog een notaris in te schakelen maar heeft dit uiteindelijk niet gedaan. De omvang van die laatste groep burgers is helaas te gering om betrouwbare uitspraken te doen over waarom ze uiteindelijk toch geen notaris hebben ingeschakeld.
**Notariële vragen bij hulpverleners en doorverwijzingen**
De behoefte aan notariële dienstverlening is tevens gepeild bij diverse typen hulpverleners. Daarbij kan het zijn dat die hulpverleners zelf eenvoudige vragen beantwoorden of doorverwijzen naar een notaris:
*Soms heeft iemand gewoon iets wat we moeten lezen, interpreteren of uitleggen, dus bijvoorbeeld in legaten of een bepaling uit een testament. Maar soms zijn er ook best wel complexe zaken, feitelijk of juridisch. Soms is het belang heel groot en andere keren is gewoon een tussenkomst van de notaris noodzakelijk. En dat zijn wel de zaken die we dan doorverwijzen* (E2 Rechtswinkel).
Erstelijnorganisaties waar vooral de lagere inkomensgroepen aankloppen zoals het Juridisch Loket, rechtswinkels of sociaal raadslieden houden niet specifiek bij hoeveel hulpvragen met een notarieel aspect binnenkomen of hoe vaak ze doorverwijzen naar een notaris. De vertegenwoordigers van het Juridisch Loket, rechtswinkels en sociaal raadslieden die wij hebben gesproken, schatten dat het aantal hulpvragen met een notarieel aspect dat bij hen binnenkomt, vergeleken met het totale aantal advies- en hulpvragen dat ze krijgen, niet groot is. Om een indruk te geven van enkele lokale organisaties waar wel wat gegevens van zijn: bij een rechtswinkel met ongeveer 300 hulpvragen in het afgelopen jaar, zijn er 9 naar de notaris verwezen.\(^{35}\)
Een bureau sociaal raadslieden dat werkt met een notarisspreekuur heeft in 2022 in totaal 1.244 cliënten geholpen, waarvan er 37 naar het notarisspreekuur zijn doorverwezen.\(^{36}\) Het notarisspreekuur wordt een halve dag per week gehouden. Niet alle notariële vragen hoeven daar terecht te komen. Het kan zijn dat bij de intake al rechtstreeks naar een notariskantoor wordt doorverwezen of dat een eenvoudige notariële vraag al door een van de raadslieden is beantwoord. Tijdens het spreekuur geven de (kandidaat-)notarissen enkel gratis advies. Bij complexe vraagstukken of als er een akte moet worden opgesteld, wordt doorverwezen naar een notariskantoor.
Een notaris die een halve dag per week als vrijwilliger een gratis spreekuur houdt in een wijkgebouw van een middelgrote stad heeft ongeveer vier adviesgesprekken per week en handelt ongeveer vier adviezen per
\(^{35}\) Interview E2 (rechtswinkel)
\(^{36}\) [https://bsrveldhoven.nl/wp-content/uploads/2023/09/BSR-jaarverslag-2022_LR.pdf](https://bsrveldhoven.nl/wp-content/uploads/2023/09/BSR-jaarverslag-2022_LR.pdf). Het ging daarbij om 1.900 hulpvragen, waarvan 45 voor het notarisspreekuur. Bij Sociaal Raadslieden Delft waren in 2022 2.536 klantcontacten, daarvan gingen er 19 over erfrecht (Instituut Sociaal Raadslieden Delft, Jaarverslag 2022).
email af. Per maand passeert ze ongeveer twee akten, waarvoor ze een vrijwillige bijdrage vraagt. Ze doet geen inkomentoets en behandelt alleen vragen van inwoners uit de betreffende stad.\textsuperscript{37}
Uit de interviews blijkt dat het gros van de vragen bij deze organisaties betrekking heeft op erfrechtelijke kwesties of levenstestamenten. De cliënten hebben een testament en snappen niet wat er in staat of vragen zich af of ze een (levens)testament moeten opstellen. Of zij worden geconfronteerd met een nalatenschap die ze moeten afwikkelen en zij weten niet wat ze moeten doen.
Veel vragen kunnen met advies worden beantwoord. Is doorverwijzing naar een notaris nodig, dan verwijzen sommige hulpverleners naar vaste samenwerkingspartners; anderen verwijzen naar bijvoorbeeld notaris.nl of verschillende notarissen in de omgeving. Maar over het algemeen weten de medewerkers van het Juridisch Loket, rechtswinkels of sociaal raadslieden niet of mensen daadwerkelijk contact hebben gelegd met een notaris:
\begin{quote}
Het is een samenwerking. Het gaat erom dat we in ieder geval iemand hebben om naar door te verwijzen. Het is prettig dat mensen in ieder geval een voor ons vertrouwde samenwerkingspartner hebben waar ze naartoe kunnen. Wel hebben we de afspraak dat als wij mensen doorverwijzen dat ze dan het eerste gesprek van een half uur gratis hebben. Op die manier wordt het ook wel laagdrempeliger, ook in verband met dat imago van de advocatuur en het notariaat. Wij doen dit ook met advocaten waarmee we samenwerken zodat mensen misschien wat minder afgeschrikt worden. Voor de rest worden de kosten onderling afgehandeld tussen de notaris en de cliënt (E2 Rechtswinkel).
\end{quote}
\textbf{Erfrecht en familievermogensrecht}
Uit de interviews met hulpverleners en vertegenwoordigers van belangenorganisaties komt naar voren dat als er vragen binnenkomen met een notarieel aspect of vragen die naar een notaris kunnen worden doorverwezen, dit vaak op het gebied van het \textit{familievermogensrecht} ligt en de volgende situaties betreft:
- de afwikkeling of de verdeling van een nalatenschap;
- het maken, wijzigen, interpreteren of ontbreken van een testament;
- het opstellen of ontbreken van een levenstestament.
Daarnaast wijzen geinterviewden nog op het ontbreken van een samenlevingscontract of huwelijksvoorwaarden, waardoor mensen in de problemen komen.
\textbf{Afwikkelen van een nalatenschap}
Behoefte aan advies of hulp bij het afwikkelen van een nalatenschap wordt vaak genoemd door eerstelijns hulpverleners en belangenorganisaties. Dit varieert van eenvoudige adviesvragen tot ingewikkelde vraagstukken. De cliënten worden geconfronteerd met een nalatenschap en weten niet wat ze moeten doen. Veel vragen gaan over de keuze tussen het zuiver aanvaarden, beneficiair aanvaarden en verwerpen van een nalatenschap. Erfgenamen moeten deze keuze binnen drie maanden na het overlijden maken. Voor het beneficiair aanvaarden of verwerpen moet een verzoek worden ingediend bij de griffie van de rechbank voor een ‘Verklaring nalatenschap’. In 2024 bedragen de griffierechten hiervoor 155 euro. Die kosten kunnen worden gedeeld als meer erfgenamen de nalatenschap verwerpen of aanvaarden. Erfgenamen betalen geen griffierecht voor de akte als zij een toevoeging of een inkomensverklaring (rechtsbijstand.nl) hebben waaruit blijkt dat het inkomen onder de toevoegingsgrens ligt.\textsuperscript{38} Indien het risico bestaat dat de overleden persoon meer schulden had dan bezittingen, is het verstandig om de nalatenschap beneficiair te aanvaarden of zelfs te verwerpen. Erfgenamen kunnen dan niet een negatieve nalatenschap erven. Gevolg daarvan is wel dat de last om de nalatenschap af te wikkelen naar de volgende groep erfgenamen wordt doorgeschoven.
Degene die beneficiair aanvaardt, moet de nalatenschap regelen zoals in de wet staat, dat wil zeggen ‘vereffenen’. Als dit niet volgens de regels gebeurt, bestaat de kans dat schulden uit de nalatenschap toch zelf
\textsuperscript{37} Interview N3 notaris.
\textsuperscript{38} \url{https://www.rechtspraak.nl/Onderwerpen/Erfenis/Pagina's/kosten.aspx#tabs}, geraadpleegd maart 2024
betaald moeten worden. Als er meer erfgenamen zijn, dan moet dat samen worden geregeld. Vereffenen houdt onder andere in dat:
- een overzicht moet worden gemaakt van alle bezittingen en alle schulden, dat wil zeggen een boedelbeschrijving;
- dat waardevolle spullen worden verkocht en schulden worden betaald.
De boedelbeschrijving komt terecht in het boedelregister van de rechtbank. Daarin kunnen schuldeisers nagaan of er een positief saldo is en of er bezittingen zijn die verkocht kunnen worden. Via het boedelregister kunnen schuldeisers ook opzoeken met wie ze contact moeten opnemen voor inzage in de boedelbeschrijving.
Verschillende geinterviewden noemen het vereffenen van een nalatenschap na beneficiair aanvaarden als problematisch. Hierover komen dagelijks vragen binnen bij de rechtbank, maar ook regelmatig bij andere instanties (bijvoorbeeld het Rijksvastgoedbedrijf). Ook professionals die werken met schuldenaren of mensen die onder beschermingsbewind staan worden hier regelmatig mee geconfronteerd. Het maken van een boedelbeschrijving, het vinden van andere erfgenamen of het eens worden van erfgenamen onderling over de boedelbeschrijving, zijn onderdelen die de afwikkeling moeilijk maken. Als er schuldeisers zijn, moet de vereffenaar ook kunnen bepalen wat de volgorde of de rangorde van schuldeisers is, wat ook ingewikkeld kan zijn.
Over het afwikkelen van erfenissen is de laatste jaren meer informatie verschenen op internet. Op de website van de rechtspraak staat bijvoorbeeld een stappenplan dat gevolgd kan worden. Daarbij wordt wel uitdrukkelijk gemeld dat dit stappenplan bedoeld is voor eenvoudige nalatenschappen en dat het bij bepaalde omstandigheden beter is een notaris in te schakelen:
*Deze informatie is bedoeld voor eenvoudige nalatenschappen. Denk aan de nalatenschap van iemand die geen eigen huis (meer) had, er zijn weinig of geen waardevolle bezittingen, er staat minder dan € 10.000 op de bank en er zijn geen of juist veel schulden. Had de overledene een onderneming of veel waardevolle bezittingen, is een (of meer) van de erfgenamen minderjarig, staat een van de erfgenamen onder bewind of curatele, heeft de overledene een kind onterfd of is er oneenheid tussen de erfgenamen, dan wordt de afwikkeling van de nalatenschap ingewikkelder. In die gevallen kunt u beter de hulp van een juridisch adviseur inroepen die veel kennis heeft van het erfrecht, zoals een notaris (website Rechtspraak.nl).*\(^{39}\)
Het probleem is dat er niet altijd geld is om de notaris in te schakelen, vooral als de kosten niet door het saldo van de nalatenschap worden gedekt. Als er een kans is op een negatieve boedel willen notarissen geen risico lopen dat zij voor hun werkzaamheden geen vergoeding ontvangen en werken ze niet altijd mee als ze niet worden vooruitbetaald. Evenzo willen erfgenamen geen notaris betalen als er een kans is op een negatieve boedel of ze kunnen het überhaupt niet betalen. Mensen krijgen geen gesubsidieerde rechtsbijstand voor het afwikkelen van een nalatenschap\(^{40}\) en dit valt ook niet onder de voorwaarden van een rechtsbijstandverzekering of bijzondere bijstand van de gemeente. Daarvoor moet sprake zijn van een geschil:
*Veel vragen gaan over het verschil tussen het verwerpen, aanvaarden en beneficiair aanvaarden van een erfenis. Mensen weten niet welke keuze ze moeten maken. Wat te doen als een andere erfgenaam niet meewerkt? ‘Ik moet een boedelbeschrijving maken, maar ik snap niet wat een boedel is. Hoe moet ik dat doen? Ik wil verwerpen, maar ik ken mijn ouders niet. Ik weet dus niks, dus ik kan ook niet zien of de nalatenschap negatief is.’ De afdeling waar ik werk, is de afdeling toezicht en daar valt ook beschermingsbewind onder en curatele en mentorschap. Dus die vragen komen soms ook via het beschermingsbewind of curateledossier bij mij terecht. Ja het zijn hele*
\(^{39}\) https://www.rechtspraak.nl/Onderwerpen/Erfenis/Paginas/informatieblad-beneficiaire-aanvaarding.aspx, geraadpleegd maart 2024.
\(^{40}\) https://www.rvr.org/kenniswijzer/zoeken-kenniswijzer/toevoegen/erfrecht/e010-geschillen/, geraadpleegd maart 2024.
diverse vragen, maar het zijn ook echt vragen waarbij mensen toch door, ja, klinkt niet aardig, maar in mijn beleving toch wel regelmatig door het notariaat van het kastje naar de muur gestuurd worden. Bijvoorbeeld omdat er sprake is van een negatieve nalatenschap. En dan is er een verklaring van erfrecht nodig of iets anders wat je moet gaan afwikkelen, maar je moet weten met wie, met welke andere erfgenamen. Ja, dan moet je dus eigenlijk kosten maken die niet gedekt kunnen worden uit de nalatenschap. Nou, dat is denk ik het grootste euvel in de vereffeningsprocedure waar mensen tegenaan lopen (E9 rechtbank erfrecht).
Dit soort vragen krijgen we ook gerust van hoogopgeleide mensen die echt denken, ja, ik heb geen zin om al die notariskosten te maken of de notaris heeft gezegd dat hij mij wel wil helpen, maar ik moet het uit eigen zak betalen als de nalatenschap niet toereikend is. Ja en we krijgen dus ook echt opmerkingen van mensen: Ja, als de wet zegt dat ik dat zo moet doen, of als ik dat voor de rechter zo moet doen, dan moet de rechter mij maar uitleggen hoe dat moet. Dus, dan komen ze bij ons terecht van: Hoe kom ik aan die informatie en hoe moet ik die boedelbeschrijving opstellen? Ja, als we zien dat mensen echt heel erg in de knel komen, dan gaan we dus zelfs toch wel eens zittingen organiseren, waarbij we dan mensen uitnodigen om ze uit te leggen wat er nodig is om tot een boedelbeschrijving te komen die bij ons ter inzage kan worden gelegd (E9 rechtbank erfrecht).
Ook sommige notarissen erkennen dat hier een financieel en ondersteuningsprobleem zit. Op de vraag of er ook cliënten zijn die zich bij het kantoor melden, en die niet verder geholpen kunnen worden om de een of andere reden, antwoordt een notaris:
Ja, die zijn er ook wel vaak. Dat is ook weer nalatenschap gerelateerd. Omdat ze er dan niet voor kunnen betalen. Maar dan kun je ze wel op weg helpen. Met bepaalde dingen voor ze uitzoeken, dus dat doen we dan ook vaak wel. We zoeken uit of er een testament is en zo niet, dan kunnen we ook een soort mailtje opstellen over ‘dit zijn de stappen die u moet zetten’. Maar ja, als dat niet lukt, kan ik ze ook weer niet bijstaan met elk briefje naar elke organisatie, omdat er bijvoorbeeld geen geld is. Dus dat is dan wel heel, heel zuur (N2 notaris, algemene stadspraktijk).
De rechtbank moet uiteindelijk beslissen of een boedelbeschrijving voldoet aan de vereisten. Maar dat kan een ingewikkeld proces zijn als informatie ontbreekt of erfgenamen niet op een lijn zitten. Soms ontbreekt informatie omdat erfgenamen geen verklaring van erfrecht kunnen bekostigen waardoor ze bijvoorbeeld geen banksaldo’s kunnen opvragen:
Het boedelregister moet dan een boedelbeschrijving ter inzage leggen en dan is het aan ons van ‘is dit een boedelbeschrijving’? Nou, dan gaan we dus met mensen eerst proberen dat schriftelijk te doen van: nou, dit voldoet niet, u moet dat en dat formulier gebruiken of alle erfgenamen moeten dat ondertekenen. Maar het duurt soms ook heel lang voordat wij een stuk terugkrijgen, wat kan volstaan als boedelbeschrijving. Dus we zien dat het echt ingewikkeld is. Nou ja, daar moet de kantonrechter ook een keuze in maken. Want de kantonrechter houdt natuurlijk toezicht op de vereffening. Maar het is ondoenlijk. Vanuit de Raad voor de rechtspraak krijgen we daar niet voldoende budget voor, dus het is niet te doen om in alle gevallen waarin beneficiair aanvaard is actief toezicht te houden, dus als wij dan zien dat er een boedelbeschrijving komt waarvan het echt van belang is dat die ter inzage gaat, omdat er bijvoorbeeld ook mensen zijn die onder beschermingsbewind staan of er een hele grote groep schuldeisers bij betrokken is, dan gaan we toch een beetje sturen. En dan gaan we die mensen dus uitnodigen, anders wordt die boedelbeschrijving dus nooit ter inzage gelegd. Maar ook dat kan heel frustrerend zijn, doordat de ene erfgenaam het wel wil en de andere niet meewerkt en er informatie ontbreekt (E9 rechtbank erfrecht).
Zo kunnen mensen worden opgezadeld met een nalatenschap die negatief is en daardoor met veel kosten worden geconfronteerd. Bijvoorbeeld een broer of zus (zonder partner of kinderen) waarmee ze al jaren geen contact meer hebben gehad, overlijdt en laat schulden na. De schuldeisers benaderen de enige erfgenaam. Die erfgenaam kan verwerpen, maar daar kunnen, zoals hiervoor beschreven, kosten aan verbonden zijn voor de verklaring van nalatenschap en een eventuele volmacht van een notaris om dat bij de rechtbank te regelen. Bovendien als de erfgenaam kinderen heeft, dan zal de nalatenschap bij plaatsvervulling naar zijn kinderen gaan die weer met hetzelfde probleem worden opgezadeld. Ook het beneficiair aanvaarden is, zoals hierboven beschreven niet altijd zonder hulp te doen. In de interviews worden specifieke groepen genoemd die vastlopen omdat ze geen financiële middelen hebben om een notaris in te schakelen of de nalatenschap af te wikkelen. Dit zijn bijvoorbeeld mensen die onder beschermingsbewind of curatele vallen, mensen die leven van een bijstandsuitkering of mensen met schulden:
Als je bijvoorbeeld een boedelbeschrijving moet opstellen. Dat is geen verzoekschriftprocedure of dagvaarding, dus daar krijgen mensen geen gefinancierde rechtsbijstand voor. Nou, als jij wettelijk vertegenwoordiger bent van twee minderjarige erfgenamen, jouw kinderen, en de partner met wie je gehuwd was is overleden, maar je bent gescheiden, dan ben je wel wettelijk vertegenwoordiger en dan moet je vereffenen. Dan moet je dus een heleboel en daar krijg je geen hulp bij. En daarvan heb ik al een paar keer gezien dat dat wel wringt. [...] Er zijn ook best wel vaak mensen met een Participatiewetuitkering. En die worden eigenlijk ook gedwongen om te zorgen dat ze vereffenen, want ze moeten laten zien dat ze niks krijgen uit die nalatenschap (E9 rechtbank erfrecht).
Voor een beneficiair aanvaarding moet je naar een notaris of je moet naar het kantongerecht en een verklaring van beneficiaire aanvaarding deponeren als iemand overlijdt. Je hebt een overlijdensakte nodig, dan heb je een verklaring van erfrecht nodig van de notaris. Dat kost geld, dus dat is vaak al een probleem. Want vaak is er überhaupt al geen geld om een verklaring van erfrecht bij de notaris te gaan halen. En dan sta je nog maar aan het begin van het proces. [...] De taakopvatting zoals de wetgever die in het burgerlijk wetboek heeft opgenomen, die voorziet niet in de rol van de bewindvoerder als vereffenaar. En uiteindelijk moet er ook gewoon geld verdient worden. Een bewindvoerder zegt dan: ik krijg er niks voor, dus ik ga het niet doen. Dus er wordt beneficiair aanvaard en dan wordt het ergens in de kast gestopt. En dan hopen we maar dat iedereen het prima vindt (B6 belangenorganisatie wettelijk vertegenwoordigers).
Hoewel de hoofdregel is dat erfgenamen die beneficiair aanvaarden moeten vereffenen, zijn er wel drie belangrijke uitzonderingen:41
1. als de executeur kan aantonen dat het saldo ruimschoots voldoende is om de schuldeisers te betalen;
2. als de kantonrechter ontheffing van vereffening verleent; dat kan bijvoorbeeld als de uitvaartkosten en de vereffeningskosten (zoals ontruimingskosten van de woning, kosten van opslag waardevolle spullen, kosten voor verklaring van erfrecht), samen al meer zijn dan wat er in de nalatenschap zit.
3. als de wettelijke verdeling van toepassing is, m.a.w. als er een langstlevende echtgenoot of geregistreerd partner en een of meer achtergelaten kinderen zijn.
Door deze uitzonderingen is vereffening dus niet altijd nodig. Als er niettemin vereffend moet worden, zijn in beginsel alle erfgenamen tezamen vereffenaar. Willen of kunnen zij niet, dan kan de rechter een vereffenaar benoemen. Dat kan iedereen zijn: een erfgenaam, een executeur of een professional waar mogelijk voor betaald moet worden. De rechter kan uitspreken dat kosten dan voor rekening van de Staat komen.
Als iedereen verwerpt of de nalatenschap om een of andere reden niet wordt afgewikkeld, dan is er een onbeheerde nalatenschap. Een schuldeiser of belanghebbende die wil dat er afgewikkeld wordt, kan dan wel
---
41 Art 4:202 lid 1 sub b BW. Een vierde uitzondering is wanneer de rechtbank een vereffenaar heeft benoemd.
een verzoek doen aan de rechtbank om een professionele vereffenaar te benoemen.\textsuperscript{42} Zo kunnen erfgenamen nog na verloop van tijd met schuldeisers worden geconfronteerd.
Als de overledene geen erfgenamen lijkt te hebben, die erfgenamen niet makkelijk gevonden kunnen worden, of gevonden erfgenamen de nalatenschap niet accepteren, kan een nalatenschap worden gemeld bij het Rijksvastgoedbedrijf (RVB). Dat onderzoekt eerst of er inderdaad geen erfgenamen zijn, of dat zij niet bekend zijn of niet bereid zijn de nalatenschap op zich te nemen. De kosten daarvan worden in mindering gebracht op de erfenis. Als het RVB wel erfgenamen vindt, laat het de afhandeling van de nalatenschap over aan de erfgenamen of hun vertegenwoordigers. Als het geen erfgenamen vindt of als niemand het op zich neemt om de nalatenschap af te handelen, onderzoekt het RVB of het de nalatenschap kan afwikkelen (als dit kostendekkend kan). Voor haar werkzaamheden ondervindt het RVB zelf geen problemen met de toegankelijkheid van het notariaat: het draagt zaken op verzoek van erfgenamen over aan notarissen, ontvangt desgewenst testamenten en vraagt notarissen te vereffenen als er erfgenamen zijn die niets doen.\textsuperscript{43}
Het aantal meldingen bij het RVB is de afgelopen jaren gestegen. In 2022 kwamen ongeveer 2.500 meldingen binnen en in 2023 ongeveer 3.000.\textsuperscript{44} Dit kan deels gaan over nalatenschappen van mensen die recent zijn overleden, maar ook van mensen die al 20 jaar of langer geleden zijn gestorven. Dit laatste komt bijvoorbeeld voor bij slapende banktegoeden, of panden of stukken grond waarvan de eigenaar onbekend is. De stijging van het aantal meldingen komt deels doordat verschillende organisaties het RVB beter weten te vinden. Organisaties of professionals die veel zaken melden bij het RVB zijn onder meer de Belastingdienst (in verband met de aanslag erfbelasting), gemeenten (die een uitvaart hebben geregeld), banken (vanwege slapende tegoeden), het Kadaster (panden of stukken land waarvan niet duidelijk is wie de eigenaar of erfgenamen is) en bewindvoerders, curatoren, mentoren, schuldhulpverleners (indien hun client is overleden en erfgenamen onbekend zijn).\textsuperscript{45} Maar ook particulieren weten het RVB te vinden zoals blijkt uit het onderstaande citaat:
\begin{quote}
Het grootste deel is denk ik - buiten al die professionals die zich bij ons aannemen - voornamelijk particulieren die verworpen hebben, maar dat het huis vol blijft staan, het Ziggo-abonnement blijft doorlopen, daar staat een auto voor de deur. Wie regelt dat dan allemaal, want dat gras groeit onderhand boven die auto uit. Mensen die verwerpen, maar zich toch wel bekommeren of het allemaal goed wordt geregeld (Rijksvastgoedbedrijf).
\end{quote}
\textit{Testament}
Andere veelvoorkomende vragen bij hulpverleners gaan over de uitleg van een testament, het eventueel aanpassen van een testament of de eventuele wens om een testament op te stellen. Een testament is nodig als mensen andere wensen hebben dan de vererving volgens de wet. Zonder testament bepaalt de wet wie erft en hoeveel. De wet is vooral geschreven voor traditionele huwelijken. Zo zal bij een stel dat bijvoorbeeld samenwoont, maar niet is getrouwd, de ene partner niets erven bij het overlijden van de andere partner als daarover niets notarieel is vastgelegd. Een notaris kan in het testament een verblijvingsbeding opnemen. Dat zorgt ervoor dat gemeenschappelijke goederen na overlijden van een partner van de andere partner worden.\textsuperscript{46} Ook kan in het testament worden vastgelegd dat, indien er een notarieel samenlevingscontract is, kinderen hun legitieme portie pas kunnen opeisen na het overlijden van de beide partners. Dit voorkomt dat kinderen direct na het overlijden van een van de ouders hun legitieme portie kunnen opeisen.
\textsuperscript{42} De kosten van de vereffening worden uit de boedel betaald volgens de Recofa richtlijnen. Zie ook Rechtspraak (2021, p. 19, 23-24).
\textsuperscript{43} Interview Rijksvastgoedbedrijf
\textsuperscript{44} Interview Rijksvastgoedbedrijf
\textsuperscript{45} Interview Rijksvastgoedbedrijf
\textsuperscript{46} Een verblijvingsbeding kan ook al zijn opgenomen in een samenlevingscontract of in de akte die is getekend bij de aanschaf van de gezamenlijke woning.
Voor bijvoorbeeld de volgende leefsituaties kan een testament aan te bevelen zijn: alleenstaand, ongehuwd samenwonend met partner, gescheiden zijn, partner zijn in een samengesteld gezin.
Ook voor ondernemers kan een testament aan te bevelen zijn. Ondernemers kunnen in een testament vastleggen wie de onderneming overneemt bij hun overlijden. Als dat niet is vastgelegd, komt het bedrijf volgens de wet in handen van de erfgenaam, bijvoorbeeld een partner die wellicht geen verstand heeft van ondernemen. Een testament kan ook ruzie over de opvolging van het bedrijf voorkomen.
Een testament is nodig als mensen bijvoorbeeld de volgende wensen hebben:
- nalaten van geld of een specifiek erfstuk aan de (klein)kinderen, een andere belangrijke persoon of een goed doel;
- ontvaren van wettelijke erfgenamen;
- om de voogdij over minderjarige kinderen vast te leggen\(^{48}\);
- benoemen van een executor;
- erbelasting besparen.
Voor kleine zaken met emotionele waarde en weinig financiële waarde is geen notarieel testament nodig, maar kan iemand zelf een (handgeschreven) codicil opstellen. Daarin kan worden opgeschreven wie specifieke spullen, zoals sieraden, verkrijgt. Spullen die niet tot de inboedel behoren (zoals een auto en geld) kunnen niet via een codicil worden nagelaten. Het opstellen en het bewaren van een codicil doet iemand doorgaans zelf en is kosteloos. Een nadeel kan zijn dat nabestaanden niet weten dat er een codicil is of het kan zoekraken. Als een notarieel testament wordt gemaakt, wordt een codicil vaak bij de notaris in bewaring gegeven om het gevaar van zoekraken of -maken te voorkomen.
De genoemde situaties kunnen ook voor mensen met weinig bezittingen van belang zijn om hun erfgenamen niet met vervelende situaties op te zadelen. Erfgenamen kunnen bijvoorbeeld geconfronteerd worden met het overlijden van een alleenstaande broer of zus. Ze hebben met spoed toegang nodig tot de bankrekening van de overledene maar daarvoor moeten ze een verklaring van erfrecht hebben. Dat kan lastig worden als er bijvoorbeeld broers of zussen zijn met wie al jaren geen contact meer is en die niet reageren of bijvoorbeeld als een van de ouders dement is. In die gevallen moeten er extra gerechtelijke procedures worden doorlopen voordat die verklaring van erfrecht rond is. Al die tijd kan niemand bij de bankrekening en blijven de kosten van allerlei contracten en abonnementen oplopen. De problemen waren minder geweest als de overleden broer of zus een testament had gemaakt, in het testament een executor had aangewezen die de nalatenschap kan afhandelen en de zussen of broers met wie geen contact meer was, waren uitgesloten als erfgenaam.
Maar een testament kan ook zinvol zijn voor mensen die geen wettelijke erfgenamen hebben en het weinige dat ze hebben, willen verdelen onder vrienden of bekenden of ‘het netjes willen achterlaten’. Denk bijvoorbeeld aan het regelen van de uitvaart, het ontruimen van de woning, het opzeggen van abonnementen of de huur, of de zorg voor huisdieren:
*Maar dan toch, als je het erover gaat hebben, dan zeggen ze, ‘oh ja, maar ik heb ook geen contact met mijn zus en ik heb geen kinderen. En hoe moet het dan als ik doodga? Wie haalt dan mijn spullen uit het huis?’* (N3 notaris).
**Levenstestament**
In een levenstestament kunnen mensen regelen dat een bepaalde persoon toestemming krijgt om namens hen beslissingen te nemen als ze dit zelf niet meer kunnen. Bijvoorbeeld als iemand in coma raakt of dement
---
\(^{47}\) [www.juridischloket.nl](http://www.juridischloket.nl); www.notaris.nl/files/Brochures/brochure-hoe-regel-ik-mijn-testament.pdf
\(^{48}\) Een alternatief is om een voogd aan te wijzen via een aantekening in het gezagsregister bij de rechtbank. Hieraan zijn geen kosten verbonden. Zie: [https://www.rechtspraak.nl/Onderwerpen/Voogdij/Pagina3/Aanwijzen-voogd-(formulier).aspx#4e24b59c-05fd-45c0-b742-861a9105e39a8f57c1c0-cc9e-4320-bb3d-8dfcd17aeaf897](https://www.rechtspraak.nl/Onderwerpen/Voogdij/Pagina3/Aanwijzen-voogd-(formulier).aspx#4e24b59c-05fd-45c0-b742-861a9105e39a8f57c1c0-cc9e-4320-bb3d-8dfcd17aeaf897), geraadpleegd augustus 2024.
wordt. In het levenstestament staat hoe die persoon moet beslissen over bijvoorbeeld geldzaken of een medische behandeling. Dit is ook van belang als iemand nog een partner heeft. Een partner heeft niet automatisch het recht om namens de niet-wilsbekwame partner te handelen (bijvoorbeeld het gezamenlijke huis te verkopen of diens rekening te beheren). In wezen is een levenstestament dus een volmacht. In het levenstestament kan ook worden vastgelegd dat de gevolmachtigde in bepaalde situaties moet overleggen met iemand anders, bijvoorbeeld met de andere kinderen. Door op die manier een ‘toezichthouder’ aan te wijzen wordt het risico op financieel misbruik kleiner. Een levenstestament kan ook worden opgesteld zonder notaris. Het nadeel hiervan is dat advies en begeleiding door de notaris ontbreekt. Notarissen beoordelen onder meer of degene die het levenstestament opstelt voldoende wilsbekwaam is en of er geen dwang van derden of financieel misbruik speelt. Omdat bij levenstestamenten zonder notaris dergelijke waarborgen voor een zorgvuldige totstandkoming van het levenstestament ontbreken, zullen bedrijven, zoals de bank, dit gewoonlijk niet accepteren.
De geïnterviewde medewerkers van banken en financieel adviseurs noemen het belang van een levenstestament om het risico op financieel misbruik bij kwetsbare ouderen te verkleinen. Ook noemen ze het voorkomen van betalingsachterstanden bij mensen die bijvoorbeeld door dementie niet meer het vermogen hebben om met geld om te gaan. Alleenstaanden zonder familie worden als extra kwetsbaar gezien:
*Wij zouden voor heel veel klanten toch wel graag zien dat ze zo’n levenstestament hebben, want voor ons is het natuurlijk ook fijn om te weten wie dan vervolgens gemachtigd is om zaken te regelen. Waar we nu best wel vaak tegenaan lopen, zijn onduidelijke situaties waarop betalingsachterstanden gaan ontstaan of situaties van financieel misbruik. Dan zou het heel fijn zijn als wij bijvoorbeeld weten wie dan de gemachtigde is waar we zaken mee kunnen doen. Nu is dat dan vaak niet geregeld en dan is het ook lastig voor ons (E7 Bank).*
*Bijvoorbeeld gisteren is er een mevrouw geweest uit Joegoslavië. Die woont hier al 50 jaar. Die heeft geen enkele familie hier, maar ook niet in Joegoslavië. En dan zijn er drie vrijwilligers die zich om haar bekommeren en die hebben me eigenlijk naar haar meegenomen in verband met een levenstestament om toch iets voor haar te kunnen betekenen. Ook zodat vrijwilligers voor haar iets kunnen blijven betekenen, ook als ze gaat dementeren, want ze lijkt een beetje te gaan vergeten (N3 notaris gratis dienstverlening).*
In de interviews wordt ook op het te laat regelen van een levenstestament gewezen. Het huis kan dan bijvoorbeeld niet worden verkocht of rekeningen kunnen niet worden betaald zonder een procedure bij de rechter:
*Want het probleem is echt dat mensen achter de feiten aanlopen. Je denkt: Het gaat nog wel en dan gebeurt er iets en opeens gaat het niet meer en dan is iemand ook niet meer in staat om dat zelf te regelen. Dat is eigenlijk het meest grote probleem. En je hebt natuurlijk altijd wel gevallen dat de familie denkt, dat kan nog wel met pap, maar dan kan het eigenlijk niet meer. De grote massa is dat familie achter de feiten aanloopt en daar last van heeft (B4 belangenorganisatie).*
Ook bij het afwikkelen van nalatenschappen kan het ontbreken van een levenstestament voor vertraging zorgen. Een erfgenaam die bijvoorbeeld dementerend is, is niet in staat een volmacht te verlenen voor het afwikkelen. Als die erfgenaam ook geen levenstestament heeft, is er niemand gemachtigd om namens deze erfgenaam op te treden. Dan moet eerst bewind worden ingesteld door de kantonrechter, voordat de nalatenschap verder kan worden afgehandeld.
Tot slot kan een notaris problemen voorkomen met terugvorderingen in het kader van de Participatiewet voor mensen die een overheidsuitkering ontvangen en als wettelijk vertegenwoordiger van bijvoorbeeld hun ouder willen optreden. Het levenstestament kan dan zo worden ingericht dat duidelijk is dat het geld van de ouder niet vrij beschikbaar is voor het kind (Hillen-Muns, 2023).
Samenlevingscontract
Goede afspraken maken in een (notarieel) samenlevingscontract heeft financiële voordelen tijdens en na de relatie en kan problemen voorkomen na afloop van de relatie. Belangrijke redenen om een samenlevingscontract door een notaris te laten opstellen zijn:
- In de woning mogen blijven wonen bij overlijden van de partner. Bij een koopwoning kan dat met een verblijvingsbeding in het samenlevingscontract worden geregeld.
- Partnerpensioen. Veel pensioenfondsen stellen een notarieel samenlevingscontract als voorwaarde voor het aanmelden van een partner.
- Afspraken over verdeling van de kosten en het vastleggen van eigendommen. Dit kan problemen voorkomen bij scheiding of voorkomen dat bij het innen van schulden van de ene partner, beslag wordt gelegd op spullen van de andere partner.
- Belasting besparen. Een samenlevingscontract is nodig om door de fiscus als fiscaal partner te worden aangemerkt. Hierdoor kunnen samenwoners optimaal gebruikmaken van belastingvrijstelling en voor vermogende samenwoners is het ook nodig om in aanmerking te kunnen komen voor een lager tarief en bepaalde vrijstellingen van erfbelasting.
Voor alleen het vastleggen van afspraken over de verdeling van kosten en eigendommen, kunnen samenwoners zelf een samenlevingscontract opstellen zonder notaris. Daarvan zijn gratis voorbeelden van samenlevingscontracten op internet te vinden. Nadeel daarvan is dat de rechtsgeldigheid beperkt is: hebben de samenlevers het stuk inderdaad zelf getekend en hebben zij de rekwisiete daarvan overzien? Voor de overige genoemde voordelen is een notariële akte nodig. Vooral als een van de partners schulden heeft, is dat van belang:
Ik zit al heel lang in het vak, dus ik heb duizenden huishoudens gezien. Dan zie je ongunstige situaties voorbijkomen. Bijvoorbeeld mensen die gaan trouwen terwijl de één schulden heeft en ze weten dat niet van elkaar. Uiteindelijk moet degene die er niks mee te maken heeft ervoor opdraaien, omdat ze in gemeenschap van goederen zijn getrouwd. Of denk aan jongelui die gaan samenwonen en er zijn schulden, maar ze maken geen samenlevingscontract. Dus dan kom ik daar, dan zeg ik: “Ik moet beslag leggen op de inboedel”. En dan zegt de persoon: “Ja, maar dat is van mijn partner en die heeft een schuld, ik niet.” Ik zeg dan: “Ja, maar dat moet dan worden aangetoond.” En dat kunnen ze dan niet. Want ja, ze gaan niet naar die notaris, dus ik zie in de maatschappij dat het voor heel veel burgers veel beter geregeld zou kunnen worden als er een eenvoudige toegang is tot de notaris en de grootste drempel daarvoor is echt het geld (S2 Gerechtsdeurwaarder).
Huwelijksvoorwaarden en partnerschapsvoorwaarden
Ook het opstellen van huwelijksvoorwaarden of partnerschapsvoorwaarden kan problemen voorkomen tijdens en na afloop van de relatie. In huwelijksvoorwaarden kan worden vastgelegd of, en zo ja hoe bezittingen of schulden zijn verdeeld tussen de partners en hoe deze worden verdeeld bij scheiding of overlijden. Voordeel is dus dat het bij afloop van een relatie duidelijk is of en zo ja hoe de zaken verdeeld moeten worden. Maar ook tijdens de relatie biedt het maken van huwelijksvoorwaarden of partnerschapsvoorwaarden voordelen. Situaties waarin het belangrijk kan zijn om huwelijksvoorwaarden of partnerschapsvoorwaarden op te stellen zijn als een van beide partners schulden heeft, een eigen onderneming heeft of begint, of een andere risicovolle activiteit onderneemt waaraan schulden kunnen voortkomen. Zo kunnen zakelijke schulden en schulden van een partner tijdens het huwelijk of geregistreerd partnerschap niet worden verhaald op de andere echtgenoot/partner.
Vanaf 1 januari 2018 geldt voor gehuwden een beperkte gemeenschap van goederen.\(^{49}\) Alle huwelijken die na die datum zijn aangegaan zonder dat huwelijks voorwaarden zijn gemaakt, kennen een beperkte gemeenschap van goederen. De nieuwe wet regelt dat bezittingen en schulden die echtgenoten voor het
\(^{49}\) Staatsblad 2017, 177; De nieuwe wet geldt ook voor geregistreerd partners.
huwelijk hadden niet in de gemeenschap vallen. De goederen die daarna in de gemeenschap vloeien zijn echter wel gemeenschappelijk. Schuldeisers kunnen dan dus ook beslag leggen op bijvoorbeeld het inkomen van de partner die geen schulden heeft. In de interviews met schuldhulpverleners komt dan ook naar voren dat als een van de echtgenoten/geregistreerde partners schulden heeft, het raadzaam is om huwelijksvoorwaarden, respectievelijk partnerschapsvoorwaarden op te stellen als ze willen trouwen of een geregistreerd partnerschap aangaan. De schuldeisers kunnen dan voor die schulden niet aan het vermogen van de andere echtgenoot/partner komen.
2.2.3 Doelgroepen die niet komen of afhaken
De geïnterviewden is de vraag gesteld of er bepaalde doelgroepen zijn die afhaken of niet bij de notaris komen en waarvoor een notaris wel meerwaarde biedt. In het algemeen wordt opgemerkt dat huizenbezitters en sommige ondernemers al een moment hebben dat ze (verplicht) bij de notaris komen. Tijdens dat contact worden deze burgers vaak gewezen op het regelen van zaken op het gebied van het familievermogensrecht. Burgers die nooit een huis hebben gekocht of bepaald type onderneming zijn gestart, zullen dus geheel op eigen initiatief contact moeten leggen met een notaris. We noemen in deze paragraaf verschillende groepen die om een of andere reden niet komen of afhaken. Indien beschikbaar geven we tevens cijfers over de omvang van die groepen in de samenleving. Dat wil natuurlijk niet zeggen dat al die mensen notariële hulp nodig hebben.
Ten eerste worden lagere inkomensgroepen (waaronder wettelijke vertegenwoordigers van minderjarigen die een nalatenschap moeten afwikkelen) en mensen met problematische schulden genoemd, dus mensen met weinig economische hulpbronnen. Als we bij die lagere inkomensgroepen uitgaan van het aantal mensen dat een beroep kan doen op de Wet op de Rechtsbijstand (Wrb), dan komt dat in 2023 neer op 35,6 procent van de Nederlandse bevolking (Jaarverslag Raad voor Rechtsbijstand 2023). In datzelfde jaar had 8,8 procent (N=726.201) van de Nederlandse huishoudens problematische schulden.\(^{50}\)
Ten tweede worden ouderen of mensen met een slechte gezondheid genoemd, dit vooral in verband met testamenten en levenstestamenten. In 2023 telde Nederland 3,6 miljoen inwoners van 65 jaar of ouder. Dat was 20,2 procent van de bevolking.\(^{51}\) Naast ouderen en mensen met een zwakke gezondheid worden ook minderjarige kinderen genoemd die met het beneficiair aanvaarden van een nalatenschap worden geconfronteerd.
Ten derde is de samenlevingsvorm van belang: voor mensen die alleenstaand zijn, samenwonen, of een samengesteld gezin vormen, kunnen bepaalde notariële akten, zoals een (levens)testament of een samenlevingscontract, belangrijk zijn omdat de standaard wettelijke regelingen minder passend zijn. Maar ook familieomstandigheden, zoals ruzies of elkaar niet meer (willen) zien, of helemaal geen familie hebben, kunnen belangrijk zijn voor het opstellen van een testament of levenstestament om problemen of extra kosten te voorkomen:
*Die zijn of niet getrouwd of er is ruzie in de familie of verwijdering of die hebben familieleden die ze helemaal niet zien of er is niet heel erg veel, maar er is dan ook niemand om het te regelen. En die hebben eigenlijk gewoon behoefte aan een testament, zodat bijvoorbeeld dat kind wat ze al 30 jaar niet meer zien, niet straks moeilijk gaat doen bij de erfenis. Dat je daar een regeling voor kan treffen of mensen die gewoon echt alleen zijn, dat ze in elk geval iemand aanwijzen die de nalatenschap gaat afwikkelen of een erfgenaam aanwijzen, zodat dat geld straks niet op is aan het leegruimen van de woning en het zoeken naar erfgenamen. Soms is bij ons de boedel al op, doordat wij de woning hebben ontruimd en de erfgenamen hebben gevonden. En dan stoppen we ook en dat is het gewoon. Dat is heel zuur, dus wat we dan vaak doen, is dat we alleen het huis ontruimen en opleveren. En dan stoppen we ook (N2 stadskantoor, algemene praktijk).*\(^{52}\)
\(^{50}\) [https://dashboards.cbs.nl/v5/SchuldenproblematiekInBeeld/](https://dashboards.cbs.nl/v5/SchuldenproblematiekInBeeld/), geraadpleegd maart 2024
\(^{51}\) [https://www.cbs.nl/nl-nl/visualisaties/dashboard-bevolking/leeftijd/ouderen](https://www.cbs.nl/nl-nl/visualisaties/dashboard-bevolking/leeftijd/ouderen), geraadpleegd maart 2024
Ten vierde worden kleine ondernemers of zzp’ers genoemd die bijvoorbeeld geen huwelijks voorwaarden regelen of hun bedrijfsstructuur niet gunstig hebben geregeld. Zoals ook uit onderstaande gesprekken met een notaris en een gerechtsdeurwaarder blijkt:
*En ze hebben vaak de huwelijksvermogensvraag dus meestal als het al misgaat. Natuurlijk, want dan zie je ze afgliden door coronaschulden die niet betaald zijn, dan gaan ze plotseling bedenken van, shit, straks komen ze hier het huis leeghalen. Nou dan is het al te laat, want het is paulianeus als je dan nog huwelijks voorwaarden zou opstellen. Maar ja die zijn er niet en die mensen komen wel bij ons dan. Dan zien ze eigenlijk de bui wel hangen. Er zijn heel weinig mensen die dit van tevoren bedenken (N1 notarisplatform).*
*Maar dan heb je aan de andere kant ook nog het contact met MKB, zzp’ers. En dan denk ik wel eens: “Goh, waarom heb je geen BV? Waarom loop je privé al het risico voor schulden die ontstaan?” Dus opdrachtgevers kunnen bijvoorbeeld wegvallen et cetera en dan vraag ik me af of ze wel voldoende voorlichting krijgen bij de Kamer van Koophandel. Het is natuurlijk ook allemaal heel erg algemeen wat de Kamer van Koophandel aan informatie geeft (S2 gerechtsdeurwaarder).*
*Van veel zzp’ers of mensen die een onderneming beginnen uit mijn omgeving valt me op hoe beperkt ze geïnformeerd zijn over wat het verschil is tussen een eenmanszaak en BV, waar startersvoordelen zijn. Enige motivatie is vaak dat ze een hogere uurvergoeding kunnen krijgen. Als je een poll zou houden onder zzp’ers en zou vragen hoe vaak ze vergeten zijn om btw-aangifte te doen dan denk ik dat je op 90 procent komt. Het notariaat zou daarin iets kunnen verbeteren, maar dan zou er eerst iets moeten veranderen in de personenvennootschappen. [...] Het gaat nu wel erg makkelijk om je eigen eenmanszaak te beginnen, waarbij ik signaleer dat niet echt overzien wordt wat het inhoudt (N19 corporate notariskantoor).*
Een ander probleem binnen de groep zzp’ers is dat zich hieronder burgers bevinden die mogelijk geen ‘echte zelfstandige’ zijn en/of zich niet bewust zijn van de gevolgen.
*Ik moet oprocht ook zeggen, en dat is dan misschien ook wel de combinatie van mijn werkvervaring bij de bank en als schuldhulpverlener nadien en wat ik dan nu tegenkom, er zijn natuurlijk door omstandigheden in de markt ook mensen zzp’er geworden, omdat dat zo uitkwam, maar of ze nou werkelijk ondernemer zijn in hart en nieren? Dat is het vaak niet en die lopen uiteindelijk tegen de lamp aan dat ze dingen gewoon niet geregeld hebben (E11 sociaal raadslieden).*
Daarbij komt dat zelfstandige ondernemers - als sprake is van een bedrijfsmatig geschil - niet in aanmerking komen voor gesubsidieerde rechtsbijstand. Als duidelijk is dat het rechtsbelang gelegen is in de privésfeer, is wel gesubsidieerde rechtsbijstand mogelijk.\(^{52}\) Nederland telde in 2023 iets meer dan 1,2 miljoen zelfstandigen zonder personeel (zzp’ers). Het gaat hierbij om personen voor wie een werkkring als zelfstandige de hoofdbaan is.\(^{53}\)
Ten vijfde noemen diverse geinterviewden mensen met een andere culturele achtergrond als een ondervertegenwoordigde groep bij het notariaat. Het kan zijn dat ze niet weten wat een Nederlandse notaris voor hen kan betekenen of ze zijn vanuit hun achtergrond gewend om de verdeling van bezittingen en erfenissen anders te regelen. In 2022 zijn ongeveer 2,6 miljoen inwoners van Nederland in het buitenland
\(^{52}\) [www.rvr.org/kenniswijzer/zoeken-kenniswijzer/toevoegen/alle-rechtsterreinen/bedrijfsmatig/](http://www.rvr.org/kenniswijzer/zoeken-kenniswijzer/toevoegen/alle-rechtsterreinen/bedrijfsmatig/), geraadpleegd maart 2024
\(^{53}\) [www.cbs.nl/nl-nl/dossier/dossier-zzp](http://www.cbs.nl/nl-nl/dossier/dossier-zzp), geraadpleegd maart 2024
geboren, en nog eens 2 miljoen is zelf in Nederland geboren, maar heeft een of twee ouders die in het buitenland zijn geboren.\(^{54}\)
Ten zesde worden groepen genoemd die bepaalde vaardigheden missen en daarom niet komen of afhaken. Dit betreft bijvoorbeeld laaggeletterden, mensen met fysieke of psychische beperkingen of mensen die te maken hebben met beschermingsbewind, curatele of mentorschap. Hoewel die laatste groep een wettelijke vertegenwoordiger heeft die wellicht kennis van zaken heeft, kan het zijn dat die vertegenwoordiger geen financiële middelen heeft om bijvoorbeeld een nalatenschap af te wikkelen. Dit is vooral het geval als hun cliënten over weinig inkomen of vermogen beschikken:
*Waar je ook tegenaan loopt, is dat cliënten soms familieleden hebben die overlijden en dan blijkt dat er helemaal geen testament is. Of dat blijkt dat er grote risico's bestaan dat een nalatenschap negatief is. En het realisme is wel dat naar mijn eigen inschatting rond de 65 procent tot 70 procent van alle cliënten maatschappelijk gezien op een intelligentieniveau ergens tussen de 50 en 80 functioneert. Met als bijkreet dat ze echt geen idee hebben wat ze ermee moeten doen. En daar zit je vaak met een boedel die financieel niet toereikend is om een notaris in te schakelen. En dan zie je vervolgens dat er bijvoorbeeld wel door de bewindvoerder, en dat vloeit voort uit de wet, beneficiair wordt aanvaard maar er bijvoorbeeld geen geld is om die beneficiarie aanvaarding te effectueren of af te wikkelen (B6 belangenorganisatie wettelijk vertegenwoordigers).*\(^{55}\)
In 2022 heeft de KNB een vragenlijstonderzoek uitgezet onder alle leden naar de toegankelijkheid van de notariële dienstverlening. Bijna 19 procent van de leden beantwoordde de vragenlijst. Daaruit blijkt dat niet alle leden de mening zijn toegedaan dat het notariaat zich moeten inzetten om de dienstverlening toegankelijker te maken voor laaggeletterden. Bijna driekwart van de leden vindt van wel, ongeveer 20 procent is neutraal of twijfelt en ongeveer 5 procent vindt van niet omdat ze deze groep niet tegenkomen in hun praktijk of twijfelen of deze groep wel behoefte heeft aan notariële dienstverlening (zie figuur 2.5).
**Figuur 2.5** Laaggeletterden: Moet het notariaat zich actief inzetten om het notariële recht toegankelijker te maken voor juist deze mensen? Percentage KNB-leden (N=626)
| Antwoord | Percentage |
|--------------------------------------------------------------------------|------------|
| Ik vraag me af of deze mensen behoefte hebben | 2,2 |
| Nee, ik zie deze mensen nooit in mijn praktijk | 2,7 |
| Ik twijfel of dit onze verantwoordelijkheid is | 8,6 |
| Neutraal, niet echt voor of tegen | 12,0 |
| Ja, het is onze maatschappelijke plicht | 20,1 |
| Ja, de notaris is er voor iedereen | 54,3 |
Bron: KNB ledenonderzoek toegang tot het recht 2022; respons 18,7 procent
\(^{54}\) [www.cbs.nl/nl-nl/dossier/dossier-asiel-migratie-en-integratie/hoeveel-inwoners-hebben-een-herkomst-buiten-nederland](http://www.cbs.nl/nl-nl/dossier/dossier-asiel-migratie-en-integratie/hoeveel-inwoners-hebben-een-herkomst-buiten-nederland), geraadpleegd maart 2024.
Volgens de Stichting Lezen en Schrijven hebben in Nederland 2,5 miljoen (18%) mensen van 16 jaar en ouder moeite met lezen, schrijven en/of rekenen.\footnote{www.lezenenschrijven.nl}
In hoofdstuk 3 en 4 bespreken we meer in detail welke drempels burgers ervaren in hun toegang tot notariële dienstverlening.
### 2.3 Samenvatting
**Aanbod**
Vanaf 2014 is het totaal aantal (toegevoegd) notarissen en kandidaat-notarissen jaarlijks gestegen tot het jaar 2022. Daarna is sprake van een lichte daling. In 2024 zijn totaal 3.427 (toegevoegd) notarissen en kandidaat-notarissen werkzaam in Nederland. Het aantal kantoorvestigingen laat vanaf 2009 een dalende trend zien naar 899 kantoorvestigingen in 2024. Ook het aantal solokantoren is iets afgenomen. Dit wijst erop dat er sprake is van schaalvergroting: het aantal (kandidaat-)notarissen per kantoor neemt toe. Tevens is het aantal locaties van kantoorvestigingen afgenomen, wat kan betekenen dat burgers langere afstanden moeten afleggen om een notaris te bereiken. Een andere ontwikkeling die enkele notarissen melden, is dat in hun stad het aantal kantoren dat een brede dienstverlening aanbiedt op het gebied van het familievermogensrecht is afgenomen.
Binnen het notariaat zijn zes specialisatieverenigingen actief. De meeste daarvan richten zich op dienstverlening aan het bedrijfsleven. Daarnaast zijn er kantoren die zijn gespecialiseerd in notarieel recht in specifieke landen, in ipr-vraagstukken of in specifieke doelgroepen zoals expats of LHBTI-ouders. Ook zijn er kantoren die hun dienstverlening in andere talen aanbieden. Via de website notaris.nl kan naar notariskantoren met dergelijke specialisaties worden gezocht.
Voor algemeen advies over vraagstukken met een notarieel aspect kunnen burgers ook te rade gaan bij diverse websites, of contact leggen met de Notaristelefoon, het Juridisch Loket, sociaal raadslieden of Rechtswinkels. Ook kunnen leden van bijvoorbeeld Vereniging Eigen Huis of mensen die een bepaalde uitvaartverzekering hebben afgesloten, via dergelijke organisaties gratis advies krijgen voor specifieke vragen op notarieel gebied.
**Vraag naar diensten**
Ten eerste is de vraag naar notariële akten in kaart gebracht. Tussen 2013 en 2021 steeg het aantal gepasseerde akten sterk. In 2021 passeerden ongeveer 2 miljoen akten, daarna daalt dat aantal naar ruim 1,7 miljoen in 2023. Die daling doet zich vooral voor in de registergoederenpraktijk. De vraag naar akten in familiepraktijk stijgt al jaren, vooral voor testamenten en levenstestamenten.
De grootste vraag is er naar akten in de registergoederenpraktijk en deze vraag schommelt erg al naar gelang de ontwikkelingen op de woningmarkt. Eind 2023 is echter voor het eerst de omvang van gepasseerde akten in de familiepraktijk (42% van alle akten) groter dan die in de registergoederenpraktijk (38% van alle akten). 12 procent van de akten ligt op het terrein van het ondernemingsrecht. De stijging van het aantal akten in de familiepraktijk en de daling in de registergoederenpraktijk lijkt niet te rijmen met de bevinding dat op sommige locaties het aanbod van kantoren met een brede dienstverlening op het gebied van het familierecht is afgenomen.
Een deel van de gepasseerde akten is via online platforms tot stand gekomen. Hoe groot dat deel is, is ons niet bekend.
Ten tweede is geprobeerd de algemene behoefte aan notariële dienstverlening in kaart te brengen. Die dienstverlening bestaat immers niet alleen uit het passeren van akten.
Bevolkingsonderzoek wijst uit dat ongeveer 45 procent van de Nederlanders wel eens een notaris heeft bezocht. Een deel van de Nederlanders ziet duidelijk de toegevoegde waarde van de notaris en wil dat de notaris kritisch met ze meedenkt. Een ander deel komt vooral bij de notaris omdat het nou eenmaal moet.
Bij eerstelijnshulpverleners is de vraag naar notariële dienstverlening gering in vergelijking met het totaal aan hulpvragen dat ze binnenkrijgen. De exacte omvang van de hulpvragen met een notarieel aspect is echter niet bekend, omdat dit niet wordt bijgehouden. Soms volstaat advies of uitleg en verwijzen ze niet naar een notaris. Hulpverleners die de meest urgente behoefte aan notariële diensten melden, zijn schuldhulpverleners en wettelijke vertegenwoordigers van mensen die te maken hebben met bijvoorbeeld beschermingsbewind. De behoefte geldt vooral voor het afwikkelen van nalatenschappen en/of het voorkomen dat schulden op (toekomstige) partners worden afgewenteld.
Niet-gebruikers en afhakers
Volgens hulpverleners en vertegenwoordigers van belangenorganisaties ligt de grootste (niet vervulde) behoefte aan notariële dienstverlening bij burgers op het gebied van het familievermogensrecht. Op dit gebied signaleren ze diverse situaties of doelgroepen die niet bij de notaris komen of om de een of andere reden afhaken. Het gaat dan over vragen over de afwikkeling of de verdeling van een nalatenschap; het maken of ontbreken van een testament; het opstellen of ontbreken van een levenstestament; of het ontbreken van een samenlevingscontract of huwelijksvoorwaarden. Voor sommige hulpvragen volstaat advies en is niet altijd de inzet van een notaris nodig. Voor andere echter wel. Een notaris kan in bepaalde gevallen toekomstige problemen voorkomen, of helpen een bestaand probleem op te lossen. Dit geldt vooral voor situaties waarin het afwikkelen van een beneficiair aanvaarde nalatenschap lastig is, of het raadzaam is om een testament, levenstestament, huwelijksvoorwaarden/partnerschapsvoorwaarden of een samenlevingscontract op te stellen. Als doelgroepen worden genoemd: mensen met weinig economische hulpmiddelen (laag inkomen, problematische schulden, de partner heeft schulden); ouderen en mensen met een slechte gezondheid in verband met het voorkomen van problemen bij wilsonbekwaamheid of voorkomen van problemen na overlijden; alleenstaanden, minderjarige kinderen die worden geconfronteerd met een nalatenschap; samenwoners en samengestelde gezinnen ter voorkoming van problemen bij nalatenschappen en/of scheidingen; kleine ondernemers of zzp’ers in verband met voorkomen van problemen bij schulden en nalatenschappen; mensen met een ander cultureel kapitaal die de meerwaarde van notariële akten niet kennen of zaken liever anders regelen. Ook worden groepen genoemd die bepaalde vaardigheden missen en daarom niet komen of afhaken. Dit betreft bijvoorbeeld laaggeletterden, mensen met fysieke of psychische beperkingen en mensen wier vermogen onder beschermingsbewind staat of die onder curatele staan. Hoe groot de groep is die afhaakt of waarvoor notariële dienstverlening raadzaam zou zijn, is lastig in te schatten.
Daarnaast speelt mee dat sommige burgers van de hiervoor genoemde doelgroepen - omdat ze bijvoorbeeld geen onroerend goed bezitten - nog nooit (verplicht) in contact zijn geweest met een notaris. Burgers waarvoor dat wel geldt, worden vaak gewezen op het regelen van zaken op het gebied van het familievermogensrecht en zijn ook daardoor al meer vertrouwd met het contact leggen met een notaris.
3 Financiële toegankelijkheid van het notariaat
In dit hoofdstuk belichten we de financiële toegankelijkheid van de notariële dienstverlening. We gaan achtereenvolgens in op de volgende aspecten:
1. Hoe hebben tarieven van notariële akten zich ontwikkeld en in hoeverre verschillen de tarieven tussen kantoren?
2. Hoe ervaren geïnterviewden de financiële toegankelijkheid?
3. Onder welke voorwaarden kunnen burgers een beroep doen op artikel 56 Wna? Hoe vaak is er de afgelopen vijf jaar een beroep op gedaan en in hoeverre is deze regeling toegankelijk?
4. Welke vormen van sociale dienstverlening bieden notarissen?
### Toegankelijkheid dienstverlening
| Betaalbaarheid |
|----------------|
| Kosten van akten, CBS-prijsindexcijfers |
| Prijsdifferentiatie akten en transparantie over de kosten |
| Perceptie van betaalbaarheid |
| Gebruik artikel 56 Wna |
| Aanbod sociale notariële dienstverlening |
#### 3.1 Tarieven en prijsdifferentiatie notariële akten
##### 3.1.1 Prijsindexcijfers
Het Centraal Bureau voor de Statistiek (CBS) voert elk kwartaal een dienstprijzenonderzoek uit onder notariskantoren door de tarieven te vragen voor veelvoorkomende standaardakten. In figuur 3.1 is te zien dat in 2023 ten opzichte van 2015 de tarieven voor akten op alle rechtsgebieden ongeveer evenveel zijn gestegen, namelijk met ongeveer 32 procent. De stijging is binnen het notariaat wel sterker dan de dienstenprijzen in het algemeen voor alle commerciële dienstverleners (DPI): die zijn tussen 2015 en 2023 met 22 procent gestegen. De prijssstijgingen voor notariële diensten zijn dus hoger dan gemiddeld voor commerciële dienstverleners. De prijssstijgingen zijn ook hoger in vergelijking met de consumentenprijsindex: die steeg tussen 2015 en 2023 met 26%.
In de periode voor 2015 waren de ontwikkelingen nog verschillend voor de onroerendgoedpraktijk in vergelijking met de andere rechtsgebieden. Tussen 1999 en 2015 daalden de tarieven in de onroerendgoedpraktijk, terwijl ze stegen in de familiepraktijk en de ondernemingspraktijk. Deze ontwikkeling werd, zoals we in paragraaf 1.3 beschreven, verwacht. Vóór invoering van de vrije tarieven in het notariaat in 1999 was sprake van kruissubsidiering: met de winsten in de onroerendgoedpraktijk werden tarieven in de familiepraktijk laag gehouden. De eerste onderzoeken naar de tarieven over de periode 2003-2006 wezen uit dat de daling van tarieven zich vooral voordeed in het duurdere segment van het onroerend goed: hoe hoger de onderliggende waarde van het onroerend goed, hoe sterker de daling van de prijs (Laclé & Ter Voert, 2008, p.27). Volgens Verstappen (2020) hebben dan ook vooral burgers die vastgoedtransacties deden in het duurdere segment geprofiteerd van de invoering van de vrije tarieven. De akten voor het duurdere vastgoed zijn het sterkst in prijs gedaald. Door de stijging van de prijzen in de familiepraktijk is die dienstverlening ontoegankelijker geworden, zeker voor mensen met een kleine beurs. Daarbij dient de kanttekening te worden gemaakt dat de omzet van kantoren in 2006 gemiddeld genomen voor ongeveer 67 procent afkomstig was uit de onroerendgoedpraktijk, voor 17 procent uit familiepraktijk en voor 16 procent uit de ondernemingspraktijk. Geringe tariefdalingen voor veelvoorkomende onroerendgoedakten, konden destijds
vanwege de omvang grote gevolgen hebben voor de omzet van een kantoor (Laclé & Ter Voert, 2008, p. 29-30).
Figuur 3.1 Prijsindexcijfers tarieven notariaat (2015 = 100), 2006-2023
Bron: CBS Statline
3.1.2 Tariefdifferentiatie
Er zijn diverse platforms die offerteaanvragen uitzetten, zoals degoodkoopstenotaris.nl, notaristarieven.nl, notarisoffertes.com. Consumenten kunnen via deze platforms kantoren vergelijken op basis van prijs en meestal ook op basis van klantbeoordelingen.
De tarieven kunnen behoorlijk uiteenlopen. Voor een aantal veelvoorkomende akten in het familierecht geven we de tarieven die door organisaties zoals de Consumentenbond, KNB of Het Juridisch Loket worden gemeld. We beperken ons tot het familievermogensrecht omdat we in het voorgaande hoofdstuk hebben geconstateerd dat op dit gebied vooral een gebrek aan de (financiële) toegankelijkheid wordt ervaren. De meeste tarieven die hieronder worden gepresenteerd, zijn inclusief verschotten. Dat wil zeggen dat de tarieven niet alleen het honorarium van de notaris betreffen. Verschotten zijn de kosten die de notaris moet maken voor diensten van anderen om de notariële akte te kunnen maken, bijvoorbeeld kosten voor inzage in registers en voor het opvragen van uittreksels.
Wanneer een nalatenschap moet worden afgewikkeld, zijn daaraan soms notariële werkzaamheden verbonden en daarmee dus ook notariskosten gemoeid. Dat ligt aan de situatie. Wanneer sprake is van een huwelijk of een geregistreerd partnerschap van de erflater (de overledene), deze geen testament heeft gemaakt en het banksaldo niet hoger is dan 100.000 euro, dan eist de bank tegenwoordig (sinds 2012) geen verklaring van erfrecht meer. In dit geval is dus sprake van een langstlevende echtgenoot of langstlevende geregistreerde partner én van de toepasselijkheid van de zogeheten wettelijke verdeling. Wanneer zich evenwel een andere situatie voordoet – bijvoorbeeld een schuldeiser van de nalatenschap meldt zich; er is
een samenlevingspartner (met of zonder samenlevingscontract) of de erflater was alleenstaand; er is wél een testament gemaakt; er is een groot banksaldo; er is sprake van onroerend goed -, dan kan een verklaring van erfrecht (of in voorkomende gevallen een verklaring van executele) nodig zijn (met de kosten van dien).
In een **verklaring van erfrecht** staat wie erfgenaamen zijn en wie bevoegd is om namens die erfgenaamen de nalatenschap af te wikkelen. Een verklaring van erfrecht moet door de notaris worden opgemaakt. De notaris onderzoekt wie de erfgenaamen zijn en brengt hen op de hoogte. Vervolgens moeten de erfgenaamen een keuze maken over de aanvaarding van de nalatenschap, en na divers ander onderzoek kan de notaris de verklaring van erfrecht ten slotte afgeven (tenzij het de notaris niet gelukt om alle benodigde gegevens boven water te krijgen). De kosten van een verklaring van erfrecht zijn meestal hoger bij meer erfgenaamen, als er een testament aanwezig is en als de nalatenschap beneficiair in plaats van zuiver wordt aanvaard. Bedragen variëren sterk tussen kantoren en beginnen in het geval van twee erfgenaamen en geen testament bij online-aanbieders bij ongeveer 300 euro (inclusief BTW en verschotten).
Nadat al dan niet kosten voor een verklaring van erfrecht (of van executele) zijn gemaakt, komt de vraag op of de boedel (de nalatenschap) notariëel moet worden afgewikkeld, of niet. Bij een wettelijke verdeling hoeft de afwikkeling van de boedel niet veel tijd en geld te kosten: de boedel is immers al verdeeld volgens de wet. Bij een beneficiarie aanvaarding moet als hoofdregel worden vereffend, maar zijn er drie uitzonderingen (zie pagina 35). Bevat de boedel onroerend goed dan kan een verklaring van erfrecht kosteloos worden ingeschreven bij het Kadaster. Maar is sprake van bijvoorbeeld verdeling en toedeling van onroerend goed (zoals het ouderlijk huis) aan een kind-erfgenaam of de afgifte van een legaat (van vruchtgebruik) met betrekking tot onroerend goed, dan gebeuren deze verdeling en toedeling of afgifte door middel van een **notariële akte** (en inschrijving van die akte in de openbare registers, gehouden door het Kadaster), dus via de notaris. Ook wanneer er bijvoorbeeld grote oneenigheid binnen de familie is (ruzie tussen de erfgenaamen), kan de verdeling soms pas worden gerealiseerd door tussenkomst van de notaris (of soms zelfs de rechter). De kosten van een **verdelingsakte** (of akte afgifte legaat en dergelijke) kunnen nogal uiteenlopen.
Boedelafwikkeling door de notaris zal doorgaans gebeuren op basis van het uurtarief van de notaris. De ingewikkeldheid van het testament, de aanwezigheid van onroerend goed, de medewerking (of juist de non-coöperatie) van erfgenaamen en de eventuele executeur: dit alles kunnen factoren zijn die de notariskosten voor een boedelafwikkeling bepalen.
Tot de boedelafwikkeling behoort ook de **aangifte erfbelasting**. Dit kunnen de erfgenaamen of de executeur zelf doen (of namens hen een accountant of belastingadviseur), maar zij kunnen dit desgewenst ook uitbesteden aan de notaris. De aangifte erfbelasting zal doorgaans eveneens gebeuren op basis van het uurtarief van de notaris.
Additionele kosten kunnen bijvoorbeeld de **griffiekosten** van de rechtbank zijn ingeval van beneficiarie aanvaarding en verwerving van de nalatenschap, en de **kadasterkosten** ingeval van de inschrijving van een (uittreksel van de) notariële verdelingsakte in de openbare registers. Aan dit soort kosten verdient de notaris zelf uiteraard niets (hij berekent deze hoogstens door), maar dit soort kosten moeten in voorkomende gevallen door de rechtzoekende (de erfgenaam, de legataris) wel worden gemaakt.
Volgens de Consumentenbond (2024) varieert de prijs voor een **testament** voor één persoon zonder kinderen van 250 tot 650 euro (inclusief BTW en verschotten) en voor een stel met gezamenlijke kinderen van 450 tot ruim 1.000 euro (inclusief BTW en verschotten). Vaak geldt dat hoe meer maatwerk nodig is, hoe duurder het testament wordt.\(^{56}\) Er zijn ook notariskantoren die samenwerken met een uitvaartorganisatie of een zorgorganisatie. Die organisaties bieden polishouders goedkope(re) testamenten aan omdat juristen van die organisaties het voorwerk verrichten:
> Wij maken bijvoorbeeld testamenten voor [uitvaartorganisatie]. [Uitvaartorganisatie] heeft een notarisservice en die is gratis, want dat wordt allemaal omgeslagen over alle leden. Dus de collectiviteit betaalt. Dat werk wordt daar gedaan door de juristen van [uitvaartorganisatie]. Die
\(^{56}\) https://www.consumentenbond.nl/erven-schenken/wat-is-een-testament, geraadpleegd februari 2024
sturen dan een keurig verslag. Dan maken wij het testament en wij passeren het testament voor een heel erg laag tarief. Dus je kan dan voor 270 euro een testament laten maken. Als ze naar ons zouden komen, zou het 700 hebben gekost en ik geloof dat het maximumtarief bij [uitvaartorganisatie] 525 euro is. Dus qua uren zouden wij er nooit uitkomen. Dus eigenlijk is [uitvaartorganisatie] een soort van concurrent van het notariaat. Maar onder het mom van “iedereen die het maar regelt, vinden wij goed” werken we daaraan mee en we hebben nog een andere organisatie die dat ook doet. Die is bijvoorbeeld door de grootste thuiszorgorganisatie hier in [stad] naar voren geschoven. Moet je wat regelen met de notaris of notariële zaken regelen, dan zijn zij dat. Dat zijn alleen geen notarissen, maar een soort tussenpersoon en daar maken we de aktes dan ook voor tegen een laag tarief (N2 notaris stadskantoor, algemene praktijk).
Een andere optie is het depot-testament: een testament dat iemand zelf opstelt zonder hulp van een notaris. Om geldig te zijn moet dit testament wel via de notaris in het Centraal Testamentenregister worden ingeschreven. De notaris maakt een ‘akte van bewaring’ op. De Consumentenbond (2023) noemt als nadeel van een dergelijk testament dat er geen rechtszekerheid is over de inhoud en nabestaanden daarover onenigheid kunnen krijgen. De Consumentenbond wijst er tevens op dat het onduidelijk is of een depot-testament goedkoper is (dan bijvoorbeeld een testament via een online platform), aangezien de notaris nog steeds verschillende handelingen moet verrichten.
Website degoodkoopstenotaris.nl meldt dat de kosten voor het opstellen van een levenstestament voor 1 persoon doorgaans variëren tussen de 317 tot 1.378 euro (inclusief BTW en verschotten) voor eenzelfde type levenstestament. Gemiddeld gaat het om een tarief van ongeveer 750 euro in 2023 (inclusief BTW en verschotten).\(^{57}\)
Volgens notaris.nl beginnen de kosten van een samenlevingscontract gemiddeld rond 700 euro en voor het opmaken van huwelijksvoorwaarden/partnerschapsvoorwaarden gemiddeld rond de 950 euro (inclusief BTW en 202 euro voor de inschrijving van de akte in het huwelijksgoederenregister).\(^{58}\) Tarieven variëren echter sterk tussen kantoren en zijn ook afhankelijk van de wensen van de echtgenoten/geregistreerde partners.
Volgens een onderzoek van de Consumentenbond (2021) lopen de tarieven die notarissen hanteren voor het opstellen van ‘een overeenkomst voor schenken op papier’ ook flink uiteen.\(^{59}\) Mysteryonderzoekers\(^{60}\) van de Consumentenbond belden met 30 notariskantoren. Ze deden zich voor als een 59-jarige man die meerdere jaren het maximale belastingvrije bedrag (in 2021 6.604 euro) op papier wil schenken aan zijn drie meerderjarige dochters. De tarieven die de 30 notarissen rekenden voor een notariële akte voor de schenking op papier varieerden van 252 tot 945 euro (inclusief BTW en verschotten). Een kwart van de kantoren rekende tussen de 600 en 700 euro voor de eerste akte. Een tweede en derde akte zou logischerwijws goedkoper moeten zijn, omdat de notaris daar veel minder werk aan heeft. Toch offreedeen slechts 11 van de 30 daarvoor een lager tarief. Ook hier waren de verschillen groot: de prijsverlaging varieerde van 15 tot 745 euro.
\(^{57}\) https://www.degoedkoopstenotaris.nl/informatie/kosten-levenstestament, geraadpleegd februari 2024
\(^{58}\) https://www.notaris.nl/, geraadpleegd maart 2024
\(^{59}\) www.consumentenbond.nl/erven-schenken/honderden-euros-verschil-in-notaristarieven, geraadpleegd april 2023. Schenken op papier is een manier om belasting te besparen. Hiermee kunnen ouders belastingvrij vermogen overdragen naar hun kind(eren), zonder dat ze het geld al echt ‘kwijt’ zijn. Op papier geven ze het geld, maar ze lenen het als het ware direct weer terug. Het kind krijgt het geld pas in handen op een moment dat de ouders dat willen, bijvoorbeeld na het overlijden van hen beiden.
\(^{60}\) Onderzoekers die zich voordoen als klant.
Aanbod goedkope standaardakten
Er zijn diverse online platformen waar consumenten terecht kunnen voor goedkope standaardakten. Deze akten zijn niet voor alle consumenten geschikt. Als ze niet in de ‘standaard’ passen of maatwerk willen, kunnen ze hier geen gebruik van maken. De akten zijn vaak goedkoop omdat een deel van het werk van de notaris uit handen wordt genomen. Via de site kunnen consumenten informatie opvragen en via het beantwoorden van vragen maken ze een conceptakte op. Deze akte wordt verstuurd naar een aangesloten notariskantoor dat de akte passeert. Voor deze laatste stap moet de consument dus naar dat kantoor. Deze formule geldt bijvoorbeeld voor de DoeHetZelfNotaris, NuNotariaat, Nationalenotaris en Thuisnotaris. De DoeHetZelfNotaris bestaat sinds 2009 en biedt een breed assortiment akten en documenten aan. NuNotariaat levert alleen akten voor (levens)testamenten, samenlevingscontracten en verklaringen van erfrecht. Thuisnotaris biedt deze diensten ook, maar geeft als aanvulling ook online ondersteuning bij het afwikkelen van een nalatenschap. De Nationalenotaris bestaat sinds 2013 en biedt ook een breed assortiment van diensten aan. De Consumentenbond (2023) heeft de voor- en nadelen van het opstellen van een online testament bij deze vier platformen met een landelijke dekking op een rij gezet. De bond komt tot de conclusie dat als iemand voldoende kennis van zaken heeft, het regelen van een testament via deze platforms een goed alternatief is voor een algehele dienstverlening door een notariskantoor. Binnen het notariaat zijn er wel zorgen over de kwaliteit van deze online dienstverlening. In 2014 en 2015 heeft de KNB daarom tuchtzaken aangespannen tegen notarissen die hieraan meewerkten bij de Hema-notarisservice. De klacht was onder andere dat deze notarissen hun zorgplicht schenden en dat aan de opzet en werkwijze risico’s kleven ten aanzien van de vrije wilsvorming van de cliënt. De notariskamer bij het gerechtshof achttte de klacht ongegrond. Het hof oordeelde dat de Hema-notarisservice technisch, juridisch en inhoudelijk niet in strijd is met de voor deelnemende notarissen geldende wet- en regelgeving.
Transparantie over de tarieven
In 2019 stelde de Consumentenbond vast dat slechts 44 van de ruim 700 notariskantoren in Nederland – nog geen 7 procent - bereid was om onderzoekers van de Consumentenbond inzage te geven in hun tarieven voor testamenten. Volgens de Consumentenbond kunnen notarissen veel transparanter over hun kosten zijn.
3.2 Perceptie van betaalbaarheid
Uit de interviews komt naar voren dat de kosten een belangrijke belemmering vormen voor mensen om een beroep te doen op het notariaat:
Dat heeft denk ik een beetje met het imago van de advocatuur en het notariaat te maken. Mensen die überhaupt niet met recht te maken hebben die denken heel gauw dat het heel veel geld gaat kosten. Die willen dan de kwestie liever eerst gewoon praktisch onderling oplossen (E2 rechtswinkel).
De huidige bijstandsuitkeringen, ook met de toeslagen en dergelijke, zijn geënt op de gedachte dat je, ja, ik zeg maar plat, gewoon niet doodgaat van de honger. Daar blijft geen geld over om nog eens een keer naar de notaris te wandelen en bij de notaris een uur of 4 te besteden voor 175 euro per uur. Want dan heb je ook gewoon niet te eten. [...] bijzondere bijstand wordt natuurlijk alleen maar verstrekt voor noden en hulpmiddelen om het leven van die persoon op orde te houden. Oftewel als de wasmachine kapotgaat, kan je bijzondere bijstand voor een wasmachine krijgen. Als de kinderen een tablet nodig hebben om naar school te gaan, kan je
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61 Hema-notarisservice is in 2021 gestopt.
62 ECLI:NL:GHAMS:2015:2270.
63 https://web.archive.org/web/20231129061118mp_/https://www.consumentenbond.nl/acties/olofs-week/week-51--ondoorzichtigheid-van-tarieven-bij-de-notarissen
bijzondere bijstand voor de tablet krijgen, maar om naar de notaris te gaan en iets in je testament te regelen, krijg je geen bijzondere bijstand (B6 belangenorganisatie).
Maar ja, ze kunnen geen kosten maken als ze in een schuldregeling zitten en daarvoor hebben ze vaak het geld niet, want ja, eten of een akte. Die keuze is wel heel makkelijk gemaakt. [...] terwijl het soms wel sociaal gezien wenselijk is dat dat wel gebeurt, ook om te voorkomen dat je anderen meesleept in jouw problemen. Dus daar zie ik wel meerwaarde voor het sociale notariaat, voor de bekostiging daarvan. Daar zou over nagedacht moeten worden, want dat is wel belangrijk (S3 schuldhulpverlening).
Veel geïnterviewden zagen de kosten – in combinatie met het imago van de notaris als ‘duur’ (zie ook paragraaf 2.2.2) - als de belangrijkste belemmering, met name voor mensen met een laag inkomen. Bij het notariaat gaat het, met name in het familierecht, vaak om het voorkomen van problemen in de toekomst. In situaties waarin bijvoorbeeld wel sprake is van een nalatenschap maar mensen nog niet over het geld kunnen beschikken, kunnen hoge kosten ook afschrikwekkend werken:
*Ja, de kosten wordt echt wel genoemd. Als ze naar de notaris gaan bijvoorbeeld om de legitieme portie te laten berekenen, terwijl die nog niet opeisbaar is. Dus dan zijn alle stukken verzameld, moet het alleen nog vastgelegd worden en dan zeggen ze, ‘we krijgen nog geen geld in handen, maar we moeten dan wel de notaris betalen’. Dat houdt ze tegen (rechtsbijstandsverzekeraar).*
Enkele geïnterviewden wezen er daarbij op dat juist voor sommige groepen, zoals mensen die de Nederlandse taal niet goed machtig zijn, de kosten nog hoger zijn, bijvoorbeeld door de inzet van tolken:
*Een heel ander punt wat ook kostenverhogend is, is dat notarissen met tolken moeten werken als ze vinden dat Nederlands of Engels of wat dan ook onvoldoende gesproken wordt. Daar is de tuchtrechter ook wel heel streng in dat ze dat ook alles laten vertalen, dus dat kan ook niet uit dat goedkope tarief. Voorheen kon je ook nog telefonisch tolken, maar er zijn allerlei dingen gewoon afgeschaltd. Dat kan allemaal niet meer (NS notaris).*
*Dat mensen zeggen, oh, dus er moet een tolk bij omdat mijn partner uit Polen komt of uit Oekraine of uit Turkije. Ja, laat dan maar zitten. Ja, dan geen samenlevingscontract, geen testament, want ze zijn bang dat de tolk zo duur is. [...] De taalbarrière kan ook een reden zijn om niet naar de notaris te gaan, terwijl ik hier in principe besprekingen kan doen in het Duits en in het Engels. Dat is dus geen probleem. Pas bij het passeren zeggen, ja, dan moet er een tolk bij, want dan moeten we duidelijk hebben dat u het ook allemaal gesnapt heeft (N20 notaris).*
Vooral notariskantoren in grote steden die veel expats onder hun cliënten hebben, beschikken over Engelstalige versies van stukken en aktes, zodat alleen bij het passeren een tolk aanwezig hoeft te zijn. Voor kleinere kantoren in de regio is dit minder vanzelfsprekend en moet er voor alle onderdelen een tolk of vertaler worden ingeschakeld, wat de kosten hoger maakt. Er is ook een aanbod van notarissen (al dan niet met een migratieachtergrond) die meertalig werken.\(^{64}\) Aktes moeten dan echter wel vertaald worden naar het Nederlands om in een register te kunnen worden opgenomen, wat alsnog extra kosten met zich kan brengen. Bij mensen met een migratieachtergrond kan bovendien sprake zijn van situaties waarin buitenlands recht van toepassing is of andere ipr-kwesties, waardoor het regelen van familierechtelijke zaken als huwelijksvoorwaarden of een testament complexer en dus duurder wordt en bovendien extra expertise vereist van de notaris. Ook bij mensen met een beperking kunnen zich extra kosten voordoen wanneer de wilsbekwaamheid door een arts moet worden getoetst.
Niet alle geïnterviewden, met name notarissen, waren het er echter mee eens dat de kosten een belemmering vormen voor de toegang tot het notariaat:
\(^{64}\) Op notaris.nl is het mogelijk om een notaris te zoeken die een andere taal spreekt. Op dit moment wordt dienstverlening in zes talen aangeboden: Duits, Engels, Frans, Italiaans, Spaans en Turks.
Wij rekenen € 550 voor een testament. En natuurlijk is dat best veel geld. Sommige mensen hebben de perceptie dat een testament € 150 zou moeten kosten of 200 maar ja, dat lukt gewoon echt niet. Maar als je het ook wel uitlegt, dan snappen mensen dat ook ergens wel weer. Natuurlijk is het geld, maar het zit hem meer in dat het geen fun biedt dan dat het duur is. Het testament is gewoon niet leuk om te maken voor heel veel mensen. Het gaat over de dood en is eng. En een levenstestament is ook niet leuk, want dan ben je ziek. En dan moet je daar ook nog eens geld voor betalen. En wij zijn er ter voorkoming van problemen. Maar ja, als je een testament maakt, dan heb je daar zelf ook helemaal niets aan, want het werkt pas als je dood bent, dus je merkt er niks van. Dus hoezo moet jij daar dan iets voor gaan doen? Laat staan dat jij ervoor moet betalen? Zo voelt het voor het publiek (N6 notaris).
Het zijn prioriteiten die je stelt. Ik hoor soms ook zeggen, ‘ja, maar ik ga eerst op vakantie en dan kom ik terug’ en dan zeg ik: ja pas op, want je hebt wel drie minderjarige kinderen voor wie je niets regelt. Je moet prioriteiten stellen, want geld hebben ze echt wel en daarom ben ik ook niet zo snel geneigd om medelijden te hebben, want je kan het vaak wel weten of zien of voelen wanneer iemand echt een probleem heeft (N11 notaris).
En als je dan kijkt naar wat het moet kosten en dan in internationaal perspectief wat beter kijkt, dan zijn we hier hartstikke goedkoop. Het valt echt heel erg mee ten opzichte van andere landen. Wat je dan moet betalen en ook wat je krijgt [...] Dus we zijn heel goedkoop. Tegelijkertijd, als ik een rekening van mij krijg, zeg maar privé, dan moet ik ook altijd even slikken. Dus het is wel veel geld wat je kwijt bent. Maar als ik kijk naar: wat krijg je ervoor terug en als ik het vergelijk met bijvoorbeeld procedures bij de rechter, dan is het volgens mij een hele goede investering om dingen van tevoren met een notaris af te stemmen. [...] Relatief denk ik dat het notariaat goedkoop is en ook toegankelijk, alleen relatief wil niet zeggen dat iedereen toegang heeft, dus dat betekent dat het met een kleinere portemonnee lastig is. Maar ik moet zelf zeggen, als ik naar mezelf kijk, heb ik ook het idee dat wij daarin onze rol pakken, maar nogmaals hier moet ook wel de schoorsteen roken. Zo simpel is het gewoon. Mensen willen ook gewoon betaald worden (N16 notaris).
Over de betaalbaarheid wordt dus wisselend gedacht. Er zijn groepen die overduidelijk geen geld hebben voor een notaris, zoals mensen in de bijstand of mensen met schulden, maar er zijn ook notarissen die het niet ‘kunnen’ betalen vooral als relatief zien: mensen hebben het tarief voor een notaris er niet voor over. Verschillende notarissen wezen er daarbij ook op dat het Nederlandse notariaat relatief goedkoop zou zijn ten opzichte van andere landen.\(^{65}\)
### 3.3 De werking van artikel 56 Wna
Op basis van artikel 56 Wna kunnen burgers die onder de inkomens- en vermogensgrens van de Wet op de rechtsbijstand vallen tegen een vastgestelde eigen bijdrage gebruik maken van de diensten van een notaris. In deze paragraaf beschrijven we de achtergrond van artikel 56 Wna en onder welke voorwaarden burgers een beroep op deze regeling kunnen doen. Tevens beschrijven we hoe vaak er de afgelopen vijf jaar een beroep op is gedaan, wat de ervaringen met deze regeling zijn en of deze regeling toegankelijk is.
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\(^{65}\) Uit onderzoek van Plaggmars (2011) in 17 EU-landen blijkt dat de tarieven in het overgrote deel van deze landen zijn gereguleerd. De vrije tarieven zoals in Nederland zijn dan ook een uitzondering. Plaggmars biedt echter geen overzicht van de hoogte van de tarieven in de verschillende lidstaten. Verstappen (2020) bespreekt ouder Europees onderzoek uit 2006 dat wel laat zien dat de gedereguleerde tarieven in Nederland lager liggen dan in Europese landen met vaste prijzen, het is echter onduidelijk of deze bevindingen bijna 20 jaar later nog steeds actueel zijn.
3.3.1 Voorwaarden en gebruik Artikel 56 Wna
De aanloop naar de Wet op het notarisambt van 1999
De oude Wet op het Notarisambt van 1842 hield in artikel 6 rekening met ‘on- en minvermogenden’. De notarissen, zei deze oude Notariswet: ‘[...] zijn voorts verplicht om, op last van den voorzitter der rechtbank van het arrondissement, in hetwelk zij hunne bediening uitoefenen, hunnen dienst kosteloos te verleenen aan zoodanige personen, welke op de wijze bij art. 858 van het Wetboek van Burgerlijke Regtsvordering vermeld, van hun onvermogen doen blijken.’ Dit ‘kosteloos verleenen’ van ‘hunnen dienst’ zag op alle notariële werkzaamheden, inclusief het afgeven van afschriften van notariële akten. Later ging het om dienstverlening voor de helft van het gangbare tarief, met verwijzing naar de Wet rechtsbijstand aan on- en minvermogenden, de voorloper van de moderne Wet op de rechtsbijstand.
Toch werd de voormalde Wet op de rechtsbijstand niet op de notariële werkzaamheden van toepassing verklaard, toen de wetgever in de jaren ’90 van de vorige eeuw een nieuwe Wet op het notarisambt ontwierp. Daarvoor werden verschillende redenen aangedragen. Ten eerste bleek uit bevolkingsonderzoek dat het gebruik van notariële diensten sterk samenhang met sociale klasse en inkomen: minvermogenden maakten er maar beperkt gebruik van. Van alle gebruikers van notariële diensten in 1993 viel iets minder dan 10 procent onder de Wet op de rechtsbijstand (Wrb).\(^{66}\) Ten tweede bleek uit kostprijsonderzoek van notariële akten dat de eigen bijdrage die rechtzoekenden zouden moeten betalen volgens de Wrb dichtbij de kostprijzen van akten lagen. Hierdoor vond de wetgever het optuigen van een financiering daarvoor niet nodig. ‘Worden de gevonden kostprijzen van akten aan de eigen bijdragen die in het kader van de Wet op de rechtsbijstand worden toegepast gerelateerd, dan zou de overheidsbijdrage zo gering zijn, dat zij alleen al om die reden geen aparte subsidie rechtvaardigen.’\(^{67}\) Een derde reden die werd aangedragen is dat de Grondwet de overheid niet opdraagt om voor gefinancierde bijstand op notarieel gebied te zorgen. Artikel 18, lid 2 van de Grondwet betreft namelijk de ‘bijstand in rechte en in administratief beroep’, en dus niet notariële diensten die zijn “gericht op het bieden van rechtszekerheid door middel van de regeling van rechtsbetrekkingen tussen burgers”. Dus vanwege artikel 18 Grondwet koos de wetgever ook niet voor gefinancierde bijstand zoals bij de advocatuur (lees: bijstand in rechte). Door bovengenoemde redenen werd dus niet aangesloten bij een regeling voor een ‘sociaal notariaat’ zoals dat voor de ‘sociale advocatuur’ gold (Melis & Waaijer, 2019 p. 428).
De regeling en het gebruik
In de huidige Wet op het notarisambt (Wna) wordt de toegang tot het notariaat voor minderdraagkrachtigen gefaciliteerd door de regeling van artikel 56 Wna. De kern van de bepaling is dat in die gevallen waar een belanghebbende geen mogelijkheid heeft om de kosten van de notaris te financieren, bijvoorbeeld door financiering uit het hypothecair krediet als onderdeel van een vastgoedtransactie of de te verdelen boedel bij echtscheiding, een belanghebbende tegen een gemaximeerd tarief door de notaris geholpen moet kunnen worden.\(^{68}\)
Artikel 56 Wna is in de afgelopen twee decennia op kleine onderdelen een paar maal gewijzigd (2001, 2004, 2006 en 2013). Artikel 56 Wna luidt thans in extenso:
– De voorzitter van de Kamer voor het notariaat kan op verzoek van een belanghebbende wiens financiële draagkracht de in artikel 34 van de Wet op de rechtsbijstand genoemde bedragen niet overschrijdt, een in het desbetreffende ressort gevestigde notaris opdragen de in het tweede lid genoemde ambtelijke werkzaamheden te verrichten tegen een bedrag waarvan de maximumhoogte het bedrag is van de ingevolge de algemene maatregel van bestuur, bedoeld in artikel 35, tweede lid, van de Wet op de rechtsbijstand, hoogst mogelijke eigen bijdrage.
– Het eerste lid is van toepassing op werkzaamheden met betrekking tot:
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\(^{66}\) Kamerstukken II, vergaderjaar 1993-1994, 23706, nr. 3, p. 45
\(^{67}\) Kamerstukken II, vergaderjaar 1993-1994, 23706, nr. 3, p. 45
\(^{68}\) Kamerstukken II, vergaderjaar 1993-1994, 23706, nr. 3, p. 48
a. notariële akten houdende testament, huwelijksvoorwaarden, partnerschapsvoorwaarden, samenlevingsovereenkomst en voogdijbenoeming;
b. notariële akten van scheiding van onverdeeldheden indien uit de onverdeeldheid de kosten van de notaris niet kunnen worden voldaan;
c. verklaringen van erfrecht indien het saldo van de boedel minder bedraagt dan het in artikel 34, tweede lid, van de Wet op de rechtsbijstand genoemde bedrag voor het vermogen van een alleenstaande.
- De verzoeker legt aan de voorzitter een verklaring over van de raad voor rechtsbijstand, bedoeld in artikel 1, van de Wet op de rechtsbijstand, waaruit het inkomen van de verzoeker blijkt.
- Voor degenen op wie de eerste drie leden niet van toepassing zijn geldt voor de daarin bedoelde ambtelijke werkzaamheden een tarief waarvan het maximum bedraagt vier maal het in het eerste lid bedoelde bedrag. Dit laatste maximum geldt niet indien het eigen vermogen van een partij bij de akte of van partijen tezamen meer bedraagt dan 226.890 euro. Dit bedrag kan bij ministeriële regeling worden gewijzigd voorzover de consumentenprijsindex daartoe aanleiding geeft.
- Bij algemene maatregel van bestuur worden regels gesteld met betrekking tot de wijze waarop de hoogte van het in het vierde lid bedoelde eigen vermogen wordt bepaald.
Uit artikel 56, lid 1 Wna volgt dat een belanghebbende eerst een verklaring omtrent inkomen en vermogen moet aanvragen bij de Raad voor Rechtsbijstand en vervolgens een verzoek moet indienen bij de voorzitter van de relatief bevoegde Kamer voor het notariaat. Bij toewijzing van het verzoek dient de aangewezen notaris de ambtelijke werkzaamheden te verrichten tegen een bedrag dat de maximale eigen bijdrage uit het Besluit eigen bijdrage rechtsbijstand (Bebr) niet overschrijdt. In de praktijk hanteert de Kamer voor het notariaat deze maximale bijdrage (952 euro in 2024) als standaardtarief. Vergelijking met ons tariefoverzicht in paragraaf 3.1.2 laat zien dat dat bedrag doorgaans boven het gemiddelde tarief voor notariële akten ligt waarop de regeling van toepassing is. Dit blijkt ook uit een vragenlijstonderzoek dat Coppens (2022) heeft gehouden onder 56 notariskantoren. De meeste respondenten die de vragenlijst beantwoordden, hanteerden prijzen die onder het bedrag voor de maximale eigen bijdrage liggen.
Ook zijn de notariële werkzaamheden waarvoor de regeling geldt, beperkt tot een gelimiteerde lijst akten in het rechtsgebied van het familievermogensrecht: zoals onder andere testamenten, huwelijksvoorwaarden, samenlevingsovereenkomsten, verklaringen van erfrecht (mits wat wordt geërfd niet de inkomensgrens overschrijdt van 30.000 euro voor alleenstaanden of 42.400 euro voor gemeenschappelijke huishoudens). Het levenstestament valt hier niet onder, evenmin als notariële werkzaamheden op andere rechtsgebieden, zoals het ondernemings- en het registergoederenrecht.
Het bovenstaande heeft twee gevolgen:
- jaarlijks wordt maar een gering aantal verzoeken als bedoeld in artikel 56 Wna bij de (voorzitters van de vier) Kamers voor het notariaat ingediend (zie tabel 2.1 uit Coppens, 2022);
- van deze weinige verzoeken wordt vervolgens het grootste deel door de verzoekers zelf ingetrokken. Het overige deel wordt toegewezen en soms wordt een verzoek afgewezen (zie tabel 2.1 uit Coppens, 2022).
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69 De enquête is verspreid onder notariskantoren en gericht op kandidaat-notarissen en notarissen. Kantoren zijn benaderd via direct mailcontact en verspreiding via de ringvoorzitters en de nieuwsbrief van de KNB.
70 Bij navraag welke redenen er zijn om een verzoek af te wijzen, antwoordt een Kamer voor het notariaat: ‘niet bevoegd zijn/werkzaamheden zijn al door een notaris uitgevoerd’.
Tabel 2.1 Aantal ingediende, ingetrokken en toegewezen verzoeken artikel 56 Wna bij vier Kamers voor het notariaat, 2018-2022*
| 2018 | Ingediende verzoeken | Ingetrokken/niet doorgezet | Afgewezen | Toegewezen |
|---------------|----------------------|----------------------------|-----------|------------|
| Arnhem-Leeuwarden | 2 | 2 | 0 | 0 |
| Den Bosch | ‘gemiddeld 3 à 4’ | ? | ? | 0 |
| Den Haag | - | - | - | - |
| Amsterdam | 3 | 1 | 0 | 2 |
| 2019 | | | | |
|---------------|----------------------|----------------------------|-----------|------------|
| Arnhem-Leeuwarden | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 |
| Den Bosch | ‘gemiddeld 3 à 4’ | ? | ? | 0 |
| Den Haag | ‘gemiddeld 2 à 3’ | ? | ? | 0 |
| Amsterdam | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| 2020 | | | | |
|---------------|----------------------|----------------------------|-----------|------------|
| Arnhem-Leeuwarden | 5 | 4 | 0 | 1 |
| Den Bosch | ‘gemiddeld 3 à 4’ | ? | ? | 0 |
| Den Haag | ‘gemiddeld 2 à 3’ | ? | ? | 0 |
| Amsterdam | 1 | 0 | 0 | 1 |
| 2021 | | | | |
|---------------|----------------------|----------------------------|-----------|------------|
| Arnhem-Leeuwarden | 4 | 4 | 0 | 0 |
| Den Bosch | ‘gemiddeld 3 à 4’ | ? | ? | 0 |
| Den Haag | 3 | ? | ? | 1 |
| Amsterdam | 2 | 1 | 1 | 0 |
| 2022* | | | | |
|---------------|----------------------|----------------------------|-----------|------------|
| Arnhem-Leeuwarden | 6 | 3 | 1 | 2 |
| Den Bosch | ‘gemiddeld 3 à 4’ | ? | ? | 0 |
| Den Haag | 2 | ? | ? | 1 |
| Amsterdam | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 |
*Gegevens tot en met eind juli of augustus 2022.
Bron: Coppens (2022).
In de laatste vijf onderzoeksjaren 2018-2022 werden, kortom, per jaar rond de 12 of 13 verzoeken bij de vier Kamers voor het notariaat ingediend, waarvan de meeste verzoeken voortijdig door de verzoekers zelf werden ingetrokken. Bij navraag welke reden verzoekers hebben voor het intrekken of niet doorzetten, antwoordt een Kamer voor het notariaat: ‘omdat het feitelijk geen financiële tegemoetkoming oplevert’. Jaarlijks wordt dus amper van de regeling gebruikgemaakt (Coppens, 2022, p. 22-23). Ter vergelijking: in 2022 passeerden notarissen in Nederland ongeveer 736.000 notariële akten in het familievermogensrecht (zie figuur 2.3).
De toegankelijkheid van de regeling
In het voorgaande zijn al twee belangrijke knelpunten voor de toegankelijkheid beschreven. Ten eerste de hoogte van het tarief dat rechtzoekenden moeten betalen. De kamers voor het notariaat hanteren hiervoor de maximale eigen bijdrage volgens BeBr. In 2024 is dat 952 euro. Dat is veel geld voor iemand die bijvoorbeeld in de bijstand zit. De regeling levert bovendien vaak geen financieel voordeel op, omdat de prijs voor akten op het gebied van het familievermogensrecht meestal lager ligt. Ten tweede geldt de regeling maar voor een beperkt aantal akten op het terrein van het familievermogensrecht.
Naast deze beperkingen zijn er ook drempels te noemen ten aanzien van de stappen die een rechtzoekende moet zetten om in aanmerking te komen voor de regeling in het kader van artikel 56 Wna.
Ten eerste moeten rechtzoekenden weten dat ze een beroep op de regeling kunnen doen en die kennis is niet vanzelfsprekend. Op het internet is weinig informatie over de regeling te vinden. Op de website van het Juridisch Loket wordt er alleen op gewezen bij de kosten van huwelijkse voorwaarden.\(^{71}\) De website van de KNB (notaris.nl) maakt evenmin melding van de regeling bij informatie over kosten van akten. In het interview met vertegenwoordigers van de KNB melden zij dat ze niet actief op de regeling wijzen, omdat deze niet voldoet in haar huidige vorm.\(^{72}\) Verder zijn ook weinig notarissen (Coppens, 2022) en professionals op de hoogte van het bestaan van de regeling (zie ook paragraaf 3.3.2), zodat cliënten ook niet via die weg op de hoogte worden gebracht.
Ten tweede moeten rechtzoekenden meer zelf doen dan bijvoorbeeld bij een aanvraag voor gesubsidieerde rechtsbijstand. Zij moeten zelf een verklaring omtrent inkomen en vermogen aanvragen bij de Raad voor Rechtsbijstand (RvR) en vervolgens moeten zij hun weg zien te vinden naar de bevoegde Kamer voor het notariaat. De inkomensverklaring kan via DigiD of via de website van de RvR worden aangevraagd.\(^{73}\) Hiervoor zijn dus digitale vaardigheden vereist. Vervolgens moeten aanvragers weten bij welke van de vier Kamers voor het notariaat zij het verzoek moeten indienen en wat in een verzoek dient te staan. De website van het Juridisch Loket geeft alleen de contactgegevens van de vier Kamers. Aanvragers moeten dus zelf inschatten bij welke Kamer ze moeten zijn of eerst telefonisch of via email navragen bij wie ze moeten zijn. De Kamer besluit uiteindelijk bij welke notaris rechtzoekenden terecht kunnen. Het aanvragen van gesubsidieerde rechtsbijstand onder de Wrb vergt minder zelfredzaamheid. Rechtzoekenden gaan eerst naar een advocaat of mediator. Deze checkt of mensen eventueel in aanmerking komen voor gesubsidieerde rechtsbijstand. Die kennis hoeven rechtzoekenden dus niet zelf te hebben. Vervolgens regelt de rechtshulpverlener de aanvraag voor een toevoeging bij de RvR.
Een nadeel voor notarissen is dat een kamer voor het notariaat een notaris de opdracht geeft zijn of haar diensten te verlenen (mogelijk ook nog voor een tarief onder de kostprijs). Die notaris krijgt geen vergoeding van de overheid. Melis en Waaijer (2019) noemen artikel 56 dan ook een opvallende bepaling. ‘Het resultaat van artikel 56 Wna is immers dat de notaris gedwongen kan worden zijn diensten te verrichten onder zijn kostprijs. Daarmee wordt de minder draagkrachtige weliswaar geholpen maar de rekening daarvoor wordt neergelegd bij de notaris.’ (Melis & Waaijer, 2019, p. 428).
### 3.3.2 Artikel 56 Wna in interviews
Ook in de interviews is het gebruik van artikel 56 Wna besproken. Slechts één van de geïnterviewde notarissen had ooit een beroep op artikel 56 Wna meegemaakt. Een deel van de geïnterviewde notarissen bleek überhaupt niet bekend te zijn met de regeling. Verder werd vooral de bewerkelijkheid van de regeling genoemd als reden om er geen gebruik van te maken. Op de vraag of men wel eens gebruik heeft gemaakt of verwezen naar artikel 56 Wna om een financiële vergoeding te krijgen voor burgers, wordt het volgende geantwoord:
> Wij? Nee, ik heb het nooit gebruikt. Ik weet niet precies hoe het werkt, maar het zal meer tijd kosten dan dat het oplevert. Dan doe ik maar liever een keer voor niks, laat ik het zo zeggen. (N4 notaris)
Geïnterviewde: Er is al zo’n regeling, maar die staat ergens weggestopt tussen een heleboel andere regeltjes en je moet je hele hebben en houden en 3 jaarrekeningen inleveren voordat je
---
\(^{71}\) [https://www.juridischloket.nl/familie-en-relatie/relatie/wat-regel-ik-in-huwelijkse-voorwaarden](https://www.juridischloket.nl/familie-en-relatie/relatie/wat-regel-ik-in-huwelijkse-voorwaarden), geraadpleegd april 2024.
\(^{72}\) Interview O3
\(^{73}\) Ze hoeven hiervoor alleen persoons- en adresgegevens in te vullen. De RvR checkt zelf gegevens bij de Belastingdienst en de gemeente.
het kunt aanvragen dus nee, dat werkt niet. Je kunt het wel doen, maar dan moet de toegang daartoe ook eenvoudiger.
Interviewer: Ja, u heeft het over dat artikel 56 Wna, heeft u daar wel eens iemand op gewezen?
Geinterviewde: Nee, want dan heb ik zoiets van: ‘Hij zit nou toch bij me binnen, we kijken wel even wat we er aan kunnen doen.’ (N8 notaris).
Een van de geïnterviewde notarissen had daarnaast principiële bezwaren tegen de formulering van artikel 56 Wna:
Ik erger me aan de tarieven voor minima. Hoe vernederend moet het zijn om zo’n verklaring van artikel 56 wna aan te vragen? Dat dat nog bestaat. [...] Nee, ik ga niet eens die mensen op die regeling attenderen. Er is ook nog nooit iemand uit zichzelf binnengestapt die zo’n verklaring meenam. Zoals ik al zei, ik vind het vernederend voor zo’n klant, dus dat ga ik niet doen (N12 notaris).
Net als andere geïnterviewde notarissen koos deze notaris er liever voor om de situatie informeel op te lossen door een gereduceerd tarief te hanteren, dat ter plekke werd bepaald.
In de interviews met eerstelijnsrechtshulpverleners kwamen enkele voorbeelden naar voren van situaties waarin deze een beroep hadden willen doen op artikel 56 Wna voor een cliënt maar dat niet is gelukt of niet zinvol bleek te zijn. Zo vertelde een advocaat over situaties waarbij de rechtbank verwijst naar een notaris voor de boedelverdeling, terwijl cliënten de kosten daarvan niet kunnen betalen:
Ik heb dat wel eens geprobeerd. Ik had gehoord dat er iets voor een notaris was voor minderbedeelden. Ik heb dat wel eens uitgezocht, dat bleek toch allemaal niet veel om het lijf te hebben. Omdat ik zoiets had van: ja maar zo’n cliënt die het gewoon lastiger heeft financieel die zou toch ook gewoon, met dat bevel dat hij van de rechter gekregen heeft bij de notaris terecht moeten kunnen? Maar dat blijkt dus niet zo te zijn (A1 advocaat).
In deze situaties start deze advocaat een nieuwe dagvaardingprocedure bij de rechtbank, waarbij cliënten gebruik kunnen maken van gesubsidieerde rechtsbijstand. Ook een geïnterviewde professional uit de schuldhulpverlening had in het verleden zonder succes geprobeerd gebruik te maken van de regeling. Aan het einde van het interview werd aan de onderzoekers de vraag gesteld:
Er schijnt een sociaal tarief te zijn, nu al, voor het notariaat en dat hebben wij wel eens geprobeerd. Nou, we zijn daar helemaal in vastgelopen. En daarna hebben we het dus niet meer geprobeerd. En ik vroeg me af, wat gebeurt daar nou eigenlijk mee? Hoe zit dat nou? Want dan moet je bij de notariaatberoepsvereniging een soort vergunning of verklaring aanvragen en die verklaring moet je dan meeturen. Nou, het is ons nooit gelukt. Maar ik was even benieuwd hoe, hoe werkt dat nou? (S1 schuldhulpverlening).
De bestaande procedure van artikel 56 Wna wordt dus door geïnterviewden als complex en tijdrovend ervaren, dusdanig dat deze ervaren schuldhulpverlener er niet in is geslaagd om de juiste informatie te vinden en de aanvraag succesvol te doen.
In een gesprek met medewerkers van de KNB kwamen tevens bezwaren ten aanzien van de werking van artikel 56 Wna naar voren. Ten eerste zijn ze kritisch over de uitleg van de Kamers voor het notariaat over het hanteren van het maximumtarief. Een eigen bijdrage moet passen bij de draagkracht van een client. Artikel 56 Wna laat volgens de KNB toe dat kan worden afgeweken van dat maximumtarief; de tekst van de wet laat meer ruimte voor interpretatie toe. Die tekst spreekt van een maximumhoogte, niet van een minimumhoogte. Die tekst laat dus volgens de KNB de mogelijkheid open dat de kamer een lager bedrag vaststelt als vergoeding voor de notaris. Volgens de KNB blijkt nergens uit dat de vergoeding voor de notaris altijd op het maximumbedrag van de eigen bijdrage volgens de Wet op de rechtsbijstand zou moeten worden
vastgesteld.\textsuperscript{74} Ten tweede zien zij de beperkte reikwijdte van de regeling als een probleem. De regeling is beperkt tot een aantal specifiek genoemde familierechtelijke akten waaronder bijvoorbeeld niet het levenstestament. Bovendien kan ook op andere rechtsgebieden sprake zijn van rechtzoekenden met beperkte financiële middelen die ondersteuning kunnen gebruiken. Bijvoorbeeld bij gedwongen vastgoedtransacties in een scheidingsprocedure waarbij schulden kunnen ontstaan. Ook vinden ze het te beperkt dat de regeling alleen voor akten geldt en notarief advies dat niet uitmondt in een akte is uitgesloten. Ten derde wordt via deze regeling een notaris aangewezen. Deze krijgt ‘het mes op de keel’. Dat zorgt niet noodzakelijkerwijs voor de beste dienstverlening voor de burger. Zij zien liever een notaris die zich vrijwillig meldt, daarvoor is toegerust en die hart voor de zaak heeft. Indien de eigen bijdrage volgens artikel 56 de kosten voor de notaris niet dekt, vraagt de regeling bovendien een bijdrage van de notaris zelf. De lasten van de regeling worden zo dus bij een willekeurige individuele notaris gelegd. Het standpunt van de KNB is dat hier een taak voor de overheid ligt. Het past ook niet bij het huidige systeem: een ondernemer wordt gedwongen onder de kostprijs diensten te verlenen.
3.4 Initiatieven sociale dienstverlening notarissen
De term ‘sociale notariële dienstverlening’ gebruiken we in dit onderzoek voor niet-gereguleerde vormen van dienstverlening door notarissen. Hieronder rekenen we allerlei gratis vormen van (ad hoc) dienstverlening of dienstverlening tegen een gereduceerd tarief.
Ten eerste zijn er kantoren die een gratis spreekuur aanbieden:
\begin{quote}
Ons kantoorbeleid is dat iedereen bij ons een afspraak kan maken en dit eerste inventariserende gesprek daar rekenen we eigenlijk nooit iets voor. We proberen laagdrempelig te zijn. Dat werkt op zich prima. Mensen kunnen even hun verhaal kwijt en wij kunnen een beeld van de persoon en situatie krijgen. Als daar financiële problemen zijn, waardoor zij niet van onze diensten gebruik kunnen maken, dat is ook een beetje vanuit onze maatschappelijke dorpsbetrokkenheid, dan zorgen we dat het geregeld wordt, hetzij tegen geen of een lager tarief.
Interviewer: En komt dat vaak voor bij jullie? Een keer per jaar of één keer per maand bij wijze van spreken?
Geïnterviewde: Nee, nou ik denk dat het een keer of vijf per jaar voorkomt dat we echt situaties hebben dat betalen lastig is. Daarnaast hebben we dus korte gratis adviesgesprekken. Daarvan hebben we er misschien wel twee per week, dus zo’n 100 in een jaar. Dat is vaak ook een bevestiging van wat mensen al wisten of wat al door ze geregeld was. Mensen zijn weer gerustgesteld. Dat is de service van ons plattelandskantoor (N7 notaris).
\end{quote}
Niet alle kantoren bieden dit echter aan. Sommige notarissen hadden minder goede ervaringen met gratis spreekuren:
\begin{quote}
Vanouds was het gebruikelijk dat je het eerste half uur gratis advies kreeg. Legalisaties waren ook gratis. Dat kwam denk ik nog uit de tijd dat notarissen sowieso vrachten met geld verdieenden en het allemaal niet zoveel uitmaakte en het ook een manier was om je klant binnen te halen. En daar zijn veel notarissen en ook wij wel van afgestapt, omdat het ook gebeurt dat mensen met veel geld even een half uur komen vragen hoe ze het beste hun vermogen kunnen overhevelen naar de kinderen en dan weer weggaan. Dan zit ik eigenlijk mijn advies gratis weg te geven (N13 notaris).
\end{quote}
\textsuperscript{74} In een brief van de Minister voor Rechtsbescherming aan de Tweede Kamer wordt opgemerkt dat de kamers voor het notariaat vinden dat het huidig wettelijk kader op dit moment onvoldoende handvatten biedt om bij het opleggen van de eigen bijdrage maatwerk toe te passen. Kamerstukken II, vergaderjaar 2022–2023, 36 248, nr. 4, p. 6.
In de periode dat de concurrentie zwaar was, merkten wij dat mensen zoiets hadden ‘wel prima die informatie’ en dan dachten ze er nog even over na. En vervolgens als we dan belden, ‘ja, ik ben bij uw collega geweest die was goedkoper’. In het begin zeg je dan, ‘maar bent u bij de collega ook een uur binnen geweest?’ ‘Nee, dat was niet nodig’. Dat hebben we getackeld door te zeggen van nou, we hoeven niet de hoofdprijs te vragen maar € 75, dat is dan het minste en soms dan is het inderdaad, dan willen mensen het niet, maar meestal wel (N8 notaris).
Naast gratis spreekuren zijn er ook kantoren die voorlichtingen of lezingen verzorgen (zie ook paragraaf 4.4.1). Deze activiteiten hebben niet alleen een sociaal karakter maar worden ook ingezet als een vorm van klantenwerving. Ook het ondersteunen van goede doelen of stichtingen en verenigingen door aktes met korting of gratis op te maken, werd veelvuldig genoemd als vorm van sociale dienstverlening. Bij grote ondernemingsrechtkantoren gaat het vooral om deze vorm van sociale dienstverlening. Zij ondersteunen vaak structureel bepaalde goede doelen, stichtingen of verenigingen.
Zoals uit het voorgaande al blijkt, wordt in de praktijk weinig gebruikgemaakt van de regeling in artikel 56 Wna. Verschillende geïnterviewde notarissen vertelden hoe zij, als ze werden geconfronteerd met mensen die hun dienstverlening nodig hadden maar het niet konden betalen, daarin tegemoetkwamen door bijvoorbeeld een betalingsregeling te treffen of korting te geven op het tarief:
Nou ja, dat is altijd een beetje lastig hè. Kunnen of willen betalen, maar als mensen het echt niet kunnen betalen, ja, dan ligt het er ook een beetje aan wat ze vragen. Als het heel ingewikkeld is, wat ze willen of wat ze nodig hebben. Maar soms als mensen het niet kunnen betalen, dan zijn de vermogens ook niet echt heel groot. Ja, en dan is de vraag wat ze dan precies willen regelen. Dan zijn het ook vaak wat eenvoudigere testamenten. En dan kijken we altijd wel ‘kan het met een betalingsregeling of kunnen we het tarief wat lager houden’. We adverteren er niet mee, maar meestal bepaal ik dat ter plaatse aan tafel als ik mensen al gesproken heb en een beeld heb van ze (N8 notaris).
Hoewel verschillende notarissen dergelijke mogelijkheden beschrijven, gaat het vaak om individuele beslissingen die het karakter van incidentele liefdadigheid hebben. Het is geen formele regeling waarop mensen een beroep kunnen doen of waar notarissen bekendheid aan geven. Verschillende notarissen benadrukken in hun antwoord de zakelijke nadelen van dergelijke dienstverlening:
Interviewer: u zei het komt wel eens voor dat u iets met een betalingsregeling of iets anders doet. Kunt u een indruk geven hoe vaak dat voorkomt?
Geïnterviewde: Het streven is zo min mogelijk bij ons, dus er moet echt een probleem zijn, wil ik dat doen. Dus we zijn met twee notarissen, maar om over mezelf te spreken, misschien twee keer per jaar. [...]het komt niet vaak voor, maar dat komt ook door de harde lessen die wij geleerd hebben in het verleden. Toen we pas het kantoor hadden overgenomen, toen waren we daar veel makkelijker in van: betaal maar achteraf. Maar op den duur zei de accountant tegen ons: waar zijn jullie mee bezig? Want we hadden zo een lijst van openstaande nota’s en dan zie je gewoon dat mensen daar kennelijk niet mee kunnen omgaan. Dus bij ons is het beleid nu dat cliënten voor het passeren betalen. Alleen bij een verklaring van erfrecht bijvoorbeeld kan je dat niet doen, maar dat vang ik nu wel op met voorschotten. Dus ik laat wel altijd een voorschot betalen en het restant aan het eind. Dus zo probeer je je weg erin te vinden, maar natuurlijk zijn er uitzonderlijke situaties: jonge kinderen, ouders overleden, studenten, kunnen niet betalen, noem maar op. Dan ben je wel bereid om te kijken van ja, hoe gaan we een regeling treffen? Maar dat zijn echt uitzonderlijke omstandigheden (N11 notaris).
Wij worden ook wel gebeld door instanties dat een bepaalde problematiek bij een klant speelt. En dan gaan we kijken naar hoe we dat op kunnen lossen. Het is niet zo dat we kosteloos of met verminderde tarieven dingen hebben hoeven doen. Dus blijkbaar vinden ze ons tarief acceptabel.
Soms proberen we op een andere manier toch te helpen. We vinden het ook prima om termijnen of afspraken te maken als mensen het niet kunnen opbrengen. Maar wij blijven wel bij onze prijs. Omdat we ja anders ook gewoon de dienstverlening niet kunnen waarborgen. Er zit nou eenmaal werk in (N6 notaris).
Het komt nog wel eens voor dat we mensen beginnen te helpen, bijvoorbeeld met een verklaring van erfrecht. Dan blijkt dat zo’n nalatenschap negatief is op dat moment of negatief wordt. Ja, dan stopt de dienstverlening niet, dan helpen we die mensen toch nog even verder door bijvoorbeeld aan te geven ‘Je moet beneficiair aanvaarden, ga het regelen bij de rechtbank’. Dat doen we sowieso ook, maar ja, dat zoek je niet echt op. Als je er niks voor krijgt, dan kost het wel een hoop geld en/of tijd en de schoorsteen moet hier ook roken (N20 notaris).
In het onderzoek zijn wel enkele georganiseerde initiatieven naar voren gekomen waar wel wordt ‘geadviseerd’ met een vorm van sociaal notariaat. Zo is er in Den Bosch een initiatief voor een sociaal notariaat waar mensen met een laag inkomen kosteloos advies kunnen krijgen en waar tegen een vrijwillige eigen bijdrage ook akten worden opgemaakt. Er is een stichting opgericht om mensen die het echt niet kunnen betalen en toch een akte nodig hebben, financieel te kunnen helpen. Dit initiatief zal verder worden besproken in paragraaf 5.3. Ook zijn er lokaal notariële spreekuren vanuit andere organisaties, zoals eerder genoemd vanuit Bureau sociaal raadslieden Veldhoven. In enkele steden geven (gepensioneerde) notarissen gratis spreekuren in wijkcentra of openbare bibliotheken.\(^{75}\) Zo is er op initiatief van een ouderenbond in Eindhoven maandelijks een notarieel spreekuur in een wijkgebouw. Twee gepensioneerde notarissen geven daar gratis advies en verwijzen indien nodig door naar een notaris.\(^{76}\)
### 3.5 Samenvatting
**Tarieven**
Vanaf de invoering van de vrije tarieven in 1999 zijn de prijzen in de familiepraktijk gestegen. In de registergoedereenpraktijk was er tot 2015 sprake van een daling, daarna stegen de tarieven. Tussen 2015 en 2023 stegen de tarieven voor akten in alle rechtsgebieden met ongeveer 32 procent. Dit is een sterkere stijging dan voor commerciële dienstenprijzen in het algemeen (CBS dienstenprijsindex): die namen toe met 22 procent, of de consumentenprijsindex, die toenam met 26 procent.
Door het vrijlaten van de tarieven is de familiepraktijk in vergelijking met de tijd voor 1999 ontoegankelijker geworden, zeker voor mensen met een laag inkomen. Dit beeld moet wel worden genuanceerd, omdat de variatie in tarieven voor dezelfde soort akten groot is. Voor de familiepraktijk zijn in paragraaf 3.1.2 voor verschillende akten en voor de afhandeling van nalatenschappen prijsverschillen of prijsindicaties beschreven. Voor standaardakten bestaan er goedkopere mogelijkheden via platforms die online akten genereren en waarbij notarissen zijn aangesloten die deze akten passeren. Ook werken sommige notariskantoren voor het opstellen van testamenten samen met uitvaart- of zorgorganisaties. Die organisaties kunnen hun leden goedkope testamenten bieden omdat hun eigen juristen enig voorwerk doen en kosten die daarmee samenhangen worden uitgesmeerd over de leden van de coöperatie of onderlinge waarborgmaatschappij.
**Perceptie van de betaalbaarheid**
Uit de interviews komt naar voren dat de kosten en het imago van de notaris als ‘duur’ een belangrijke belemmering kunnen vormen voor mensen om een beroep te doen op het notariaat. Dit geldt vooral voor mensen uit de lagere inkomensgroepen. Voor sommige groepen kunnen die kosten ook nog eens oplopen door bepaalde omstandigheden. Bijvoorbeeld als er tolken nodig zijn, akten vertaald moeten worden,
\(^{75}\) Zie onder andere [https://www.bmf.nl/service/spreekuren.html](https://www.bmf.nl/service/spreekuren.html), geraadpleegd maart 2024; [https://www.knb.nl/notariaat-magazine/2023-07/wij-verlagen-de-drempel-naar-de-notaris](https://www.knb.nl/notariaat-magazine/2023-07/wij-verlagen-de-drempel-naar-de-notaris), geraadpleegd augustus 2023.
\(^{76}\) [https://www.knb.nl/notariaat-magazine/2023-07/wij-verlagen-de-drempel-naar-de-notaris](https://www.knb.nl/notariaat-magazine/2023-07/wij-verlagen-de-drempel-naar-de-notaris), geraadpleegd augustus 2023
als sprake is van situaties waarin buitenlands recht van toepassing is of andere ipr-kwesties, of wanneer de
wilsbekwaamheid door een arts moet worden getoetst.
Er zijn groepen die geen geld hebben voor een notaris, zoals mensen in de bijstand of mensen met schulden.
Of mochten ze wat geld hebben dan ligt hun prioriteit niet bij een akte die mogelijke problemen in de
toekomst voorkomt, maar bij de dagelijkse noden die meer voorrang hebben. Verschillende hulpverleners en
notarissen merken ook op dat mensen het geld er niet altijd voor over hebben en verwachten dat het
allemaal wel goed zal gaan. Enkele notarissen merken daarbij ook op dat het Nederlandse notariaat relatief
goedkoop zou zijn ten opzichte van andere landen.
**Werking artikel 56 Wna**
Burgers die onder de inkomens- en vermogensgrens van de Wrb vallen, kunnen de voorzitter van een kamer
voor het notariaat verzoeken een notaris aan te wijzen die tegen een vastgesteld tarief notariële
werkzaamheden moet verrichten. De kamers hanteren voor dat tarief de maximale eigen bijdrage volgens
Bebr. Die notariële werkzaamheden zijn beperkt tot een gelimiteerde lijst van akten op het gebied van het
familievermogensrecht.
De afgelopen vijf jaar is erg weinig beroep gedaan op artikel 56 Wna. Jaarlijks dienen rechzoekeenden nog
geen 15 verzoeken in, waarvan het merendeel het verzoek weer intrekt. De reden is dat het tarief voor
minderdraagkrachtigen erg hoog is. De kamers hanteren voor dat tarief de maximale eigen bijdrage volgens
Bebr, ongeacht het inkomen van de rechtzoekende en ongeacht het type akte. Deze beleidslijn (van de
kamers voor het notariaat) wordt door medewerkers van de KNB bekritiseerd. De toepassing door de kamers
vloeit volgens de KNB niet per se voort uit de wet en door van dit hoge bedrag uit te gaan levert een beroep
op artikel 56 Wna de burger doorgaans geen financieel voordeel op. Dat tarief (in 2024 € 952) is namelijk vaak
hoger dan de prijs voor de akte. Een andere drempel vormt de geringe bekendheid van de regeling en de
kennis en handelingen die van rechtzoekenden worden verwacht. De rechtzoekende moet weten dat de
regeling er is. Hierover is echter weinig online informatie te vinden en ook bij professionals is de regeling
veelal onbekend. Ook is er geen gedragsregel voor notarissen om hun cliënten op het bestaan van deze
mogelijkheid te wijzen, zoals het geval is in de advocatuur. Ten slotte is de aanvraagprocedure voor
rechtzoekenden complex. Zij moeten zelf een inkomensverklaring aanvragen bij de RvR en er achter zien te
komen welke kamer voor het notariaat bevoegd is en daar een verzoek indienen.
Een andere beperking van de regeling is dat deze alleen geldt voor specifiek benoemde akten op het terrein
van het familievermogensrecht. Het leven testament is bijvoorbeeld uitgesloten, maar ook notariële
werkzaamheden op het gebied van het registergoed- of ondernemingsrecht, of notarieel advies vallen buiten
de reikwijdte van artikel 56 Wna.
Een ander kritiekpunt dat wordt genoemd, is dat via deze regeling een notaris wordt aangewezen. Deze wordt
gedwongen zijn diensten te verlenen en dat hoeft niet de beste dienstverlening te zijn voor de burger.
Bovendien vraagt de regeling een bijdrage van de notaris zelf in situaties waarin het vastgestelde tarief de
kosten voor de notaris niet dekt. Een ondernemer wordt dan gedwongen onder de kostprijs diensten te
verlenen.
Ook veel notarissen zijn niet bekend met artikel 56 Wna en als ze dat wel zijn, regelen ze liever zelf een
financiële tegemoetkoming voor de client, dan aan te sturen op gebruikmaking van de regeling.
**Sociale notariële dienstverlening**
Zoals uit de voorgaande zin al blijkt, komen sommige notarissen zelf cliënten tegemoet die weinig financiële
middelen hebben. Dat kan bijvoorbeeld een gereduceerd tarief zijn of een afbetalingsregeling. Ook voor
goede doelen, verenigingen en stichtingen wordt soms gratis dan wel tegen gereduceerd tarief gewerkt.
Er zijn ook kantoren die voorlichting of lezingen verzorgen. Deze activiteiten hoeven niet alleen een sociaal
karakter te hebben maar kunnen ook worden ingezet als een vorm van klantenwerving.
Daarnaast zijn er kantoren die een gratis spreekuur aanbieden. Andere zijn daar juist vanaf gestapt omdat
het commercieel gezien niet haalbaar was. Deze overstap kan ook opgaan voor de coulance met betrekking
tot het hanteren van gereduceerde tarieven. Verschillende notarissen benadrukken dat ze dit doen omdat het
incidenteel is en de zaken goed gaan. Als het vaker voorkomt en de tijden gaan slechter, dan wordt het anders. Sommige notarissen leveren uit principe geen diensten tegen gereduceerde tarieven.
4 Andere vormen van toegankelijkheid
Ik weet dat het notariaat, zeker een aantal, zichzelf ontzettend toegankelijk vinden, terwijl in de praktijk blijkt gewoon en daar heb ik redelijk zicht op: de notaris is niet toegankelijk. [...] En nogmaals, ik weet dat ze echt hun best wel doen, dus wat dat betreft een ingewikkelde vraag, maar dit is nog wel de realiteit (E5 eerstelijns hulpverlening).
Naast de financiële toegankelijkheid is er ook een aantal niet-financiële factoren die de toegang tot het notariaat voor bepaalde doelgroepen kunnen belemmeren dan wel versterken. Het gaat hierbij zowel om de toegankelijkheid van de aanbodkant van notariële dienstverlening, zoals de begrijpelijkheid van akten, het ‘chique’ imago van de notaris of complexe wetgeving, maar ook belemmeringen die voortkomen uit (een gebrek aan) legal capabilities van mensen. Bijvoorbeeld kennis over wat een notaris kan en doet, taal- of digitale vaardigheden, vertrouwen in instanties of persoonlijkheidskenmerken als zelfvertrouwen. Voor ouderen en mensen met een fysieke of visuele beperking kan ook de fysieke toegankelijkheid van notariskantoren een belemmering vormen. Tevens wordt beschreven welke initiatieven worden genomen om bepaalde belemmeringen aan te pakken. Tot slot wordt kort ingegaan op het thema doenvermogen. Akten die bij een notaris worden opgemaakt, zien vaak op ingrijpende momenten in het leven, zoals overlijden, echtscheiding of ernstige ziekte (levenstestament). Bij ingrijpende of stressvolle situaties kan het doenvermogen worden aangetast, waardoor de zelfredzaamheid verminderd, ook bij mensen die normaal gesproken goed in staat zijn hun financiën zelf te regelen.
De bevindingen in dit hoofdstuk zijn vooral gebaseerd op de interviews met notarissen, eerstelijnshulpverlening, belangenorganisaties en andere professioneel betrokkenen.
4.1 Kennis over nut en rol notaris
Voor het inschakelen van een notaris is allereerst nodig dat mensen weten wat een notaris doet en in welke situaties een beroep op de notaris nuttig of noodzakelijk is. Op het moment dat mensen niet weten met welke vragen of problemen zij bij de notaris terecht kunnen, kan dit een drempel vormen voor de toegankelijkheid van het notariaat. Ook is het belangrijk dat hulpverleners uit de eerste lijn, zoals het Juridisch Loket, rechtswinkels, schuldhulpverleners en sociaal raadslieden, voldoende kennis hebben van het notarieel recht om mensen adequaat te kunnen wijzen op mogelijke problemen en te kunnen doorverwijzen wanneer dat nodig is.
4.1.1 Kennis burgers over werkzaamheden notaris
Uit de interviews komt naar voren dat de kennis bij burgers over met welke vragen of problemen zij bij de notaris terecht kunnen vaak beperkt is:
Als je langzaam je schulden ziet groeien of je merkt in je huwelijk: Het gaat niet zo goed en er zijn schulden, dan is er ook een moment om te kijken, ‘is er iets wat de notaris voor mij kan betekenen’. Als je gaat scheiden van iemand, bijvoorbeeld met gokschulden, dan zijn er manieren om jezelf te beschermen, en afstand te doen van de gemeenschap. Dat zijn allemaal zaken waarvan de notaris het weet, maar niemand gaat jou die kennis brengen dat je jezelf kan beschermen. Dus ja, dan moet je wel weten ‘Er is een professional die je ook vragen kan stellen’ [...] eigenlijk wil je dus ook dat mensen zelf bedenken: Oh wacht, ik kan dus bellen met het notariskantoor. Maar ja, bellen met een notariskantoor is echt een drempel van heb ik jou daar. [...] Het komt niet in ze op. Dat is eigenlijk de kern. Je hoort wel eens iemand praten over de notaris. Ik denk dat het bij de meeste mensen met schulden niet eens in ze opkomt dat daar wel
eens informatie te halen zou kunnen zijn of dat ze misschien geholpen zouden kunnen worden. Ik denk dat dat het allergrootste probleem van het notariaat is. En bij hulpverleners leeft het ook te weinig (S3 schuldhulpverlening).
Wij vinden onszelf betrekkelijk laagdrempelig, maar je moet wel weten dat er überhaupt een notaris bestaat, hè? Dus we zijn natuurlijk vindbaar op internet. Onze beroepsorganisatie heeft natuurlijk een beetje dat je vrij makkelijk kunt kijken van: Welke notaris zit er bij mij in de buurt, welke specialisaties zijn er? Maar als iemand bijvoorbeeld helemaal geen gebruik maakt van het internet en ook niet via de bibliotheek bijvoorbeeld hulp zoekt om daar iemand te vinden, dan sluit ik niet uit dat we niet in beeld zijn bij iemand. Ik denk dus dat het aanbod er wel is. Maar ik denk dat heel veel mensen zich niet bewust zijn van een probleem en die denken: Ach ja, ik heb misschien geen contact met mijn kinderen. En ja, dus die zullen dan wel niet erven. Ik weet ook niet precies hoe mensen daarover denken (N10 notaris)
Verschillende geinterviewden wijzen er daarbij op dat het voor mensen niet altijd duidelijk is bij welke juridisch dienstverlener ze met hun vraag of probleem terecht kunnen. Zo is bijvoorbeeld het verschil tussen een advocaat en een notaris niet voor iedereen duidelijk:
Kom op, zo’n 1,2 miljoen mensen is niet in staat om te telebankieren of kan zich niet redden in onze huidige samenleving. Die kunnen we dus niet gewoon een betaalopdracht geven, want die kunnen dat niet. Als ik ze nu een QR-code stuur, kunnen ze niet betalen. Geen idee hoe ze dat moeten doen. Ik kan dan van die mensen toch niet verwachten dat zij weten bij welk loket ze moeten komen met hun juridische vraag? (N1 notarisorganisatie).
Ik word vaak gebeld of ik huwelijks voorwaarden op kan stellen. En dan moet ik vaak uitleggen: dit is wat een notaris doet, dit is wat een advocaat doet. Wat ik dan wel vaak doe is de cliënt adviseren. [...] bij mij komt dan vaak een van de twee partijen die zegt: ja maar hoe moet ik het dan zo gunstig mogelijk voor mezelf doen? Terwijl, ja die notaris is daarin natuurlijk een wat neutralere, onpartijdige partij, dus daar kan je wat moeilijker terecht met dat soort adviesvragen. Dus vaak is het dan een een-tweetje. Er wordt bij mij advies gevraagd. Vervolgens gaat die partij bij de ander te rade van: nou zo zou ik het willen doen, ben je het ermee eens? Gaan we onder die voorwaarden trouwen ja of nee? En als het antwoord ‘ja’ is dan komt de notaris in beeld, maar aanvankelijk bellen ze mij eigenlijk voor het hele verhaal. Of ik ze niet alleen wil adviseren maar ook die voorwaarden wil opstellen (A1 advocaat).
Het niet-kennen van het onderscheid tussen notaris en advocaat komt volgens sommige geinterviewden met name voor bij mensen met een migratieachtergrond die afkomstig zijn uit landen waarin de notaris niet bestaat of de taakverdeling tussen advocatuur en notariaat anders is dan in Nederland. Daarnaast zijn mensen niet altijd op de hoogte van de verschillende typen notariskantoren die bestaan, waardoor zij soms per ongeluk aankloppen bij een kantoor in de buurt dat eerder gericht is op grote ondernemingen:
Ik heb wel eens iemand gehad die hier aan de deur kwam en die dacht gewoon ‘dit is een notariskantoor, dus ik kan hier geholpen worden’. En die wilde een leveringsakte voor zijn huis van een paar ton. ‘Het kan wel, maar dit zijn onze uurtarieven en wij focussen op grote ondernemingen. Ik denk dat u beter af bent bij een notaris hier iets verderop die tegen particuliere tarieven levert’. Wij zijn ook echt ingericht op grote ondernemingen. Dat leent zich niet voor een particuliere overdracht die langs komt. Ik vind wel, je moet die mensen wel op weg helpen. Sommige mensen hebben gewoon echt geen idee. Die komen aan en die raken bijna in paniek. Ik heb kennelijk even een notaris nodig en die is zijn hele leven nog nooit bij een notaris geweest. En die staan dan hier voor dit pand. De mensen moet je verder helpen. Je moet ze gewoon uitleggen ‘Dit is hoe de wereld in elkaar zit. Je hebt grotere notariskantoren, kleine notariskantoren, hoge tarieven, kleine tarieven’. Iedereen heeft zijn specialisme. Ik denk dat u en
dan geef ik ze altijd een keuze of bij deze notaris of bij deze notaris erg goed geholpen kan worden. Ik wens u heel veel succes. Laat weten als u vragen hebt verder. Je kan die mensen niet op de stoep laten staan (N18 notaris).
4.1.2 Gebrek aan kennis over familievermogensrecht
Uit de interviews komen enkele thema’s naar voren waarop een gebrek aan kennis specifieke problemen kan veroorzaken. In de eerste plaats het erfrecht. Hierbij werd met name het onbewust zuiver aanvaarden van nalatenschappen, bijvoorbeeld door betalingen te doen of een huis leeg te ruimen genoemd:
*Dat is ook een discussie die we vaak met klanten hebben. Dan vraagt de klant bijvoorbeeld aan ons: mogen de kosten betaald worden voor een grafsteen? Dus, mijn moeder overlijdt, uitvaart is geweest. Nou uitvaartkosten, die worden sowieso betaald, dat mag ook allemaal. Een paar jaar later, alles loopt nog en dan wil ik de grafsteenkosten betaald hebben. Mag dat ja of te nee? Voor de belastingdienst mag dat want bij de belastingdienst kan je ook een heel rijkje opvragen met wat er allemaal afgetrokken mag worden van het bedrag van de erfenis eigenlijk. Maar dat is iets anders dan dat je dat laat betalen van de rekening van degene die overleden is, zodat je dan daadwerkelijk gewoon de erfenis aanvaardt. Dat zijn twee verschillende dingen en dat is heel lastig en zeker is dat lastig voor mensen die in een hele verdrietige situatie zitten. Want je hebt natuurlijk al heel veel aan je hoofd en dan gaan wij ook nog eens een keer zeuren met wat wel en wat niet mag en dan is het is absoluut fijn als we daar meer aandacht voor hebben. Ja, daar ben ik absoluut van overtuigd (E6 bank).*
Algemeen kenmerk is dat ze totaal geen tot nauwelijks kennis hebben van het erfrecht. Het gaat niet zozeer om laaggeletterdheid, maar om op een begrijpelijke, duidelijke manier uitleggen wat een erfenis voor een gevolgen kan hebben (E3 juridisch loket).
*Maar bij erfenissen is het vaak zo, dan overlijdt iemand en dan fluistert iemand in: je moet gelijk die bank bellen, je moet dit en dat doen. Dus eigenlijk ben je al heel veel dingen aan het doen in die directe periode na het overlijden. En dan gaat er vaak wat tijd overheen voordat je dus inderdaad bij de notaris zit en dat gesprek hebt van wat je wel en niet mag doen. Daar zit een gapend gat tussen (E13 financieel adviseur).*
Een tweede thema waarover weinig kennis is, is het levenstestament. Uit de interviews met bijvoorbeeld ouderenorganisaties en banken blijkt dat veel mensen daarvan niet op de hoogte zijn, terwijl zij het levenstestament zien als een goed middel om bijvoorbeeld ouderenmisbruik te voorkomen:
*Het is ook heel veel onwetendheid. Ik denk dat gewoon echt heel veel klanten of mensen in Nederland eigenlijk niet goed weten dat die mogelijkheid er is en wat het voordeel ervan is en wat je ermee kunt regelen. [...] daar zie ik echt een belangrijke rol voor het notariaat op het moment dat we meer mensen zouden kunnen bewegen een levenstestament te maken, een notariële volmacht te regelen om zaken tijdens het leven goed te regelen. Kijk, een testament is bij veel mensen wel bekend. Dat je met een testament dingen kunt regelen voor als je er niet meer bent. Maar dat je met een levenstestament of een notariële volmacht dingen kunt regelen voor tijdens je leven, dat is toch nog vrij onbekend bij veel mensen (E4 bank).*
*Nou als het gaat om een testament, levenstestament. Het is dat ik af en toe een blaadje van de Dela voorbij zie komen voor mij persoonlijk, maar voor de rest denk ik, wanneer krijgen we dat nou werkelijk op ons bordje? Ja, als het hommeles is, maar het moet juist daarvoor (E11, sociaal raadslieden).*
Tot slot komen kleine ondernemers als doelgroep naar voren bij wie een gebrek aan kennis is over wat allemaal bij een notaris kan worden geregeld, bijvoorbeeld het belang van huwelijksvoorwaarden voor mensen met een eigen bedrijf:
*Ja, dat komt ook vaak voor. Dan komen ze vaak voor een BV ofzo en dan proberen we die huwelijksvoorwaarden er bij te doen. Dan krijg je gewoon kwantumkorting, zeg maar, dus dan zeg je, dit moet je ook regelen en dat doen we voor jou voor dat bedrag. Ondernemers zijn vaak ook buitenlanders en die weten dan ook niet hoe het werkt (N2 notaris).*
*Nou, denk maar aan huwelijks voorwaarden bij ondernemers bijvoorbeeld. Nu hebben we natuurlijk wel al met die wetswijziging een klein beetje bescherming voor de ondernemingen en dergelijke, maar ook daar vind ik dat er nog heel veel te doen valt. Mensen worden ook nu heel gauw op het verkeerde been gezet. Want heel veel mensen denken nu dat je automatisch op huwelijks voorwaarden bent getrouwd. Zo zeggen ze het ook: Maar we hebben nu toch automatisch huwelijks voorwaarden? En dan zeg ik: Maar dat is helemaal niet zo. Ze zeggen het ook: ‘We zijn getrouwd op huwelijks voorwaarden weet je’, dus mensen snappen het niet. Er is heel veel verwarring. Het is veel te ingewikkeld voor ze. Dus ja die mensen zijn op het verkeerde been gezet. En dat haal je niet even zo eruit als ze voor iets anders bij je zijn. En dan komt het weer. Ze moeten zelf voorgelicht willen worden. Ze moeten zelf komen zodat je hun ook die informatie kan geven en zodat ze het goed kunnen regelen (N11 notaris).*
Door deze notaris werd het oprichten van een BV of andere zakelijke handeling aangegrepen als aanleiding voor het voorlichten van klanten met weinig kennis over het familievermogensrecht en de mogelijkheden die een notaris biedt om zaken te regelen. Ook andere notarissen noemden het geven van voorlichting wanneer mensen komen voor iets anders, zoals het kopen van een huis. Niet alle doelgroepen kunnen echter op deze manier worden bereikt:
*Ik kan me zo voorstellen dat een groep die bijvoorbeeld geen huizen koopt maar een huis huurt… Nou ja, die hoeft ook niet naar de notaris om een woning te krijgen, maar dat betekent gewoon dat ze ook nooit zijn gewezen op misschien toch de meerwaarde van een samenlevingscontract of een testament. Vaak is het zo dat, als je eenmaal een contactmoment hebt bij een notaris, dan kan worden uitgelegd van joh: Hebben jullie daar en daar over nagedacht. Ik raad ze ook altijd aan: We sturen je een brochure toe en lees je in, denk na over wat je wilt, voel je volledig vrij om ergens anders naartoe te gaan, maar het is wel verstandig om daar iets mee te doen. Maar dan heb je ze al gezien op kantoor of heb je contact met ze gehad. Er zijn best wel wat groepen natuurlijk ook die helemaal nooit contact hebben met een notaris en ik denk dat die dus ook niet weten wat er kan en wat de toegevoegde waarde zou kunnen zijn om wel na te denken over een testament of een samenlevingscontract. En als je een partner hebt: Hoe gaat het straks als een van jullie komt te overlijden? (N9 notaris).*
4.1.3 **Kennis eerstelijnshulpverleners en andere professionals over nut en rol notaris**
Uit de interviews komt naar voren dat niet alleen de mensen om wie het gaat, maar ook eerstelijnshulpverleners zoals medewerkers van rechtswinkels, het Juridisch Loket, of schuldhulpverleners, niet altijd voldoende kennis hebben over het familievermogensrecht en het nut en de rol van een notaris:
*Een simpele vraag kan zijn - om uit een voorbeeld uit mijn eigen praktijk te putten -, dat iemand zegt ‘mijn buurvrouw is overleden. Die heeft een kat. Mag ik iets doen? Mag ik die kat in huis nemen of mag ik dat niet, want mijn buurvrouw heeft schulden?’ Soms denk ik dat dat redelijk gemakkelijk opgelost kan worden. Want ja, als niet specialist zijnde durf je dan niet een harde ja...*
of nee te zeggen en een juridisch kader is daar best soms wat lastig. Dus ik denk dat daar een samenwerking in zou kunnen helpen (E1 juridisch loket).
Als je dan specifiek kijkt naar het deel waar de notaris in werkzaam is, dan zie je heel vaak het huwelijksvormensrecht. Mensen die gaan trouwen, terwijl er schulden zijn. Maar daar zitten natuurlijk aspecten aan waar de notaris veel kennis van heeft en die kennis ontbreekt vaak bij de hulpverleners die betrokken zijn. Die kunnen ook niet inschatten wat het effect is op het moment dat iemand zijn vermogen gaat mengen met dat van iemand anders. We zien ook gevallen van echtscheiding, dus mensen die uit elkaar gaan terwijl er schulden zijn. Dat is echt bij uitstek een onderwerp waar de notaris veel van weet. Niet zozeer van de emotionele begeleiding, maar wel van de juridische ins en outs. En dat zijn vaak ook best wel acute problemen die zich voordoen. Op dat moment heb je eigenlijk snel de kennis en kunde nodig die de notaris heeft. Maar mensen blijven hangen bij die hulpverlener, die doet wat die kan. [...] Maar die richt zich vaak tot Google of tot elkaar of tot wat ze gewend zijn. En dan hopen ze dat ze het goed doen. Maar daarmee kun je ook best wel veel schade aanrichten. [...] of dat er een overlijden aan zit te komen van: hoe kun je dat doen zodat de gemeente en de hulpverlener zich ook geen zorgen hoeven te maken, bijvoorbeeld bij een overlijden over degene die achterblijft. Want zij denken, ‘ja, maar dan komen die schulden daar naartoe en dan moeten we die weer gaan helpen maar die zit nu eigenlijk niet in de problemen’. Zover denken ze wel door, maar het klikje: Oh, maar de notaris die kan daarin zorgen dat dat gescheiden blijft en dat de een veilig is en toch de schulden kunnen worden afgewikkeld (S3 schuldhulpverlener).
We verwijzen weleens door naar het notariaat. We hebben laatst ook nog weer gesprek gevoerd hier met het kantoor in [stad], omdat de banden met het notariaat nog niet zo heel sterk zijn bij ons en wij wilden toch eens even kijken of we dat meer kunnen gaan versterken [...] dat je eventjes laagdrempelig kan sparen met een kantoor van: joh, ik heb hier nu een meneer of mevrouw en daar is dit en dit mee aan de hand, kunnen we doorverwijzen? Dat je dat even kort kan sluiten. Dat doen we namelijk ook best veel met de advocatuur en we merkten dat we dat met het notariaat nog niet echt zo hebben (E12 sociaal raadslieden).
Ook enkele andere geïnterviewden uit de eerste lijn noemden dergelijke initiatieven op lokaal niveau waarbij notarissen betrokken waren. Deze initiatieven zijn echter niet overal beschikbaar. Een geïnterviewde die werkzaam is bij een rechtbank merkte op dat veel mensen moeilijk antwoorden kunnen vinden op vragen over erfrecht en dan uiteindelijk bij de rechtbank terechtkomen:
Maar ik heb wel het gevoel dat voor een hele grote groep mensen het zelf afwikkelen van een nalatenschap, wat ze dus op grond van de wet moeten, te ingewikkeld is. Het is een wettelijke verplichting en informatie is voor deze mensen soms moeilijk te vinden, ondanks dat het er wel allemaal is op rechtspraak.nl en bij het juridisch loket. Maar mensen worden soms toch niet goed genoeg te woord gestaan of van het kastje naar de muur gestuurd [...]
Interviewer: heb je dan wel de indruk dat bij die andere plekken waar ze nog naartoe kunnen, dat daar genoeg expertise is wat betreft dit terrein?
Nou, dat vind ik heel ingewikkeld, want ik denk dat het gewoon heel erg eraan ligt waar men terecht komt. Als je zegt, ga maar naar een notaris of advocaat is dat natuurlijk hartstikke breed. Bij de één is het prima, bij de ander is dat minder. Ik zie toch ook genoeg advocaten die zichzelf typeren als erfrecht specialist maar dat in onze beleving niet zijn. En, we hebben ook de indruk dat het juridisch loket als een soort eerste basisinformatie heel moeizaam gaat. In ieder geval een aantal jaar geleden kwamen die mensen allemaal weer terug met ik snap het niet en ik ben weer terugverwezen. En ik kan niet altijd overzien waardoor dat komt. Dat kan natuurlijk ook zo zijn dat het juridisch loket zegt, ja, u komt niet in aanmerking voor gefinancierde rechtsbijstand
en dat die mensen er een andere draai aan geven. Ja, dat kan ook maar. Dat is niet altijd te doorgronden voor ons. (E9 rechtbank).
Niet alle geïnterviewden uit de eerste lijn herkenden een gebrek aan kennis of samenwerking echter als een probleem:
Meestal komen ze pas als de ellende al is geschied. En dan kan het zeker zijn dat de [sociaal] raadsman of -vrouw zegt, van ja, hebben jullie geen samenlevingscontract dan? Dat zal ook wel de eerste vraag zijn die ze zullen stellen. Want raadslieden weten daar genoeg van. Het is niet dat ze daar geen kennis van hebben. [...] als er behoefte is, vermoed ik dat er voldoende gelegenheid is en ondersteuning is om mensen daar naartoe te begeleiden. Want sociaal raadslieden hebben over het algemeen, omdat ze gewoon heel erg lokaal werken en ook bekend zijn en ook goed bekend zijn met de sociale kaart, over het algemeen wel contacten, bijvoorbeeld met een notaris. Maar over het algemeen heb ik het idee dat men dan wel weet waar je dan moet zijn voor die klant. En wat je natuurlijk nog sterker bij de advocatuur ziet, je hebt zeg maar de advocaat op de Zuidas. Nou, dat is een andere wereld. Maar de advocatuur gewoon lokaal in Breda of in Harderwijk, daar hebben die raadslieden over het algemeen wel fijne lijntjes mee. En, ik zeg niet dat ze net zo’n kort lijntje met notarissen zullen hebben, want dat denk ik niet eerlijk gezegd, maar ze weten wel waar die zitten en wie misschien wel een notaris is waar je gewoon als de kleine man makkelijker naartoe kan (E10 sociaal raadslieden).
Een gebrek aan kennis bij eerstelijns hulpverleners over familievermogensrecht en de rol van de notaris is een probleem, omdat het juist eerstelijnshulpverleners zijn waar doelgroepen die van oudsher niet bekend zijn met de notaris of drempels ervaren, terecht komen. Het beter informeren van hulpverleners in de eerste lijn zodat deze tijdig en laagdrempelig kunnen overleggen of doorverwijzen, kan dan ook een effectief middel zijn om de toegankelijkheid van het notariaat te versterken. Op dit moment zijn er al verschillende initiatieven voor het verbeteren van de samenwerking tussen eerstelijns hulpverlening, zoals het ‘huis van het recht’.77 Uit een evaluatie van de pilot ‘Samenwerken in de eerste lijn rechtsbijstand’ blijkt onder meer dat intensiever contact tussen Juridisch Loket, sociaal raadslieden en sociaal advocaten zorgt voor meer kennis over elkaars werkwijzen, gerichter advies en beter gemotiveerd (warm) doorverwijzen.78 Het notariaat is echter slechts incidenteel en op lokaal niveau bij dit soort initiatieven betrokken. De samenwerking van de KNB met het Juridisch Loket die op het moment van schrijven wordt ontwikkeld, kan hier in de toekomst mogelijk een bijdrage aan leveren.
4.1.4 Initiatieven notariaat kennis en bekendheid
De afgelopen jaren zijn er vanuit het notariaat verschillende initiatieven geweest op het gebied van voorlichting aan het brede publiek en aan specifieke doelgroepen (zoals laaggeletterden of migranten). Deze voorlichting is ertop gericht om mensen erop te wijzen dat tijdens belangrijke momenten in het leven, zoals trouwen, samenwonen en overlijden, bepaalde notariële akten van belang kunnen zijn. De KNB heeft met dit doel onder meer folders en (landelijke) reclamecampagnes ontwikkeld en beheert de website notaris.nl.79 Maar ook individuele notarissen ondernemen activiteiten om eventuele probleemsituaties aan te kaarten en te laten zien wat de notaris daarin kan betekenen. Met name het organiseren van voorlichtingsbijeenkomsten werd veel genoemd als activiteit. Sommige geïnterviewde notarissen zagen dit vooral als een activiteit met een sociale functie, anderen vooral als een manier om klanten te werven:
_____________________
77 Zie bijvoorbeeld: https://www.juridischloket.nl/professionals/nieuws/huis-van-het-recht/, geraadpleegd maart 2024.
78 van Waveren e.a. 2021.
79 Zie bijvoorbeeld https://www.knb.nl/actueel/campagnes, geraadpleegd maart 2024.
We gaan langs in verpleeghuizen of in buurthuizen. Als je er dan klanten aan overhoudt, is dat heel mooi als dat eruit voortkomt, maar de primaire insteek was ook natuurlijk van: mensen regel wat. [...] Wij schrijven bijvoorbeeld plaatselijke stukjes. Elke maand een ander onderwerp gewoon om te laten zien: vergeet dit niet, en regel dat en we kunnen naar u toe komen. En het grappige is dat dat veel oplevert, want mensen voelen zich bij ons op voorhand al heel vertrouwd (N2 notaris).
Als het gaat over het sociale aspect van het kantoor dan proberen we met name in te gaan op verzoeken om ergens te komen spreken. Bijvoorbeeld een Alzheimerspreekpunt. Dus dat betekent dat je in één keer eigenlijk een groep mensen hebt en die kunnen daar gewoon vragen stellen. En daar rekenen we ook geen enkel tarief voor en daar zijn we ook voor beschikbaar. Dus op tal van momenten zijn we bereid om mee te werken aan voorlichting en ook voor bepaalde organisaties die ons wel eens bellen (N10 notaris).
Ook andere organisaties kennen initiatieven waarbij uitleg wordt gegeven, vooral over het levenstestament. Zo is dit bijvoorbeeld een thema op voorlichtingsbijeenkomsten voor ouderen verzorgd door banken:
Lokaal worden daarvoor allerlei presentatiebijeenkomsten gegeven ook over het onderwerp veilig bankieren, over financieel gezond leven en over voorkomen van fraude. Dus in dat soort presentaties is het onderwerp levenstestament eigenlijk wel min of meer standaard opgenomen. Alleen dat zit echt lokaal, dus ja de eene regio is daar wat actiever in dan de andere regio (E4 bank).
Ook belangenorganisaties voor ouderen, migrantengroepen of andere specifieke doelgroepen organiseren informatiebijeenkomsten waarin zij notarissen voorlichting laten geven over het nut van testamenten, levenstestamenten of andere notariële akten. Zo besteedt Alzheimer Nederland tijdens Alzheimercafés geregeld aandacht aan het levenstestament en aan andere mogelijkheden voor mensen met dementie en hun naasten, vaak in samenwerking met een lokale notaris.
### 4.2 Begrijpelijkheid
Het thema begrijpelijkheid heeft de afgelopen jaren veel aandacht gekregen. Zo verscheen in 2023 een bundel preadviezen van de Nederlandse Juristenvereniging (NJV) over het thema ‘klare taal’ in rechtspraak en overheidscommunicatie.\(^{80}\) De Rijksoverheid streelt er bijvoorbeeld naar om informatie voor burgers op taalniveau B1 of zelfs A2 aan te bieden.\(^{81}\) Ook binnen de rechtspraak is er aandacht voor het thema begrijpelijkheid. Begrijpelijke uitspraken zouden bijdragen aan de ervaren procedurele rechtvaardigheid en daarmee de acceptatie van rechterlijke beslissingen en het vertrouwen in de rechtspraak.\(^{82}\) De rechtspraak kent dan ook allerlei initiatieven om uitspraken begrijpelijker en leesbaarder op te schrijven, zoals PROMIS (strafrechtspraak landelijk, sinds 2005), het project WIEB (Wat Ik Eigenlijk Bedoel, bestuursrecht rechtbank Amsterdam sinds 2017) of het project ‘Heerlijk helder’ van de afdeling bestuursrechtspraak.\(^{83}\) Jaarlijks wordt bovendien de ‘klare taal bokaal’ uitgereikt voor de beste uitspraak in klare taal.
Uit onderzoek van De Groot – van Leeuwen, Laemers en Sportel (2015) blijkt dat het geven van meer en begrijpelijkere informatie in strafrechtelijke vonnissen (Promis) niet alleen van belang is voor de ervaringen van procesdeelnemers, maar het ook leidt tot meer begrip en acceptatie bij het brede publiek. Van der
\(^{80}\) Van Boom e.a. 2023.
\(^{81}\) Zie voor meer informatie de Dienst publiek en communicatie van het Ministerie van Algemene Zaken, https://www.communicatierijk.nl/vakken/kennis/inclusieve-communicatie/begrijpelijke-communicatie, geraadpleegd maart 2024. Ook binnen de rechtspraak zijn allerlei initiatieven op dit vlak.
\(^{82}\) Van der Bruggen, Pander Maat en van Lent 2023.
\(^{83}\) De Groot - van Leeuwen, Laemers en Sportel (2015); Verburg (2018).
Bruggen, Pander Maat en van Lent (2023) onderzochten de ervaringen van procespartijen met rechterlijke communicatie in het bestuursrecht, zowel op zitting als in de geschreven uitspraak. Hiervoor keken zij onder meer naar de informatiekwaliteit, de tevredenheid van burgers, gemachtigden en ambtenaren ‘over de helderheid van de kerninformatie, van de argumentatie en van de tekstopbouw. Het gaat dus niet zoveel om het taalgebruik (eenvoudige woorden en zinnen), maar om de informatiewaarde van de tekst als geheel’. Uit het onderzoek blijkt dat als de tekst van de uitspraak voor burgers niet de informatie bevat die zij nodig hebben om de beslissing te kunnen beoordelen, dit een negatieve invloed heeft op hun oordeel over de uitspraak. Voor burgers was de gunstigheid van de beslissing echter van grotere invloed op hun oordeel over de uitspraak dan de rechterlijke communicatie.
Uit de interviews voor het huidige onderzoek komt naar voren dat (een gebrek aan) begrijpelijkheid een belangrijke belemmering kan zijn voor de toegankelijkheid van het notariaat. Vooral het taalgebruik in notariële stukken wordt volgens geinterviewden door veel mensen als moeilijk te begrijpen ervaren. Dit geldt nog sterker voor mensen die toch al moeite hebben met het begrijpen van geschreven tekst, zoals laaggeletterden, anderstaligen en mensen met een licht verstandelijke beperking (lvb). Maar ook de mondelinge communicatie van notarissen wordt niet altijd voldoende begrepen.
4.2.1 Dimensies van begrijpelijkheid
Geinterviewden schetsen een beeld dat sommige mensen, zelfs wanneer ze uitleg hebben gehad van de notaris, toch moeite hebben om de uitleg van de notaris en notariële stukken te begrijpen:
*Het zijn toch vaak wel modeltestamenten, dus dan zijn het van die standaardbepalingen waar vragen over zijn. [...] Als er vragen leven, dan gaat het vaak toch echt om de juridische taal uit een testament. Afvullegaat, dat is zo’n voorbeeld, waarvan ze heel vaak denken: ja, waar gaat dit over? (E14 medewerker rechtsbijstandsverzekeraar)*
*Dat hoe de informatie wordt gegeven, vaak toch net te ingewikkeld is. Wat wij bijvoorbeeld wel zien is dat mensen bij ons langskomen met een akte en zeggen, ja, wat staat hier nou eigenlijk? Want ik heb geen idee. We merken vaak dat daar dan verschil in zit met wat mensen kunnen begrijpen en wat er aan hen wordt uitgelegd, dat dat soms niet helemaal overeenkomt. En ja, niet voldoende wordt aangesloten bij wat diegene nodig heeft (E1 juridisch loket).*
*Dus ja, onze aktevorm, de manier van het taalgebruik. Dat is voor heel veel mensen lastig om te lezen en te begrijpen. En daardoor werkt dat ook een drempel op van: Ja, ik ga het toch niet begrijpen, ik ga het toch niet snappen, ze doen ingewikkeld en ik overzie het niet helemaal (N6 notaris).*
Een ander punt met begrijpelijkheid is dat mensen wellicht tijdens het opmaken van de akte de toelichting van de notaris begrijpen, maar tegen de tijd dat ze de akte nodig hebben niet meer begrijpen wat er in de akte staat. Verschillende geinterviewden uit de eerste lijn, zoals rechtswinkels, sociaal raadslieden en Het Juridisch Loket, benoemen dat zij soms cliënten helpen met uitleg wat er in een akte staat:
*Wat ik merk is dat er soms wel aan de notaris gedacht is, en dat ze komen aanzetten met een akte die bijvoorbeeld twintig jaar geleden is opgesteld. En dan is het een beetje de vraag wat er eigenlijk in de akte staat en wat ze ermee moeten, omdat de akten voor sommige mensen te ingewikkeld zijn (E2 rechtswinkel).*
---
84 Van der Bruggen, Pander Maat en van Lent (2023, p. 68).
85 Van der Bruggen, Pander Maat en van Lent (2023).
Het grappige daaraan is. Ik heb natuurlijk zelf in het notariaat gewerkt en je doet inderdaad je best om alles begrijpelijk uit te leggen. En de meeste mensen zitten tegenover je, knikken ja, wandelen naar buiten en zijn alles vergeten. Dus heb je het dan goed uitgelegd? Ja op dat moment zitten ze te knikken en krijg jij bevestiging ‘gaat goed’ en ‘ik kan het goed uitleggen’. Maar beklijft de kennis die jij meegeeft? (S3 schuldhulpverlener).
Als we cliënten met testamenten hebben of iets dergelijks, dan proberen wij dat ook nog wel door te nemen met de cliënten. Omdat het natuurlijk niet altijd begrijpelijke taal is voor de klant zelf. Dus dan proberen wij dat op B1-niveau zeg maar uit te leggen aan de klant, dus dat doen wij dan ook nog wel eens hoor. Maar ook daarvoor kan het advies zijn, ga gewoon even in gesprek met de notaris om dat uit te laten leggen. Maar als men echt stukken bij zich heeft, dan kijken we daar zeker wel gewoon gezamenlijk naar en proberen we dat ook gewoon uit te leggen aan de klant (E3 juridisch loket).
Het taalgebruik in notariële aktes wordt niet alleen als moeilijk ervaren door cliënten, maar ook door professionals die vanuit hun werk met deze aktes te maken krijgen. Zo vertelde een medewerker van een bank die in haar functie regelmatig te maken krijgt met notariële akten als (levens)testamenten:
Nou, het is geen Libelle, geen Margriet. We hebben collega’s die daar moeite mee hebben, want uiteindelijk gebruiken notarissen natuurlijk notaristaal. En dan moet je wel weten hoe je dat moet lezen. [...] Ja dan is de taal die de notarissen gebruiken ook veel en wollig. We hebben zo’n minister gehad die zei, het is geen Jip en Janneke taal. En dat ervaar ik en ik snap dat collega’s dat lastig vinden. Er moet eerst nog eens een studie worden gedaan op dat stuk, wat een notaris heeft aangeleverd om eigenlijk goed te kunnen realiseren van wat staat er nou? Wat schrijf je nou eigenlijk? (E6 medewerker bank)
Ook een geïnterviewde advocaat benoemde de moeilijk te begrijpen taal als drempel voor zijn cliënten:
Want dat is zelfs voor mij als jurist soms gewoon echt abracadabra hoe de dingen worden opgeschreven. Het voordeel is wel dat het gestandaardiseerde teksten zijn, op een gegeven moment heb je ze allemaal wel gezien. Maar dat doet vermoeden, en dat vermoeden wordt ook wel bevestigd, dat mensen eigenlijk soms zelf helemaal niet begrijpen wat er staat (A1 advocaat).
Sommige geïnterviewden die vanuit hun werk geregeld met notariële stukken te maken krijgen, merken daarbij op dat er grote verschillen zijn tussen notariskantoren op dit gebied:
Ik zie natuurlijk te weinig wat mensen zelf doen, maar ik heb zelf wel het idee dat het ene notariskantoor ook veel makkelijker of laagdrempeliger te bereiken is dan het andere. Dat zal voor alle juridische beroepen wel gelden, maar het taalgebruik wat gebezigd wordt in de aktes... Je krijgt hele wisselende stukken, dus het ene testament is in begrijpelijk Nederlands opgesteld en andere aktes zijn nog erg moeilijk. Dus ze zijn ook moeilijk te lezen voor mensen zelf. Dus ze doen ook wel eens verzoeken die ze eigenlijk niet hadden hoeven doen, bijvoorbeeld in geval van testamentair bewind of executele. Dat zijn ook allemaal verzoeken die bij ons gedaan kunnen worden. En dan blijkt uit het testament nog onvoldoende dat je gewoon zelf een vervanger kunt benoemen (E9 rechtbank).
En ook de taal die ze gebruiken. Een paar weken terug had ik een testament. Nou, ik heb het echt drie keer moeten lezen voordat ik zelf snapte wat er stond. Ik snap het ook wel, je schrijft er ook hele wetboeken over. En dat heeft er ook wel mee te maken dat juristen ook heel erg op de details zijn. Ik snap dat wel. Alleen het is niet altijd het beste voor de klant. De klant wil gewoon weten: Ja, wat staat er nou eigenlijk? En dan gelukkig zie ik dat heel veel notarissen gelukkig
tegenwoordig zo’n tekst en uitleg geven bij de juridische aktes. Maar ik denk dat het taalgebruik echt nog wel een drempel is voor de klanten om naar de notaris te gaan (E13 financieel adviseur).
Door geïnterviewden wordt de begrijpelijkheid van communicatie van notarissen en met name notariële stukken dus in brede zin als probleem ervaren, waarbij niet alleen laaggeletterden of anderstaligen maar ook hoogopgeleide burgers en zelfs professionals die met deze documenten werken niet altijd goed kunnen begrijpen wat er staat. Ook geïnterviewde notarissen beamen dat aktes voor leken niet altijd goed te begrijpen zijn:
*De begrijpelijkheid voeg je vooral toe als ze eenmaal daar zijn, want dan voer je besprekingen, leg je de aktes uit en dan hoor ik eigenlijk heel vaak terug: Oh, nu snap ik het eigenlijk goed wat je bedoelt en waarom we dit zo doen. Maar dat betekent dus ook dat in het voortraject met de conceptakte dat er vaak heel veel technische, juridische taal in staat die moeilijk te duiden is. [...] voor heel veel mensen blijft het gewoon verder hele technische taal en je moet het echt uitleggen, dan wel aan tafel, dan wel in je communicatie* (N9 notaris).
Voor mensen die meer in het algemeen moeite hebben met het begrijpen van complexere teksten, zoals laaggeletterden, anderstaligen, of mensen met een verstandelijke beperking vormt het begrijpen van notariële stukken nog een extra drempel. Uit de interviews bleek dat het voor deze groepen ook niet altijd gemakkelijk is om de juiste hulp te vinden bij het begrijpen van zulke documenten:
*Ik denk dat het erfrecht best ingewikkeld in elkaar zit voor een leek als het gaat om beneficiair aanvaarden, zuiver aanvaarden of verwerpen. Nu heb je ook die nieuwe regeling dat je onder omstandigheden na zuivere aanvaarding niet aansprakelijk bent voor schulden die later opduiken. Dat is juridisch best een ingewikkeld stuk. Het kan voor mensen lastig zijn wanneer ze een brief van de notaris krijgen dat ze erfgenaam zijn, of een brief van een schuldeiser met een vordering. Zeker als ze wat lager geletterd zijn. En dat gaat nog wel eens samen met een zwakkere sociale of financiële positie. Die mensen komen daar zelf niet zo makkelijk uit denk ik* (N13 notaris).
*Zorg in ieder geval dat die taal echt begrijpelijk is. Ook als je al zo’n stuk moet lezen op de website en dat je denkt ‘Ik ben hier echt te dom voor’, helpt dat niet dat mensen naar je toe komen, want als ze zich op voorhand al dom voelen dan zullen ze niet gauw om hulp komen vragen* (E5 eerstelijnsorganisatie).
De geïnterviewden beschrijven niet alleen een drempel voor de leesbaarheid van aktes en het om hulp vragen daarbij, maar ook meer in het algemeen voor het begrijpen en uitvoeren van verschillende stappen bij het afwikkelen van een nalatenschap. Sommige geïnterviewden noemen hierbij ook een culturele component in communicatie met mensen met een migratieachtergrond:
*Zeker mensen met een bi-culturele achtergrond zijn het vaak van huis uit niet gewend om een overheid of ander soort functionaris te bevragen of daar kritisch op te zijn. Dus mijn soort cliënten zijn al heel gauw, dat doen ze bij rechters ook, van ja en amen roepen, en ‘ja is goed’. En dan achteraf zeggen van: ‘oh ja maar daar heb ik niets van begrepen, hoe zit dit of hoe zit dat? Het ging ook allemaal zo snel’. Dat soort dingen hoor ik wel, ook van wat hoger opgeleide cliënten. ‘Jawel, het ging allemaal zo snel, en, ik dacht het zal wel goed zijn, dus’. (A1 advocaat gespecialiseerd in multiculturele doelgroep)*.
*Niet iedereen zegt het natuurlijk. En misschien zal een Nederlander die hier geboren en getogen is het wel zeggen: Maar ik begrijp u niet of kunt u dat nog een keer uitleggen of dat soort dingen. Of die is misschien wat assertiever en mondiger, maar niet iedereen durft dat. En dat maakt*
natuurlijk ook dat het dan minder toegankelijk is. [...] Je kan niet elke cliënt op dezelfde manier behandelen, dat kan gewoon niet. Iedereen heeft weer een andere benadering nodig. En ja niet alle kantoren hebben daar de tijd voor (N11 notaris).
Naast deze culturele componenten kan ook de beheersing van de Nederlandse taal een belemmering vormen. Wanneer iemand de taal onvoldoende beheerst, is een tolk noodzakelijk. Daar zijn echter wel extra kosten aan verbonden. Dit kan met name in het familierecht een extra drempel opwerpen (zie paragraaf 3.2).
4.2.2 Initiatieven voor het verbeteren van begrijpelijkheid
Binnen het notariaat is al enige tijd aandacht voor het verbeteren van de begrijpelijkheid van aktes en communicatie. Zo heeft de KNB in samenwerking met Steffie.nl enkele uitlegmodules ontwikkeld voor mensen die beperkt de Nederlandse taal spreken, laaggeletterden en mensen met een licht verstandelijke beperking. In deze modules wordt uitgelegd hoe erven werkt en wat een testament is.\(^{86}\) Daarnaast ontwikkelde de KNB in samenwerking met Raad op Maat een workshop “Help, mijn cliënt begrijpt niet wat ik zeg”. Deze workshop werd op het KNB-congres in het najaar 2023 aangeboden en wordt daarnaast als een tweedaagse cursus gegeven. Deze training is gericht op communiceren met mensen met een licht verstandelijke beperking. Het uitgangspunt is dat als notarissen dit kunnen, ze ook beter in staat zijn om mensen met gewone verstandelijke vermogens die minder bekend zijn met de notaris van dienst te zijn.\(^{87}\) Ook op de website notaris.nl is allerlei informatie beschikbaar en worden moeilijke begrippen uitgelegd met filmpjes. Deze inspanningen werden door geïnterviewden uit de eerste lijn gewaardeerd:
Vooral die website, die is naar ons idee echt wel toegankelijk. En dat is zo belangrijk. Dat geldt ook voor de overheid dat je toch die Jip en Janneke taal spreekt. Dan bereik je ook gewoon een groep mensen die je normaal niet bereikt (E8 eerstelijnshulpverlening).
Ik zag wel op een site inderdaad dat ze ook met Steffie.nl in eenvoudige taal dingen uitleggen, dus dat vind ik wel een hele mooie ontwikkeling. Maar misschien dat het notariaat ook wel daar zelf iets meer in kan doen, in bewustwording in die meer eenvoudige taal (E12 sociaal raadslieden)
Naast deze activiteiten vanuit de KNB zijn er ook verschillende notarissen die actief bezig zijn met het verbeteren van de begrijpelijkheid van hun communicatie, bijvoorbeeld door extra mondelinge uitleg, het bijvoegen van bijsluiters en het ontwikkelen van infographics of aangepaste modelaktes:
Ik denk dat de beroepsgroep daar wel een enorme slag in heeft geslagen. Heldere taal staat al jaren bij ons hoog in het vaandel. Je ziet het ook echt in de aktes. Taalgebruik wordt aangepast zodat de manier van communiceren steeds meer op het gewenste taalniveau gaat zitten. Wij werken zelf met infographics. Dus wij hebben notarisbegrippen vertaald in beeld. En dat werkt ook echt gewoon heel erg goed. [...] daarmee kun je elkaar makkelijker vinden, want het is een wisselwerking. Als de klant zich niet op zijn gemak voelt om informatie te delen, krijgen wij ook niet de juiste informatie binnen om de goede akte te kunnen maken (N6 notaris).
Enkele kantoren experimenteren daarbij ook met mogelijkheden van AI:
Ik denk wel dat de automatisering nieuwe mogelijkheden biedt daarvoor. Dus het geautomatiseerd aanpassen of controleren van het taalniveau van bepaalde teksten is iets wat je een aantal jaren geleden natuurlijk niet kon. En nu kun je ook met hulp van de computer daar ook wel checks op uitvoeren en aanpassingen op uitvoeren (N10 notaris).
\(^{86}\) Deze zijn te vinden op https://notaris.steffie.nl/nl/, geraadpleegd februari 2024.
\(^{87}\) Interview O3.
Daarnaast wordt in een gesprek met de KNB opgemerkt dat het gebruik van bijsluiters met toelichting niet altijd meer duidelijkheid oplevert:
*De toelichtingen gaan vaak uit van het perspectief van de notaris en niet van de klant. De klant wil ervaren: ‘gaat dit over mij?’. De notaris gebruikt de toelichting om een checklist af te lopen: heb ik over alles voorgelicht waarover ik moet voorlichten? Dat gaat vaak ook over hypothetische situaties en de klant herkent zich daar niet in. Dat roept verwarring op. De klant gaat de toelichting naast de akte leggen en kijkt ‘waar vind ik dat?’. Het in elkaar schuiven van die documenten (toelichting en akte) blijkt heel lastig te zijn voor mensen. Op die manier werkt die toelichting vaak niet (O3 KNB).*
Het verbeteren van de begrijpelijkheid levert echter ook dilemma’s op voor notarissen, met name op het gebied van de juridische kwaliteit van notariële producten. Het risico bestaat dat afwijken van bestaande modellen door stukken in eenvoudige taal te herschrijven, ruimte laat voor interpretatieveverschillen bij conflicten, die mogelijk uiteindelijk bij de rechter belanden. Ook in het tuchtrecht kan dit problemen opleveren, bijvoorbeeld wanneer in een begrijpelijke akte allerlei hypothetische situaties – die een akte ingewikkeld maken – onvoldoende zijn behandeld. In de interviews is een verschil te zien tussen notarissen die werken aan de algemene begrijpelijkheid van hun communicatie, bijvoorbeeld door een bijsluiter bij te voegen met uitleg, en notarissen die ook de aktes zelf begrijpelijker willen maken.\(^{88}\) De geïnterviewde notarissen nemen verschillende posities in, in dit debat:
*We proberen nu stuk voor stuk onze verschillende modellen die we hebben in begrijpelijke taal te schrijven. Dus dat heeft onze aandacht. Maar we worstelen daar zelf heel erg mee, want het gevaar is heel groot dat… [...] Die gevallen die geregeld worden zijn vaak zo ingewikkeld. Dat misschien mensen denken dat ze het begrijpen, maar als ze het echt moeten gaan uitvoeren, kom je er niet mee, omdat de gevallen gewoon heel erg ingewikkeld zijn. Dus je kunt het nou wel in eenvoudige taal opschrijven, maar of dat nou wel of niet tot een groter begrip leidt of dat mensen echt het zelf kunnen gaan uitvoeren. Dat is denk ik helemaal niet het gevolg. Het lijkt alleen eenvoudiger, omdat je minder ingewikkeld woorden gebruikt en het misschien wat meer abstracteert. Dus het eigenlijk simpeler maken en niet meer heel specifieke gevallen beschrijven, ja, ik weet niet of het daar nou mee vooruit gaat. Er is veel voor te zeggen. De cliënt heeft misschien het gevoel dat hij begrijpt wat er gebeurt, maar als het echt op uitvoeren aankomt, snapt ie er nog steeds niks van (N17 notaris).*
*Wij hebben op mijn afdeling toelichtingen op aktes in normaal Nederlands: Wat staat er nou eigenlijk in normaal Nederlands? En de akte zelf maak ik ook zo begrijpelijk als het kan en dat doen we met name door voorafjes, dus: wat is ons perspectief nu? Wat is de uitgangssituatie en waar willen we naartoe, wat willen we bereiken? Dat is ook in procedures heel erg van belang, want dan weet de rechter ook waarom je de overeenkomst bent aangegaan. Alleen in de akte zelf daar ben ik nog steeds super juridisch, omdat van mij verwacht wordt dat ik een document maak dat waterdicht is (N16 notaris).*
*Ik vind het juist leuk dat andere mensen snappen waar je mee bezig bent en vooral dat andere mensen begrijpen wat er staat. Want je ziet zoveel uitspraken van rechters waarbij partijen zeggen: ‘ja, dat had ik niet bedoeld’. Nou bij ons kan je nooit zeggen: ja, ik wist niet wat er stond, want er staat echt heel duidelijk wat er bedoeld wordt. Dus het is voor de mensen duidelijker. Het is ook laagdrempeliger vind ik. Want mensen durven ook vragen te stellen. Ze hebben veel meer vertrouwen in dat wat zij regelen, dat het ook goed is. [...] Ik weet nog, ik begon net met werken en toen stond in het testament: Deze akte is verleden te etc. en toen zei de klant: “Maar ik ben*
\(^{88}\) Zie voor een bespreking ook Van den Brink- Baggerman (2014).
nog helemaal niet overleden”. Deze akte passeert, hoezo? Een trein passeert, maar mijn akte passeert? Deze akte wordt ondertekend in xxx, is toch veel duidelijker? (N12 notaris)
Een ander nadeel dat notarissen noemen die met begrijpelijke aktes werken, is dat dit meer tijd kost.
Nou, als jullie de tekst op de website hebben gelezen, dan zie je de teksten die wij schrijven. Daar wordt heel veel aandacht aan besteed om die heel begrijpelijk te maken. Sommige mensen denken dat ze daarom minder goed zijn, maar dat is zeker niet het geval. Het kost extreem veel tijd om een tekst die je eerst hebt gemaakt eenvoudig op te schrijven. En dan zijn wij er al in geoefend om die tekst dan nog zo te herschrijven dat hij echt begrijpelijk is (N1 notarisorganisatie).
Het kost vooral meer tijd, zowel om teksten te maken, als om de vragen te beantwoorden. En als tijd geld is… Als mensen zeggen, het kan niet, dan denk ik: kunnen en willen, die liggen naast elkaar op het kerkhof (N12 notaris).
De extra tijdsinvestering betreft dus niet alleen het opstellen en herschrijven van teksten, maar ook omdat meer begrijpelijkheid leidt tot meer vragen van klanten over de tekst. De beantwoording daarvan vraagt ook een extra tijdsinvestering.
4.3 Imago van het notariaat
Naast de begrijpelijkheid komt uit de interviews ook het imago van het notariaat als drempel naar voren. Verschillende geïnterviewden beschrijven hoe dat imago van het notariaat bepaalde groepen cliënten ervan kan weerhouden om naar een notaris te gaan:
Wat ik ook wel proef, zeker bij de oudere generatie… Er wordt echt wel opgekeken tegen de notaris. Het zit nog steeds in dat DNA dat het een van de notabelen is. Daar horen ze eigenlijk niet te zijn, tenzij er problemen zijn. Daar zit ook nog wel een drempel. Dus het is niet alleen maar een financiële drempel. Het is ook wel een gevoel van: je komt bij een hogere in rang op gesprek en dat doe je niet even zomaar. Dan moet er echt iets aan de hand zijn. Dat doen ze niet als ze maar even een losse vraag hebben (E11 sociaal raadslieden).
Ik denk toch dat je moet zeggen dat voor de meeste mensen in de schulden de notaris ontoegankelijk is. In de eerste plaats om de kosten. Ik moet er wel bij zeggen dat het in de tweede plaats ook wel het aureool om een notaris heen is, dat voor veel mensen een belemmering zal zijn. Dus ik zal niet zeggen dat als er morgen een sociaal notaris is dat het storm loopt, want het is een hele drempel (S1 schuldhulpverlener).
Want als je ook bij het notariskantoor binnenkomt, het is net alsof je bij de burgemeester op audiëntie komt. Dat is nou eenmaal zo. Het is gewoon een heel gelikt en een mooi zakelijk kantoor. En niet iedereen zal zich daar even op zijn gemak voelen (E11 sociaal raadslieden).
Daarnaast wijzen sommige geïnterviewden erop dat door de uitstraling van bijvoorbeeld panden en websites met name een meer vermogend publiek wordt aangesproken:
Wat je ziet is dat als notarissen websites maken dat het toch grotendeels zo is dat de teksten die ze schrijven en ook de diensten die ze aanbieden komen vanuit hun eigen referentiekader van wat de klant van de notaris is. Misschien geen notaris, maar hij is wel hoger opgeleid en wat rijkder over het algemeen. Dat betekent dat de mensen waar het sociaal notariaat voor zou zijn ook geen affiniteit met notarissen hebben. Ik wil niet lullig zijn, maar ik gok dat als [naam interviewer] op een feestje zegt dat ze een notaris nodig heeft dat er altijd wel iemand in de
aanwezigen is die zegt: ‘Oh, ik ken er nog wel een’. Mensen waar we het hier over hebben, hebben geen idee waar ze een notaris überhaupt zouden moeten vinden. Ja, en dan hebben ze er helemaal geen affiniteit mee. Ze hebben er nog nooit een in het echt ontmoet om het maar zo te zeggen, dus daar zit de drempel in. De drempel om die hulp te zoeken is veel hoger bij die mensen. Dit is iets psychisch hier dus. We hebben het niet over het concrete zakelijke. De drempel. Het is gewoon voor die mensen een heel andere wereld waar ze in zouden stappen (N1 notarisorganisatie).
Wat ik zelf vaak lees en zie, ook als ik zoek naar een notaris voor cliënten, is vaak niet zo uitnodigend. Het lijkt ook vaak bedoeld voor een bepaalde eliteaire klasse te zijn. Alsof wat geschreven is voor alleen mensen die een bepaald inkomen hebben, een stichting of bv op willen richten, estate planning willen gaan doen. Het lijkt niet gericht te zijn op de sociaaleconomische klasse aan de onderkant, wat ik vanuit economisch oogpunt kan begrijpen, maar het risico daardoor is wel dat mensen die het ook nodig hebben, die toegang niet hebben en kunnen vinden en kunnen krijgen (A1 advocaat).
Mensen uit minder draagkrachtige groepen voelen zich hier minder snel door aangesproken en kunnen de indruk krijgen dat de notaris niet voor hen is bedoeld. Een van de geïnterviewden wijst daarnaast op de rol die sociaal kapitaal hier speelt: het kennen van een notaris of van mensen die een notaris kunnen aanbevelen. Enkele geïnterviewden benoemen dat het imago van notarissen als ‘niet voor hen bedoeld’ ook specifiek voor mensen met een migratieachtergrond een drempel kan vormen:
*Dat het voor mensen met een biculturele achtergrond ook heel snel zoiets is van o, notaris? Ja, dat is de elite van de maatschappij. Dat zijn mensen die niet het beste met ons voor hebben. Die willen ons niet eens helpen. Dat is ook een vooroordeel waar misschien ergens een kern van waarheid in zit, maar tegelijkertijd ook voor een groot deel onzin is. Want het moet van twee kanten komen en wat ik in mijn leven heb meegemaakt, is dat ook de meeste witte Nederlandse mensen het beste voor hebben met iedereen. Alleen, je moet natuurlijk wel elkaar tegemoetkomen* (N14 kandidaat-notaris).
Ook uit een gesprek met een vertegenwoordiger van een belangenorganisatie die zelf lange tijd laaggeletterd is geweest kwam een duidelijke psychische drempel naar voren. Tijdens dit interview werd over verschillende initiatieven van notarissen om drempels te verlagen, gesproken en of deze ook voor laaggeletterden drempelverlagend zouden zijn:
*Interviewer: Er zijn notarissen die af en toe eens naar een wijkcentrum of zo toegaan en dan een soort vragenuurtje houden. Zouden daar mensen heengaan, die laaggeletterd zijn?
Geinterviewde: Ja, dat weet ik dus niet zo goed. Ik hoor dat daar wel mensen naartoe gaan, maar of daar mensen heen gaan die laaggeletterd zijn? Ik denk wel degenen die nu ambassadeur zijn, die hebben dat nou wel onder de knie. Maar ik zou daar vroeger ook niet heen gaan. Die kijken daar hoog tegenaan. Vroeger keek ik ook overal hoog tegenaan. Tegen de huisarts. Dat was zo. Tegenwoordig niet meer hoor* (B7 belangenorganisatie en voormalig laaggeletterd).
De geïnterviewde vertelde ook over een eigen ervaring die zij had rond het overlijden van haar vader, waarbij er met spoed een notaris moest worden gezocht voor een aanpassing van het testament:
*Mijn vader was een beetje op het eind, hij had kanker. Mijn vader lag bij mij in huis. En ik kwam daar [bij de notaris] binnen, en ze zeggen: “ja, de notaris heeft het druk”. Ik zeg: “dan wacht ik wel tot hij tijd heeft, ik heb tijd genoeg”. Want dat [testament] moest gauw geschreven worden met notarissen, omdat hij zo aan het eind was. En toen zei ze [receptioniste notaris] zo tegen mij: “en u beslist wanneer de notaris tijd heeft”? En ik zeg: “nee, helemaal niet, jullie beslissen*
wanneer de notaris kan komen bij mij thuis en dan kan ik de rest allemaal regelen. Ik beslis niet, jullie beslissen dan toch"? (B7 belangenorganisatie en voormalig laaggeletterd)
Zoals uit dit interviewfragment blijkt kan onbekendheid met de notaris en diens manier van werken een drempel vormen. De geïnterviewde koos voor binnenlopen en wachten tot de notaris tijd had om te overleggen in plaats van de meer geëigende manier van vooraf telefonisch een afspraak maken, waardoor zij bij het notariskantoor enigszins afwijzend werd begroet. Dit soort cultureel en sociaal ‘kapitaal’ - bekend zijn met het instituut notaris, mensen kennen die een notaris kunnen aanbevelen, en weten hoe daar een afspraak te maken – kan een drempel vormen voor mensen die dat niet bezitten.\(^{89}\) Door dit soort ervaringen is het risico dat mensen afhaken bovendien groter.
### 4.4 Fysieke toegankelijkheid: locaties en bereikbaarheid
Voor ouderen en mensen met een beperking kan ook de fysieke toegankelijkheid van een notariskantoor een drempel vormen. Niet alle notariskantoren zijn voor deze doelgroep goed bereikbaar. Voor mensen die ernstig ziek zijn en bijvoorbeeld toch nog een testament willen maken of aanpassen, kan het reizen naar een notariskantoor überhaupt te belastend zijn. Enkele van de geïnterviewde notarissen bieden in gevallen waarin dit noodzakelijk is ook dienstverlening aan huis:
> Maar ik ben best wel eens gebeld door iemand die zegt: ‘ja, mijn vader ligt in het ziekenhuis, die wil echt nog een testament maken en overmorgen is hij er misschien niet meer’. Ja dat gebeurt toch een paar keer per jaar, dat we dan daar ook echt meteen naartoe gaan. Wij zeggen niet gauw nee. Want we merken vaak, ‘ja, u bent de vijfde of de zesde die gelukkig wel tijd heeft’. We hebben ook geen tijd, maar we doen het (N4 notaris).
> Wij doen ook wel de avond en het weekend als er echt spoed is, maar dan heb je mensen die ons bellen en die klant bij een andere notaris zijn. Zij zeggen: ‘ja, we hebben al die notaris gebeld maar die doet het allemaal niet. Die heeft geen tijd’, zeggen ze dan. Dus dan gaan wij het maar doen. Maar we merken dus gewoon dat heel veel notarissen de boot afhouden en als jij erom bekend staat dat jij dat doet, dan word je als het ware overspoeld. En dat is niet de bedoeling (N12 notaris).
> Onze openingstijden zijn gewoon kantoortijden. Maar wij maken er bijvoorbeeld geen probleem van als mensen zeggen, ‘ja, er moet iemand langskomen’ in een zorgcentrum of in een ziekenhuis of in het hospice. Ja, dat kan ook na kantoortijd. Maar mijn telefoonnummer staat niet op de site. Er zijn bij de KNB nu wel pilots dat je dan de weekenddienstnotaris kan bellen. Daar zou ik me dan ook nog weer voor kunnen opgeven, maar ik heb in het weekend ook al genoeg te doen, want ik werk vijf dagen in de week. (N20 notaris)
Uit de interviews komt een beeld naar voren dat slechts een minderheid van de notarissen deze dienst aanbiedt, zeker buiten kantoorturen, omdat deze als te belastend wordt ervaren. Inmiddels heeft de KNB een centraal nummer ingesteld wat bij spoedgevallen gebeld kan worden. Zo kan contact worden gezocht met een beschikbare notaris.
Tot slot kan de locatie en het pand waarin een kantoor gevestigd is ook een belemmering vormen, op het gebied van bijvoorbeeld rolstoeltoegankelijkheid, bewegwijzering, parkeren of bereikbaarheid met openbaar vervoer, maar ook door de uitstraling. Als onderdeel van drempels voor het bezoeken van een notaris werden ook geregeld de locaties benoemd waarop notariskantoren gevestigd zijn:
\(^{89}\) Zie ook Vrooman e.a. (2023).
Het is ook wel een ver-van-mijn-bed-show, denk ik, een hoge drempel dat mensen ook wel het idee hebben van ‘komen we in een heel duur pand’ (E12 sociaal raadslieden)
Interviewer: Wat zijn de andere drempels?
Geïnterviewde: De uitstraling van een notariskantoor. Ook als het in een gewoon gebouw zit, straalt het iets chics uit. Bijvoorbeeld bij [naam notariskantoor]. Nou die lopen al lang niet meer allemaal in driedelig pak, maar toch hebben ze wel een zekere status (B2 belangenorganisatie).
Andere dingen die de toegang belemmeren zitten misschien toch in de perceptie van de cliënt. Ja, wij zitten ook in een groot kantoorgebouw op de [hoge] verdieping. Ik kan me goed voorstellen dat mensen daar toch schromen om daar naar binnen te gaan. De vraag is of, als je ergens met je notariskantoor een minder mooie plek gaat zitten of je dan nog mensen vindt die voor je willen werken? (N17 notaris)
Waar chique locaties bepaalde doelgroepen kunnen afschrikken is het voor anderen - waaronder sommige potentiële nieuwe medewerkers - juist een pluspunt. Enkele van de geïnterviewde notarissen hebben bij het kiezen van de locatie en inrichting van het kantoor bewust rekening gehouden met de toegankelijkheid:
We zitten eigenlijk, dat heb ik wel bewust gedaan, al [jaren] in een oud winkelpand. Het is heel zichtbaar, we zitten echt op een hoek van een winkelstraat in een woonbuurt. Je kan altijd parkeren voor de deur. Er zit daadwerkelijk geen drempel, dus mensen met een rolstoel kunnen ook gewoon naar binnen. Ik vond het zelf heel fijn, omdat ik gewoon wil laten zien: ik heb gewoon mijn eigen winkel. Ik zit niet weg in een chique kantoorpand en dat past ook het beste bij mij en bij de mensen die hier werken en uiteindelijk vinden klanten het heel fijn, omdat het een hele leuke plek is (N9 notaris).
De manier waarop we gekleed zijn, waarop ons kantoor is ingericht. Dat we ook proberen dat het niet voelt alsof je in een soort kasteel op zoek bent of zo (N10 notaris).
En ons kantoor is wat laagdrempelig. Wij hebben echt nog de functies zoals vroeger de banken dat ook wel hadden, dat je gewoon naar binnen stapt. De mensen bellen gewoon aan en die komen even vragen om een folderje. En mensen kennen elkaar hier vaak. Dus aan de balie zitten ook medewerkers uit onze gemeente. Nou, die kennen vaak ook mensen, en dat maakt de boel laagdrempelig. Mensen komen makkelijk even naar binnen en stellen even hun vraag en dan wordt er beoordeeld of ze een afspraak nodig hebben of niet (N13 notaris).
4.5 Digitale toegankelijkheid
Naast fysieke toegankelijkheid kunnen ook de gekozen communicatiemiddelen al dan niet een drempel vormen. Net als in andere sectoren verloopt steeds meer communicatie met notarissen inmiddels langs digitale weg, via email of via speciale portals waarop klanten kunnen inloggen om documenten aan te leveren. Sinds kort kunnen cliënten zich identificeren op afstand\(^{90}\) en is het mogelijk om digitaal een besloten vennootschap op te richten.\(^{91}\) Verschillende geïnterviewde notarissen bieden inmiddels allerlei diensten digitaal aan. De coronapandemie wordt geregeld genoemd als aanleiding om digitale dienstverlening verder te ontwikkelen. Hierin zijn echter duidelijke verschillen te zien tussen geïnterviewden:
Nou wij communiceren veel digitaler. We proberen ook veel digitaler alles te doen. Ook bijvoorbeeld koopovereenkomsten kunnen digitaal ondertekend worden. En straks kunnen ook
\(^{90}\) Via Digitale Client Identificatie (DCI).
\(^{91}\) Staatsblad 2023, 335; De implementatiewetgeving maakt het voor EU-inwoners mogelijk om digitaal een bv op te richten via een digitale notariële akte, met digitale identificatie en digitale ondertekening op de hoogste betrouwbaarheidsniveaus.
aktes digitaal ondertekend worden, dus daar gaan we gewoon in mee. We luisteren vooral een beetje naar waar behoefte aan is, want eigenlijk is nog steeds ons uitgangspunt ‘ik wil ook gewoon standaard de uren reserveren voor welke bespreking dan ook’, dus er is altijd tijd en ruimte voor aandacht en dan krijgen de klanten de keuze van is het hier op kantoor of wil je het allemaal digitaal doen? Dus dat is wel echt veranderd, dat je ze naast op kantoor, ook gewoon digitaal kan bedienen (N9 notaris).
Maar ik gaf het al eerder aan: Ik ben echt iemand van de familiepraktijk. Mensen die ik op kantoor zie, bijna aanvoelen, dus nee, ik heb dat [digitale diensten] zelden gedaan. Echt alleen als het moest. [...] Maar ik ben er niet zo van. Nee dat past nog niet echt bij mij om heel veel digitaal te doen met cliënten, dus dat vind ik toch wel zeker met die familiepraktijk. Ja, dat vind ik heel moeilijk. Ik vond het heel moeilijk om helemaal tot de persoon door te dringen en ook aan de andere kant om zelf het gevoel binnen te krijgen wat ik moet krijgen bij dat gesprek. Dus nee, dat is niet niks (N11 notaris).
Bovenstaande en onderstaande citaat geven tevens aan dat sommige notarissen niet alle type akten geschikt vinden voor digitale afhandeling.
‘Bijvoorbeeld bij een testament is de non-verbale communicatie essentieel. Juist wat de cliënt niet zegt, kan belangrijk zijn. Maar om die signalen te kunnen oppikken, moet je aan tafel zitten.’
[...] ‘De nadruk ligt nu op de digitale akte. Prima, als dat allemaal sneller en efficiënter kan worden afgehandeld. Maar dat is alleen het proces. We moeten ons blijven realiseren dat die akte niet ons product is. Dat is het advies op grond waarvan de juiste akte wordt opgesteld. Tenzij je met andere professionals te maken hebt, is het daarom altijd beter om de mensen aan tafel te zien.’
Voor diverse mensen - bijvoorbeeld personen met fysieke beperkingen of gezondheidsproblemen en ondernemers - kan communicatie op afstand via digitale middelen de toegankelijkheid bevorderen. Het niet hoeven reizen kan stress, tijd en geld besparen. Waar digitale communicatie voor sommige doelgroepen de drempel verlaagt, kan het voor anderen de drempel juist verhogen. Veel mensen die laaggeletterd zijn, zijn bijvoorbeeld ook niet digitaal vaardig. Wel bieden digitale middelen, zoals de voorlichtingsvideo’s van steffie.nl, voor laaggeletterden juist weer mogelijkheden om informatie op een begrijpelijke manier over te brengen.
Ook ouderen worden door respondenten genoemd als een groep die moeite heeft met digitale vaardigheden:
Wij krijgen heel veel vragen over de toenemende digitalisering en niet voldoende mee kunnen participeren. [...] Het notariaat blijft in ieder geval telefonisch bereikbaar voor de mensen, het liefst nog iets laagdrempeliger qua kosten, maar zorg in ieder geval dat je bereikbaar bent. [...] Maar ja, samengevat, een mens van vlees en bloed aan de lijn, dat blijft toch heel belangrijk, merken wij. Er gaat steeds meer de digitale kant op en ja, daar maakt een groot deel van onze doelgroep zich nog heel boos over. Ja, die voelen zich echt wel in de hoek gezet, een beetje afgesneden. De maatschappij gaat natuurlijk heel snel in zijn ontwikkelingen (E8 eerste lijn).
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92 www.knb.nl/notariaat-magazine/2023-03/notaris-en-maatschappij-digitalisering-is-dat-nog-een-keuze-voor-het-notariaat, geraadpleegd juni 2024
93 Zie bijvoorbeeld: factsheet Digitale vaardigheden en laaggeletterdheid van stichting lezen en schrijven. www.lezenenschrijven.nl/sites/default/files/2020-08/Factsheet%20digitale%20vaardigheden.pdf, geraadpleegd april 2024; In 2023 beschikt ongeveer 20 procent van de Nederlanders van 12 jaar of ouder niet over digitale basisvaardigheden (Van Deursen & Helsper, 2020); Digitale vaardigheden worden vastgesteld aan de hand van het aantal gerapporteerde activiteiten op vijf gebieden: informatie en digitale geletterdheid, online communicatie, computers en online diensten, privacybescherming, en softwaregebruik; zie www.cbs.nl/nl-nl/nieuws/2023/45/nederlanders-digitaal-steeds-vaardiger, geraadpleegd maart 2024
En het is ook vaak nog de vraag in hoeverre ze de devices hebben, dan wel of dat ze daar gebruik van maken. Daar zie je ook dat het afloopt omdat zeg maar bij echtparen... Als er één wegvalt, blijkt dat met name vaak degene te zijn die alles op de computer deed en die andere deed nooit wat. Zo van: mijn vrouw of mijn man deed het wel en dus krijg je een nieuwe groep, maar ook vanwege aftakeling. Maar ook doordat de whizzkids van de banken en dergelijke denken van ‘oh dit in mijn scherm.... laten we het logootje van de linker naar de rechterkant zetten, want het ziet er esthetisch beter uit’ en zich niet realiseren, dat mensen die daar gewend aan zijn dat dat die functie is, het ineens naar de andere kant is gezet van de ene dag op de andere en daardoor niet meer digitaal vaardig zijn, omdat ze dan in de war raken. Dus het digitale is op zich op bepaalde aspecten wel te hanteren, maar dan moet je ook wel weten hoe (B3 belangenorganisatie).
We hebben een aantal folders van de KNB die we meegeven. Sommige mensen vinden dat geweldig dat ze eindelijk iets op papier hebben. Heel veel mensen zijn wat ouder of zijn digibeet, hebben geen computer, kunnen niet printen. Ja, dan zijn ze blij met een papiertje waar het in staat. Dan heb ik nog zoiets van: ja, je krijgt het boekje wel mee, maar snap je ook wat er nu in staat? Ja, daarom geef ik dat soort boekjes pas aan het eind mee. Ze moeten het bij mij veelal doen met de uitleg die ik geef. Meestal maak ik er een plaatje bij. Daar wordt heel vaak met de telefoon een foto van gemaakt. Van: ‘kunnen we dat nog aan de kinderen laten zien.’ (N20 notaris)
Naast digitaal ook goed telefonisch bereikbaar zijn en stukken zo nodig op papier meegeven, kan voor minder digitaal vaardige mensen de drempel verlagen om gebruik te maken van notariële diensten.
4.6 Doenvermogen
Tot slot kan het doenvermogen van mensen een drempel vormen in de toegankelijkheid van het notariaat. Zelfs wanneer mensen weten dat zij naar een notaris moeten gaan om iets te regelen, zij de financiële middelen hebben om dit te betalen en de intentie om te gaan, wil dit nog niet altijd zeggen dat het ook lukt om dit plan uit te voeren. Zoals besproken in de introductie heeft de WRR in het rapport ‘Weten is nog geen doen’ de zogenaamde ‘doenvermogenstoets’ ontworpen als instrument om beleid en regelgeving te boordelen, met als kernvraag: gaat de regeling uit van realistische assumpties over de mentale belastbaarheid van burgers? Wat de gang naar de notaris een relatief zware mentale belasting maakt, is in de eerste plaats dat burgers zelf hun situatie moeten beoordelen, in moeten zien dat er iets gereeld moet worden bij een notaris en vervolgens het initiatief moeten nemen om een notaris te vinden en daar een afspraak te maken. Ten tweede zijn er kosten aan verbonden. Ten derde gaat het, met name in het familierecht, vaak om situaties die te maken hebben met zogeheten major life events, grote levensgebeurtenissen zoals overlijden, geboorte of echtscheiding, die de mentale belastbaarheid van burgers ernstig kunnen beïnvloeden. Tot slot is er sprake van complexe regelgeving, met name op het gebied van het erfrecht. Zo kunnen kleine fouten - zoals het meenemen van persoonlijke spullen of het betalen van rekeningen na een overlijden waardoor de erfenis onbedoeld zuiver wordt aanvaard - grote gevolgen hebben, die niet altijd te repareren zijn. Al deze factoren tezamen maken dat er bij de gang naar de notaris sprake is van een groot beroep op het doenvermogen van burgers:
Ik denk ook dat het wel te maken heeft, het is natuurlijk vaak langere termijn denken, terwijl ik ook wel te maken heb met mensen die proberen om op korte termijn alles rond te krijgen, dus ik denk dat dan ook de ruimte misschien wat minder aanwezig kan zijn om daarmee aan de slag te gaan.
Interviewer: Ruimte in welke zin?
---
94 WWR (2017). Zie ook https://www.wrr.nl/publicaties/publicaties/2020/09/15/doenvermogen, geraadpleegd maart 2024.
Geïnterviewde: Nou de ruimte in je hoofd, zal ik maar zeggen, om daarmee bezig te zijn (E12 sociaal raadslid).
Toen ik die [taalvaardigheids-] lessen nog niet gehad had, en nog niet bij [belangenorganisatie] was ... nu loop ik bij [een informatie en adviespunt in de wijk] naar binnen als ik iets niet weet. Maar toen ik dat nog niet gedaan had, had ik dat niet gedurfd. Want je gaat ook steeds meer durven (B7 belangenorganisatie en voormalig laaggeletterd).
In mijn visie is de ontwikkeling van de afgelopen 30 jaar geweest dat onze maatschappij voor een toenemend aantal mensen te complex is geworden. En vroeger had je helemaal niet zo vaak een notaris nodig. Tegenwoordig kan je haast niet meer zonder. En dat vind ik in die zin voor met name die groep mensen in de maatschappij echt wel een worsteling, want er zijn enorm veel wettelijke regelingen opgetuigd, die zodanig complex zijn dat die groep burgers in de maatschappij er überhaupt al niets mee kunnen, omdat alleen het aanvragen al te complex is (B6 belangenorganisatie).
Ook persoonlijkheidskenmerken als een (gebrek aan) zelfvertrouwen om dingen te regelen en om hulp te durven vragen kunnen dus een belemmering vormen, waarbij ook de maatschappelijke context van complexe regelgeving van belang is. Verschillende hulpverleners uit de eerste lijn benoemen dan ook een gebrek aan doenvermogen – hoewel niet altijd met die term – als een belangrijke drempel om naar de notaris te gaan:
Soms zijn er bijvoorbeeld mensen die ooit een keer huwelijksvoorwaarden gemaakt hebben met een staat van aanbrengsten. Dan wordt gezegd dat een voorwerp niet van de schuldenaar is waardoor geen beslag kan worden gelegd. Dan wordt er een staat van aanbrengsten getoond van 25 jaar geleden, waarin ik duidelijk kan zien dat de voorwerpen in huis nieuw zijn. Zo’n staat van aanbrengsten wordt dus niet bijgehouden. Dan verwijst je mensen wel naar de notaris. Dus ik verwijst mensen wel, maar daar blijft het ook bij. En heel veel mensen beschikken niet over het doenvermogen om vervolgens het om te zetten in actie. Dat is ook een belangrijk gegeven. Heel veel mensen die willen wel, maar op de een of andere manier komen ze er niet toe (S2 schuldhulpverlener).
‘Dat is wel belangrijk, maar ik ga eerst dit en dit en dit oppakken’ en je merkt gewoon dat het doenvermogen bij mensen, met name met multiproblematiek en verminderde zelfredzaamheid, is niet zo groot. Dus je kunt niet zeggen, nou, hier heb je de stapel en los het op. Dus je hebt die twee, de hoogste [drempels] zijn: prioritering en financiering (E5 eerstelijns hulpverlening).
Zoals uit deze citaten blijkt gaat het bovendien niet alleen om het vastleggen van afspraken, zoals huwelijksvoorwaarden of een testament, maar ook om het bijhouden van de administratie die daarbij hoort en het tijdelijk aanpassen als gemaakte afspraken niet meer passend zijn. Enkele geïnterviewden wezen er daarbij op dat vooral mensen die te maken hebben met meerdere problemen tegelijkertijd, de zogenaamde multiproblematiek, kunnen vastlopen.
4.7 Samenvatting
In dit hoofdstuk zijn de belangrijkste niet-financiële factoren en belemmeringen voor toegankelijkheid van het notariaat besproken: de (on)begrijpelijkheid van notariële stukken, het imago van het notariaat, de fysieke toegankelijkheid van locaties en communicatie en het (gebrek aan) kennis over het nut en de noodzaak van iets regelen bij de notaris bij burgers. Uit de interviews met notarissen, eerstelijns hulpverleners, belangenorganisaties en andere professionals komt naar voren dat deze factoren de toegang tot het notariaat kunnen belemmeren. Deze factoren kunnen in het algemeen voor veel mensen een drempel vormen en spelen het meest bij kwetsbare groepen zoals laaggeletterden, mensen met een verstandelijke beperking en
mensen met een migratieachtergrond. Het gebrek aan kennis speelt met name bij het familierecht, bijvoorbeeld in onduidelijkheden over het huwelijksvermogensrecht in situaties van schulden of over hoe het erfrecht werkt, wat het onbedoeld zuiver aanvaarden van nalatenschappen tot gevolg kan hebben.
Een gebrek aan kennis over familievermogensrecht en nut en noodzaak van de notaris speelt bovendien niet alleen bij mensen zelf, maar ook bij de eerstelijns hulpverleners waar deze doelgroepen terechtkomen. Het beter informeren van hulpverleners in de eerste lijn zodat deze tijdig en laagdrempelig kunnen overleggen of doorverwijzen, kan dan ook effectief middel zijn om de toegankelijkheid van het notariaat te versterken.
Bovendien valt een bezoek aan de notaris vaak samen met grote levensgebeurtenissen als echtscheiding of overlijden, wat een negatief effect op het doenvermogen heeft en toegankelijkheidsproblemen verder kan versterken. Hoewel ook hoogopgeleide burgers moeite kunnen hebben met het begrijpen van aktes of het ondernemen van actie op het moment dat de mentale belasting al groot is, is het voor hen relatief gemakkelijker om informatie in te winnen of de juiste hulp te vinden. Hierbij spelen naast financiële factoren ook cultureel en sociaal kapitaal en andere *legal capabilities* een rol. Digitalisering kan daarbij zowel een positieve als een negatieve rol spelen. Enerzijds is er bij kwetsbare groepen als laaggeletterden vaak ook sprake van een gebrek aan digitale vaardigheden. Ook wijzen geïnterviewde notarissen erop dat persoonlijk contact belangrijk kan zijn voor goed advies en uitleg. Anderzijds biedt digitalisering ook mogelijkheden om drempels te verlagen, zoals door de inzet van informatieve filmpjes en infographics. Ook kunnen digitale afspraken de toegankelijk van de notaris voor chronisch zieken en andere mensen voor wie reizen een drempel vormt, verbeteren.
In dit hoofdstuk zijn ook verschillende initiatieven van notarissen om niet-financiële belemmeringen weg te nemen besproken. Met name op het gebied van begrijpelijkheid en kennis worden zowel op landelijk niveau door de KNB als door individuele notariskantoren allerlei activiteiten ontwoloid, zoals het geven van voorlichtingsbijeenkomsten en lezingen, informatiecampagnes en initiatieven op het gebied van het begrijpelijker maken van stukken. Bij dat laatste doen zich meningsverschillen voor tussen geïnterviewden die van mening zijn dat er met name geïnvesteerd moet worden in bijsluiters, infographics en andere uitleg, en geïnterviewden die ook de taal in de aktes zelf begrijpelijker willen maken. Tegenstanders zijn van mening dat zulke aanpassingen ten koste gaan van de (juridische) kwaliteit van aktes. Een knelpunt dat meer aandacht behoeft is de samenwerking van het notariaat met eerstelijnhulpverleners.
5 Verkenning van knelpunten en voorgestelde oplossingsrichtingen
In de voorgaande hoofdstukken is een aantal knelpunten en drempels aan de orde gekomen rond de toegankelijkheid van het notariaat. Het gaat zowel om financiële toegankelijkheid als om andere vormen van toegankelijkheid, zoals het imago van het notariaat, kennis over het nut en de rol van de notaris bij burgers en eerstelijnsprofessionals, digitale en fysieke toegankelijkheid en de begrijpelijkheid van akten en de communicatie van notarissen. Op veel van deze terreinen worden er door het notariaat en andere betrokkenen al allerlei initiatieven ontplooid om de toegankelijkheid te verbeteren. Daarom zullen we ons in dit hoofdstuk richten op de twee belangrijkste knelpunten die op dit moment nog onvoldoende worden geadresseerd en waarvoor we vervolgens enkele oplossingsrichtingen bespreken zoals deze naar voren zijn gekomen in de interviews. Deze twee belangrijkste knelpunten zijn 1) de financiële toegankelijkheid van het notariaat en 2) de niet-financiële toegankelijkheid van het notariaat, waaronder een gebrek aan structurele samenwerking met (eerstelijns)hulpverlening. Dit laatste knelpunt ziet vooral op (een gebrek aan) inbedding van het notariaat in de bestaande structuur van eerstelijnshulpverlening voor burgers die minder zelfredzaam zijn en/of een lager inkomen hebben. Ook knelpunten als imago, begrijpelijkheid en een gebrek aan kennis over familievermogensrecht van zowel burgers als professionals spelen hierbij een rol.
De mogelijke oplossingsrichtingen die uit de interviews naar voren komen zijn 1) de instelling van een ‘sociaal notariaat’ en 2) mogelijke wets- of beleidswijzigingen die bestaande problemen zouden kunnen voorkomen, waardoor een gang naar de notaris hiervoor niet langer noodzakelijk is. Op basis van de interviews en bestaande literatuur zullen in dit hoofdstuk de voor- en nadelen en deze oplossingsrichtingen worden verkend. In hoofdstuk 6 zullen vervolgens de conclusies van het onderzoek worden gepresenteerd.
5.1 Knelpunt 1: financiële toegankelijkheid
Zoals in hoofdstuk 3 is besproken, is de financiële toegankelijkheid van het notariaat voor mensen uit lagere inkomensgroepen of mensen met schulden beperkt, terwijl zij wel behoefte kunnen hebben aan dienstverlening van een notaris. Die situaties liggen, zoals we in hoofdstuk 2 hebben geconstateerd, vooral op het gebied van het familievermogensrecht: bijvoorbeeld mensen die een erfenis (beneficiair) moeten afhandelen; het opmaken van een levenstestament voor ouderen, mensen die langdurig ziek zijn of een beperking hebben; een samenlevingscontract of huwelijks/ partnerschapsvoorwaarden voor mensen met schulden en kleine ondernemers die hun partner willen beschermen tegen claims van schuldeisers; of een testament als men wettelijke erfgenen nam wil ontvieren of een executeur wil benoemen.
Op dit moment voldoet de bestaande regeling van artikel 56 Wna niet. Een belangrijk nadeel is dat het standaardtarief dat de kamers voor het notariaat hanteren erg hoog is, zodat de toepassing van deze regeling burgers in de meeste gevallen geen financieel voordeel oplevert. Bovendien ontbreekt een verplichting van de beroeps groep om burgers op deze mogelijkheid te wijzen. Daarnaast of waarschijnlijk als gevolg daarvan is er voor burgers op internet weinig informatie te vinden over de regeling en is deze ook veelal onbekend bij veel eerstelijnshulpverleners (zie 3.3). Een andere beperking van de regeling is dat deze alleen geldt voor specifiek benoemde akten in de familievermogensrechtpraktijk. Het levenstestament is bijvoorbeeld uitgesloten, maar ook andere rechtsgebieden of notarieel advies. Er zijn weliswaar verschillende notarissen die in schrijnende gevallen voor een gereduceerd tarief of met een betalingsregeling werken, maar dit betreft individuele ‘gunsten’ en geen structurele regeling waarop mensen een beroep kunnen doen. Bovendien worden mogelijkheden voor een gereduceerd tarief of in termijnen betalen niet ‘geadvertenteerd’, waardoor het niet vanzelfsprekend is dat mensen die hieraan behoefte hebben, kunnen weten dat de mogelijkheid bestaat en een kantoor kunnen vinden dat ze tegen een gereduceerd tarief verder kan helpen.
5.2 Knelpunt 2: Niet-financiële toegankelijkheid
Naast de financiële toegankelijkheid zijn er ook andere belemmeringen bij de toegankelijkheid van het instituut notaris, in dit hoofdstuk samengevat als het knelpunt ‘niet financiële toegankelijkheid’. Vanuit het aanbod vallen bijvoorbeeld de beperkte begrijpelijkheid van notariële teksten en mondelinge communicatie, de beperkte bereikbaarheid (uitsluiting chique panden, beperkte dienstverlening in de familievermogensrechtpraktijk), beperkte kennis bij eerstelijnshulpverleners over het nut en de rol van notarissen voor dergelijke groepen en de geringe samenwerking met notarissen op. Een gebrek aan inbedding van het notariaat in de bestaande structuur van eerstelijnshulpverlening voor burgers die minder zelfredzaam zijn en/of een laag inkomen hebben is dan ook een belangrijk onderdeel.
Vanuit de behoeftekant zijn er barrières zoals het gebrek aan kennis over het nut en de rol van de notaris, het imago van de notaris als ‘alleen voor een bepaald soort mensen’, en problemen rond de begrijpelijkheid van notariële dienstverlening. Zoals in hoofdstuk 4 is beschreven, komt uit de interviews met notarissen, eerstelijnshulpverleners, belangenorganisaties en andere professionals naar voren dat deze factoren de toegang tot het notariaat kunnen belemmeren. Daarbij spelen naast financiële factoren ook cultureel en sociaal kapitaal en andere *legal capabilities* een rol. Deze belemmering is dan ook het sterkst voor groepen als laaggeletterden, mensen met een verstandelijke beperking of mensen met een migratieachtergrond die de Nederlandse taal niet goed machtig zijn. Voor hoogopgeleide burgers is het in vergelijkbare situaties relatief gemakkelijker om informatie in te winnen of de juiste hulp te vinden, ook al kunnen ook zij moeite hebben met het begrijpen van akten of met beperkingen in het doenvermogen in stressvolle situaties.
5.3 Oplossingsrichting: sociaal notariaat
Het begrip ‘sociaal notariaat’ definiëren we als een equivalent van de ‘sociale advocatuur’, een toevoegingssysteem of andere gereguleerde financieringsvorm voor het notariaat om notariële diensten te verlenen aan mensen die niet in staat zijn hiervoor een marktconforme prijs te betalen. Een van de vragen die in dit onderzoek centraal stonden, is de vraag of de instelling van een sociaal notariaat kan bijdragen aan de toegankelijkheid van het notariaat en een oplossing kan vormen voor minder draagkrachtigen die op dit moment niet of minder worden bereikt. In wat volgt bespreken we op basis van de interviews de voor- en nadelen van een sociaal notariaat, opties voor financiering zoals deze zijn aangedragen door respondenten en in de literatuur over dit thema. Ook komen de grenzen en voorwaarden voor een dergelijk systeem aanbod. Tevens gaan we in op de suggesties die worden gedaan voor de inbedding en samenwerking van het notariaat met eerstelijnshulpverlening.
5.3.1 Voor- en nadelen sociaal notariaat
De meningen over dit thema in de interviews waren sterk verdeeld. Een aantal geïnterviewden was uitgesproken voorstander, anderen waren meer ambivalent of twijfelden aan het nut.
**Preventie van problemen, voorkomen van extra kosten, hulp bij lastige nalatenschappen**
Zoals ook in hoofdstuk 2 is besproken, komen uit de interviews verschillende voorbeelden naar voren van situaties waarin burgers met beperkte financiële middelen behoefte hadden aan notariële diensten die ze echter niet konden betalen. Een sociaal notariaat zou er voor kunnen zorgen dat toekomstige problemen en daarmee ook toekomstige persoonlijke maar ook maatschappelijke kosten worden voorkomen, of dat huidige problemen worden opgelost. Voorbeelden die genoemd werden, zijn onder meer mensen die weliswaar weinig vermogen hebben maar voor wie de wettelijke regels voor een nalatenschap niet goed passen, bijvoorbeeld omdat zij geen (contact met) familie hebben en graag iemand willen aanwijzen om hun huurwoning leeg te ruimen of de zorg voor hun huisdieren af te handelen. Voor deze mensen zou het maken van een testament een oplossing kunnen bieden. Ook het levenstestament wordt in deze context geregeld.
genoemd, bijvoorbeeld voor alleenstaanden zonder familie, die op die manier aan kunnen wijzen wie er beslissingen mag nemen als zij dat zelf niet meer kunnen.\footnote{Uit de interviews komt vooral het levenstestament als oplossing naar voren voor deze situaties. Er bestaan echter ook wettelijke regelingen die ingezet kunnen worden als iemand niet meer in staat is om zelf beslissingen te nemen, zoals curatele, bewind en mentorschap. Deze alternatieven kennen ook nadelen. Zo is er een procedure bij de rechtbank nodig en kunnen er kosten verbonden zijn aan zowel de procedure als de uitvoering van de maatregel. Voordeel van een levenstestament ten opzichte van deze regeling is dat vooraf al kan worden vastgelegd wie beslissingen mag gaan nemen en wat de wensen van de betreffende persoon zijn. Uit onderzoek van Stelma-Roorda (2024) blijkt echter dat dit ook problemen op kan leveren. Zo wordt het levenstestament niet altijd bijgewerkt wanneer sociale verhoudingen veranderen en kan zich de situatie voordoen dat degene die in het levenstestament gemachtigd wordt beslissingen te nemen daar helemaal niet van op de hoogte is.}
Denk aan onder bewind staan om maar eens iets te noemen. Daar heb je zomaar vragen over, want daar kan je ook te maken hebben met het testament. Bijvoorbeeld: “mag ik erven als ik onder bewind sta?” Om maar eens iets te noemen. Of: hoe moet ik ermee omgaan als ik iemand in huis heb die schulden heeft. Kan ik dan bij een notaris iets regelen dat er geen beslag wordt gelegd op mijn spullen? Nou, dat zijn mensen die zitten in een heel andere inkomens- en vermogensgroep om het zo te zeggen (N1 notarisorganisatie).
Toen ik aan het begin van mijn carrière zat, kon ik me niet voorstellen, dat als ik een van mijn cliënten via toevoeging heb geholpen met een echtscheiding waarin de rechter zegt van: ‘joh vervolgens moet je nu naar de notaris’, dat het dan daar ineens ophoudt [...] Want nu moeten ze daar hoge tarieven gaan betalen, terwijl voor hun idee hebben ze wel belangrijke dingen te verdelen, alleen dat kun je niet vertalen naar economische waarde. Het hobbelpaardje van opa, dat kan je niet verkopen voor iets, maar het is wel belangrijk wie dat nou gaat krijgen [...] En wat krijg je dan, je krijgt hogere maatschappelijke kosten. Want die komen allebei terecht bij een advocaat met het verhaal: ja het is veel te duur, ik kom er met mijn vrouw niet uit, laten we dan maar die verdeling maken bij de rechter, kom je weer bij de rechter terecht. En dan soms ook nog in hoger beroep. Dus het kost veel meer, dan dat je dat geld had besteed aan een subsidie voor de notaris (A1 advocaat).
Ik vind het toch wel raar dat het in de advocatuur wel bestaat en het notariaat niet, terwijl het toch heel belangrijk ook is. Ja, ook zo’n testament maken, dat kan zo belangrijk zijn voor mensen en het is gewoon dan ja, die als je bedenkt dat iemand die een bijstandsuitkering heeft, die leeft van 300 euro op de rekening en je moet een testament maken dat contant 500, 600 euro is... Ja, ik kan dan niet begrijpen dat daar niks voor geregeld is (N3 notaris).
Deze laatste geïnterviewde wijst naast het persoonlijk belang van de betrokkenen bij de verdeling van spullen die geen financiële maar wel emotionele waarde hebben ook op de maatschappelijke kosten wanneer er conflicten ontstaan die weer bij de rechter terechtkomen. Verschillende geïnterviewde bewindvoerders en schuldhulpverleners benoemden daarnaast dat het afhandelen van erfenissen niet tot hun taak behoort, waardoor deze taak soms blijft liggen wanneer bijvoorbeeld iemand met een beperking onder beschermingsbewind staat:
Een bewindvoerder zegt dan: ik krijg er niks voor, dus ik ga het niet doen, dus er wordt beneficiair aanvaard en dan wordt het ergens in de kast gestopt. En dan hopen we maar dat iedereen het prima vindt. [...] En dan blijven er eigenlijk allemaal onbetaalde rekeningen naar de toekomst, met als gevolg dat je vaak geconfronteerd wordt als bewindvoerder met nalatenschappen die nooit afgewikkeld zijn en dat er achteraf toch gedoe over ontstaat. [...] En als iemand dan ja, heel plots overlijdt, ja, dan kan je niks meer doen, maar als je ziet dat die langzaamaan richting het einde van hun leven gaan, dan gaan wij als bewindvoerders geitenpaadjes zoeken om te zorgen dat familie dan toch nog persoonlijke spullen kan krijgen. Dan zeg je van Joh: Het is misschien toch verstandiger dat je nu alvast eens even de foto’s mee gaat nemen, of dingen die nog in huis
staan waar je waarde aan hecht, want als er geen geld is, dan moet die persoon uiteindelijk op kosten van de gemeente begraven worden. En al haal je maar een fotolijstje weg, dan heb je volgens de wet al een daad van aanvaarding gepleegd. Dus in die zin voorziet het erfrecht ook niet in oplossingen in dat soort situaties. Dus ben ik een voorstander van het sociaal notariaat? Ja die vraag is denk ik wel beantwoord, ja. Hoe dat je dat vervolgens in elkaar steekt en gefinancierd krijgt? Dat vind ik een hele spannende vraag (B6 belangenorganisatie).
De KNB ziet bij de vereffening van nalatenschappen een belangrijke rol voor een sociaal notariaat:
*De regelgeving rondom vereffening van nalatenschappen is voor burgers heel complex, zie bijvoorbeeld Rechtbank Gelderland 7 februari 2024*\(^{96}\), waarin de rechtbank oordeelde dat van een erfgenaam, die niet een professionele vereffenaar is, niet verwacht kan worden dat hij op de hoogte is van alle verplichtingen die met de rol van vereffenaar gepaard gaan. De complexiteit van de vereffeningsprocedure hangt samen met de verschillende - tegenover elkaar staande - betrokken belangen daarin, met name die van schuldeisers. Juist vanwege de betrokken belangen, is vereenvoudiging van de relevante regelgeving misschien wel heel wenselijk, maar ook lastig. Dat maakt wel dat het uitgangspunt dat iedere burger daarin zelfredzaam moet zijn, heroverweging verdient. Dat uitgangspunt gaat voorbij aan die complexiteit en gaat de draagkracht van de gemiddelde burger te boven. Daarom zou advisering van de erfgenamen (of de betrokken vertegenwoordigers zoals bewindvoerders in een meerderjarigenbewind) door een deskundige zoals de notaris mogelijk en bereikbaar moeten zijn, ook voor de burger die dat niet uit eigen middelen kan betalen. Advisering van erfgenamen-vereffenaaars in vereffeningsprocedures zou dan ook onder de paraplu van de gefinancierde rechtsbijstand moeten worden gebracht (KNB).*\(^{97}\)
Ook in deze situaties kan het tijdig inschakelen van een notaris maatschappelijke kosten voorkomen. Dit past bij het preventieve karakter van het notariaat.\(^{98}\)
**Gestructureerd aanbod**
Een ander voordeel van een sociaal notariaat dat wordt genoemd is dat een regeling ervoor zorgt dat burgers niet zijn overgeleverd aan willekeur. In de huidige situatie is het zo dat niet draagkrachtige burgers afhankelijk zijn van de welwillendheid van een notaris, en van het toevallige aanbod van sociale dienstverlening door notarissen in de regio. Dit aanbod wordt bovendien niet ‘geadverteerd’ en is vooral gebaseerd op informeel ‘via-via’ contact tussen een burger en een specifieke notaris. Het gebruik van dit soort sociale diensten vereist dus sociaal kapitaal – een netwerk. Een kwetsbare financiële positie gaat echter vaak juist samen met een gebrek aan dergelijk sociaal kapitaal.\(^{98}\)
**Geen noodzaak**
Niet alle geïnterviewden waren voorstander van een sociaal notariaat:
*Bijna alles wat notarissen doen waar we zeg maar het domeinmonopolie in hebben en onze tussenkomst wettelijk verplicht is, zijn diensten waar mensen toch al geld voor hebben, of het kunnen financieren. De overdracht van de woningen, vestigen van die hypotheekrechten, oprichten van een BV. Dat zijn allemaal dingen waar de kosten in verhouding tot het geld wat er verder ook wordt uitgegeven, relatief laag zijn naar mijn smaak, dus de vraag is: wat voor sociaal notariaat? (N17 notaris).*\(^{98}\)
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\(^{96}\) ECLI:NL:RBGEL:2024:1877
\(^{97}\) Zie ook ‘Sociaal notariaat, ja of nee?’ *Notariaat magazine* nr. 2023-01
\(^{98}\) Vrooman, e.a. (2023)
Zijn er dan mensen die heel weinig te besteden hebben, maar toch wel een notaris nodig hebben? Ja, ik zou dan beter moeten begrijpen voor wat voor soort werk. Ik vind overigens dat iedereen recht zou moeten hebben op notarieel advies. Laat daar geen misverstanden over bestaan en als dat voor sommige mensen al financieel een drempel opwerpt, dan moeten we die drempel wegnemen. Punt. Maar ik vraag me af of er veel mensen zijn die het niet kunnen betalen, maar het wel nodig hebben. Ik denk dat de mensen die het niet kunnen betalen ook geen notaris nodig hebben. Want waar hebben die een notaris voor nodig? Die gaan geen BV oprichten, tenzij ze een onderneming willen starten, maar die gaan geen huis overdragen of hypotheek nemen. Die hebben geen ingewikkelde vermogenspositie privé dat er huwelijksvoorwaarden moeten komen, dus die kunnen eigenlijk heel goed uit de voeten met de wetgeving zoals die is en de faciliteiten die geregeld zijn omtrent huwelijksvermogensrecht (N18 notaris).
Sommige notarissen zien de noodzaak voor een sociaal notariaat niet, omdat de vraag naar financiële regelingen binnen hun praktijk gering is en ze dit prima zelf met aangepaste tarieven of betalingsafspraken kunnen regelen. Daar hoeft in hun ogen niet een heel systeem voor opgetuigd te worden. Wat verder opvalt uit de gesprekken met tegenstanders – over het algemeen notarissen – is, dat zij met name geen noodzaak zien voor zoiets als een sociaal notariaat omdat mensen met weinig geld toch geen notaris nodig zouden hebben.
Uit de interviews met eerstelijns hulpverleners en notarissen die zelf aan sociale dienstverlening doen, komen wel duidelijk situaties naar voren waarin mensen met weinig financiële middelen behoefte hebben aan notariële diensten. Deze mensen komen echter weinig bij notarissen terecht. De discrepantie tussen de antwoorden van eerstelijns hulpverleners en - een deel van - de geïnterviewde notarissen zou dan ook kunnen worden verklaard uit een gebrek aan kennis en ervaring van notarissen met deze doelgroep. Een geïnterviewde advocaat reflecteerde hierop:
*Kijk, als je dit niet ook vanuit het oogpunt bekijkt van degene die deze groepen bijstaan, dan verlies je gewoon heel veel informatie. Dat zie je natuurlijk ook gewoon niet als notaris. Dat is ook logisch. Als iemand gewoon op de website kijkt en zegt van wow, wat een hoge tarieven, ik ga niet meer, dan komt de informatie bij de notaris ook nooit terecht. Hoogstens bij de receptie, of een klerk* (A1 advocaat).
**Capaciteitsproblemen en problemen binnen de sociale advocatuur**
Andere geïnterviewden waren in principe voorstander van een sociaal notariaat, maar zagen allerlei praktische bezwaren. Deze bezwaren liggen met name op het vlak van de praktische uitvoerbaarheid. Gezien de bestaande personeelstekorten in het notariaat, met name in het familierecht, bestaat bij verschillende geïnterviewden de indruk dat er onvoldoende capaciteit is om een regeling voor sociaal notariaat uit te voeren:
*Kijk, ik weet ook niet hoe goed het is als iedereen die in een sociaal minimum zit er gebruik van zou maken. Ik weet niet wat de werktoename wordt, hoeveel tijd je kwijt bent. Kijk, als je inderdaad een medewerker ervoor moet aannemen die 6.000 euro kost per maand, terwijl het 3.000 euro oplevert. Ja, dan heb je een probleem natuurlijk [...] En de sociale advocatuur... Als ik zie wat die mensen verdienen en wat voor ellende ze allemaal krijgen dan denk ik: wie gaat dat nog doen? Nou zo gaat het ook met sociaal notariaat. Heel leuk, maar wie gaat dat nog doen?* (N12 notaris).
*Er is een tendens dat er in grote steden nog maar een handjevol kantoren familierecht doen. Dat is een trend die al langer aan de gang is. Daardoor worden er ook minder notarissen zo opgeleid. Dat kan wellicht resulteren in een dure familierechtpraktijk. Maar wat je wellicht eerder zult zien,*
is dat je eerder geholpen wordt als je uit het netwerk van die notaris komt. Als je de mensen kent. Dat creëert een kansenongelijkheid waar we allemaal op tegen zijn. Er zou meer geïnvesteerd moeten worden in de aantallen familierechtnotarissen en meer tegengegaan moeten worden dat notariskantoren zich te eenzijdig specialiseren. Ik weet alleen niet hoe (N19 notaris).
Verschillende geïnterviewden maakten daarnaast de vergelijking met de bestaande regeling voor de sociale advocatuur, die economisch niet al te aantrekkelijk uitzpakt:
Want dan vraag ik me af. Ja, maar wie gaat het doen? Dat betekent dat je een enorm maatschappelijk betrokken inslag moet hebben. Je weet dat je net als binnen de sociale advocatuur zelf maatschappelijk economisch gezien haast al op bijstandsniveau terecht komt. Dus ik vind het een prachtige gedachte. Maar wie gaat dat dan doen? (B6 belangenorganisatie)
In de sociale advocatuur zie je ook een aantal problemen begrijp ik van advocaten die alleen dergelijke zaken doen. De maatschappij wordt complexer, hetgeen tot meer zaken leidt, de cliënt wordt steeds mondiger en neemt met minder geen genoegen. Dit kost de advocaat veel tijd en daarmee (veel) geld. Dat geldt zeker ook voor notarissen. De notaris wordt sinds 2000 als vrij ondernemer door de overheid aangemerkt en moet zelf de kost verdienen. Dat laatste past niet bij een sociaal notariaat (N7 notaris).
De bestaande problemen in de sociale advocatuur, met lage verdiensten, zouden niet passen bij het commerciële karakter van het notariaat. Een geïnterviewde uit de eerste lijn was echter van mening dat een sociaal notariaat ook te commercieel interessant kan zijn en misbruik door notariskantoren kan uitlokken:
Dat hebben we ook gezien in de advocatuur. Er werd toen heel nadrukkelijk gezegd, dat was ook het doel van het Juridisch Loket, een soort filterfunctie. Van ja, mensen moeten niet onnodig naar een advocaat stappen, want dat kost de samenleving geld. En wat gebeurde er toen? Toen gingen de advocatenkantoren bij mij hier om de hoek... Daar staat nu altijd zo'n groot bord buiten van: gratis inloop. Ja en dat kun je niet verbieden. Je kunt niet mensen verbieden, als ze zeggen van nou, kom maar gratis even binnen als je een vraag hebt. En je hoeft helemaal geen toevoeging eerst aan te vragen, je komt gewoon gratis. Nou, ik kan me voorstellen dat op het moment dat de rijksoverheid zegt: We gaan een kantoor inrichten voor het notarieel recht, dat dan tegelijk de notaris in heel Nederland overal bordjes buiten gaan hangen van: gratis inloop (E10 eerstelijns).
Selectie en misbruik
Tegelijkertijd bestaan bij sommige geïnterviewde notarissen zorgen over mogelijk misbruik van de regeling door burgers, bijvoorbeeld:
Ja, bij dit soort dingen ben ik altijd zo bang voor misbruik. Ik weet niet. Misschien weet ik daar niet voldoende over om daar een goed antwoord op te geven, laat ik het zo zeggen. Omdat ik dan niet precies weet hoe die regeling eruit zou zien. Maar ik zal het niet fijn vinden als een cliënt mij zal bedonderen. [...] Ik denk dat het moeilijk is om die selectie te maken. Wie daar echt recht op zou hebben en wie niet (N11 notaris).
Dergelijke angst voor fraude en misbruik en zorgen over hoe de ‘juiste’ burgers te selecteren voor een regeling is een bekend patroon en wordt in de literatuur wel aangewezen als een van de oorzaken voor de toeslagenaffaire.
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99 Zie bijvoorbeeld: Spijkstra (2024).
5.3.2 Financiering sociaal notariaat
Hoewel dit onderzoek in principe niet de wijze van financiering van een eventueel sociaal notariaat betreft en dat dus ook niet systematisch is onderzocht, is het wel een thema dat veel naar voren kwam in de interviews. Ook de KNB (2022b) heeft in 2022 een onderzoek uitgevoerd onder haar leden naar financieringsvormen. Ongeveer 19 procent van de leden heeft de vragenlijst beantwoord. Van de respondenten vindt 79 procent dat het notariaat gefinancierde rechtshulp moet aanbieden. Op de vraag naar welke oplossing voor gefinancierde notariële rechtshulp hun voorkeur uitgaat, antwoordde bijna 70 procent ‘gefinancierde rechtshulp door de overheid’, 10 procent is voor een rechtsbijstandsverzekering, 10 procent voor gefinancierde rechtshulp georganiseerd door het notariaat zelf en 10 procent is voor andere vormen.\(^{100}\)
De geïnterviewden in ons onderzoek hebben verschillende voorstellen voor financiering naar voren gebracht, die ruwweg te verdelen zijn in de volgende opties:
1. het aanpassen van de bestaande regeling van artikel 56 Wna zodat deze beter aansluit op de behoeften van de doelgroep;
2. het toevoegen van de notaris aan het bestaande stelsel voor gefinancierde rechtsbijstand;
3. het opnemen van notariële diensten in een rechtsbijstandsverzekering of andere verzekerings- of abonnementsvormen;
4. het verdelen van de kosten onder notariskantoren, bijvoorbeeld door een landelijk fonds dat wordt gevuld uit een opslag op diensten van notariskantoren;
5. financiering vanuit de overheid via bijzondere bijstand van de gemeente.
Ten aanzien van de eerste optie, het aanpassen van artikel 56 Wna, wordt voorgesteld:
- een tarief voor de rechtzoekende vaststellen dat inkomensafhankelijk is. Niet standaard de maximale eigen bijdrage uit Bebr hanteren. Door aan te sluiten bij de vijf inkomenscategorieën met bijbehorende eigen bijdragen uit Bebr, kan meer rekening worden gehouden met de draagkracht van de rechtzoekende;
- de regeling uitbreiden naar meer typen akten binnen het familievermogensrecht en andere rechtsgebieden. Ook op andere rechtsgebieden kan sprake zijn van rechtzoekenden met beperkte financiële middelen die ondersteuning kunnen gebruiken. Daarnaast zou notarieel advies dat niet uitmondt in een akte ook onder de regeling moeten vallen;
- de regeling gebruikersvriendelijker te maken door rechtzoekenden meer informatie en hulp te bieden bij gebruik van de regeling;
- om te voorkomen dat notarissen worden gedwongen onder de kostprijs diensten te verlenen, zou de regeling kunnen worden aangevuld met een vergoeding van de overheid.
De tweede optie, het toevoegen van de notaris aan het systeem voor gesubsidieerde rechtsbijstand, zou bijvoorbeeld kunnen via artikel 13 lid 1 sub c van de Wrb. Dit artikel maakt het mogelijk voor de RvR om overeenkomsten met notarissen te sluiten.\(^{101}\) In de vorige paragraaf werd al opgemerkt dat niet alle notarissen deze optie zien zitten, gezien de problemen en lage vergoedingen die er bestaan in de sociale advocatuur. Het voordeel van aansluiting bij de gesubsidieerde rechtsbijstand is dat de eigen bijdrage van rechtzoekenden afhankelijk is van hun inkomen en vermogen. Binnen de gesubsidieerde rechtsbijstand bestaan vijf niveaus van eigen bijdrage voor vijf inkomensgroepen. De hoogste eigen bijdrage geldt alleen voor de hoogste inkomensgroep (fiscaal jaarinkomen alleenstaande tussen 26.201 - 31.100 euro). De laagste inkomensgroep (fiscaal jaarinkomen alleenstaande tot en met 22.100 euro) betaalt een eigen bijdrage van 226 euro.\(^{102}\)
\(^{100}\) KNB-ledenonderzoek Toegang tot het recht (2022); www.knb.nl/nieuwsberichten/onderzoek-naar-maatschappelijke-rol-notaris-hoe-bereik-ie-kwetsbare-doelgroepen, geraadpleegd maart 2024. Uitkomsten verkregen via de KNB.
\(^{101}\) Hillen-Muns (2023)
\(^{102}\) https://www.rechtsbijstand.nl/mediation-rechtsbijstand/hoeveel-betalen/eigen-bijdrage/, geraadpleegd april 2024.
Een tweede voordeel is dat onder het systeem van gesubsidieerde rechtsbijstand ook toevoegingen worden verstrekt voor advies.
Een derde voordeel is dat in vergelijking met de regeling van artikel 56 Wna, rechtzoekenden minder zelfredzaam hoeven te zijn. Binnen de gesubsidieerde rechtsbijstand doet de rechtshulpverlener de toevoegingsaanvraag. De rechtzoekende hoeft dat niet zelf te regelen.
Een vierde voordeel ten opzichte van de artikel 56 Wna regeling is dat rechtshulpverleners onder de WrB naast de eigen bijdrage van de client een vergoeding van de overheid krijgen op basis van een puntensysteem. Voor complexe zaken bestaat er ook de mogelijkheid om een extra-urenvergoeding aan te vragen.
De derde optie, financiering via een rechtsbijstandsverzekering of andere verzekerings- of abonnementsvormen, wordt ook verschillende malen genoemd.
Zorg dat het binnen een verzekering valt of zo. Dat je als notaris zegt ‘nou, prima, kom maar langs, maak maar een afspraak, dan krijgt u in ieder geval de informatie.’ En dan stuur ik die nota wel door naar de verzekeringsmaatschappijen. Dan weet ik niet of het voor je eigen risico komt of hoe iets gaat, maar dan krijg ik in ieder geval mijn centjes en dan wordt het daarna afgewikkeld. Dat zou een hele goede zijn. Dat zal voor mensen de drempel verlagen (N20 notaris).
Voor een deel bestaan er al mogelijkheden voor burgers om - gratis of tegen een gereduceerd tarief - notariële dienstverlening te krijgen via verzekeringen of lidmaatschappen (zie paragraaf 2.1.2 en 3.1.2). Nadeel van deze optie is dat mensen die schulden of weinig geld hebben, waarschijnlijk geen geld hebben voor of zullen besteden aan dergelijke verzekeringen of abonnementen. Rechtsbijstandsverzekeraars vergoeden bovendien alleen onzekere voorvallen en geen preventieve rechtshulp.
Sommige notarissen opperen de mogelijkheid van een financieringsvorm door het notariaat zelf (optie 4). Volgens het hiervoor genoemde ledenonderzoek, is ongeveer 10 procent hier een voorstander van. Ze denken hierbij bijvoorbeeld aan een soort fonds.
Michiel van Nispen, die wil graag dat het vanuit de overheid allemaal gefinancierd wordt. Ik denk dat dat te ver gaat. Ik denk dat er vanuit het notariaat iets moet gebeuren ook. En dat er een soort fonds moet komen… Ja, eigenlijk, wat ik het mooiste zou vinden, is dat elk kantoor bijvoorbeeld verplicht is om een middag een vrijwilliger te sturen en dan ook gewoon in de wijken te gaan zitten. Ik denk dat dat het beste werkt. Maar ik denk dat het notariaat zo niet is ingesteld en dat de meeste mensen dat niet willen. En dan zou ik denken als tweede beste optie dat er toch een soort fonds wordt gemaakt vanuit het notariaat en dat per akte bijvoorbeeld iedere notaris verplicht is om, ik weet niet, één euro of een paar euro in dat fonds storten en dat ervan uit dat fonds notarissen, in de grote steden gaan zitten en dat dat vanuit daar bekostigd wordt met een gedeelte vanuit de overheid misschien (N3 notaris).
Je bent natuurlijk ondernemer en je wil ook gewoon een gezonde bedrijfshuishouding voeren. Aan de andere kant, denk ik, voor mij zou bijvoorbeeld denk ik wel kunnen werken als je zegt van: je moet misschien een bepaald percentage als sociaal notaris kunnen aanbieden. En dat is een soort maatschappelijke bijdrage die je dan levert. [...] Nou ja, dan ga ik er wel vanuit dat het goed gaat, want als het een slechte tijd is, bijvoorbeeld als het een crisistijd is, dan is dat ook het eerste waar je natuurlijk op inlevert, want dan denk ik van ja, ik moet mijn personeel betalen, meer huur betalen en ja, het spijt me, maar ik kan niet tijd weggeven als ik dat niet heb. Misschien moet je dan bedenken, wat is dan een soort minimumtarief wat dan vergoed zou moeten worden? (N7 notaris).
Dus je zou ook kunnen zeggen van: we maken een potje als beroepsgroep en daar wordt dat uit betaald en degenen die dat oppakken, krijgen een vergoeding daarvoor en de anderen betalen dus gewoon eraan mee. Een solidariteitsheffing vind ik dan op zich wel een mooie. [...] Dat die een vergoeding krijgen voor een zaalhuur, voor de tijd die ze erin steken, gewoon net eventjes een positieve beloning in plaats van ‘tof dat je het doet, maar je bent nu gewoon voor de hele groep gratis werk aan het doen’ (N12 notaris).
Tot slot, noemen sommigen financiering vanuit de bijzondere bijstand door de gemeente (optie 5) als een van de mogelijkheden. Gemeenten verstrekken nu geen bijzondere bijstand voor notariële diensten omdat preventieve rechtshulp hier niet onder valt. Bijzondere bijstand wordt alleen verstrekt voor noodzakelijke, dringende, onverwachte uitgaven waarvoor niet gespaard kan worden.\(^{103}\) Een uitbreiding met preventieve notariële hulp zou volgens sommigen een goede optie zijn, omdat zo ook toekomstige problemen en extra kosten voor zowel de burger als de samenleving bespaard kunnen worden.\(^{104}\) Bovendien zijn gemeenten relatief gemakkelijk bereikbaar voor burgers. Soms hebben ze bijvoorbeeld al contact met maatschappelijk werk of sociaal raadslieden in een gemeente wat de drempel verlaagt.
Daarnaast zijn er geinterviewden die op combinaties van mogelijkheden wijzen. Bijvoorbeeld zowel een bijdrage vanuit het notariaat, als een bijdrage vanuit de overheid.
### 5.3.3 Beperkingen, grenzen en voorwaarden sociaal notariaat
In de interviews komt bij veel respondenten de wens naar voren om bij de invoering van een sociaal notariaat bepaalde voorwaarden en grenzen te stellen. Naast de voor de hand liggende inkomens- en vermogensgrens gaat het ook om een inperking in rechtsgebieden en soorten dienstverlening en voorwaarden zoals een verdeling van de lasten over kantoren en trainingen in de omgang met nieuwe doelgroepen.
#### Inkomensgrens en rechtsgebieden
Een deel van de respondenten noemt het uitsluiten van bepaalde rechtsgebieden, zoals het ondernemingsrecht en registergoedrecht, omdat er vanuit wordt gegaan dat mensen die hiervoor akten nodig hebben over voldoende geld beschikken:
> En de gedachte is altijd geweest: Als je geld hebt om een huis te kopen, dan kun je blijkbaar ook advies inwinnen om het zo maar eventjes te zeggen. Dus ik zie dat sociaal notariaat dan bij woningen of in de onroerendgoedmarkt of in de ondernemingsrechtmarkt niet per sé een noodzaak is, want die mensen behoren toch vaak niet tot het minimum (N16 notaris).
> Als we het echt over een ondernemer hebben, dan gaat het over een BV. Maar dan vind ik: die mensen kunnen het best betalen, ik bedoel, die kunnen ook wel als ze een BV kunnen hebben, 500 of 750 euro neerleggen voor een akte. Als je het in het zakelijke segment trekt van stichtingen bijvoorbeeld en van kleine verenigingen, ja, die hebben vaak geen geld, maar ik vind ook dat een vereniging die geen 500 euro op tafel kan leggen geen bestaansrecht heeft om het maar zo te zeggen, want dan hebben ze kennelijk niet genoeg leden. [...] de stichtingen die ik dan voorbij zie komen die mensen willen oprichten, dan denk ik ook van ja joh, daar zit ook helemaal niemand op te wachten, dus die zou ik ook niet helpen met overheids geld (N1 notarisorganisatie).
De meeste genoemde inperking is het beperken van de dienstverlening tot het familievermogensrecht. Dit is ook het rechtsgebied waarop de meeste problemen die uit de interviews naar voren komen zich voordoen, bijvoorbeeld rondom huwelijks/partnerschapsvoorwaarden of een samenlevingscontract bij schulden, het
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\(^{103}\) www.juridischloket.nl/werk-en-inkomen/werkloosheid-en-bijstand/bijzondere-bijstand/
\(^{104}\) Interview O4.
afwikkelen van erfenissen of het opmaken van een (levens)testament. Andere geïnterviewden zijn van mening dat de regeling ook zou moeten gelden voor delen van het ondernemingsrecht:
Wat ik wel belangrijk vind is dat voor sommige ondernemingen of stichtingen uit een bepaalde sector, zou ik eerder geneigd zijn om te zeggen, die zouden hun geld niet moeten hoeven besteden aan een notaris. Die kwalificeren wat mij betreft gewoon als algemeen nut beogende instelling. In het kader van een sociaal notariaat zou daarvoor een soort van toegevoegd notaris of hoe je dat ook wil noemen, kunnen zijn om advies in te winnen (N18 notaris).
Verder is onroerend goed een veelgenoemde uitsluiting, omdat daar op dit moment vrijwel per definitie sprake is van vermogen. Het is echter niet onvoorstelbaar, dat in mogelijke toekomstige situaties van dalende huizenprijzen bijvoorbeeld mensen met schulden of bij echtscheiding voor de verkoop van een woning die ‘onder water staat’, toch behoefte zullen hebben aan een sociaal notariaat.
**Vergoeding aanvullende kosten**
Tevens is het belangrijk dat bij de inrichting van een sociaal notariaat ook rekening wordt gehouden met aanvullende kosten voor specifieke doelgroepen, zoals de kosten voor een toetsing van wilsbekwaamheid bij ouderen of mensen met een beperking en de kosten van bijvoorbeeld tolken en vertalingen. Zoals besproken is in paragraaf 3.2, liggen de kosten van een notaris vanwege de inschakeling van tolken of de complexiteit van problemen voor mensen met een migratieachtergrond vaak hoger, bijvoorbeeld omdat zij de Nederlandse taal onvoldoende machtig zijn of omdat sprake is van situaties waarin buitenlands recht van toepassing is. Door dergelijke ijr-kwesties wordt het regelen van familierechtelijke zaken als huwelijksvoorwaarden of een testament complexer en dus duurder, wat bovendien extra expertise van de notaris vereist. Om te zorgen dat een sociaal notariaat voor mensen met een migratieachtergrond, ziekte of beperking gelijk toegankelijk is, is het van belang dat in dergelijke complexere situaties in aanvullende kosten wordt voorzien.
**Gedeelde lasten**
In de interviews benadrukken verschillende notarissen het belang van solidariteit binnen de beroeps groep, ongeacht de gekozen financieringsmethode:
Dat vind ik heel moeilijk, want ik vind dat als er iets bedacht wordt, dan moet iedereen daaraan meedoen. [...] want ik vind het heel leuk hoor dat sociaal notariaat, net als de sociale advocatuur. Maar als ik het alleen doe en mijn collega’s niet dan hoeft het niet. Dus dat is één ding: het moet een collectief zijn [...] Want als ik denk aan zo’n Zuidaskantoor... Daar gaat niemand naartoe. En ik snap ook dat die met de manier waarop zij werken daar ook niet om staan te springen en dat ook niet kunnen aanbieden en kunnen faciliteren. Maar ja, laat iedereen dan meebetalen op een bepaalde manier of de overheid meebetalen via, weet ik veel, subsidieachtige toestanden (N2 notaris).
Ik denk ook dat het wel ook heel goed is dat je het zo insteekt dat iedere notaris op welk kantoor dan ook, daar zijn rol in neemt. Want je hebt best wel diverse soorten kantoren. De kantoren op de Zuidas en de kleinere kantoren. We hebben natuurlijk allemaal een totaal andere praktijk. De lokale notarissen in een klein gehucht zullen waarschijnlijk veel meer aanloop hebben van mensen met een sociale insteek. Ja, dan moeten we wel die lasten, als we het zo zouden noemen, met elkaar dragen en dan zou het denk ik wel goed zijn dat er wel een soort eerlijke verdeling komt. Dat je niet degene die het al zo goed voor elkaar hebben, buiten de wind laat, maar juist degene die vooral een sociaal hart hebben, ook tegen zichzelf worden beschermd, zodat ze ook gewoon een gezonde onderneming kunnen runnen (N9 notaris).
De vraag is hoe je dat moet financieren. Nou ja, ik denk dat dat dus makkelijker te financieren en met minder gedoe te regelen is door een zekere subsidie op te leggen en toe te staan. Maar goed. In het verleden zag je ook dat veel notariskantoren zich daaraan onttrokken. Dat ze wel volop registergoed gingen doen, maar dan de familierechtafdeling afknepen. Nou, dat zou natuurlijk een failliet van dat systeem betekenen. Het moet dan wel afgedwongen worden en iedereen moet er verplicht aan meedoen (N17 notaris).
Mocht er een sociaal notariaat worden ingevoerd, dan is het bij de financiering dus belangrijk om zowel rekening te houden met het commerciële karakter van het notariaat als met de verdeling tussen kantoren, zodat deze lasten niet slechts door een klein deel van de kantoren worden gedragen.
**Training communicatieve vaardigheden**
Tot slot wezen verschillende geïnterviewden erop dat er bij een sociaal notariaat, net als bij bijvoorbeeld de sociale advocatuur of het Juridisch Loket, sprake is van een specifieke doelgroep, waarop notarissen op dit moment niet zonder meer zijn toegerust:
*Bij beide kanten is die drempel daar, zal ik maar zeggen. Want de klanten die vinden het een drempel om bij die notaris te komen, maar die notaris vindt het moeilijk om met die mensen te praten. Dus als je een sociaal notariaat zou maken [...] dat kan niet met die notarissen die je nu hebt. Net als voor sociaal advocaten, het vergt andere vaardigheden, het vergt andere juridische vaardigheden. Maar het vergt ook andere sociale vaardigheden om dit aan te pakken* (N1 notarisorganisatie).
*Ik heb hiervoor bijvoorbeeld 5 jaar midden in [gemeente] gewerkt en daar heb je ook een aparte populatie. Als je midden in [gemeente] zit, in een dorpsstraatje en je bent een notaris, dan lopen ze eigenlijk wel binnen. Dus daar hielpen we mensen met het invullen van de Giro overschrijvingsformulieren. En dan hadden we een soort buurthuisfunctie. Nou, dat is heel mooi en ik denk dat er nog wel notarissen zijn die die functie wel hebben. Als je in kleinere gebieden zit zeg maar. Dus ik denk dat die een hele belangrijke rol kunnen vervullen daarin, maar ik snap ook wel dat zij zeggen: ja, luister, ze moeten niet allemaal alleen bij ons komen en niet bij de grote kantoren* (N2 notaris).
De inrichting van een sociaal notariaat vraagt dan ook meer vaardigheden van notarissen die niet gewend zijn met deze doelgroep te werken.
**Beperking administratieve lasten**
Een ander aspect dat van belang wordt geacht is dat de administratieve lasten van een nieuwe regeling voor zowel de individuele notaris, het notariaat als de overheid beperkt blijven.
*We moeten het natuurlijk ook, zoals al genoemd, praktisch uitvoerbaar houden. We moeten niet een administratief systeem op gaan zetten wat meer capaciteit, geld en tijd kost dan wat er uiteindelijk aan fondsen beschikbaar is om te benutten voor het inhoudelijke werk* (KNB).
### 5.3.4 Inbedding en samenwerking met eerstelijnshulpverlening
Zoals gezegd signaleren geïnterviewden een gebrek aan samenwerking tussen het notariaat en eerstelijnsvoorzieningen. Ze wijzen daarbij vooral op het aansluiten bij bestaande structuren en het betrekken van doelgroepen bij de vormgeving ervan.
Weinig samenwerking en gebrek aan kennis
In Nederland bestaat een systeem van eerstelijns hulpverlening, gericht op lagere inkomensgroepen met bijvoorbeeld - al naar gelang de gemeente - rechtswinkels, het Juridisch Loket en sociaal raadslieden (zie ook paragraaf 2.2.2). Deze eerstelijns hulpverleners hebben vaak nauwe banden met de sociale advocatuur en kunnen zo nodig gemakkelijk doorverwijzen. Uit het onderzoek komen op lokaal niveau enkele soortgelijke initiatieven naar voren waarbij met notarissen wordt samengewerkt. Een voorbeeld dat veel aandacht heeft gekregen, is het initiatief sociaal notariaat Den Bosch, waar sinds 2023 in samenwerking met lokale sociale organisaties een notaris wekelijks spreekuur houdt op een zogenaamd ‘wijkplein’. Bij deze spreekuren wordt advies gegeven en kunnen zo nodig, ook aktes worden opgemaakt. Ook in enkele andere steden bestaan dergelijke samenwerkingen:
Er is een bureau [sociaal raadslieden] die hebben een soort gemeenschapshuis waar allerlei diensten zitten en zij hebben daar ook een samenwerking met de notaris. En die heeft daar ook spreekuur eens in de maand of zoiet. [...] Maar over het algemeen hoor ik het niet. Ja, daar ben ik gewoon eerlijk in. Raadslieden werken wel veel met advocaten samen. Maar met notarissen. Nee, dat kan ik niet zeggen (E10 sociaal raadslieden).
Deze initiatieven zijn echter kleinschalig, plaatselijk georganiseerd en niet landelijk aanwezig. Op landelijk niveau is er wel sprake van een beginnende samenwerking tussen het notariaat en het Juridische Loket. Via de KNB hebben verschillende notarissen zich aangemeld om het Juridisch Loket van advies te voorzien indien nodig. Verschillende geïnterviewden uit de eerste lijn constateren echter dat op dit moment door gebrekkige samenwerking of een gebrek aan kennis mensen die om hulp vragen niet altijd op de juiste plek terecht komen:
Als de mensen zichzelf gaan afvragen of er een juridische kwestie kan zijn, dan zijn ze zelden op tijd. Want eigenlijk moet je dit op tijd uitzoeken, voordat de acties worden uitgevoerd. Dan kan de notaris niets meer doen. [...] Wat ik zelf merk is dat het vaak niet eens bij de mensen zelf en bij de hulpverleners opkomt om de nodige informatie op te halen bij de notaris. En als degene met schulden er überhaupt al aan denkt, dan vragen ze zich af waarom ze naar de notaris zouden gaan, want dat is in hun gedachten alleen voor de rijken. Dus bij hen komt het helemaal niet in ze op om die informatie daar te halen, dat ze die de weg weten te vinden, maar ook de hulpverleners zelf. Ze hebben zelf de kennis niet. Het is vaak ingewikkelder; er moet even goed gekeken worden soms en dan kijken wat de verstandigste stappen zijn. Maar ja, die zijn vaak bezig met het oplossen van schulden en niet zoveer met: Hoe zit de situatie onderling in elkaar? (S3 schuldhulpverlening).
Uit de interviews blijkt dat zowel voor de doelgroep als betrokken eerstelijns professionals het niet altijd duidelijk bij is welke vragen en problemen een notaris betrokken zou kunnen worden.
Voorkomen doorverwijzen en aansluiten bij bestaande infrastructuur
Verschillende geïnterviewden merken bovendien op dat het verwarring kan zijn als er te veel informatiepunten naast elkaar bestaan:
Ik denk dat we als rechtswinkel niet moeten onderschatten hoe weinig mensen eigenlijk weten over wat de mogelijkheden allemaal zijn. Mensen met weinig kennis moeten dat dan gaan uitvogelen. Zij vragen zich dan af waar ze terecht kunnen: “Waarvoor is deze instantie en waarvoor is die, en hoeveel gaat het kosten?” Als er iets meer samenhang zou zijn in het systeem
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105 Zie bijvoorbeeld ter Voert & Hoekstra 2020, Gutteride e.a. (2023).
106 Zie https://www.sociaalnotariaatdenbosch.nl/, geraadpleegd maart 2024.
en misschien iets meer voorlichting, dan zorgt dat ervoor dat mensen wat minder vaak tussen wal en schip vallen (E2 Rechtswinkel).
Ik ben altijd tegen doorverwijzen. Doorverwijzen leidt al heel snel tot kastje naar de muur. Juridisch loket verwijst bijvoorbeeld heel vaak naar ons. Dan denk ik van: hoezo kom je bij mij binnen? Hadden ze daar niet zelf antwoord op kunnen geven? [...] dus als je al een sociaal notariaat zou hebben, dan zou ik het liefst hebben dat er gewoon één plek is waar je met je vraag terecht kan en wie dat achter de schermen afhandelt, dan zoek het maar uit. [...] Er is echt een probleem en dat zit niet zozeer op het notariaat. Het zit op het feit dat mensen echt geen idee hebben hoe ze zich moeten redden in de samenleving. En daar zitten ook notariële aspecten aan soms. Maar het is niet een tekort aan het notariaat. Het is een tekort aan onze samenleving die die mensen niet kan helpen om de weg te vinden in onze samenleving (N1 notarisplatform).
Door bij het inrichten van een sociaal notariaat aan te sluiten bij de bestaande infrastructuur van het Juridisch Loket en de sociale advocatuur wordt dan ook met name de organisatorische toegankelijkheid vergroot. De doelgroep kan dan terecht bij de eerstelinshulpverlening die ze nu al goed weet te vinden en hoeft daarbij niet zelf te uit te zoeken bij welk loket ze moet zijn.\footnote{Deze aanbeveling is in 2023 ook door het Juridisch Loket gedaan, zie https://www.juridischloket.nl/professionals/nieuws/socialer-notariaat/, geraadpleegd april 2024.} Gezien de bestaande drempels is het waarschijnlijk niet haalbaar om ieder individu dat gebaat is bij notarieel advies bij een notariskantoor binnen te krijgen, ook al worden financiële drempels weggenomen. Voorwaarde is dan wel dat medewerkers en vrijwilligers in de eerste lijn goed worden opgeleid om situaties die notarieel advies of een akte vereisen, tijdig te herkennen en daarop adequaat te reageren. Ook spreekuren met notaris(medewerkers) op voor doelgroepen bekende locaties zoals wijkcentra of bibliotheken, kunnen de toegang laagdrempeliger maken. Ook is het belangrijk dat professionals zoals schuldhulpverleners en bewindvoerders de mogelijkheid krijgen om laagdrempelig namens een cliënt notarieel advies te kunnen inwinnen. Zoals hierboven is besproken, vereist het werken met deze doelgroepen bovendien aanvullende vaardigheden die niet iedere notaris bezit. Door intensiever samen te werken met de eerste lijn, kan een deel van dit probleem worden ondervangen.
**Betrekken van doelgroepen**
Tot slot wezen sommige geïnterviewden op het belang van het betrekken van verschillende doelgroepen zoals ouderen, mensen met een migratieachtergrond en laaggeletterden, bij de vormgeving van een eventueel sociaal notariaat. De doelgroepen weten zelf het best hoe ze bereikt kunnen worden:
*Dat het belangrijk is bij alles wat er nu verder ontwikkeld wordt. Vraag daar alsjeblieft altijd een vertegenwoordiger van ouderenorganisaties bij die meedenkt. Dus dat in principe de doelgroepen waar het uiteindelijk om gaat betrokken zijn vanaf het allereerste begin en niet dat ze aan het eind zeg maar weer even een rapport krijgen van hoe hebben ze dat nou weer op kunnen schrijven? [...] Er zijn allerlei clubs die best in staat zijn om daarover mee te denken, er zijn heel veel van dit soort organisaties waarin mensen zitten die vanuit de praktijk hier dingen aan kunnen bijdragen (B3 belangenorganisatie).*\footnote{Deze aanbeveling is in 2023 ook door het Juridisch Loket gedaan, zie https://www.juridischloket.nl/professionals/nieuws/socialer-notariaat/, geraadpleegd april 2024.}
Ook de International Union of Notaries (2024, p 29-32) beveelt aan om in het contact met mensen met een beperking goed in te spelen op de behoeften van deze doelgroepen. De organisatie doet verschillende aanbevelingen om de toegankelijkheid van het notariaat voor mensen met beperkingen te verbeteren. Onder andere door notarissen en hun medewerkers te trainen in het effectief communiceren met mensen met een beperking, en op verschillende manieren in te spelen op de behoeften van deze doelgroepen.
5.4 Mogelijkheden aanpassing wetgeving
Een tweede oplossingsrichting die uit de interviews naar voren komt, is het aanpassen van wetgeving, met name in het familievermogensrecht, waardoor zaken al preventief bij wet worden geregeld en minder mensen de diensten van een notaris nodig hebben.
Eigenlijk zou het beroep van notaris wat dat betreft voor een groot deel overbodig moeten zijn. Dat je alleen in bijzondere situaties misschien dingen zou moeten vastleggen en dat bijvoorbeeld samenwoners op een of andere manier toch beschermd zijn of zo. Van die dingen waar mensen niet meer naar omkijken, net als met de toeslagen denk ik wel eens. Dat is ook zo een ingewikkeld systeem. Iedere keer als er iets verandert, moet je weer van alles doen en dat vraagt veel te veel van mensen (E2 rechtswinkel).
Een voorbeeld van een dergelijke regeling is de mogelijkheid die sinds 2014 bestaat om door middel van een aantekening in het gezagsregister een voogd aan te wijzen voor een kind na overlijden van de ouders. Ouders kunnen dit sindsdien rechtstreeks bij de rechtbank regelen en hoeven daarvoor geen testament met voogdijstelling of een aparte voogdijbenoeming bij notariële akte meer te maken.\footnote{Ook het nieuwe huwelijksvermogensrecht dat sinds 2018 van kracht is, wordt door sommige geinterviewden als voorbeeld genoemd. In de interviews zijn de meningen hierover echter sterk verdeeld.} In de interviews zijn enkele voorstellen gedaan voor dergelijke wijzigingen. Deze hebben vooral betrekking op de situatie van samenwoners en levenstestamenten.
Natuurlijk hè, als het echt nodig is, moeten we voor iedereen bereikbaar zijn, maar een hele hoop dingen zou je mijns inziens ook langs andere kanalen kunnen regelen. Waarom maak je niet een soort samenlevingscontract modelregistratie bij de burgerlijke stand waar je voor 25 euro kunt registreren en dan een soort standaardvoorwaarden krijgt? Waarom zou dat via de notaris moeten met alle eisen die aan notarissen worden gesteld? [...] In Duitsland hebben ze een regeling waarbij je een soort modelformulier voor een levenstestament heel goed en goedkoop via een bepaald model bij de notaris kunt doen en dat ook in het register kunt registreren.\footnote{De geinterviewde doelt hier hoogstwaarschijnlijk op de zogenaamde \textit{Vorsorgevollmacht}. Zie voor meer informatie: \url{https://www.bmj.de/DE/themen/vorsorge_betreuungsrecht/vorsorgevollmacht/vorsorgevollmacht_node.html}, geraadpleegd maart 2024. Zie ook: Hack e.a. (2016).} En op het moment dat je dus zegt, ja, maar die regelingen in dat modelformulier die passen mij niet, dan kun je het anders regelen via een notariële akte. [...] de notaris waar alle eisen en de hoge drempel die daar geldt voor wilsbekwaamheid en allerlei andere ingewikkelde regelingen, dat je dat alleen verplicht zou moeten stellen als het echt niet anders kan. En dat je dus best een hele hoop oplossingen kunt bedenken die eenvoudiger te regelen zijn en waar een soort lichter pakket op van toepassing is (N17 notaris).
Deze voorgestelde wijzigingen zijn vooral gericht op het goedkoper en simpeler regelen van “standaard” gevallen bij het levenstestament of samenlevingscontract zonder dat daarbij een beroep gedaan hoeft te worden op een notaris. Dergelijke regelingen zijn een relatief eenvoudige en goedkope oplossing voor een deel van de doelgroep en zouden, ook bij een eventuele invoering van een sociaal notariaat, het notariaat kunnen ontlasten. Ook Stelma-Roorda (2024, p. 221 e.v.; p. 258) beschrijft enkele alternatieve - en mogelijk goedkopere - vormen voor een levenstestament, zoals die in andere landen worden gebruikt. Waaronder de voor- en nadelen van de \textit{Vorsorgevollmacht} in Duitsland (Stelma-Roorda, 2024, p. 412 e.v.). Verder (juridisch) onderzoek is echter noodzakelijk voordat dergelijke alternatieve regelingen kunnen worden ingevoerd. Daarbij dient aandacht te worden besteed aan rechtsbescherming, rechtszekerheid en fraudebestrijding, die nu mede in handen van de notaris zijn gelegd. Voor complexere situaties zoals sommige nalatenschappen voldoen deze regelingen in ieder geval niet.
Andere geïnterviewden stelden ingrijpender wetswijzigingen in regelingen voor samenwoners:
Je zou natuurlijk ook best na kunnen denken over hoe sommige dingen simpeler kunnen. Dus als mensen samenwonen, dan moeten ze als ze van elkaar willen erven, eigenlijk een samenlevingsovereenkomst sluiten en allebei een testament maken. Je zou als overheid ook kunnen nadenken over een soort registratie als samenwoners bij de gemeente en een aanpassing van het wettelijke erfrecht. [...] Kijk, we hebben natuurlijk op een gegeven moment ook het wettelijk erfrecht gekregen voor mensen die getrouwd waren. Dat hebben we natuurlijk pas vanaf 2003. Toen is pas geregeld dat echtgenoten van elkaar erven als er geen testament is. Met andere woorden: dat ze ook het deel van de kinderen krijgen. Ja zo kun je je wel meer dingen voorstellen waardoor het notariaat zich kan concentreren op de wat moeilijkere gevallen, maar dat er in de basis bepaalde betere vangnetten in de wet worden gecreëerd voor bepaalde gevallen (N10 notaris).
[...] het samenwonen. Dat heeft Nederland nooit geregeld, dus dan moet je een samenlevingscontract sluiten, want er is geen wettelijk vangnet. Er is een beetje vangnet via de rechtspraak dat je nog wel wat vergoedingen zou kunnen krijgen onder bepaalde omstandigheden. Als je het over samenwonen internationaal hebt, dan is er ook geen regeling. We moeten daar ook iets mee, want er zijn inmiddels landen waar het samenwonen, soms geheel gelijkgesteld wordt of na een aantal jaar met het huwelijk. En dan is het raar dat in Nederland we daar geen rekening mee houden (N5 notaris).
Ik denk eerder dat de wetgever aan bod zou zijn door, want het zijn met name ook de samenlevers die helemaal niks hebben, terwijl die eenzelfde leven leidden als wanneer ze getrouwd of een geregistreerd partnerschap waren aangegaan. Ik denk dat daar gewoon wetgeving voor gecreëerd moet worden om dat beter te regelen, dat die in eenzelfde positie zouden moeten kunnen komen als mensen met een huwelijk of een geregistreerd partnerschap (A2 advocaat).
Andere wijzigingsvoorstellen betreffen vooral het erfrecht omdat zich op dat gebied veel problemen voordoen. Een notaris noemt bijvoorbeeld dat erfgenen namens aansprakelijk worden gesteld voor negatieve nalatenschappen:
Ik snap gewoon niet dat we met elkaar niet regels kunnen maken dat in beginsel erfgenen gewoon niet aansprakelijk zijn voor een eventuele (gedeelte)negatieve nalatenschap. Tenzij ze bijvoorbeeld heel slordig afwikkelen. Maar dat iemand standaard aansprakelijk is voor een tekort in de nalatenschap. Nou, dat vind ik dus eigenlijk wel echt een schande (N10 notaris).
Een ander probleem dat zich regelmatig voordoet bij de afwikkeling van nalatenschappen is dat er conflicten zijn tussen erfgenen. Dit kan de afwikkeling erg vertragen, en kostbaar en complex maken. Om dergelijke processen soepeler te laten verlopen, worden voorstellen gedaan voor het mogelijk maken van een deelgeschillenprocedure en alternatieve geschillenbeslechting bij dit soort conflicten:
In erfrechtzaken, maar ook in andere verdelingszaken waarbij de notaris is betrokken, is behoefte aan een zonder procesvertegenwoordiging toegankelijke, (redelijk) snelle deelgeschilprocedure. De notaris is onpartijdig en kan gerezen deelgeschillen niet zelf beslechten. Die deelgeschillen kunnen echter de afwikkeling van nalatenschappen ernstig vertragen en bemoeilijken. Daar waar zich dergelijke deelgeschillen voordoen, kan de notaris de mogelijkheid worden geboden die namens partijen aan de rechter voor te leggen. Een dergelijke regeling zou tegen geringe kosten de afwikkeling van (potentiële ruzie)boedels aanmerkelijk kunnen vereenvoudigen (KNB).
Een initiatief als VoorRecht, dat nu alleen nog voor geschillen binnen verenigingen van eigenaren beschikbaar is, zou zich uitstekend lenen voor de oplossing van erfrechtelijke geschillen.\(^{110}\) Het biedt een laagdrempelige mogelijkheid voor burgers om zich te informeren over de eigen rechtspositie en om zelf een oplossing te vinden voor gerezen geschillen bij de afwikkeling van een boedel. Komen partijen er niet uit, dan beslist de rechter het geschil (KNB).
Verder pleit de KNB het erfrecht toegankelijker te maken voor burgers door de verdeling van de bevoegdheid tussen rechtbank en kantonrechter in erfrechtzaken te vereenvoudigen:
*Juist in het erfrecht is behoefte aan één duidelijk en gespecialiseerd loket, zodat ingewikkelde bevoegdhedsvragen worden vermeden. De kantonrechter is de meest voor de hand liggende instantie om alle erfrechtzaken te concentreren omdat de kantonrechter veruit de meeste erfrechtelijke verzoeken behandelt en voor burgers de meest toegankelijke rechter is. De kantonrechters spannen zich bovendien in om zo veel mogelijk duidelijkheid te scheppen over de te volgen procedure.\(^{111}\) Waar de betrokkenen vaak al worden bijgestaan door een notaris die is belast met de boedelafwikkeling, is er ook niet altijd behoefte aan verplichte procesvertegenwoordiging. Voorbeeld: Het verzoek tot benoeming van een vereffenaar moet bij de rechtbank worden ingediend, zodat verplichte procesvertegenwoordiging nodig is. Dat werkt onnodig kostenverhogend en vertraging. Een dergelijk eenvoudig verzoek kan ook namens partijen door een notaris worden ingediend. Voor vereenvoudiging van de competentieregeling in het erfrecht wordt al lange tijd door diverse betrokkenen gepleit.\(^{112}\) (KNB)*
De in de interviews voorgestelde wetswijzigingen betreffen vooral het samenwonen en het afhandelen van nalatenschappen. Een voordeel van dergelijke wetswijzigingen is dat deze zo kunnen worden ingericht, dat deze een minder groot beroep doen op het doenvermogen van burgers dan het vastleggen van afspraken bij de notaris. Zoals besproken in paragraaf 4.6, doet de huidige wetgeving rondom familievermogensrecht een groot beroep op het doenvermogen van mensen. Zij moeten zelf preventief actie ondernemen om problemen op de lange termijn te voorkomen of krijgen bij bijvoorbeeld het afwikkelen van een erfenis of echtscheiding te maken met complexe regelingen in een emotioneel beladen tijd. Zoals uit bovenstaande citaten al blijkt, zijn dergelijke grote stelselwijzigingen echter complex van aard en kan sprake zijn van onvoorziene gevolgen. De haalbaarheid en de gevolgen zouden dan ook vóór invoering grondig juridisch en op mogelijke voor- en nadelen in de praktijk onderzocht moeten worden.\(^{113}\) Verschillende geïnterviewden verwezen in dit kader bijvoorbeeld ook naar de wijziging van het huwelijksvermogensrecht met de invoering van de Wet beperkte gemeenschap van goederen in 2018. Hoewel deze wet mogelijk bepaalde problemen voorkomt, zijn sommige respondenten van mening dat deze wetswijziging niet tot voldoende verbeteringen heeft geleid:
*Want je zegt nu wel van: We hebben een nieuw huwelijksvermogensrecht en daarmee word je beschermd, maar je wordt niet beschermd. Ja, voor oude schulden en dan is de bescherming ook niet geweldig. De inkomsten zitten nog steeds in de gemeenschap van goederen, dus een deel van jouw inkomsten, als de ander niet werkt, wordt toch gebruikt voor het aflossen van die schulden. Want ja, gemeenschap van goederen, dat is een stukje onbekendheid. Je kijkt rooskleurig vooruit en eigenlijk moet je inderdaad bij de notaris denken: alles kan misgaan, we gaan het aftikken bij de notaris (S3 schuldhulpverlener).*\(^{114}\)
De doenvermogenstoets zoals deze is ontwikkeld door de WRR kan een nuttig instrument zijn bij het beoordelen van de impact en de effectiviteit van dergelijke wetswijzigingen.\(^{114}\)
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\(^{110}\) [https://www.voorrecht-rechtspraak.nl/p/voorrecht](https://www.voorrecht-rechtspraak.nl/p/voorrecht), geraadpleegd augustus 2024
\(^{111}\) Zie ook het stappenplan op rechtspraak.nl
\(^{112}\) Zie bijvoorbeeld Stollenwerck (2006, p. 255)
\(^{113}\) Ook in de literatuur worden verschillende voorstellen gedaan voor het hervormen van het erfrecht. Zie bijvoorbeeld Schols e.a. (2020).
\(^{114}\) WWR 2017. Zie ook [https://www.wrr.nl/publicaties/publicaties/2020/09/15/doenvermogen](https://www.wrr.nl/publicaties/publicaties/2020/09/15/doenvermogen), geraadpleegd maart 2024.
5.5 Samenvatting
In dit hoofdstuk richtte zich twee belangrijke knelpunten die op dit moment nog onvoldoende worden geadresseerd: 1) de financiële toegankelijkheid van het notariaat en 2) de niet-financiële toegankelijkheid. Voor deze knelpunten zijn vervolgens verschillende oplossingsrichtingen besproken.
Een sociaal notariaat wordt wenselijk geacht voor preventie van problemen in de toekomst en daarmee ook toekomstige kosten te voorkomen voor mensen met een kleine beurs. Ook wordt de urgentie gezien voor hulp bij lastige nalatenschappen. De behoeftes voor hulp en mogelijke doelgroepen zijn in hoofdstuk 2 beschreven. Niet alle notarissen zijn overtuigd van de noodzaak van een sociaal notariaat. Deels omdat ze de doelgroep niet tegenkomen in hun praktijk, of weinig tegenkomen en zelf wel een regeling treffen. Deels omdat ze er vanuit gaan dat mensen met weinig vermogen geen notaris nodig hebben. Als nadelen worden mogelijke capaciteitsproblemen binnen het notariaat genoemd als de vraag naar diensten door een sociaal notariaat gaat toenemen. Ook wordt verwacht dat er gezien de problemen bij de sociale advocatuur weinig animo voor is onder notarissen.
Geinterviewden noemen verschillende financieringsmogelijkheden voor een sociaal notariaat:
- het aanpassen van artikel 56 Wna zodat deze beter aansluit op de behoeften van de doelgroep;
- het toevoegen van de notaris aan het stelsel voor gefinancierde rechtsbijstand;
- het opnemen van notariële diensten in een rechtsbijstandsverzekering of andere verzekerings- of abonnementsvormen;
- het verdelen van de kosten over notariskantoren via een fonds of andere financieringsvorm
- financiering vanuit de overheid via bijzondere bijstand van de gemeente.
Ook een combinatie van bijvoorbeeld financiering door de overheid en het notariaat wordt genoemd.
Aandachtspunten die worden genoemd bij een financieringssysteem zijn: het instellen van een inkomens- en vermogenstoets en de reikwijdte van de regeling wat betreft rechtsgebieden. Verder vinden notarissen het belangrijk te zorgen voor een gelijke verdeling tussen kantoren, zodat deze lasten niet door een klein deel van de kantoren worden gedragen. Tevens moeten de administratieve lasten van het systeem niet te groot zijn. Daarnaast wordt ook gewezen op het leren communiceren met deze nieuwe doelgroep en worden communicatieve trainingen aanbevolen. Verder is het van belang dat een eventuele regeling ook voorziet in bijkomende financiële drempels, zoals de kosten voor een tolk of vertalingen van documenten, het inschakelen van ipr-expertise dan wel de kosten voor toetsing van wilsbekwaamheid door een arts.
Naast de financiële toegankelijkheid zijn ook andere aspecten van toegankelijkheid van belang. Door het chique, dure imago van het notariaat, een gebrek aan kennis over het nut en de rol van de notaris bij burgers en (eerstelijns)hulpverlening en problemen rond de begrijpelijkheid van notariële dienstverlening, komen vragen en problemen van burgers nu niet altijd bij de notaris terecht. Ook voor deze vormen van toegankelijkheid kan de instelling van een sociaal notariaat een oplossing vormen. Door bij het inrichten van een sociaal notariaat aan te sluiten bij de bestaande infrastructuur van het Juridisch Loket en de sociale advocatuur kan deze toegankelijkheid verder worden vergroot. Door samen te werken met eerstelijnhulpverleners en bijvoorbeeld spreekuren te organiseren op locaties waar doelgroepen gemakkelijker binnenkomen dan bij een notariskantoor, kunnen drempels worden verlaagd. Geinterviewden wijzen daarbij op het belang van een centraal loket waar mensen terecht kunnen bij juridische vragen en problemen, zonder dat het nodig is dat zij zelf een inschatting moeten maken bij welke juridische professional een vraag thuishoort. Uit de interviews blijkt echter ook dat medewerkers in de eerste lijn, schuldhulpverleners en bewindvoerders op dit moment nog niet altijd adequaat herkennen wanneer een situatie een notarieel advies of een akte vereist. Aanvullende voorlichting of training van deze medewerkers is dan ook van belang. Ook is het belangrijk dat ook professionals de mogelijkheid krijgen om namens een cliënt notarieel advies te kunnen inwinnen.
Een andere oplossingsrichting die uit de interviews naar voren komt, is het aanpassen van wetgeving, met name in het familievermogensrecht, waardoor zaken al preventief bij wet worden geregeld en minder mensen de diensten van een notaris nodig hebben. Als belangrijk probleemgebied wordt vaak het afwikkelen van nalatenschappen genoemd. Ook hier worden voorstellen gedaan om dit makkelijker en toegankelijker te maken door het faciliteren van deelgeschillenprocedures en het vereenvoudigen van bevoegdheden tussen de rechtsbank en kantonrechter.
6 Conclusie
In dit onderzoek naar de toegankelijkheid van het notariaat stonden de volgende vragen centraal:
1. Hoe toegankelijk is de notariële dienstverlening voor burgers en ondernemers?
a. Hoe ziet het aanbod van de notariële dienstverlening er uit?
b. Hoe ziet de vraag naar notariële dienstverlening er uit?
c. Hoe is de financiële toegankelijkheid van de notariële dienstverlening?
d. Hoe staat het met andere vormen van toegankelijkheid (zoals, begrijpelijkheid en bereikbaarheid) van de notariële dienstverlening, ook in relatie tot de *legal capabilities* en het doenvermogen van burgers?
2. Hoe kunnen eventuele knelpunten in de toegankelijkheid worden geadresseerd?
a. Als bepaalde doelgroepen niet worden bereikt, welke mogelijkheden worden dan genoemd om daaraan tegemoet te komen?
b. Zou de instelling van een sociaal notariaat een oplossing vormen om de toegankelijkheid te bevorderen? Zo ja, wat zijn hiervan de voor- en nadelen?
In deze conclusies bespreken we aan de hand van deze vragen de belangrijkste bevindingen van dit onderzoek en mogelijke oplossingsrichtingen voor de gevonden knelpunten. Daarbij schetsen we verschillende scenario’s voor de instelling van een sociaal notariaat en alternatieven in de vorm van aanpassingen in wetgeving voor het familievermogensrecht.
6.1 Vraag en aanbod notariële dienstverlening
*Hoe ziet het aanbod van notariële dienstverlening eruit?*
Voor het in kaart brengen van het aanbod is een beschrijving gegeven van: a) de ontwikkeling van het aantal (toegevoegd) notarissen, kandidaat-notarissen en kantoorvestigingen; b) het type kantoren en specialisaties; c) het aanbod van algemene (eerstelijns)informatie of hulp voor notariële vraagstukken.
Op basis van gegevens van de KNB en informatie uit de interviews wordt duidelijk dat er bij het aanbod van de notariële dienstverlening sprake is van schaalvergroting. Het aantal (toegevoegd) notarissen en kandidaat-notarissen werkzaam in Nederland is tussen 2014 en 2024 gestegen. Het aantal kantoorvestigingen daalt juist gedurende deze periode, wat betekent dat het aantal beroepsbeoefenaren per kantoor is toegenomen. De daling van het aantal kantoorvestigingen betekent tevens dat er minder locaties zijn waar burgers terecht kunnen. Er zijn in de interviews geen problemen gemeld dat burgers geen notaris konden vinden. Wel werd in interviews een enkele keer gemeld dat op sommige locaties het aantal kantoren is afgenomen dat bepaalde diensten op het gebied van het familievermogensrecht aanbiedt. Dit lijkt op een ontwikkeling waar bij de aanloop naar de Wet op het notarisambt voor werd gevreesd: dat kantoren zouden kiezen voor de meer winstgevende onroerendgoedpraktijk. De Commissie Hammerstein concludeerde in 2005 dat er destijds geen sprake was van het op grote schaal afstoten van de familiepraktijk. Gezien de stijgende en grote vraag naar akten op het gebied van het familievermogensrecht en juist dalende vraag naar onroerendgoedakten, lijkt deze ontwikkeling zich ook nu niet op grote schaal voor te doen.
De notariskantoren die burgers als klant hebben, richten zich soms op specifieke doelgroepen door het aanbieden van hulp in een andere taal of voor grensoverschrijdende zaken in bijvoorbeeld Suriname, Marokko of Turkije. Het aantal (toegevoegd) notarissen of kandidaat-notarissen met een migratieachtergrond is echter nog gering. Enkele kantoren richten zich op specifieke doelgroepen zoals expats of LHBTI-ouders. De specialisatieverenigingen in het notariaat liggen vooral op rechtsgebieden die gericht zijn op dienstverlening aan bedrijven. Twee specialisatieverenigingen - op het gebied van mediation en *estate planning* - hebben
betrekking op dienstverlening aan burgers, waarbij het bij *estate planning* vooral om de vermogende burger gaat.
Daarnaast kunnen burgers informatie vinden op diverse websites en kunnen ze met hulpvragen over notariële kwesties terecht bij eerstelijnsorganisaties zoals de Notaristelefoon, het Juridisch Loket, sociaal raadslieden, en rechtswinkels. Daarnaast kunnen burgers via sommige lidmaatschappen of bijvoorbeeld overlijdens- of rechtsbijstandsverzekeringen die ze hebben afgesloten, advies of hulp krijgen. Deze hulp is vaak beperkt tot specifieke onderwerpen, zoals het opstellen van een testament, of wordt alleen verstrekt bij juridische conflicten.
**Hoe ziet de vraag naar notariële dienstverlening eruit?**
Ten eerste is in kaart gebracht hoeveel akten de afgelopen jaren zijn gepasseerd. De vraag naar notariële akten steeg in het afgelopen decennium. Vooral tussen 2013 en 2021 nam het aantal gepasseerde akten sterk toe. Na 2021, waarin notarissen ongeveer 2 miljoen akten passeerden, is sprake van een daling naar ruim 1,7 miljoen akten in 2023. Die daling doet zich voor in de registergoederenpraktijk en is vooral afhankelijk van de ontwikkelingen op de woningmarkt. De vraag naar akten in familiepraktijk blijft stijgen, vooral voor testamenten en levenstestamenten. In 2023 is voor het eerst de omvang van het aantal akten in de familiepraktijk (42% van alle akten) groter dan die van de registergoederenpraktijk (38%). De stijging van testamenten en levenstestamenten zal voor een deel samenhangen met de vergrazing in de samenleving.
Ten tweede is geprobeerd de algemene behoefte aan notariële dienstverlening in kaart te brengen onder de bevolking. In 2019 had ongeveer 45 procent van de Nederlanders wel eens een notaris bezocht. Een deel daarvan komt vooral bij de notaris omdat het nou eenmaal moet, bijvoorbeeld bij de aankoop van een huis. Een ander deel ziet duidelijk de toegevoegde waarde van de notaris en wil dat de notaris kritisch met ze meedenkt. Daarnaast is geprobeerd inzicht te krijgen in de behoefte aan notarisdiensten door eerstelijnshulpverleners hierover te interviewen. De omvang van hulpvragen met een notarieel aspect die bij deze hulpverleners binnenkomen is onbekend, maar is in vergelijking met andere hulpvragen bij deze organisaties niet omvangrijk.
Ten derde is de behoefte in kaart gebracht door na te gaan of er doelgroepen met bepaalde hulpvragen zijn die niet bij de notaris komen of afhaken en waarvoor een notaris wel meerwaarde biedt. Uit de interviews blijkt dat de grootste niet vervulde behoefte aan notariële dienstverlening bij burgers ligt op het gebied van het familievermogensrecht. Op dit rechtsgebied worden diverse situaties en doelgroepen genoemd die afhaken of helemaal niet bij de notaris komen terwijl dat wel raadzaam is. Behoeftes die worden benoemd betreffen bijvoorbeeld het afwikkelen van een nalatenschap en het regelen van een testament, levenstestament, samenlevingscontract of huwelijks voorwaarden. Sommige hulpvragen kunnen via eerstelijnshulpverleners worden beantwoord, voor andere is advies, hulp of een akte van de notaris nodig. Het betreft enerzijds situaties waarin problemen in de toekomst kunnen worden voorkomen door bij de notaris een testament, levenstestament, huwelijks voorwaarden of een samenlevingscontract te regelen. Anderzijds betreft het situaties waarin burgers met een probleem worden geconfronteerd, zoals het afwikkelen van een nalatenschap, daarin vastlopen en geen middelen hebben om een notaris in te schakelen. Dit kan bijvoorbeeld gelden voor minderjarige kinderen of mensen met schulden die een nalatenschap beneficiair moeten aanvaarden.
Doelgroepen die voor de bovengenoemde situaties niet bij de notaris komen of afhaken zijn volgens de geïnterviewden: mensen met weinig economische hulpmiddelen (laag inkomen, schulden, de partner heeft schulden, curatele, beschermingsbewind) met betrekking tot diverse familievermogensrechtelijk zaken; ouderen en mensen met een beperking in verband met het voorkomen van problemen bij wilsonbekwaamheid of voorkomen van problemen na overlijden; alleenstaanden, samenwoners en samengestelde gezinnen ter voorkoming van problemen bij nalatenschappen en/of scheidingen; kleine ondernemers of zzp’ers in verband met het voorkomen van problemen bij schulden en nalatenschappen en mensen met een migratieachtergrond die de meerwaarde van notariële akten niet kennen of zaken liever anders regelen. Daarnaast worden groepen genoemd die bepaalde vaardigheden missen en daarom niet bij de notaris komen of afhaken, bijvoorbeeld laaggeletterden.
6.2 Financiële toegankelijkheid
Om een beeld te krijgen van de financiële toegankelijkheid van de notariële dienstverlening zijn de onderstaande deelvragen gesteld:
- Hoe hebben tarieven van notariële akten zich ontwikkeld en in hoeverre verschillen de tarieven tussen kantoren?
- Hoe wordt de financiële toegankelijkheid ervaren?
- Onder welke voorwaarden kunnen burgers een beroep doen op artikel 56 Wna? Hoe vaak is er de afgelopen vijf jaar een beroep op die regeling gedaan en in hoeverre is deze regeling toegankelijk?
- Welk aanbod van sociale dienstverlening is er vanuit het notariaat?
Hoe hebben de tarieven van notariële akten zich ontwikkeld en in hoeverre verschillen de tarieven tussen kantoren?
Tot de invoering van de vrije tarieven in het notariaat in 1999 was er sprake van kruissubsidiëring: met de winsten in de registergoedpraktijk werden tarieven in de familiepraktijk laag gehouden. Sinds de invoering van de, door de overheid gewenste, marktwerking en deregulering in het notariaat zijn de tarieven in de familiepraktijk dan ook sterk gestegen. In de registergoedpraktijk was er tot 2015 sprake van een daling, daarna stegen ook hier de prijzen. Tussen 2015 en 2023 zijn de tarieven voor notariële diensten op alle rechtsgebieden sterkder gestegen dan de prijzen van commerciële dienstverleners (dpi) in het algemeen (zie figuur 3.1). Door de stijging van de prijzen in de familiepraktijk is die dienstverlening ontoegankelijker geworden, zeker voor mensen met een kleine beurs. De variatie in tarieven voor dezelfde soort akten is echter groot en voor standaardakten bestaan er goedkopere mogelijkheden via online platforms. Ook kunnen rechtzoekenden via sommige uitvaart- of zorgorganisaties testamenten tegen een laag tarief krijgen, wat de financiële toegankelijkheid vergroot.
Hoe wordt de financiële toegankelijkheid ervaren?
De kosten kunnen een belangrijke belemmering vormen voor mensen om een beroep te doen op een notaris. Dit geldt vooral voor mensen uit de lagere inkomensgroepen en op het gebied van het familievermogensrecht. In sommige omstandigheden zijn er bovendien bijkomende kosten, bijvoorbeeld als er tolken nodig zijn, akten vertaald moeten worden, als sprake is van situaties waarin buitenlands recht een rol kan spelen, of wanneer de wilsbekwaamheid door een arts moet worden getoetst. Er zijn groepen die niet kunnen betalen, zoals mensen in de bijstand of mensen met schulden. Er zijn ook burgers die wel kunnen, maar niet willen, ofwel andere prioriteiten stellen. Dit doet zich vooral voor als er geen acuut probleem is en eventueel zaken voor de toekomst geregeld kunnen worden. Het kan zijn dat ze het geld er niet voor over hebben en andere prioriteiten stellen (bijvoorbeeld de keuze tussen nieuwe winterjassen voor de kinderen of een samenlevingscontract). Het kan ook zijn dat ze minder gericht zijn op zekerheid voor de toekomst, zoals uit onderzoek van Motivaction (2019) bleek (zie paragraaf 2.2.2), of ze verwachten dat er zich in de toekomst geen problemen zullen voordoen met een nalatenschap of in een relatie. Sommige geïnterviewden melden dat mensen soms de urgentie niet zien en te lang wachten met bijvoorbeeld het regelen van een levenstestament.
Onder welke voorwaarden kunnen burgers een beroep doen op artikel 56 Wna? Hoe vaak is er de afgelopen vijf jaar een beroep op die regeling gedaan en in hoeverre is deze regeling toegankelijk?
Artikel 56 Wna zou er voor moeten zorgen dat minderdraagkrachtigen (burgers die onder de WrB vallen) bij de notaris bepaalde akten in het familievermogensrecht kunnen regelen door het vaststellen van een gemaximeerd tarief. Om in aanmerking te komen voor dat maximale tarief moeten minder draagkrachtigen eerst een verklaring omtrent inkomen en vermogen aanvragen bij Raad voor Rechtsbijstand en vervolgens een verzoek indienen bij de voorzitter van de relatief bevoegde kamer voor het notariaat. De kamer bepaalt
vervolgens het tarief en wijst een notaris aan die de dienst moet verrichten. De kamer hanteert voor de bepaling van het tarief standaard de maximale eigen bijdrage volgens de Wrb (in 2024 € 952). Dit is een bedrag dat voor minderdraagkrachtigen erg hoog is. Bovendien ligt dat tarief doorgaans boven het gemiddelde tarief voor akten in de familiepraktijk, waardoor de regeling voor veel mensen geen voordeel oplevert en er in de praktijk dus weinig gebruik van wordt gemaakt. In de periode 2018-2022 zijn jaarlijks slechts enkele verzoeken (12-13) ingediend bij de vier kamers voor het notariaat, waarvan het merendeel ook nog wordt ingetrokken. Dit is een te verwaarlozen aantal op de ongeveer 736.000 notariële akten op het gebied van het familievermogensrecht die in 2023 door notarissen in Nederland werden gepasseerd. De regeling functioneert dus onvoldoende om het notariaat toegankelijker te maken voor mensen met beperkte financiële middelen.
Naast de hoogte van het tarief dat minvermogenden moeten betalen, zijn er andere beperkingen. Ten eerste is de regeling weinig bekend, ook onder professionals. Dit zal waarschijnlijk samenhangen met de voorgaande constatering dat het tarief hoog is en de regeling vaak geen uitkomst biedt. Er is dan ook weinig online informatie over de procedure van artikel 56 Wna te vinden. Mocht de regeling wel uitkomst bieden, dan is het dus voor burgers niet eenvoudig om er achter te komen dat de regeling bestaat en bovendien vergt het aanvragen de nodige zelfredzaamheid. Ze moeten een inkomensverklaring aanvragen bij de RvR, vervolgens er achter zien te komen welke Kamer voor het notariaat bevoegd is en dan zelf een verzoek indienen.
Ten tweede is de reikwijdte van de regeling beperkt. De regeling geldt alleen voor specifiek benoemde akten in het familievermogensrecht. Het levenstestament valt hier bijvoorbeeld niet onder. Ook notarieel advies maakt geen deel uit van de regeling. Bovendien kunnen ook op andere rechtsterreinen mensen met weinig financiële middelen notariële ondersteuning nodig hebben. Bijvoorbeeld bij de gedwongen verkoop van een woning ‘die onder water staat’ tijdens een echtscheiding waarbij schulden kunnen ontstaan.
Ten derde wijst de kamer voor het notariaat een notaris aan die deze diensten moet verrichten. Het is geen vrije keuze van de notaris en dat kan ten koste gaan van de kwaliteit van de dienstverlening. Tevens moet de betreffende notaris zijn diensten aanbieden voor een vastgesteld tarief. Als dat tarief niet kostendekkend is, wordt deze dus gedwongen onder de kostprijs te werken.
Welk aanbod van sociale dienstverlening is er vanuit het notariaat?
Met ‘sociale notariële dienstverlening’ doen we op niet-gereguleerde vormen van dienstverlening door notarissen, bijvoorbeeld allerlei gratis vormen van (ad hoc) dienstverlening of dienstverlening tegen een gereduceerd tarief.
Op dit moment verlenen sommige notariskantoren verschillende vormen van sociale dienstverlening. Zo zijn er kantoren die een gratis spreekuur aanbieden en helpen sommige notarissen cliënten die weinig financiële middelen hebben met een gereduceerd tarief of een afbetalingsregeling. Ook zijn er kantoren die voor goede doelen, verenigingen en stichtingen geregeld gratis dan wel tegen gereduceerd tarief werk verricht. Er zijn ook kantoren die voorlichting of lezingen verzorgen. Deze activiteiten hoeven niet alleen een sociaal karakter te hebben maar kunnen ook worden ingezet als een vorm van klantenwerving.
Met uitzondering van enkele lokale initiatieven, zoals het ‘sociaal notariaat’ in Den Bosch, gaat het echter om informele oplossingen die het karakter van incidentele liefdadigheid hebben en waar notarissen ook weinig bekendheid aan geven. Dit betekent dat hoogstwaarschijnlijk slechts een klein deel van de mensen die behoefte hebben aan dergelijke diensten wordt bereikt. Verschillende geïnterviewde notarissen melden dat verzoeken om een gereduceerd tarief of afbetalingsregeling slechts sporadisch voorkomen. Ook bieden notarissen gereduceerde tarieven of regelingen aan omdat ze een goed lopende praktijk hebben. Als de markt voor hen minder gunstig is, komt deze vorm van dienstverlening zeer waarschijnlijk onder druk te staan. Een deel van de notarissen gaf echter ook aan dat ze principieel tegen het aanbieden van gereduceerde tarieven zijn.
6.3 Niet-financiële vormen van toegankelijkheid
Hoe staat het met andere vormen van toegankelijkheid (zoals, begrijpelijkheid en bereikbaarheid) van de notariële dienstverlening, ook in relatie tot de legal capabilities en het doenvermogen van burgers?
Naast de financiële toegankelijkheid zijn ook andere vormen van toegankelijkheid van belang. In hoofdstuk 4 zijn de belangrijkste niet-financiële factoren en belemmeringen voor toegankelijkheid van het notariaat besproken. Vanuit de aanbodkant zijn dit factoren als de (on)begrijpelijkheid van notariële stukken, de ingewikkeldheid van bijvoorbeeld het afwikkelen van een nalatenschap en de beschikbaarheid en het overbrengen van begrijpelijke informatie. Ook het ‘chique’ imago van het notariaat en de fysieke en digitale toegankelijkheid vallen hieronder. Uit de interviews komt ook naar voren dat verschillende notarissen de behoeften van burgers uit de laagste inkomensgroepen niet op hun netvlieën hebben staan. De gedachte is veelal dat deze groep niet veel heeft en daarom ook niet veel bij een notaris hoeft te regelen. Uit de interviews komt naar voren dat deze aanbodfactoren de toegang tot het notariaat kunnen belemmeren, met name voor groepen als laaggeletterden, mensen met een psychische of verstandelijke beperking, mensen met schulden, ouderen en langdurig zieken en mensen met een migratieachtergrond.
Naast het aanbod van dienstverlening vanuit het notariaat spelen de *legal capabilities* van de rechtzoekenden zelf een rol bij de toegang tot het notariaat. Deze factoren vanuit de ‘vraagkant’ omvatten ten eerste de *kennis* over het nut en de noodzaak van iets regelen bij de notaris. Voordat mensen actie kunnen ondernemen moeten zij zich eerst realiseren dat het mogelijk raadzaam is iets te regelen en weten (of uit kunnen vinden) bij wie ze dan terecht kunnen. Ten tweede vereist het raadplegen van dienstverleners bepaalde *vaardigheden*: om informatie te vinden en te begrijpen of contact te leggen zijn bepaalde taal-, sociale of digitale vaardigheden vereist. Niet alle rechtzoekenden beschikken daarover. Ten derde is de *attitude* van de rechtzoekende van belang. Het hebben van vertrouwen in rechtshulpverleners speelt hierbij een rol, maar ook het idee hebben dat ze er voor jou zijn. Evenals bij notarissen zelf, hebben ook veel burgers het idee dat de notaris vooral nuttig is voor mensen is met een zeker vermogen. Ook het gegeven dat er weinig notarissen met een migratieachtergrond zijn, kan er aan bijdragen dat bepaalde groepen in de samenleving zich minder vertrouwd voelen met het notariaat. Het niet spreken van de taal en onbekendheid met de rol van notarissen kan afstand creëren. Ook bepaalde culturele gewoonten kunnen een drempel vormen. Bijvoorbeeld ervan uitgaan dat een scheiding of nalatenschap binnen de familie geregeld moet worden. Ten vierde kunnen *persoonlijkheidskennmerken* een rol spelen. Sommige burgers missen bijvoorbeeld het zelfvertrouwen om contact te leggen met een notaris. Of, zoals uit het onderzoek van Motivation (2019) blijkt, bepaalde mensen hebben behoefte aan zekerheid en willen zaken geregeld hebben, terwijl anderen van dag tot dag leven of bereid zijn risico’s te nemen. Zij zullen pas bij een notaris komen als het moet. Ten slotte zijn de beschikbare *hulpbronnen* van belang. Zoals we in de inleiding beschreven, heeft het SCP het niet zozeer over *legal capabilities*, maar over verschillende vormen van ‘kapitaal’ die mensen bezitten.\(^{115}\) Het gebrek aan bepaalde vormen van kapitaal gaat vaak samen. Naast de eerder besproken financiële hulpbronnen kunnen ook het beschikken over sociale of technologische hulpbronnen van belang zijn. Bij sociale hulpbronnen gaat het over het beschikken over een sociaal netwerk dat kan helpen met bijvoorbeeld het erkennen van een probleem, het zoeken van een notaris of het invullen van formulieren. Bij technische hulpbronnen gaat het om het hebben van een computer, smartphone of andersoortig device met toegang tot internet. Het meest kwetsbaar zijn, wat het SCP noemt, de onzekere werkenden (10% van de bevolking) en het precariaat (6,3%). Deze groepen scoren laag op zowel economisch, sociaal, cultureel als persoonlijk kapitaal en vormen bij elkaar toch een aanzienlijk deel van de Nederlandse bevolking.
Naast *legal capabilities* of het beschikken over verschillende vormen van ‘kapitaal’ is ook het doenvermogen van mensen van belang. Het vermogen om (adequaat) in actie te komen, om het hoofd voldoende koel te houden, en om vast te houden aan goede voornemens. Het doenvermogen gaat vooral over zelfcontrole, de
\(^{115}\) Vrooman, e.a. (2023)
mate waarin mensen in staat zijn hun eigen gedrag effectief te sturen. En dit doenvermogen wordt minder in stressvolle situaties, zoals bij het overlijden van een dierbare of een echtscheiding. Hoewel in principe alle burgers moeite kunnen hebben met het begrijpen van notariële stukken of het ondernemen van actie op het moment dat de mentale belasting al groot is, is het voor burgers met meer hulpbronnen relatief gemakkelijker om informatie in te winnen of de juiste hulp te vinden. Laaggeletterdheid gaat bijvoorbeeld vaak samen met beperkte digitale vaardigheden. Door het imago van het notariaat, een gebrek aan kennis over het nut en de rol van de notaris bij burgers en eerstelijnshulpverlening en problemen rond de begrijpelijkheid van notariële dienstverlening, komen vragen en problemen van burgers nu niet altijd bij de notaris terecht. Doenvermogen alleen is echter niet genoeg. Daadwerkelijk tot actie overgaan, of zoals de WRR het verwoordt ‘grip op de omgeving krijgen’, vereist dat er ook voldoende financiële middelen en genoeg aanbod van adequate hulpverlening is.
6.4 Knelpunten en oplossingsrichtingen
Hoe kunnen eventuele knelpunten in de toegankelijkheid worden geadresseerd?
a. Als bepaalde doelgroepen niet worden bereikt, welke mogelijkheden worden dan genoemd om daaraan tegemoet te komen?
b. Zou de instelling van een sociaal notariaat een oplossing vormen om de toegankelijkheid te bevorderen? Zo ja, wat zijn hiervan de voor- en nadelen?
Zoals uit hoofdstuk 3 en 4 blijkt zijn er dus knelpunten op het gebied van zowel de financiële als de niet-financiële toegankelijkheid van notariële dienstverlening. In hoofdstuk 5 worden voor deze knelpunten verschillende oplossingsrichtingen besproken: 1) het instellen van een nieuwe vorm van sociaal notariaat, dan wel een aanpassing van artikel 56 Wna en 2) aanpassingen in wetgeving waardoor een beroep op de notaris minder vaak noodzakelijk is.
6.4.1 Bereiken van doelgroepen
Er zijn diverse doelgroepen gesigneerd van mensen die – onder andere vanwege financiële redeneren - nu nog te weinig worden bereikt. Dit gaat onder meer om ouderen, mensen met een slechte gezondheid, mensen met schulden, alleenstaanden, samenwoners en samengestelde gezinnen, kleine ondernemers of zzp’ers, mensen met een migratieachtergrond. Daarnaast zijn er mensen die een gebrek hebben aan een of meer legal capabilities.
Uit de interviews met notarissen blijkt dat er al allerlei initiatieven bestaan om de niet-financiële belemmeringen weg te nemen, zowel op landelijk niveau door de KNB als door individuele notariskantoren. Met name op het gebied van begrijpelijkheid en kennis worden allerlei activiteiten ontplooid, zoals het geven van voorlichtingsbijeenkomsten en lezingen voor specifieke doelgroepen, informatiecampagnes, het aanbieden van cursussen aan notarissen in begrijpelijk communiceren, en initiatieven op het gebied van het begrijpelijer maken van stukken, zoals het schrijven van bijsluiters in begrijpelijke taal en infographics. Een minderheid van de geinterviewden probeert ook de taal in de akten zelf begrijpelijer te maken. Er is echter discussie over in hoeverre zulke aanpassingen ten koste gaan van de (juridische) kwaliteit.
Om de verschillende doelgroepen te bereiken is een structurele samenwerking met andere hulpverleners, zoals het juridisch loket, schuldhulpverlening, sociaal raadslieden of rechtswinkels van groot belang. Uit het onderzoek komt naar voren dat de samenwerking tussen het notariaat en (eerstelijns)hulpverleners op dit moment - met uitzondering van enkele lokale initiatieven - nog beperkt is. Bij hulpverleners is vaak sprake van onvoldoende kennis op het gebied van familiievermogensrecht en over het nut en de noodzaak om iets te regelen bij de notaris. Schuldhulpverleners en bewindvoerders herkennen bijvoorbeeld niet altijd adequaat wanneer in een situatie notarieel advies of een akte raadzaam is. Wanneer zij dit wel signaleren weten zij bovendien niet goed waar zij voor advies of overleg terecht kunnen. De notaristelefoon van de KNB voorziet deels in deze behoefte, maar kan geen uitspraken doen over individuele situaties. Dit betekent dat de
(eerstelijns)hulpverlening op dit moment slechts beperkte mogelijkheden heeft om de drempels voor toegang tot het notariaat te verminderen, onder andere voor mensen met weinig *legal capabilities* of doenervermogen. Bij het ontplooien van nieuwe initiatieven wordt ook benadrukt dat bepaalde doelgroepen hierbij moeten worden betrokken, omdat deze zelf vaak het beste weten wat werkt. Dit is bijvoorbeeld ook gebeurd bij de voorlichtingsvideo’s van steffie.nl. Ook wordt benadrukt om vooral aan te sluiten bij bestaande structuren van hulpverlening, of bij centra of bijeenkomsten waar bepaalde doelgroepen al (samen)komen.
### 6.4.2 Sociaal notariaat – voor en nadelen
Het instellen van een sociaal notariaat kan een oplossing vormen voor de financiële toegankelijkheid van de notaris voor mensen met weinig economische middelen. Uit het onderzoek komt naar voren dat er een aantal groepen is voor wie notariële dienstverlening financieel niet haalbaar is, bijvoorbeeld mensen met lage inkomens of mensen met schulden, terwijl zij wel behoefte kunnen hebben aan deze dienstverlening. Een sociaal notariaat wordt wenselijk geacht voor preventie van problemen in de toekomst en daarmee ook toekomstige kosten te voorkomen voor mensen met een kleine beurs. Ook wordt de urgentie gezien voor hulp bij de afwikkeling van complexere nalatenschappen. Als nadelen worden mogelijke capaciteitsproblemen binnen het notariaat genoemd als de vraag naar diensten door een sociaal notariaat gaat toenemen. Hoe sterk die vraag naar notariële diensten zal toenemen is echter lastig te zeggen. Ook als de financiële barrières minder worden, blijft het de vraag of burgers ook daadwerkelijk een notaris zullen inschakelen en bereid zijn hun geld te besteden aan notariële aktes die eventueel toekomstige problemen voorkomen. Ook wordt verwacht dat er -gezien de problemen bij de sociale advocatuur- weinig animo zal zijn onder notarissen om onder vergelijkbare voorwaarden en omstandigheden als in de sociale advocatuur hun diensten te verlenen. Een sociaal notariaat zou naast het verlagen van financiële drempels bovendien ook bij kunnen dragen aan de andere vormen van toegankelijkheid van het notariaat. Hierbij is het van belang om – ongeacht welke invulling of financieringsstructuur gekozen wordt - aan te sluiten bij de bestaande infrastructuur van (eerstelijns juridische) hulpverlening. Het werken met doelgroepen die traditioneel weinig bij de notaris komen en over weinig *legal capabilities* beschikken, zoals laaggeletterden, mensen met een licht verstandelijke beperking of anderstaligen vereist vaardigheden die op dit moment niet iedere notaris bezit. Door bij het inrichten van een sociaal notariaat gebruik te maken van de bestaande infrastructuur van eerstelijns hulpverlening, zoals het Juridisch Loket, sociaal raadslieden of spreekuren in wijkcentra kan ook de niet-financiële toegankelijkheid verder worden vergroot. Door bijvoorbeeld spreekuren te organiseren op locaties waar doelgroepen gemakkelijker binnenkomen dan bij een ‘chique’ notariskantoor, kunnen drempels worden verlaagd. Belangrijk daarbij is dat er een centraal loket is waar mensen terecht kunnen bij juridische vragen en problemen, zodat zij niet zelf een inschatting hoeven te maken bij welke juridische professional een vraag thuishoort. Uit de interviews blijkt echter ook dat medewerkers in de eerste lijn, schuldhulpverleners en bewindvoerders op dit moment nog niet altijd adequaat herkennen wanneer in een situatie een notarieel advies of een akte raadzaam is. Aanvullende voorlichting of training van (eerstelijns)hulpverleners op het gebied van familievermogensrecht en notariële diensten is dan ook van belang. Bovendien is het belangrijk dat ook professionals de mogelijkheid krijgen om namens een cliënt notarieel advies te kunnen inwinnen toegespitst op de individuele casus.
Voor het aansluiten bij de behoeften van verschillende doelgroepen is het ook van belang contact te leggen met (belangen)organisaties die deze groepen vertegenwoordigen. Deze organisaties hebben het beste zicht op wat deze groepen nodig hebben en hoe deze groepen bereikt kunnen worden. Zoals ook uit recent onderzoek van het SCP blijkt, is het niet voldoende om alleen laagdrempelige loketten te organiseren om kwetsbare doelgroepen te bereiken. Het is belangrijk na te gaan waarom sommige mensen niet worden bereikt (Plaisier e.a., 2024). Zoals we hebben geconstateerd, spelen daarbij verschillende financiële en niet-financiële factoren een rol en kunnen deze factoren verschillen per doelgroep en de soort notariële dienstverlening.
Financieringsmogelijkheden voor een sociaal notariaat
Uit het onderzoek zijn verschillende scenario’s naar voren gekomen voor het financieren van een sociaal notariaat:
1. het aanpassen van artikel 56 Wna zodat deze beter aansluit op de behoeften van de doelgroep;
2. het toevoegen van de notaris aan het stelsel voor gefinancierde rechtsbijstand;
3. het opnemen van notariële diensten in een rechtsbijstandsverzekering of andere verzekerings- of abonnementsvormen;
4. het verdelen van de kosten over notariskantoren via een fonds of andere financieringsvorm
5. financiering vanuit de overheid via bijzondere bijstand van de gemeente.
Ook een combinatie van bijvoorbeeld financiering door de overheid en het notariaat wordt genoemd. Wij zullen deze financieringsopties hieronder bespreken.
Scenario 1 – aanpassing / uitbreiding van artikel 56 Wna
In het eerste scenario blijft de huidige regeling van artikel 56 Wna bestaan, maar worden er aanpassingen doorgevoerd om de bestaande toegankelijkheidsproblemen te verbeteren. Daarvoor is in de eerste plaats noodzakelijk dat de eigen bijdrage wordt aangepast aan het inkomensniveau van de rechtzoekende. Dit zou bijvoorbeeld kunnen door niet uit te gaan van de maximale eigen bijdrage uit Bebr, maar aan te sluiten bij de verschillende niveaus van eigen bijdragen uit die regeling. Afhankelijk van het inkomensniveau van de rechtzoekende kent Bebr vijf niveaus, variërend van 226 euro voor de laagste eigen bijdrage tot 952 euro voor de hoogste categorie.
Ten tweede is een uitbreiding van de situaties/akten waarop de regeling van toepassing is van belang. Zo zouden bijvoorbeeld het levenstestament en het vragen van notarieel advies kunnen worden toegevoegd aan de regeling. Ook kan gedacht worden aan ondersteuning bij het afhandelen van beneficiair aanvaarde nalatenschappen dat vaak als knelpunt wordt genoemd.
Ten derde zou de procedure toegankelijker kunnen worden door minder handelingen van de rechtzoekende te vragen. De huidige procedure vergt de nodige zelfredzaamheid en is niet voor iedere rechtzoekende zelfstandig uit te voeren. Hulp via rechtshulpverleners en een betere informatievoorziening is daarbij van groot belang.
Ten vierde is van belang dat, zeker als het aantal mensen dat een beroep op deze regeling doet na wijzigingen zou gaan toenemen, dat er een mogelijkheid komt om deze verzoeken te verdelen over de beroepsgroep. De verantwoordelijkheid hiervoor zou bijvoorbeeld kunnen worden gelegd bij de kamers van het notariaat. Bij de verdeling zouden ook de voorkeur van de rechtzoekende en de expertise van de betreffende notaris een rol kunnen spelen.
Voor- en nadelen
Het voordeel van dit scenario is vooral dat het relatief eenvoudig te realiseren is; er is sprake van relatief kleine wijzigingen in de bestaande regeling. Er hoeft geen nieuw stelsel te worden ingevoerd. Het belangrijkste nadeel is dat - net als in de huidige situatie - de kosten voor de regeling bij individuele notariskantoren kunnen terechtkomen als het tarief niet kostendekkend is. Die kans wordt groter naarmate het aantal diensten dat onder de reikwijdte van de regeling valt groter wordt en het tarief dat ze in rekening mogen brengen lager uitvalt dan het tarief dat de burger in het nieuwe systeem moet gaan betalen.
Daarnaast worden via deze regeling nog steeds notarissen aangewezen door een kamer voor het notariaat. Dat betekent dat de (verhoogde) lasten volledig voor rekening komen van de dienstverlenende beroepsgroep. Beide, de lage beloning en de gedwongen deelname, kunnen leiden tot kwalitatief minder goede dienstverlening. Het ligt bovendien voor de hand dat de lasten ongelijk verdeeld zullen zijn; een kantoor dat in een wijk met veel armoede is gevestigd, zal hoogstwaarschijnlijk meer aanvragen/toewijzingen krijgen dan een kantoor op de Zuidas. Als hier geen voorziening voor wordt getroffen, bijvoorbeeld door de kamer van het notariaat de verzoeken te laten verdelen, bestaat er een risico dat deze situatie ertoe leidt dat notariskantoren dienstverlening gaan beperken of weigeren, zeker in ingewikkelde gevallen waar bijvoorbeeld sprake is van een ipr-component.
**Scenario 2 – aansluiten bij het systeem van gesubsidieerde rechtsbijstand**
In het tweede scenario wordt het systeem van gesubsidieerde rechtsbijstand ook van toepassing op notarissen. De eigen bijdrage die de rechtzoekende verschuldigd is, is gelijk aan die in scenario 1. Verschil met dit scenario is dat notarissen op basis van vrijwilligheid deelnemen en dat ze bovenop de eigen bijdrage een vergoeding ontvangen vanuit de overheid. Voor eventuele complexe gevallen (bijvoorbeeld ingewikkelde nalatenschappen) zou voor de vergoeding worden kunnen worden aangesloten bij de extra-urenregeling.\(^{116}\)
Bij dit voorstel wordt niet alleen voorzien in de financiering van notariële diensten, maar kan ook voor de bijkomende kosten, zoals de kosten voor tolk/vertalingen of het inschakelen van expertise zoals een toetsing wilsbekwaamheid door een arts, worden aangesloten bij de regelingen die daar nu al voor bestaan binnen de Wrb.\(^{117}\)
Bij sommige geïnterviewden leeft de wens om, naast een inkomens- en vermogenstoets, verdere beperkingen in te voeren voor het soort notariële diensten waarvoor een beroep kan worden gedaan op gesubsidieerde rechtsbijstand. Bijvoorbeeld dat de regeling, zoals in artikel 56 Wna het geval is, slechts op een beperkt aantal akten uit het familievermogensrecht van toepassing is. Het is echter niet ondenkbaar dat er zich situaties kunnen voordoen waarin rechtzoekenden met weinig financiële draagkracht notarieel advies of een akte nodig hebben op het gebied van onroerend goed, bijvoorbeeld bij gedwongen verkoop van onroerend goed waarbij de hypotheek hoger is dan de waarde van de woning. Wanneer de notariële dienstverlening wordt beperkt tot het familievermogensrecht vallen dit soort situaties buiten het bereik van de regeling. Ook is het van belang dat in hulp bij het afwikkelen van nalatenschappen wordt voorzien. Daarnaast zou notarieel advies dat niet uitmondt in een akte ook onder de regeling moeten vallen.
**Voor- en nadelen**
Voor dit voorstel bestaat bij de beroepsgroep veel steun.\(^{118}\) Het belangrijkste voordeel van aansluiten bij het systeem van gesubsidieerde rechtsbijstand is dat de financiële toegankelijkheid van notariële dienstverlening wordt vergroot, notarissen op basis van vrijwilligheid deelnemen en naast de eigen bijdrage van de rechtzoekende ook een vergoeding van de overheid krijgen. Bovendien wordt in dit systeem de samenwerking met de eerstelinshulpverlening versterkt. Een goede samenwerking met de eerstelinshulpverlening kan ook andere vormen van toegankelijkheid van het notariaat verder versterken (zie boven).
Dit scenario heeft ook nadelen. Zo is het de vraag of er – in de huidige tijden van tekorten op de arbeidsmarkt – voldoende notarissen bereid zullen zijn om tegen een gesubsidieerd tarief diensten te verlenen. Tevens betekent dit voor deelnemende notarissen een toename van de administratieve lasten omdat zij, net als bij de advocatuur, verantwoordelijk zullen worden voor het aanvragen van toevoegingen voor hun cliënten.
Tevens vergt dit scenario een ingrijpender wijziging dan de aanpassing van artikel 56 Wna in scenario 1. Zo zullen er - conform de puntentoekenningen in de advocatuur - forfaitaire vergoedingen moeten worden vastgesteld voor specifieke typen akten en andere werkzaamheden. Verder betekent dit scenario - afhankelijk van politieke keuzes - een stijging van de maatschappelijke kosten van de gesubsidieerde rechtsbijstand en toenemend gebruik van een systeem dat toch al sterk onder druk staat. Er is al jaren discussie over een
\(^{116}\) Zie Besluit vergoeding rechtsbijstand 2000 en Staatscourant nr. 50442, 24 december 2021; https://www.rvr.org/kenniswijzer/zoeken-kenniswijzer/extra-uren/extra-uren-toekennen/eerste-aanvraag/, geraadpleegd juni 2024.
\(^{117}\) Voor advocaten en mediators bestaat op dit moment al een regeling voor tolk- en vertaaldiensten binnen de gesubsidieerde rechtsbijstand, maar voor een toetsing wilsbekwaamheid bestaat deze mogelijkheid nog niet. Wel kan de Raad voor Rechtsbijstand subsidie verstrekken voor een medisch haalbaarheidsonderzoek in letselschadezaken, of voorzien in een rentevrije lening wanneer een uitgebreider medisch deskundigenbericht noodzakelijk is. Zie: https://www.rechtsbijstand.nl/@4900/aanvraag-geldlening/, geraadpleegd mei 2024.
\(^{118}\) Bijna 70 procent van de bevraagde notarissen was voorstander van door de overheid gefinancierde rechtshulp voor het notariaat (KNB, 2022b). https://www.knb.nl/nieuwsberichten/onderzoek-naar-maatschappelijke-rol-notaris-hoe-bereik-jekwetsbare-doelgroepen, geraadpleegd maart 2024. Uitkomsten verkregen via de KNB.
redelijke beloning voor sociaal advocaten\textsuperscript{119} en de terugloop van het aantal advocaten dat bereid is op basis van gesubsidieerde rechtsbijstand te werken, stemt ook niet gunstig.\textsuperscript{120} De problemen rond de sociale advocatuur kunnen echter niet een op een naar een nog op te richten systeem voor sociaal notariaat worden vertaald. Zo zijn sommige notariële diensten, zoals het opmaken van akten, inhoudelijk gemakkelijker af te bakenen dan de vraag naar rechtsbijstand.
**Scenario 3 – het opnemen van notariële diensten in een rechtsbijstandsverzekering of andere verzekerings- of abonnementsvormen**
Op dit moment bestaan er al enkele mogelijkheden voor burgers om - gratis of tegen een gereduceerd tarief - notariële dienstverlening te krijgen via verzekeringen of lidmaatschappen (zie paragraaf 2.1.2 en 3.1.2).
**Voor- en nadelen**
Nadeel van deze optie is dat voor mensen met de minste financiële draagkracht of schulden deze optie relatief duur is en zij waarschijnlijk geen geld hebben voor of zullen besteden aan dergelijke verzekeringen of abonnementen. Rechtsbijstandsverzekeraars vergoeden bovendien alleen onzekere voervallen en geen preventieve rechtshulp, zoals notarieel advies om problemen te voorkomen. Voor de toegankelijkheidsproblemen zoals die in dit rapport zijn geschetst biedt dit scenario dan ook geen echte oplossing.
**Scenario 4 – het verdelen van de kosten onder notariskantoren**
In het vierde scenario worden de kosten voor een sociaal notariaat niet gedragen door individuele kantoren of de overheid, maar worden deze kosten verdeeld onder alle notariskantoren in Nederland. Uit de interviews met de beroepsgroep komt een sterke wens naar voren om bij de instelling van een sociaal notariaat te zorgen voor een gelijke verdeling tussen kantoren, zodat de lasten van een sociaal notariaat niet door slechts een klein deel van de kantoren worden gedragen. Dit kan bijvoorbeeld door een fonds op te richten waarin per kantoor of per gepasseerde akte een bijdrage wordt gestort en waaruit notarissen worden gecompenseerd die op basis van artikel 56 Wna diensten verlenen. Een combinatie met een bijdrage van de overheid aan dit fonds wordt door sommige geïnterviewden ook als optie genoemd. Voor dit scenario zijn dan wel dezelfde aanpassingen nodig aan artikel 56 Wna als in scenario 1. Enkele geïnterviewden opperen ook de mogelijkheid van een bijdrage in natura, waarbij kantoren een notaris en/of juridisch medewerker voor een bepaald aantal uren per maand beschikbaar stellen voor sociale dienstverlening. Afhankelijk van de invulling van de regeling kan worden gedacht aan de huidige principes van artikel 56 Wna waarbij een notaris wordt aangewezen door een kamer voor het notariaat is of een systeem waarbij kantoren zich vrijwillig aanmelden voor sociale dienstverlening (in lijn met de gesubsidieerde rechtsbijstand).
**Voor- en nadelen**
Het belangrijkste voordeel van deze regeling is dat deze de lasten van een sociaal notariaat gelijkmatiger verdeelt over de beroepsgrond. Anders dan bij de huidige regeling van artikel 56 Wna (en scenario 1) is het dan niet het notariskantoor dat door de kamer wordt aangewezen dat de kosten van de regeling draagt. Dit voorkomt een overbelasting van notariskantoren die op basis van hun locatie relatief veel klanten uit lagere inkomensgroepen hebben. Verder biedt een dergelijke regeling ruimte voor individuele notarissen en notariskantoren om te kiezen hoe zij hun bijdrage aan een sociaal notariaat willen invullen, door zelf notariële diensten te verlenen en bijvoorbeeld de samenwerking op te zoeken met eerstelijns juridische hulpverlening of door een financiële bijdrage. Het organiseren van een dergelijk systeem is echter niet eenvoudig en kan een administratieve belasting vormen – zeker wanneer gewerkt zou worden met een combinatie van financiële bijdragen en bijdragen in natura. Bovendien kan deze laatste optie ook kwetsbaar zijn, wanneer
\textsuperscript{119} Zie Commissie Van der Meer (2017); commissie Wolfssen (2015).
\textsuperscript{120} \url{https://www.raadvoorrechtsbijstand.org/actueel/nieuws/2024/jonge-sociaal-advocaten-verlaten-steeds/}, geraadpleegd juni 2024
slechts weinig kantoren meedoen en rechtzoekenden ver moeten reizen voor een sociaal notaris, gaat dat ten koste van de toegankelijkheid. Ook betekent het opzetten en regelen van het fonds extra administratieve lasten voor de KNB en voor notariaskantoren en daarmee (mogelijk) een prijsstijging voor reguliere diensten om de kosten voor het sociaal notariaat te dekken. Bij het doorberekenen van de kosten aan klanten betalen deze uiteindelijk dus mee aan deze vorm van sociaal notariaat.
**Scenario 5 – financiering vanuit de overheid via bijzondere bijstand van de gemeente**
Tot slot, wordt door enkele geïnterviewden de optie van financiering vanuit de bijzondere bijstand door de gemeente naar voren gebracht. Gemeenten verstrekken nu geen bijzondere bijstand voor notariële diensten omdat preventieve rechtshulp hier niet onder valt. Bijzondere bijstand wordt alleen verstrekt voor noodzakelijke, dringende, onverwachte uitgaven waarvoor niet gespaard kan worden. Ook bij deze optie is het van belang dat de samenwerking met de bestaande eerstelijks hulpverlening wordt versterkt en dat er een regeling wordt getroffen voor bijkomende kosten als tolken en verklaringen van artsen.
**Voor- en nadelen**
De belangrijkste voordelen van het instellen van een sociaal notariaat (zie boven) gaan ook op bij deze optie. Door notarissen toegankelijker te maken voor burgers met weinig financiële draagkracht kunnen toekomstige problemen en extra kosten voor zowel de burger als de samenleving worden bespaard. Een specifiek voordeel van financiering via de bijzondere bijstand is dat dit een relatief kleine aanpassing is die geen herziening van het stelsel van gesubsidieerde rechtsbijstand vraagt. Bovendien zijn gemeenten relatief gemakkelijk bereikbaar voor burgers. Soms hebben ze bijvoorbeeld al contact met maatschappelijk werk of sociaal raadslieden in een gemeente wat de drempel verlaagt. Tot slot is deze regeling voor notarissen relatief gunstig omdat zij tegen hun gebruikelijke tarieven diensten kunnen blijven verlenen. Een nadeel is dat dit systeem gepaard gaat met een stijging van kosten voor gemeenten. Tevens bestaan er in Nederland verschillen tussen gemeenten in hoe zij omgaan met bijzondere bijstand, wat mogelijk kan leiden tot een verschil in toepassing van de regeling tussen gemeenten. Bovendien is het de vraag hoe gemeenten kunnen vaststellen in welke gevallen een bezoek aan een notaris noodzakelijk is en hoe dit wordt beoordeeld.
### 6.4.3 Aanpassingen wetgeving
Naast het toegankelijker maken van het notariaat zijn er in het onderzoek ook een aantal suggesties gedaan voor het aanpassen van wetgeving, met name in het familievermogensrecht, waardoor een beroep op de notaris minder vaak noodzakelijk zou zijn. Er zijn de afgelopen jaren al enkele wetswijzigingen geweest die hieraan hebben bijgedragen, zoals de mogelijkheid die sinds 2014 bestaat om door middel van een aantekening in het gezagsregister een voogd aan te wijzen voor een kind na overlijden van de ouders waardoor ouders hiervoor geen notariële akte meer nodig hebben of het nieuwe huwelijksvermogensrecht dat sinds 2018 van kracht is. Sinds deze wet geldt voor gehuwden een beperkte gemeenschap van goederen, waardoor voor sommige mensen huwelijks voorwaarden niet meer nodig zijn. In de interviews zijn verschillende voorstellen gedaan voor wijzigen van het familievermogensrecht voor samenwoners of het vergemakkelijken van het afhandelen van nalatenschappen. Op deze terreinen doen zich op dit moment verschillende problemen voor, onder andere omdat de bestaande regelingen een (te) groot beroep doen op het doenvermogen van burgers, zoals bij vereffeningsprocedures in complexe nalatenschappen. Het gaat echter om potentiële ingrijpende wetswijzigingen waarvoor eerst uitvoerig onderzoek noodzakelijk is voordat deze kunnen worden ingevoerd. De door de WRR ontwikkelde doenvermogenstoets – zie paragraaf 4.6 - kan een nuttig instrument zijn bij het beoordelen van de impact en de effectiviteit van dergelijke wetswijzigingen en de vergelijking met de huidige situatie.
Concretere voorstellen voor aanpassingen die uit het onderzoek naar voren zijn gekomen zijn vooral gericht op het goedkoper en simpeler regelen van ‘standaardgevallen’ bij het levenstestament of een
---
121 WWR (2017). Zie ook [https://www.wrr.nl/publicaties/publicaties/2020/09/15/doenvermogen](https://www.wrr.nl/publicaties/publicaties/2020/09/15/doenvermogen), geraadpleegd maart 2024.
samenlevingscontract zonder dat daarbij een beroep gedaan hoeft te worden op een notaris. Zo zouden rechtzoekenden bijvoorbeeld een modelformulier voor een samenlevingscontract of levenstestament kunnen invullen dat dan via de burgerlijke stand in landelijke registers kan worden opgenomen zonder dat daarbij een notaris betrokken is.\(^{122}\) Het idee is dat rechtzoekenden gratis of voor een klein bedrag een modelakte/formulier zouden kunnen invullen met daarin een standaardregeling. Voor afwijkende wensen of ingewikkelde situaties kan alsnog een volledige akte worden opgemaakt bij een notaris. Daarnaast zijn er voorstellen gedaan voor het vereenvoudigen en toegankelijker maken van het afhandelen van nalatenschappen, bijvoorbeeld door het faciliteren van deelgeschillenprocedures en het vereenvoudigen van bevoegdheden tussen de rechbank en kantonrechter.
**Voor- en nadelen**
Door de vereffeningsprocedure te vergemakkelijken zou een deel van de huidige problemen rond nalatenschappen kunnen worden opgelost. De complexiteit ervan hangt echter ook samen met de belangen van schuldeisers en dat maakt vereenvoudiging lastig. Het betreft een vrij fundamentele en daarmee tijdrovende ingreep in het Nederlandse recht, waarvoor zoals hierboven besproken eerst uitvoerig onderzoek nodig is naar potentiële gevolgen. De voorstellen om deelgeschillenprocedures te faciliteren en bevoegdheden tussen de rechbank en kantonrechter te vereenvoudigen lijken gemakkelijker uitvoerbaar.
Het voordeel van de voorgestelde modelformulieren is dat zij een relatief eenvoudige en goedkope oplossing bieden voor een deel van de doelgroep. Bovendien zou het bestaan van dergelijke regelingen, ook bij een eventuele invoering van een sociaal notariaat, het notariaat kunnen ontlasten. Een belangrijk nadeel is dat deze standaardregelingen niet in alle situaties voldoen. Voor mensen in ingewikkeldere situaties, zoals samengestelde gezinnen of situaties met internationale aspecten, blijft toegang tot een notaris hoe dan ook noodzakelijk omdat een standaarddocument in hun situatie niet mogelijk is.\(^{123}\) Voor minder draagkrachtige mensen in deze situaties worden de bestaande toegankelijkheidsproblemen dan ook niet opgelost met de invoering van een dergelijke optie.
Daarnaast missen dergelijke modellen het persoonlijke advies en betrokkenheid van een notaris. In de huidige situatie hebben notarissen een zorgplicht. Zij zijn verantwoordelijk voor onder meer het geven van advies over mogelijke gevolgen van bepaalde keuzes, het inschatten van de wilsbekwaamheid van de betrokkenen en het voorkomen van misbruik.\(^{124}\) Omdat bij dergelijke regelingen geen notaris betrokken is, valt deze adviesfunctie weg. Het is dan ook van belang om vooraf zorgvuldig te onderzoeken wat de mogelijke gevolgen zijn en welke situaties en welke soort regelingen zich al dan niet zouden lenen voor de invoering van modeldoorden, waarbij ook aandacht is voor de informatievevoorziening aan burgers. Daarbij zouden ook ervaringen in andere landen betrokken moeten worden, bijvoorbeeld met de zogeheten *Vorsorgevollmacht* in Duitsland.
### 6.5 Afsluitende overwegingen
Een verbeterde toegang tot notariële dienstverlening kan op de langere termijn problemen van burgers en kleine bedrijven en daarmee ook toekomstige juridische procedures voorkomen. Het instellen van een sociaal notariaat kan een oplossing vormen voor de financiële toegankelijkheid van de notaris voor mensen met
---
\(^{122}\) Te vergelijken met de Duitse *Vorsorgevollmacht*. Zie voor meer informatie: [https://www.bmj.de/DE/themen/vorsorge_betreuungsrecht/vorsorgevollmacht/vorsorgevollmacht_node.html](https://www.bmj.de/DE/themen/vorsorge_betreuungsrecht/vorsorgevollmacht/vorsorgevollmacht_node.html), geraadpleegd maart 2024. Zie ook: Hack e.a. (2016,); Stelma-Roorda (2024). NB notariële samenlevingsovereenkomsten worden op dit moment alleen ingeschreven in het Centraal Testamentenregister wanneer de overeenkomst een verblijvingsbeding bevat.
\(^{123}\) Zie in dit kader bijvoorbeeld ook de uitspraak van het College van de Rechten van de Mens over de - niet langer aangeboden - notarisservice van de HEMA. Deze goedkope tarieven waren niet beschikbaar voor mensen met een andere nationaliteit dan de Nederlandse. Het College oordeelde dat hierbij geen sprake is van verboden onderscheid.
\(^{124}\) Zie o.a. Waaijer (2018) naar aanleiding van het ingetrokken consultatietsvoorstel Voorstel tot wijziging van Boek 1 van het Burgerlijk Wetboek in verband met het wegnemen van notariskosten voor paren die in algehele gemeenschap van goederen willen trouwen (Wet wegnemen notariskosten bij algehele gemeenschap van goederen).
weinig economische middelen. Daarnaast zijn uit de interviews enkele voorstellen naar voren gekomen voor aanpassing van wetgeving waardoor een beroep op de notaris minder vaak noodzakelijk zou kunnen zijn. In dit afsluitende hoofdstuk zijn op basis van de bevindingen van dit onderzoek verschillende scenario’s geschatst om een sociaal notariaat te organiseren en financieren, met daarbij verschillende voor- en nadelen. Ongeacht welk scenario wordt gekozen, is daarbij een goede samenwerking met de eerstelijns hulpverlening noodzakelijk. Een versterkte eerste lijn, met voldoende expertise over notariële vraagstukken en de mogelijkheid om advies in te roepen bij een notaris kan drempels voor burgers verlagen zonder een nieuw loket toe te voegen aan de al aanwezige opties.
Verder is voldoende aandacht voor de randvoorwaarden van belang: een goed onderbouwde argumentatie van de reikwijdte van de regeling wat betreft rechtsgebieden en type dienstverlening; een gelijke verdeling van de lasten onder notariskantoren; de administratieve lasten van het systeem moeten niet te groot zijn en een eventuele regeling moet ook voorzien in oplossingen voor bijkomende financiële drempels, zoals de kosten voor een tolk of vertalingen, het inschakelen van ipr-expertise dan wel de kosten voor toetsing van wilsbekwaamheid door een arts.
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Bijlage 1 Begeleidingscommissie
Voorzitter:
Nick Huls Emeritus hoogleraar Rechtssociologie
Leden:
Corine van Ginkel Projectbegeleider WODC
Barend Sluijter Directie Rechtsbestel, Ministerie van Justitie en Veiligheid
Boudewijn Waaijer Of counsel Dentons Europe LLP, oud-notaris en oud-hoogleraar notarieel recht
Mies Westerveld Emeritus hoogleraar Sociale rechtshulp en Sociaal verzekeringsrecht
De samenstellers van het rapport hebben vijf bijeenkomsten gehad met de begeleidingscommissie en van de commissieleden ook schriftelijk suggesties en opmerkingen gekregen. De verantwoordelijkheid voor het rapport ligt geheel bij de samenstellers daarvan en de inhoud geeft niet de visie van de begeleidingscommissie weer. De begeleidingscommissie heeft alleen een adviserende functie.
Bijlage 2 Informatieformulier en topiclijsten interviews
Onderzoek Toegankelijkheid notariële dienstverlening
Inleiding
U bent uitgenodigd om mee te doen aan een onderzoek van de Radboud Universiteit. Dit onderzoek wordt uitgevoerd door prof dr. Marijke ter Voert, dr. Iris Sportel en prof. mr. Sebastiaan Roes. U wordt verzocht de informatie en de onderstaande toestemmingsverklaring te lezen.
Waarover gaat het onderzoek?
Doel van deze studie is te onderzoeken hoe de toegankelijkheid van de notariële dienstverlening zich de afgelopen vijf jaar heeft ontwikkeld en of het wenselijk is de toegankelijkheid van de notariële dienstverlening voor rechtzoekenden te verbeteren.
Aanleiding voor dit onderzoek zijn vragen in de Tweede Kamer over de staat en toegankelijkheid van het notariaat. Het onderzoek wordt uitgevoerd door de Radboud Universiteit in opdracht van het Wetenschappelijk Onderzoeks- en Documentatiecentrum van het Ministerie van Justitie en Veiligheid. Het rapport zal worden aangeboden aan de Tweede Kamer.
Wat wordt er van u verwacht?
Voor dit onderzoek vragen we u mee te werken aan een interview. Het interview zal een half uur tot een uur duren en kan online plaatsvinden of op een plaats die uw voorkeur heeft. Voorafgaand aan het interview krijgt u een lijst toegestuurd met de onderwerpen waarover we met u willen spreken. Aan het begin van het interview vragen wij u toestemming om een geluidsopname te maken. U kunt ook deelnemen zonder dat een geluidsopname wordt gemaakt. Geluidsopnames worden gewist zodra het gespreksverslag klaar is. U krijgt het gespreksverslag toegestuurd en kunt daar eventueel nog wijzigingen in aanbrengen.
Vrijwilligheid
Deelname aan het onderzoek is vrijwillig. U hoeft geen vragen te beantwoorden waar u liever geen antwoord op geeft, en u kunt op elk moment tijdens het interview uw deelname stoppen en uw toestemming intrekken. U hoeft niet aan te geven waarom u stopt. U kunt tot twee weken na afronding van het gespreksverslag ook uw verslag laten verwijderen door een mail te sturen naar firstname.lastname@example.org.
Wat gebeurt er met mijn gegevens?
Uw deelname aan dit onderzoek is vertrouwelijk en anoniem. Het gespreksverslag wordt bewaard op de beveiligde servers van de Radboud Universiteit, volgens het protocol van de universiteit. Dit protocol is in lijn met de Algemene Verordening Gegevensbescherming (AVG). De geanonimiseerde gespreksverslagen worden tien jaar opgeslagen om wetenschappelijke integriteit te waarborgen. Alleen de onderzoekers krijgen toegang tot het gespreksverslag en het verslag wordt niet voor andere doeleinden gebruikt dan dit onderzoek.
Toestemmingsverklaring
Door toestemming te geven, geeft u aan dat u de bovenstaande informatie heeft gelezen en begrepen en vrijwillig instemt met de hieronder beschreven punten.
- Ik geef toestemming voor deelname aan dit interview als onderdeel van het onderzoek.
- Ik geef toestemming voor het gebruik van de geanonimiseerde transcriptie, incl. citaten, voor onderzoeksdoeleinden.
- Ik begrijp dat deelname aan dit onderzoek vrijwillig is en dat ik op elk moment tijdens het interview mijn recht behoud om mijn deelname aan dit onderzoek in te trekken zonder enige gevolgen.
- Ik begrijp dat alle persoonlijke gegevens uit het interview geanonimiseerd worden en dat de eventuele audio-opname van het interview direct wordt verwijderd na transcriptie.
Vragen of klachten
Mocht u vragen of klachten hebben dan kunt u altijd contact opnemen met de hoofdonderzoeker:
Prof. dr. Marijke ter Voert
email@example.com
Topiclijst notarissen
Intro
- Doel onderzoek, anonimiteit, terugkoppelen verslag, informed consent, toestemming tot opname
Functie/kantoortype
- Hoe lang bent u werkzaam als notaris/kandidaat-notaris?
- Type kantoor: grootte, type klanten, specialisatie (doelgroep, rechtsgebied, taal), regio, samenwerkingsverband, tariefhoogte (laag, midden, hoog naar rechtsgebied)
- Kenmerken van klanten [Burgers, overheid, bedrijven (grootte, regionaal/nationaal/internationaal)]
Toegankelijkheid
- Hoe komen klanten bij uw kantoor terecht?
- Verschillen per rechtsgebied?
- Verschillen per type klant?
- Maakt u gebruik van internetplatformen (bv. degoedkoopstenotaris.nl, notaristarieven.nl) om klanten te werven?
- Tariefdifferentiatie (goedkoper tarief voor standaardakten)
- Biedt u bepaalde ‘sociale diensten’ aan: bv. gratis spreekuur, laag tarief voor bepaalde klanten, ...?
- Zijn er klanten die zich bij uw kantoor melden maar die u niet verder kunt helpen?
- Waarom lukt dat niet?
- Gaat dit om specifieke typen zaken of klanten?
- Soort rechtsvraag
- Acute kwesties of afspraken voor de toekomst
- Bij welke klanten?
- Burgers, bedrijven (soort en grootte)
- Vaardigheden: taal, kennis, zelfredzaamheid
- Financiële situatie, woonomstandigheden, levensfase
- Zijn er bepaalde doelgroepen die zich niet melden, waarvoor een notaris wel meerwaarde biedt?
- Hoe beoordeelt u de toegankelijkheid van notarissen in het algemeen? Welke factoren belemmeren/vergemenakkelijken de toegang?
- Betaalbaarheid, transparantie over kosten
- Bereikbaarheid/toegankelijkheid contactmogelijkheden
- Begrijpelijkheid
- Bezien vanuit klanten
- Bezien vanuit het aanbod van het notariaat
- Bij problemen bij het bieden van hulp: welke mogelijke oplossingen ziet u voor welk probleem?
- Zou een regeling voor een sociaal notariaat (zoals bv. sociale advocatuur) kunnen bijdragen aan een oplossing? Hoe zou die regeling eruit moeten zien?
- Gebruik art 56 Wna?
Ontwikkelingen in vraag en aanbod
- Hoe heeft de vraag naar dienstverlening zich de afgelopen 5 jaar ontwikkeld bij uw kantoor?
- Akten per rechtsgebied, advies, mediation
- Type rechtsvragen
- Zijn de behoeften van klanten veranderd?
- Acute kwesties/ voor toekomst
- Zijn er veranderingen in typen klanten?
- Heeft u uw aanbod aan dienstverlening veranderd de afgelopen vijf jaar?
- Aanbod van soorten diensten/producten, digitale dienstverlening
- Tarieven
- Openingstijden, (digitale) bereikbaarheid
- Voorlichting, begrijpelijkheid van informatie
Topiclijst eerstelijnsvoorziening
Intro
- Doel onderzoek
- Anoniemiteit
- Terugkoppelen verslag
- Informed consent: toestemming tot opname
Functie
- Hoe lang bent u werkzaam bij [organisatie]?
- Welke functie bekleedt u bij [organisatie]?
- Welke doelgroep biedt u hulp?
Vraag naar (mogelijke) notariële dienstverlening
- Komen er bij uw organisatie vragen binnen die naar een notaris kunnen worden doorverwezen?
- Soort hulpvragen
- Onderwerp en rechtsgebied
- Soort hulpverzoek
- Acute kwesties/voor toekomst
- Kenmerken van klanten
- Burgers, bedrijven (zzp, soort)
- Vaardigheden: taal, kennis, zelfredzaamheid
- Financiële situatie
- Woonsituatie: (samengesteld) gezin, alleenstaand
- Levensfase
- Hoe vaak komt dit voor?
- Komen er situaties voor waarin problemen voorkomen hadden kunnen worden als een beroep was gedaan op een notaris?
Soort hulp dat wordt geboden
- Welke hulp biedt u bij behoefte aan notariële dienstverlening aan?
- Kunnen klanten verder met die hulp?
- Bij problemen bij bieden van hulp: mogelijke oplossingen
Toegankelijkheid notariaat
- Redenen die mensen hebben om vervolgens wel/niet naar de notaris te gaan?
- Hoe beoordeelt u de toegankelijkheid van notarissen voor uw cliënten?
- Bereikbaarheid, betaalbaarheid, begrijpelijkheid, ...
- Welke factoren belemmeren / vergemakkelijken de toegang?
- Kijkend vanuit behoeften client
- Kijkend vanuit aanbod notariaat
- Bij knelpunten/aandachtspunten:
- Welke oplossingsrichtingen denkt u aan?
- Zou een regeling voor een sociaal notariaat (zoals bv. sociale advocatuur) kunnen bijdragen aan de problemen die u tegenkomt? Op welke manier?
Topiclijst advocaat familierecht
Intro
- Doel onderzoek
- Anonimiteit
- Terugkoppelen verslag
- Informed consent, Toestemming tot opname
Algemeen
- Soort kantoor, cliënten, rechtsgebieden, soorten procedures
- Opleiding en ervaring
Ervaringen met notariaat en aktes
- Komt u in uw praktijk problemen tegen van cliënten rondom notariële aktes, bijvoorbeeld bij scheidingen, huwelijk/samenwonen, erfenis kwesties of andere zaken? (voor/na wijziging huwelijksvermogensrecht 2018).
- Over welke situaties/problemen gaat het dan?
- Wie worden hierdoor getroffen?
- Burgers, bedrijven (zzp, mkb, ..)
- Vaardigheden: taal, kennis, zelfredzaamheid
- Financiële situatie, gezinssituatie
- Mogelijke oplossingen?
- Hoe vaak komt dit ongeveer voor?
- Komt u in uw praktijk problemen tegen van cliënten door het ontbreken van notariële aktes, bijvoorbeeld bij scheidingen, huwelijk/samenwonen, erfenis kwesties of andere zaken? (voor/na wijziging huwelijksvermogensrecht 2018).
- Over welke situaties/problemen gaat het dan?
- Wie worden hierdoor getroffen?
- Burgers, bedrijven (zzp, mkb, ..)
- Vaardigheden: taal, kennis, zelfredzaamheid
- Financiële situatie, gezinssituatie
- Mogelijke oplossingen?
- Hoe vaak komt dit ongeveer voor?
Toegankelijkheid notariële dienstverlening
- Komen er vragen binnen in uw praktijk die naar een notaris kunnen worden doorverwezen? Weten burgers waarvoor ze bij een notaris dan wel een advocaat moeten zijn?
- Redenen die mensen hebben om wel/geen huwelijkse voorwaarden/testamenten/ andere notariële aktes te laten opstellen?
- Hoe beoordeelt u de toegankelijkheid van notarissen voor uw cliënten? (bv. betaalbaarheid, begrijpelijkheid, bereikbaarheid). Welke factoren belemmeren/ vergemakkelijken de toegang?
- Bij problemen mbt toegankelijkheid: welke mogelijke oplossingen ziet u voor welk probleem?
- Zou een regeling voor een sociaal notariaat (zolas bv. sociale advocatuur) kunnen bijdragen aan de problemen die u tegenkomt/ uw cliënten kunnen helpen?
Topiclijst schuldhulpverlening/financieel beheer
Intro
- Doel onderzoek
- Anonimiteit
- Terugkoppelen verslag
- Informed consent: Toestemming tot opname
Functie
- Hoe lang bent u werkzaam bij [organisatie]?
- Welke functie bekleedt u bij [organisatie]?
Vraag naar (mogelijke) notariële dienstverlening
- Komt u situaties tegen waarbij uw cliënten de hulp van een notaris kunnen gebruiken?
- Soort hulpvragen
o Onderwerp en rechtsgebied
o Soort hulpverzoek
o Acute kwesties/voor toekomst
- Kenmerken van klanten
o Burgers, bedrijven (zzp, soort)
o Vaardigheden: taal, kennis, zelfredzaamheid
o Financiële situatie
o Woonsituatie: (samengesteld) gezin, alleenstaand
o Levensfase
- Hoe vaak komt dit voor?
- Komen er situaties voor waarin problemen/schulden voorkomen hadden kunnen worden als een beroep was gedaan op een notaris?
Toegankelijkheid notariaat
- Redenen die mensen hebben om vervolgens wel/niet naar de notaris te gaan?
- Hoe beoordeelt u de toegankelijkheid van notarissen voor uw cliënten?
o Bereikbaarheid, betaalbaarheid, begrijpelijkheid, ...
- Welke factoren belemmeren / vergemakkelijken de toegang?
o Kijkend vanuit behoeften client
o Kijkend vanuit aanbod notariaat
- Bij knelpunten/aandachtspunten: Welke oplossingsrichtingen zijn er denkbaar?
o Zou een regeling voor een sociaal notariaat (zoals bv. sociale advocatuur) kunnen bijdragen aan de problemen die u tegenkomt? Op welke manier?
### Bijlage 3 Aantal gepasseerde notariële akten naar rechtsgebied
| Aantal gepasseerde notariële akten naar rechtsgebied (x 1.000), 2015-2023 | 2015 | 2016 | 2017 | 2018 | 2019 | 2020 | 2021 | 2022 | 2023 |
|--------------------------------------------------------------------------|------|------|------|------|------|------|------|------|------|
| Totaal aantal akten | 1.428| 1.555| 1.675| 1.688| 1.785| 1.950| 2.000| 1.912| 1.734|
| Registergoederenpraktijk | 646 | 739 | 826 | 801 | 820 | 948 | 962 | 864 | 649 |
| Familiepraktijk (excl. testamenten) | 199 | 218 | 242 | 268 | 310 | 334 | 345 | 367 | 393 |
| Openbare testamenten | 237 | 246 | 258 | 269 | 299 | 308 | 312 | 322 | 343 |
| Ondernemingspraktijk | 155 | 159 | 165 | 172 | 175 | 178 | 200 | 195 | 201 |
| Algemeen | 191 | 192 | 184 | 178 | 181 | 183 | 181 | 164 | 148 |
Bron: Monitor Rechtspleging civiel en bestuur, 2015-2021 peildatum 1 oktober; KNB, 2022-2023 peildatum 31 december.
Summary
The Minister for Legal Protection made a commitment in the Dutch Parliament to commission research into the state of the notarial profession and the accessibility of notarial services in particular. Questions raised in the Dutch Parliament included whether less affluent people have sufficient access to notarial services and whether a social notarial office should be established. These questions prompted this study and the following research questions:
1. How accessible are notarial services for citizens and businesses?
a. What is the supply of notarial services on offer?
b. What does the demand for notarial services look like?
c. What is the financial accessibility of notarial services?
d. What is the status of other forms of accessibility (such as comprehensibility and accessibility) of notarial services, also in relation to citizens' legal capabilities and capacity to act?
2. How can potential accessibility issues be addressed?
a. If certain target groups are not reached, what options are identified to address them?
b. Would the establishment of a social notarial office be a solution to promote accessibility? If so, what are the advantages and disadvantages?
To get a clear picture of the accessibility of notarial services, the supply of services, demand for services, affordability, accessibility, and comprehensibility were examined. From the demand side of the client, we also looked at legal capabilities (knowledge, skills, attitudes, personality traits, available financial, social, cultural resources) and the capacity to act of citizens.
The term ‘social notarial office’ was defined as a regulated form of financing for the notarial profession to provide notarial services to people who are unable to pay a market-based price for them. The term ‘social notarial services’ has been used for non-regulated forms of service provision by notaries, for example all kinds of free services or services provided at a reduced rate.
Research methods
Several sources were used for data collection. Data and documents from the Royal Dutch Association of Civil-law Notaries (KNB) and data from Statistics Netherlands (CBS) were collected. Existing research, literature and information on websites were also used. A total of 48 semi-structured interviews were conducted with representatives of different organisations. Interviews were held with a) (deputy) notaries, employees of different types of (notary) offices or platforms for notarial services; b) representatives of various interest groups; c) social workers or offices where people can go with legal issues, or with professionals who come into contact with specific types of problems; d) representatives of the KNB, the Central Government Real Estate Agency and the Netherlands’ Cadastre, Land Registry and Mapping Agency.
The supply of notarial services
To map the supply of notarial services, a description of: a) the development of the number of (added) notaries, deputy notaries, and office branches over the past five years; b) the types of offices and specialisations; c) the supply of general (first-line) information or help for notarial issues.
In 2024, the Netherlands had a total of 3,427 (added) notaries and deputy notaries: an increase of 77 compared to five years earlier. The number of offices decreased by 23 over the same period to 889 in 2024. So there has been an increase in scale: the number of professionals per office has increased. The number of offices has been decreasing since 2009: there are therefore fewer locations for citizens to visit.
Citizens can choose offices with different specialisations, e.g. for specific areas of law, cross-border cases in specific countries, or services in different languages. Some offices focus on specific target groups such as expats or LGBTQ parents.
For other offers of general (front-line) information or help on notarial issues, citizens can consult various websites, or consult front-line organisations such as the Notary Telephone (Notaristelefoon), the Legal services counter (het Juridisch Loket), social counsellors, and legal shops. They can also get advice or assistance through some memberships or, for instance, death or legal expenses insurance policies. This assistance is often limited to specific topics, such as drafting a will, or is only provided in the case of legal conflicts.
**The demand for notarial services**
The demand for notarial services was mapped out by describing a) the development of the number of notarial deeds over the past five years; b) the need for notarial services among the population; c) target groups that do not consult a notary or drop out, for which a notary does offer added value.
Between 2013 and 2021, the number of deeds passed rose sharply. In 2021, about 2 million deeds were passed, then that number dropped to over 1.7 million in 2023. This decline is mainly in the registry practice. The demand for deeds in family practice has been rising for years, especially for wills and living wills. In 2023, for the first time, the number of deeds passed in family practice (42% of all deeds) exceeds that in registry estate practice (38% of all deeds).
Population research shows that about 45 per cent of Dutch people have visited a notary at some point in their lives. Some of these people visit the notary mainly because they have to, for example in connection with the purchase of a house.
For front-line social and legal aid workers, demand for notarial services is low compared to the total number of requests for help they receive. However, the exact volume of requests for assistance with a notarial aspect is not known. Some requests for assistance can be answered by front-line social and legal aid workers themselves, while others require advice, assistance, or a deed from the notary. The unmet need for notarial services is mainly in the area of family property law. Various target groups and situations are mentioned where people drop out or do not consult a notary at all even though it is advisable, also for people with few financial assets.
Needs that are identified concern, for example, the settlement of an inheritance and arranging a will, living will, cohabitation contract or prenuptial agreement. On the one hand, it concerns situations where problems in the future can be avoided by arranging a will, living will, prenuptial agreement or cohabitation contract with the notary. On the other hand, it concerns situations in which citizens are faced with a problem, such as settling an inheritance, get stuck in it and have no means of calling in a notary. This may apply, for example, to minor children or people with debts who have to accept an inheritance on a beneficial basis.
Target groups that do not consult notaries or drop out are, according to interviewees: people with few economic resources (low income, debts, the partner has debts, people dealing with protective guardianship, or mentorship) in relation to various family property law matters; elderly people and people with disabilities in connection with the prevention of problems in case of incapacity or prevention of problems after death; singles, cohabitants and blended families in order to prevent problems in case of inheritance and/or divorce; small entrepreneurs or self-employed persons in connection with preventing problems in case of debts and inheritance and people with a migration background who are not familiar with the added value of notarial deeds or prefer to arrange matters differently. Also mentioned are groups that lack certain skills and therefore do not consult notaries or drop out, such as people with low literacy.
**Financial accessibility**
Financial accessibility was described using the following characteristics: a) the development of fees for notarial services; b) perceived financial accessibility; c) the functioning and accessibility of Article 56 Wna; d) the provision of social services from the notarial profession.
Between 2015 and 2023, fees for notarial services in all legal areas increased by about 35 percent. This is a stronger increase than the prices of service providers in general; these increased by 22 percent. However, the variation in fees for the same type of deeds is large and cheaper options exist for standard deeds through online platforms. Clients can also get wills at low rates through some funeral or healthcare organisations.
Cost can be a major barrier for people to engage a notary. This is especially true for people from lower income groups and in the area of family property law. Sometimes there are also additional costs (for interpreters, translations, private international law issues, medical tests of capacity to make a will). There are groups who cannot pay, such as people on welfare or those in debt. There are also citizens who can, but do not want to, or have other priorities, do not see the urgency and are less focused on security for the future. Article 56 Wna should ensure that citizens covered by the Legal Aid Act can arrange certain deeds in family property law at a notary by setting a capped fee. To qualify for that fee, less well-off persons must apply for a declaration of income and assets from the Legal Aid Board and then submit a request to the president of the competent notarial chamber. During the period 2018-2022, only a few requests (12 to 13) were submitted annually to the four notarial chambers. Moreover, most requests were withdrawn prematurely by the applicants. This is because for the amount of this capped fee, the chambers use the maximum co-payment according to the WrB (952 euro in 2024). This amount is very high for the less well-off and, moreover, this fee is usually above the average fee for deeds in family practice. Therefore, for many people, the scheme does not provide any benefit. Other disadvantages of the scheme are the required self-reliance of citizens to apply, the unfamiliarity of both citizens and professionals with the scheme, the limited scope of the scheme (limited type of deeds, no advice). In addition, the scheme designates a notary. This may come at the expense of service quality and if the fixed fee does not cover costs, a notary is forced to work below cost.
Notary offices provide various forms of social services. For instance, there are offices that offer free consultation hours (in a community centre or otherwise) and some offices help clients who have limited financial resources with a reduced fee or instalment scheme. There are also offices that do work for charities, associations, and foundations for free or at reduced rates. However, these initiatives are local, mostly ad hoc (the client must ask for it) and dependent on notaries’ goodwill. Moreover, some notaries are opposed on principle to offering reduced rates.
**Non-financial accessibility**
Non-financial accessibility factors from the supply side are the (in)comprehensibility of notarial documents and the availability and conveyance of comprehensible information, the ‘posh’ image of the notarial profession that may deter certain groups, and physical accessibility for people with disabilities. The interviews suggest that these supply factors can hinder access to the notarial profession. Digital tools can both worsen and enhance accessibility.
In addition to the supply of services from the notarial practice, citizens’ legal capabilities play a role in accessing it. These factors from the ‘demand side’ include, first, knowledge about the usefulness and necessity of arranging something at the notary’s office. Second, consulting service providers requires certain skills: to find and understand information or make contact, certain language, social or digital skills are required. Not all citizens possess these. Third, the attitude of the citizen matters. Having confidence in notaries and feeling that they are there for you. Citizens have the idea that notaries are mainly there for people with a certain wealth. Some cultural habits can also be a barrier. Fourth, personality traits may play a role. For example, some citizens lack the self-confidence to contact a notary. Some people need certainty and want things settled, while others live from day to day and are willing to take risks. They will only visit a notary when they have to. Finally, available resources are important. Besides the financial resources discussed earlier, having social (network that can provide help) or technological resources (internet access, availability of devices) can also be important. About 16 percent of the Dutch population is found to have low economic as well as social, cultural and personal capital.
Besides legal capabilities or having various forms of ‘capital’, people’s capacity to act is also important, the extent to which people can effectively manage their own behaviour. And this capacity to act is diminished in stressful situations, such as the death of a loved one or divorce. However, the capacity to act on its own is not enough. Actually, taking action, ‘getting a grip on the environment’, requires that there are also sufficient financial resources and enough availability of adequate assistance. For people with little legal capabilities and capacity to act, a good cooperation of notaries and front-line legal assistance, such as the legal aid office (Juridisch loket), debt assistance, social counsellors, or legal clinics, is therefore of significant importance.
However, cooperation between the notarial profession and front-line legal aid is still limited. Moreover, front-line legal aid workers do not always have sufficient knowledge of family property law and about the value and necessity of settling something with a notary. Settlement of inheritances is often mentioned as a key problem area. Settling inheritances can be complex and often beyond the abilities of many citizens. Especially debt relief providers and legal representatives such as guardians express a strong need for financial support for notarial services. Notaries themselves and front-line legal aid workers do not have many people coming forward with requests for notarial legal aid. If the financial barriers become less, the question remains whether citizens will turn to notaries. As described above, a financial resource is only one of the legal capabilities that play a role.
**Addressing bottlenecks**
For the reported bottlenecks around both financial and non-financial accessibility of notarial services, several directions for solutions are discussed.
Various initiatives exist at the national level (by the KNB) and by individual notary offices to remove barriers to access. Especially in the field of comprehensibility and knowledge, all kinds of activities are being developed, such as holding information meetings, information campaigns, offering courses in comprehensible communication for notaries, and making deeds more comprehensible. Cooperation between the notarial profession and the legal service counter has also started. In addition, there are local initiatives for social services.
A social notary office is considered desirable for prevention of problems of certain groups of citizens in the future and, consequently, prevention of future costs for citizens with small budgets. The urgency is also seen for help in settling difficult inheritances, especially a settlement procedure is beyond the capacity of many citizens. Not all notaries are convinced of the need for a social notary office. Partly because they do not or rarely encounter the target group in their practice and, when the occasion arises, make arrangements themselves. The disadvantages mentioned are expected capacity problems within the notarial practice if the demand for services by a social notarial office increases. It is also expected that there will be little enthusiasm for it among notaries, given the problems with subsidized legal aid solicitors in the Netherlands.
Interviewees mention several funding options for a social notarial office:
- adapting Section 56 Wna so that it better suits the needs of the target group;
- adding the notary to the system of subsidised legal aid;
- including notarial services in legal expenses insurance or other forms of insurance or subscription;
- sharing the costs between notary offices through a fund or other form of financing
- government funding through special social assistance benefits from the municipality.
A combination of, for example, government and notarial funding is also mentioned.
Points of attention for a new financing system are: the establishment of an income and assets test, the scope of the scheme in terms of areas of law, an equal distribution of costs between notary offices, limited administrative burdens of the system and the reimbursement of additional costs (e.g. for an interpreter, translations).
Besides financial accessibility, other aspects of accessibility are also important. Here, too, the establishment of a social notary office can be a solution. By linking up with the existing infrastructure of (first-line) legal aid workers when setting up a social notary office and, for instance, organising consulting hours at locations where target groups can walk in more easily than at a notary’s office, thresholds can be lowered. A counter where people can go with legal questions and problems, without having to make their own assessment of which legal professional a question belongs to. However, the interviews also show that currently, legal aid workers do not always adequately recognise when a situation requires notarial advice or a deed. Additional education or training of these staff is therefore important.
Another direction of solution that was put forward is to amend legislation, especially in family property law, so that matters are already preventively regulated by law and fewer people need the services of a notary. For example, cheaper and simpler arrangements for ‘standard cases’ for a living will or cohabitation contract that can be entered in national registers without involving a notary. Proposals are also made to make the
settlement of inheritances easier and more accessible by facilitating partial dispute procedures and simplifying powers between the court and subdistrict court. For any legislative changes, it is advised that these should also be evaluated against the bar of the WRR’s capacity to act (doenvermogen) test. Furthermore, it is recommended that research is done on the possible (negative) effects on legal certainty and legal protection of proposals to amend legislation for ‘standard cases’, in which the notary's duty-of-care role is removed.
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TouchGFXDesigner
Data brief
TouchGFX Designer software tool for easy GUI creation and code generation on STM32 microcontrollers
Features
* Structure: easy creation of multiple screen contents and associated transitions
* Widgets: wide selection of customizable widgets, such as a swipe container and cycle progress, for effortless GUI creation
* Skins:
– Set of ready-to-use graphical skins enabling consistent prototyping with no need for a graphical designer
– No restriction to the use of custom graphics
* Interactions: dynamic interactions for the creation of user-friendly applications
* Custom container:
– Creation of custom reusable application control
– Easy platform development with unified look and feel
* Text handling:
– Fonts and typographies specified and managed in one single place
– Full translation service
– Full support of multiple alphabets and scripts such as Latin, Cyrillic, Arabic, Chinese, and Japanese
* Code Generation:
– TouchGFXDesigner generates and maintains performant C++ code
– Tool-generated code entirely separated from user code
– All types of code extensions possible for unique animations as well as system interconnections
– Support of several integrated development environments such as IAR Embedded Workbench ® , Arm ® Keil ® , and GCC-based IDEs
Description
TouchGFX is an advanced free-of-charge graphic software framework optimized for STM32 microcontrollers. Taking advantage of STM32 graphic features and architecture, TouchGFX accelerates the HMI-of-things revolution through the creation of stunning, smartphone-like graphic user interfaces.
The TouchGFX framework includes the TouchGFX Designer (TouchGFXDesigner), an easy-to-use, drag-and-drop-based graphic-building PC tool, and the TouchGFX engine, a powerful and optimized graphic core. TouchGFX makes GUI development easy, combining WYSIWYG simulator and automatic code generation. It covers all steps from early design sketches to exclusive end-products, through quick iterations over finished prototypes.
TouchGFX Designer is available as a standalone software tool, allowing easy and fast graphic evaluation and proof of concept. The TouchGFX framework, including TouchGFX Designer, is distributed within STM32Cube ™ MCU Packages. It is fully compatible with the STM32CubeMX initialization and code generation tool for the seamless co-development of graphic and main application in an unified project environment.
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For further information contact your local STMicroelectronics sales office.
www.st.com
Product status link
TouchGFXDesigner
1 Ordering information
TouchGFXDesigner is available for free download from the www.st.com website.
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2 License
TouchGFXDesigner is delivered under the Mix Ultimate Liberty+OSS+3rd-party V1 software license agreement (SLA0048).
For more details about the license agreement of each component, refer to the release note.
TouchGFXDesigner supports STM32 32-bit microcontrollers based on the Arm ® Cortex ® -M processor.
Arm is a registered trademark of Arm Limited (or its subsidiaries) in the US and/or elsewhere.
Note:
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Table 1. Document revision history
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IMPORTANT NOTICE – PLEASE READ CAREFULLY
STMicroelectronics NV and its subsidiaries ("ST") reserve the right to make changes, corrections, enhancements, modifications, and improvements to ST products and/or to this document at any time without notice. Purchasers should obtain the latest relevant information on ST products before placing orders. ST products are sold pursuant to ST's terms and conditions of sale in place at the time of order acknowledgement.
Purchasers are solely responsible for the choice, selection, and use of ST products and ST assumes no liability for application assistance or the design of Purchasers' products.
No license, express or implied, to any intellectual property right is granted by ST herein.
Resale of ST products with provisions different from the information set forth herein shall void any warranty granted by ST for such product.
ST and the ST logo are trademarks of ST. All other product or service names are the property of their respective owners.
Information in this document supersedes and replaces information previously supplied in any prior versions of this document.
© 2018 STMicroelectronics – All rights reserved
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Expositie Ed Ubels in cultuurhuis De Klinker.
Van 8 december tot 1 maart is er in cultuurhuis De Klinker een tentoonstelling te bezichtigen met werk van beeldend kunstenaar Ed Ubels: Hexagonen en Fotografie.
de computer werden ontsloten. In 1989 werd ik daar zelf docent voor het jonge vak media-kunst. Daarnaast gaf ik les in het buitenland en leerde jonge kunstenaars de computer te hanteren als 'gereedschap' om kunst te maken.
Ed Ubels (1944) studeerde aan de Vrije Academie in Den Haag en aan de Academie Minerva in Groningen. Later werd hij daar – en internationaal bij het Frank Mohr Institute – docent 'nieuwe media-kunst'. Deze jonge kunstvorm is nog steeds in ontwikkeling en verandert even hard als de techniek die ons in de wereld omringt. Daarmee maakt Ed springlevende kunst, hij experimenteert nog dagelijks met alle mogelijkheden van de computer als beeldvanger, camera, beeldbewerker, beeldverfraaier en zelfs beeld-schepper.
Kunstuur
Iedere tweede vrijdag van de maand (9 december, 12 januari en 9 februari) is het van 16.00 tot 17.00 uur Kunstuur. Op die middag (andere dagen op afspraak via mail email@example.com) is Ed Ubels zelf aanwezig. Hij geeft aan geïnteresseerden een rondleiding, vertelt over de manier waarop hij werkt en beantwoordt vragen. (verdere informatie van de kunstenaar www.edubels.nl).
Eenzame vogelverschrikker
Een leven vol beelden
Licht en donker… Het spel van schaduwen en van zon… Ik kon er als kind al van dromen.
Toen al, zo jong als ik was, fascineerden mij die dingen. Ik wilde er zelf mee aan de gang, zelf mee gaan experimenteren. Zo kwam ik bij fotografie terecht.
Op mijn veertiende bouwde ik mijn eerste donkere kamer met een omgebouwde platencamera als vergroter. Van de buurman, drogist en foto-amateur, betrok ik mijn chemicaliën. De 'uitvinder' was geboren.
Urenlang, eindeloos kon ik doorwerken in die donkere kamer, net zo lang tot die ene foto precies dát gezicht had dat ik voor hem in gedachten had.
Later ging het eerste voorzichtige ontdekken eraf. Op de Vrije Academie in Den Haag leerde ik veel over de inhoudelijke mogelijkheden van de fotografie. Ik verbreedde mijn terrein, richtte mijn aandacht op schilderen en grafiek. Weer later kwam ik terecht op Academie Minerva in Groningen, de eerste opleiding waar de werelden en de talloze mogelijkheden van het werken met
De ontwikkelingen in het vak gingen razendsnel. We startten met Photoshop en Painter – de eerste versies stonden nog op floppy bij de gloednieuwe Apple computers – en Painter werd geleverd op een floppy verpakt in een verfbus. Je zou het nu bijna 'antiek' kunnen noemen.
Op de academie ging het net zo. Ik werkte met de studenten met de Sony Digital Mavica MVC-FD5, waar een floppy in ging (0.3 megapixel sensor, tien foto's op één floppy). Nu is 24 megapixel normaal en één kaartje biedt plaats aan meer dan 1000 foto's.
Nieuwe fotografie
De laatste jaren richt ik mij steeds meer op de fotografie.
De bewerkingsmogelijkheden zijn fantastisch, ze zijn bijna oneindig geworden en waar die eindigheid nog zit, tast ik gretig de grenzen af. Er is zó veel veranderd in de fotografie, als beginner in 1958 kon ik daarvan onmogelijk dromen. Mijn achtergrond als kunstschilder en mijn vakkennis van de nieuwe media bieden mij de kans om nog meer in een foto te stoppen. Smartphone en tablet behoren tot mijn vaste uitrusting.
Waar werkt in mijn foto's de schilder? En waar werkt de fotograaf? Hun 'samenwerking' smolt ineen tot een nieuwe fotografie. Er zou een woord voor die kunstvorm moeten bestaan. Maar het is er niet. Het enige devies wat telt, is het continue: blijf kijken!
Extra informatie
Met het vorderen der jaren, groeide mijn collectie foto's. Op deze tentoonstelling hangt zowel een oude analoge foto van Miles Davis uit 1969 (terugkijkend begrijp ik niet dat ik toen niet van het podium geschopt ben, want ik moet als fotograaf vlak achter hem hebben gestaan), als een serie oude tot zeer nieuwe smartphone foto's die ik nog dit jaar maakte.
Alle foto's zijn bewerkt met moderne software en zelf met pigment-inkten op FineArt papier afgedrukt. Dat laatste vind ik cruciaal, want die laatste bewerking bepaalt mede het uiteindelijke beeld. Een beeldscherm geeft een eigen interpretatie van een afbeelding die van scherm tot scherm kan verschillen.
In de bibliotheek (11stuks) :
| NR. | TITEL | AFBEELDING | FORMAAT | GEGEVENS |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | Eenzame Vogelverschrikker | | 80 x 80 cm | Pigmentdruk door Artimedes BV met Canon Printer op Canvas in baklijst. |
| 2 | ? 6H3E5J2 | | 64 x 69 cm | Pigmentdruk door Artimedes BV met Canon Printer op Ilford 310 gsm barietpapier. |
| 3 | ? 5I5H5 | | 64 x 69 cm | Pigmentdruk door Artimedes BV met Canon Printer op Ilford 310 gsm barietpapier. |
| 4 | ? 6K6D2F6 | | 64 x 69 cm | Pigmentdruk door Artimedes BV met Canon Printer op Ilford 310 gsm barietpapier. |
| 5 | N1H2O1D2 | | 64 x 69 cm | Pigmentdruk door Artimedes BV met Canon Printer op Ilford 310 gsm barietpapier. |
| 6 | ? 4K1P6 | | 64 x 69 cm | Pigmentdruk door Artimedes BV met Canon Printer op Ilford 310 gsm barietpapier. |
| 7 | ? 16H4F6 | | 32 x 34,5 cm | Eigen druk op Hahnemühle FineArt Baryta Met Epson K3 inkt, |
| 8 | ? 6A4E6H4 | | 32 x 34,5 cm | Eigen druk op Hahnemühle FineArt Baryta Met Epson K3 inkt, |
| 9 | ? 1G2C3 | | 32 x 34,5 cm | Eigen druk op Hahnemühle FineArt Baryta Met Epson K3 inkt, |
| 10 | ? 2D2G4 | | 32 x 34,5 cm | Eigen druk op Hahnemühle FineArt Baryta Met Epson K3 inkt, |
| 11 | ? 3P2E6D6 | | 32 x 34,5 cm | Eigen druk op Hahnemühle FineArt Baryta Met Epson K3 inkt, |
Op de 1e verdieping (12 stuks):
| NR. | TITEL | AFBEELDING | FORMAAT | GEGEVENS |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 12 | Pluis voor Turner | | 60 x 60 cm | Echte fotoafdruk onder acrylglas Fotogrootte: 60 x 60 cm -Dibond 3 mm -Fuji Crystal Archive |
| 13 | Doorzetter 1 | | 60 x 60 cm | Echte fotoafdruk onder acrylglas Fotogrootte: 60 x 60 cm -Dibond 3 mm -Fuji Crystal Archive |
| 14 | Winternacht pluis | | 30 x 30 cm | Eigen druk op Hahnemühle FineArt Baryta Met Epson K3 inkt, |
| 15 | Laatste dans 1 | | 30 x 30 cm | Eigen druk op Hahnemühle FineArt Baryta Met Epson K3 inkt, |
| 16 | Laatste dans 2 | | 30 x 30 cm | Eigen druk op Hahnemühle FineArt Baryta Met Epson K3 inkt, |
| 17 | Verfrissing | | 30 x 30 cm | Eigen druk op Hahnemühle FineArt Baryta Met Epson K3 inkt, |
| 18 | Ook hier | | 30 x 30 cm | Eigen druk op Hahnemühle FineArt Baryta Met Epson K3 inkt, |
| 19 | Een droom | | 30 x 30 cm | Eigen druk op Hahnemühle FineArt Baryta Met Epson K3 inkt, |
| 20 | Ontdooiing | | 30 x 30 cm | Eigen druk op Hahnemühle FineArt Baryta Met Epson K3 inkt, |
| 21 | Mystical-garden-55 | | 25 x 30 cm | Eigen druk op Hahnemühle FineArt Baryta Met Epson K3 inkt, |
| 22 | Mystical-garden-47 | | 25 x 30 cm | Eigen druk op Hahnemühle FineArt Baryta Met Epson K3 inkt, |
Op de tweede etage 26 stuks:
| NR. | TITEL | AFBEELDING | FORMAAT | GEGEVENS | PRIJS |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 24 | Miles Davis Rotterdam 1969 | | 30 x 45 cm | Eigen druk op Hahnemühle FineArt Baryta Met Epson K3 inkt, | € 295,00 |
| 25 | Harry Dijkstra Winschoten | | 30 x 45 cm | Eigen druk op Hahnemühle FineArt Baryta Met Epson K3 inkt, | € 295,00 |
| 26 | Concert bij Waanders Zwolle | | 28 x 28 cm | Eigen druk op Hahnemühle FineArt Baryta Met Epson K3 inkt, | € 295,00 |
| 27 | Orgelconcert Nieuwe Bavo Haarlem | | 28 x 28 cm | Eigen druk op Hahnemühle FineArt Baryta Met Epson K3 inkt, | € 295,00 |
| 28 | Toverdans | | 30 x 45 cm | Eigen druk op Hahnemühle FineArt Baryta Met Epson K3 inkt, | € 295,00 |
| 29 | Het begin | | 30 x 45 cm | Eigen druk op Hahnemühle FineArt Baryta Met Epson K3 inkt, | € 295,00 |
| 30 | Jong geleerd | | 28 x 28 cm | Eigen druk op Hahnemühle FineArt Baryta Met Epson K3 inkt, | € 295,00 |
| 31 | Flamenco Cortinas | | 28 x 28 cm | Eigen druk op Hahnemühle FineArt Baryta Met Epson K3 inkt, | € 295,00 |
| 32 | Carndonagh Agricultural Show 2009 NR 1 | | 26 x 35 cm | Eigen druk op Hahnemühle FineArt Baryta Met Epson K3 inkt, | € 295,00 |
| 33 | Carndonagh Agricultural Show 2009 NR 2 | | 26 x 35 cm | Eigen druk op Hahnemühle FineArt Baryta Met Epson K3 inkt, | € 295,00 |
| 34 | Carndonagh Agricultural Show 2009 NR 3 | | 26 x 35 cm | Eigen druk op Hahnemühle FineArt Baryta Met Epson K3 inkt, | € 295,00 |
| 35 | Carndonagh Agricultural Show 2009 NR 4 | | 26 x 35 cm | Eigen druk op Hahnemühle FineArt Baryta Met Epson K3 inkt, | € 295,00 |
NR.
36
37
38
39
40
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
48
49
Expositie Ed Ubels in cultuurhuis De Klinker.
TITEL
AFBEELDING FORMAAT
GEGEVENS
Carndonagh Agricultural
Show 2009 NR 5
Carndonagh Agricultural
Show 2009 NR 6
Het hoogste woord
Eelt
Hitte
Klim
Verdwijn
Bukken
Etalage Reparatie
Kom binnen
Doorzicht of inzicht
Na de bui
Gedachte
Oogsttijd
PRIJS
| 26 x 35 cm | Eigen druk op Hahnemühle FineArt Baryta Met Epson K3 inkt, | € 295,00 |
|---|---|---|
| 26 x 35 cm | Eigen druk op Hahnemühle FineArt Baryta Met Epson K3 inkt, | € 295,00 |
| 31 x 40 cm | Eigen druk op Hahnemühle FineArt Baryta Met Epson K3 inkt, | € 295,00 |
| 31 x 40 cm | Eigen druk op Hahnemühle FineArt Baryta Met Epson K3 inkt, | € 295,00 |
| 31 x 40 cm | Eigen druk op Hahnemühle FineArt Baryta Met Epson K3 inkt, | € 295,00 |
| 26 x 38 cm | Eigen druk op Hahnemühle FineArt Baryta Met Epson K3 inkt, | € 295,00 |
| 25 x 35 cm | Eigen druk op Hahnemühle FineArt Baryta Met Epson K3 inkt, | € 295,00 |
| 16 x 35 cm | Eigen druk op Hahnemühle FineArt Baryta Met Epson K3 inkt, | € 295,00 |
| 28 x 28 cm | Eigen druk op Hahnemühle FineArt Baryta Met Epson K3 inkt, | € 295,00 |
| 28 x 28 cm | Eigen druk op Hahnemühle FineArt Baryta Met Epson K3 inkt, | € 295,00 |
| 28 x 28 cm | Eigen druk op Hahnemühle FineArt Baryta Met Epson K3 inkt, | € 295,00 |
| 28 x 28 cm | Eigen druk op Hahnemühle FineArt Baryta Met Epson K3 inkt, | € 295,00 |
| 28 x 28 cm | Eigen druk op Hahnemühle FineArt Baryta Met Epson K3 inkt, | € 295,00 |
Wedstrijd formulieren in de bibliotheek van de klinker
|
<urn:uuid:58921e7a-3ff6-4f94-ac33-2ab95d5f1b74>
|
HuggingFaceFW/finepdfs/tree/main/data/nld_Latn/train
|
finepdfs
|
nld_Latn
| 10,059
|
Scheda Informativa
Gennaio 2025 - v1
* Al momento la licenza del modulo Marketing Core è inclusa in quella del modulo Sales Core
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Argomento | Descrizione | Dettaglio | Dataverse / Model Driven Apps | Sales Core | Sales Advanced | Marketing Core | Marketing Advanced | Service Core | Service Advanced | CRM Core | CRM Advanced |
| Piattaforma Cloud | La soluzione eGO CRM APPs si basa sulla Piattaforma Cloud erogata in modalità SaaS denominata Microsoft Power Platform di Microsoft, che dispone delle seguenti caratteristiche : - piattaforma low-code / no-code, quindi altamente customizzabile - scalabilità - supporto multi lingua - integrabile via API | La soluzione eGO CRM APPs si basa sulla Piattaforma Microsoft Power Platform, in particolare sulle Power Apps Model Driven e sul Microsoft Dataverse | x | | | | | | | | |
| Lingue Supportate | Italiano, Inglese | Predisposizione per il supporto di altre lingue | | x | x | x | x | x | x | x | x |
| Gestione degli Utenti | Creazione Utenti, Assegnazione Licenze | Gestito direttamente nel Pannello della Power Platform e dell'Office 365 | x | | | | | | | | |
| | Calendari Personali | Utilizzati per il calcolo degli straordinari | | | | | | x | | x | |
| Gestione degli Accessi alle Informazioni | Gli accessi degli utenti alle informazioni, e di relativi privilegi (lettura, scrittura, cancellazione) sono gestiti a livello di Ruoli di Sicurezza | Sono funzionalità valide per tutte le tipologie di informazioni gestite da eGO CRM APPs, che vengono dettagliate di seguito | x | | | | | | | | |
| Gestione Generale delle Informazioni | Inserimento, modifica, cancellazione, ricerca, assegnazione, condivisione delle informazioni | Sono funzionalità valide per tutte le tipologie di informazioni gestite da eGO CRM APPs, che vengono dettagliate di seguito | x | | | | | | | | |
| Integrazioni standard con altri sistemi | Integrazioni native con: - MS Exchange - MS Sharepoint - MS Office 365 (Excel Word) - MS Dynamics 365 Customer Insight - Microsoft Power BI | | x | | | | | | | | |
| | - EDU Innovation APPs di EduTeam | | | x | | | | x | | x | |
| Integrazioni parziali con altri sistemi | Integrazioni con: - Microsoft Dynamics Field Service - Microsoft Project Online | Da configurare | | | | | | | | | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Argomento | Descrizione | Dettaglio | Dataverse / Model Driven Apps | Sales Core | Sales Advanced | Marketing Core | Marketing Advanced | Service Core | Service Advanced | CRM Core | CRM Advanced |
| | Gestione Tipologie di Aziende | Classificazione anche contemporanea per Prospect, Partner, Fornitori, Clienti | | x | | x | | x | | x | |
| Gestione Contatti | Gestione Persona fisiche | Anagrafica ed informazioni | x | | | | | | | | |
| | Collegamenti diretti verso Account; collegamenti con le varie Informazionei di eGO CRM APPs (Opportunità, Offerte, Casi, Attività di Servizio) | Utilizza una relazione diretta con gli Account; alternativa o rafforzativa alla relazione standard, che usa il campo Customer | | x | | x | | x | | x | |
| Gestione Impegni | Gestione Interazioni consoggetti vari e gestione task | Email, Appuntamenti, Task, Telefonate ... | x | | | | | | | | |
| Gestione Catalogo Prodotti / Servizi | Gestisce un catalogo a tre livelli dei prodotti / servizi che l'azienda vende e supporta | Fino a tre livelli di classificazione, utilizzabile per la creazione dei Listini di vendita | | x | | | | x | | x | |
| Gestione Segnalatori (Agenti, Partner) | Tiene traccia delle persone che segnalano di Lead, Casi, Opportunità | Pone le basi per la gestione agenti e partner | | x | | | | x | | x | |
| Gestione Campagne Marketing | Anagrafica ed informazioni delle Campagne MKTG | Gestisce gli stati, le informazioni amministrative e di performance; può aggregare Target di Marketing e Azioni Marketing | | | | x | | | | x | |
| Gestione Azioni Marketing | Gestione Azioni Marketing verso Target clienti e quelle interne al reparto. | Anagrafica azioni; gestione azioni off-line; gestione costi e ricavi | | | | x | | | | x | |
| | Azioni verso Target clienti | DEM massiva utilizzando integrazione standard con MS Exchange | | | | x | | | | x | |
| | Azioni verso Target clienti: -email - SMS | DEM massiva utilizzando Azure Communication Services | | | | | x | | | | x |
| | Azioni verso Target clienti via social network | DEM massiva utilizzando Canali Social (WhatsApp, Linkedin, Facebook…) | | | | | x | | | | x |
| Gestione dei Target di Marketing | Raggruppamenti di persone su cui effettuare Azioni / Campagne Marketing | Gestione informazioni generali ed associazioni con i Contatti; possono essere associati più target per ogni campagna / azione marketing | | | | x | | | | x | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Argomento | Descrizione | Dettaglio | Dataverse / Model Driven Apps | Sales Core | Sales Advanced | Marketing Core | Marketing Advanced | Service Core | Service Advanced | CRM Core | CRM Advanced |
| | TARGET Statici | Elenchi di persone direttamente collegati ai Contatti del dataverse; possono essere raffinati manualmente fino ad arrivare al risultato voluto | | | | x | | | | x | |
| | TARGET Dinamici | Elenchi di persone ricavati in tempo reale con delle query sui Contatti del dataverse; | | | | x | | | | x | |
| | TARGET Esterni | Elenchi di persone ricavati da Storage Microsoft Azure | | | | | x | | | | x |
| | TARGET Esterni | Elenchi di persone ricavati da Documenti Excel memorizzati su Sharepoint | | | | | x | | | | x |
| Gestione Listini di Vendita | Gestione dei Listini Prezzi di Vendita | Possono essere associati a voci del Catalogo Prodotti / Servizi, con o meno un pricing direttamente collegato, con prezzi determinati con % su prezzo di Catalogo, oppure essere voci indipendenti dal Catalogo | | x | | | | | | x | |
| Gestione Budget di Vendita | Gestione dei Budget per Aziende del Gruppo / Partner / Centri di Responsabilità | | | | x | | | | | | x |
| Gestione Obiettivi di Vendita | Gestione degli Obiettivi di Vendita per Dipendenti o assimilabili a tali (Utenti del sistema) e Soggetti esterni (partner, agenti …) | | | | x | | | | | | x |
| Gestione Partner | Possibilità di Gestione delle Offerte ed Opportunità direttamente su Partner o su clienti , indicandone il Partner | Permette di avere l'elenco dei Clienti Diretti e dei Clienti Finali (situazione di vendita tramite partner); permette di raggruppare tutte le offerte / opportunità per Partner / Agente | | x | | | | | | x | |
| | Gestione delle Informazioni dei Lead | | | x | | x | | | | x | |
| | Gestione del Lead scoring | classificazione dei lead, con predisposizione per automatismi | | | | x | | | | x | |
| Funzionalità | | | Microsoft | Moduli Singoli di eGO CRM APPs | | | | | | Pacchetti di eGO CRM | | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Argomento | Descrizione | Dettaglio | Dataverse / Model Driven Apps | Sales Core | Sales Advanced | Marketing Core | Marketing Advanced | Service Core | Service Advanced | CRM Core | CRM Advanced | Status |
| | Gestione Qualificazione dei Lead | Permette di qualificare il Lead, creando automaticamente un Account, Contatto ed Opportunità | | x | | | | | | x | | Disponibile |
| Gestione Opportunità | Gestione delle informazioni dell'Opportunità | | | x | | | | | | x | | Disponibile |
| | Gestione degli Stakeholder | Sono Account e Contatti che possono essere associati all'Opportunità, con le relative informazioni | | x | | | | | | x | | Disponibile |
| | Gestione dei Prodotti Servizi legati all'Opportunità, con totali su testata Opportunità | Ogni riga contiene un Prodotto / Servizio preso da Listino di Vendita o totalmente indipendente dal Listino, con relative quantità e prezzi; le righe potrebbero in seguito essere direttamente collegate ad una Offerta derivata | | x | | | | | | x | | Disponibile |
| | Gestione delle Offerte legate all'Opportunità, con totali nella testata dell' opportunità | Si possono configurare le offerte che partecipano al totale dell'Opportunità, in modo da escludere quelle in stato bozza, oppure quelle alternative | | x | | | | | | x | | Disponibile |
| Gestione Offerte | Gestione delle informazioni dell'Offerta | | | x | | | | | | x | | Disponibile |
| | Gestione del Versioning | | | x | | | | | | x | | Disponibile |
| | possibilità di Clonazione delle Offerte | | | | | | | | | | | Disponibile |
| | Gestione dei Prodotti Servizi legati all'Offerta, con totali su testata Offerta | Ogni riga contiene un Prodotto / Servizio preso da Listino di Vendita o totalmente indipendente dal Listino, con relative quantità e prezzi; le righe potrebbero essere direttamente collegate anche all'Opportunità di origine | | x | | | | | | x | | Disponibile |
| | Gestione del ciclo di vita dell'offerta | Bozza, Attiva, Vinta, Persa, ecc.; | | x | | | | | | x | | Disponibile |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Argomento | Descrizione | Dettaglio | Dataverse / Model Driven Apps | Sales Core | Sales Advanced | Marketing Core | Marketing Advanced | Service Core | Service Advanced | CRM Core | CRM Advanced |
| | Inserimento veloce dei Prodotti / Servizi dell'Offerta, partendo da quelli dell'Opportunità collegata, collegandoli direttamente anche all'Offerta | Si tratta delle situazione in cui alcune righe di Offerta sono le stesse dell'Opportunità; aggiornando l'Offerta, anche l'Opportunità viene automaticamente aggiornata | | x | | | | | | x | |
| | Inserimento veloce dei Prodotti / Servizi dell'Offerta, partendo da quelli dell'Opportunità collegata, duplicandoli direttamente sull'Offerta | | | x | | | | | | x | |
| | Stampa Offerte su Sharepoint | Sfrutta l'integrazione nativa del Dataverse con MS Sharepoint; la procedura utilizza un Word Template delle Modern Driven Apps, che viene associato al Tipo Offerta; questo viene stampato in Word e Salvato nell'Area Documentale Sharepoint dell'Offerta (dopo che sia stata configurata l'integrazione con Sharepoint) | | x | | | | | | x | |
| Gestione Ordini | | | | | | | | | | | |
| Gestione Fatturazione | | | | x | | | | | | x | |
| Gestione Casi di Assistenza | Gestione informazioni dei Casi (ticket, reclami, pratiche …) | | | | | | | x | | x | |
| | Gestione Presa In Carico, Chiusura, Riapertura | Soni in essere procedure per assicurare e formalizzare le operazioni di Presa in Carico e Risoluzione | | | | | | x | | x | |
| | Gestione delle Fasi del Caso | Ogni cambio di Stato del Caso genera uno storico fasi, con data inizio e data fine | | | | | | x | | x | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Argomento | Descrizione | Dettaglio | Dataverse / Model Driven Apps | Sales Core | Sales Advanced | Marketing Core | Marketing Advanced | Service Core | Service Advanced | CRM Core | CRM Advanced |
| Gestione Service Level Agreement (SLA) | Gli SLA permettono di definire i kpi in base ai quali verranno valutate le azioni di Presa in Carico e di Risoluzione dei Casi. | Ogni SLA è costituito da il tempo entro il quale l'azione di Presa in Carico e Risoluzione dovrebbe avvenire, tenendo conto della Priorità del Caso e del Calendario del Cliente, definito nel Contratto a cui lo SLA deve essere collegato; tiene anche conto delle Chiusure Aziendali (come ferie e festività) dell'Azienda che eroga il servizio | | | | | | x | | x | |
| | Calcolo degli SLA tenendo conto anche di altri dati di Classificazione del Caso, oltre alla Priorità | | | | | | | x | | x | |
| | Calcolo degli SLA tenendo conto anche delle Chiusure Aziendali del Cliente | | | | | | | x | | x | |
| Gestione Knowledge Base | Gestione degli Articoli di Knowledge Base; possono essere utilizzati all'interno dei Casi di Assistenza; possono essere inviate email con i contenuti dell'Articolo; possono essere associati più Articoli di Knowledge Base per ogni Caso | | | | | | | x | | x | |
| | Integrazione con Artificial Intelligence; ChatGPT - OpenAI | attualmente è presente la predisposizione, con chiamate dirette a ChatGPT | | | | | | | x | | x |
| | Integrazione con Artificial Intelligence; Azure AI | attualmente è presente la predisposizione | | | | | | | x | | x |
| | Integrazione con Artificial Intelligence; Copilot Studio | attualmente è presente la predisposizione | | | | | | | x | | x |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Argomento | Descrizione | Dettaglio | Dataverse / Model Driven Apps | Sales Core | Sales Advanced | Marketing Core | Marketing Advanced | Service Core | Service Advanced | CRM Core | CRM Advanced |
| Gestione Attività di Servizio | Le Attività di Servizio sono utilizzate per gestire i Servizi che vengono erogati ai clienti, come anche gli Interventi di Assistenza | Le Attività di Servizio possono anche esere legate ai Contratti ed ai Casi si Assistenza, fare riferimento a degli Asset del Cliente, ad una tipologia di Servizio attingendo dal catalogo Prodotti / Servizi, e possono avere anche le indicazioni della stima dei tempi dell'attività da erogare e del periodo entro il quale erogarla, come anche i Totali delle attività realmente svolte dalle persone che hanno lavorato sull' Attività di Servizio | | | | | | x | | x | |
| Gestione Rendicontazione | Potenziamento della gestione Appuntamenti per permettere la rendicontazione di micro attività | Vengono gestite e ore viaggio e le ore lavoro effettive, e le ore previste; possono essere collegate a Attività di Servizio, Casi e Commesse | | | | | | x | | x | |
| | Procedura del calcolo degli straordinari, che guarda gli orari dell'Appuntamento rispetto al Calendario Personale dell'Utente | | | | | | | x | | x | |
| | Utilizzo della entità Inserimento Ore come alternativa agli Appuntamenti, sempre per rendicontare le ore | Vengono gestite e ore viaggio e le ore lavoro effettive, e le ore previste; possono essere collegate a Attività di Servizio, Casi e Commesse | | | | | | x | | x | |
| Gestione Asset | Gestione informazioni degli Asset, con collegamenti agli Account, Contatti, Catalogo Prodotti, Attività di Servizio e Contratti | | | | | | | x | | x | |
| Gestione Manutenzione Programmata | La Manutenzione Programmata può essere gestita partendo dalle Schedulazioni Ricorsive di Attività di Servizio; quando si vuole legare la manutenzione programmata ad un cliente, le Attività Ricorsive devono essere associate ai Contratti del Cliente | Ad Ogni Contratto possono essere associate più Schedulazioni Ricorsive. Ad Ogni Schedulazione Ricorsiva possono essere associate più Template di Attività di Servizio, per la creazione programmata di più Attività di Servizio. Il motore di schedulazione include tutta una serie di opzioni di programmabilità | | | | | | | | | |
| Funzionalità | | | Microsoft | Moduli Singoli di eGO CRM APPs | | | | | | Pacchetti di eGO CRM | | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Argomento | Descrizione | Dettaglio | Dataverse / Model Driven Apps | Sales Core | Sales Advanced | Marketing Core | Marketing Advanced | Service Core | Service Advanced | CRM Core | CRM Advanced | Status |
| Gestione Contratti | Gestione delle Informazioni del contratto, come ad esempio: - le date di validità - il cliente - il numero di Casi e delle Attività di Servizio previsti - il pacchetto ore consumabile - il Calendario dei Servizi | Ai contratti possono essere collegati gli SLA e le Schedulazioni Ricorsive (Manutenzione Programmata) | | | | | | x | | x | | Disponibile |
| | Gestione del Ciclo di Vita dei Contratti, che possono terminare, essere rinnovati, ecc. | | | | | | | x | | x | | Disponibile |
| Gestione delle Code | Gestione delle Code per raggruppamento e gestione di informazioni in base a priorità e tipologia | Ad una Coda può essere associata una email aziendale; le email mandate alla Coda associata vengono collegate direttamente al CRM | x | | | | | | | | | |
| | Conversione automatica delle email che arrivano alle Code in Casi di Assistenza | | | | | | | x | | x | | |
| Gestione Commesse / Centri di Responsabilità / Territori | Informazioni di classificazione amministrativa e commerciale | | | x | | x | | x | | x | | Disponibile |
| Pacchetti Intelligenza artificiale | Pacchetto Intelligenza artificiale per il Marketing; disponibile la predisposizione | | | | | | x | | | | x | Future Release |
| | Pacchetto Intelligenza artificiale per le Vendite; disponibile la predisposizione | | | | x | | | | | | x | Future Release |
| | Pacchetto Intelligenza artificiale per i Servizi; disponibile la predisposizione | | | | | | | | x | | x | Future Release |
| Portali Self Service | eGo CRM APPs permette la creazione di Portali direttamente collegati alla sua base dati | Questa funzionalità si basa sull'integrazione nativa con Microsoft Power Pages | | | | | | | | | | Disponibile |
| | Portale Self Service per il Customer Service | Permette ai Clienti di accedere al Portale per: - inserire Nuovi Casi - visualizzare Casi Aperti - aggiungere informazioni sui Casi Aperti | | | | | | x | | x | | Disponibile |
| Funzionalità | | | Microsoft | Moduli Singoli di eGO CRM APPs | | | | | | Pacchetti di eGO CRM | | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Argomento | Descrizione | Dettaglio | Dataverse / Model Driven Apps | Sales Core | Sales Advanced | Marketing Core | Marketing Advanced | Service Core | Service Advanced | CRM Core | CRM Advanced | Status |
| | Portale Self Service per le Vendite | Sezione per utenti non autenticati: permette la Creazione di Lead da parte di un soggetto non ancora qualificato Sezioneutenti autenticati ( Clienti, Partner ed Agenti). Gli utenti possono: - inserire una Opportunità - visualizzare le Opportunità Aperte - aggiungere informazioni sulle Opportunità Aperte | | s | | | | | | s | | Future Release |
|
<urn:uuid:026d1523-dab9-49bb-b683-7757c09f6526>
|
HuggingFaceFW/finepdfs/tree/main/data/ita_Latn/train
|
finepdfs
|
ita_Latn
| 18,385
|
| LOT | DISTANCE (IN FEET) | NEAREST WETLAND |
|-----|-------------------|-----------------|
| 1 | 105 | 1 |
| 2 | 102 | 2 |
| 3 | 130 | 2* |
| 4 | 210 | 3* |
| 5 | 145 | 3* |
| 6 | 103 | 3 |
| 7 | 108 | 3 |
| 8 | 104 | 3 |
| 9 | 560 | 2 |
| 10 | 580 | 2 |
| 11 | 560 | 1 |
| 12 | 522 | 1 |
| 13 | 470 | 1* |
| 14 | 500 | 1* |
| 15 | 490 | 1* |
| 16 | 505 | 1* |
| 17 | 296 | 1* |
| 18 | 292 | 1* |
| 19 | 235 | 1* |
| 20 | 261 | 1* |
| 21 | 250 | 1 |
| 22 | 262 | 2 |
| 23 | 290 | 2 |
| 24 | 400 | 1 |
| 25 | 340 | 1 |
| 26 | 290 | 1 |
* - Hydraulic gradient is not in the direction of the nearest wetland
Hydraulic Gradient to Wetland 1 - 7 Lots
Hydraulic Gradient to Wetland 2 - 5 Lots
Hydraulic Gradient to Wetland 3 - 3 Lots
|
<urn:uuid:b498328c-d536-4b14-9482-04ef2cea1d4d>
|
HuggingFaceFW/finepdfs/tree/main/data/eng_Latn/train
|
finepdfs
|
eng_Latn
| 1,483
|
ARIA EVO X CENTER
Product sheet
The Aria Evo X Center is a 2-way centre speaker. It blends in seamlessly with the floorstanding speakers from the same range, for an optimal home cinema configuration. When designing the centre speaker, particular attention was paid to adjusting the timbres to guarantee uniformity and sonic coherence in all configurations. It is recommended for rooms from 215 ft² (20m 2 ), with a listening distance of 10 feet (3 metres).
Aria Evo X Center Moss Green High Gloss
Urethane tweeter plate
with waveguide
Improved horizontal directivity
Better sound image
2 x bass-midrange Flax cone
TMD® surround
Neutralité du médium
et présence du grave
Magnetic grille
Understated design,
fine materials
Significantly increased
perceived value
Ultra-rigid MDF construction
Non-parallel side panels,
very low vibration, neutrality
Double rear port
No dynamic
compression
Aluminium/Magnesium
‘M’-shaped inverted
dome TAM tweeter
Precision and softness
Key points
* TMD® surround
* Flax fibre cone
* Aluminium/Magnesium 'M'-shaped inverted dome TAM tweeter
* Leather effect front panel
* Speaker drivers developed and manufactured in France
®
Focal
®
is a trademark of Focal-JMLab - www.focal.com - SCCG - 22/02/2024 - v2
Black High
Gloss
Moss Green
High Gloss
Prime
Walnut
Finishes
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<urn:uuid:c4899653-2f01-4352-821a-da0a44c278a1>
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HuggingFaceFW/finepdfs/tree/main/data/eng_Latn/train
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finepdfs
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eng_Latn
| 1,307
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Ledøje Bylaug
v/Trafikgruppen i Ledøje Bylaug
Sekretær, Pernille Breum Ledøje Bygade 39, Ledøje 2765 Smørum
Mobil 27628280, Tlf. 44682295, E-mail: email@example.com
Bjørn Weitemeyer, Trafiksikkerhedsrevisor Præstetoften 5, Ledøje 2765 Smørum
Mobil 51236000, Tlf. 38804838, E-mail: firstname.lastname@example.org
Ledøje d. 14.11. 2011
Til Egedal Kommune Miljøcentret Vejgruppen
Høringssvar til Trafiksikkerhedsplan 2011 (juni 2011)
Ledøje Bylaug er meget enige i de overordnede mål for trafiksikkerheden, og finder det meget relevant at udarbejde en trafiksikkerhedsplan. Vi håber meget, at planen vil kunne anvendes til at fremrykke projekter, som er angivet i projektlisten. Herunder at prioriteringen vil kunne tilgodese de mange skolebørn, som skal kunne færdes sikkert i trafikken.
Generelle kommentarer vedr. Trafiksikkerhedsplanen 2011:
Generelt er vi som sagt meget tilfredse med at Kommunen har udarbejdet en plan, og at Kommunen hermed udtrykker ønske om prioritering af trafiksikkerheden i kommunen. Den er enkelt og let forståelig, men er på nogle punkter en smule tynd, og der synes ikke helt sammenhæng mellem trafiksikkerhed, de valgte prioriteringer samt løsningsforslag til udbedring.
Der bliver generelt også lagt meget stor vægt på utryghed. Der er gennemførte flere analyser i både Danmark og Norge vedr. sammenhæng mellem utryghed og trafiksikkerhed, og der ikke er fundet nogen sammenlignelig effekt. Der er enighed i, at utryghed bør medtages i den samlede vurdering, da dette kan have indflydelse på trafikanters valg af rute - så trafikanterne ikke nødvendigvis fravælger én mere trafiksikker rute pga. utryghed. Men at tillægge vægtningen af utryghed 40 % i den samlede vurdering findes både usædvanlig og uhensigtsmæssigt. I det normale trafiksikkerhedsarbejde, jf. bl.a. "Håndbog i trafiksikkerhedsrevision" og "Håndbog i lokale trafiksikkerhedsplaner", bør hovedvægten i en trafiksikkerhedsplan tage størst udgangspunkt i bekæmpelsen af uheld på de strækninger, kryds m.m., hvor der forekommer flest uheld.
Det er også i vægtningen vigtigt at holde for øje, at diverse analyser af utryghed kan være forskelligt belyst fra område til område. Dette kan skyldes dels ulig vægtning eller ulig information via diverse medier. Her skal det nævnes at vi via en kort rundspørgen ikke er bekendte med nogen, der her i Ledøje har været opmærksomme på den analyse, der har været foretaget via Kommunes hjemmeside. Der er dog flere der har været opmærksomme på Skolevejsanalysen, som blev meddelt via brev. Den henvendte sig dog kun til børn fra 0.-3. klasse, hvor stadig en del benytter skolebussen, og alle derfor ikke har tillagt analysen samme vægt.
Trafiksikkerhedsplanens mangler en reel "cost-benefit" af de foreslåede løsningsforslag. Kommunens samfundsøkonomiske udgifter i forbindelse med uheld udgør typisk 70-80 % af de samlede udgifter ved personskadeuheld og en smule mindre ved materieluheld. Her burde man specielt for mest uheldsbelastede kryds og strækninger have foretaget en vurdering af den mulige besparelse af uheld kontra løsninger, og hermed samtidig et samfundsøkonomisk overslag, som kunne give et godt overblik over forrentningen af de investerede kroner. Dette kunne give anledning til en helt anden prioriteringsrækkefølge.
www.ledoejebylaug.dk
Konkrete kommentarer vedr. Trafiksikkerhedsplanen 2011:
Det undrer os i forhold til oversigten over forbedringsprojekter, at meldingerne om steder hvor borgere føler sig trafikalt utrygge, vejes så tungt i forhold til den konkrete optælling af trafikuheld, idet der er tale om antalsmæssigt få borgermeldinger (241 besvarelser) om utryghed. Disse borgermeldinger om utryghed synes heller ikke at repræsentere borgere fra alle dele af kommunen. Det nævnes s. 7, at alle kommunens borgere har haft mulighed for at udpege steder, hvor de føler sig utrygge. Vi undrer os over, at Egedal Landsbyråd og Bylaugene ikke har modtaget henvendelse fra kommunen om denne vigtige undersøgelse.
Planens indsatsområder vurderes meget relevante både vedr. trafiksikkerhed og tryghed, men der savnes fremadrettede indsatser. Den ny Frederiksssundsmotorvej vil ændre trafikkens strømme og skabe ny problemer. I Ledøje får vi tilkørsel og afkørsel til motorvejen på Ledøjetoften ca. 200 m fra byen. Ledøjetoften løber lige ud i Ledøje Bygade i et T-kryds, som i Trafiksikkerhedsplanen i forvejen er markeret på s. 13 som 'særlig uheldsbelastet'. Imidlertid er Ledøjetoften ikke nævnt blandt de prioriterede projekter i handleplanen og den i forvejen uheldsbelastede strækning på Ledøje Bygade står uforståeligt langt nede på listen - som nr. 38, selv om den er blandt de 8 mest uheldsbelastede punkter i kommunen. Denne prioritering kunne vi meget gerne tænke os uddybet eller er der tale om en fejl?
Fra Ledøje Bylaug finder vi projekt 38 'Ledøje Bygade' meget positivt. Det er et stort ønske fra borgerne i Ledøje at få dæmpet hastigheden på Ledøje Bygade, og som Trafikplanen foreslår, meget gerne ved hjælp af både 40 km/t hastighedsbegrænsning og fysiske trafikdæmpende foranstaltninger.
Ledøje Bylaug finder også projekt 44 'Råbrovej' ved Søagerskolen meget positivt og vigtigt at gennemføre for vores skolebørns sikkerhed.
Som ovenfor nævnt savner Ledøje Bylaug kommunens bud på sikring af de bløde trafikanter og den trafikale fremkommelighed på Ledøjetoften i forhold til Frederikssundsmotorvejens åbning i 2015. Bylaugets trafikgruppe indgår meget gerne i en dialog om mulige foranstaltninger, der kan bidrage til at undgå trafikulykker på Ledøjetoften med den stærkt øgede trafik, som Vejdirektoratet har beregnet ved åbning af motorvejen.
Ligeledes indgår vi også gerne i dialog samt bidrag vedr. de øvrige tiltag i Ledøje og ved Søagerskolen.
Med venlig hilsen
Pernille Breum og Bjørn Weitemeyer
Mdl. af Trafikgruppen i Ledøje Bylaug
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HuggingFaceFW/finepdfs/tree/main/data/dan_Latn/train
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finepdfs
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dan_Latn
| 5,843
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Príloha č. 1 k záverečnému účtu za rok 2018
Rozbor plnenia príjmov za rok 2018 podľa schváleného rozpočtu
0
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HuggingFaceFW/finepdfs/tree/main/data/slk_Latn/train
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finepdfs
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slk_Latn
| 109
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