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] | transactions and other events and circumstances from nonowner sources” (SFAC No. 6, p. 21). While
further discussion of comprehensive income is reserved for intermediate and advanced studies in
accounting, it is worth noting that comprehensive income has four components, focusing on activities
related to foreign currency, derivatives, investments, and pensions.
Financial Statements for a Sample Company
Now it is time to bake the cake (i.e., prepare the financial statements). We have all of the ingredients (elements
of the financial statements) ready, so let’s now return to the financial statements themselves. Let’s use as an
example a fictitious company named Cheesy Chuck’s Classic Corn. This company is a small retail store that
makes and sells a variety of gourmet popcorn treats. It is an exciting time because the store opened in the
current month, June.
Assume that as part of your summer job with Cheesy Chuck’s, the owner—you guessed it, Chuck—has asked | {"source_file": "downloads\\business\\accounting\\FinancialAccounting-OP.pdf", "creator": "DocBook XSL Stylesheets V1.79.1", "file_hash": "89738e550d63820fbb3a833d14ab04029664bcb14dc631bb8a45f0af74d2d6b9", "creationdate": "2019-04-24T10:32:54-05:00", "source": "downloads\\business\\accounting\\FinancialAccounting-OP.pdf", "file_size_mb": 156.7, "batch_upload": true, "upload_timestamp": "2026-02-07T07:23:08.167529", "moddate": "2020-08-05T15:26:11-05:00", "total_pages": 1055, "uploaded_via": "batch_uploader", "title": "Principles of Accounting, Volume 1: Financial Accounting", "file_name": "FinancialAccounting-OP.pdf", "file_type": ".pdf", "producer": "Prince 11 (www.princexml.com)"} |
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] | current month, June.
Assume that as part of your summer job with Cheesy Chuck’s, the owner—you guessed it, Chuck—has asked
you to take over for a former employee who graduated college and will be taking an accounting job in New
York City. In addition to your duties involving making and selling popcorn at Cheesy Chuck’s, part of your
responsibility will be doing the accounting for the business. The owner, Chuck, heard that you are studying
accounting and could really use the help, because he spends most of his time developing new popcorn flavors.
The former employee has done a nice job of keeping track of the accounting records, so you can focus on your
first task of creating the June financial statements, which Chuck is eager to see. Figure 2.6 shows the financial
information (as of June 30) for Cheesy Chuck’s.
Figure 2.6
Trial Balance for Cheesy Chuck’s Classic Corn. Accountants record and summarize accounting | {"producer": "Prince 11 (www.princexml.com)", "source_file": "downloads\\business\\accounting\\FinancialAccounting-OP.pdf", "file_hash": "89738e550d63820fbb3a833d14ab04029664bcb14dc631bb8a45f0af74d2d6b9", "total_pages": 1055, "upload_timestamp": "2026-02-07T07:23:08.167529", "moddate": "2020-08-05T15:26:11-05:00", "file_type": ".pdf", "batch_upload": true, "uploaded_via": "batch_uploader", "file_size_mb": 156.7, "file_name": "FinancialAccounting-OP.pdf", "source": "downloads\\business\\accounting\\FinancialAccounting-OP.pdf", "creationdate": "2019-04-24T10:32:54-05:00", "creator": "DocBook XSL Stylesheets V1.79.1", "title": "Principles of Accounting, Volume 1: Financial Accounting"} |
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] | information (as of June 30) for Cheesy Chuck’s.
Figure 2.6
Trial Balance for Cheesy Chuck’s Classic Corn. Accountants record and summarize accounting
information into accounts, which help to track, summarize, and prepare accounting information. This table is a
variation of what accountants call a “trial balance.” A trial balance is a summary of accounts and aids
accountants in creating financial statements. (attribution: Copyright Rice University, OpenStax, under CC BY-
NC-SA 4.0 license)
84
Chapter 2 Introduction to Financial Statements
We should note that we are oversimplifying some of the things in this example. First, the amounts in the
accounting records were given. We did not explain how the amounts would be derived. This process is
explained starting in Analyzing and Recording Transactions. Second, we are ignoring the timing of certain cash
flows such as hiring, purchases, and other startup costs. In reality, businesses must invest cash to prepare the | {"uploaded_via": "batch_uploader", "file_hash": "89738e550d63820fbb3a833d14ab04029664bcb14dc631bb8a45f0af74d2d6b9", "total_pages": 1055, "batch_upload": true, "file_size_mb": 156.7, "source_file": "downloads\\business\\accounting\\FinancialAccounting-OP.pdf", "file_name": "FinancialAccounting-OP.pdf", "upload_timestamp": "2026-02-07T07:23:08.167529", "creator": "DocBook XSL Stylesheets V1.79.1", "file_type": ".pdf", "title": "Principles of Accounting, Volume 1: Financial Accounting", "producer": "Prince 11 (www.princexml.com)", "creationdate": "2019-04-24T10:32:54-05:00", "source": "downloads\\business\\accounting\\FinancialAccounting-OP.pdf", "moddate": "2020-08-05T15:26:11-05:00"} |
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store, train employees, and obtain the equipment and inventory necessary to open. These costs will precede
the selling of goods and services. In the example to follow, for instance, we use Lease payments of $24,000,
which represents lease payments for the building ($20,000) and equipment ($4,000). In practice, when
companies lease items, the accountants must determine, based on accounting rules, whether or not the
business “owns” the item. If it is determined the business “owns” the building or equipment, the item is listed
on the balance sheet at the original cost. Accountants also take into account the building or equipment’s value
when the item is worn out. The difference in these two values (the original cost and the ending value) will be
allocated over a relevant period of time. As an example, assume a business purchased equipment for $18,000 | {"batch_upload": true, "uploaded_via": "batch_uploader", "file_size_mb": 156.7, "creator": "DocBook XSL Stylesheets V1.79.1", "moddate": "2020-08-05T15:26:11-05:00", "upload_timestamp": "2026-02-07T07:23:08.167529", "source": "downloads\\business\\accounting\\FinancialAccounting-OP.pdf", "source_file": "downloads\\business\\accounting\\FinancialAccounting-OP.pdf", "creationdate": "2019-04-24T10:32:54-05:00", "producer": "Prince 11 (www.princexml.com)", "file_type": ".pdf", "file_hash": "89738e550d63820fbb3a833d14ab04029664bcb14dc631bb8a45f0af74d2d6b9", "title": "Principles of Accounting, Volume 1: Financial Accounting", "file_name": "FinancialAccounting-OP.pdf", "total_pages": 1055} |
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] | allocated over a relevant period of time. As an example, assume a business purchased equipment for $18,000
and the equipment will be worth $2,000 after four years, giving an estimated decline in value (due to usage) of
$16,000 ($18,000 − $2,000). The business will allocate $4,000 of the equipment cost over each of the four years
($18,000 minus $2,000 over four years). This is called depreciation and is one of the topics that is covered in
Long-Term Assets.
Also, the Equipment with a value of $12,500 in the financial information provided was purchased at the end of
the first accounting period. It is an asset that will be depreciated in the future, but no depreciation expense is
allocated in our example.
Income Statement
Let’s prepare the income statement so we can inform how Cheesy Chuck’s performed for the month of June
(remember, an income statement is for a period of time). Our first step is to determine the value of goods and | {"file_hash": "89738e550d63820fbb3a833d14ab04029664bcb14dc631bb8a45f0af74d2d6b9", "moddate": "2020-08-05T15:26:11-05:00", "source": "downloads\\business\\accounting\\FinancialAccounting-OP.pdf", "upload_timestamp": "2026-02-07T07:23:08.167529", "batch_upload": true, "file_name": "FinancialAccounting-OP.pdf", "creationdate": "2019-04-24T10:32:54-05:00", "creator": "DocBook XSL Stylesheets V1.79.1", "uploaded_via": "batch_uploader", "file_type": ".pdf", "total_pages": 1055, "file_size_mb": 156.7, "source_file": "downloads\\business\\accounting\\FinancialAccounting-OP.pdf", "title": "Principles of Accounting, Volume 1: Financial Accounting", "producer": "Prince 11 (www.princexml.com)"} |
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] | (remember, an income statement is for a period of time). Our first step is to determine the value of goods and
services that the organization sold or provided for a given period of time. These are the inflows to the
business, and because the inflows relate to the primary purpose of the business (making and selling popcorn),
we classify those items as Revenues, Sales, or Fees Earned. For this example, we use Revenue. The revenue for
Cheesy Chuck’s for the month of June is $85,000.
Next, we need to show the total expenses for Cheesy Chuck’s. Because Cheesy Chuck’s tracks different types
of expenses, we need to add the amounts to calculate total expenses. If you added correctly, you get total
expenses for the month of June of $79,200. The final step to create the income statement is to determine the
amount of net income or net loss for Cheesy Chuck’s. Since revenues ($85,000) are greater than expenses
($79,200), Cheesy Chuck’s has a net income of $5,800 for the month of June. | {"producer": "Prince 11 (www.princexml.com)", "creationdate": "2019-04-24T10:32:54-05:00", "source_file": "downloads\\business\\accounting\\FinancialAccounting-OP.pdf", "batch_upload": true, "file_name": "FinancialAccounting-OP.pdf", "file_type": ".pdf", "title": "Principles of Accounting, Volume 1: Financial Accounting", "creator": "DocBook XSL Stylesheets V1.79.1", "moddate": "2020-08-05T15:26:11-05:00", "source": "downloads\\business\\accounting\\FinancialAccounting-OP.pdf", "total_pages": 1055, "file_size_mb": 156.7, "uploaded_via": "batch_uploader", "file_hash": "89738e550d63820fbb3a833d14ab04029664bcb14dc631bb8a45f0af74d2d6b9", "upload_timestamp": "2026-02-07T07:23:08.167529"} |
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] | amount of net income or net loss for Cheesy Chuck’s. Since revenues ($85,000) are greater than expenses
($79,200), Cheesy Chuck’s has a net income of $5,800 for the month of June.
Figure 2.7 displays the June income statement for Cheesy Chuck’s Classic Corn.
This OpenStax book is available for free at http://cnx.org/content/col25448/1.4
Chapter 2 Introduction to Financial Statements
85
Figure 2.7
Income Statement for Cheesy Chuck’s Classic Corn. The income statement for Cheesy Chuck’s
shows the business had Net Income of $5,800 for the month ended June 30. This amount will be used to
prepare the next financial statement, the statement of owner’s equity. (attribution: Copyright Rice University,
OpenStax, under CC BY-NC-SA 4.0 license)
Financial statements are created using numerous standard conventions or practices. The standard
conventions provide consistency and help assure financial statement users the information is presented in a | {"file_name": "FinancialAccounting-OP.pdf", "file_type": ".pdf", "uploaded_via": "batch_uploader", "moddate": "2020-08-05T15:26:11-05:00", "source_file": "downloads\\business\\accounting\\FinancialAccounting-OP.pdf", "creator": "DocBook XSL Stylesheets V1.79.1", "producer": "Prince 11 (www.princexml.com)", "file_hash": "89738e550d63820fbb3a833d14ab04029664bcb14dc631bb8a45f0af74d2d6b9", "source": "downloads\\business\\accounting\\FinancialAccounting-OP.pdf", "creationdate": "2019-04-24T10:32:54-05:00", "total_pages": 1055, "batch_upload": true, "title": "Principles of Accounting, Volume 1: Financial Accounting", "file_size_mb": 156.7, "upload_timestamp": "2026-02-07T07:23:08.167529"} |
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] | conventions provide consistency and help assure financial statement users the information is presented in a
similar manner, regardless of the organization issuing the financial statement. Let’s look at the standard
conventions shown in the Cheesy Chuck’s income statement:
• The heading of the income statement includes three lines.
◦ The first line lists the business name.
◦ The middle line indicates the financial statement that is being presented.
◦ The last line indicates the time frame of the financial statement. Do not forget the income statement
is for a period of time (the month of June in our example).
• There are three columns.
◦ Going from left to right, the first column is the category heading or account.
◦ The second column is used when there are numerous accounts in a particular category (Expenses, in
our example).
◦ The third column is a total column. In this illustration, it is the column where subtotals are listed and | {"upload_timestamp": "2026-02-07T07:23:08.167529", "file_hash": "89738e550d63820fbb3a833d14ab04029664bcb14dc631bb8a45f0af74d2d6b9", "file_size_mb": 156.7, "uploaded_via": "batch_uploader", "producer": "Prince 11 (www.princexml.com)", "source_file": "downloads\\business\\accounting\\FinancialAccounting-OP.pdf", "file_name": "FinancialAccounting-OP.pdf", "batch_upload": true, "source": "downloads\\business\\accounting\\FinancialAccounting-OP.pdf", "creationdate": "2019-04-24T10:32:54-05:00", "file_type": ".pdf", "moddate": "2020-08-05T15:26:11-05:00", "title": "Principles of Accounting, Volume 1: Financial Accounting", "total_pages": 1055, "creator": "DocBook XSL Stylesheets V1.79.1"} |
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0.03573724627494812,
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] | our example).
◦ The third column is a total column. In this illustration, it is the column where subtotals are listed and
net income is determined (subtracting Expenses from Revenues).
• Subtotals are indicated by a single underline, while totals are indicated by a double underline. Notice the
amount of Miscellaneous Expense ($300) is formatted with a single underline to indicate that a subtotal
will follow. Similarly, the amount of “Net Income” ($5,800) is formatted with a double underline to
indicate that it is the final value/total of the financial statement.
• There are no gains or losses for Cheesy Chuck’s. Gains and losses are not unusual transactions for
businesses, but gains and losses may be infrequent for some, especially small, businesses.
86
Chapter 2 Introduction to Financial Statements
C O N C E P T S I N P R A C T I C E
McDonald’s | {"file_hash": "89738e550d63820fbb3a833d14ab04029664bcb14dc631bb8a45f0af74d2d6b9", "batch_upload": true, "file_type": ".pdf", "creator": "DocBook XSL Stylesheets V1.79.1", "creationdate": "2019-04-24T10:32:54-05:00", "moddate": "2020-08-05T15:26:11-05:00", "total_pages": 1055, "file_name": "FinancialAccounting-OP.pdf", "uploaded_via": "batch_uploader", "source_file": "downloads\\business\\accounting\\FinancialAccounting-OP.pdf", "title": "Principles of Accounting, Volume 1: Financial Accounting", "source": "downloads\\business\\accounting\\FinancialAccounting-OP.pdf", "upload_timestamp": "2026-02-07T07:23:08.167529", "producer": "Prince 11 (www.princexml.com)", "file_size_mb": 156.7} |
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] | businesses, but gains and losses may be infrequent for some, especially small, businesses.
86
Chapter 2 Introduction to Financial Statements
C O N C E P T S I N P R A C T I C E
McDonald’s
For the year ended December 31, 2016, McDonald’s had sales of $24.6 billion.[11] The amount of sales is
often used by the business as the starting point for planning the next year. No doubt, there are a lot of
people involved in the planning for a business the size of McDonald’s. Two key people at McDonald’s are
the purchasing manager and the sales manager (although they might have different titles). Let’s look at
how McDonald’s 2016 sales amount might be used by each of these individuals. In each case, do not
forget that McDonald’s is a global company.
A purchasing manager at McDonald’s, for example, is responsible for finding suppliers, negotiating
costs, arranging for delivery, and many other functions necessary to have the ingredients ready for the | {"source_file": "downloads\\business\\accounting\\FinancialAccounting-OP.pdf", "file_size_mb": 156.7, "creator": "DocBook XSL Stylesheets V1.79.1", "producer": "Prince 11 (www.princexml.com)", "creationdate": "2019-04-24T10:32:54-05:00", "batch_upload": true, "source": "downloads\\business\\accounting\\FinancialAccounting-OP.pdf", "upload_timestamp": "2026-02-07T07:23:08.167529", "total_pages": 1055, "file_type": ".pdf", "title": "Principles of Accounting, Volume 1: Financial Accounting", "file_name": "FinancialAccounting-OP.pdf", "uploaded_via": "batch_uploader", "moddate": "2020-08-05T15:26:11-05:00", "file_hash": "89738e550d63820fbb3a833d14ab04029664bcb14dc631bb8a45f0af74d2d6b9"} |
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] | costs, arranging for delivery, and many other functions necessary to have the ingredients ready for the
stores to prepare the food for their customers. Expecting that McDonald’s will have over $24 billion of
sales during 2017, how many eggs do you think the purchasing manager at McDonald’s would need to
purchase for the year? According to the McDonald’s website, the company uses over two billion eggs a
year.[12] Take a moment to list the details that would have to be coordinated in order to purchase and
deliver over two billion eggs to the many McDonald’s restaurants around the world.
A sales manager is responsible for establishing and attaining sales goals within the company. Assume
that McDonald’s 2017 sales are expected to exceed the amount of sales in 2016. What conclusions would
you make based on this information? What do you think might be influencing these amounts? What | {"producer": "Prince 11 (www.princexml.com)", "file_name": "FinancialAccounting-OP.pdf", "batch_upload": true, "uploaded_via": "batch_uploader", "total_pages": 1055, "upload_timestamp": "2026-02-07T07:23:08.167529", "source_file": "downloads\\business\\accounting\\FinancialAccounting-OP.pdf", "title": "Principles of Accounting, Volume 1: Financial Accounting", "creator": "DocBook XSL Stylesheets V1.79.1", "source": "downloads\\business\\accounting\\FinancialAccounting-OP.pdf", "file_size_mb": 156.7, "file_hash": "89738e550d63820fbb3a833d14ab04029664bcb14dc631bb8a45f0af74d2d6b9", "moddate": "2020-08-05T15:26:11-05:00", "creationdate": "2019-04-24T10:32:54-05:00", "file_type": ".pdf"} |
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] | that McDonald’s 2017 sales are expected to exceed the amount of sales in 2016. What conclusions would
you make based on this information? What do you think might be influencing these amounts? What
factors do you think would be important to the sales manager in deciding what action, if any, to take?
Now assume that McDonald’s 2017 sales are expected to be below the 2016 sales level. What conclusions
would you make based on this information? What do you think might be influencing these amounts?
What factors do you think would be important to the sales manager in deciding what action, if any, to
take?
Statement of Owner’s Equity
Let’s create the statement of owner’s equity for Cheesy Chuck’s for the month of June. Since Cheesy Chuck’s is
a brand-new business, there is no beginning balance of Owner’s Equity. The first items to account for are the
increases in value/equity, which are investments by owners and net income. As you look at the accounting | {"file_size_mb": 156.7, "title": "Principles of Accounting, Volume 1: Financial Accounting", "file_type": ".pdf", "total_pages": 1055, "source": "downloads\\business\\accounting\\FinancialAccounting-OP.pdf", "moddate": "2020-08-05T15:26:11-05:00", "source_file": "downloads\\business\\accounting\\FinancialAccounting-OP.pdf", "file_name": "FinancialAccounting-OP.pdf", "uploaded_via": "batch_uploader", "file_hash": "89738e550d63820fbb3a833d14ab04029664bcb14dc631bb8a45f0af74d2d6b9", "batch_upload": true, "creationdate": "2019-04-24T10:32:54-05:00", "upload_timestamp": "2026-02-07T07:23:08.167529", "producer": "Prince 11 (www.princexml.com)", "creator": "DocBook XSL Stylesheets V1.79.1"} |
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] | increases in value/equity, which are investments by owners and net income. As you look at the accounting
information you were provided, you recognize the amount invested by the owner, Chuck, was $12,500. Next,
we account for the increase in value as a result of net income, which was determined in the income statement
to be $5,800. Next, we determine if there were any activities that decreased the value of the business. More
specifically, we are accounting for the value of distributions to the owners and net loss, if any.
It is important to note that an organization will have either net income or net loss for the period, but not both.
Also, small businesses in particular may have periods where there are no investments by, or distributions to,
the owner(s). For the month of June, Chuck withdrew $1,450 from the business. This is a good time to recall the | {"title": "Principles of Accounting, Volume 1: Financial Accounting", "file_size_mb": 156.7, "batch_upload": true, "moddate": "2020-08-05T15:26:11-05:00", "source": "downloads\\business\\accounting\\FinancialAccounting-OP.pdf", "source_file": "downloads\\business\\accounting\\FinancialAccounting-OP.pdf", "file_hash": "89738e550d63820fbb3a833d14ab04029664bcb14dc631bb8a45f0af74d2d6b9", "producer": "Prince 11 (www.princexml.com)", "file_type": ".pdf", "total_pages": 1055, "file_name": "FinancialAccounting-OP.pdf", "uploaded_via": "batch_uploader", "upload_timestamp": "2026-02-07T07:23:08.167529", "creator": "DocBook XSL Stylesheets V1.79.1", "creationdate": "2019-04-24T10:32:54-05:00"} |
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] | the owner(s). For the month of June, Chuck withdrew $1,450 from the business. This is a good time to recall the
11 McDonald’s Corporation. U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission 10-K Filing. March 1, 2017. http://d18rn0p25nwr6d.cloudfront.net/
CIK-0000063908/62200c2b-da82-4364-be92-79ed454e3b88.pdf
12 McDonald’s. “Our Food. Your Questions. Breakfast.” n.d. https://www.mcdonalds.com/us/en-us/about-our-food/our-food-your-questions/
breakfast.html
This OpenStax book is available for free at http://cnx.org/content/col25448/1.4
Chapter 2 Introduction to Financial Statements
87
terminology used by accountants based on the legal structure of the particular business. Since the account
was titled “Drawings by Owner” and because Chuck is the only owner, we can assume this is a sole
proprietorship. If the business was structured as a corporation, this activity would be called something like
“Dividends Paid to Owners.” | {"title": "Principles of Accounting, Volume 1: Financial Accounting", "file_type": ".pdf", "upload_timestamp": "2026-02-07T07:23:08.167529", "file_name": "FinancialAccounting-OP.pdf", "moddate": "2020-08-05T15:26:11-05:00", "creator": "DocBook XSL Stylesheets V1.79.1", "total_pages": 1055, "uploaded_via": "batch_uploader", "producer": "Prince 11 (www.princexml.com)", "creationdate": "2019-04-24T10:32:54-05:00", "file_hash": "89738e550d63820fbb3a833d14ab04029664bcb14dc631bb8a45f0af74d2d6b9", "file_size_mb": 156.7, "batch_upload": true, "source": "downloads\\business\\accounting\\FinancialAccounting-OP.pdf", "source_file": "downloads\\business\\accounting\\FinancialAccounting-OP.pdf"} |
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] | proprietorship. If the business was structured as a corporation, this activity would be called something like
“Dividends Paid to Owners.”
At this stage, remember that since we are working with a sole proprietorship to help simplify the examples, we
have addressed the owner’s value in the firm as capital or owner’s equity. However, later we switch the
structure of the business to a corporation, and instead of owner’s equity, we begin using such account titles as
common stock and retained earnings to represent the owner’s interests. The corporate treatment is more
complicated, because corporations may have a few owners up to potentially thousands of owners
(stockholders). The details of accounting for the interests of corporations are covered in Corporation
Accounting.
So how much did the value of Cheesy Chuck’s change during the month of June? You are correct if you
answered $16,850. Since this is a brand-new store, the beginning value of the business is zero. During the | {"batch_upload": true, "upload_timestamp": "2026-02-07T07:23:08.167529", "producer": "Prince 11 (www.princexml.com)", "file_type": ".pdf", "creator": "DocBook XSL Stylesheets V1.79.1", "file_size_mb": 156.7, "title": "Principles of Accounting, Volume 1: Financial Accounting", "uploaded_via": "batch_uploader", "source_file": "downloads\\business\\accounting\\FinancialAccounting-OP.pdf", "total_pages": 1055, "file_hash": "89738e550d63820fbb3a833d14ab04029664bcb14dc631bb8a45f0af74d2d6b9", "moddate": "2020-08-05T15:26:11-05:00", "creationdate": "2019-04-24T10:32:54-05:00", "file_name": "FinancialAccounting-OP.pdf", "source": "downloads\\business\\accounting\\FinancialAccounting-OP.pdf"} |
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] | answered $16,850. Since this is a brand-new store, the beginning value of the business is zero. During the
month, the owner invested $12,500 and the business had profitable operations (net income) of $5,800. Also,
during the month the owner withdrew $1,450, resulting in a net change (and ending balance) to owner’s
equity of $16,850. Shown in a formula:
Beginning Balance + Investments by Owners ± Net Income (Net Loss) – Distributions, or
Figure 2.8 shows what the statement of owner’s equity for Cheesy Chuck’s Classic Corn would look like.
$0 + $12,500 + $5,800 – $1,450 = $16,850
Figure 2.8
Statement of Owner’s Equity for Cheesy Chuck’s Classic Corn. The statement of owner’s equity
demonstrates how the net worth (also called equity) of the business changed over the period of time (the
month of June in this case). Notice the amount of net income (or net loss) is brought from the income | {"source": "downloads\\business\\accounting\\FinancialAccounting-OP.pdf", "file_type": ".pdf", "file_name": "FinancialAccounting-OP.pdf", "total_pages": 1055, "source_file": "downloads\\business\\accounting\\FinancialAccounting-OP.pdf", "upload_timestamp": "2026-02-07T07:23:08.167529", "file_size_mb": 156.7, "moddate": "2020-08-05T15:26:11-05:00", "title": "Principles of Accounting, Volume 1: Financial Accounting", "creationdate": "2019-04-24T10:32:54-05:00", "creator": "DocBook XSL Stylesheets V1.79.1", "file_hash": "89738e550d63820fbb3a833d14ab04029664bcb14dc631bb8a45f0af74d2d6b9", "batch_upload": true, "producer": "Prince 11 (www.princexml.com)", "uploaded_via": "batch_uploader"} |
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] | month of June in this case). Notice the amount of net income (or net loss) is brought from the income
statement. In a similar manner, the ending equity balance (Capital for Cheesy Chuck’s because it is a sole
proprietorship) is carried forward to the balance sheet. (attribution: Copyright Rice University, OpenStax,
under CC BY-NC-SA 4.0 license)
Notice the following about the statement of owner’s equity for Cheesy Chuck’s:
• The format is similar to the format of the income statement (three lines for the heading, three columns).
• The statement follows a chronological order, starting with the first day of the month, accounting for the
88
Chapter 2 Introduction to Financial Statements
changes that occurred throughout the month, and ending with the final day of the month.
The statement uses the final number from the financial statement previously completed. In this case, the
statement of owner’s equity uses the net income (or net loss) amount from the income statement (Net | {"title": "Principles of Accounting, Volume 1: Financial Accounting", "creationdate": "2019-04-24T10:32:54-05:00", "file_size_mb": 156.7, "uploaded_via": "batch_uploader", "upload_timestamp": "2026-02-07T07:23:08.167529", "batch_upload": true, "source_file": "downloads\\business\\accounting\\FinancialAccounting-OP.pdf", "moddate": "2020-08-05T15:26:11-05:00", "creator": "DocBook XSL Stylesheets V1.79.1", "producer": "Prince 11 (www.princexml.com)", "total_pages": 1055, "source": "downloads\\business\\accounting\\FinancialAccounting-OP.pdf", "file_type": ".pdf", "file_name": "FinancialAccounting-OP.pdf", "file_hash": "89738e550d63820fbb3a833d14ab04029664bcb14dc631bb8a45f0af74d2d6b9"} |
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] | statement of owner’s equity uses the net income (or net loss) amount from the income statement (Net
Income, $5,800).
Balance Sheet
Let’s create a balance sheet for Cheesy Chuck’s for June 30. To begin, we look at the accounting records and
determine what assets the business owns and the value of each. Cheesy Chuck’s has two assets: Cash ($6,200)
and Equipment ($12,500). Adding the amount of assets gives a total asset value of $18,700. As discussed
previously, the equipment that was recently purchased will be depreciated in the future, beginning with the
next accounting period.
Next, we determine the amount of money that Cheesy Chuck’s owes (liabilities). There are also two liabilities
for Cheesy Chuck’s. The first account listed in the records is Accounts Payable for $650. Accounts Payable is the
amount that Cheesy Chuck’s must pay in the future to vendors (also called suppliers) for the ingredients to | {"title": "Principles of Accounting, Volume 1: Financial Accounting", "uploaded_via": "batch_uploader", "creator": "DocBook XSL Stylesheets V1.79.1", "upload_timestamp": "2026-02-07T07:23:08.167529", "moddate": "2020-08-05T15:26:11-05:00", "file_type": ".pdf", "file_name": "FinancialAccounting-OP.pdf", "batch_upload": true, "source": "downloads\\business\\accounting\\FinancialAccounting-OP.pdf", "file_size_mb": 156.7, "creationdate": "2019-04-24T10:32:54-05:00", "total_pages": 1055, "producer": "Prince 11 (www.princexml.com)", "source_file": "downloads\\business\\accounting\\FinancialAccounting-OP.pdf", "file_hash": "89738e550d63820fbb3a833d14ab04029664bcb14dc631bb8a45f0af74d2d6b9"} |
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] | amount that Cheesy Chuck’s must pay in the future to vendors (also called suppliers) for the ingredients to
make the gourmet popcorn. The other liability is Wages Payable for $1,200. This is the amount that Cheesy
Chuck’s must pay in the future to employees for work that has been performed. Adding the two amounts
gives us total liabilities of $1,850. (Here’s a hint as you develop your understanding of accounting: Liabilities
often include the word “payable.” So, when you see “payable” in the account title, know these are amounts
owed in the future—liabilities.)
Finally, we determine the amount of equity the owner, Cheesy Chuck, has in the business. The amount of
owner’s equity was determined on the statement of owner’s equity in the previous step ($16,850). Can you
think of another way to confirm the amount of owner’s equity? Recall that equity is also called net assets | {"creator": "DocBook XSL Stylesheets V1.79.1", "title": "Principles of Accounting, Volume 1: Financial Accounting", "file_hash": "89738e550d63820fbb3a833d14ab04029664bcb14dc631bb8a45f0af74d2d6b9", "uploaded_via": "batch_uploader", "file_name": "FinancialAccounting-OP.pdf", "total_pages": 1055, "upload_timestamp": "2026-02-07T07:23:08.167529", "file_type": ".pdf", "creationdate": "2019-04-24T10:32:54-05:00", "moddate": "2020-08-05T15:26:11-05:00", "source_file": "downloads\\business\\accounting\\FinancialAccounting-OP.pdf", "file_size_mb": 156.7, "source": "downloads\\business\\accounting\\FinancialAccounting-OP.pdf", "producer": "Prince 11 (www.princexml.com)", "batch_upload": true} |
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] | think of another way to confirm the amount of owner’s equity? Recall that equity is also called net assets
(assets minus liabilities). If you take the total assets of Cheesy Chuck’s of $18,700 and subtract the total
liabilities of $1,850, you get owner’s equity of $16,850. Using the basic accounting equation, the balance sheet
for Cheesy Chuck’s as of June 30 is shown in Figure 2.9.
Figure 2.9
Balance Sheet for Cheesy Chuck’s Classic Corn. The balance sheet shows what the business owns
(Assets), owes (Liabilities), and is worth (equity) on a given date. Notice the amount of Owner’s Equity (Capital
for Cheesy Chuck’s) was brought forward from the statement of owner’s equity. (attribution: Copyright Rice
University, OpenStax, under CC BY-NC-SA 4.0 license)
Connecting the Income Statement and the Balance Sheet
Another way to think of the connection between the income statement and balance sheet (which is aided by | {"title": "Principles of Accounting, Volume 1: Financial Accounting", "batch_upload": true, "file_type": ".pdf", "source": "downloads\\business\\accounting\\FinancialAccounting-OP.pdf", "file_hash": "89738e550d63820fbb3a833d14ab04029664bcb14dc631bb8a45f0af74d2d6b9", "source_file": "downloads\\business\\accounting\\FinancialAccounting-OP.pdf", "creator": "DocBook XSL Stylesheets V1.79.1", "moddate": "2020-08-05T15:26:11-05:00", "file_name": "FinancialAccounting-OP.pdf", "upload_timestamp": "2026-02-07T07:23:08.167529", "file_size_mb": 156.7, "uploaded_via": "batch_uploader", "producer": "Prince 11 (www.princexml.com)", "total_pages": 1055, "creationdate": "2019-04-24T10:32:54-05:00"} |
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] | Connecting the Income Statement and the Balance Sheet
Another way to think of the connection between the income statement and balance sheet (which is aided by
This OpenStax book is available for free at http://cnx.org/content/col25448/1.4
Chapter 2 Introduction to Financial Statements
89
the statement of owner’s equity) is by using a sports analogy. The income statement summarizes the financial
performance of the business for a given period of time. The income statement reports how the business
performed financially each month—the firm earned either net income or net loss. This is similar to the
outcome of a particular game—the team either won or lost.
The balance sheet summarizes the financial position of the business on a given date. Meaning, because of the
financial performance over the past twelve months, for example, this is the financial position of the business as | {"file_size_mb": 156.7, "file_hash": "89738e550d63820fbb3a833d14ab04029664bcb14dc631bb8a45f0af74d2d6b9", "file_name": "FinancialAccounting-OP.pdf", "producer": "Prince 11 (www.princexml.com)", "batch_upload": true, "title": "Principles of Accounting, Volume 1: Financial Accounting", "file_type": ".pdf", "source_file": "downloads\\business\\accounting\\FinancialAccounting-OP.pdf", "source": "downloads\\business\\accounting\\FinancialAccounting-OP.pdf", "creator": "DocBook XSL Stylesheets V1.79.1", "upload_timestamp": "2026-02-07T07:23:08.167529", "creationdate": "2019-04-24T10:32:54-05:00", "moddate": "2020-08-05T15:26:11-05:00", "total_pages": 1055, "uploaded_via": "batch_uploader"} |
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] | financial performance over the past twelve months, for example, this is the financial position of the business as
of December 31. Think of the balance sheet as being similar to a team’s overall win/loss record—to a certain
extent a team’s strength can be perceived by its win/loss record.
However, because different companies have different sizes, you do not necessarily want to compare the
balance sheets of two different companies. For example, you would not want to compare a local retail store
with Walmart. In most cases you want to compare a company with its past balance sheet information.
Statement of Cash Flows
In Describe the Income Statement, Statement of Owner’s Equity, Balance Sheet, and Statement of Cash Flows,
and How They Interrelate, we discussed the function of and the basic characteristics of the statement of cash
flows. This fourth and final financial statement lists the cash inflows and cash outflows for the business for a | {"total_pages": 1055, "file_name": "FinancialAccounting-OP.pdf", "source_file": "downloads\\business\\accounting\\FinancialAccounting-OP.pdf", "source": "downloads\\business\\accounting\\FinancialAccounting-OP.pdf", "title": "Principles of Accounting, Volume 1: Financial Accounting", "creationdate": "2019-04-24T10:32:54-05:00", "batch_upload": true, "file_type": ".pdf", "producer": "Prince 11 (www.princexml.com)", "uploaded_via": "batch_uploader", "moddate": "2020-08-05T15:26:11-05:00", "creator": "DocBook XSL Stylesheets V1.79.1", "file_size_mb": 156.7, "upload_timestamp": "2026-02-07T07:23:08.167529", "file_hash": "89738e550d63820fbb3a833d14ab04029664bcb14dc631bb8a45f0af74d2d6b9"} |
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] | flows. This fourth and final financial statement lists the cash inflows and cash outflows for the business for a
period of time. It was created to fill in some informational gaps that existed in the other three statements
(income statement, owner’s equity/retained earnings statement, and the balance sheet). A full demonstration
of the creation of the statement of cash flows is presented in Statement of Cash Flows.
Creating Financial Statements: A Summary
In this example using a fictitious company, Cheesy Chuck’s, we began with the account balances and
demonstrated how to prepare the financial statements for the month of June, the first month of operations for
the business. It will be helpful to revisit the process by summarizing the information we started with and how
that information was used to create the four financial statements: income statement, statement of owner’s
equity, balance sheet, and statement of cash flows. | {"total_pages": 1055, "creationdate": "2019-04-24T10:32:54-05:00", "source": "downloads\\business\\accounting\\FinancialAccounting-OP.pdf", "upload_timestamp": "2026-02-07T07:23:08.167529", "uploaded_via": "batch_uploader", "batch_upload": true, "producer": "Prince 11 (www.princexml.com)", "title": "Principles of Accounting, Volume 1: Financial Accounting", "file_type": ".pdf", "moddate": "2020-08-05T15:26:11-05:00", "file_hash": "89738e550d63820fbb3a833d14ab04029664bcb14dc631bb8a45f0af74d2d6b9", "source_file": "downloads\\business\\accounting\\FinancialAccounting-OP.pdf", "file_size_mb": 156.7, "file_name": "FinancialAccounting-OP.pdf", "creator": "DocBook XSL Stylesheets V1.79.1"} |
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] | that information was used to create the four financial statements: income statement, statement of owner’s
equity, balance sheet, and statement of cash flows.
We started with the account balances shown in Figure 2.10.
90
Chapter 2 Introduction to Financial Statements
Figure 2.10
Account Balances for Cheesy Chuck’s Classic Corn. Obtaining the account balances is the
starting point for preparing financial statements. (attribution: Copyright Rice University, OpenStax, under CC
BY-NC-SA 4.0 license)
The next step was to create the income statement, which shows the financial performance of the business. The
income statement is shown in Figure 2.11.
Figure 2.11
Income Statement for Cheesy Chuck’s Classic Corn. The income statement uses information
from the trial balance, which lists the accounts and account totals. The income statement shows the financial
performance of a business for a period of time. The net income or net loss will be carried forward to the | {"upload_timestamp": "2026-02-07T07:23:08.167529", "batch_upload": true, "file_hash": "89738e550d63820fbb3a833d14ab04029664bcb14dc631bb8a45f0af74d2d6b9", "producer": "Prince 11 (www.princexml.com)", "file_type": ".pdf", "creationdate": "2019-04-24T10:32:54-05:00", "moddate": "2020-08-05T15:26:11-05:00", "file_name": "FinancialAccounting-OP.pdf", "total_pages": 1055, "source": "downloads\\business\\accounting\\FinancialAccounting-OP.pdf", "uploaded_via": "batch_uploader", "source_file": "downloads\\business\\accounting\\FinancialAccounting-OP.pdf", "file_size_mb": 156.7, "creator": "DocBook XSL Stylesheets V1.79.1", "title": "Principles of Accounting, Volume 1: Financial Accounting"} |
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] | performance of a business for a period of time. The net income or net loss will be carried forward to the
statement of owner’s equity. (attribution: Copyright Rice University, OpenStax, under CC BY-NC-SA 4.0 license)
Next, we created the statement of owner’s equity, shown in Figure 2.12. The statement of owner’s equity
demonstrates how the equity (or net worth) of the business changed for the month of June. Do not forget that
the Net Income (or Net Loss) is carried forward to the statement of owner’s equity.
This OpenStax book is available for free at http://cnx.org/content/col25448/1.4
Chapter 2 Introduction to Financial Statements
91
Figure 2.12
Statement of Owner’s Equity for Cheesy Chuck’s Classic Corn. The statement of owner’s equity
shows how the net worth/value (or equity) of business changed for the period of time. This statement includes
Net Income (or Net Loss), which was brought forward from the income statement. The ending balance is | {"file_hash": "89738e550d63820fbb3a833d14ab04029664bcb14dc631bb8a45f0af74d2d6b9", "creationdate": "2019-04-24T10:32:54-05:00", "producer": "Prince 11 (www.princexml.com)", "file_size_mb": 156.7, "file_name": "FinancialAccounting-OP.pdf", "creator": "DocBook XSL Stylesheets V1.79.1", "batch_upload": true, "moddate": "2020-08-05T15:26:11-05:00", "source_file": "downloads\\business\\accounting\\FinancialAccounting-OP.pdf", "total_pages": 1055, "uploaded_via": "batch_uploader", "title": "Principles of Accounting, Volume 1: Financial Accounting", "file_type": ".pdf", "upload_timestamp": "2026-02-07T07:23:08.167529", "source": "downloads\\business\\accounting\\FinancialAccounting-OP.pdf"} |
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] | Net Income (or Net Loss), which was brought forward from the income statement. The ending balance is
carried forward to the balance sheet. (attribution: Copyright Rice University, OpenStax, under CC BY-NC-SA 4.0
license)
The third financial statement created is the balance sheet, which shows the company’s financial position on a
given date. Cheesy Chuck’s balance sheet is shown in Figure 2.13.
Figure 2.13
Balance Sheet for Cheesy Chuck’s Classic Corn. The balance sheet shows the assets, liabilities,
and owner’s equity of a business on a given date. Notice the balance sheet is the accounting equation in
financial statement form: Assets = Liabilities + Owner’s Equity. (attribution: Copyright Rice University,
OpenStax, under CC BY-NC-SA 4.0 license)
92
Chapter 2 Introduction to Financial Statements
T H I N K I T T H R O U G H
Financial Statement Analysis
In Why It Matters, we pointed out that accounting information from the financial statements can be | {"file_size_mb": 156.7, "moddate": "2020-08-05T15:26:11-05:00", "file_type": ".pdf", "producer": "Prince 11 (www.princexml.com)", "file_hash": "89738e550d63820fbb3a833d14ab04029664bcb14dc631bb8a45f0af74d2d6b9", "title": "Principles of Accounting, Volume 1: Financial Accounting", "batch_upload": true, "total_pages": 1055, "creationdate": "2019-04-24T10:32:54-05:00", "file_name": "FinancialAccounting-OP.pdf", "source": "downloads\\business\\accounting\\FinancialAccounting-OP.pdf", "source_file": "downloads\\business\\accounting\\FinancialAccounting-OP.pdf", "creator": "DocBook XSL Stylesheets V1.79.1", "upload_timestamp": "2026-02-07T07:23:08.167529", "uploaded_via": "batch_uploader"} |
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] | T H I N K I T T H R O U G H
Financial Statement Analysis
In Why It Matters, we pointed out that accounting information from the financial statements can be
useful to business owners. The financial statements provide feedback to the owners regarding the
financial performance and financial position of the business, helping the owners to make decisions about
the business.
Using the June financial statements, analyze Cheesy Chuck’s and prepare a brief presentation. Consider
this from the perspective of the owner, Chuck. Describe the financial performance of and financial
position of the business. What areas of the business would you want to analyze further to get additional
information? What changes would you consider making to the business, if any, and why or why not?
E T H I C A L C O N S I D E R A T I O N S
Financial Statement Manipulation at Waste Management Inc.
Accountants have an ethical duty to accurately report the financial results of their company and to | {"file_type": ".pdf", "producer": "Prince 11 (www.princexml.com)", "file_size_mb": 156.7, "file_name": "FinancialAccounting-OP.pdf", "creator": "DocBook XSL Stylesheets V1.79.1", "title": "Principles of Accounting, Volume 1: Financial Accounting", "batch_upload": true, "source": "downloads\\business\\accounting\\FinancialAccounting-OP.pdf", "total_pages": 1055, "source_file": "downloads\\business\\accounting\\FinancialAccounting-OP.pdf", "moddate": "2020-08-05T15:26:11-05:00", "creationdate": "2019-04-24T10:32:54-05:00", "upload_timestamp": "2026-02-07T07:23:08.167529", "uploaded_via": "batch_uploader", "file_hash": "89738e550d63820fbb3a833d14ab04029664bcb14dc631bb8a45f0af74d2d6b9"} |
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] | Financial Statement Manipulation at Waste Management Inc.
Accountants have an ethical duty to accurately report the financial results of their company and to
ensure that the company’s annual reports communicate relevant information to stakeholders. If
accountants and company management fail to do so, they may incur heavy penalties.
For example, in 2002 the Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC) charged the top management of
Waste Management, Inc. with inflating profits by $1.7 billion to meet earnings targets in the period
1992–1997. An SEC press release alleged “that defendants fraudulently manipulated the company’s
financial results to meet predetermined earnings targets. . . . They employed a multitude of improper
accounting practices to achieve this objective.”[13] The defendants in the case manipulated reports to
defer or eliminate expenses, which fraudulently inflated their earnings. Because they failed to accurately | {"file_size_mb": 156.7, "uploaded_via": "batch_uploader", "source": "downloads\\business\\accounting\\FinancialAccounting-OP.pdf", "file_hash": "89738e550d63820fbb3a833d14ab04029664bcb14dc631bb8a45f0af74d2d6b9", "total_pages": 1055, "creationdate": "2019-04-24T10:32:54-05:00", "producer": "Prince 11 (www.princexml.com)", "title": "Principles of Accounting, Volume 1: Financial Accounting", "moddate": "2020-08-05T15:26:11-05:00", "file_type": ".pdf", "file_name": "FinancialAccounting-OP.pdf", "creator": "DocBook XSL Stylesheets V1.79.1", "source_file": "downloads\\business\\accounting\\FinancialAccounting-OP.pdf", "upload_timestamp": "2026-02-07T07:23:08.167529", "batch_upload": true} |
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] | report the financial results of their company, the top accountants and management of Waste
Management, Inc. face charges.
Thomas C. Newkirk, the associate director of the SEC’s Division of Enforcement, stated, “For years, these
defendants cooked the books, enriched themselves, preserved their jobs, and duped unsuspecting
shareholders”[14] The defendants, who included members of the company board and executives,
benefited personally from their fraud in the millions of dollars through performance-based bonuses,
charitable giving, and sale of company stock. The company’s accounting form, Arthur Andersen, abetted
the fraud by identifying the improper practices but doing little to stop them. | {"title": "Principles of Accounting, Volume 1: Financial Accounting", "file_name": "FinancialAccounting-OP.pdf", "producer": "Prince 11 (www.princexml.com)", "source_file": "downloads\\business\\accounting\\FinancialAccounting-OP.pdf", "file_size_mb": 156.7, "batch_upload": true, "source": "downloads\\business\\accounting\\FinancialAccounting-OP.pdf", "file_type": ".pdf", "creationdate": "2019-04-24T10:32:54-05:00", "moddate": "2020-08-05T15:26:11-05:00", "creator": "DocBook XSL Stylesheets V1.79.1", "file_hash": "89738e550d63820fbb3a833d14ab04029664bcb14dc631bb8a45f0af74d2d6b9", "upload_timestamp": "2026-02-07T07:23:08.167529", "total_pages": 1055, "uploaded_via": "batch_uploader"} |
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] | charitable giving, and sale of company stock. The company’s accounting form, Arthur Andersen, abetted
the fraud by identifying the improper practices but doing little to stop them.
13 U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission. “Waste Management Founder, Five Other Former Top Officers Sued for Massive Fraud.” March
26, 2002. https://www.sec.gov/news/headlines/wastemgmt6.htm
14 U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission. “Waste Management Founder, Five Other Former Top Officers Sued for Massive Fraud.” March
26, 2002. https://www.sec.gov/news/headlines/wastemgmt6.htm
This OpenStax book is available for free at http://cnx.org/content/col25448/1.4
Chapter 2 Introduction to Financial Statements
93
Liquidity Ratios
In addition to reviewing the financial statements in order to make decisions, owners and other stakeholders
may also utilize financial ratios to assess the financial health of the organization. While a more in-depth | {"total_pages": 1055, "moddate": "2020-08-05T15:26:11-05:00", "file_name": "FinancialAccounting-OP.pdf", "file_hash": "89738e550d63820fbb3a833d14ab04029664bcb14dc631bb8a45f0af74d2d6b9", "title": "Principles of Accounting, Volume 1: Financial Accounting", "creationdate": "2019-04-24T10:32:54-05:00", "file_size_mb": 156.7, "uploaded_via": "batch_uploader", "producer": "Prince 11 (www.princexml.com)", "upload_timestamp": "2026-02-07T07:23:08.167529", "creator": "DocBook XSL Stylesheets V1.79.1", "source_file": "downloads\\business\\accounting\\FinancialAccounting-OP.pdf", "batch_upload": true, "file_type": ".pdf", "source": "downloads\\business\\accounting\\FinancialAccounting-OP.pdf"} |
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] | may also utilize financial ratios to assess the financial health of the organization. While a more in-depth
discussion of financial ratios occurs in Appendix A: Financial Statement Analysis, here we introduce liquidity
ratios, a common, easy, and useful way to analyze the financial statements.
Liquidity refers to the business’s ability to convert assets into cash in order to meet short-term cash needs.
Examples of the most liquid assets include accounts receivable and inventory for merchandising or
manufacturing businesses). The reason these are among the most liquid assets is that these assets will be
turned into cash more quickly than land or buildings, for example. Accounts receivable represents goods or
services that have already been sold and will typically be paid/collected within thirty to forty-five days.
Inventory is less liquid than accounts receivable because the product must first be sold before it generates | {"file_type": ".pdf", "title": "Principles of Accounting, Volume 1: Financial Accounting", "moddate": "2020-08-05T15:26:11-05:00", "source": "downloads\\business\\accounting\\FinancialAccounting-OP.pdf", "producer": "Prince 11 (www.princexml.com)", "creationdate": "2019-04-24T10:32:54-05:00", "file_size_mb": 156.7, "uploaded_via": "batch_uploader", "source_file": "downloads\\business\\accounting\\FinancialAccounting-OP.pdf", "creator": "DocBook XSL Stylesheets V1.79.1", "file_hash": "89738e550d63820fbb3a833d14ab04029664bcb14dc631bb8a45f0af74d2d6b9", "total_pages": 1055, "upload_timestamp": "2026-02-07T07:23:08.167529", "file_name": "FinancialAccounting-OP.pdf", "batch_upload": true} |
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] | Inventory is less liquid than accounts receivable because the product must first be sold before it generates
cash (either through a cash sale or sale on account). Inventory is, however, more liquid than land or buildings
because, under most circumstances, it is easier and quicker for a business to find someone to purchase its
goods than it is to find a buyer for land or buildings.
Working Capital
The starting point for understanding liquidity ratios is to define working capital—current assets minus
current liabilities. Recall that current assets and current liabilities are amounts generally settled in one year or
less. Working capital (current assets minus current liabilities) is used to assess the dollar amount of assets a
business has available to meet its short-term liabilities. A positive working capital amount is desirable and
indicates the business has sufficient current assets to meet short-term obligations (liabilities) and still has | {"file_name": "FinancialAccounting-OP.pdf", "source_file": "downloads\\business\\accounting\\FinancialAccounting-OP.pdf", "file_hash": "89738e550d63820fbb3a833d14ab04029664bcb14dc631bb8a45f0af74d2d6b9", "total_pages": 1055, "batch_upload": true, "file_type": ".pdf", "creator": "DocBook XSL Stylesheets V1.79.1", "uploaded_via": "batch_uploader", "creationdate": "2019-04-24T10:32:54-05:00", "file_size_mb": 156.7, "title": "Principles of Accounting, Volume 1: Financial Accounting", "producer": "Prince 11 (www.princexml.com)", "source": "downloads\\business\\accounting\\FinancialAccounting-OP.pdf", "moddate": "2020-08-05T15:26:11-05:00", "upload_timestamp": "2026-02-07T07:23:08.167529"} |
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] | indicates the business has sufficient current assets to meet short-term obligations (liabilities) and still has
financial flexibility. A negative amount is undesirable and indicates the business should pay particular
attention to the composition of the current assets (that is, how liquid the current assets are) and to the timing
of the current liabilities. It is unlikely that all of the current liabilities will be due at the same time, but the
amount of working capital gives stakeholders of both small and large businesses an indication of the firm’s
ability to meet its short-term obligations.
One limitation of working capital is that it is a dollar amount, which can be misleading because business sizes
vary. Recall from the discussion on materiality that $1,000, for example, is more material to a small business
(like an independent local movie theater) than it is to a large business (like a movie theater chain). Using | {"title": "Principles of Accounting, Volume 1: Financial Accounting", "source": "downloads\\business\\accounting\\FinancialAccounting-OP.pdf", "batch_upload": true, "creationdate": "2019-04-24T10:32:54-05:00", "file_size_mb": 156.7, "uploaded_via": "batch_uploader", "file_name": "FinancialAccounting-OP.pdf", "creator": "DocBook XSL Stylesheets V1.79.1", "producer": "Prince 11 (www.princexml.com)", "total_pages": 1055, "source_file": "downloads\\business\\accounting\\FinancialAccounting-OP.pdf", "moddate": "2020-08-05T15:26:11-05:00", "file_hash": "89738e550d63820fbb3a833d14ab04029664bcb14dc631bb8a45f0af74d2d6b9", "upload_timestamp": "2026-02-07T07:23:08.167529", "file_type": ".pdf"} |
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] | (like an independent local movie theater) than it is to a large business (like a movie theater chain). Using
percentages or ratios allows financial statement users to more easily compare small and large businesses.
Current Ratio
The current ratio is closely related to working capital; it represents the current assets divided by current
liabilities. The current ratio utilizes the same amounts as working capital (current assets and current liabilities)
but presents the amount in ratio, rather than dollar, form. That is, the current ratio is defined as current
assets/current liabilities. The interpretation of the current ratio is similar to working capital. A ratio of greater
than one indicates that the firm has the ability to meet short-term obligations with a buffer, while a ratio of
less than one indicates that the firm should pay close attention to the composition of its current assets as well
as the timing of the current liabilities. | {"file_size_mb": 156.7, "source_file": "downloads\\business\\accounting\\FinancialAccounting-OP.pdf", "total_pages": 1055, "upload_timestamp": "2026-02-07T07:23:08.167529", "file_type": ".pdf", "file_name": "FinancialAccounting-OP.pdf", "producer": "Prince 11 (www.princexml.com)", "creationdate": "2019-04-24T10:32:54-05:00", "batch_upload": true, "title": "Principles of Accounting, Volume 1: Financial Accounting", "moddate": "2020-08-05T15:26:11-05:00", "uploaded_via": "batch_uploader", "creator": "DocBook XSL Stylesheets V1.79.1", "source": "downloads\\business\\accounting\\FinancialAccounting-OP.pdf", "file_hash": "89738e550d63820fbb3a833d14ab04029664bcb14dc631bb8a45f0af74d2d6b9"} |
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] | less than one indicates that the firm should pay close attention to the composition of its current assets as well
as the timing of the current liabilities.
Sample Working Capital and Current Ratio Calculations
Assume that Chuck, the owner of Cheesy Chuck’s, wants to assess the liquidity of the business. Figure 2.14
shows the June 30, 2018, balance sheet. Assume the Equipment listed on the balance sheet is a noncurrent
94
Chapter 2 Introduction to Financial Statements
asset. This is a reasonable assumption as this is the first month of operation and the equipment is expected to
last several years. We also assume the Accounts Payable and Wages Payable will be paid within one year and
are, therefore, classified as current liabilities.
Figure 2.14
Balance Sheet for Cheesy Chuck’s Classic Corn. The balance sheet provides a snapshot of the
company’s financial position. By showing the total assets, total liabilities, and total equity of the business, the | {"source_file": "downloads\\business\\accounting\\FinancialAccounting-OP.pdf", "batch_upload": true, "source": "downloads\\business\\accounting\\FinancialAccounting-OP.pdf", "file_type": ".pdf", "total_pages": 1055, "file_name": "FinancialAccounting-OP.pdf", "upload_timestamp": "2026-02-07T07:23:08.167529", "file_hash": "89738e550d63820fbb3a833d14ab04029664bcb14dc631bb8a45f0af74d2d6b9", "file_size_mb": 156.7, "title": "Principles of Accounting, Volume 1: Financial Accounting", "uploaded_via": "batch_uploader", "moddate": "2020-08-05T15:26:11-05:00", "creationdate": "2019-04-24T10:32:54-05:00", "creator": "DocBook XSL Stylesheets V1.79.1", "producer": "Prince 11 (www.princexml.com)"} |
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] | company’s financial position. By showing the total assets, total liabilities, and total equity of the business, the
balance sheet provides information that is useful for decision-making. In addition, using ratios can give
stakeholders another view of the company, allowing for comparisons to prior periods and to other businesses.
(attribution: Copyright Rice University, OpenStax, under CC BY-NC-SA 4.0 license)
Working capital is calculated as current assets minus current liabilities. Cheesy Chuck’s has only two assets,
and one of the assets, Equipment, is a noncurrent asset, so the value of current assets is the cash amount of
$6,200. The working capital of Cheesy Chuck’s is $6,200 – $1,850 or $4,350. Since this amount is over $0 (it is
well over $0 in this case), Chuck is confident he has nothing to worry about regarding the liquidity of his
business.
Let’s further assume that Chuck, while attending a popcorn conference for store owners, has a conversation | {"file_hash": "89738e550d63820fbb3a833d14ab04029664bcb14dc631bb8a45f0af74d2d6b9", "upload_timestamp": "2026-02-07T07:23:08.167529", "title": "Principles of Accounting, Volume 1: Financial Accounting", "source": "downloads\\business\\accounting\\FinancialAccounting-OP.pdf", "moddate": "2020-08-05T15:26:11-05:00", "source_file": "downloads\\business\\accounting\\FinancialAccounting-OP.pdf", "file_name": "FinancialAccounting-OP.pdf", "file_type": ".pdf", "batch_upload": true, "producer": "Prince 11 (www.princexml.com)", "file_size_mb": 156.7, "total_pages": 1055, "creator": "DocBook XSL Stylesheets V1.79.1", "creationdate": "2019-04-24T10:32:54-05:00", "uploaded_via": "batch_uploader"} |
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] | business.
Let’s further assume that Chuck, while attending a popcorn conference for store owners, has a conversation
with the owner of a much larger popcorn store—Captain Caramel’s. The owner of Captain Caramel’s happens
to share the working capital for his store is $52,500. At first Chuck feels his business is not doing so well. But
then he realizes that Captain Caramel’s is located in a much bigger city (with more customers) and has been
around for many years, which has allowed them to build a solid business, which Chuck aspires to do. How
would Chuck compare the liquidity of his new business, opened just one month, with the liquidity of a larger
and more-established business in another market? The answer is by calculating the current ratio, which
removes the size differences (materiality) of the two businesses.
The current ratio is calculated as current assets/current liabilities. We use the same amounts that we used in | {"batch_upload": true, "title": "Principles of Accounting, Volume 1: Financial Accounting", "source": "downloads\\business\\accounting\\FinancialAccounting-OP.pdf", "file_type": ".pdf", "file_name": "FinancialAccounting-OP.pdf", "file_size_mb": 156.7, "producer": "Prince 11 (www.princexml.com)", "creator": "DocBook XSL Stylesheets V1.79.1", "total_pages": 1055, "uploaded_via": "batch_uploader", "moddate": "2020-08-05T15:26:11-05:00", "file_hash": "89738e550d63820fbb3a833d14ab04029664bcb14dc631bb8a45f0af74d2d6b9", "creationdate": "2019-04-24T10:32:54-05:00", "upload_timestamp": "2026-02-07T07:23:08.167529", "source_file": "downloads\\business\\accounting\\FinancialAccounting-OP.pdf"} |
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] | removes the size differences (materiality) of the two businesses.
The current ratio is calculated as current assets/current liabilities. We use the same amounts that we used in
the working capital calculation, but this time we divide the amounts rather than subtract the amounts. So
Cheesy Chuck’s current ratio is $6,200 (current assets)/$1,850 (current liabilities), or 3.35. This means that for
every dollar of current liabilities, Cheesy Chuck’s has $3.35 of current assets. Chuck is pleased with the ratio
but does not know how this compares to another popcorn store, so he asked his new friend from Captain
Caramel’s. The owner of Captain Caramel’s shares that his store has a current ratio of 4.25. While it is still
better than Cheesy Chuck’s, Chuck is encouraged to learn that his store is performing at a more competitive
level than he previously thought by comparing the dollar amounts of working capital. | {"file_hash": "89738e550d63820fbb3a833d14ab04029664bcb14dc631bb8a45f0af74d2d6b9", "title": "Principles of Accounting, Volume 1: Financial Accounting", "upload_timestamp": "2026-02-07T07:23:08.167529", "source": "downloads\\business\\accounting\\FinancialAccounting-OP.pdf", "batch_upload": true, "file_name": "FinancialAccounting-OP.pdf", "source_file": "downloads\\business\\accounting\\FinancialAccounting-OP.pdf", "moddate": "2020-08-05T15:26:11-05:00", "total_pages": 1055, "creationdate": "2019-04-24T10:32:54-05:00", "file_type": ".pdf", "uploaded_via": "batch_uploader", "producer": "Prince 11 (www.princexml.com)", "file_size_mb": 156.7, "creator": "DocBook XSL Stylesheets V1.79.1"} |
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] | better than Cheesy Chuck’s, Chuck is encouraged to learn that his store is performing at a more competitive
level than he previously thought by comparing the dollar amounts of working capital.
This OpenStax book is available for free at http://cnx.org/content/col25448/1.4
Chapter 2 Introduction to Financial Statements
95
I F R S C O N N E C T I O N
IFRS and US GAAP in Financial Statements
Understanding the elements that make up financial statements, the organization of those elements
within the financial statements, and what information each statement relays is important, whether | {"producer": "Prince 11 (www.princexml.com)", "file_name": "FinancialAccounting-OP.pdf", "moddate": "2020-08-05T15:26:11-05:00", "file_type": ".pdf", "creationdate": "2019-04-24T10:32:54-05:00", "batch_upload": true, "file_hash": "89738e550d63820fbb3a833d14ab04029664bcb14dc631bb8a45f0af74d2d6b9", "total_pages": 1055, "title": "Principles of Accounting, Volume 1: Financial Accounting", "creator": "DocBook XSL Stylesheets V1.79.1", "source": "downloads\\business\\accounting\\FinancialAccounting-OP.pdf", "source_file": "downloads\\business\\accounting\\FinancialAccounting-OP.pdf", "uploaded_via": "batch_uploader", "upload_timestamp": "2026-02-07T07:23:08.167529", "file_size_mb": 156.7} |
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] | Understanding the elements that make up financial statements, the organization of those elements
within the financial statements, and what information each statement relays is important, whether
analyzing the financial statements of a US company or one from Honduras. Since most US companies
apply generally accepted accounting principles (GAAP)[15] as prescribed by the Financial Accounting
Standards Board (FASB), and most international companies apply some version of the International
Financial Reporting Standards (IFRS),[16] knowing how these two sets of accounting standards are similar
or different regarding the elements of the financial statements will facilitate analysis and decision-
making.
Both IFRS and US GAAP have the same elements as components of financial statements: assets,
liabilities, equity, income, and expenses. Equity, income, and expenses have similar subcategorization | {"batch_upload": true, "producer": "Prince 11 (www.princexml.com)", "source": "downloads\\business\\accounting\\FinancialAccounting-OP.pdf", "file_hash": "89738e550d63820fbb3a833d14ab04029664bcb14dc631bb8a45f0af74d2d6b9", "creator": "DocBook XSL Stylesheets V1.79.1", "title": "Principles of Accounting, Volume 1: Financial Accounting", "uploaded_via": "batch_uploader", "file_size_mb": 156.7, "creationdate": "2019-04-24T10:32:54-05:00", "file_type": ".pdf", "moddate": "2020-08-05T15:26:11-05:00", "file_name": "FinancialAccounting-OP.pdf", "upload_timestamp": "2026-02-07T07:23:08.167529", "total_pages": 1055, "source_file": "downloads\\business\\accounting\\FinancialAccounting-OP.pdf"} |
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] | Both IFRS and US GAAP have the same elements as components of financial statements: assets,
liabilities, equity, income, and expenses. Equity, income, and expenses have similar subcategorization
between the two types of GAAP (US GAAP and IFRS) as described. For example, income can be in the
form of earned income (a lawyer providing legal services) or in the form of gains (interest earned on an
investment account). The definition of each of these elements is similar between IFRS and US GAAP, but
there are some differences that can influence the value of the account or the placement of the account
on the financial statements. Many of these differences are discussed in detail later in this course when
that element—for example, the nuances of accounting for liabilities—is discussed. Here is an example to
illustrate how these minor differences in definition can impact placement within the financial statements | {"creationdate": "2019-04-24T10:32:54-05:00", "uploaded_via": "batch_uploader", "file_type": ".pdf", "moddate": "2020-08-05T15:26:11-05:00", "upload_timestamp": "2026-02-07T07:23:08.167529", "batch_upload": true, "source": "downloads\\business\\accounting\\FinancialAccounting-OP.pdf", "source_file": "downloads\\business\\accounting\\FinancialAccounting-OP.pdf", "producer": "Prince 11 (www.princexml.com)", "title": "Principles of Accounting, Volume 1: Financial Accounting", "file_hash": "89738e550d63820fbb3a833d14ab04029664bcb14dc631bb8a45f0af74d2d6b9", "creator": "DocBook XSL Stylesheets V1.79.1", "file_name": "FinancialAccounting-OP.pdf", "file_size_mb": 156.7, "total_pages": 1055} |
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] | illustrate how these minor differences in definition can impact placement within the financial statements
when using US GAAP versus IFRS. ACME Car Rental Company typically rents its cars for a time of two
years or 60,000 miles. At the end of whichever of these two measures occurs first, the cars are sold.
Under both US GAAP and IFRS, the cars are noncurrent assets during the period when they are rented.
Once the cars are being “held for sale,” under IFRS rules, the cars become current assets. However,
under US GAAP, there is no specific rule as to where to list those “held for sale” cars; thus, they could still
list the cars as noncurrent assets. As you learn more about the analysis of companies and financial
information, this difference in placement on the financial statements will become more meaningful. At
this point, simply know that financial analysis can include ratios, which is the comparison of two | {"total_pages": 1055, "upload_timestamp": "2026-02-07T07:23:08.167529", "moddate": "2020-08-05T15:26:11-05:00", "title": "Principles of Accounting, Volume 1: Financial Accounting", "file_type": ".pdf", "creationdate": "2019-04-24T10:32:54-05:00", "uploaded_via": "batch_uploader", "creator": "DocBook XSL Stylesheets V1.79.1", "producer": "Prince 11 (www.princexml.com)", "file_hash": "89738e550d63820fbb3a833d14ab04029664bcb14dc631bb8a45f0af74d2d6b9", "source": "downloads\\business\\accounting\\FinancialAccounting-OP.pdf", "file_size_mb": 156.7, "source_file": "downloads\\business\\accounting\\FinancialAccounting-OP.pdf", "batch_upload": true, "file_name": "FinancialAccounting-OP.pdf"} |
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] | this point, simply know that financial analysis can include ratios, which is the comparison of two
numbers, and thus any time you change the denominator or the numerator, the ratio result will change.
There are many similarities and some differences in the actual presentation of the various financial
statements, but these are discussed in The Adjustment Process at which point these similarities and
differences will be more meaningful and easier to follow.
Publicly traded companies in the United States must file their financial statements with the SEC, and those statements must be compiled
15
using US GAAP. However, in some states, private companies can apply IFRS for SMEs (small and medium entities).
16
IFRS. https://www.iasplus.com/en/resources/ifrs-topics/use-of-ifrs
The following site identifies which countries require IFRS, which use a modified version of IFRS, and which countries prohibit the use of
96
Chapter 2 Introduction to Financial Statements
Key Terms | {"uploaded_via": "batch_uploader", "file_type": ".pdf", "file_hash": "89738e550d63820fbb3a833d14ab04029664bcb14dc631bb8a45f0af74d2d6b9", "total_pages": 1055, "upload_timestamp": "2026-02-07T07:23:08.167529", "producer": "Prince 11 (www.princexml.com)", "source": "downloads\\business\\accounting\\FinancialAccounting-OP.pdf", "file_size_mb": 156.7, "source_file": "downloads\\business\\accounting\\FinancialAccounting-OP.pdf", "creationdate": "2019-04-24T10:32:54-05:00", "title": "Principles of Accounting, Volume 1: Financial Accounting", "creator": "DocBook XSL Stylesheets V1.79.1", "file_name": "FinancialAccounting-OP.pdf", "batch_upload": true, "moddate": "2020-08-05T15:26:11-05:00"} |
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] | Chapter 2 Introduction to Financial Statements
Key Terms
accounting equation
assets = liabilities + owner’s equity
accounts payable
value of goods or services purchased that will be paid for at a later date
accounts receivable
outstanding customer debt on a credit sale, typically receivable within a short time
period
accrual basis accounting
accounting system in which revenue is recorded or recognized when earned yet
not necessarily received, and in which expenses are recorded when legally incurred and not necessarily
when paid
asset
tangible or intangible resource owned or controlled by a company, individual, or other entity with the
intent that it will provide economic value
balance sheet
financial statement that lists what the organization owns (assets), owes (liabilities), and is
worth (equity) on a specific date
cash basis accounting
method of accounting in which transactions are not recorded in the financial
statements until there is an exchange of cash | {"producer": "Prince 11 (www.princexml.com)", "file_type": ".pdf", "source_file": "downloads\\business\\accounting\\FinancialAccounting-OP.pdf", "source": "downloads\\business\\accounting\\FinancialAccounting-OP.pdf", "title": "Principles of Accounting, Volume 1: Financial Accounting", "file_size_mb": 156.7, "batch_upload": true, "moddate": "2020-08-05T15:26:11-05:00", "file_hash": "89738e550d63820fbb3a833d14ab04029664bcb14dc631bb8a45f0af74d2d6b9", "upload_timestamp": "2026-02-07T07:23:08.167529", "creationdate": "2019-04-24T10:32:54-05:00", "uploaded_via": "batch_uploader", "file_name": "FinancialAccounting-OP.pdf", "total_pages": 1055, "creator": "DocBook XSL Stylesheets V1.79.1"} |
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] | worth (equity) on a specific date
cash basis accounting
method of accounting in which transactions are not recorded in the financial
statements until there is an exchange of cash
common stock
corporation’s primary class of stock issued, with each share representing a partial claim to
ownership or a share of the company’s business
comprehensive income
change in equity of a business enterprise during a period from transactions and
other events and circumstances from nonowner sources
corporation
legal business structure involving one or more individuals (owners) who are legally distinct
(separate) from the business
current asset
asset that will be used or consumed in one year or less
current liability
debt or obligation due within one year or, in rare cases, a company’s standard operating
cycle, whichever is greater
current ratio
current assets divided by current liabilities; used to determine a company’s liquidity (ability to
meet short-term obligations) | {"total_pages": 1055, "title": "Principles of Accounting, Volume 1: Financial Accounting", "moddate": "2020-08-05T15:26:11-05:00", "uploaded_via": "batch_uploader", "source_file": "downloads\\business\\accounting\\FinancialAccounting-OP.pdf", "source": "downloads\\business\\accounting\\FinancialAccounting-OP.pdf", "upload_timestamp": "2026-02-07T07:23:08.167529", "file_hash": "89738e550d63820fbb3a833d14ab04029664bcb14dc631bb8a45f0af74d2d6b9", "file_type": ".pdf", "file_size_mb": 156.7, "producer": "Prince 11 (www.princexml.com)", "creator": "DocBook XSL Stylesheets V1.79.1", "file_name": "FinancialAccounting-OP.pdf", "creationdate": "2019-04-24T10:32:54-05:00", "batch_upload": true} |
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current ratio
current assets divided by current liabilities; used to determine a company’s liquidity (ability to
meet short-term obligations)
distribution to owner
periodic “reward” distributed to owner of cash or other assets
dividend
portion of the net worth (equity) that is returned to owners of a corporation as a reward for their
investment
elements of the financial statements
categories or groupings used to record transactions and prepare
financial statements
equity
residual interest in the assets of an entity that remains after deducting its liabilities
expense
cost associated with providing goods or services
gain
increase in organizational value from activities that are “incidental or peripheral” to the primary
purpose of the business
income statement
financial statement that measures the organization’s financial performance for a given
period of time
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] | purpose of the business
income statement
financial statement that measures the organization’s financial performance for a given
period of time
initial public offering (IPO)
when a company issues shares of its stock to the public for the first time
intangible asset
asset with financial value but no physical presence; examples include copyrights, patents,
goodwill, and trademarks
inventory
value of products to be sold or items to be converted into sellable products
investment by owner
exchange of cash or other assets in exchange for an ownership interest in the
organization
liability
probable future sacrifice of economic benefits arising from present obligations of a particular entity
to transfer assets or provide services to other entities in the future as a result of past transactions or
This OpenStax book is available for free at http://cnx.org/content/col25448/1.4
Chapter 2 Introduction to Financial Statements
97
events
liquidity | {"total_pages": 1055, "title": "Principles of Accounting, Volume 1: Financial Accounting", "source_file": "downloads\\business\\accounting\\FinancialAccounting-OP.pdf", "file_hash": "89738e550d63820fbb3a833d14ab04029664bcb14dc631bb8a45f0af74d2d6b9", "file_size_mb": 156.7, "moddate": "2020-08-05T15:26:11-05:00", "upload_timestamp": "2026-02-07T07:23:08.167529", "creator": "DocBook XSL Stylesheets V1.79.1", "creationdate": "2019-04-24T10:32:54-05:00", "uploaded_via": "batch_uploader", "file_name": "FinancialAccounting-OP.pdf", "batch_upload": true, "file_type": ".pdf", "producer": "Prince 11 (www.princexml.com)", "source": "downloads\\business\\accounting\\FinancialAccounting-OP.pdf"} |
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] | This OpenStax book is available for free at http://cnx.org/content/col25448/1.4
Chapter 2 Introduction to Financial Statements
97
events
liquidity
ability to convert assets into cash in order to meet primarily short-term cash needs or emergencies
long-term asset
asset used ongoing in the normal course of business for more than one year that is not
intended to be resold
long-term liability
debt settled outside one year or one operating cycle, whichever is longer
loss
decrease in organizational value from activities that are “incidental or peripheral” to the primary
purpose of the business
net income
when revenues and gains are greater than expenses and losses
net loss
when expenses and losses are greater than revenues and gains
noncurrent asset
asset that will be used or consumed over more than one year
noncurrent liability
liability that is expected to be settled in more than one year
notes payable | {"file_type": ".pdf", "uploaded_via": "batch_uploader", "file_hash": "89738e550d63820fbb3a833d14ab04029664bcb14dc631bb8a45f0af74d2d6b9", "creationdate": "2019-04-24T10:32:54-05:00", "file_size_mb": 156.7, "batch_upload": true, "upload_timestamp": "2026-02-07T07:23:08.167529", "title": "Principles of Accounting, Volume 1: Financial Accounting", "creator": "DocBook XSL Stylesheets V1.79.1", "source": "downloads\\business\\accounting\\FinancialAccounting-OP.pdf", "moddate": "2020-08-05T15:26:11-05:00", "producer": "Prince 11 (www.princexml.com)", "source_file": "downloads\\business\\accounting\\FinancialAccounting-OP.pdf", "file_name": "FinancialAccounting-OP.pdf", "total_pages": 1055} |
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] | noncurrent asset
asset that will be used or consumed over more than one year
noncurrent liability
liability that is expected to be settled in more than one year
notes payable
value of amounts borrowed that will be paid in the future with interest
notes receivable
value of amounts loaned that will be received in the future with interest
partnership
legal business structure consisting of an association of two or more people who contribute
money, property, or services to operate as co-owners of a business
publicly traded company
company whose stock is traded (bought and sold) on an organized stock
exchange
retained earnings
cumulative, undistributed net income or net loss for the business since its inception
revenue
inflows or other enhancements of assets of an entity or settlements of its liabilities (or a
combination of both) from delivering or producing goods, rendering services, or other activities that
constitute the entity’s ongoing major or central operations | {"producer": "Prince 11 (www.princexml.com)", "file_hash": "89738e550d63820fbb3a833d14ab04029664bcb14dc631bb8a45f0af74d2d6b9", "upload_timestamp": "2026-02-07T07:23:08.167529", "creator": "DocBook XSL Stylesheets V1.79.1", "creationdate": "2019-04-24T10:32:54-05:00", "file_type": ".pdf", "batch_upload": true, "file_name": "FinancialAccounting-OP.pdf", "total_pages": 1055, "file_size_mb": 156.7, "title": "Principles of Accounting, Volume 1: Financial Accounting", "source": "downloads\\business\\accounting\\FinancialAccounting-OP.pdf", "uploaded_via": "batch_uploader", "source_file": "downloads\\business\\accounting\\FinancialAccounting-OP.pdf", "moddate": "2020-08-05T15:26:11-05:00"} |
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constitute the entity’s ongoing major or central operations
Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC)
federal regulatory agency that regulates corporations with
shares listed and traded on security exchanges through required periodic filings
short-term asset
asset typically used up, sold, or converted to cash in one year or less
short-term liability
liability typically expected to be paid within one year or less
sole proprietorship
legal business structure consisting of a single individual
stakeholder
someone affected by decisions made by a company; may include an investor, creditor,
employee, manager, regulator, customer, supplier, and layperson
statement of cash flows
financial statement listing the cash inflows and cash outflows for the business for a
period of time
statement of owner’s equity | {"file_name": "FinancialAccounting-OP.pdf", "source_file": "downloads\\business\\accounting\\FinancialAccounting-OP.pdf", "title": "Principles of Accounting, Volume 1: Financial Accounting", "source": "downloads\\business\\accounting\\FinancialAccounting-OP.pdf", "creationdate": "2019-04-24T10:32:54-05:00", "file_size_mb": 156.7, "file_hash": "89738e550d63820fbb3a833d14ab04029664bcb14dc631bb8a45f0af74d2d6b9", "creator": "DocBook XSL Stylesheets V1.79.1", "moddate": "2020-08-05T15:26:11-05:00", "producer": "Prince 11 (www.princexml.com)", "file_type": ".pdf", "batch_upload": true, "upload_timestamp": "2026-02-07T07:23:08.167529", "uploaded_via": "batch_uploader", "total_pages": 1055} |
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] | statement of cash flows
financial statement listing the cash inflows and cash outflows for the business for a
period of time
statement of owner’s equity
financial statement showing how the equity of the organization changed for a
period of time
tangible asset
asset that has physical substance
working capital
current assets less current liabilities; sometimes used as a measure of liquidity
Summary
2.1 Describe the Income Statement, Statement of Owner’s Equity, Balance Sheet, and Statement of Cash
Flows, and How They Interrelate
• Financial statements provide financial information to stakeholders to help them in making decisions.
• There are four financial statements: income statement, statement of owner’s equity, balance sheet, and
statement of cash flows.
• The income statement measures the financial performance of the organization for a period of time. The
income statement lists revenues, expenses, gains, and losses, which make up net income (or net loss). | {"uploaded_via": "batch_uploader", "file_size_mb": 156.7, "file_hash": "89738e550d63820fbb3a833d14ab04029664bcb14dc631bb8a45f0af74d2d6b9", "creator": "DocBook XSL Stylesheets V1.79.1", "batch_upload": true, "upload_timestamp": "2026-02-07T07:23:08.167529", "source_file": "downloads\\business\\accounting\\FinancialAccounting-OP.pdf", "producer": "Prince 11 (www.princexml.com)", "total_pages": 1055, "source": "downloads\\business\\accounting\\FinancialAccounting-OP.pdf", "file_type": ".pdf", "moddate": "2020-08-05T15:26:11-05:00", "creationdate": "2019-04-24T10:32:54-05:00", "title": "Principles of Accounting, Volume 1: Financial Accounting", "file_name": "FinancialAccounting-OP.pdf"} |
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• The statement of owner’s equity shows how the net worth of the organization changes for a period of
time. In addition to showing net income or net loss, the statement of owner’s equity shows the
98
Chapter 2 Introduction to Financial Statements
investments by and distributions to owners.
• The balance sheet shows the organization’s financial position on a given date. The balance sheet lists
assets, liabilities, and owners’ equity.
• The statement of cash flows shows the organization’s cash inflows and cash outflows for a given period of
time. The statement of cash flows is necessary because financial statements are usually prepared using
accrual accounting, which records transactions when they occur rather than waiting until cash is
exchanged. | {"creationdate": "2019-04-24T10:32:54-05:00", "file_size_mb": 156.7, "title": "Principles of Accounting, Volume 1: Financial Accounting", "source_file": "downloads\\business\\accounting\\FinancialAccounting-OP.pdf", "producer": "Prince 11 (www.princexml.com)", "file_type": ".pdf", "upload_timestamp": "2026-02-07T07:23:08.167529", "moddate": "2020-08-05T15:26:11-05:00", "batch_upload": true, "source": "downloads\\business\\accounting\\FinancialAccounting-OP.pdf", "total_pages": 1055, "creator": "DocBook XSL Stylesheets V1.79.1", "file_name": "FinancialAccounting-OP.pdf", "file_hash": "89738e550d63820fbb3a833d14ab04029664bcb14dc631bb8a45f0af74d2d6b9", "uploaded_via": "batch_uploader"} |
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] | accrual accounting, which records transactions when they occur rather than waiting until cash is
exchanged.
2.2 Define, Explain, and Provide Examples of Current and Noncurrent Assets, Current and Noncurrent
Liabilities, Equity, Revenues, and Expenses
• Assets and liabilities are categorized into current and noncurrent, based on when the item will be settled.
Assets and liabilities that will be settled in one year or less are classified as current; otherwise, the items
are classified as noncurrent.
• Assets are also categorized based on whether or not the asset has physical substance. Assets with
physical substance are considered tangible assets, while intangible assets lack physical substance.
• The distinction between current and noncurrent assets and liabilities is important because it helps
financial statement users assess the timing of the transactions.
• Three broad categories of legal business structures are sole proprietorship, partnership, and corporation, | {"batch_upload": true, "file_type": ".pdf", "moddate": "2020-08-05T15:26:11-05:00", "file_name": "FinancialAccounting-OP.pdf", "creationdate": "2019-04-24T10:32:54-05:00", "producer": "Prince 11 (www.princexml.com)", "source_file": "downloads\\business\\accounting\\FinancialAccounting-OP.pdf", "total_pages": 1055, "file_hash": "89738e550d63820fbb3a833d14ab04029664bcb14dc631bb8a45f0af74d2d6b9", "source": "downloads\\business\\accounting\\FinancialAccounting-OP.pdf", "uploaded_via": "batch_uploader", "title": "Principles of Accounting, Volume 1: Financial Accounting", "file_size_mb": 156.7, "upload_timestamp": "2026-02-07T07:23:08.167529", "creator": "DocBook XSL Stylesheets V1.79.1"} |
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] | financial statement users assess the timing of the transactions.
• Three broad categories of legal business structures are sole proprietorship, partnership, and corporation,
with each structure having advantages and disadvantages.
• The accounting equation is Assets = Liabilities + Owner’s Equity. It is important to the study of accounting
because it shows what the organization owns and the sources of (or claims against) those resources.
• Owners’ equity can also be thought of as the net worth or value of the business. There are many factors
that influence equity, including net income or net loss, investments by and distributions to owners,
revenues, gains, losses, expenses, and comprehensive income.
2.3 Prepare an Income Statement, Statement of Owner’s Equity, and Balance Sheet
• There are ten financial statement elements: revenues, expenses, gains, losses, assets, liabilities, equity,
investments by owners, distributions to owners, and comprehensive income. | {"producer": "Prince 11 (www.princexml.com)", "moddate": "2020-08-05T15:26:11-05:00", "source": "downloads\\business\\accounting\\FinancialAccounting-OP.pdf", "file_type": ".pdf", "source_file": "downloads\\business\\accounting\\FinancialAccounting-OP.pdf", "creationdate": "2019-04-24T10:32:54-05:00", "batch_upload": true, "total_pages": 1055, "upload_timestamp": "2026-02-07T07:23:08.167529", "creator": "DocBook XSL Stylesheets V1.79.1", "file_hash": "89738e550d63820fbb3a833d14ab04029664bcb14dc631bb8a45f0af74d2d6b9", "file_size_mb": 156.7, "uploaded_via": "batch_uploader", "title": "Principles of Accounting, Volume 1: Financial Accounting", "file_name": "FinancialAccounting-OP.pdf"} |
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investments by owners, distributions to owners, and comprehensive income.
• There are standard conventions for the order of preparing financial statements (income statement,
statement of owner’s equity, balance sheet, and statement of cash flows) and for the format (three-line
heading and columnar structure).
• Financial ratios, which are calculated using financial statement information, are often beneficial to aid in
financial decision-making. Ratios allow for comparisons between businesses and determining trends
between periods within the same business.
• Liquidity ratios assess the firm’s ability to convert assets into cash.
• Working Capital (Current Assets – Current Liabilities) is a liquidity ratio that measures a firm’s ability to
meet current obligations.
• The Current Ratio (Current Assets/Current Liabilities) is similar to Working Capital but allows for | {"file_hash": "89738e550d63820fbb3a833d14ab04029664bcb14dc631bb8a45f0af74d2d6b9", "batch_upload": true, "source_file": "downloads\\business\\accounting\\FinancialAccounting-OP.pdf", "creationdate": "2019-04-24T10:32:54-05:00", "file_name": "FinancialAccounting-OP.pdf", "moddate": "2020-08-05T15:26:11-05:00", "file_size_mb": 156.7, "producer": "Prince 11 (www.princexml.com)", "title": "Principles of Accounting, Volume 1: Financial Accounting", "file_type": ".pdf", "upload_timestamp": "2026-02-07T07:23:08.167529", "creator": "DocBook XSL Stylesheets V1.79.1", "source": "downloads\\business\\accounting\\FinancialAccounting-OP.pdf", "uploaded_via": "batch_uploader", "total_pages": 1055} |
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] | meet current obligations.
• The Current Ratio (Current Assets/Current Liabilities) is similar to Working Capital but allows for
comparisons between firms by determining the proportion of current assets to current liabilities.
This OpenStax book is available for free at http://cnx.org/content/col25448/1.4
Chapter 2 Introduction to Financial Statements
99
Multiple Choice
1.
2.1 Which of these statements is not one of the financial statements?
A.
income statement
B. balance sheet
C.
D.
statement of cash flows
statement of owner investments
2.
2.1 Stakeholders are less likely to include which of the following groups?
A. owners
B. employees
C.
D.
community leaders
competitors
3.
2.1 Identify the correct components of the income statement.
A.
revenues, losses, expenses, and gains
B. assets, liabilities, and owner’s equity
C.
revenues, expenses, investments by owners, distributions to owners
D. assets, liabilities, and dividends
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] | revenues, losses, expenses, and gains
B. assets, liabilities, and owner’s equity
C.
revenues, expenses, investments by owners, distributions to owners
D. assets, liabilities, and dividends
4.
2.1 The balance sheet lists which of the following?
A. assets, liabilities, and owners’ equity
B.
revenues, expenses, gains, and losses
C. assets, liabilities, and investments by owners
D.
revenues, expenses, gains, and distributions to owners
5.
2.1 Assume a company has a $350 credit (not cash) sale. How would the transaction appear if the
business uses accrual accounting?
A. $350 would show up on the balance sheet as a sale.
B. $350 would show up on the income statement as a sale.
C. $350 would show up on the statement of cash flows as a cash outflow.
D. The transaction would not be reported because the cash was not exchanged.
6.
2.2 Which of the following statements is true?
A. Tangible assets lack physical substance. | {"source_file": "downloads\\business\\accounting\\FinancialAccounting-OP.pdf", "batch_upload": true, "producer": "Prince 11 (www.princexml.com)", "source": "downloads\\business\\accounting\\FinancialAccounting-OP.pdf", "creator": "DocBook XSL Stylesheets V1.79.1", "file_name": "FinancialAccounting-OP.pdf", "upload_timestamp": "2026-02-07T07:23:08.167529", "creationdate": "2019-04-24T10:32:54-05:00", "moddate": "2020-08-05T15:26:11-05:00", "file_size_mb": 156.7, "total_pages": 1055, "file_hash": "89738e550d63820fbb3a833d14ab04029664bcb14dc631bb8a45f0af74d2d6b9", "uploaded_via": "batch_uploader", "title": "Principles of Accounting, Volume 1: Financial Accounting", "file_type": ".pdf"} |
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] | D. The transaction would not be reported because the cash was not exchanged.
6.
2.2 Which of the following statements is true?
A. Tangible assets lack physical substance.
B. Tangible assets will be consumed in a year or less.
C. Tangible assets have physical substance.
D. Tangible assets will be consumed in over a year.
7.
2.2 Owners have no personal liability under which legal business structure?
A. a corporation
B. a partnership
C. a sole proprietorship
D. There is liability in every legal business structure.
100
Chapter 2 Introduction to Financial Statements
8.
2.2 The accounting equation is expressed as ________.
A. Assets + Liabilities = Owner’s Equity
B. Assets – Noncurrent Assets = Liabilities
C. Assets = Liabilities + Investments by Owners
D. Assets = Liabilities + Owner’s Equity
9.
2.2 Which of the following decreases owner’s equity?
A.
B.
investments by owners
losses
C. gains
D.
short-term loans
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] | D. Assets = Liabilities + Owner’s Equity
9.
2.2 Which of the following decreases owner’s equity?
A.
B.
investments by owners
losses
C. gains
D.
short-term loans
10.
2.2 Exchanges of assets for assets have what effect on equity?
A.
increase equity
B. may have no impact on equity
C. decrease equity
D. There is no relationship between assets and equity.
11.
2.2 All of the following increase owner’s equity except for which one?
A. gains
B.
C.
investments by owners
revenues
D. acquisitions of assets by incurring liabilities
12.
2.3 Which of the following is not an element of the financial statements?
A.
future potential sales price of inventory
B. assets
C.
liabilities
D. equity
13.
2.3 Which of the following is the correct order of preparing the financial statements?
A.
B.
C.
D.
income statement, statement of cash flows, balance sheet, statement of owner’s equity
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] | A.
B.
C.
D.
income statement, statement of cash flows, balance sheet, statement of owner’s equity
income statement, statement of owner’s equity, balance sheet, statement of cash flows
income statement, balance sheet, statement of owner’s equity, statement of cash flows
income statement, balance sheet, statement of cash flows, statement of owner’s equity
14.
2.3 The three heading lines of financial statements typically include which of the following?
A.
B.
C.
company, statement title, time period of report
company headquarters, statement title, name of preparer
statement title, time period of report, name of preparer
D. name of auditor, statement title, fiscal year end
15.
2.3 Which financial statement shows the financial performance of the company on a cash basis?
A. balance sheet
B.
C.
D.
statement of owner’s equity
statement of cash flows
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] | 2.3 Which financial statement shows the financial performance of the company on a cash basis?
A. balance sheet
B.
C.
D.
statement of owner’s equity
statement of cash flows
income statement
This OpenStax book is available for free at http://cnx.org/content/col25448/1.4
Chapter 2 Introduction to Financial Statements
101
16.
2.3 Which financial statement shows the financial position of the company?
A. balance sheet
B.
C.
D.
statement of owner’s equity
statement of cash flows
income statement
17.
2.3 Working capital is an indication of the firm’s ________.
A. asset utilization
B. amount of noncurrent liabilities
C.
liquidity
D. amount of noncurrent assets
Questions
1.
2.
2.1 Identify the four financial statements and describe the purpose of each.
2.1 Define the term stakeholders. Identify two stakeholder groups, and explain how each group might use
the information contained in the financial statements.
3. | {"title": "Principles of Accounting, Volume 1: Financial Accounting", "uploaded_via": "batch_uploader", "file_hash": "89738e550d63820fbb3a833d14ab04029664bcb14dc631bb8a45f0af74d2d6b9", "creationdate": "2019-04-24T10:32:54-05:00", "producer": "Prince 11 (www.princexml.com)", "total_pages": 1055, "upload_timestamp": "2026-02-07T07:23:08.167529", "file_type": ".pdf", "file_size_mb": 156.7, "source": "downloads\\business\\accounting\\FinancialAccounting-OP.pdf", "file_name": "FinancialAccounting-OP.pdf", "batch_upload": true, "creator": "DocBook XSL Stylesheets V1.79.1", "moddate": "2020-08-05T15:26:11-05:00", "source_file": "downloads\\business\\accounting\\FinancialAccounting-OP.pdf"} |
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] | 2.1 Define the term stakeholders. Identify two stakeholder groups, and explain how each group might use
the information contained in the financial statements.
3.
2.1 Identify one similarity and one difference between revenues and gains. Why is this distinction
important to stakeholders?
4.
2.1 Identify one similarity and one difference between expenses and losses. Why is this distinction
important to stakeholders?
5.
6.
2.1 Explain the concept of equity, and identify some activities that affect equity of a business.
2.2 Explain the difference between current and noncurrent assets and liabilities. Why is this distinction
important to stakeholders?
2.2 Identify/discuss one similarity and one difference between tangible and intangible assets.
2.2 Name the three types of legal business structure. Describe one advantage and one disadvantage of
7.
8.
each.
9.
2.2 What is the “accounting equation”? List two examples of business transactions, and explain how the | {"file_type": ".pdf", "file_name": "FinancialAccounting-OP.pdf", "creationdate": "2019-04-24T10:32:54-05:00", "creator": "DocBook XSL Stylesheets V1.79.1", "total_pages": 1055, "producer": "Prince 11 (www.princexml.com)", "uploaded_via": "batch_uploader", "source": "downloads\\business\\accounting\\FinancialAccounting-OP.pdf", "upload_timestamp": "2026-02-07T07:23:08.167529", "file_hash": "89738e550d63820fbb3a833d14ab04029664bcb14dc631bb8a45f0af74d2d6b9", "file_size_mb": 156.7, "moddate": "2020-08-05T15:26:11-05:00", "title": "Principles of Accounting, Volume 1: Financial Accounting", "source_file": "downloads\\business\\accounting\\FinancialAccounting-OP.pdf", "batch_upload": true} |
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] | 7.
8.
each.
9.
2.2 What is the “accounting equation”? List two examples of business transactions, and explain how the
accounting equation would be impacted by these transactions.
10.
2.3 Identify the order in which the four financial statements are prepared, and explain how the first
three statements are interrelated.
11.
2.3 Explain how the following items affect equity: revenue, expenses, investments by owners, and
distributions to owners.
12.
2.3 Explain the purpose of the statement of cash flows and why this statement is needed.
102
Chapter 2 Introduction to Financial Statements
Exercise Set A
EA1.
2.1 For each independent situation below, calculate the missing values.
EA2.
2.1 For each independent situation below, calculate the missing values for owner’s equity
EA3.
2.1 For each independent situation below, calculate the missing values.
EA4.
2.1 For each independent situation below, place an (X) by the transactions that would be included in | {"source_file": "downloads\\business\\accounting\\FinancialAccounting-OP.pdf", "title": "Principles of Accounting, Volume 1: Financial Accounting", "producer": "Prince 11 (www.princexml.com)", "creator": "DocBook XSL Stylesheets V1.79.1", "source": "downloads\\business\\accounting\\FinancialAccounting-OP.pdf", "file_type": ".pdf", "moddate": "2020-08-05T15:26:11-05:00", "creationdate": "2019-04-24T10:32:54-05:00", "file_size_mb": 156.7, "file_name": "FinancialAccounting-OP.pdf", "batch_upload": true, "file_hash": "89738e550d63820fbb3a833d14ab04029664bcb14dc631bb8a45f0af74d2d6b9", "total_pages": 1055, "uploaded_via": "batch_uploader", "upload_timestamp": "2026-02-07T07:23:08.167529"} |
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] | EA3.
2.1 For each independent situation below, calculate the missing values.
EA4.
2.1 For each independent situation below, place an (X) by the transactions that would be included in
the statement of cash flows.
Transaction
Included
Sold items on account
Wrote check to pay utilities
Received cash investment by owner
Recorded wages owed to employees
Received bill for advertising
Table 2.3
This OpenStax book is available for free at http://cnx.org/content/col25448/1.4
Chapter 2 Introduction to Financial Statements
103
EA5.
2.2 For each of the following items, identify whether the item is considered current or noncurrent, and
Item
Current or Noncurrent?
explain why.
Cash
Inventory
Machines
Trademarks
Accounts Payable
Wages Payable
Owner, Capital
Accounts Receivable
Table 2.4
EA6.
2.2 For the items listed below, indicate how the item affects equity (increase, decrease, or no impact.
Item
Increase? Decrease? or No Impact?
Expenses
Assets
Gains | {"file_hash": "89738e550d63820fbb3a833d14ab04029664bcb14dc631bb8a45f0af74d2d6b9", "producer": "Prince 11 (www.princexml.com)", "creationdate": "2019-04-24T10:32:54-05:00", "file_type": ".pdf", "file_size_mb": 156.7, "source": "downloads\\business\\accounting\\FinancialAccounting-OP.pdf", "uploaded_via": "batch_uploader", "file_name": "FinancialAccounting-OP.pdf", "batch_upload": true, "source_file": "downloads\\business\\accounting\\FinancialAccounting-OP.pdf", "upload_timestamp": "2026-02-07T07:23:08.167529", "total_pages": 1055, "moddate": "2020-08-05T15:26:11-05:00", "creator": "DocBook XSL Stylesheets V1.79.1", "title": "Principles of Accounting, Volume 1: Financial Accounting"} |
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] | Table 2.4
EA6.
2.2 For the items listed below, indicate how the item affects equity (increase, decrease, or no impact.
Item
Increase? Decrease? or No Impact?
Expenses
Assets
Gains
Liabilities
Dividends
Table 2.5
EA7.
2.2 Forest Company had the following transactions during the month of December. What is the
December 31 cash balance?
104
Chapter 2 Introduction to Financial Statements
EA8.
2.2 Here are facts for the Hudson Roofing Company for December.
Assuming no investments or withdrawals, what is the ending balance in the owners’ capital account?
EA9.
2.3 Prepare an income statement using the following information for DL Enterprises for the month of
July 2018.
EA10.
2.3 Prepare a statement of owner’s equity using the information provided for Pirate Landing for the
month of October 2018.
2.3 Prepare a balance sheet using the following information for the Ginger Company as of March 31,
EA11.
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] | month of October 2018.
2.3 Prepare a balance sheet using the following information for the Ginger Company as of March 31,
EA11.
2019.
This OpenStax book is available for free at http://cnx.org/content/col25448/1.4
Chapter 2 Introduction to Financial Statements
105
B Exercise Set B
EB1.
2.1 For each independent situation below, calculate the missing values.
EB2.
2.1 For each independent situation below, calculate the missing values for Owner’s Equity.
EB3.
2.1 For each independent situation below, calculate the missing values.
EB4.
2.1 For each of the following independent situations, place an (X) by the transactions that would be
included in the statement of cash flows.
Transaction
Included
Purchased supplies with check
Received inventory (a bill was included)
Paid cash to owner for withdrawal
Gave cash donation to local charity
Received bill for utilities
Table 2.6
106
Chapter 2 Introduction to Financial Statements
EB5. | {"batch_upload": true, "file_hash": "89738e550d63820fbb3a833d14ab04029664bcb14dc631bb8a45f0af74d2d6b9", "upload_timestamp": "2026-02-07T07:23:08.167529", "source": "downloads\\business\\accounting\\FinancialAccounting-OP.pdf", "file_size_mb": 156.7, "creationdate": "2019-04-24T10:32:54-05:00", "producer": "Prince 11 (www.princexml.com)", "title": "Principles of Accounting, Volume 1: Financial Accounting", "creator": "DocBook XSL Stylesheets V1.79.1", "moddate": "2020-08-05T15:26:11-05:00", "total_pages": 1055, "file_name": "FinancialAccounting-OP.pdf", "source_file": "downloads\\business\\accounting\\FinancialAccounting-OP.pdf", "uploaded_via": "batch_uploader", "file_type": ".pdf"} |
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] | Paid cash to owner for withdrawal
Gave cash donation to local charity
Received bill for utilities
Table 2.6
106
Chapter 2 Introduction to Financial Statements
EB5.
2.2 For each of the following items, identify whether the item is considered current or noncurrent, and
explain why.
Item
Current or Noncurrent?
Inventory
Buildings
Accounts Receivable
Cash
Trademarks
Accounts Payable
Wages Payable
Common Stock
Table 2.7
EB6.
2.2 For the items listed below, indicate how the item affects equity (increase, decrease, or no impact).
Item
Increase? Decrease? or No Impact?
Revenues
Gains
Losses
Drawings
Investments
Table 2.8
EB7.
2.2 Gumbo Company had the following transactions during the month of December. What was the
December 1 cash balance?
This OpenStax book is available for free at http://cnx.org/content/col25448/1.4
Chapter 2 Introduction to Financial Statements
107
EB8.
2.2 Here are facts for Hailey’s Collision Service for January. | {"producer": "Prince 11 (www.princexml.com)", "upload_timestamp": "2026-02-07T07:23:08.167529", "file_name": "FinancialAccounting-OP.pdf", "source_file": "downloads\\business\\accounting\\FinancialAccounting-OP.pdf", "creationdate": "2019-04-24T10:32:54-05:00", "total_pages": 1055, "title": "Principles of Accounting, Volume 1: Financial Accounting", "batch_upload": true, "file_type": ".pdf", "source": "downloads\\business\\accounting\\FinancialAccounting-OP.pdf", "creator": "DocBook XSL Stylesheets V1.79.1", "file_hash": "89738e550d63820fbb3a833d14ab04029664bcb14dc631bb8a45f0af74d2d6b9", "moddate": "2020-08-05T15:26:11-05:00", "file_size_mb": 156.7, "uploaded_via": "batch_uploader"} |
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] | 107
EB8.
2.2 Here are facts for Hailey’s Collision Service for January.
Assuming no investments or withdrawals, what is the ending balance in the owners’ capital account?
EB9.
2.3 Prepare an income statement using the following information for CK Company for the month of
February 2019.
EB10.
2.3 Prepare a statement of owner’s equity using the following information for the Can Due Shop for
the month of September 2018.
2.3 Prepare a balance sheet using the following information for Mike’s Consulting as of January 31,
EB11.
2019.
108
Chapter 2 Introduction to Financial Statements
Problem Set A
PA1.
2.1 The following information is taken from the records of Baklava Bakery for the year 2019.
A. Calculate net income or net loss for January.
B. Calculate net income or net loss for February.
C. Calculate net income or net loss for March.
D. For each situation, comment on how a stakeholder might view the firm’s performance. (Hint: Think | {"file_type": ".pdf", "producer": "Prince 11 (www.princexml.com)", "batch_upload": true, "title": "Principles of Accounting, Volume 1: Financial Accounting", "source": "downloads\\business\\accounting\\FinancialAccounting-OP.pdf", "source_file": "downloads\\business\\accounting\\FinancialAccounting-OP.pdf", "uploaded_via": "batch_uploader", "moddate": "2020-08-05T15:26:11-05:00", "creator": "DocBook XSL Stylesheets V1.79.1", "file_hash": "89738e550d63820fbb3a833d14ab04029664bcb14dc631bb8a45f0af74d2d6b9", "file_size_mb": 156.7, "file_name": "FinancialAccounting-OP.pdf", "upload_timestamp": "2026-02-07T07:23:08.167529", "creationdate": "2019-04-24T10:32:54-05:00", "total_pages": 1055} |
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] | B. Calculate net income or net loss for February.
C. Calculate net income or net loss for March.
D. For each situation, comment on how a stakeholder might view the firm’s performance. (Hint: Think
about the source of the income or loss.)
PA2.
2.1 Each situation below relates to an independent company’s owners’ equity.
A. Calculate the missing values.
B. Based on your calculations, make observations about each company.
PA3.
2.1 The following information is from a new business. Comment on the year-to-year changes in the
accounts and possible sources and uses of funds (how were the funds obtained and used).
PA4.
2.1 Each of the following situations relates to a different company.
A.
For each of these independent situations, find the missing amounts.
B. How would stakeholders view the financial performance of each company? Explain.
This OpenStax book is available for free at http://cnx.org/content/col25448/1.4
Chapter 2 Introduction to Financial Statements
109
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] | This OpenStax book is available for free at http://cnx.org/content/col25448/1.4
Chapter 2 Introduction to Financial Statements
109
PA5.
2.2 For each of the following independent transactions, indicate whether there was an increase, a
decrease, or no impact for each financial statement element.
Transaction
Assets
Liabilities
Owners’ Equity
Paid cash for expenses
Sold common stock for cash
Owe vendor for purchase of asset
Paid owners for dividends
Paid vendor for amount previously owed
Table 2.9
PA6.
2.2 Olivia’s Apple Orchard had the following transactions during the month of September, the first
month in business.
Complete the chart to determine the ending balances. As an example, the first transaction has been
completed. Note: Negative amounts should be indicated with minus signs (–) and unaffected should be noted
as $0.
(Hints: 1. each transaction will involve two financial statement elements; 2. the net impact of the transaction
may be $0.)
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] | as $0.
(Hints: 1. each transaction will involve two financial statement elements; 2. the net impact of the transaction
may be $0.)
PA7.
2.2 Using the information in PA6, determine the amount of revenue and expenses for Olivia’s Apple
Orchard for the month of September.
110
Chapter 2 Introduction to Financial Statements
PA8.
2.3 The following ten transactions occurred during the July grand opening of the Pancake Palace.
Assume all Retained Earnings transactions relate to the primary purpose of the business.
A. Calculate the ending balance for each account.
B. Create the income statement.
C. Create the statement of owner’s equity.
D. Create the balance sheet.
B Problem Set B
PB1.
2.1 The following information is taken from the records of Rosebloom Flowers for the year 2019.
A. Calculate net income or net loss for January.
B. Calculate net income or net loss for February.
C. Calculate net income or net loss for March. | {"creator": "DocBook XSL Stylesheets V1.79.1", "source": "downloads\\business\\accounting\\FinancialAccounting-OP.pdf", "creationdate": "2019-04-24T10:32:54-05:00", "total_pages": 1055, "producer": "Prince 11 (www.princexml.com)", "batch_upload": true, "title": "Principles of Accounting, Volume 1: Financial Accounting", "file_size_mb": 156.7, "file_name": "FinancialAccounting-OP.pdf", "file_type": ".pdf", "source_file": "downloads\\business\\accounting\\FinancialAccounting-OP.pdf", "file_hash": "89738e550d63820fbb3a833d14ab04029664bcb14dc631bb8a45f0af74d2d6b9", "upload_timestamp": "2026-02-07T07:23:08.167529", "uploaded_via": "batch_uploader", "moddate": "2020-08-05T15:26:11-05:00"} |
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] | A. Calculate net income or net loss for January.
B. Calculate net income or net loss for February.
C. Calculate net income or net loss for March.
D. For each situation, comment on how a stakeholder might view the firm’s performance. (Hint: think
about the source of the income or loss.)
This OpenStax book is available for free at http://cnx.org/content/col25448/1.4
Chapter 2 Introduction to Financial Statements
111
PB2.
2.1 Each situation below relates to an independent company’s Owners’ Equity.
A. Calculate the missing values.
B. Based on your calculations, make observations about each company.
PB3.
2.1 The following information is from a new business. Comment on the year-to-year changes in the
accounts and possible sources and uses funds (how were the funds obtained and used).
PB4.
2.1 Each of the following situations relates to a different company.
A.
For each of these independent situations, find the missing amounts. | {"file_size_mb": 156.7, "source": "downloads\\business\\accounting\\FinancialAccounting-OP.pdf", "upload_timestamp": "2026-02-07T07:23:08.167529", "total_pages": 1055, "source_file": "downloads\\business\\accounting\\FinancialAccounting-OP.pdf", "file_hash": "89738e550d63820fbb3a833d14ab04029664bcb14dc631bb8a45f0af74d2d6b9", "creationdate": "2019-04-24T10:32:54-05:00", "file_name": "FinancialAccounting-OP.pdf", "uploaded_via": "batch_uploader", "file_type": ".pdf", "title": "Principles of Accounting, Volume 1: Financial Accounting", "moddate": "2020-08-05T15:26:11-05:00", "creator": "DocBook XSL Stylesheets V1.79.1", "producer": "Prince 11 (www.princexml.com)", "batch_upload": true} |
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] | PB4.
2.1 Each of the following situations relates to a different company.
A.
For each of these independent situations, find the missing amounts.
B. How would stakeholders view the financial performance of each company? Explain.
PB5.
2.2 For each of the following independent transactions, indicate whether there was an increase,
decrease, or no impact on each financial statement element.
Transaction
Assets
Liabilities
Owners’ Equity
Received cash for sale of asset (no gain or loss)
Cash distribution to owner
Cash sales
Investment by owners
Owe vendor for inventory purchase
Table 2.10
112
Chapter 2 Introduction to Financial Statements
PB6.
2.2 Mateo’s Maple Syrup had the following transactions during the month of February, its first month
in business.
Complete the chart to determine the ending balances. As an example, the first transaction has been
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] | in business.
Complete the chart to determine the ending balances. As an example, the first transaction has been
completed. Note: negative amounts should be indicated with minus signs (–).
(Hints: 1. each transaction will involve two financial statement elements; 2. the net impact of the transaction
may be $0.)
PB7.
2.2 Using the information in PB6, determine the amount of revenue and expenses for Mateo’s Maple
Syrup for the month of February.
Thought Provokers
TP1.
2.1 Choose three stakeholders (or stakeholder groups) for Walmart and prepare a written response
for each stakeholder. In your written response, consider the factors about the business the particular
stakeholder would be interested in. Consider the financial and any nonfinancial factors that would be relevant
to the stakeholder (or stakeholder group). Explain why these factors are important. Do some research and see
if you can find support for your points.
TP2. | {"file_size_mb": 156.7, "file_hash": "89738e550d63820fbb3a833d14ab04029664bcb14dc631bb8a45f0af74d2d6b9", "source": "downloads\\business\\accounting\\FinancialAccounting-OP.pdf", "creationdate": "2019-04-24T10:32:54-05:00", "upload_timestamp": "2026-02-07T07:23:08.167529", "total_pages": 1055, "uploaded_via": "batch_uploader", "moddate": "2020-08-05T15:26:11-05:00", "creator": "DocBook XSL Stylesheets V1.79.1", "file_name": "FinancialAccounting-OP.pdf", "title": "Principles of Accounting, Volume 1: Financial Accounting", "source_file": "downloads\\business\\accounting\\FinancialAccounting-OP.pdf", "batch_upload": true, "file_type": ".pdf", "producer": "Prince 11 (www.princexml.com)"} |
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] | to the stakeholder (or stakeholder group). Explain why these factors are important. Do some research and see
if you can find support for your points.
TP2.
2.1 Assume you purchased ten shares of Roku during the company’s IPO. Comment on why this might
be a good investment. Consider factors such as what you expect to get from your investment, why you think
Roku would become a publicly traded company, and what you think is the landscape of the industry Roku is in.
What other factors might be relevant to your decision to invest in Roku?
TP3.
2.2 A trademark is an intangible asset that has value to a business. Assume that you are an accountant
with the responsibility of valuing the trademark of a well-known company such as Nike or McDonald’s. What
makes each of these companies unique and adds value? While the value of a trademark may not necessarily
be recorded on the company’s balance sheet, discuss what factors you think would affect (increase or | {"title": "Principles of Accounting, Volume 1: Financial Accounting", "file_type": ".pdf", "batch_upload": true, "producer": "Prince 11 (www.princexml.com)", "file_name": "FinancialAccounting-OP.pdf", "creator": "DocBook XSL Stylesheets V1.79.1", "source": "downloads\\business\\accounting\\FinancialAccounting-OP.pdf", "uploaded_via": "batch_uploader", "creationdate": "2019-04-24T10:32:54-05:00", "upload_timestamp": "2026-02-07T07:23:08.167529", "total_pages": 1055, "moddate": "2020-08-05T15:26:11-05:00", "file_hash": "89738e550d63820fbb3a833d14ab04029664bcb14dc631bb8a45f0af74d2d6b9", "source_file": "downloads\\business\\accounting\\FinancialAccounting-OP.pdf", "file_size_mb": 156.7} |
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] | be recorded on the company’s balance sheet, discuss what factors you think would affect (increase or
decrease) the value of the company’s trademark? Consider your answer through the perspective of various
stakeholders.
This OpenStax book is available for free at http://cnx.org/content/col25448/1.4
Chapter 2 Introduction to Financial Statements
113
TP4.
2.3 For each of the following ten independent transactions, provide a written description of what
occurred in each transaction. Figure 2.4 might help you.
TP5.
2.3 The following historical information is from Assisi Community Markets.
Calculate the working capital and current ratio for each year. What observations do you make, and what
actions might the owner consider taking?
114
Chapter 2 Introduction to Financial Statements
This OpenStax book is available for free at http://cnx.org/content/col25448/1.4
3
Analyzing and Recording Transactions | {"creator": "DocBook XSL Stylesheets V1.79.1", "file_type": ".pdf", "creationdate": "2019-04-24T10:32:54-05:00", "total_pages": 1055, "title": "Principles of Accounting, Volume 1: Financial Accounting", "batch_upload": true, "moddate": "2020-08-05T15:26:11-05:00", "file_hash": "89738e550d63820fbb3a833d14ab04029664bcb14dc631bb8a45f0af74d2d6b9", "source_file": "downloads\\business\\accounting\\FinancialAccounting-OP.pdf", "uploaded_via": "batch_uploader", "file_name": "FinancialAccounting-OP.pdf", "producer": "Prince 11 (www.princexml.com)", "file_size_mb": 156.7, "upload_timestamp": "2026-02-07T07:23:08.167529", "source": "downloads\\business\\accounting\\FinancialAccounting-OP.pdf"} |
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] | Chapter 2 Introduction to Financial Statements
This OpenStax book is available for free at http://cnx.org/content/col25448/1.4
3
Analyzing and Recording Transactions
Figure 3.1 Dry-Cleaning Organization. Small businesses need an organized approach to recording daily
business activities. (credit: modification of “Dry cleaned clothes Unsplash” by “m0851”/Wikimedia Commons,
CC0)
Chapter Outline
3.1 Describe Principles, Assumptions, and Concepts of Accounting and Their Relationship to Financial
Statements
3.2 Define and Describe the Expanded Accounting Equation and Its Relationship to Analyzing
Transactions
3.3 Define and Describe the Initial Steps in the Accounting Cycle
3.4 Analyze Business Transactions Using the Accounting Equation and Show the Impact of Business
Transactions on Financial Statements
3.5 Use Journal Entries to Record Transactions and Post to T-Accounts
3.6 Prepare a Trial Balance
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] | Transactions on Financial Statements
3.5 Use Journal Entries to Record Transactions and Post to T-Accounts
3.6 Prepare a Trial Balance
Why It Matters
Mark Summers wants to start his own dry-cleaning business upon finishing college. He has chosen to name
his business Supreme Cleaners. Before he embarks on this journey, Mark must establish what the new
business will require. He needs to determine if he wants to have anyone invest in his company. He also needs
to consider any loans that he might need to take out from his bank to fund the initial start-up. There are daily
business activities that Mark will need to keep track of, such as sales, purchasing equipment, paying bills,
collecting money from customers, and paying back investors, among other things. This process utilizes a
standard accounting framework so that the financial operations are comparable to other company’s financial
operations.
116
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operations.
116
Chapter 3 Analyzing and Recording Transactions
He knows it is important for him to keep thorough documentation of these business activities to give his
investors and creditors, and himself, a clear and accurate picture of operations. Without this, he may find it
difficult to stay in business. He will maintain an organized record of all of Supreme Cleaners’ financial activities
from their inception, using an accounting process meant to result in accurate financial statement preparation.
3.1 Describe Principles, Assumptions, and Concepts of Accounting and
Their Relationship to Financial Statements
If you want to start your own business, you need to maintain detailed and accurate records of business
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] | performance in order for you, your investors, and your lenders, to make informed decisions about the future
of your company. Financial statements are created with this purpose in mind. A set of financial statements
includes the income statement, statement of owner’s equity, balance sheet, and statement of cash flows.
These statements are discussed in detail in Introduction to Financial Statements. This chapter explains the
relationship between financial statements and several steps in the accounting process. We go into much more
detail in The Adjustment Process and Completing the Accounting Cycle.
Accounting Principles, Assumptions, and Concepts
In Introduction to Financial Statements, you learned that the Financial Accounting Standards Board (FASB) is
an independent, nonprofit organization that sets the standards for financial accounting and reporting,
including generally accepted accounting principles (GAAP), for both public- and private-sector businesses in | {"uploaded_via": "batch_uploader", "creationdate": "2019-04-24T10:32:54-05:00", "source_file": "downloads\\business\\accounting\\FinancialAccounting-OP.pdf", "total_pages": 1055, "creator": "DocBook XSL Stylesheets V1.79.1", "file_type": ".pdf", "producer": "Prince 11 (www.princexml.com)", "upload_timestamp": "2026-02-07T07:23:08.167529", "file_size_mb": 156.7, "file_name": "FinancialAccounting-OP.pdf", "source": "downloads\\business\\accounting\\FinancialAccounting-OP.pdf", "moddate": "2020-08-05T15:26:11-05:00", "title": "Principles of Accounting, Volume 1: Financial Accounting", "batch_upload": true, "file_hash": "89738e550d63820fbb3a833d14ab04029664bcb14dc631bb8a45f0af74d2d6b9"} |
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] | including generally accepted accounting principles (GAAP), for both public- and private-sector businesses in
the United States.
As you may also recall, GAAP are the concepts, standards, and rules that guide the preparation and
presentation of financial statements. If US accounting rules are followed, the accounting rules are called US
GAAP. International accounting rules are called International Financial Reporting Standards (IFRS). Publicly
traded companies (those that offer their shares for sale on exchanges in the United States) have the reporting
of their financial operations regulated by the Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC).
You also learned that the SEC is an independent federal agency that is charged with protecting the interests of
investors, regulating stock markets, and ensuring companies adhere to GAAP requirements. By having proper
accounting standards such as US GAAP or IFRS, information presented publicly is considered comparable and | {"uploaded_via": "batch_uploader", "upload_timestamp": "2026-02-07T07:23:08.167529", "creator": "DocBook XSL Stylesheets V1.79.1", "file_hash": "89738e550d63820fbb3a833d14ab04029664bcb14dc631bb8a45f0af74d2d6b9", "producer": "Prince 11 (www.princexml.com)", "moddate": "2020-08-05T15:26:11-05:00", "batch_upload": true, "file_size_mb": 156.7, "source_file": "downloads\\business\\accounting\\FinancialAccounting-OP.pdf", "file_type": ".pdf", "creationdate": "2019-04-24T10:32:54-05:00", "source": "downloads\\business\\accounting\\FinancialAccounting-OP.pdf", "total_pages": 1055, "title": "Principles of Accounting, Volume 1: Financial Accounting", "file_name": "FinancialAccounting-OP.pdf"} |
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] | accounting standards such as US GAAP or IFRS, information presented publicly is considered comparable and
reliable. As a result, financial statement users are more informed when making decisions. The SEC not only
enforces the accounting rules but also delegates the process of setting standards for US GAAP to the FASB.
Some companies that operate on a global scale may be able to report their financial statements using IFRS.
The SEC regulates the financial reporting of companies selling their shares in the United States, whether US
GAAP or IFRS are used. The basics of accounting discussed in this chapter are the same under either set of
guidelines.
E T H I C A L C O N S I D E R A T I O N S
Auditing of Publicly Traded Companies
When a publicly traded company in the United States issues its financial statements, the financial
This OpenStax book is available for free at http://cnx.org/content/col25448/1.4
Chapter 3 Analyzing and Recording Transactions
117 | {"file_hash": "89738e550d63820fbb3a833d14ab04029664bcb14dc631bb8a45f0af74d2d6b9", "moddate": "2020-08-05T15:26:11-05:00", "source_file": "downloads\\business\\accounting\\FinancialAccounting-OP.pdf", "uploaded_via": "batch_uploader", "creationdate": "2019-04-24T10:32:54-05:00", "file_name": "FinancialAccounting-OP.pdf", "creator": "DocBook XSL Stylesheets V1.79.1", "file_size_mb": 156.7, "file_type": ".pdf", "producer": "Prince 11 (www.princexml.com)", "source": "downloads\\business\\accounting\\FinancialAccounting-OP.pdf", "upload_timestamp": "2026-02-07T07:23:08.167529", "batch_upload": true, "total_pages": 1055, "title": "Principles of Accounting, Volume 1: Financial Accounting"} |
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] | This OpenStax book is available for free at http://cnx.org/content/col25448/1.4
Chapter 3 Analyzing and Recording Transactions
117
statements have been audited by a Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (PCAOB) approved
auditor. The PCAOB is the organization that sets the auditing standards, after approval by the SEC. It is
important to remember that auditing is not the same as accounting. The role of the Auditor is to examine
and provide assurance that financial statements are reasonably stated under the rules of appropriate
accounting principles. The auditor conducts the audit under a set of standards known as Generally
Accepted Auditing Standards. The accounting department of a company and its auditors are employees
of two different companies. The auditors of a company are required to be employed by a different
company so that there is independence.
The nonprofit Center for Audit Quality explains auditor independence: “Auditors’ independence from | {"batch_upload": true, "source_file": "downloads\\business\\accounting\\FinancialAccounting-OP.pdf", "total_pages": 1055, "creationdate": "2019-04-24T10:32:54-05:00", "upload_timestamp": "2026-02-07T07:23:08.167529", "title": "Principles of Accounting, Volume 1: Financial Accounting", "moddate": "2020-08-05T15:26:11-05:00", "file_name": "FinancialAccounting-OP.pdf", "uploaded_via": "batch_uploader", "producer": "Prince 11 (www.princexml.com)", "file_type": ".pdf", "source": "downloads\\business\\accounting\\FinancialAccounting-OP.pdf", "file_hash": "89738e550d63820fbb3a833d14ab04029664bcb14dc631bb8a45f0af74d2d6b9", "creator": "DocBook XSL Stylesheets V1.79.1", "file_size_mb": 156.7} |
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] | company so that there is independence.
The nonprofit Center for Audit Quality explains auditor independence: “Auditors’ independence from
company management is essential for a successful audit because it enables them to approach the audit
with the necessary professional skepticism.”[1] The center goes on to identify a key practice to protect
independence by which an external auditor reports not to a company’s management, which could make
it more difficult to maintain independence, but to a company’s audit committee. The audit committee
oversees the auditors’ work and monitors disagreements between management and the auditor about
financial reporting. Internal auditors of a company are not the auditors that provide an opinion on the
financial statements of a company. According to the Center for Audit Quality, “By law, public companies’ | {"batch_upload": true, "title": "Principles of Accounting, Volume 1: Financial Accounting", "file_size_mb": 156.7, "file_type": ".pdf", "file_name": "FinancialAccounting-OP.pdf", "creator": "DocBook XSL Stylesheets V1.79.1", "uploaded_via": "batch_uploader", "creationdate": "2019-04-24T10:32:54-05:00", "file_hash": "89738e550d63820fbb3a833d14ab04029664bcb14dc631bb8a45f0af74d2d6b9", "total_pages": 1055, "producer": "Prince 11 (www.princexml.com)", "upload_timestamp": "2026-02-07T07:23:08.167529", "moddate": "2020-08-05T15:26:11-05:00", "source": "downloads\\business\\accounting\\FinancialAccounting-OP.pdf", "source_file": "downloads\\business\\accounting\\FinancialAccounting-OP.pdf"} |
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] | financial statements of a company. According to the Center for Audit Quality, “By law, public companies’
annual financial statements are audited each year by independent auditors—accountants who examine
the data for conformity with U.S. Generally Accepted Accounting Principles (GAAP).”[2] The opinion from
the independent auditors regarding a publicly traded company is filed for public inspection, along with
the financial statements of the publicly traded company.
The Conceptual Framework
The FASB uses a conceptual framework, which is a set of concepts that guide financial reporting. These
concepts can help ensure information is comparable and reliable to stakeholders. Guidance may be given on
how to report transactions, measurement requirements, and application on financial statements, among other
things.[3]
I F R S C O N N E C T I O N
GAAP, IFRS, and the Conceptual Framework
The procedural part of accounting—recording transactions right through to creating financial | {"creator": "DocBook XSL Stylesheets V1.79.1", "uploaded_via": "batch_uploader", "producer": "Prince 11 (www.princexml.com)", "title": "Principles of Accounting, Volume 1: Financial Accounting", "creationdate": "2019-04-24T10:32:54-05:00", "moddate": "2020-08-05T15:26:11-05:00", "batch_upload": true, "file_type": ".pdf", "file_hash": "89738e550d63820fbb3a833d14ab04029664bcb14dc631bb8a45f0af74d2d6b9", "total_pages": 1055, "source_file": "downloads\\business\\accounting\\FinancialAccounting-OP.pdf", "source": "downloads\\business\\accounting\\FinancialAccounting-OP.pdf", "upload_timestamp": "2026-02-07T07:23:08.167529", "file_name": "FinancialAccounting-OP.pdf", "file_size_mb": 156.7} |
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] | I F R S C O N N E C T I O N
GAAP, IFRS, and the Conceptual Framework
The procedural part of accounting—recording transactions right through to creating financial
statements—is a universal process. Businesses all around the world carry out this process as part of their
normal operations. In carrying out these steps, the timing and rate at which transactions are recorded
and subsequently reported in the financial statements are determined by the accepted accounting
principles used by the company.
1
2
3
Center for Audit Quality. Guide to Public Company Auditing. https://www.iasplus.com/en/binary/usa/aicpa/0905caqauditguide.pdf
Center for Audit Quality. Guide to Public Company Auditing. https://www.iasplus.com/en/binary/usa/aicpa/0905caqauditguide.pdf
Financial Accounting Standards Board. “The Conceptual Framework.” http://www.fasb.org/jsp/FASB/Page/BridgePage&cid=1176168367774
118
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] | Chapter 3 Analyzing and Recording Transactions
As you learned in Role of Accounting in Society, US-based companies will apply US GAAP as created by
the FASB, and most international companies will apply IFRS as created by the International Accounting
Standards Board (IASB). As illustrated in this chapter, the starting point for either FASB or IASB in
creating accounting standards, or principles, is the conceptual framework. Both FASB and IASB cover the
same topics in their frameworks, and the two frameworks are similar. The conceptual framework helps in
the standard-setting process by creating the foundation on which those standards should be based. It
can also help companies figure out how to record transactions for which there may not currently be an
applicable standard. Though there are many similarities between the conceptual framework under US
GAAP and IFRS, these similar foundations result in different standards and/or different interpretations. | {"batch_upload": true, "creationdate": "2019-04-24T10:32:54-05:00", "file_type": ".pdf", "title": "Principles of Accounting, Volume 1: Financial Accounting", "file_name": "FinancialAccounting-OP.pdf", "producer": "Prince 11 (www.princexml.com)", "file_hash": "89738e550d63820fbb3a833d14ab04029664bcb14dc631bb8a45f0af74d2d6b9", "uploaded_via": "batch_uploader", "upload_timestamp": "2026-02-07T07:23:08.167529", "creator": "DocBook XSL Stylesheets V1.79.1", "total_pages": 1055, "source": "downloads\\business\\accounting\\FinancialAccounting-OP.pdf", "source_file": "downloads\\business\\accounting\\FinancialAccounting-OP.pdf", "file_size_mb": 156.7, "moddate": "2020-08-05T15:26:11-05:00"} |
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] | GAAP and IFRS, these similar foundations result in different standards and/or different interpretations.
Once an accounting standard has been written for US GAAP, the FASB often offers clarification on how
the standard should be applied. Businesses frequently ask for guidance for their particular industry.
When the FASB creates accounting standards and any subsequent clarifications or guidance, it only has
to consider the effects of those standards, clarifications, or guidance on US-based companies. This
means that FASB has only one major legal system and government to consider. When offering
interpretations or other guidance on application of standards, the FASB can utilize knowledge of the US-
based legal and taxation systems to help guide their points of clarification and can even create
interpretations for specific industries. This means that interpretation and guidance on US GAAP | {"file_name": "FinancialAccounting-OP.pdf", "creationdate": "2019-04-24T10:32:54-05:00", "upload_timestamp": "2026-02-07T07:23:08.167529", "moddate": "2020-08-05T15:26:11-05:00", "file_hash": "89738e550d63820fbb3a833d14ab04029664bcb14dc631bb8a45f0af74d2d6b9", "producer": "Prince 11 (www.princexml.com)", "total_pages": 1055, "creator": "DocBook XSL Stylesheets V1.79.1", "title": "Principles of Accounting, Volume 1: Financial Accounting", "file_size_mb": 156.7, "source_file": "downloads\\business\\accounting\\FinancialAccounting-OP.pdf", "source": "downloads\\business\\accounting\\FinancialAccounting-OP.pdf", "file_type": ".pdf", "batch_upload": true, "uploaded_via": "batch_uploader"} |
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interpretations for specific industries. This means that interpretation and guidance on US GAAP
standards can often contain specific details and guidelines in order to help align the accounting process
with legal matters and tax laws.
In applying their conceptual framework to create standards, the IASB must consider that their standards
are being used in 120 or more different countries, each with its own legal and judicial systems. Therefore,
it is much more difficult for the IASB to provide as much detailed guidance once the standard has been
written, because what might work in one country from a taxation or legal standpoint might not be
appropriate in a different country. This means that IFRS interpretations and guidance have fewer
detailed components for specific industries as compared to US GAAP guidance. | {"file_type": ".pdf", "moddate": "2020-08-05T15:26:11-05:00", "creator": "DocBook XSL Stylesheets V1.79.1", "source_file": "downloads\\business\\accounting\\FinancialAccounting-OP.pdf", "uploaded_via": "batch_uploader", "producer": "Prince 11 (www.princexml.com)", "total_pages": 1055, "source": "downloads\\business\\accounting\\FinancialAccounting-OP.pdf", "creationdate": "2019-04-24T10:32:54-05:00", "file_hash": "89738e550d63820fbb3a833d14ab04029664bcb14dc631bb8a45f0af74d2d6b9", "file_name": "FinancialAccounting-OP.pdf", "file_size_mb": 156.7, "batch_upload": true, "upload_timestamp": "2026-02-07T07:23:08.167529", "title": "Principles of Accounting, Volume 1: Financial Accounting"} |
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] | appropriate in a different country. This means that IFRS interpretations and guidance have fewer
detailed components for specific industries as compared to US GAAP guidance.
The conceptual framework sets the basis for accounting standards set by rule-making bodies that govern how
the financial statements are prepared. Here are a few of the principles, assumptions, and concepts that
provide guidance in developing GAAP.
Revenue Recognition Principle
The revenue recognition principle directs a company to recognize revenue in the period in which it is earned;
revenue is not considered earned until a product or service has been provided. This means the period of time
in which you performed the service or gave the customer the product is the period in which revenue is
recognized.
There also does not have to be a correlation between when cash is collected and when revenue is recognized. | {"uploaded_via": "batch_uploader", "total_pages": 1055, "creator": "DocBook XSL Stylesheets V1.79.1", "file_hash": "89738e550d63820fbb3a833d14ab04029664bcb14dc631bb8a45f0af74d2d6b9", "batch_upload": true, "producer": "Prince 11 (www.princexml.com)", "file_size_mb": 156.7, "upload_timestamp": "2026-02-07T07:23:08.167529", "source": "downloads\\business\\accounting\\FinancialAccounting-OP.pdf", "file_name": "FinancialAccounting-OP.pdf", "title": "Principles of Accounting, Volume 1: Financial Accounting", "source_file": "downloads\\business\\accounting\\FinancialAccounting-OP.pdf", "moddate": "2020-08-05T15:26:11-05:00", "creationdate": "2019-04-24T10:32:54-05:00", "file_type": ".pdf"} |
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] | recognized.
There also does not have to be a correlation between when cash is collected and when revenue is recognized.
A customer may not pay for the service on the day it was provided. Even though the customer has not yet paid
cash, there is a reasonable expectation that the customer will pay in the future. Since the company has
provided the service, it would recognize the revenue as earned, even though cash has yet to be collected.
For example, Lynn Sanders owns a small printing company, Printing Plus. She completed a print job for a
customer on August 10. The customer did not pay cash for the service at that time and was billed for the
service, paying at a later date. When should Lynn recognize the revenue, on August 10 or at the later payment
This OpenStax book is available for free at http://cnx.org/content/col25448/1.4
Chapter 3 Analyzing and Recording Transactions
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] | This OpenStax book is available for free at http://cnx.org/content/col25448/1.4
Chapter 3 Analyzing and Recording Transactions
119
date? Lynn should record revenue as earned on August 10. She provided the service to the customer, and
there is a reasonable expectation that the customer will pay at the later date.
Expense Recognition (Matching) Principle
The expense recognition principle (also referred to as the matching principle) states that we must match
expenses with associated revenues in the period in which the revenues were earned. A mismatch in expenses
and revenues could be an understated net income in one period with an overstated net income in another
period. There would be no reliability in statements if expenses were recorded separately from the revenues
generated.
For example, if Lynn earned printing revenue in April, then any associated expenses to the revenue generation | {"uploaded_via": "batch_uploader", "title": "Principles of Accounting, Volume 1: Financial Accounting", "source_file": "downloads\\business\\accounting\\FinancialAccounting-OP.pdf", "file_name": "FinancialAccounting-OP.pdf", "creationdate": "2019-04-24T10:32:54-05:00", "upload_timestamp": "2026-02-07T07:23:08.167529", "total_pages": 1055, "file_size_mb": 156.7, "file_type": ".pdf", "source": "downloads\\business\\accounting\\FinancialAccounting-OP.pdf", "creator": "DocBook XSL Stylesheets V1.79.1", "batch_upload": true, "producer": "Prince 11 (www.princexml.com)", "file_hash": "89738e550d63820fbb3a833d14ab04029664bcb14dc631bb8a45f0af74d2d6b9", "moddate": "2020-08-05T15:26:11-05:00"} |
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] | generated.
For example, if Lynn earned printing revenue in April, then any associated expenses to the revenue generation
(such as paying an employee) should be recorded on the same income statement. The employee worked for
Lynn in April, helping her earn revenue in April, so Lynn must match the expense with the revenue by showing
both on the April income statement.
Cost Principle
The cost principle, also known as the historical cost principle, states that virtually everything the company
owns or controls (assets) must be recorded at its value at the date of acquisition. For most assets, this value is
easy to determine as it is the price agreed to when buying the asset from the vendor. There are some
exceptions to this rule, but always apply the cost principle unless FASB has specifically stated that a different
valuation method should be used in a given circumstance. | {"source": "downloads\\business\\accounting\\FinancialAccounting-OP.pdf", "file_name": "FinancialAccounting-OP.pdf", "creator": "DocBook XSL Stylesheets V1.79.1", "producer": "Prince 11 (www.princexml.com)", "upload_timestamp": "2026-02-07T07:23:08.167529", "creationdate": "2019-04-24T10:32:54-05:00", "file_type": ".pdf", "source_file": "downloads\\business\\accounting\\FinancialAccounting-OP.pdf", "file_size_mb": 156.7, "file_hash": "89738e550d63820fbb3a833d14ab04029664bcb14dc631bb8a45f0af74d2d6b9", "total_pages": 1055, "title": "Principles of Accounting, Volume 1: Financial Accounting", "moddate": "2020-08-05T15:26:11-05:00", "uploaded_via": "batch_uploader", "batch_upload": true} |
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] | exceptions to this rule, but always apply the cost principle unless FASB has specifically stated that a different
valuation method should be used in a given circumstance.
The primary exceptions to this historical cost treatment, at this time, are financial instruments, such as stocks
and bonds, which might be recorded at their fair market value. This is called mark-to-market accounting or fair
value accounting and is more advanced than the general basic concepts underlying the introduction to basic
accounting concepts; therefore, it is addressed in more advanced accounting courses.
Once an asset is recorded on the books, the value of that asset must remain at its historical cost, even if its
value in the market changes. For example, Lynn Sanders purchases a piece of equipment for $40,000. She
believes this is a bargain and perceives the value to be more at $60,000 in the current market. Even though | {"uploaded_via": "batch_uploader", "source": "downloads\\business\\accounting\\FinancialAccounting-OP.pdf", "creator": "DocBook XSL Stylesheets V1.79.1", "producer": "Prince 11 (www.princexml.com)", "batch_upload": true, "creationdate": "2019-04-24T10:32:54-05:00", "file_name": "FinancialAccounting-OP.pdf", "upload_timestamp": "2026-02-07T07:23:08.167529", "source_file": "downloads\\business\\accounting\\FinancialAccounting-OP.pdf", "file_type": ".pdf", "file_hash": "89738e550d63820fbb3a833d14ab04029664bcb14dc631bb8a45f0af74d2d6b9", "total_pages": 1055, "file_size_mb": 156.7, "title": "Principles of Accounting, Volume 1: Financial Accounting", "moddate": "2020-08-05T15:26:11-05:00"} |
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] | believes this is a bargain and perceives the value to be more at $60,000 in the current market. Even though
Lynn feels the equipment is worth $60,000, she may only record the cost she paid for the equipment of
$40,000.
Full Disclosure Principle
The full disclosure principle states that a business must report any business activities that could affect what
is reported on the financial statements. These activities could be nonfinancial in nature or be supplemental
details not readily available on the main financial statement. Some examples of this include any pending
litigation, acquisition information, methods used to calculate certain figures, or stock options. These
disclosures are usually recorded in footnotes on the statements, or in addenda to the statements.
Separate Entity Concept
The separate entity concept prescribes that a business may only report activities on financial statements that | {"file_hash": "89738e550d63820fbb3a833d14ab04029664bcb14dc631bb8a45f0af74d2d6b9", "source": "downloads\\business\\accounting\\FinancialAccounting-OP.pdf", "creator": "DocBook XSL Stylesheets V1.79.1", "upload_timestamp": "2026-02-07T07:23:08.167529", "file_size_mb": 156.7, "moddate": "2020-08-05T15:26:11-05:00", "batch_upload": true, "file_name": "FinancialAccounting-OP.pdf", "creationdate": "2019-04-24T10:32:54-05:00", "producer": "Prince 11 (www.princexml.com)", "title": "Principles of Accounting, Volume 1: Financial Accounting", "file_type": ".pdf", "source_file": "downloads\\business\\accounting\\FinancialAccounting-OP.pdf", "uploaded_via": "batch_uploader", "total_pages": 1055} |
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] | Separate Entity Concept
The separate entity concept prescribes that a business may only report activities on financial statements that
are specifically related to company operations, not those activities that affect the owner personally. This
concept is called the separate entity concept because the business is considered an entity separate and apart
from its owner(s).
120
Chapter 3 Analyzing and Recording Transactions
For example, Lynn Sanders purchases two cars; one is used for personal use only, and the other is used for
business use only. According to the separate entity concept, Lynn may record the purchase of the car used by
the company in the company’s accounting records, but not the car for personal use.
Conservatism
This concept is important when valuing a transaction for which the dollar value cannot be as clearly
determined, as when using the cost principle. Conservatism states that if there is uncertainty in a potential | {"moddate": "2020-08-05T15:26:11-05:00", "file_type": ".pdf", "creationdate": "2019-04-24T10:32:54-05:00", "file_hash": "89738e550d63820fbb3a833d14ab04029664bcb14dc631bb8a45f0af74d2d6b9", "uploaded_via": "batch_uploader", "creator": "DocBook XSL Stylesheets V1.79.1", "total_pages": 1055, "source_file": "downloads\\business\\accounting\\FinancialAccounting-OP.pdf", "source": "downloads\\business\\accounting\\FinancialAccounting-OP.pdf", "upload_timestamp": "2026-02-07T07:23:08.167529", "file_size_mb": 156.7, "producer": "Prince 11 (www.princexml.com)", "file_name": "FinancialAccounting-OP.pdf", "batch_upload": true, "title": "Principles of Accounting, Volume 1: Financial Accounting"} |
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] | determined, as when using the cost principle. Conservatism states that if there is uncertainty in a potential
financial estimate, a company should err on the side of caution and report the most conservative amount. This
would mean that any uncertain or estimated expenses/losses should be recorded, but uncertain or estimated
revenues/gains should not. This understates net income, therefore reducing profit. This gives stakeholders a
more reliable view of the company’s financial position and does not overstate income.
Monetary Measurement Concept
In order to record a transaction, we need a system of monetary measurement, or a monetary unit by which to
value the transaction. In the United States, this monetary unit is the US dollar. Without a dollar amount, it
would be impossible to record information in the financial records. It also would leave stakeholders unable to
make financial decisions, because there is no comparability measurement between companies. This concept | {"uploaded_via": "batch_uploader", "file_hash": "89738e550d63820fbb3a833d14ab04029664bcb14dc631bb8a45f0af74d2d6b9", "total_pages": 1055, "upload_timestamp": "2026-02-07T07:23:08.167529", "producer": "Prince 11 (www.princexml.com)", "file_name": "FinancialAccounting-OP.pdf", "title": "Principles of Accounting, Volume 1: Financial Accounting", "source": "downloads\\business\\accounting\\FinancialAccounting-OP.pdf", "file_size_mb": 156.7, "moddate": "2020-08-05T15:26:11-05:00", "creator": "DocBook XSL Stylesheets V1.79.1", "batch_upload": true, "creationdate": "2019-04-24T10:32:54-05:00", "file_type": ".pdf", "source_file": "downloads\\business\\accounting\\FinancialAccounting-OP.pdf"} |
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] | make financial decisions, because there is no comparability measurement between companies. This concept
ignores any change in the purchasing power of the dollar due to inflation.
Going Concern Assumption
The going concern assumption assumes a business will continue to operate in the foreseeable future. A
common time frame might be twelve months. However, one should presume the business is doing well
enough to continue operations unless there is evidence to the contrary. For example, a business might have
certain expenses that are paid off (or reduced) over several time periods. If the business will stay operational
in the foreseeable future, the company can continue to recognize these long-term expenses over several time
periods. Some red flags that a business may no longer be a going concern are defaults on loans or a sequence
of losses.
Time Period Assumption
The time period assumption states that a company can present useful information in shorter time periods, | {"file_type": ".pdf", "total_pages": 1055, "uploaded_via": "batch_uploader", "source": "downloads\\business\\accounting\\FinancialAccounting-OP.pdf", "file_hash": "89738e550d63820fbb3a833d14ab04029664bcb14dc631bb8a45f0af74d2d6b9", "moddate": "2020-08-05T15:26:11-05:00", "upload_timestamp": "2026-02-07T07:23:08.167529", "file_size_mb": 156.7, "title": "Principles of Accounting, Volume 1: Financial Accounting", "source_file": "downloads\\business\\accounting\\FinancialAccounting-OP.pdf", "creationdate": "2019-04-24T10:32:54-05:00", "batch_upload": true, "file_name": "FinancialAccounting-OP.pdf", "producer": "Prince 11 (www.princexml.com)", "creator": "DocBook XSL Stylesheets V1.79.1"} |
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] | of losses.
Time Period Assumption
The time period assumption states that a company can present useful information in shorter time periods,
such as years, quarters, or months. The information is broken into time frames to make comparisons and
evaluations easier. The information will be timely and current and will give a meaningful picture of how the
company is operating.
For example, a school year is broken down into semesters or quarters. After each semester or quarter, your
grade point average (GPA) is updated with new information on your performance in classes you completed.
This gives you timely grading information with which to make decisions about your schooling.
A potential or existing investor wants timely information by which to measure the performance of the
company, and to help decide whether to invest. Because of the time period assumption, we need to be sure to | {"source": "downloads\\business\\accounting\\FinancialAccounting-OP.pdf", "batch_upload": true, "creator": "DocBook XSL Stylesheets V1.79.1", "moddate": "2020-08-05T15:26:11-05:00", "uploaded_via": "batch_uploader", "total_pages": 1055, "title": "Principles of Accounting, Volume 1: Financial Accounting", "file_name": "FinancialAccounting-OP.pdf", "file_hash": "89738e550d63820fbb3a833d14ab04029664bcb14dc631bb8a45f0af74d2d6b9", "upload_timestamp": "2026-02-07T07:23:08.167529", "creationdate": "2019-04-24T10:32:54-05:00", "producer": "Prince 11 (www.princexml.com)", "source_file": "downloads\\business\\accounting\\FinancialAccounting-OP.pdf", "file_type": ".pdf", "file_size_mb": 156.7} |
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] | company, and to help decide whether to invest. Because of the time period assumption, we need to be sure to
recognize revenues and expenses in the proper period. This might mean allocating costs over more than one
accounting or reporting period.
The use of the principles, assumptions, and concepts in relation to the preparation of financial statements is
better understood when looking at the full accounting cycle and its relation to the detailed process required to
record business activities (Figure 3.2).
This OpenStax book is available for free at http://cnx.org/content/col25448/1.4
Chapter 3 Analyzing and Recording Transactions
121
Figure 3.2 GAAP Accounting Standards Connection Tree. (attribution: Copyright Rice University, OpenStax,
under CC BY-NC-SA 4.0 license)
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Tax Cuts and Jobs Act
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