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[ "Life" ]	In general, the details of Aristotle's life are not well-established. The biographies written in ancient times are often speculative and historians only agree on a few salient points. Aristotle, whose name means "the best purpose" in Ancient Greek, was born in 384 BC in [[Stagira (ancient city)\|Stagira]], [[Chalcidice]...	308	Aristotle	[ "Aristotle", "Aristotelianism", "384 BC births", "322 BC deaths", "4th-century BC philosophers", "4th-century BC writers", "Academic philosophers", "Acting theorists", "Ancient Greek biologists", "Ancient Greek economists", "Ancient Greek epistemologists", "Ancient Greek ethicists", "Ancient...	[ "Perfectionism", "Aristotelian Society", "Conimbricenses" ]
[ "Life" ]	This period in Athens, between 335 and 323 BC, is when Aristotle is believed to have composed many of his works. He wrote many dialogues, of which only fragments have survived. Those works that have survived are in [[treatise]] form and were not, for the most part, intended for widespread publication; they are generall...	308	Aristotle	[ "Aristotle", "Aristotelianism", "384 BC births", "322 BC deaths", "4th-century BC philosophers", "4th-century BC writers", "Academic philosophers", "Acting theorists", "Ancient Greek biologists", "Ancient Greek economists", "Ancient Greek epistemologists", "Ancient Greek ethicists", "Ancient...	[ "Perfectionism", "Aristotelian Society", "Conimbricenses" ]
[ "Speculative philosophy", "Logic" ]	With the ''[[Prior Analytics]]'', Aristotle is credited with the earliest study of formal logic, and his conception of it was the dominant form of Western logic until 19th-century advances in [[mathematical logic]]. [[Immanuel Kant\|Kant]] stated in the ''[[Critique of Pure Reason]]'' that with Aristotle logic reached i...	308	Aristotle	[ "Aristotle", "Aristotelianism", "384 BC births", "322 BC deaths", "4th-century BC philosophers", "4th-century BC writers", "Academic philosophers", "Acting theorists", "Ancient Greek biologists", "Ancient Greek economists", "Ancient Greek epistemologists", "Ancient Greek ethicists", "Ancient...	[ "Perfectionism", "Aristotelian Society", "Conimbricenses" ]
[ "Speculative philosophy", "Logic", "''Organon''" ]	What is today called ''Aristotelian logic'' with its [[Syllogism#Types\|types of syllogism]] (methods of logical argument), Aristotle himself would have labelled "analytics". The term "logic" he reserved to mean ''dialectics''. Most of Aristotle's work is probably not in its original form, because it was most likely edi...	308	Aristotle	[ "Aristotle", "Aristotelianism", "384 BC births", "322 BC deaths", "4th-century BC philosophers", "4th-century BC writers", "Academic philosophers", "Acting theorists", "Ancient Greek biologists", "Ancient Greek economists", "Ancient Greek epistemologists", "Ancient Greek ethicists", "Ancient...	[ "Perfectionism", "Aristotelian Society", "Conimbricenses" ]
[ "Speculative philosophy", "Metaphysics" ]	The word "metaphysics" appears to have been coined by the first century AD editor who assembled various small selections of Aristotle's works to the treatise we know by the name ''Metaphysics''. Aristotle called it "first philosophy", and distinguished it from mathematics and natural science (physics) as the contemplat...	308	Aristotle	[ "Aristotle", "Aristotelianism", "384 BC births", "322 BC deaths", "4th-century BC philosophers", "4th-century BC writers", "Academic philosophers", "Acting theorists", "Ancient Greek biologists", "Ancient Greek economists", "Ancient Greek epistemologists", "Ancient Greek ethicists", "Ancient...	[ "Perfectionism", "Aristotelian Society", "Conimbricenses" ]
[ "Speculative philosophy", "Metaphysics", "Substance" ]	Aristotle examines the concepts of [[Substance theory\|substance]] (''ousia'') and [[essence]] (''to ti ên einai'', "the what it was to be") in his ''Metaphysics'' (Book VII), and he concludes that a particular substance is a combination of both matter and form, a philosophical theory called [[hylomorphism]]. In Book VI...	308	Aristotle	[ "Aristotle", "Aristotelianism", "384 BC births", "322 BC deaths", "4th-century BC philosophers", "4th-century BC writers", "Academic philosophers", "Acting theorists", "Ancient Greek biologists", "Ancient Greek economists", "Ancient Greek epistemologists", "Ancient Greek ethicists", "Ancient...	[ "Perfectionism", "Aristotelian Society", "Conimbricenses" ]
[ "Speculative philosophy", "Metaphysics", "Substance", "Immanent realism" ]	Like his teacher Plato, Aristotle's philosophy aims at the [[Problem of universals\|universal]]. Aristotle's [[ontology]] places the universal (''katholou'') in [[particular]] (''kath' hekaston''), things in the world, whereas for Plato the universal is a separately existing form which actual things imitate. For Aristot...	308	Aristotle	[ "Aristotle", "Aristotelianism", "384 BC births", "322 BC deaths", "4th-century BC philosophers", "4th-century BC writers", "Academic philosophers", "Acting theorists", "Ancient Greek biologists", "Ancient Greek economists", "Ancient Greek epistemologists", "Ancient Greek ethicists", "Ancient...	[ "Perfectionism", "Aristotelian Society", "Conimbricenses" ]
[ "Speculative philosophy", "Metaphysics", "Substance", "Potentiality and actuality" ]	With regard to the change (''[[Potentiality and actuality\|kinesis]]'') and its causes now, as he defines in his ''[[Physics (Aristotle)\|Physics]]'' and ''[[On Generation and Corruption]]'' 319b–320a, he distinguishes the coming to be from: (1) growth and diminution, which is change in quantity; (2) locomotion, which is...	308	Aristotle	[ "Aristotle", "Aristotelianism", "384 BC births", "322 BC deaths", "4th-century BC philosophers", "4th-century BC writers", "Academic philosophers", "Acting theorists", "Ancient Greek biologists", "Ancient Greek economists", "Ancient Greek epistemologists", "Ancient Greek ethicists", "Ancient...	[ "Perfectionism", "Aristotelian Society", "Conimbricenses" ]
[ "Speculative philosophy", "Epistemology" ]	Aristotle's immanent realism means his [[epistemology]] is based on the study of things that exist or happen in the world, and rises to knowledge of the universal, whereas for Plato epistemology begins with knowledge of universal [[Theory of Forms\|Forms]] (or ideas) and descends to knowledge of particular imitations of...	308	Aristotle	[ "Aristotle", "Aristotelianism", "384 BC births", "322 BC deaths", "4th-century BC philosophers", "4th-century BC writers", "Academic philosophers", "Acting theorists", "Ancient Greek biologists", "Ancient Greek economists", "Ancient Greek epistemologists", "Ancient Greek ethicists", "Ancient...	[ "Perfectionism", "Aristotelian Society", "Conimbricenses" ]
[ "Natural philosophy" ]	Aristotle's "natural philosophy" spans a wide range of natural phenomena including those now covered by physics, biology and other natural sciences. In Aristotle's terminology, "natural philosophy" is a branch of philosophy examining the phenomena of the natural world, and includes fields that would be regarded today a...	308	Aristotle	[ "Aristotle", "Aristotelianism", "384 BC births", "322 BC deaths", "4th-century BC philosophers", "4th-century BC writers", "Academic philosophers", "Acting theorists", "Ancient Greek biologists", "Ancient Greek economists", "Ancient Greek epistemologists", "Ancient Greek ethicists", "Ancient...	[ "Perfectionism", "Aristotelian Society", "Conimbricenses" ]
[ "Natural philosophy", "Physics", "Five elements" ]	In his ''[[On Generation and Corruption]]'', Aristotle related each of the four elements proposed earlier by [[Empedocles]], [[Earth (classical element)\|Earth]], [[Water (classical element)\|Water]], [[Air (classical element)\|Air]], and [[Fire (classical element)\|Fire]], to two of the four sensible qualities, hot, cold,...	308	Aristotle	[ "Aristotle", "Aristotelianism", "384 BC births", "322 BC deaths", "4th-century BC philosophers", "4th-century BC writers", "Academic philosophers", "Acting theorists", "Ancient Greek biologists", "Ancient Greek economists", "Ancient Greek epistemologists", "Ancient Greek ethicists", "Ancient...	[ "Perfectionism", "Aristotelian Society", "Conimbricenses" ]
[ "Natural philosophy", "Physics", "Motion" ]	Aristotle describes two kinds of motion: "violent" or "unnatural motion", such as that of a thrown stone, in the ''Physics'' (254b10), and "natural motion", such as of a falling object, in ''On the Heavens'' (300a20). In violent motion, as soon as the agent stops causing it, the motion stops also: in other words, the n...	308	Aristotle	[ "Aristotle", "Aristotelianism", "384 BC births", "322 BC deaths", "4th-century BC philosophers", "4th-century BC writers", "Academic philosophers", "Acting theorists", "Ancient Greek biologists", "Ancient Greek economists", "Ancient Greek epistemologists", "Ancient Greek ethicists", "Ancient...	[ "Perfectionism", "Aristotelian Society", "Conimbricenses" ]
[ "Natural philosophy", "Physics", "Four causes" ]	Aristotle suggested that the reason for anything coming about can be attributed to four different types of simultaneously active factors. His term ''aitia'' is traditionally translated as "cause", but it does not always refer to temporal sequence; it might be better translated as "explanation", but the traditional rend...	308	Aristotle	[ "Aristotle", "Aristotelianism", "384 BC births", "322 BC deaths", "4th-century BC philosophers", "4th-century BC writers", "Academic philosophers", "Acting theorists", "Ancient Greek biologists", "Ancient Greek economists", "Ancient Greek epistemologists", "Ancient Greek ethicists", "Ancient...	[ "Perfectionism", "Aristotelian Society", "Conimbricenses" ]
[ "Natural philosophy", "Physics", "Optics" ]	Aristotle describes experiments in [[optics]] using a [[camera obscura]] in ''[[Problems (Aristotle)\|Problems]]'', book 15. The apparatus consisted of a dark chamber with a small [[aperture]] that let light in. With it, he saw that whatever shape he made the hole, the sun's image always remained circular. He also noted...	308	Aristotle	[ "Aristotle", "Aristotelianism", "384 BC births", "322 BC deaths", "4th-century BC philosophers", "4th-century BC writers", "Academic philosophers", "Acting theorists", "Ancient Greek biologists", "Ancient Greek economists", "Ancient Greek epistemologists", "Ancient Greek ethicists", "Ancient...	[ "Perfectionism", "Aristotelian Society", "Conimbricenses" ]
[ "Natural philosophy", "Physics", "Chance and spontaneity" ]	According to Aristotle, spontaneity and chance are causes of some things, distinguishable from other types of cause such as simple necessity. Chance as an incidental cause lies in the realm of [[Accident (philosophy)\|accidental things]], "from what is spontaneous". There is also more a specific kind of chance, which Ar...	308	Aristotle	[ "Aristotle", "Aristotelianism", "384 BC births", "322 BC deaths", "4th-century BC philosophers", "4th-century BC writers", "Academic philosophers", "Acting theorists", "Ancient Greek biologists", "Ancient Greek economists", "Ancient Greek epistemologists", "Ancient Greek ethicists", "Ancient...	[ "Perfectionism", "Aristotelian Society", "Conimbricenses" ]
[ "Natural philosophy", "Astronomy" ]	In [[astronomy]], Aristotle refuted [[Democritus]]'s claim that the [[Milky Way]] was made up of "those stars which are shaded by the earth from the sun's rays," pointing out correctly that if "the size of the sun is greater than that of the earth and the distance of the stars from the earth many times greater than tha...	308	Aristotle	[ "Aristotle", "Aristotelianism", "384 BC births", "322 BC deaths", "4th-century BC philosophers", "4th-century BC writers", "Academic philosophers", "Acting theorists", "Ancient Greek biologists", "Ancient Greek economists", "Ancient Greek epistemologists", "Ancient Greek ethicists", "Ancient...	[ "Perfectionism", "Aristotelian Society", "Conimbricenses" ]
[ "Natural philosophy", "Geology/Natural Sciences" ]	Aristotle was one of the first people to record any [[geology\|geological]] observations. He stated that [[Uniformitarianism\|geological change]] was too slow to be observed in one person's lifetime. The geologist [[Charles Lyell]] noted that Aristotle described such change, including "lakes that had dried up" and "deser...	308	Aristotle	[ "Aristotle", "Aristotelianism", "384 BC births", "322 BC deaths", "4th-century BC philosophers", "4th-century BC writers", "Academic philosophers", "Acting theorists", "Ancient Greek biologists", "Ancient Greek economists", "Ancient Greek epistemologists", "Ancient Greek ethicists", "Ancient...	[ "Perfectionism", "Aristotelian Society", "Conimbricenses" ]
[ "Natural philosophy", "Biology", "Empirical research" ]	Aristotle was the first person to study biology systematically, and biology forms a large part of his writings. He spent two years observing and describing the zoology of [[Lesbos]] and the surrounding seas, including in particular the Pyrrha lagoon in the centre of Lesbos. His data in ''[[History of Animals]]'', ''[[G...	308	Aristotle	[ "Aristotle", "Aristotelianism", "384 BC births", "322 BC deaths", "4th-century BC philosophers", "4th-century BC writers", "Academic philosophers", "Acting theorists", "Ancient Greek biologists", "Ancient Greek economists", "Ancient Greek epistemologists", "Ancient Greek ethicists", "Ancient...	[ "Perfectionism", "Aristotelian Society", "Conimbricenses" ]
[ "Natural philosophy", "Biology", "Scientific style" ]	Aristotle did not do experiments in the modern sense. He used the ancient Greek term ''pepeiramenoi'' to mean observations, or at most investigative procedures like dissection. In ''Generation of Animals'', he finds a fertilized hen's egg of a suitable stage and opens it to see the embryo's heart beating inside. Instea...	308	Aristotle	[ "Aristotle", "Aristotelianism", "384 BC births", "322 BC deaths", "4th-century BC philosophers", "4th-century BC writers", "Academic philosophers", "Acting theorists", "Ancient Greek biologists", "Ancient Greek economists", "Ancient Greek epistemologists", "Ancient Greek ethicists", "Ancient...	[ "Perfectionism", "Aristotelian Society", "Conimbricenses" ]
[ "Natural philosophy", "Biology", "Classification of living things" ]	Aristotle distinguished about 500 species of [[animal]], arranging these in the ''History of Animals'' in a graded scale of perfection, a ''[[scala naturae]]'', with man at the top. His system had eleven grades of animal, from highest potential to lowest, expressed in their form at birth: the highest gave [[viviparity\|...	308	Aristotle	[ "Aristotle", "Aristotelianism", "384 BC births", "322 BC deaths", "4th-century BC philosophers", "4th-century BC writers", "Academic philosophers", "Acting theorists", "Ancient Greek biologists", "Ancient Greek economists", "Ancient Greek epistemologists", "Ancient Greek ethicists", "Ancient...	[ "Perfectionism", "Aristotelian Society", "Conimbricenses" ]
[ "Natural philosophy", "Psychology", "Soul" ]	Aristotle's [[psychology]], given in his treatise ''[[On the Soul]]'' (''peri psychēs''), posits three kinds of [[soul]] ("psyches"): the vegetative soul, the sensitive soul, and the rational soul. Humans have a rational soul. The human soul incorporates the powers of the other kinds: Like the vegetative soul it can gr...	308	Aristotle	[ "Aristotle", "Aristotelianism", "384 BC births", "322 BC deaths", "4th-century BC philosophers", "4th-century BC writers", "Academic philosophers", "Acting theorists", "Ancient Greek biologists", "Ancient Greek economists", "Ancient Greek epistemologists", "Ancient Greek ethicists", "Ancient...	[ "Perfectionism", "Aristotelian Society", "Conimbricenses" ]
[ "Natural philosophy", "Psychology", "Memory" ]	According to Aristotle in ''On the Soul'', memory is the ability to hold a perceived experience in the mind and to distinguish between the internal "appearance" and an occurrence in the past. In other words, a memory is a mental picture ([[wikt:phantasm\|phantasm]]) that can be recovered. Aristotle believed an impressio...	308	Aristotle	[ "Aristotle", "Aristotelianism", "384 BC births", "322 BC deaths", "4th-century BC philosophers", "4th-century BC writers", "Academic philosophers", "Acting theorists", "Ancient Greek biologists", "Ancient Greek economists", "Ancient Greek epistemologists", "Ancient Greek ethicists", "Ancient...	[ "Perfectionism", "Aristotelian Society", "Conimbricenses" ]
[ "Natural philosophy", "Psychology", "Dreams" ]	Aristotle describes sleep in ''On Sleep and Wakefulness''. Sleep takes place as a result of overuse of the senses or of digestion, so it is vital to the body. While a person is asleep, the critical activities, which include thinking, sensing, recalling and remembering, do not function as they do during wakefulness. Sin...	308	Aristotle	[ "Aristotle", "Aristotelianism", "384 BC births", "322 BC deaths", "4th-century BC philosophers", "4th-century BC writers", "Academic philosophers", "Acting theorists", "Ancient Greek biologists", "Ancient Greek economists", "Ancient Greek epistemologists", "Ancient Greek ethicists", "Ancient...	[ "Perfectionism", "Aristotelian Society", "Conimbricenses" ]
[ "Natural philosophy", "Psychology", "Dreams" ]	One component of Aristotle's theory of dreams disagrees with previously held beliefs. He claimed that dreams are not foretelling and not sent by a divine being. Aristotle reasoned naturalistically that instances in which dreams do resemble future events are simply coincidences. Aristotle claimed that a dream is first e...	308	Aristotle	[ "Aristotle", "Aristotelianism", "384 BC births", "322 BC deaths", "4th-century BC philosophers", "4th-century BC writers", "Academic philosophers", "Acting theorists", "Ancient Greek biologists", "Ancient Greek economists", "Ancient Greek epistemologists", "Ancient Greek ethicists", "Ancient...	[ "Perfectionism", "Aristotelian Society", "Conimbricenses" ]
[ "Practical philosophy" ]	Aristotle's practical philosophy covers areas such as [[ethics]], [[politics]], [[economics]], and [[rhetoric]].	308	Aristotle	[ "Aristotle", "Aristotelianism", "384 BC births", "322 BC deaths", "4th-century BC philosophers", "4th-century BC writers", "Academic philosophers", "Acting theorists", "Ancient Greek biologists", "Ancient Greek economists", "Ancient Greek epistemologists", "Ancient Greek ethicists", "Ancient...	[ "Perfectionism", "Aristotelian Society", "Conimbricenses" ]
[ "Practical philosophy", "Just war theory" ]	Aristotelian [[just war theory]] is not well regarded in the present day, especially his view that warfare was justified to enslave "natural slaves". In Aristotelian philosophy, the abolition of what he considers "[[natural slavery]]" would undermine civic [[freedom]]. The pursuit of freedom is inseparable from pursuin...	308	Aristotle	[ "Aristotle", "Aristotelianism", "384 BC births", "322 BC deaths", "4th-century BC philosophers", "4th-century BC writers", "Academic philosophers", "Acting theorists", "Ancient Greek biologists", "Ancient Greek economists", "Ancient Greek epistemologists", "Ancient Greek ethicists", "Ancient...	[ "Perfectionism", "Aristotelian Society", "Conimbricenses" ]
[ "Practical philosophy", "Ethics" ]	Aristotle considered ethics to be a practical rather than theoretical study, i.e., one aimed at becoming good and doing good rather than knowing for its own sake. He wrote several treatises on ethics, including most notably, the ''[[Nicomachean Ethics]]''. Aristotle taught that virtue has to do with the proper function...	308	Aristotle	[ "Aristotle", "Aristotelianism", "384 BC births", "322 BC deaths", "4th-century BC philosophers", "4th-century BC writers", "Academic philosophers", "Acting theorists", "Ancient Greek biologists", "Ancient Greek economists", "Ancient Greek epistemologists", "Ancient Greek ethicists", "Ancient...	[ "Perfectionism", "Aristotelian Society", "Conimbricenses" ]
[ "Practical philosophy", "Politics" ]	In addition to his works on ethics, which address the individual, Aristotle addressed the city in his work titled ''[[Politics (Aristotle)\|Politics]]''. Aristotle considered the city to be a natural community. Moreover, he considered the city to be prior in importance to the family which in turn is prior to the individ...	308	Aristotle	[ "Aristotle", "Aristotelianism", "384 BC births", "322 BC deaths", "4th-century BC philosophers", "4th-century BC writers", "Academic philosophers", "Acting theorists", "Ancient Greek biologists", "Ancient Greek economists", "Ancient Greek epistemologists", "Ancient Greek ethicists", "Ancient...	[ "Perfectionism", "Aristotelian Society", "Conimbricenses" ]
[ "Practical philosophy", "Economics" ]	Aristotle made substantial contributions to [[economics\|economic thought]], especially to thought in the Middle Ages. In ''[[Politics (Aristotle)\|Politics]]'', Aristotle addresses the city, [[property]], and [[trade]]. His response to criticisms of [[private property]], in [[Lionel Robbins]]'s view, anticipated later p...	308	Aristotle	[ "Aristotle", "Aristotelianism", "384 BC births", "322 BC deaths", "4th-century BC philosophers", "4th-century BC writers", "Academic philosophers", "Acting theorists", "Ancient Greek biologists", "Ancient Greek economists", "Ancient Greek epistemologists", "Ancient Greek ethicists", "Ancient...	[ "Perfectionism", "Aristotelian Society", "Conimbricenses" ]
[ "Practical philosophy", "Rhetoric and poetics" ]	Aristotle's ''Rhetoric'' proposes that a speaker can use three basic kinds of appeals to persuade his audience: ''[[ethos]]'' (an appeal to the speaker's character), ''[[pathos]]'' (an appeal to the audience's emotion), and ''[[logos]]'' (an appeal to logical reasoning). He also categorizes rhetoric into three genres: ...	308	Aristotle	[ "Aristotle", "Aristotelianism", "384 BC births", "322 BC deaths", "4th-century BC philosophers", "4th-century BC writers", "Academic philosophers", "Acting theorists", "Ancient Greek biologists", "Ancient Greek economists", "Ancient Greek epistemologists", "Ancient Greek ethicists", "Ancient...	[ "Perfectionism", "Aristotelian Society", "Conimbricenses" ]
[ "Practical philosophy", "Views on women" ]	Aristotle's analysis of procreation describes an active, ensouling masculine element bringing life to an inert, passive female element. On this ground, proponents of [[feminist metaphysics]] have accused Aristotle of [[misogyny]] and [[sexism]]. However, Aristotle gave equal weight to women's happiness as he did to men...	308	Aristotle	[ "Aristotle", "Aristotelianism", "384 BC births", "322 BC deaths", "4th-century BC philosophers", "4th-century BC writers", "Academic philosophers", "Acting theorists", "Ancient Greek biologists", "Ancient Greek economists", "Ancient Greek epistemologists", "Ancient Greek ethicists", "Ancient...	[ "Perfectionism", "Aristotelian Society", "Conimbricenses" ]
[ "Influence" ]	More than 2300 years after his death, Aristotle remains one of the most influential people who ever lived. He contributed to almost every field of human knowledge then in existence, and he was the founder of many new fields. According to the philosopher [[Bryan Magee]], "it is doubtful whether any human being has ever ...	308	Aristotle	[ "Aristotle", "Aristotelianism", "384 BC births", "322 BC deaths", "4th-century BC philosophers", "4th-century BC writers", "Academic philosophers", "Acting theorists", "Ancient Greek biologists", "Ancient Greek economists", "Ancient Greek epistemologists", "Ancient Greek ethicists", "Ancient...	[ "Perfectionism", "Aristotelian Society", "Conimbricenses" ]
[ "Influence", "On his successor, Theophrastus" ]	Aristotle's pupil and successor, [[Theophrastus]], wrote the ''[[Historia Plantarum (Theophrastus)\|History of Plants]]'', a pioneering work in botany. Some of his technical terms remain in use, such as [[carpel]] from ''carpos'', fruit, and [[pericarp]], from ''pericarpion'', seed chamber. Theophrastus was much less co...	308	Aristotle	[ "Aristotle", "Aristotelianism", "384 BC births", "322 BC deaths", "4th-century BC philosophers", "4th-century BC writers", "Academic philosophers", "Acting theorists", "Ancient Greek biologists", "Ancient Greek economists", "Ancient Greek epistemologists", "Ancient Greek ethicists", "Ancient...	[ "Perfectionism", "Aristotelian Society", "Conimbricenses" ]
[ "Influence", "On later Greek philosophers" ]	The immediate influence of Aristotle's work was felt as the [[Lyceum]] grew into the [[Peripatetic school]]. Aristotle's notable students included [[Aristoxenus]], [[Dicaearchus]], [[Demetrius of Phalerum]], [[Eudemos of Rhodes]], [[Harpalus]], [[Hephaestion]], [[Mnason of Phocis]], [[Nicomachus (son of Aristotle)\|Nico...	308	Aristotle	[ "Aristotle", "Aristotelianism", "384 BC births", "322 BC deaths", "4th-century BC philosophers", "4th-century BC writers", "Academic philosophers", "Acting theorists", "Ancient Greek biologists", "Ancient Greek economists", "Ancient Greek epistemologists", "Ancient Greek ethicists", "Ancient...	[ "Perfectionism", "Aristotelian Society", "Conimbricenses" ]
[ "Influence", "On Hellenistic science" ]	After Theophrastus, the Lyceum failed to produce any original work. Though interest in Aristotle's ideas survived, they were generally taken unquestioningly. It is not until the age of [[Alexandria]] under the [[Ptolemaic Kingdom\|Ptolemies]] that advances in biology can be again found. The first medical teacher at Alex...	308	Aristotle	[ "Aristotle", "Aristotelianism", "384 BC births", "322 BC deaths", "4th-century BC philosophers", "4th-century BC writers", "Academic philosophers", "Acting theorists", "Ancient Greek biologists", "Ancient Greek economists", "Ancient Greek epistemologists", "Ancient Greek ethicists", "Ancient...	[ "Perfectionism", "Aristotelian Society", "Conimbricenses" ]
[ "Influence", "On Byzantine scholars" ]	Greek Christian scribes played a crucial role in the preservation of Aristotle by copying all the extant Greek language manuscripts of the corpus. The first Greek Christians to comment extensively on Aristotle were Philoponus, Elias, and David in the sixth century, and [[Stephen of Alexandria]] in the early seventh cen...	308	Aristotle	[ "Aristotle", "Aristotelianism", "384 BC births", "322 BC deaths", "4th-century BC philosophers", "4th-century BC writers", "Academic philosophers", "Acting theorists", "Ancient Greek biologists", "Ancient Greek economists", "Ancient Greek epistemologists", "Ancient Greek ethicists", "Ancient...	[ "Perfectionism", "Aristotelian Society", "Conimbricenses" ]
[ "Influence", "On the medieval Islamic world" ]	Aristotle was one of the most revered Western thinkers in early [[Islamic theology]]. Most of the still extant works of Aristotle, as well as a number of the original Greek commentaries, were translated into Arabic and studied by Muslim philosophers, scientists and scholars. [[Averroes]], [[Avicenna]] and [[Alpharabius...	308	Aristotle	[ "Aristotle", "Aristotelianism", "384 BC births", "322 BC deaths", "4th-century BC philosophers", "4th-century BC writers", "Academic philosophers", "Acting theorists", "Ancient Greek biologists", "Ancient Greek economists", "Ancient Greek epistemologists", "Ancient Greek ethicists", "Ancient...	[ "Perfectionism", "Aristotelian Society", "Conimbricenses" ]
[ "Influence", "On medieval Europe" ]	With the loss of the study of ancient Greek in the early [[medieval]] Latin West, Aristotle was practically unknown there from c. AD 600 to c. 1100 except through the Latin translation of the ''Organon'' made by [[Boethius]]. In the twelfth and thirteenth centuries, interest in Aristotle revived and Latin Christians ha...	308	Aristotle	[ "Aristotle", "Aristotelianism", "384 BC births", "322 BC deaths", "4th-century BC philosophers", "4th-century BC writers", "Academic philosophers", "Acting theorists", "Ancient Greek biologists", "Ancient Greek economists", "Ancient Greek epistemologists", "Ancient Greek ethicists", "Ancient...	[ "Perfectionism", "Aristotelian Society", "Conimbricenses" ]
[ "Influence", "On Early Modern scientists" ]	In the [[Early Modern]] period, scientists such as [[William Harvey]] in England and [[Galileo Galilei]] in Italy reacted against the theories of Aristotle and other classical era thinkers like [[Galen]], establishing new theories based to some degree on observation and experiment. Harvey demonstrated the [[circulation...	308	Aristotle	[ "Aristotle", "Aristotelianism", "384 BC births", "322 BC deaths", "4th-century BC philosophers", "4th-century BC writers", "Academic philosophers", "Acting theorists", "Ancient Greek biologists", "Ancient Greek economists", "Ancient Greek epistemologists", "Ancient Greek ethicists", "Ancient...	[ "Perfectionism", "Aristotelian Society", "Conimbricenses" ]
[ "Influence", "On 19th-century thinkers" ]	The 19th-century German philosopher [[Friedrich Nietzsche]] has been said to have taken nearly all of his political philosophy from Aristotle. Aristotle rigidly separated action from production, and argued for the deserved subservience of some people ("natural slaves"), and the natural superiority (virtue, ''arete'') o...	308	Aristotle	[ "Aristotle", "Aristotelianism", "384 BC births", "322 BC deaths", "4th-century BC philosophers", "4th-century BC writers", "Academic philosophers", "Acting theorists", "Ancient Greek biologists", "Ancient Greek economists", "Ancient Greek epistemologists", "Ancient Greek ethicists", "Ancient...	[ "Perfectionism", "Aristotelian Society", "Conimbricenses" ]
[ "Influence", "Modern rejection and rehabilitation" ]	During the 20th century, Aristotle's work was widely criticized. The philosopher [[Bertrand Russell]] argued that "almost every serious intellectual advance has had to begin with an attack on some Aristotelian doctrine". Russell called Aristotle's ethics "repulsive", and labelled his logic "as definitely antiquated as ...	308	Aristotle	[ "Aristotle", "Aristotelianism", "384 BC births", "322 BC deaths", "4th-century BC philosophers", "4th-century BC writers", "Academic philosophers", "Acting theorists", "Ancient Greek biologists", "Ancient Greek economists", "Ancient Greek epistemologists", "Ancient Greek ethicists", "Ancient...	[ "Perfectionism", "Aristotelian Society", "Conimbricenses" ]
[ "Surviving works", "Corpus Aristotelicum" ]	The works of Aristotle that have survived from antiquity through medieval manuscript transmission are collected in the Corpus Aristotelicum. These texts, as opposed to Aristotle's lost works, are technical philosophical treatises from within Aristotle's school. Reference to them is made according to the organization of...	308	Aristotle	[ "Aristotle", "Aristotelianism", "384 BC births", "322 BC deaths", "4th-century BC philosophers", "4th-century BC writers", "Academic philosophers", "Acting theorists", "Ancient Greek biologists", "Ancient Greek economists", "Ancient Greek epistemologists", "Ancient Greek ethicists", "Ancient...	[ "Perfectionism", "Aristotelian Society", "Conimbricenses" ]
[ "Surviving works", "Loss and preservation" ]	Aristotle wrote his works on papyrus scrolls, the common writing medium of that era. His writings are divisible into two groups: the "[[exoteric]]", intended for the public, and the "[[esoteric]]", for use within the [[Lyceum (Classical)\|Lyceum]] school. Aristotle's "lost" works stray considerably in characterization f...	308	Aristotle	[ "Aristotle", "Aristotelianism", "384 BC births", "322 BC deaths", "4th-century BC philosophers", "4th-century BC writers", "Academic philosophers", "Acting theorists", "Ancient Greek biologists", "Ancient Greek economists", "Ancient Greek epistemologists", "Ancient Greek ethicists", "Ancient...	[ "Perfectionism", "Aristotelian Society", "Conimbricenses" ]
[ "Legacy", "Depictions" ]	(-) Paintings Aristotle has been depicted by major artists including [[Lucas Cranach the Elder]], [[Justus van Gent]], [[Raphael]], [[Paolo Veronese]], [[Jusepe de Ribera]], [[Rembrandt]], and [[Francesco Hayez]] over the centuries. Among the best-known depictions is Raphael's [[fresco]] ''[[The School of Athens]]'', i...	308	Aristotle	[ "Aristotle", "Aristotelianism", "384 BC births", "322 BC deaths", "4th-century BC philosophers", "4th-century BC writers", "Academic philosophers", "Acting theorists", "Ancient Greek biologists", "Ancient Greek economists", "Ancient Greek epistemologists", "Ancient Greek ethicists", "Ancient...	[ "Perfectionism", "Aristotelian Society", "Conimbricenses" ]
[ "Legacy", "Eponyms" ]	The [[Aristotle Mountains]] in [[Antarctica]] are named after Aristotle. He was the first person known to conjecture, in his book ''[[Meteorology (Aristotle)\|Meteorology]]'', the existence of a landmass in the southern high-latitude region and called it ''Antarctica''. [[Aristoteles (crater)\|Aristoteles]] is a crater o...	308	Aristotle	[ "Aristotle", "Aristotelianism", "384 BC births", "322 BC deaths", "4th-century BC philosophers", "4th-century BC writers", "Academic philosophers", "Acting theorists", "Ancient Greek biologists", "Ancient Greek economists", "Ancient Greek epistemologists", "Ancient Greek ethicists", "Ancient...	[ "Perfectionism", "Aristotelian Society", "Conimbricenses" ]
[]	'''''An American in Paris''''' is a jazz-influenced orchestral piece by American composer [[George Gershwin]] first performed in 1928. It was inspired by the time that Gershwin had spent in [[Paris]] and evokes the sights and energy of the French capital in the ''[[Années folles]]''. Gershwin scored the piece for the s...	309	An American in Paris	[ "1928 compositions", "Compositions by George Gershwin", "Grammy Hall of Fame Award recipients", "Music about Paris", "Music commissioned by the New York Philharmonic", "Symphonic poems" ]	[]
[ "Background" ]	Although the story is likely apocryphal, Gershwin is said to have been attracted by [[Maurice Ravel]]'s unusual chords, and Gershwin went on his first trip to Paris in 1926 ready to study with Ravel. After his initial student audition with Ravel turned into a sharing of musical theories, Ravel said he could not teach h...	309	An American in Paris	[ "1928 compositions", "Compositions by George Gershwin", "Grammy Hall of Fame Award recipients", "Music about Paris", "Music commissioned by the New York Philharmonic", "Symphonic poems" ]	[]
[ "Composition" ]	Gershwin based ''An American in Paris'' on a melodic fragment called "Very Parisienne", written in 1926 on his first visit to Paris as a gift to his hosts, Robert and Mabel Schirmer. Gershwin called it "a rhapsodic ballet"; it is written freely and in a much more modern idiom than his prior works. Gershwin explained in...	309	An American in Paris	[ "1928 compositions", "Compositions by George Gershwin", "Grammy Hall of Fame Award recipients", "Music about Paris", "Music commissioned by the New York Philharmonic", "Symphonic poems" ]	[]
[ "Response" ]	Gershwin did not particularly like Walter Damrosch's interpretation at the world premiere of ''An American in Paris''. He stated that Damrosch's sluggish, dragging tempo caused him to walk out of the hall during a matinee performance of this work. The audience, according to Edward Cushing, responded with "a demonstrati...	309	An American in Paris	[ "1928 compositions", "Compositions by George Gershwin", "Grammy Hall of Fame Award recipients", "Music about Paris", "Music commissioned by the New York Philharmonic", "Symphonic poems" ]	[]
[ "Instrumentation" ]	''An American in Paris'' was originally scored for 3 [[flute]] (3rd doubling on [[piccolo]]), 2 [[oboe]], [[English horn]], 2 [[clarinet]] in [[soprano clarinet\|B-flat]], [[bass clarinet]] in B-flat, 2 [[bassoon]], [[contrabassoon]], 4 [[French horn\|horns]] in F, 3 [[trumpet]] in B-flat, 3 [[trombone]], [[tuba]], [[tim...	309	An American in Paris	[ "1928 compositions", "Compositions by George Gershwin", "Grammy Hall of Fame Award recipients", "Music about Paris", "Music commissioned by the New York Philharmonic", "Symphonic poems" ]	[]
[ "Preservation status" ]	On September 22, 2013, it was announced that a musicological [[Historical editions (music)\|critical edition]] of the full orchestral score would be eventually released. The Gershwin family, working in conjunction with the [[Library of Congress]] and the [[University of Michigan]], were working to make scores available ...	309	An American in Paris	[ "1928 compositions", "Compositions by George Gershwin", "Grammy Hall of Fame Award recipients", "Music about Paris", "Music commissioned by the New York Philharmonic", "Symphonic poems" ]	[]
[ "Recordings" ]	''An American in Paris'' has been frequently recorded. The first recording was made for the [[Victor Talking Machine Company]] in 1929 with [[Nathaniel Shilkret]] conducting the Victor Symphony Orchestra, drawn from members of the [[Philadelphia Orchestra]]. Gershwin was on hand to "supervise" the recording; however, S...	309	An American in Paris	[ "1928 compositions", "Compositions by George Gershwin", "Grammy Hall of Fame Award recipients", "Music about Paris", "Music commissioned by the New York Philharmonic", "Symphonic poems" ]	[]
[ "Use in film" ]	In 1951, [[Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer]] released the musical film ''[[An American in Paris (film)\|An American in Paris]]'', featuring [[Gene Kelly]] and [[Leslie Caron]]. Winning the 1951 Best Picture Oscar and numerous other awards, the film was directed by [[Vincente Minnelli]], featured many tunes of Gershwin, and conclude...	309	An American in Paris	[ "1928 compositions", "Compositions by George Gershwin", "Grammy Hall of Fame Award recipients", "Music about Paris", "Music commissioned by the New York Philharmonic", "Symphonic poems" ]	[]
[]	The '''Academy Award for Best Production Design''' recognizes achievement for [[art direction]] in [[art director#In film\|film]]. The category's original name was '''Best Art Direction''', but was changed to its current name in 2012 for the [[85th Academy Awards]]. This change resulted from the Art Director's branch of...	316	Academy Award for Best Production Design	[ "Academy Awards", "Best Art Direction Academy Award winners", "Awards for best art direction" ]	[ "Critics' Choice Movie Award for Best Art Direction", "BAFTA Award for Best Production Design" ]
[]	The '''Academy Awards''', popularly known as '''the Oscars''', are awards for artistic and technical merit in the [[film industry]]. They are regarded as one of the most significant and prestigious awards in the entertainment industry. Given annually by the [[Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences]] (AMPAS), the a...	324	Academy Awards	[ "Academy Awards", "1929 establishments in California", "Performing arts trophies", "American annual television specials", "American film awards", "Annual events in Los Angeles County, California", "Awards established in 1929", "Cinema of Southern California", "Events in Los Angeles", "Hollywood hi...	[ "List of film awards", "List of Academy Award records", "List of superlative Academy Award winners and nominees", "List of actors with Academy Award nominations" ]
[ "History" ]	The [[1st Academy Awards\|first Academy Awards]] presentation was held on May 16, 1929, at a private dinner function at the [[Hollywood Roosevelt Hotel]] with an audience of about 270 people. The post-awards party was held at the Mayfair Hotel. The cost of guest tickets for that night's ceremony was $5 ($ at 2020 prices...	324	Academy Awards	[ "Academy Awards", "1929 establishments in California", "Performing arts trophies", "American annual television specials", "American film awards", "Annual events in Los Angeles County, California", "Awards established in 1929", "Cinema of Southern California", "Events in Los Angeles", "Hollywood hi...	[ "List of film awards", "List of Academy Award records", "List of superlative Academy Award winners and nominees", "List of actors with Academy Award nominations" ]
[ "History", "Milestones" ]	The first Best Actor awarded was [[Emil Jannings]], for his performances in ''[[The Last Command (1928 film)\|The Last Command]]'' and ''[[The Way of All Flesh (1927 film)\|The Way of All Flesh]]''. He had to return to Europe before the ceremony, so the Academy agreed to give him the prize earlier; this made him the firs...	324	Academy Awards	[ "Academy Awards", "1929 establishments in California", "Performing arts trophies", "American annual television specials", "American film awards", "Annual events in Los Angeles County, California", "Awards established in 1929", "Cinema of Southern California", "Events in Los Angeles", "Hollywood hi...	[ "List of film awards", "List of Academy Award records", "List of superlative Academy Award winners and nominees", "List of actors with Academy Award nominations" ]
[ "History", "Milestones" ]	[[Tom Hanks]] announced at the [[92nd Academy Awards\|2020 Oscar Ceremony]], the opening of the [[Academy Museum of Motion Pictures]] on December 14, 2020. The museum development started in 2017 under [[Kerry Brougher]], but is now led by Bill Kramer. The industry curated exhibits will be geared toward the history of mo...	324	Academy Awards	[ "Academy Awards", "1929 establishments in California", "Performing arts trophies", "American annual television specials", "American film awards", "Annual events in Los Angeles County, California", "Awards established in 1929", "Cinema of Southern California", "Events in Los Angeles", "Hollywood hi...	[ "List of film awards", "List of Academy Award records", "List of superlative Academy Award winners and nominees", "List of actors with Academy Award nominations" ]
[ "Oscar statuette", "Academy Award of Merit (Oscar statuette)" ]	The best known award is the Academy Award of Merit, more popularly known as the Oscar statuette. Made of gold-plated [[bronze]] on a black metal base, it is 13.5 in (34.3 cm) tall, weighs 8.5 lb (3.856 kg), and depicts a knight rendered in [[Art Deco]] style holding a [[crusades\|crusader's]] sword standing on a reel of...	324	Academy Awards	[ "Academy Awards", "1929 establishments in California", "Performing arts trophies", "American annual television specials", "American film awards", "Annual events in Los Angeles County, California", "Awards established in 1929", "Cinema of Southern California", "Events in Los Angeles", "Hollywood hi...	[ "List of film awards", "List of Academy Award records", "List of superlative Academy Award winners and nominees", "List of actors with Academy Award nominations" ]
[ "Oscar statuette", "Naming" ]	The Academy officially adopted the name "Oscar" for the trophies in 1939. However, the origin of the nickname is disputed. One biography of [[Bette Davis]], who was a president of the Academy in 1941, claims she named the award after her first husband, band leader Harmon Oscar Nelson. A frequently mentioned originator ...	324	Academy Awards	[ "Academy Awards", "1929 establishments in California", "Performing arts trophies", "American annual television specials", "American film awards", "Annual events in Los Angeles County, California", "Awards established in 1929", "Cinema of Southern California", "Events in Los Angeles", "Hollywood hi...	[ "List of film awards", "List of Academy Award records", "List of superlative Academy Award winners and nominees", "List of actors with Academy Award nominations" ]
[ "Oscar statuette", "Engraving" ]	To prevent information identifying the Oscar winners from leaking ahead of the ceremony, Oscar statuettes presented at the ceremony have blank baseplates. Until 2010, winners returned their statuettes to the Academy and had to wait several weeks to have their names inscribed on their respective Oscars. Since 2010, winn...	324	Academy Awards	[ "Academy Awards", "1929 establishments in California", "Performing arts trophies", "American annual television specials", "American film awards", "Annual events in Los Angeles County, California", "Awards established in 1929", "Cinema of Southern California", "Events in Los Angeles", "Hollywood hi...	[ "List of film awards", "List of Academy Award records", "List of superlative Academy Award winners and nominees", "List of actors with Academy Award nominations" ]
[ "Oscar statuette", "Ownership of Oscar statuettes" ]	Prior to 1950 Oscar statuettes were (and remain) the property of the recipient. Since then the statuettes have been legally [[encumbrance\|encumbered]] by the requirement that the statuette be first offered for sale back to the Academy for US$1. If a winner refuses to agree to this stipulation, then the Academy keeps th...	324	Academy Awards	[ "Academy Awards", "1929 establishments in California", "Performing arts trophies", "American annual television specials", "American film awards", "Annual events in Los Angeles County, California", "Awards established in 1929", "Cinema of Southern California", "Events in Los Angeles", "Hollywood hi...	[ "List of film awards", "List of Academy Award records", "List of superlative Academy Award winners and nominees", "List of actors with Academy Award nominations" ]
[ "Oscar statuette", "Other awards presented by the Academy" ]	In addition to the Academy Award of Merit (Oscar award), there are nine honorary (non-competitive) awards presented by the Academy from time to time (except for the Academy Honorary Award, the Technical Achievement Award, and the Student Academy Awards, which are presented annually): (-) [[Governors Awards]]: (-) The [...	324	Academy Awards	[ "Academy Awards", "1929 establishments in California", "Performing arts trophies", "American annual television specials", "American film awards", "Annual events in Los Angeles County, California", "Awards established in 1929", "Cinema of Southern California", "Events in Los Angeles", "Hollywood hi...	[ "List of film awards", "List of Academy Award records", "List of superlative Academy Award winners and nominees", "List of actors with Academy Award nominations" ]
[ "Nomination" ]	Since 2004, Academy Award nomination results have been announced to the public in mid-January. Prior to that, the results were announced in early February. In 2021, the nominees are announced in March.	324	Academy Awards	[ "Academy Awards", "1929 establishments in California", "Performing arts trophies", "American annual television specials", "American film awards", "Annual events in Los Angeles County, California", "Awards established in 1929", "Cinema of Southern California", "Events in Los Angeles", "Hollywood hi...	[ "List of film awards", "List of Academy Award records", "List of superlative Academy Award winners and nominees", "List of actors with Academy Award nominations" ]
[ "Nomination", "Voters" ]	The Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences (AMPAS), a professional honorary organization, maintains a voting membership of over 7,000 . Academy membership is divided into different branches, with each representing a different discipline in film production. Actors constitute the largest voting bloc, numbering 1,311...	324	Academy Awards	[ "Academy Awards", "1929 establishments in California", "Performing arts trophies", "American annual television specials", "American film awards", "Annual events in Los Angeles County, California", "Awards established in 1929", "Cinema of Southern California", "Events in Los Angeles", "Hollywood hi...	[ "List of film awards", "List of Academy Award records", "List of superlative Academy Award winners and nominees", "List of actors with Academy Award nominations" ]
[ "Nomination", "Rules" ]	According to Rules 2 and 3 of the official Academy Awards Rules, a film must open in the previous calendar year, from midnight at the start of January 1 to midnight at the end of December 31, in [[Los Angeles County, California\|Los Angeles County]], California, and play for seven consecutive days, to qualify (except fo...	324	Academy Awards	[ "Academy Awards", "1929 establishments in California", "Performing arts trophies", "American annual television specials", "American film awards", "Annual events in Los Angeles County, California", "Awards established in 1929", "Cinema of Southern California", "Events in Los Angeles", "Hollywood hi...	[ "List of film awards", "List of Academy Award records", "List of superlative Academy Award winners and nominees", "List of actors with Academy Award nominations" ]
[ "Nomination", "Rules" ]	Awards in short film categories (Best Documentary Short Subject, Best Animated Short Film, and Best Live Action Short Film) have noticeably different eligibility rules from most other competitive awards. First, the qualifying period for release does not coincide with a calendar year, instead covering a one-year period ...	324	Academy Awards	[ "Academy Awards", "1929 establishments in California", "Performing arts trophies", "American annual television specials", "American film awards", "Annual events in Los Angeles County, California", "Awards established in 1929", "Cinema of Southern California", "Events in Los Angeles", "Hollywood hi...	[ "List of film awards", "List of Academy Award records", "List of superlative Academy Award winners and nominees", "List of actors with Academy Award nominations" ]
[ "Nomination", "Rules" ]	Film companies will spend as much as several million dollars on [[For Your Consideration (advertising)\|marketing to awards voters]] for a movie in the running for Best Picture, in attempts to improve chances of receiving Oscars and other movie awards conferred in [[Oscar season]]. The Academy enforces rules to limit ov...	324	Academy Awards	[ "Academy Awards", "1929 establishments in California", "Performing arts trophies", "American annual television specials", "American film awards", "Annual events in Los Angeles County, California", "Awards established in 1929", "Cinema of Southern California", "Events in Los Angeles", "Hollywood hi...	[ "List of film awards", "List of Academy Award records", "List of superlative Academy Award winners and nominees", "List of actors with Academy Award nominations" ]
[ "Awards ceremonies", "Telecast" ]	The major awards are presented at a live televised ceremony, commonly in late February or early March following the relevant calendar year, and six weeks after the announcement of the nominees. It is the culmination of the film awards season, which usually begins during November or December of the previous year. This i...	324	Academy Awards	[ "Academy Awards", "1929 establishments in California", "Performing arts trophies", "American annual television specials", "American film awards", "Annual events in Los Angeles County, California", "Awards established in 1929", "Cinema of Southern California", "Events in Los Angeles", "Hollywood hi...	[ "List of film awards", "List of Academy Award records", "List of superlative Academy Award winners and nominees", "List of actors with Academy Award nominations" ]
[ "Awards ceremonies", "Telecast" ]	The ceremonies were moved up from late March/early April to late February, since [[76th Academy Awards\|2004]], to help disrupt and shorten the intense [[For Your Consideration (advertising)\|lobbying and ad campaigns]] associated with [[Oscar season]] in the film industry. Another reason was because of the growing TV ra...	324	Academy Awards	[ "Academy Awards", "1929 establishments in California", "Performing arts trophies", "American annual television specials", "American film awards", "Annual events in Los Angeles County, California", "Awards established in 1929", "Cinema of Southern California", "Events in Los Angeles", "Hollywood hi...	[ "List of film awards", "List of Academy Award records", "List of superlative Academy Award winners and nominees", "List of actors with Academy Award nominations" ]
[ "Awards ceremonies", "Telecast" ]	In 1993, an ''In Memoriam'' segment was introduced, honoring those who had made a significant contribution to cinema who had died in the preceding 12 months, a selection compiled by a small committee of Academy members. This segment has drawn criticism over the years for the omission of some names. Criticism was also l...	324	Academy Awards	[ "Academy Awards", "1929 establishments in California", "Performing arts trophies", "American annual television specials", "American film awards", "Annual events in Los Angeles County, California", "Awards established in 1929", "Cinema of Southern California", "Events in Los Angeles", "Hollywood hi...	[ "List of film awards", "List of Academy Award records", "List of superlative Academy Award winners and nominees", "List of actors with Academy Award nominations" ]
[ "Awards ceremonies", "TV ratings" ]	Historically, the telecast's viewership is higher when box-office hits are favored to win the Best Picture award. More than 57.25 million viewers tuned to the telecast for the [[70th Academy Awards]] in 1998, the year of ''[[Titanic (1997 film)\|Titanic]]'', which generated a box office haul during its initial 1997–98 r...	324	Academy Awards	[ "Academy Awards", "1929 establishments in California", "Performing arts trophies", "American annual television specials", "American film awards", "Annual events in Los Angeles County, California", "Awards established in 1929", "Cinema of Southern California", "Events in Los Angeles", "Hollywood hi...	[ "List of film awards", "List of Academy Award records", "List of superlative Academy Award winners and nominees", "List of actors with Academy Award nominations" ]
[ "Awards ceremonies", "Archive" ]	The [[Academy Film Archive]] holds copies of every Academy Awards ceremony since the 1949 Oscars and material on many prior ceremonies, along with ancillary material related to more recent shows. Copies are held on a variety of film, video, and digital formats.	324	Academy Awards	[ "Academy Awards", "1929 establishments in California", "Performing arts trophies", "American annual television specials", "American film awards", "Annual events in Los Angeles County, California", "Awards established in 1929", "Cinema of Southern California", "Events in Los Angeles", "Hollywood hi...	[ "List of film awards", "List of Academy Award records", "List of superlative Academy Award winners and nominees", "List of actors with Academy Award nominations" ]
[ "Venues" ]	In 1929, the first Academy Awards were presented at a banquet dinner at the [[Hollywood Roosevelt Hotel]]. From 1930 to 1943, the ceremony alternated between two venues: the [[Ambassador Hotel (Los Angeles)\|Ambassador Hotel]] on [[Wilshire Boulevard]] and the [[Millennium Biltmore Hotel\|Biltmore Hotel]] in downtown Los...	324	Academy Awards	[ "Academy Awards", "1929 establishments in California", "Performing arts trophies", "American annual television specials", "American film awards", "Annual events in Los Angeles County, California", "Awards established in 1929", "Cinema of Southern California", "Events in Los Angeles", "Hollywood hi...	[ "List of film awards", "List of Academy Award records", "List of superlative Academy Award winners and nominees", "List of actors with Academy Award nominations" ]
[ "Awards of Merit categories", "Current categories" ]	In the first year of the awards, the Best Directing award was split into two categories (Drama and Comedy). At times, the Best Original Score award has also been split into separate categories (Drama and Comedy/Musical). From the 1930s through the 1960s, the Art Direction (now Production Design), Cinematography, and Co...	324	Academy Awards	[ "Academy Awards", "1929 establishments in California", "Performing arts trophies", "American annual television specials", "American film awards", "Annual events in Los Angeles County, California", "Awards established in 1929", "Cinema of Southern California", "Events in Los Angeles", "Hollywood hi...	[ "List of film awards", "List of Academy Award records", "List of superlative Academy Award winners and nominees", "List of actors with Academy Award nominations" ]
[ "Awards of Merit categories", "Proposed categories" ]	The Board of Governors meets each year and considers new award categories. To date, the following categories have been proposed: (-) Best Casting: rejected in 1999 (-) [[Academy Award for Outstanding Achievement in Popular Film\|Best Popular Film]]: proposed in 2018 for presentation at the 2019 ceremony; postponed until...	324	Academy Awards	[ "Academy Awards", "1929 establishments in California", "Performing arts trophies", "American annual television specials", "American film awards", "Annual events in Los Angeles County, California", "Awards established in 1929", "Cinema of Southern California", "Events in Los Angeles", "Hollywood hi...	[ "List of film awards", "List of Academy Award records", "List of superlative Academy Award winners and nominees", "List of actors with Academy Award nominations" ]
[ "Special categories" ]	The Special Academy Awards are voted on by special committees, rather than by the Academy membership as a whole. They are not always presented on an annual basis.	324	Academy Awards	[ "Academy Awards", "1929 establishments in California", "Performing arts trophies", "American annual television specials", "American film awards", "Annual events in Los Angeles County, California", "Awards established in 1929", "Cinema of Southern California", "Events in Los Angeles", "Hollywood hi...	[ "List of film awards", "List of Academy Award records", "List of superlative Academy Award winners and nominees", "List of actors with Academy Award nominations" ]
[ "Special categories", "Current special categories" ]	(-) [[Academy Honorary Award]]: since 1929 (-) [[Academy Scientific and Technical Award]] (three different awards): since 1931 (-) [[Gordon E. Sawyer Award]]: since 1981 (-) [[Jean Hersholt Humanitarian Award]]: since 1957 (-) [[Irving G. Thalberg Memorial Award]]: since 1938 (-) [[Special Achievement Academy Award\|Aca...	324	Academy Awards	[ "Academy Awards", "1929 establishments in California", "Performing arts trophies", "American annual television specials", "American film awards", "Annual events in Los Angeles County, California", "Awards established in 1929", "Cinema of Southern California", "Events in Los Angeles", "Hollywood hi...	[ "List of film awards", "List of Academy Award records", "List of superlative Academy Award winners and nominees", "List of actors with Academy Award nominations" ]
[ "Criticism", "Accusations of commercialism" ]	Due to the positive exposure and prestige of the Academy Awards, many studios spend millions of dollars and hire publicists specifically to promote their films during what is typically called the "[[Oscar season]]". This has generated accusations of the Academy Awards being influenced more by marketing than by quality....	324	Academy Awards	[ "Academy Awards", "1929 establishments in California", "Performing arts trophies", "American annual television specials", "American film awards", "Annual events in Los Angeles County, California", "Awards established in 1929", "Cinema of Southern California", "Events in Los Angeles", "Hollywood hi...	[ "List of film awards", "List of Academy Award records", "List of superlative Academy Award winners and nominees", "List of actors with Academy Award nominations" ]
[ "Criticism", "Accusations of bias" ]	Typical criticism of the Academy Awards for Best Picture is that among the winners and nominees there is an over-representation of romantic historical epics, biographical dramas, romantic dramedies and family melodramas, most of which are released in the U.S. the last three months of the calendar year. The Oscars have ...	324	Academy Awards	[ "Academy Awards", "1929 establishments in California", "Performing arts trophies", "American annual television specials", "American film awards", "Annual events in Los Angeles County, California", "Awards established in 1929", "Cinema of Southern California", "Events in Los Angeles", "Hollywood hi...	[ "List of film awards", "List of Academy Award records", "List of superlative Academy Award winners and nominees", "List of actors with Academy Award nominations" ]
[ "Criticism", "Allegations of a lack of diversity" ]	The Academy Awards have long received criticism over its lack of diversity among the nominees. This criticism is based on the statistics from every Academy Awards since 1929, which shows us that only 6.4% of academy award nominees have been non-white and since 1991, 11.2% of nominees have been non-white, with the rate ...	324	Academy Awards	[ "Academy Awards", "1929 establishments in California", "Performing arts trophies", "American annual television specials", "American film awards", "Annual events in Los Angeles County, California", "Awards established in 1929", "Cinema of Southern California", "Events in Los Angeles", "Hollywood hi...	[ "List of film awards", "List of Academy Award records", "List of superlative Academy Award winners and nominees", "List of actors with Academy Award nominations" ]
[ "Criticism", "Symbolism or sentimentalization" ]	Acting prizes in certain years have been criticized for not recognizing superior performances so much as being awarded for personal popularity, to make up for a "snub" for a work that proved in time to be more popular or renowned than the one actually awarded, or presented as a "career honor" to recognize a distinguish...	324	Academy Awards	[ "Academy Awards", "1929 establishments in California", "Performing arts trophies", "American annual television specials", "American film awards", "Annual events in Los Angeles County, California", "Awards established in 1929", "Cinema of Southern California", "Events in Los Angeles", "Hollywood hi...	[ "List of film awards", "List of Academy Award records", "List of superlative Academy Award winners and nominees", "List of actors with Academy Award nominations" ]
[ "Criticism", "Recognition of streaming media film" ]	Following the [[91st Academy Awards]] in February 2019 in which the [[Netflix]]-broadcast film ''[[Roma (2018 film)\|Roma]]'' had been nominated for ten awards including the Best Picture category, Steven Spielberg and other members of the Academy discussed changing the requirements through the Board of Governors for fil...	324	Academy Awards	[ "Academy Awards", "1929 establishments in California", "Performing arts trophies", "American annual television specials", "American film awards", "Annual events in Los Angeles County, California", "Awards established in 1929", "Cinema of Southern California", "Events in Los Angeles", "Hollywood hi...	[ "List of film awards", "List of Academy Award records", "List of superlative Academy Award winners and nominees", "List of actors with Academy Award nominations" ]
[ "Criticism", "Refusals of the award" ]	Some winners critical of the Academy Awards have boycotted the ceremonies and refused to accept their Oscars. The first to do so was screenwriter [[Dudley Nichols]] (Best Writing in 1935 for ''[[The Informer (1935 film)\|The Informer]]''). Nichols boycotted the [[8th Academy Awards]] ceremony because of conflicts betwee...	324	Academy Awards	[ "Academy Awards", "1929 establishments in California", "Performing arts trophies", "American annual television specials", "American film awards", "Annual events in Los Angeles County, California", "Awards established in 1929", "Cinema of Southern California", "Events in Los Angeles", "Hollywood hi...	[ "List of film awards", "List of Academy Award records", "List of superlative Academy Award winners and nominees", "List of actors with Academy Award nominations" ]
[ "Criticism", "Disqualifications" ]	Nine films have been disqualified before an official award ceremony because they violated the regulations: (-) ''[[The Circus (1928 film)\|The Circus]]'' (1928) – The film was voluntarily removed by the Academy from competitive categories, to award [[Charlie Chaplin]] a special award. (-) ''[[Hondo (film)\|Hondo]]'' (195...	324	Academy Awards	[ "Academy Awards", "1929 establishments in California", "Performing arts trophies", "American annual television specials", "American film awards", "Annual events in Los Angeles County, California", "Awards established in 1929", "Cinema of Southern California", "Events in Los Angeles", "Hollywood hi...	[ "List of film awards", "List of Academy Award records", "List of superlative Academy Award winners and nominees", "List of actors with Academy Award nominations" ]
[ "Associated events" ]	The following events are closely associated with the annual Academy Awards: (-) [[British Academy Film Awards\|BAFTA Awards]] (-) [[César Award]] (-) Nominees luncheon (-) [[Governors Awards]] (-) The 25th [[Independent Spirit Awards]] (2010), usually held in [[Santa Monica, California\|Santa Monica]], California the Sat...	324	Academy Awards	[ "Academy Awards", "1929 establishments in California", "Performing arts trophies", "American annual television specials", "American film awards", "Annual events in Los Angeles County, California", "Awards established in 1929", "Cinema of Southern California", "Events in Los Angeles", "Hollywood hi...	[ "List of film awards", "List of Academy Award records", "List of superlative Academy Award winners and nominees", "List of actors with Academy Award nominations" ]
[ "Presenter and performer gifts" ]	It has become a tradition to give out gift bags to the presenters and performers at the Oscars. In recent years, these gifts have also been extended to award nominees and winners. The value of each of these gift bags can reach into the tens of thousands of dollars. In 2014, the value was reported to be as high as US$80...	324	Academy Awards	[ "Academy Awards", "1929 establishments in California", "Performing arts trophies", "American annual television specials", "American film awards", "Annual events in Los Angeles County, California", "Awards established in 1929", "Cinema of Southern California", "Events in Los Angeles", "Hollywood hi...	[ "List of film awards", "List of Academy Award records", "List of superlative Academy Award winners and nominees", "List of actors with Academy Award nominations" ]
[ "Television ratings and advertisement prices" ]	From 2006 onwards, results are Live+SD; all previous years are live viewing.	324	Academy Awards	[ "Academy Awards", "1929 establishments in California", "Performing arts trophies", "American annual television specials", "American film awards", "Annual events in Los Angeles County, California", "Awards established in 1929", "Cinema of Southern California", "Events in Los Angeles", "Hollywood hi...	[ "List of film awards", "List of Academy Award records", "List of superlative Academy Award winners and nominees", "List of actors with Academy Award nominations" ]
[ "Trademark" ]	The term "Oscar" is a registered trademark of the AMPAS; however, in the Italian language, it is used [[generic trademark\|generically]] to refer to any award or award ceremony, regardless of which field.	324	Academy Awards	[ "Academy Awards", "1929 establishments in California", "Performing arts trophies", "American annual television specials", "American film awards", "Annual events in Los Angeles County, California", "Awards established in 1929", "Cinema of Southern California", "Events in Los Angeles", "Hollywood hi...	[ "List of film awards", "List of Academy Award records", "List of superlative Academy Award winners and nominees", "List of actors with Academy Award nominations" ]
[]	'''''Actresses''''' ([[Catalan language\|Catalan]]: '''''Actrius''''') is a 1997 [[Catalan language]] Spanish drama film produced and directed by [[Ventura Pons]] and based on the award-winning stage play ''E.R.'' by [[Josep Maria Benet i Jornet]]. The film has no male actors, with all roles played by females. The film ...	330	Actrius	[ "1997 films", "1997 drama films", "Spanish films", "Catalan-language films", "Films set in Barcelona", "Films directed by Ventura Pons", "Spanish drama films" ]	[]
[ "Synopsis" ]	In order to prepare herself to play a role commemorating the life of legendary actress Empar Ribera, young actress ([[Mercè Pons]]) interviews three established actresses who had been the Ribera's pupils: the international diva Glòria Marc ([[Núria Espert]]), the television star Assumpta Roca ([[Rosa Maria Sardà]]), an...	330	Actrius	[ "1997 films", "1997 drama films", "Spanish films", "Catalan-language films", "Films set in Barcelona", "Films directed by Ventura Pons", "Spanish drama films" ]	[]
[ "Cast" ]	(-) [[Núria Espert]] as Glòria Marc (-) [[Rosa Maria Sardà]] as Assumpta Roca (-) [[Anna Lizaran]] as Maria Caminal (-) [[Mercè Pons]] as Estudiant	330	Actrius	[ "1997 films", "1997 drama films", "Spanish films", "Catalan-language films", "Films set in Barcelona", "Films directed by Ventura Pons", "Spanish drama films" ]	[]
[ "Recognition", "Screenings" ]	''Actrius'' screened in 2001 at the [[Grauman's Egyptian Theatre]] in an [[American Cinematheque]] retrospective of the works of its director. The film had first screened at the same location in 1998. It was also shown at the 1997 [[Stockholm International Film Festival]].	330	Actrius	[ "1997 films", "1997 drama films", "Spanish films", "Catalan-language films", "Films set in Barcelona", "Films directed by Ventura Pons", "Spanish drama films" ]	[]
[ "Recognition", "Reception" ]	In ''Movie - Film - Review'', Christopher Tookey wrote that though the actresses were "competent in roles that may have some reference to their own careers", the film "is visually unimaginative, never escapes its stage origins, and is almost totally lacking in revelation or surprising incident". Noting that there were ...	330	Actrius	[ "1997 films", "1997 drama films", "Spanish films", "Catalan-language films", "Films set in Barcelona", "Films directed by Ventura Pons", "Spanish drama films" ]	[]
[ "Recognition", "Awards and nominations" ]	(-) 1997, won 'Best Catalan Film' at [[Butaca Awards]] for [[Ventura Pons]] (-) 1997, won 'Best Catalan Film Actress' at Butaca Awards, shared by [[Núria Espert]], [[Rosa Maria Sardà]], [[Anna Lizaran]], and [[Mercè Pons]] (-) 1998, nominated for 'Best Screenplay' at [[Goya Awards]], shared by [[Josep Maria Benet i Jor...	330	Actrius	[ "1997 films", "1997 drama films", "Spanish films", "Catalan-language films", "Films set in Barcelona", "Films directed by Ventura Pons", "Spanish drama films" ]	[]
[]	'''''Animalia''''' is an illustrated [[Children's literature\|children's book]] by [[Graeme Base]]. It was originally published in 1986, followed by a tenth anniversary edition in 1996, and a 25th anniversary edition in 2012. Over four million copies have been sold worldwide. A special numbered and signed anniversary ed...	332	Animalia (book)	[ "Alphabet books", "1986 children's books", "Picture books by Graeme Base", "Puzzle books", "Australian children's books", "Puffin Books books" ]	[]
[ "Synopsis" ]	''Animalia'' is an [[alliteration\|alliterative]] [[alphabet]] book and contains twenty-six illustrations, one for each letter of the alphabet. Each illustration features an animal from the animal kingdom (A is for [[alligator]] and [[armadillo]], B is for [[butterfly]], etc.) along with a short poem utilizing the lette...	332	Animalia (book)	[ "Alphabet books", "1986 children's books", "Picture books by Graeme Base", "Puzzle books", "Australian children's books", "Puffin Books books" ]	[]
[ "Related products" ]	Julia MacRae Books published an ''Animalia'' [[colouring book]] in 2008. [[Abrams Books\|H. N. Abrams]] also published a wall calendar colouring book version for children the same year. H. N. Abrams published ''The Animalia Wall Frieze'', a fold-out over 26 feet in length, in which the author created new riddles for eac...	332	Animalia (book)	[ "Alphabet books", "1986 children's books", "Picture books by Graeme Base", "Puzzle books", "Australian children's books", "Puffin Books books" ]	[]
[ "Adaptations" ]	A [[Animalia (TV series)\|television series]] was also created, based on the book, which airs in the United States, Australia, Canada, the United Kingdom, Norway and [[Venezuela]]. It also airs on [[Minimax (TV channel)\|Minimax]] for the [[Czech Republic]] and [[Slovakia]]. And recently in [[Greece]] on the channel [[ET...	332	Animalia (book)	[ "Alphabet books", "1986 children's books", "Picture books by Graeme Base", "Puzzle books", "Australian children's books", "Puffin Books books" ]	[]
[ "Awards" ]	''Animalia'' won the Young Australian's Best Book Award in 1987 for Best Picture Story Book. The [[Children's Book Council of Australia]] designated ''Animalia'' a 1987 [[Children's Book of the Year Award: Picture Book\|Picture Book of the Year]]: Honour Book. Kid's Own Australian Literature Awards named ''Animalia'' th...	332	Animalia (book)	[ "Alphabet books", "1986 children's books", "Picture books by Graeme Base", "Puzzle books", "Australian children's books", "Puffin Books books" ]	[]

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