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[
"Culture",
"Cinema"
] | The Algerian state's interest in film-industry activities can be seen in the annual budget of DZD 200 million (EUR 1.3 million) allocated to production, specific measures and an ambitious programme plan implemented by the Ministry of Culture in order to promote national production, renovate the cinema stock and remedy ... | 358 | Algeria | [
"Algeria",
"North African countries",
"Maghrebi countries",
"Saharan countries",
"Arab republics",
"Republics",
"Arabic-speaking countries and territories",
"Berber-speaking countries and territories",
"French-speaking countries and territories",
"G15 nations",
"Member states of OPEC",
"Member... | [
"Outline of Algeria",
"Index of Algeria-related articles"
] |
[
"Culture",
"Cuisine"
] | Algerian cuisine is rich and diverse. The country was considered as the "granary of Rome". It offers a component of dishes and varied dishes, depending on the region and according to the seasons. The cuisine uses cereals as the main products, since they are always produced with abundance in the country. There is not a ... | 358 | Algeria | [
"Algeria",
"North African countries",
"Maghrebi countries",
"Saharan countries",
"Arab republics",
"Republics",
"Arabic-speaking countries and territories",
"Berber-speaking countries and territories",
"French-speaking countries and territories",
"G15 nations",
"Member states of OPEC",
"Member... | [
"Outline of Algeria",
"Index of Algeria-related articles"
] |
[
"Culture",
"Sports"
] | Various games have existed in Algeria since antiquity. In the [[Aurès Mountains|Aures]], people played several games such as El Kherba or El khergueba ([[chess]] variant). Playing cards, [[checkers]] and chess games are part of Algerian culture. Racing ([[Fantasia (culture)|fantasia]]) and [[rifle shooting]] are part o... | 358 | Algeria | [
"Algeria",
"North African countries",
"Maghrebi countries",
"Saharan countries",
"Arab republics",
"Republics",
"Arabic-speaking countries and territories",
"Berber-speaking countries and territories",
"French-speaking countries and territories",
"G15 nations",
"Member states of OPEC",
"Member... | [
"Outline of Algeria",
"Index of Algeria-related articles"
] |
[] | This is a list of characters in [[Ayn Rand]]'s 1957 novel ''[[Atlas Shrugged]].'' | 359 | List of Atlas Shrugged characters | [
"Atlas Shrugged characters",
"Fictional socialites",
"Lists of literary characters",
"Literary characters introduced in 1957"
] | [] |
[
"Major characters",
"Protagonists",
"Dagny Taggart"
] | Dagny Taggart is the [[protagonist]] of the novel. She is vice-president in Charge of Operations for Taggart Transcontinental, under her brother, James Taggart. Given James' incompetence, Dagny is responsible for all the workings of the railroad. | 359 | List of Atlas Shrugged characters | [
"Atlas Shrugged characters",
"Fictional socialites",
"Lists of literary characters",
"Literary characters introduced in 1957"
] | [] |
[
"Major characters",
"Protagonists",
"Francisco d'Anconia"
] | Francisco d'Anconia is one of the central characters in ''Atlas Shrugged'', an owner by inheritance of the world's largest [[copper]] mining operation. He is a childhood friend, and the first love, of Dagny Taggart. A child prodigy of exceptional talents, Francisco was dubbed the "climax" of the d'Anconia line, an alre... | 359 | List of Atlas Shrugged characters | [
"Atlas Shrugged characters",
"Fictional socialites",
"Lists of literary characters",
"Literary characters introduced in 1957"
] | [] |
[
"Major characters",
"Protagonists",
"John Galt"
] | John Galt is the primary male hero of ''Atlas Shrugged''. He initially appears as an unnamed menial worker for Taggart Transcontinental, who often dines with Eddie Willers in the employees' cafeteria, and leads Eddie to reveal important information about Dagny Taggart and Taggart Transcontinental. Only Eddie's side of ... | 359 | List of Atlas Shrugged characters | [
"Atlas Shrugged characters",
"Fictional socialites",
"Lists of literary characters",
"Literary characters introduced in 1957"
] | [] |
[
"Major characters",
"Protagonists",
"Henry \"Hank\" Rearden"
] | Henry (known as "Hank") Rearden is one of the central characters in ''Atlas Shrugged''. He owns the most important steel company in the United States, and invents Rearden Metal, an [[alloy]] stronger, lighter, cheaper and tougher than steel. He lives in [[Philadelphia]] with his wife Lillian, his brother Philip, and hi... | 359 | List of Atlas Shrugged characters | [
"Atlas Shrugged characters",
"Fictional socialites",
"Lists of literary characters",
"Literary characters introduced in 1957"
] | [] |
[
"Major characters",
"Protagonists",
"Eddie Willers"
] | Edwin "Eddie" Willers is the Special Assistant to the Vice-President in Charge of Operations at Taggart Transcontinental. His father and grandfather worked for the Taggarts, and himself likewise. He is completely loyal to Dagny and to Taggart Transcontinental. Willers does not possess the creative ability of Galt's ass... | 359 | List of Atlas Shrugged characters | [
"Atlas Shrugged characters",
"Fictional socialites",
"Lists of literary characters",
"Literary characters introduced in 1957"
] | [] |
[
"Major characters",
"Protagonists",
"Ragnar Danneskjöld"
] | One of Galt's first followers, and world-famous as a [[pirate]], who seizes relief ships sent from the United States to the People's States of Europe. He works to ensure that once those espousing Galt's philosophy are restored to their rightful place in society, they have enough capital to rebuild the world. Kept in th... | 359 | List of Atlas Shrugged characters | [
"Atlas Shrugged characters",
"Fictional socialites",
"Lists of literary characters",
"Literary characters introduced in 1957"
] | [] |
[
"Major characters",
"Antagonists",
"James Taggart"
] | The President of Taggart Transcontinental and the book's most important antagonist. Taggart is an expert influence peddler but incapable of making operational decisions on his own. He relies on his sister, Dagny Taggart, to actually run the railroad, but nonetheless opposes her in almost every endeavor because of his v... | 359 | List of Atlas Shrugged characters | [
"Atlas Shrugged characters",
"Fictional socialites",
"Lists of literary characters",
"Literary characters introduced in 1957"
] | [] |
[
"Major characters",
"Antagonists",
"Lillian Rearden"
] | The unsupportive wife of Hank Rearden, who dislikes his habits and (secretly at first) seeks to ruin Rearden to prove her own value. Lillian achieves this, when she passes information to James Taggart about her husband's affair with his sister. This information is used to persuade Rearden to sign a Gift Certificate whi... | 359 | List of Atlas Shrugged characters | [
"Atlas Shrugged characters",
"Fictional socialites",
"Lists of literary characters",
"Literary characters introduced in 1957"
] | [] |
[
"Major characters",
"Antagonists",
"Dr. Floyd Ferris"
] | Ferris is a biologist who works as "co-ordinator" at the State Science Institute. He uses his position there to deride reason and productive achievement, and publishes a book entitled ''Why Do You Think You Think?'' He clashes on several occasions with Hank Rearden, and twice attempts to blackmail Rearden into giving u... | 359 | List of Atlas Shrugged characters | [
"Atlas Shrugged characters",
"Fictional socialites",
"Lists of literary characters",
"Literary characters introduced in 1957"
] | [] |
[
"Major characters",
"Antagonists",
"Dr. Robert Stadler"
] | A former professor at Patrick Henry University, and along with colleague Hugh Akston, mentor to Francisco d'Anconia, John Galt and Ragnar Danneskjöld. He has since become a sell-out, one who had great promise but squandered it for social approval, to the detriment of the free. He works at the State Science Institute wh... | 359 | List of Atlas Shrugged characters | [
"Atlas Shrugged characters",
"Fictional socialites",
"Lists of literary characters",
"Literary characters introduced in 1957"
] | [] |
[
"Major characters",
"Antagonists",
"Wesley Mouch"
] | The incompetent and treacherous lobbyist whom Hank Rearden reluctantly employs in [[Washington, D.C.|Washington]], who rises to prominence and authority throughout the novel through trading favours and disloyalty. In return for betraying Hank by helping broker the Equalization of Opportunity Bill (which, by restricting... | 359 | List of Atlas Shrugged characters | [
"Atlas Shrugged characters",
"Fictional socialites",
"Lists of literary characters",
"Literary characters introduced in 1957"
] | [] |
[
"Secondary characters"
] | The following secondary characters also appear in the novel. (-) '''Hugh Akston''' is identified as "One of the last great advocates of reason." He was a renowned philosopher and the head of the Department of Philosophy at Patrick Henry University, where he taught Francisco d'Anconia, John Galt, and Ragnar Danneskjöld.... | 359 | List of Atlas Shrugged characters | [
"Atlas Shrugged characters",
"Fictional socialites",
"Lists of literary characters",
"Literary characters introduced in 1957"
] | [] |
[
"Secondary characters"
] | (-) '''Millie Bush''' was "a mean, ugly little eight-year-old" girl voted to receive gold braces to straighten her teeth by the Marxist "family" committee who determined how pay was allocated at The Twentieth Century Motor Company. Her teeth are later knocked out by a man denied an allowance by the committee to purchas... | 359 | List of Atlas Shrugged characters | [
"Atlas Shrugged characters",
"Fictional socialites",
"Lists of literary characters",
"Literary characters introduced in 1957"
] | [] |
[
"Secondary characters"
] | (-) '''Balph Eubank''' is called "the literary leader of the age", despite the fact that no book he has written has sold more than 3,000 copies. He complains that it is disgraceful that artists are treated as peddlers, and that there should be a law limiting the sales of books to 10,000 copies. He is a [[misogynist]] w... | 359 | List of Atlas Shrugged characters | [
"Atlas Shrugged characters",
"Fictional socialites",
"Lists of literary characters",
"Literary characters introduced in 1957"
] | [] |
[
"Secondary characters"
] | (-) '''Gilbert Keith-Worthing''' is a British novelist of erstwhile fame, now neglected but still considered a "walking classic," and a proponent of the idea that freedom is an illusion. Kip Chalmers brings him along on the train to California, "for no reason that either of them could discover"; he dies in the Taggart ... | 359 | List of Atlas Shrugged characters | [
"Atlas Shrugged characters",
"Fictional socialites",
"Lists of literary characters",
"Literary characters introduced in 1957"
] | [] |
[
"Secondary characters"
] | (-) '''Cuffy Meigs''' is the Director of Unification for the railroad business. He carries a pistol and a lucky rabbit's foot, and he dresses in a military uniform, and has been described as "impervious to thought". Meigs seizes control of Project X and accidentally destroys it, demolishing the country's last railroad ... | 359 | List of Atlas Shrugged characters | [
"Atlas Shrugged characters",
"Fictional socialites",
"Lists of literary characters",
"Literary characters introduced in 1957"
] | [] |
[
"Secondary characters"
] | (-) '''Betty Pope''' is a wealthy socialite who is having a meaningless sexual affair with James Taggart. She is deliberately crude in a way that casts ridicule on her high social position. (-) '''Dr. Potter''' holds some undefined position with the State Science Institute. He is sent to try to obtain the rights to Rea... | 359 | List of Atlas Shrugged characters | [
"Atlas Shrugged characters",
"Fictional socialites",
"Lists of literary characters",
"Literary characters introduced in 1957"
] | [] |
[
"Secondary characters"
] | (-) '''Andrew Stockton''' runs the Stockton Foundry in Stockton, Colorado. When he joins the strike, he opens a foundry in Galt's Gulch. (-) '''Nathaniel "Nat" Taggart''' was the founder of Taggart Transcontinental. He built his railroad without any government handouts, and ran the business for no other reason than to ... | 359 | List of Atlas Shrugged characters | [
"Atlas Shrugged characters",
"Fictional socialites",
"Lists of literary characters",
"Literary characters introduced in 1957"
] | [] |
[
"Secondary characters"
] | (-) '''Ellis Wyatt''' is the head of Wyatt Oil. He has almost single-handedly revived the economy of Colorado by discovering a new process for extracting more oil from what were thought to be exhausted oil wells. When first introduced, he is aggressive towards Dagny, whom he does not yet know and whom he blames for wha... | 359 | List of Atlas Shrugged characters | [
"Atlas Shrugged characters",
"Fictional socialites",
"Lists of literary characters",
"Literary characters introduced in 1957"
] | [] |
[] | '''Anthropology''' is the [[Science|scientific study]] of [[human]], concerned with [[human behavior]], [[human biology]], [[cultures]] and [[society|societies]], in both the present and past, including [[Homo|past human species]]. [[Social anthropology]] studies patterns of behaviour, while [[cultural anthropology]] s... | 569 | Anthropology | [
"Anthropology"
] | [
"Christian anthropology",
"Culture",
"Memetics",
"Human ethology",
"Origins of society",
"Qualitative research",
"Engaged theory",
"List of anthropologists",
"Intangible cultural heritage",
"Prehistoric medicine",
"Ethnobiology",
"Outline of anthropology",
"Anthropological science fiction",
... |
[
"Etymology"
] | The abstract noun ''[[wikt:anthropology|anthropology]]'' is first attested in reference to [[history]]. Its present use first appeared in [[German Renaissance|Renaissance]] [[Holy Roman Empire|Germany]] in the works of [[Magnus Hundt]] and [[Otto Casmann]]. Their [[New Latin]] '''' derived from the [[combining form]] o... | 569 | Anthropology | [
"Anthropology"
] | [
"Christian anthropology",
"Culture",
"Memetics",
"Human ethology",
"Origins of society",
"Qualitative research",
"Engaged theory",
"List of anthropologists",
"Intangible cultural heritage",
"Prehistoric medicine",
"Ethnobiology",
"Outline of anthropology",
"Anthropological science fiction",
... |
[
"History",
"Through the 19th century"
] | In 1647, the Bartholins, founders of the [[University of Copenhagen]], defined '''' as follows: Sporadic use of the term for some of the subject matter occurred subsequently, such as the use by [[Étienne Serres]] in 1839 to describe the natural history, or paleontology, of man, based on comparative anatomy, and the cre... | 569 | Anthropology | [
"Anthropology"
] | [
"Christian anthropology",
"Culture",
"Memetics",
"Human ethology",
"Origins of society",
"Qualitative research",
"Engaged theory",
"List of anthropologists",
"Intangible cultural heritage",
"Prehistoric medicine",
"Ethnobiology",
"Outline of anthropology",
"Anthropological science fiction",
... |
[
"History",
"Through the 19th century"
] | Waitz defined anthropology as "the science of the nature of man". Following Broca's lead, Waitz points out that anthropology is a new field, which would gather material from other fields, but would differ from them in the use of comparative anatomy, physiology, and psychology to differentiate man from "the animals near... | 569 | Anthropology | [
"Anthropology"
] | [
"Christian anthropology",
"Culture",
"Memetics",
"Human ethology",
"Origins of society",
"Qualitative research",
"Engaged theory",
"List of anthropologists",
"Intangible cultural heritage",
"Prehistoric medicine",
"Ethnobiology",
"Outline of anthropology",
"Anthropological science fiction",
... |
[
"History",
"20th and 21st centuries"
] | This meager statistic expanded in the 20th century to comprise anthropology departments in the majority of the world's higher educational institutions, many thousands in number. Anthropology has diversified from a few major subdivisions to dozens more. Practical anthropology, the use of anthropological knowledge and te... | 569 | Anthropology | [
"Anthropology"
] | [
"Christian anthropology",
"Culture",
"Memetics",
"Human ethology",
"Origins of society",
"Qualitative research",
"Engaged theory",
"List of anthropologists",
"Intangible cultural heritage",
"Prehistoric medicine",
"Ethnobiology",
"Outline of anthropology",
"Anthropological science fiction",
... |
[
"Fields"
] | Anthropology is a global discipline involving humanities, social sciences and natural sciences. Anthropology builds upon knowledge from [[natural science]], including the discoveries about the origin and evolution of ''[[Human|Homo sapiens]]'', human physical traits, [[human behavior]], the variations among different g... | 569 | Anthropology | [
"Anthropology"
] | [
"Christian anthropology",
"Culture",
"Memetics",
"Human ethology",
"Origins of society",
"Qualitative research",
"Engaged theory",
"List of anthropologists",
"Intangible cultural heritage",
"Prehistoric medicine",
"Ethnobiology",
"Outline of anthropology",
"Anthropological science fiction",
... |
[
"Fields",
"Sociocultural"
] | Sociocultural anthropology draws together the principle axes of [[cultural anthropology]] and [[social anthropology]]. Cultural anthropology is the comparative study of the manifold ways in which people ''make sense'' of the world around them, while social anthropology is the study of the ''relationships'' among indivi... | 569 | Anthropology | [
"Anthropology"
] | [
"Christian anthropology",
"Culture",
"Memetics",
"Human ethology",
"Origins of society",
"Qualitative research",
"Engaged theory",
"List of anthropologists",
"Intangible cultural heritage",
"Prehistoric medicine",
"Ethnobiology",
"Outline of anthropology",
"Anthropological science fiction",
... |
[
"Fields",
"Biological"
] | Biological anthropology and physical anthropology are synonymous terms to describe anthropological research focused on the study of humans and non-human primates in their biological, evolutionary, and demographic dimensions. It examines the biological and social factors that have affected the evolution of humans and ot... | 569 | Anthropology | [
"Anthropology"
] | [
"Christian anthropology",
"Culture",
"Memetics",
"Human ethology",
"Origins of society",
"Qualitative research",
"Engaged theory",
"List of anthropologists",
"Intangible cultural heritage",
"Prehistoric medicine",
"Ethnobiology",
"Outline of anthropology",
"Anthropological science fiction",
... |
[
"Fields",
"Archaeological"
] | [[Archaeology]] is the study of the human past through its material remains. Artifacts, faunal remains, and human altered landscapes are evidence of the cultural and material lives of past societies. Archaeologists examine material remains in order to deduce patterns of past human behavior and cultural practices. Ethno... | 569 | Anthropology | [
"Anthropology"
] | [
"Christian anthropology",
"Culture",
"Memetics",
"Human ethology",
"Origins of society",
"Qualitative research",
"Engaged theory",
"List of anthropologists",
"Intangible cultural heritage",
"Prehistoric medicine",
"Ethnobiology",
"Outline of anthropology",
"Anthropological science fiction",
... |
[
"Fields",
"Linguistic"
] | [[Linguistic anthropology]] (not to be confused with [[anthropological linguistics]]) seeks to understand the processes of human communications, verbal and non-verbal, variation in [[language]] across time and space, the social uses of language, and the relationship between language and culture. It is the branch of ant... | 569 | Anthropology | [
"Anthropology"
] | [
"Christian anthropology",
"Culture",
"Memetics",
"Human ethology",
"Origins of society",
"Qualitative research",
"Engaged theory",
"List of anthropologists",
"Intangible cultural heritage",
"Prehistoric medicine",
"Ethnobiology",
"Outline of anthropology",
"Anthropological science fiction",
... |
[
"Key topics by field: sociocultural",
"Art, media, music, dance and film",
"Art"
] | One of the central problems in the anthropology of art concerns the universality of 'art' as a cultural phenomenon. Several anthropologists have noted that the Western categories of 'painting', 'sculpture', or 'literature', conceived as independent artistic activities, do not exist, or exist in a significantly differen... | 569 | Anthropology | [
"Anthropology"
] | [
"Christian anthropology",
"Culture",
"Memetics",
"Human ethology",
"Origins of society",
"Qualitative research",
"Engaged theory",
"List of anthropologists",
"Intangible cultural heritage",
"Prehistoric medicine",
"Ethnobiology",
"Outline of anthropology",
"Anthropological science fiction",
... |
[
"Key topics by field: sociocultural",
"Art, media, music, dance and film",
"Media"
] | Media anthropology (also known as the anthropology of media or mass media) emphasizes [[ethnography|ethnographic studies]] as a means of understanding producers, audiences, and other cultural and social aspects of mass media. The types of ethnographic contexts explored range from contexts of media production (e.g., eth... | 569 | Anthropology | [
"Anthropology"
] | [
"Christian anthropology",
"Culture",
"Memetics",
"Human ethology",
"Origins of society",
"Qualitative research",
"Engaged theory",
"List of anthropologists",
"Intangible cultural heritage",
"Prehistoric medicine",
"Ethnobiology",
"Outline of anthropology",
"Anthropological science fiction",
... |
[
"Key topics by field: sociocultural",
"Art, media, music, dance and film",
"Music"
] | [[Ethnomusicology]] is an academic field encompassing various approaches to the study of music (broadly defined), that emphasize its cultural, social, material, cognitive, biological, and other dimensions or contexts instead of or in addition to its isolated sound component or any particular repertoire. [[Ethnomusicolo... | 569 | Anthropology | [
"Anthropology"
] | [
"Christian anthropology",
"Culture",
"Memetics",
"Human ethology",
"Origins of society",
"Qualitative research",
"Engaged theory",
"List of anthropologists",
"Intangible cultural heritage",
"Prehistoric medicine",
"Ethnobiology",
"Outline of anthropology",
"Anthropological science fiction",
... |
[
"Key topics by field: sociocultural",
"Art, media, music, dance and film",
"Visual"
] | Visual anthropology is concerned, in part, with the study and production of [[ethnography|ethnographic]] photography, film and, since the mid-1990s, [[new media]]. While the term is sometimes used interchangeably with [[ethnographic film]], visual anthropology also encompasses the anthropological study of visual repres... | 569 | Anthropology | [
"Anthropology"
] | [
"Christian anthropology",
"Culture",
"Memetics",
"Human ethology",
"Origins of society",
"Qualitative research",
"Engaged theory",
"List of anthropologists",
"Intangible cultural heritage",
"Prehistoric medicine",
"Ethnobiology",
"Outline of anthropology",
"Anthropological science fiction",
... |
[
"Key topics by field: sociocultural",
"Economic, political economic, applied and development",
"Economic"
] | Economic anthropology attempts to explain human economic behavior in its widest historic, geographic and cultural scope. It has a complex relationship with the discipline of economics, of which it is highly critical. Its origins as a sub-field of anthropology begin with the Polish-British founder of anthropology, [[Bro... | 569 | Anthropology | [
"Anthropology"
] | [
"Christian anthropology",
"Culture",
"Memetics",
"Human ethology",
"Origins of society",
"Qualitative research",
"Engaged theory",
"List of anthropologists",
"Intangible cultural heritage",
"Prehistoric medicine",
"Ethnobiology",
"Outline of anthropology",
"Anthropological science fiction",
... |
[
"Key topics by field: sociocultural",
"Economic, political economic, applied and development",
"Political economy"
] | Political economy in anthropology is the application of the theories and methods of [[historical materialism]] to the traditional concerns of anthropology, including, but not limited to, non-capitalist societies. Political economy introduced questions of history and colonialism to ahistorical anthropological theories o... | 569 | Anthropology | [
"Anthropology"
] | [
"Christian anthropology",
"Culture",
"Memetics",
"Human ethology",
"Origins of society",
"Qualitative research",
"Engaged theory",
"List of anthropologists",
"Intangible cultural heritage",
"Prehistoric medicine",
"Ethnobiology",
"Outline of anthropology",
"Anthropological science fiction",
... |
[
"Key topics by field: sociocultural",
"Economic, political economic, applied and development",
"Applied"
] | Applied anthropology refers to the application of the method and theory of anthropology to the analysis and solution of practical problems. It is a "complex of related, research-based, instrumental methods which produce change or stability in specific cultural systems through the provision of data, initiation of direct... | 569 | Anthropology | [
"Anthropology"
] | [
"Christian anthropology",
"Culture",
"Memetics",
"Human ethology",
"Origins of society",
"Qualitative research",
"Engaged theory",
"List of anthropologists",
"Intangible cultural heritage",
"Prehistoric medicine",
"Ethnobiology",
"Outline of anthropology",
"Anthropological science fiction",
... |
[
"Key topics by field: sociocultural",
"Economic, political economic, applied and development",
"Development"
] | Anthropology of development tends to view development from a ''critical'' perspective. The kind of issues addressed and implications for the approach simply involve pondering why, if a key development goal is to alleviate poverty, is poverty increasing? Why is there such a gap between plans and outcomes? Why are those ... | 569 | Anthropology | [
"Anthropology"
] | [
"Christian anthropology",
"Culture",
"Memetics",
"Human ethology",
"Origins of society",
"Qualitative research",
"Engaged theory",
"List of anthropologists",
"Intangible cultural heritage",
"Prehistoric medicine",
"Ethnobiology",
"Outline of anthropology",
"Anthropological science fiction",
... |
[
"Key topics by field: sociocultural",
"Kinship, feminism, gender and sexuality",
"Kinship"
] | ''Kinship'' can refer both to ''the study of'' the patterns of social relationships in one or more human cultures, or it can refer to ''the patterns of social relationships'' themselves. Over its history, anthropology has developed a number of related concepts and terms, such as "[[kinship|descent]]", "[[descent group]... | 569 | Anthropology | [
"Anthropology"
] | [
"Christian anthropology",
"Culture",
"Memetics",
"Human ethology",
"Origins of society",
"Qualitative research",
"Engaged theory",
"List of anthropologists",
"Intangible cultural heritage",
"Prehistoric medicine",
"Ethnobiology",
"Outline of anthropology",
"Anthropological science fiction",
... |
[
"Key topics by field: sociocultural",
"Kinship, feminism, gender and sexuality",
"Feminist"
] | Feminist anthropology is a four field approach to anthropology ([[archaeology|archeological]], [[biological anthropology|biological]], [[cultural anthropology|cultural]], [[linguistic anthropology|linguistic]]) that seeks to reduce male bias in research findings, anthropological hiring practices, and the scholarly prod... | 569 | Anthropology | [
"Anthropology"
] | [
"Christian anthropology",
"Culture",
"Memetics",
"Human ethology",
"Origins of society",
"Qualitative research",
"Engaged theory",
"List of anthropologists",
"Intangible cultural heritage",
"Prehistoric medicine",
"Ethnobiology",
"Outline of anthropology",
"Anthropological science fiction",
... |
[
"Key topics by field: sociocultural",
"Medical, nutritional, psychological, cognitive and transpersonal",
"Medical"
] | Medical anthropology is an interdisciplinary field which studies "human health and disease, health care systems, and biocultural adaptation". It is believed that William Caudell was the first to discover the field of medical anthropology. Currently, research in medical anthropology is one of the main growth areas in th... | 569 | Anthropology | [
"Anthropology"
] | [
"Christian anthropology",
"Culture",
"Memetics",
"Human ethology",
"Origins of society",
"Qualitative research",
"Engaged theory",
"List of anthropologists",
"Intangible cultural heritage",
"Prehistoric medicine",
"Ethnobiology",
"Outline of anthropology",
"Anthropological science fiction",
... |
[
"Key topics by field: sociocultural",
"Medical, nutritional, psychological, cognitive and transpersonal",
"Nutritional"
] | Nutritional anthropology is a synthetic concept that deals with the interplay between [[economic systems]], [[nutrition|nutritional status]] and [[food security]], and how changes in the former affect the latter. If economic and environmental changes in a community affect access to food, food security, and dietary heal... | 569 | Anthropology | [
"Anthropology"
] | [
"Christian anthropology",
"Culture",
"Memetics",
"Human ethology",
"Origins of society",
"Qualitative research",
"Engaged theory",
"List of anthropologists",
"Intangible cultural heritage",
"Prehistoric medicine",
"Ethnobiology",
"Outline of anthropology",
"Anthropological science fiction",
... |
[
"Key topics by field: sociocultural",
"Medical, nutritional, psychological, cognitive and transpersonal",
"Psychological"
] | Psychological anthropology is an interdisciplinary subfield of anthropology that studies the interaction of [[cultural anthropology|cultural]] and [[psychology|mental processes]]. This subfield tends to focus on ways in which humans' development and [[enculturation]] within a particular cultural group – with its own hi... | 569 | Anthropology | [
"Anthropology"
] | [
"Christian anthropology",
"Culture",
"Memetics",
"Human ethology",
"Origins of society",
"Qualitative research",
"Engaged theory",
"List of anthropologists",
"Intangible cultural heritage",
"Prehistoric medicine",
"Ethnobiology",
"Outline of anthropology",
"Anthropological science fiction",
... |
[
"Key topics by field: sociocultural",
"Medical, nutritional, psychological, cognitive and transpersonal",
"Cognitive"
] | Cognitive anthropology seeks to explain patterns of shared knowledge, cultural [[innovation]], and transmission over time and space using the methods and [[theories]] of the [[cognitive sciences]] (especially [[experimental psychology]] and [[evolutionary biology]]) often through close collaboration with historians, et... | 569 | Anthropology | [
"Anthropology"
] | [
"Christian anthropology",
"Culture",
"Memetics",
"Human ethology",
"Origins of society",
"Qualitative research",
"Engaged theory",
"List of anthropologists",
"Intangible cultural heritage",
"Prehistoric medicine",
"Ethnobiology",
"Outline of anthropology",
"Anthropological science fiction",
... |
[
"Key topics by field: sociocultural",
"Medical, nutritional, psychological, cognitive and transpersonal",
"Transpersonal"
] | Transpersonal anthropology studies the relationship between [[altered states of consciousness]] and culture. As with [[transpersonal psychology]], the field is much concerned with altered states of consciousness (ASC) and [[transpersonal experience]]. However, the field differs from mainstream transpersonal psychology ... | 569 | Anthropology | [
"Anthropology"
] | [
"Christian anthropology",
"Culture",
"Memetics",
"Human ethology",
"Origins of society",
"Qualitative research",
"Engaged theory",
"List of anthropologists",
"Intangible cultural heritage",
"Prehistoric medicine",
"Ethnobiology",
"Outline of anthropology",
"Anthropological science fiction",
... |
[
"Key topics by field: sociocultural",
"Political and legal",
"Political"
] | Political anthropology concerns the structure of [[Form of government|political systems]], looked at from the basis of the structure of societies. Political anthropology developed as a discipline concerned primarily with politics in stateless societies, a new development started from the 1960s, and is still unfolding: ... | 569 | Anthropology | [
"Anthropology"
] | [
"Christian anthropology",
"Culture",
"Memetics",
"Human ethology",
"Origins of society",
"Qualitative research",
"Engaged theory",
"List of anthropologists",
"Intangible cultural heritage",
"Prehistoric medicine",
"Ethnobiology",
"Outline of anthropology",
"Anthropological science fiction",
... |
[
"Key topics by field: sociocultural",
"Political and legal",
"Legal"
] | Legal anthropology or anthropology of law specializes in "the cross-cultural study of social ordering". Earlier legal anthropological research often focused more narrowly on conflict management, crime, sanctions, or formal regulation. More recent applications include issues such as [[human rights]], [[legal pluralism]]... | 569 | Anthropology | [
"Anthropology"
] | [
"Christian anthropology",
"Culture",
"Memetics",
"Human ethology",
"Origins of society",
"Qualitative research",
"Engaged theory",
"List of anthropologists",
"Intangible cultural heritage",
"Prehistoric medicine",
"Ethnobiology",
"Outline of anthropology",
"Anthropological science fiction",
... |
[
"Key topics by field: sociocultural",
"Political and legal",
"Public"
] | Public anthropology was created by Robert Borofsky, a professor at Hawaii Pacific University, to "demonstrate the ability of anthropology and anthropologists to effectively address problems beyond the discipline – illuminating larger social issues of our times as well as encouraging broad, public conversations about th... | 569 | Anthropology | [
"Anthropology"
] | [
"Christian anthropology",
"Culture",
"Memetics",
"Human ethology",
"Origins of society",
"Qualitative research",
"Engaged theory",
"List of anthropologists",
"Intangible cultural heritage",
"Prehistoric medicine",
"Ethnobiology",
"Outline of anthropology",
"Anthropological science fiction",
... |
[
"Key topics by field: sociocultural",
"Nature, science, and technology",
"Cyborg"
] | Cyborg anthropology originated as a sub-focus group within the [[American Anthropological Association]]'s annual meeting in 1993. The sub-group was very closely related to [[science and technology studies|STS]] and the [[Society for the Social Studies of Science]]. [[Donna Haraway]]'s 1985 ''[[Cyborg Manifesto]]'' coul... | 569 | Anthropology | [
"Anthropology"
] | [
"Christian anthropology",
"Culture",
"Memetics",
"Human ethology",
"Origins of society",
"Qualitative research",
"Engaged theory",
"List of anthropologists",
"Intangible cultural heritage",
"Prehistoric medicine",
"Ethnobiology",
"Outline of anthropology",
"Anthropological science fiction",
... |
[
"Key topics by field: sociocultural",
"Nature, science, and technology",
"Digital"
] | Digital anthropology is the study of the relationship between humans and digital-era technology, and extends to various areas where anthropology and [[technology]] intersect. It is sometimes grouped with [[cultural anthropology|sociocultural anthropology]], and sometimes considered part of [[material culture]]. The fie... | 569 | Anthropology | [
"Anthropology"
] | [
"Christian anthropology",
"Culture",
"Memetics",
"Human ethology",
"Origins of society",
"Qualitative research",
"Engaged theory",
"List of anthropologists",
"Intangible cultural heritage",
"Prehistoric medicine",
"Ethnobiology",
"Outline of anthropology",
"Anthropological science fiction",
... |
[
"Key topics by field: sociocultural",
"Nature, science, and technology",
"Ecological"
] | Ecological anthropology is defined as the "study of [[cultural adaptation]] to environments". The sub-field is also defined as, "the study of relationships between a population of humans and their [[biophysical environment]]". The focus of its research concerns "how cultural [[beliefs]] and practices helped human popul... | 569 | Anthropology | [
"Anthropology"
] | [
"Christian anthropology",
"Culture",
"Memetics",
"Human ethology",
"Origins of society",
"Qualitative research",
"Engaged theory",
"List of anthropologists",
"Intangible cultural heritage",
"Prehistoric medicine",
"Ethnobiology",
"Outline of anthropology",
"Anthropological science fiction",
... |
[
"Key topics by field: sociocultural",
"Historical"
] | Ethnohistory is the study of [[Ethnography|ethnographic]] cultures and [[Indigenous peoples|indigenous]] customs by examining [[History|historical records]]. It is also the study of the history of various [[ethnic group]] that may or may not exist today. Ethnohistory uses both historical and ethnographic data as its fo... | 569 | Anthropology | [
"Anthropology"
] | [
"Christian anthropology",
"Culture",
"Memetics",
"Human ethology",
"Origins of society",
"Qualitative research",
"Engaged theory",
"List of anthropologists",
"Intangible cultural heritage",
"Prehistoric medicine",
"Ethnobiology",
"Outline of anthropology",
"Anthropological science fiction",
... |
[
"Key topics by field: sociocultural",
"Religion"
] | The anthropology of religion involves the study of religious institutions in relation to other social institutions, and the comparison of religious beliefs and practices across cultures. Modern anthropology assumes that there is complete continuity between [[magical thinking]] and religion, and that every religion is a... | 569 | Anthropology | [
"Anthropology"
] | [
"Christian anthropology",
"Culture",
"Memetics",
"Human ethology",
"Origins of society",
"Qualitative research",
"Engaged theory",
"List of anthropologists",
"Intangible cultural heritage",
"Prehistoric medicine",
"Ethnobiology",
"Outline of anthropology",
"Anthropological science fiction",
... |
[
"Key topics by field: sociocultural",
"Urban"
] | Urban anthropology is concerned with issues of [[urbanization]], poverty, and [[neoliberalism]]. [[Ulf Hannerz]] quotes a 1960s remark that traditional anthropologists were "a notoriously [[agoraphobic]] lot, anti-urban by definition". Various social processes in the [[Western World]] as well as in the "[[Third World]]... | 569 | Anthropology | [
"Anthropology"
] | [
"Christian anthropology",
"Culture",
"Memetics",
"Human ethology",
"Origins of society",
"Qualitative research",
"Engaged theory",
"List of anthropologists",
"Intangible cultural heritage",
"Prehistoric medicine",
"Ethnobiology",
"Outline of anthropology",
"Anthropological science fiction",
... |
[
"Key topics by field: archaeological and biological",
"Anthrozoology"
] | [[Anthrozoology]] (also known as "human–animal studies") is the study of interaction between living things. It is an [[interdisciplinary]] field that overlaps with a number of other disciplines, including anthropology, [[ethology]], medicine, [[psychology]], [[veterinary medicine]] and [[zoology]]. A major focus of ant... | 569 | Anthropology | [
"Anthropology"
] | [
"Christian anthropology",
"Culture",
"Memetics",
"Human ethology",
"Origins of society",
"Qualitative research",
"Engaged theory",
"List of anthropologists",
"Intangible cultural heritage",
"Prehistoric medicine",
"Ethnobiology",
"Outline of anthropology",
"Anthropological science fiction",
... |
[
"Key topics by field: archaeological and biological",
"Biocultural"
] | Biocultural anthropology is the [[scientific]] exploration of the relationships between [[human biology]] and culture. [[Biological anthropology|Physical anthropologists]] throughout the first half of the 20th century viewed this relationship from a [[Race (classification of human beings)|racial]] perspective; that is,... | 569 | Anthropology | [
"Anthropology"
] | [
"Christian anthropology",
"Culture",
"Memetics",
"Human ethology",
"Origins of society",
"Qualitative research",
"Engaged theory",
"List of anthropologists",
"Intangible cultural heritage",
"Prehistoric medicine",
"Ethnobiology",
"Outline of anthropology",
"Anthropological science fiction",
... |
[
"Key topics by field: archaeological and biological",
"Evolutionary"
] | Evolutionary anthropology is the interdisciplinary study of the [[human evolution|evolution]] of [[human physiology]] and [[human behaviour]] and the relation between [[hominins]] and non-hominin [[primate]]. Evolutionary anthropology is based in [[natural science]] and [[social science]], combining the [[Human develop... | 569 | Anthropology | [
"Anthropology"
] | [
"Christian anthropology",
"Culture",
"Memetics",
"Human ethology",
"Origins of society",
"Qualitative research",
"Engaged theory",
"List of anthropologists",
"Intangible cultural heritage",
"Prehistoric medicine",
"Ethnobiology",
"Outline of anthropology",
"Anthropological science fiction",
... |
[
"Key topics by field: archaeological and biological",
"Forensic"
] | Forensic anthropology is the application of the science of [[physical anthropology]] and human [[osteology]] in a legal setting, most often in criminal cases where the victim's remains are in the advanced stages of [[decomposition]]. A forensic anthropologist can assist in the identification of deceased individuals who... | 569 | Anthropology | [
"Anthropology"
] | [
"Christian anthropology",
"Culture",
"Memetics",
"Human ethology",
"Origins of society",
"Qualitative research",
"Engaged theory",
"List of anthropologists",
"Intangible cultural heritage",
"Prehistoric medicine",
"Ethnobiology",
"Outline of anthropology",
"Anthropological science fiction",
... |
[
"Key topics by field: archaeological and biological",
"Palaeoanthropology"
] | Paleoanthropology combines the disciplines of [[paleontology]] and [[physical anthropology]]. It is the study of ancient humans, as found in [[fossil]] [[Hominidae|hominid]] evidence such as [[Petrifaction|petrifacted]] bones and footprints. Genetics and morphology of specimens are crucially important to this field. Ma... | 569 | Anthropology | [
"Anthropology"
] | [
"Christian anthropology",
"Culture",
"Memetics",
"Human ethology",
"Origins of society",
"Qualitative research",
"Engaged theory",
"List of anthropologists",
"Intangible cultural heritage",
"Prehistoric medicine",
"Ethnobiology",
"Outline of anthropology",
"Anthropological science fiction",
... |
[
"Organizations"
] | Contemporary anthropology is an established science with academic departments at most universities and colleges. The single largest organization of anthropologists is the [[American Anthropological Association]] (AAA), which was founded in 1903. Its members are anthropologists from around the globe. In 1989, a group of... | 569 | Anthropology | [
"Anthropology"
] | [
"Christian anthropology",
"Culture",
"Memetics",
"Human ethology",
"Origins of society",
"Qualitative research",
"Engaged theory",
"List of anthropologists",
"Intangible cultural heritage",
"Prehistoric medicine",
"Ethnobiology",
"Outline of anthropology",
"Anthropological science fiction",
... |
[
"Organizations",
"List of major organizations"
] | (-) [[American Anthropological Association]] (-) [[American Ethnological Society]] (-) [[AIBR. Asociación de Antropólogos Iberoamericanos en Red|Asociación de Antropólogos Iberoamericanos en Red, AIBR]] (-) [[Moving Anthropology Student Network]] (-) [[Anthropological Society of London]] (-) [[Center for World Indigeno... | 569 | Anthropology | [
"Anthropology"
] | [
"Christian anthropology",
"Culture",
"Memetics",
"Human ethology",
"Origins of society",
"Qualitative research",
"Engaged theory",
"List of anthropologists",
"Intangible cultural heritage",
"Prehistoric medicine",
"Ethnobiology",
"Outline of anthropology",
"Anthropological science fiction",
... |
[
"Ethics"
] | As the field has matured it has debated and arrived at ethical principles aimed at protecting both the subjects of anthropological research as well as the researchers themselves, and professional societies have generated codes of ethics. Anthropologists, like other researchers (especially historians and scientists enga... | 569 | Anthropology | [
"Anthropology"
] | [
"Christian anthropology",
"Culture",
"Memetics",
"Human ethology",
"Origins of society",
"Qualitative research",
"Engaged theory",
"List of anthropologists",
"Intangible cultural heritage",
"Prehistoric medicine",
"Ethnobiology",
"Outline of anthropology",
"Anthropological science fiction",
... |
[
"Ethics",
"Cultural relativism"
] | As part of their quest for [[scientific objectivity]], present-day anthropologists typically urge [[cultural relativism]], which has an influence on all the sub-fields of anthropology. This is the notion that cultures should not be judged by another's values or viewpoints, but be examined dispassionately on their own t... | 569 | Anthropology | [
"Anthropology"
] | [
"Christian anthropology",
"Culture",
"Memetics",
"Human ethology",
"Origins of society",
"Qualitative research",
"Engaged theory",
"List of anthropologists",
"Intangible cultural heritage",
"Prehistoric medicine",
"Ethnobiology",
"Outline of anthropology",
"Anthropological science fiction",
... |
[
"Ethics",
"Military involvement"
] | Anthropologists' involvement with the U.S. government, in particular, has caused bitter controversy within the discipline. Franz Boas publicly objected to US participation in World War I, and after the war he published a brief expose and condemnation of the participation of several American archaeologists in espionage ... | 569 | Anthropology | [
"Anthropology"
] | [
"Christian anthropology",
"Culture",
"Memetics",
"Human ethology",
"Origins of society",
"Qualitative research",
"Engaged theory",
"List of anthropologists",
"Intangible cultural heritage",
"Prehistoric medicine",
"Ethnobiology",
"Outline of anthropology",
"Anthropological science fiction",
... |
[
"Post–World War II developments"
] | Before [[WWII]] British 'social anthropology' and American 'cultural anthropology' were still distinct traditions. After the war, enough British and American anthropologists borrowed ideas and methodological approaches from one another that some began to speak of them collectively as 'sociocultural' anthropology. | 569 | Anthropology | [
"Anthropology"
] | [
"Christian anthropology",
"Culture",
"Memetics",
"Human ethology",
"Origins of society",
"Qualitative research",
"Engaged theory",
"List of anthropologists",
"Intangible cultural heritage",
"Prehistoric medicine",
"Ethnobiology",
"Outline of anthropology",
"Anthropological science fiction",
... |
[
"Post–World War II developments",
"Basic trends"
] | There are several characteristics that tend to unite anthropological work. One of the central characteristics is that anthropology tends to provide a comparatively more [[Holism|holistic]] account of phenomena and tends to be highly empirical. The quest for holism leads most anthropologists to study a particular place,... | 569 | Anthropology | [
"Anthropology"
] | [
"Christian anthropology",
"Culture",
"Memetics",
"Human ethology",
"Origins of society",
"Qualitative research",
"Engaged theory",
"List of anthropologists",
"Intangible cultural heritage",
"Prehistoric medicine",
"Ethnobiology",
"Outline of anthropology",
"Anthropological science fiction",
... |
[
"Post–World War II developments",
"Commonalities between fields"
] | Because anthropology developed from so many different enterprises (see [[History of anthropology]]), including but not limited to [[Fossil collecting|fossil-hunting]], [[Exploration|exploring]], documentary film-making, [[paleontology]], [[primatology]], antiquity dealings and curatorship, [[philology]], [[etymology]],... | 569 | Anthropology | [
"Anthropology"
] | [
"Christian anthropology",
"Culture",
"Memetics",
"Human ethology",
"Origins of society",
"Qualitative research",
"Engaged theory",
"List of anthropologists",
"Intangible cultural heritage",
"Prehistoric medicine",
"Ethnobiology",
"Outline of anthropology",
"Anthropological science fiction",
... |
[] | '''Agricultural science''' is a broad multidisciplinary field of [[biology]] that encompasses the parts of exact, natural, economic and [[social science]] that are used in the practice and understanding of [[agriculture]]. Professionals of the agricultural science are called agricultural scientists or [[agriculturists]... | 572 | Agricultural science | [
"Agricultural science"
] | [
"International Assessment of Agricultural Science and Technology for Development",
"Agroecology",
"National FFA Organization",
"Agriculture ministry",
"Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences",
"University of Agricultural Sciences",
"Agricultural Research Council",
"History of agricultural science... |
[
"History"
] | In the 18th century, [[Johann Friedrich Mayer (agriculturist)|Johann Friedrich Mayer]] conducted experiments on the use of [[gypsum]] (hydrated [[calcium sulphate]]) as a fertilizer. In 1843, [[John Lawes]] and [[Joseph Henry Gilbert]] began a set of long-term field experiments at [[Rothamsted Research Station]] in Eng... | 572 | Agricultural science | [
"Agricultural science"
] | [
"International Assessment of Agricultural Science and Technology for Development",
"Agroecology",
"National FFA Organization",
"Agriculture ministry",
"Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences",
"University of Agricultural Sciences",
"Agricultural Research Council",
"History of agricultural science... |
[
"Prominent agricultural scientists"
] | (-) [[Robert Bakewell (farmer)|Robert Bakewell]] (-) [[Norman Borlaug]] (-) [[Luther Burbank]] (-) [[George Washington Carver]] (-) [[Carl Henry Clerk]] (-) [[George C. Clerk]] (-) [[René Dumont]] (-) [[Sir Albert Howard]] (-) [[Kailas Nath Kaul]] (-) [[Justus von Liebig]] (-) [[Jay Lush]] (-) [[Gregor Mendel]] (-) [[L... | 572 | Agricultural science | [
"Agricultural science"
] | [
"International Assessment of Agricultural Science and Technology for Development",
"Agroecology",
"National FFA Organization",
"Agriculture ministry",
"Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences",
"University of Agricultural Sciences",
"Agricultural Research Council",
"History of agricultural science... |
[
"Fields or related disciplines"
] | (-) [[Agricultural biotechnology]] (-) [[Agricultural chemistry]] (-) [[Agricultural diversification]] (-) [[Agricultural education]] (-) [[Agricultural economics]] (-) [[Agricultural engineering]] (-) [[Agricultural geography]] (-) [[Agricultural philosophy]] (-) [[Agricultural marketing]] (-) [[Agricultural soil scie... | 572 | Agricultural science | [
"Agricultural science"
] | [
"International Assessment of Agricultural Science and Technology for Development",
"Agroecology",
"National FFA Organization",
"Agriculture ministry",
"Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences",
"University of Agricultural Sciences",
"Agricultural Research Council",
"History of agricultural science... |
[
"Scope"
] | Agriculture, agricultural science, and agronomy are often confused. However, they cover different concepts: (-) Agriculture is the set of activities that transform the environment for the production of animals and plants for human use. Agriculture concerns techniques, including the application of agronomic research. (-... | 572 | Agricultural science | [
"Agricultural science"
] | [
"International Assessment of Agricultural Science and Technology for Development",
"Agroecology",
"National FFA Organization",
"Agriculture ministry",
"Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences",
"University of Agricultural Sciences",
"Agricultural Research Council",
"History of agricultural science... |
[
"Research topics"
] | Agricultural sciences include research and development on: (-) Improving [[agricultural productivity]] in terms of quantity and quality (e.g., selection of [[drought]]-resistant crops and animals, development of new [[pesticide]], yield-sensing technologies, simulation models of crop growth, in-vitro [[cell culture]] t... | 572 | Agricultural science | [
"Agricultural science"
] | [
"International Assessment of Agricultural Science and Technology for Development",
"Agroecology",
"National FFA Organization",
"Agriculture ministry",
"Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences",
"University of Agricultural Sciences",
"Agricultural Research Council",
"History of agricultural science... |
[] | '''Alchemy''' (from [[Arabic]]: ''al-kīmiyā''; from [[Ancient Greek]]: ''khumeía'') is an ancient branch of [[natural philosophy]], a [[philosophical]] and [[protoscience|protoscientific]] tradition practiced throughout [[Europe]], [[Africa]], [[China]] and throughout [[Asia]], observable in [[Chinese alchemy|Chinese]]... | 573 | Alchemy | [
"Alchemy",
"Esotericism",
"Hermeticism",
"Pseudoscience",
"History of science"
] | [
"Nuclear transmutation",
"Porta Alchemica",
"Outline of alchemy",
"History of chemistry",
"Corentin Louis Kervran",
"List of alchemists",
"Synthesis of precious metals",
"Cupellation",
"Historicism",
"Alchemical symbol",
"Superseded theories in science",
"List of topics characterized as pseudo... |
[] | Most readers probably are aware of several common claims about alchemy—for example, ... that it is akin to magic, or that its practice then or now is essentially deceptive. These ideas about alchemy emerged during the eighteenth century or after. While each of them might have limited validity within a narrow context, n... | 573 | Alchemy | [
"Alchemy",
"Esotericism",
"Hermeticism",
"Pseudoscience",
"History of science"
] | [
"Nuclear transmutation",
"Porta Alchemica",
"Outline of alchemy",
"History of chemistry",
"Corentin Louis Kervran",
"List of alchemists",
"Synthesis of precious metals",
"Cupellation",
"Historicism",
"Alchemical symbol",
"Superseded theories in science",
"List of topics characterized as pseudo... |
[
"Etymology"
] | The word alchemy comes from [[Old French]] ''alquemie'', ''alkimie'', used in [[Medieval Latin]] as . This name was itself brought from the [[Arabic]] word ''al-kīmiyā'' ( or ) composed of two parts: the [[Late Greek]] term ''khēmeía'' (χημεία), also spelled ''khumeia'' (χυμεία) and ''khēmía'' (χημία) - see below, and ... | 573 | Alchemy | [
"Alchemy",
"Esotericism",
"Hermeticism",
"Pseudoscience",
"History of science"
] | [
"Nuclear transmutation",
"Porta Alchemica",
"Outline of alchemy",
"History of chemistry",
"Corentin Louis Kervran",
"List of alchemists",
"Synthesis of precious metals",
"Cupellation",
"Historicism",
"Alchemical symbol",
"Superseded theories in science",
"List of topics characterized as pseudo... |
[
"History"
] | Alchemy encompasses several philosophical traditions spanning some four millennia and three continents. These traditions' general penchant for cryptic and symbolic language makes it hard to trace their mutual influences and "genetic" relationships. One can distinguish at least three major strands, which appear to be mo... | 573 | Alchemy | [
"Alchemy",
"Esotericism",
"Hermeticism",
"Pseudoscience",
"History of science"
] | [
"Nuclear transmutation",
"Porta Alchemica",
"Outline of alchemy",
"History of chemistry",
"Corentin Louis Kervran",
"List of alchemists",
"Synthesis of precious metals",
"Cupellation",
"Historicism",
"Alchemical symbol",
"Superseded theories in science",
"List of topics characterized as pseudo... |
[
"History",
"Hellenistic Egypt"
] | The start of Western alchemy may generally be traced to ancient and [[Hellenistic Egypt]], where the city of [[Alexandria]] was a center of alchemical knowledge, and retained its pre-eminence through most of the Greek and Roman periods. Following the work of André-Jean Festugière, modern scholars see alchemical practic... | 573 | Alchemy | [
"Alchemy",
"Esotericism",
"Hermeticism",
"Pseudoscience",
"History of science"
] | [
"Nuclear transmutation",
"Porta Alchemica",
"Outline of alchemy",
"History of chemistry",
"Corentin Louis Kervran",
"List of alchemists",
"Synthesis of precious metals",
"Cupellation",
"Historicism",
"Alchemical symbol",
"Superseded theories in science",
"List of topics characterized as pseudo... |
[
"History",
"Hellenistic Egypt"
] | '''Technology''' – The dawn of Western alchemy is sometimes associated with that of [[metallurgy]], extending back to 3500 BC. Many writings were lost when the [[Roman Emperor|emperor]] [[Diocletian]] ordered the burning of alchemical books after suppressing a revolt in Alexandria (AD 292). Few original Egyptian docume... | 573 | Alchemy | [
"Alchemy",
"Esotericism",
"Hermeticism",
"Pseudoscience",
"History of science"
] | [
"Nuclear transmutation",
"Porta Alchemica",
"Outline of alchemy",
"History of chemistry",
"Corentin Louis Kervran",
"List of alchemists",
"Synthesis of precious metals",
"Cupellation",
"Historicism",
"Alchemical symbol",
"Superseded theories in science",
"List of topics characterized as pseudo... |
[
"History",
"Byzantium"
] | Greek alchemy is preserved in medieval Greek (Byzantine) manuscripts, and yet historians have only relatively recently begun to pay attention to the study and development of Greek alchemy in the Byzantine period. | 573 | Alchemy | [
"Alchemy",
"Esotericism",
"Hermeticism",
"Pseudoscience",
"History of science"
] | [
"Nuclear transmutation",
"Porta Alchemica",
"Outline of alchemy",
"History of chemistry",
"Corentin Louis Kervran",
"List of alchemists",
"Synthesis of precious metals",
"Cupellation",
"Historicism",
"Alchemical symbol",
"Superseded theories in science",
"List of topics characterized as pseudo... |
[
"History",
"India"
] | The 2nd millennium BC text [[Vedas]] describe a connection between eternal life and gold. A considerable knowledge of metallurgy has been exhibited in a third-century CE text called [[Arthashastra]] which provides ingredients of explosives (Agniyoga) and salts extracted from fertile soils and plant remains (Yavakshara)... | 573 | Alchemy | [
"Alchemy",
"Esotericism",
"Hermeticism",
"Pseudoscience",
"History of science"
] | [
"Nuclear transmutation",
"Porta Alchemica",
"Outline of alchemy",
"History of chemistry",
"Corentin Louis Kervran",
"List of alchemists",
"Synthesis of precious metals",
"Cupellation",
"Historicism",
"Alchemical symbol",
"Superseded theories in science",
"List of topics characterized as pseudo... |
[
"History",
"Islamic world"
] | After [[the Fall of the Roman Empire]], the focus of alchemical development moved to the Islamic World. Much more is known about [[Islam]] alchemy because it was better documented: indeed, most of the earlier writings that have come down through the years were preserved as Arabic translations. The word ''alchemy'' itse... | 573 | Alchemy | [
"Alchemy",
"Esotericism",
"Hermeticism",
"Pseudoscience",
"History of science"
] | [
"Nuclear transmutation",
"Porta Alchemica",
"Outline of alchemy",
"History of chemistry",
"Corentin Louis Kervran",
"List of alchemists",
"Synthesis of precious metals",
"Cupellation",
"Historicism",
"Alchemical symbol",
"Superseded theories in science",
"List of topics characterized as pseudo... |
[
"History",
"East Asia"
] | Whereas European alchemy eventually centered on the transmutation of base metals into noble metals, Chinese alchemy had a more obvious connection to medicine. The philosopher's stone of European alchemists can be compared to the [[Elixir of life|Grand Elixir of Immortality]] sought by Chinese alchemists. However, in th... | 573 | Alchemy | [
"Alchemy",
"Esotericism",
"Hermeticism",
"Pseudoscience",
"History of science"
] | [
"Nuclear transmutation",
"Porta Alchemica",
"Outline of alchemy",
"History of chemistry",
"Corentin Louis Kervran",
"List of alchemists",
"Synthesis of precious metals",
"Cupellation",
"Historicism",
"Alchemical symbol",
"Superseded theories in science",
"List of topics characterized as pseudo... |
[
"History",
"Medieval Europe"
] | The introduction of alchemy to Latin Europe may be dated to 11 February 1144, with the completion of [[Robert of Chester]]'s translation of the Arabic ''[[The Book of the Composition of Alchemy|Book of the Composition of Alchemy]]''. Although European craftsmen and technicians pre-existed, Robert notes in his preface t... | 573 | Alchemy | [
"Alchemy",
"Esotericism",
"Hermeticism",
"Pseudoscience",
"History of science"
] | [
"Nuclear transmutation",
"Porta Alchemica",
"Outline of alchemy",
"History of chemistry",
"Corentin Louis Kervran",
"List of alchemists",
"Synthesis of precious metals",
"Cupellation",
"Historicism",
"Alchemical symbol",
"Superseded theories in science",
"List of topics characterized as pseudo... |
[
"History",
"Medieval Europe"
] | Roger Bacon, a [[Franciscan Order|Franciscan friar]] who wrote on a wide variety of topics including [[optics]], [[comparative linguistics]], and medicine, composed his ''[[Opus Majus|Great Work]]'' () for as part of a project towards rebuilding the [[medieval university]] curriculum to include the new learning of his ... | 573 | Alchemy | [
"Alchemy",
"Esotericism",
"Hermeticism",
"Pseudoscience",
"History of science"
] | [
"Nuclear transmutation",
"Porta Alchemica",
"Outline of alchemy",
"History of chemistry",
"Corentin Louis Kervran",
"List of alchemists",
"Synthesis of precious metals",
"Cupellation",
"Historicism",
"Alchemical symbol",
"Superseded theories in science",
"List of topics characterized as pseudo... |
[
"History",
"Medieval Europe"
] | In the 14th century, alchemy became more accessible to Europeans outside the confines of Latin speaking churchmen and scholars. Alchemical discourse shifted from scholarly philosophical debate to an exposed social commentary on the alchemists themselves. [[Dante]], [[Piers Plowman]], and [[Chaucer]] all painted unflatt... | 573 | Alchemy | [
"Alchemy",
"Esotericism",
"Hermeticism",
"Pseudoscience",
"History of science"
] | [
"Nuclear transmutation",
"Porta Alchemica",
"Outline of alchemy",
"History of chemistry",
"Corentin Louis Kervran",
"List of alchemists",
"Synthesis of precious metals",
"Cupellation",
"Historicism",
"Alchemical symbol",
"Superseded theories in science",
"List of topics characterized as pseudo... |
[
"History",
"Renaissance and early modern Europe"
] | During the [[Renaissance]], Hermetic and Platonic foundations were restored to European alchemy. The dawn of medical, pharmaceutical, occult, and entrepreneurial branches of alchemy followed. In the late 15th century, [[Marsilo Ficino]] translated the [[Corpus Hermeticum]] and the works of Plato into Latin. These were ... | 573 | Alchemy | [
"Alchemy",
"Esotericism",
"Hermeticism",
"Pseudoscience",
"History of science"
] | [
"Nuclear transmutation",
"Porta Alchemica",
"Outline of alchemy",
"History of chemistry",
"Corentin Louis Kervran",
"List of alchemists",
"Synthesis of precious metals",
"Cupellation",
"Historicism",
"Alchemical symbol",
"Superseded theories in science",
"List of topics characterized as pseudo... |
[
"History",
"Renaissance and early modern Europe"
] | Entrepreneurial opportunities were common for the alchemists of Renaissance Europe. Alchemists were contracted by the elite for practical purposes related to mining, medical services, and the production of chemicals, medicines, metals, and gemstones. [[Rudolf II, Holy Roman Emperor]], in the late 16th century, famously... | 573 | Alchemy | [
"Alchemy",
"Esotericism",
"Hermeticism",
"Pseudoscience",
"History of science"
] | [
"Nuclear transmutation",
"Porta Alchemica",
"Outline of alchemy",
"History of chemistry",
"Corentin Louis Kervran",
"List of alchemists",
"Synthesis of precious metals",
"Cupellation",
"Historicism",
"Alchemical symbol",
"Superseded theories in science",
"List of topics characterized as pseudo... |
[
"History",
"Later modern period"
] | The decline of European alchemy was brought about by the rise of modern science with its emphasis on rigorous quantitative experimentation and its disdain for "ancient wisdom". Although the seeds of these events were planted as early as the 17th century, alchemy still flourished for some two hundred years, and in fact ... | 573 | Alchemy | [
"Alchemy",
"Esotericism",
"Hermeticism",
"Pseudoscience",
"History of science"
] | [
"Nuclear transmutation",
"Porta Alchemica",
"Outline of alchemy",
"History of chemistry",
"Corentin Louis Kervran",
"List of alchemists",
"Synthesis of precious metals",
"Cupellation",
"Historicism",
"Alchemical symbol",
"Superseded theories in science",
"List of topics characterized as pseudo... |
[
"History",
"Later modern period"
] | In the 19th-century revival of alchemy, the two most seminal figures were [[Mary Anne Atwood]] and [[Ethan A. Hitchcock (general)|Ethan Allen Hitchcock]], who independently published similar works regarding spiritual alchemy. Both forwarded a completely esoteric view of alchemy, as Atwood claimed: "No modern art or che... | 573 | Alchemy | [
"Alchemy",
"Esotericism",
"Hermeticism",
"Pseudoscience",
"History of science"
] | [
"Nuclear transmutation",
"Porta Alchemica",
"Outline of alchemy",
"History of chemistry",
"Corentin Louis Kervran",
"List of alchemists",
"Synthesis of precious metals",
"Cupellation",
"Historicism",
"Alchemical symbol",
"Superseded theories in science",
"List of topics characterized as pseudo... |
[
"History",
"Women in alchemy"
] | Several women appear in the earliest history of alchemy. [[Michael Maier]] names [[Mary the Jewess]], [[Cleopatra the Alchemist]], [[Medera]], and [[Paphnutia the Virgin|Taphnutia]] as the four women who knew how to make the philosopher's stone. Zosimos' sister Theosebia (later known as Euthica the Arab) and [[Isis the... | 573 | Alchemy | [
"Alchemy",
"Esotericism",
"Hermeticism",
"Pseudoscience",
"History of science"
] | [
"Nuclear transmutation",
"Porta Alchemica",
"Outline of alchemy",
"History of chemistry",
"Corentin Louis Kervran",
"List of alchemists",
"Synthesis of precious metals",
"Cupellation",
"Historicism",
"Alchemical symbol",
"Superseded theories in science",
"List of topics characterized as pseudo... |
[
"History",
"Modern historical research"
] | The history of alchemy has become a significant and recognized subject of academic study. As the language of the alchemists is analyzed, historians are becoming more aware of the intellectual connections between that discipline and other facets of Western cultural history, such as the evolution of science and [[philoso... | 573 | Alchemy | [
"Alchemy",
"Esotericism",
"Hermeticism",
"Pseudoscience",
"History of science"
] | [
"Nuclear transmutation",
"Porta Alchemica",
"Outline of alchemy",
"History of chemistry",
"Corentin Louis Kervran",
"List of alchemists",
"Synthesis of precious metals",
"Cupellation",
"Historicism",
"Alchemical symbol",
"Superseded theories in science",
"List of topics characterized as pseudo... |
[
"Core concepts"
] | Western alchemical theory corresponds to the worldview of late antiquity in which it was born. Concepts were imported from [[Neoplatonism]] and earlier Greek [[cosmology]]. As such, the [[Classical elements]] appear in alchemical writings, as do the seven [[Classical planets]] and the corresponding seven [[metals of an... | 573 | Alchemy | [
"Alchemy",
"Esotericism",
"Hermeticism",
"Pseudoscience",
"History of science"
] | [
"Nuclear transmutation",
"Porta Alchemica",
"Outline of alchemy",
"History of chemistry",
"Corentin Louis Kervran",
"List of alchemists",
"Synthesis of precious metals",
"Cupellation",
"Historicism",
"Alchemical symbol",
"Superseded theories in science",
"List of topics characterized as pseudo... |
[
"Core concepts",
"Magnum opus"
] | The Great Work of Alchemy is often described as a series of four stages represented by colors. (-) ''[[nigredo]]'', a blackening or melanosis (-) ''[[Albedo (alchemy)|albedo]]'', a whitening or leucosis (-) ''[[citrinitas]]'', a yellowing or xanthosis (-) ''[[rubedo]]'', a reddening, purpling, or iosis | 573 | Alchemy | [
"Alchemy",
"Esotericism",
"Hermeticism",
"Pseudoscience",
"History of science"
] | [
"Nuclear transmutation",
"Porta Alchemica",
"Outline of alchemy",
"History of chemistry",
"Corentin Louis Kervran",
"List of alchemists",
"Synthesis of precious metals",
"Cupellation",
"Historicism",
"Alchemical symbol",
"Superseded theories in science",
"List of topics characterized as pseudo... |
[
"Modern alchemy"
] | Due to the complexity and obscurity of alchemical literature, and the 18th-century disappearance of remaining alchemical practitioners into the area of chemistry; the general understanding of alchemy has been strongly influenced by several distinct and radically different interpretations. Those focusing on the exoteric... | 573 | Alchemy | [
"Alchemy",
"Esotericism",
"Hermeticism",
"Pseudoscience",
"History of science"
] | [
"Nuclear transmutation",
"Porta Alchemica",
"Outline of alchemy",
"History of chemistry",
"Corentin Louis Kervran",
"List of alchemists",
"Synthesis of precious metals",
"Cupellation",
"Historicism",
"Alchemical symbol",
"Superseded theories in science",
"List of topics characterized as pseudo... |
[
"Modern alchemy",
"Modern esoteric interpretations of historical texts"
] | In the eyes of a variety of modern [[Esotericism|esoteric]] and [[Hermetic Order of the Golden Dawn|Neo-Hermeticist]] practitioners, alchemy is fundamentally spiritual. In this interpretation, transmutation of lead into gold is presented as an analogy for personal transmutation, purification, and perfection. According ... | 573 | Alchemy | [
"Alchemy",
"Esotericism",
"Hermeticism",
"Pseudoscience",
"History of science"
] | [
"Nuclear transmutation",
"Porta Alchemica",
"Outline of alchemy",
"History of chemistry",
"Corentin Louis Kervran",
"List of alchemists",
"Synthesis of precious metals",
"Cupellation",
"Historicism",
"Alchemical symbol",
"Superseded theories in science",
"List of topics characterized as pseudo... |
[
"Modern alchemy",
"Traditional medicine"
] | Traditional medicine can use the concept of the transmutation of natural substances, using pharmacological or a combination of pharmacological and spiritual techniques. In [[Ayurveda]], the [[Samskara (Ayurvedic)|samskaras]] are claimed to transform [[heavy metals]] and toxic herbs in a way that removes their toxicity.... | 573 | Alchemy | [
"Alchemy",
"Esotericism",
"Hermeticism",
"Pseudoscience",
"History of science"
] | [
"Nuclear transmutation",
"Porta Alchemica",
"Outline of alchemy",
"History of chemistry",
"Corentin Louis Kervran",
"List of alchemists",
"Synthesis of precious metals",
"Cupellation",
"Historicism",
"Alchemical symbol",
"Superseded theories in science",
"List of topics characterized as pseudo... |
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