Split (1)

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[ "Characteristics", "Anura" ]	The order [[Anura (frog)\|Anura]] (from the Ancient Greek ''[[Privative a\|a(n)-]]'' meaning "without" and ''oura'' meaning "tail") comprises the frogs and toads. They usually have long hind limbs that fold underneath them, shorter forelimbs, webbed toes with no claws, no tails, large eyes and glandular moist skin. Membe...	621	Amphibian	[ "Amphibians", "Amphibious organisms", "Animal classes", "Extant Late Devonian first appearances", "Taxa named by John Edward Gray" ]	[ "List of amphibian genera", "List of threatened reptiles and amphibians of the United States", "List of amphibians" ]
[ "Characteristics", "Caudata" ]	The order [[Caudata]] (from the Latin ''cauda'' meaning "tail") consists of the salamanders—elongated, low-slung animals that mostly resemble lizards in form. This is a [[Symplesiomorphy\|symplesiomorphic trait]] and they are no more closely related to lizards than they are to mammals. Salamanders lack claws, have scale...	621	Amphibian	[ "Amphibians", "Amphibious organisms", "Animal classes", "Extant Late Devonian first appearances", "Taxa named by John Edward Gray" ]	[ "List of amphibian genera", "List of threatened reptiles and amphibians of the United States", "List of amphibians" ]
[ "Characteristics", "Caudata" ]	The third suborder, [[Sirenoidea]], contains the four species of sirens, which are in a single family, [[Sirenidae]]. Members of this order are [[eel]]-like aquatic salamanders with much reduced forelimbs and no hind limbs. Some of their features are primitive while others are derived. Fertilisation is likely to be ext...	621	Amphibian	[ "Amphibians", "Amphibious organisms", "Animal classes", "Extant Late Devonian first appearances", "Taxa named by John Edward Gray" ]	[ "List of amphibian genera", "List of threatened reptiles and amphibians of the United States", "List of amphibians" ]
[ "Characteristics", "Gymnophiona" ]	The order [[Gymnophiona]] (from the Greek ''gymnos'' meaning "naked" and ''ophis'' meaning "serpent") or Apoda comprises the caecilians. These are long, cylindrical, limbless animals with a snake- or [[Annelid\|worm-like]] form. The adults vary in length from 8 to 75 centimetres (3 to 30 inches) with the exception of [[...	621	Amphibian	[ "Amphibians", "Amphibious organisms", "Animal classes", "Extant Late Devonian first appearances", "Taxa named by John Edward Gray" ]	[ "List of amphibian genera", "List of threatened reptiles and amphibians of the United States", "List of amphibians" ]
[ "Anatomy and physiology", "Skin" ]	The [[Wikt:integument\|integumentary]] structure contains some typical characteristics common to terrestrial vertebrates, such as the presence of highly [[Keratin#Cornification\|cornified]] outer layers, renewed periodically through a moulting process controlled by the [[pituitary gland\|pituitary]] and [[thyroid]] glands...	621	Amphibian	[ "Amphibians", "Amphibious organisms", "Animal classes", "Extant Late Devonian first appearances", "Taxa named by John Edward Gray" ]	[ "List of amphibian genera", "List of threatened reptiles and amphibians of the United States", "List of amphibians" ]
[ "Anatomy and physiology", "Skeletal system and locomotion" ]	Amphibians have a skeletal system that is structurally [[Homology (biology)\|homologous]] to other tetrapods, though with a number of variations. They all have four limbs except for the legless caecilians and a few species of salamander with reduced or no limbs. The bones are hollow and lightweight. The musculoskeletal ...	621	Amphibian	[ "Amphibians", "Amphibious organisms", "Animal classes", "Extant Late Devonian first appearances", "Taxa named by John Edward Gray" ]	[ "List of amphibian genera", "List of threatened reptiles and amphibians of the United States", "List of amphibians" ]
[ "Anatomy and physiology", "Circulatory system" ]	Amphibians have a juvenile stage and an adult stage, and the circulatory systems of the two are distinct. In the juvenile (or tadpole) stage, the circulation is similar to that of a fish; the two-chambered heart pumps the blood through the gills where it is oxygenated, and is spread around the body and back to the hear...	621	Amphibian	[ "Amphibians", "Amphibious organisms", "Animal classes", "Extant Late Devonian first appearances", "Taxa named by John Edward Gray" ]	[ "List of amphibian genera", "List of threatened reptiles and amphibians of the United States", "List of amphibians" ]
[ "Anatomy and physiology", "Nervous and sensory systems" ]	The [[nervous system]] is basically the same as in other vertebrates, with a central brain, a spinal cord, and nerves throughout the body. The amphibian brain is less well developed than that of reptiles, birds and mammals but is similar in morphology and function to that of a fish. It is believed amphibians are capabl...	621	Amphibian	[ "Amphibians", "Amphibious organisms", "Animal classes", "Extant Late Devonian first appearances", "Taxa named by John Edward Gray" ]	[ "List of amphibian genera", "List of threatened reptiles and amphibians of the United States", "List of amphibians" ]
[ "Anatomy and physiology", "Digestive and excretory systems" ]	Many amphibians catch their prey by flicking out an elongated tongue with a sticky tip and drawing it back into the mouth before seizing the item with their jaws. Some use inertial feeding to help them swallow the prey, repeatedly thrusting their head forward sharply causing the food to move backwards in their mouth by...	621	Amphibian	[ "Amphibians", "Amphibious organisms", "Animal classes", "Extant Late Devonian first appearances", "Taxa named by John Edward Gray" ]	[ "List of amphibian genera", "List of threatened reptiles and amphibians of the United States", "List of amphibians" ]
[ "Anatomy and physiology", "Respiratory system" ]	The lungs in amphibians are primitive compared to those of amniotes, possessing few internal [[alveolar septum\|septa]] and large [[Pulmonary alveolus\|alveoli]], and consequently having a comparatively slow diffusion rate for oxygen entering the blood. Ventilation is accomplished by [[buccal pumping]]. Most amphibians, ...	621	Amphibian	[ "Amphibians", "Amphibious organisms", "Animal classes", "Extant Late Devonian first appearances", "Taxa named by John Edward Gray" ]	[ "List of amphibian genera", "List of threatened reptiles and amphibians of the United States", "List of amphibians" ]
[ "Reproduction" ]	For the purpose of [[Biological reproduction\|reproduction]] most amphibians require [[fresh water]] although some lay their eggs on land and have developed various means of keeping them moist. A few (e.g. ''[[Fejervarya raja]]'') can inhabit brackish water, but there are no true [[marine (ocean)\|marine]] amphibians. Th...	621	Amphibian	[ "Amphibians", "Amphibious organisms", "Animal classes", "Extant Late Devonian first appearances", "Taxa named by John Edward Gray" ]	[ "List of amphibian genera", "List of threatened reptiles and amphibians of the United States", "List of amphibians" ]
[ "Reproduction" ]	With a few exceptions, frogs use external fertilisation. The male grasps the female tightly with his forelimbs either behind the arms or in front of the back legs, or in the case of ''[[Epipedobates tricolor]]'', around the neck. They remain in amplexus with their cloacae positioned close together while the female lays...	621	Amphibian	[ "Amphibians", "Amphibious organisms", "Animal classes", "Extant Late Devonian first appearances", "Taxa named by John Edward Gray" ]	[ "List of amphibian genera", "List of threatened reptiles and amphibians of the United States", "List of amphibians" ]
[ "Life cycle" ]	Most amphibians go through [[metamorphosis]], a process of significant morphological change after birth. In typical amphibian development, eggs are laid in water and larvae are adapted to an aquatic lifestyle. Frogs, toads and salamanders all hatch from the egg as larvae with external gills. Metamorphosis in amphibians...	621	Amphibian	[ "Amphibians", "Amphibious organisms", "Animal classes", "Extant Late Devonian first appearances", "Taxa named by John Edward Gray" ]	[ "List of amphibian genera", "List of threatened reptiles and amphibians of the United States", "List of amphibians" ]
[ "Life cycle", "Eggs" ]	The egg of an amphibian is typically surrounded by a transparent gelatinous covering secreted by the oviducts and containing [[mucoprotein]] and [[mucopolysaccharide]]. This capsule is permeable to water and gases, and swells considerably as it absorbs water. The ovum is at first rigidly held, but in fertilised eggs th...	621	Amphibian	[ "Amphibians", "Amphibious organisms", "Animal classes", "Extant Late Devonian first appearances", "Taxa named by John Edward Gray" ]	[ "List of amphibian genera", "List of threatened reptiles and amphibians of the United States", "List of amphibians" ]
[ "Life cycle", "Larvae" ]	The eggs of amphibians are typically laid in water and hatch into free-living larvae that complete their development in water and later transform into either aquatic or terrestrial adults. In many species of frog and in most lungless salamanders (Plethodontidae), direct development takes place, the larvae growing withi...	621	Amphibian	[ "Amphibians", "Amphibious organisms", "Animal classes", "Extant Late Devonian first appearances", "Taxa named by John Edward Gray" ]	[ "List of amphibian genera", "List of threatened reptiles and amphibians of the United States", "List of amphibians" ]
[ "Life cycle", "Larvae", "Frogs" ]	Frog larvae are known as tadpoles and typically have oval bodies and long, vertically flattened tails with fins. The free-living larvae are normally fully aquatic, but the tadpoles of some species (such as ''[[Nannophrys ceylonensis]]'') are semi-terrestrial and live among wet rocks. Tadpoles have cartilaginous skeleto...	621	Amphibian	[ "Amphibians", "Amphibious organisms", "Animal classes", "Extant Late Devonian first appearances", "Taxa named by John Edward Gray" ]	[ "List of amphibian genera", "List of threatened reptiles and amphibians of the United States", "List of amphibians" ]
[ "Life cycle", "Larvae", "Salamanders" ]	At hatching, a typical salamander larva has eyes without lids, teeth in both upper and lower jaws, three pairs of feathery external gills, a somewhat laterally flattened body and a long tail with [[Anatomical terms of location#Dorsal and ventral\|dorsal]] and [[Anatomical terms of location#Dorsal and ventral\|ventral]] f...	621	Amphibian	[ "Amphibians", "Amphibious organisms", "Animal classes", "Extant Late Devonian first appearances", "Taxa named by John Edward Gray" ]	[ "List of amphibian genera", "List of threatened reptiles and amphibians of the United States", "List of amphibians" ]
[ "Life cycle", "Larvae", "Salamanders" ]	In newts and salamanders, metamorphosis is less dramatic than in frogs. This is because the larvae are already carnivorous and continue to feed as predators when they are adults so few changes are needed to their digestive systems. Their lungs are functional early, but the larvae do not make as much use of them as do t...	621	Amphibian	[ "Amphibians", "Amphibious organisms", "Animal classes", "Extant Late Devonian first appearances", "Taxa named by John Edward Gray" ]	[ "List of amphibian genera", "List of threatened reptiles and amphibians of the United States", "List of amphibians" ]
[ "Life cycle", "Larvae", "Caecilians" ]	Most terrestrial caecilians that lay eggs do so in burrows or moist places on land near bodies of water. The development of the young of ''[[Ichthyophis glutinosus]]'', a species from Sri Lanka, has been much studied. The eel-like larvae hatch out of the eggs and make their way to water. They have three pairs of extern...	621	Amphibian	[ "Amphibians", "Amphibious organisms", "Animal classes", "Extant Late Devonian first appearances", "Taxa named by John Edward Gray" ]	[ "List of amphibian genera", "List of threatened reptiles and amphibians of the United States", "List of amphibians" ]
[ "Life cycle", "Parental care" ]	The care of offspring among amphibians has been little studied but, in general, the larger the number of eggs in a batch, the less likely it is that any degree of parental care takes place. Nevertheless, it is estimated that in up to 20% of amphibian species, one or both adults play some role in the care of the young. ...	621	Amphibian	[ "Amphibians", "Amphibious organisms", "Animal classes", "Extant Late Devonian first appearances", "Taxa named by John Edward Gray" ]	[ "List of amphibian genera", "List of threatened reptiles and amphibians of the United States", "List of amphibians" ]
[ "Feeding and diet" ]	With a few exceptions, adult amphibians are [[Predation\|predators]], feeding on virtually anything that moves that they can swallow. The diet mostly consists of small prey that do not move too fast such as beetles, caterpillars, earthworms and spiders. The sirens (''[[Siren (genus)\|Siren spp.]]'') often ingest aquatic ...	621	Amphibian	[ "Amphibians", "Amphibious organisms", "Animal classes", "Extant Late Devonian first appearances", "Taxa named by John Edward Gray" ]	[ "List of amphibian genera", "List of threatened reptiles and amphibians of the United States", "List of amphibians" ]
[ "Feeding and diet" ]	When they are newly hatched, frog larvae feed on the yolk of the egg. When this is exhausted some move on to feed on bacteria, algal crusts, detritus and raspings from submerged plants. Water is drawn in through their mouths, which are usually at the bottom of their heads, and passes through branchial food traps betwee...	621	Amphibian	[ "Amphibians", "Amphibious organisms", "Animal classes", "Extant Late Devonian first appearances", "Taxa named by John Edward Gray" ]	[ "List of amphibian genera", "List of threatened reptiles and amphibians of the United States", "List of amphibians" ]
[ "Vocalization" ]	The calls made by caecilians and salamanders are limited to occasional soft squeaks, grunts or hisses and have not been much studied. A clicking sound sometimes produced by caecilians may be a means of orientation, as in bats, or a form of communication. Most salamanders are considered voiceless, but the [[California g...	621	Amphibian	[ "Amphibians", "Amphibious organisms", "Animal classes", "Extant Late Devonian first appearances", "Taxa named by John Edward Gray" ]	[ "List of amphibian genera", "List of threatened reptiles and amphibians of the United States", "List of amphibians" ]
[ "Territorial behaviour" ]	Little is known of the territorial behaviour of caecilians, but some frogs and salamanders defend home ranges. These are usually feeding, breeding or sheltering sites. Males normally exhibit such behaviour though in some species, females and even juveniles are also involved. Although in many frog species, females are l...	621	Amphibian	[ "Amphibians", "Amphibious organisms", "Animal classes", "Extant Late Devonian first appearances", "Taxa named by John Edward Gray" ]	[ "List of amphibian genera", "List of threatened reptiles and amphibians of the United States", "List of amphibians" ]
[ "Defence mechanisms" ]	Amphibians have soft bodies with thin skins, and lack claws, defensive armour, or spines. Nevertheless, they have evolved various defence mechanisms to keep themselves alive. The first line of defence in salamanders and frogs is the mucous secretion that they produce. This keeps their skin moist and makes them slippery...	621	Amphibian	[ "Amphibians", "Amphibious organisms", "Animal classes", "Extant Late Devonian first appearances", "Taxa named by John Edward Gray" ]	[ "List of amphibian genera", "List of threatened reptiles and amphibians of the United States", "List of amphibians" ]
[ "Defence mechanisms" ]	Many amphibians are nocturnal and hide during the day, thereby avoiding diurnal predators that hunt by sight. Other amphibians use [[camouflage]] to avoid being detected. They have various colourings such as mottled browns, greys and olives to blend into the background. Some salamanders adopt defensive poses when faced...	621	Amphibian	[ "Amphibians", "Amphibious organisms", "Animal classes", "Extant Late Devonian first appearances", "Taxa named by John Edward Gray" ]	[ "List of amphibian genera", "List of threatened reptiles and amphibians of the United States", "List of amphibians" ]
[ "Cognition" ]	In amphibians, there is evidence of [[habituation]], [[associative learning]] through both [[Classical conditioning\|classical]] and [[instrumental learning]], and discrimination abilities. In one experiment, when offered live fruit flies (''[[Drosophila]] virilis''), salamanders chose the larger of 1 vs 2 and 2 vs 3. F...	621	Amphibian	[ "Amphibians", "Amphibious organisms", "Animal classes", "Extant Late Devonian first appearances", "Taxa named by John Edward Gray" ]	[ "List of amphibian genera", "List of threatened reptiles and amphibians of the United States", "List of amphibians" ]
[ "Conservation" ]	Dramatic declines in amphibian populations, including population crashes and mass localized [[extinction]], have been noted since the late 1980s from locations all over the world, and amphibian declines are thus perceived to be one of the most critical threats to global [[biodiversity]]. In 2004, the [[International Un...	621	Amphibian	[ "Amphibians", "Amphibious organisms", "Animal classes", "Extant Late Devonian first appearances", "Taxa named by John Edward Gray" ]	[ "List of amphibian genera", "List of threatened reptiles and amphibians of the United States", "List of amphibians" ]
[ "Conservation" ]	A [[global strategy]] to stem the crisis was released in 2005 in the form of the Amphibian Conservation Action Plan. Developed by over eighty leading experts in the field, this call to action details what would be required to curtail amphibian declines and extinctions over the following five years and how much this wou...	621	Amphibian	[ "Amphibians", "Amphibious organisms", "Animal classes", "Extant Late Devonian first appearances", "Taxa named by John Edward Gray" ]	[ "List of amphibian genera", "List of threatened reptiles and amphibians of the United States", "List of amphibians" ]
[]	'''Alaska''' (; ; ; ; [[Central Alaskan Yup'ik language\|Yup'ik]]: ''Alaskaq''; ) is a [[U.S. state]] in the [[Western United States]], on the [[northwest]] extremity of the country's [[West Coast of the United States\|west coast]]. A [[enclave and exclave\|semi-exclave]] of the U.S., it borders the [[Provinces and territ...	624	Alaska	[ "Alaska", "Arctic Ocean", "Former Russian colonies", "States and territories established in 1959", "States of the United States", "States of the West Coast of the United States", "U.S. states with multiple time zones", "1959 establishments in the United States", "Western United States" ]	[ "Index of Alaska-related articles", "Outline of Alaska" ]
[]	The [[Alaska Natives\|indigenous population]] of Alaska is proportionally the highest of any U.S. state, at over 15 percent. Close to two dozen native languages are spoken, and Alaskan Natives exercise considerable influence in local and state politics.	624	Alaska	[ "Alaska", "Arctic Ocean", "Former Russian colonies", "States and territories established in 1959", "States of the United States", "States of the West Coast of the United States", "U.S. states with multiple time zones", "1959 establishments in the United States", "Western United States" ]	[ "Index of Alaska-related articles", "Outline of Alaska" ]
[ "Etymology" ]	The name "Alaska" () was introduced in the [[Russian America\|Russian colonial period]] when it was used to refer to the [[Alaska Peninsula]]. It was derived from an [[Aleut language\|Aleut-language]] [[idiom]], which figuratively refers to the mainland. Literally, it means ''object to which the action of the sea is dire...	624	Alaska	[ "Alaska", "Arctic Ocean", "Former Russian colonies", "States and territories established in 1959", "States of the United States", "States of the West Coast of the United States", "U.S. states with multiple time zones", "1959 establishments in the United States", "Western United States" ]	[ "Index of Alaska-related articles", "Outline of Alaska" ]
[ "Geography" ]	Located at the northwest corner of [[North America]], Alaska is the northernmost and westernmost state in the United States, but also has the most easterly longitude in the United States because the [[Aleutian Islands]] extend into the [[Eastern Hemisphere]]. Alaska is the only non-[[Contiguous United States\|contiguous...	624	Alaska	[ "Alaska", "Arctic Ocean", "Former Russian colonies", "States and territories established in 1959", "States of the United States", "States of the West Coast of the United States", "U.S. states with multiple time zones", "1959 establishments in the United States", "Western United States" ]	[ "Index of Alaska-related articles", "Outline of Alaska" ]
[ "Geography", "Regions" ]	There are no officially defined borders demarcating the various regions of Alaska, but there are six widely accepted regions:	624	Alaska	[ "Alaska", "Arctic Ocean", "Former Russian colonies", "States and territories established in 1959", "States of the United States", "States of the West Coast of the United States", "U.S. states with multiple time zones", "1959 establishments in the United States", "Western United States" ]	[ "Index of Alaska-related articles", "Outline of Alaska" ]
[ "Geography", "Regions", "South Central" ]	The most populous region of Alaska, containing [[Anchorage]], the [[Matanuska-Susitna Valley]] and the [[Kenai Peninsula]]. Rural, mostly unpopulated areas south of the [[Alaska Range]] and west of the [[Wrangell Mountains]] also fall within the definition of South Central, as do the [[Prince William Sound]] area and t...	624	Alaska	[ "Alaska", "Arctic Ocean", "Former Russian colonies", "States and territories established in 1959", "States of the United States", "States of the West Coast of the United States", "U.S. states with multiple time zones", "1959 establishments in the United States", "Western United States" ]	[ "Index of Alaska-related articles", "Outline of Alaska" ]
[ "Geography", "Regions", "Southeast" ]	Also referred to as the Panhandle or [[Inside Passage]], this is the region of Alaska closest to the contiguous states. As such, this was where most of the initial non-indigenous settlement occurred in the years following the [[Alaska Purchase]]. The region is dominated by the [[Alexander Archipelago]] as well as the [...	624	Alaska	[ "Alaska", "Arctic Ocean", "Former Russian colonies", "States and territories established in 1959", "States of the United States", "States of the West Coast of the United States", "U.S. states with multiple time zones", "1959 establishments in the United States", "Western United States" ]	[ "Index of Alaska-related articles", "Outline of Alaska" ]
[ "Geography", "Regions", "Interior" ]	The Interior is the largest region of Alaska; much of it is uninhabited wilderness. [[Fairbanks, Alaska\|Fairbanks]] is the only large city in the region. [[Denali National Park and Preserve]] is located here. [[Denali]], formerly Mount McKinley, is the highest mountain in North America, and is also located here.	624	Alaska	[ "Alaska", "Arctic Ocean", "Former Russian colonies", "States and territories established in 1959", "States of the United States", "States of the West Coast of the United States", "U.S. states with multiple time zones", "1959 establishments in the United States", "Western United States" ]	[ "Index of Alaska-related articles", "Outline of Alaska" ]
[ "Geography", "Regions", "Southwest" ]	Southwest Alaska is a sparsely inhabited region stretching some inland from the Bering Sea. Most of the population lives along the coast. [[Kodiak Island]] is also located in Southwest. The massive [[Yukon–Kuskokwim Delta]], one of the largest river deltas in the world, is here. Portions of the [[Alaska Peninsula]] are...	624	Alaska	[ "Alaska", "Arctic Ocean", "Former Russian colonies", "States and territories established in 1959", "States of the United States", "States of the West Coast of the United States", "U.S. states with multiple time zones", "1959 establishments in the United States", "Western United States" ]	[ "Index of Alaska-related articles", "Outline of Alaska" ]
[ "Geography", "Regions", "North Slope" ]	The North Slope is mostly [[tundra]] peppered with small villages. The area is known for its massive reserves of crude oil and contains both the [[National Petroleum Reserve–Alaska]] and the [[Prudhoe Bay Oil Field]]. The city of [[Utqiaġvik, Alaska\|Utqiaġvik]], formerly known as Barrow, is the northernmost city in the...	624	Alaska	[ "Alaska", "Arctic Ocean", "Former Russian colonies", "States and territories established in 1959", "States of the United States", "States of the West Coast of the United States", "U.S. states with multiple time zones", "1959 establishments in the United States", "Western United States" ]	[ "Index of Alaska-related articles", "Outline of Alaska" ]
[ "Geography", "Regions", "Aleutian Islands" ]	More than 300 small volcanic islands make up this chain, which stretches more than into the Pacific Ocean. Some of these islands fall in the Eastern Hemisphere, but the [[International Date Line]] was drawn west of [[180th meridian\|180°]] to keep the whole state, and thus the entire North American continent, within the...	624	Alaska	[ "Alaska", "Arctic Ocean", "Former Russian colonies", "States and territories established in 1959", "States of the United States", "States of the West Coast of the United States", "U.S. states with multiple time zones", "1959 establishments in the United States", "Western United States" ]	[ "Index of Alaska-related articles", "Outline of Alaska" ]
[ "Geography", "Natural features" ]	With its myriad islands, Alaska has nearly of tidal shoreline. The [[Aleutian Islands]] chain extends west from the southern tip of the [[Alaska Peninsula]]. Many active [[volcano]] are found in the Aleutians and in coastal regions. [[Unimak Island]], for example, is home to [[Mount Shishaldin]], which is an occasional...	624	Alaska	[ "Alaska", "Arctic Ocean", "Former Russian colonies", "States and territories established in 1959", "States of the United States", "States of the West Coast of the United States", "U.S. states with multiple time zones", "1959 establishments in the United States", "Western United States" ]	[ "Index of Alaska-related articles", "Outline of Alaska" ]
[ "Geography", "Lakes" ]	Alaska has more than three million lakes. [[Marshland]] and wetland [[permafrost]] cover (mostly in northern, western and southwest flatlands). Glacier ice covers about of Alaska. The [[Bering Glacier]] is the largest glacier in North America, covering alone.	624	Alaska	[ "Alaska", "Arctic Ocean", "Former Russian colonies", "States and territories established in 1959", "States of the United States", "States of the West Coast of the United States", "U.S. states with multiple time zones", "1959 establishments in the United States", "Western United States" ]	[ "Index of Alaska-related articles", "Outline of Alaska" ]
[ "Geography", "Land ownership" ]	According to an October 1998 report by the [[United States Bureau of Land Management]], approximately 65% of Alaska is owned and managed by the [[Federal government of the United States\|U.S. federal government]] as public lands, including a multitude of [[United States National Forest\|national forests]], national parks...	624	Alaska	[ "Alaska", "Arctic Ocean", "Former Russian colonies", "States and territories established in 1959", "States of the United States", "States of the West Coast of the United States", "U.S. states with multiple time zones", "1959 establishments in the United States", "Western United States" ]	[ "Index of Alaska-related articles", "Outline of Alaska" ]
[ "Geography", "Climate" ]	The climate in South and Southeast Alaska is a mid-latitude [[oceanic climate]] ([[Köppen climate classification]]: ''Cfb''), and a subarctic oceanic climate (Köppen ''Cfc'') in the northern parts. On an annual basis, Southeast is both the wettest and warmest part of Alaska with milder temperatures in the winter and hi...	624	Alaska	[ "Alaska", "Arctic Ocean", "Former Russian colonies", "States and territories established in 1959", "States of the United States", "States of the West Coast of the United States", "U.S. states with multiple time zones", "1959 establishments in the United States", "Western United States" ]	[ "Index of Alaska-related articles", "Outline of Alaska" ]
[ "History", "Pre-colonization" ]	Numerous indigenous peoples occupied Alaska for thousands of years before the arrival of European peoples to the area. Linguistic and DNA studies done here have provided evidence for the settlement of North America by way of the [[Bering land bridge]]. At the [[Upward Sun River site]] in the Tanana River Valley in Alas...	624	Alaska	[ "Alaska", "Arctic Ocean", "Former Russian colonies", "States and territories established in 1959", "States of the United States", "States of the West Coast of the United States", "U.S. states with multiple time zones", "1959 establishments in the United States", "Western United States" ]	[ "Index of Alaska-related articles", "Outline of Alaska" ]
[ "History", "Colonization" ]	Some researchers believe the first Russian settlement in Alaska was established in the 17th century. According to this hypothesis, in 1648 several [[Koch (boat)\|koches]] of [[Semyon Dezhnyov]]'s expedition came ashore in Alaska by storm and founded this settlement. This hypothesis is based on the testimony of [[Chukchi...	624	Alaska	[ "Alaska", "Arctic Ocean", "Former Russian colonies", "States and territories established in 1959", "States of the United States", "States of the West Coast of the United States", "U.S. states with multiple time zones", "1959 establishments in the United States", "Western United States" ]	[ "Index of Alaska-related articles", "Outline of Alaska" ]
[ "History", "Colonization" ]	[[William H. Seward]], the 24th [[United States Secretary of State]], negotiated the [[Alaska Purchase]] (also known as Seward's Folly) with the Russians in 1867 for $7.2 million. Russia's contemporary ruler [[Tsar]] [[Alexander II of Russia\|Alexander II]], the [[Emperor of the Russian Empire]], [[King of Poland]] and ...	624	Alaska	[ "Alaska", "Arctic Ocean", "Former Russian colonies", "States and territories established in 1959", "States of the United States", "States of the West Coast of the United States", "U.S. states with multiple time zones", "1959 establishments in the United States", "Western United States" ]	[ "Index of Alaska-related articles", "Outline of Alaska" ]
[ "History", "Alaska as an incorporated U.S. territory" ]	Starting in the 1890s and stretching in some places to the early 1910s, gold rushes in Alaska and the nearby [[Yukon\|Yukon Territory]] brought thousands of miners and settlers to Alaska. Alaska was officially incorporated as an organized territory in 1912. Alaska's capital, which had been in [[Sitka, Alaska\|Sitka]] unt...	624	Alaska	[ "Alaska", "Arctic Ocean", "Former Russian colonies", "States and territories established in 1959", "States of the United States", "States of the West Coast of the United States", "U.S. states with multiple time zones", "1959 establishments in the United States", "Western United States" ]	[ "Index of Alaska-related articles", "Outline of Alaska" ]
[ "History", "Statehood" ]	Statehood for Alaska was an important cause of [[James Wickersham]] early in his tenure as a congressional delegate. Decades later, the statehood movement gained its first real momentum following a territorial referendum in 1946. The Alaska Statehood Committee and Alaska's Constitutional Convention would soon follow. S...	624	Alaska	[ "Alaska", "Arctic Ocean", "Former Russian colonies", "States and territories established in 1959", "States of the United States", "States of the West Coast of the United States", "U.S. states with multiple time zones", "1959 establishments in the United States", "Western United States" ]	[ "Index of Alaska-related articles", "Outline of Alaska" ]
[ "History", "Good Friday earthquake" ]	On March 27, 1964, the massive [[1964 Alaska earthquake\|Good Friday earthquake]] killed 133 people and destroyed several villages and portions of large coastal communities, mainly by the resultant [[tsunamis]] and landslides. It was the [[Largest earthquakes by magnitude\|second-most-powerful earthquake]] in recorded hi...	624	Alaska	[ "Alaska", "Arctic Ocean", "Former Russian colonies", "States and territories established in 1959", "States of the United States", "States of the West Coast of the United States", "U.S. states with multiple time zones", "1959 establishments in the United States", "Western United States" ]	[ "Index of Alaska-related articles", "Outline of Alaska" ]
[ "History", "Oil" ]	The 1968 discovery of oil at [[Prudhoe Bay]] and the 1977 completion of the [[Trans-Alaska Pipeline System]] led to an oil boom. Royalty revenues from oil have funded large state budgets from 1980 onward. That same year, not coincidentally, Alaska repealed its state income tax. In 1989, the ''[[Exxon Valdez]]'' hit a r...	624	Alaska	[ "Alaska", "Arctic Ocean", "Former Russian colonies", "States and territories established in 1959", "States of the United States", "States of the West Coast of the United States", "U.S. states with multiple time zones", "1959 establishments in the United States", "Western United States" ]	[ "Index of Alaska-related articles", "Outline of Alaska" ]
[ "History", "Alaska Heritage Resources Survey" ]	The Alaska Heritage Resources Survey (AHRS) is a restricted [[inventory]] of all reported [[historic site\|historic]] and [[prehistoric]] sites within the state of Alaska; it is maintained by the Office of History and Archaeology. The survey's inventory of cultural resources includes objects, structures, buildings, site...	624	Alaska	[ "Alaska", "Arctic Ocean", "Former Russian colonies", "States and territories established in 1959", "States of the United States", "States of the West Coast of the United States", "U.S. states with multiple time zones", "1959 establishments in the United States", "Western United States" ]	[ "Index of Alaska-related articles", "Outline of Alaska" ]
[ "Demographics" ]	The [[United States Census Bureau]] found in the [[2020 United States census]] that the population of Alaska was 736,081 on April 1, 2020, a 3.6% increase since the [[2010 United States Census]]. In 2010, Alaska ranked as the 47th state by population, ahead of [[North Dakota]], [[Vermont]], and [[Wyoming]] (and Washing...	624	Alaska	[ "Alaska", "Arctic Ocean", "Former Russian colonies", "States and territories established in 1959", "States of the United States", "States of the West Coast of the United States", "U.S. states with multiple time zones", "1959 establishments in the United States", "Western United States" ]	[ "Index of Alaska-related articles", "Outline of Alaska" ]
[ "Demographics", "Race and ethnicity" ]	According to the [[2010 United States Census]], Alaska had a population of 710,231. In terms of race and ethnicity, the state was 66.7% [[White American\|White]] (64.1% Non-Hispanic [[Non-Hispanic Whites\|White]]), 14.8% [[Native Americans in the United States\|American Indian]] and Alaska Native, 5.4% [[Asian American\|As...	624	Alaska	[ "Alaska", "Arctic Ocean", "Former Russian colonies", "States and territories established in 1959", "States of the United States", "States of the West Coast of the United States", "U.S. states with multiple time zones", "1959 establishments in the United States", "Western United States" ]	[ "Index of Alaska-related articles", "Outline of Alaska" ]
[ "Demographics", "Languages" ]	According to the 2011 [[American Community Survey]], 83.4% of people over the age of five spoke only English at home. About 3.5% spoke Spanish at home, 2.2% spoke another [[Indo-European languages\|Indo-European language]], about 4.3% spoke an [[Languages of Asia\|Asian]] language (including [[Tagalog language\|Tagalog]])...	624	Alaska	[ "Alaska", "Arctic Ocean", "Former Russian colonies", "States and territories established in 1959", "States of the United States", "States of the West Coast of the United States", "U.S. states with multiple time zones", "1959 establishments in the United States", "Western United States" ]	[ "Index of Alaska-related articles", "Outline of Alaska" ]
[ "Demographics", "Religion" ]	According to statistics collected by the Association of Religion Data Archives from 2010, about 34% of Alaska residents were members of religious congregations. 100,960 people identified as [[Evangelical Protestant]], 50,866 as Roman Catholic, and 32,550 as mainline Protestants. Roughly 4% are Mormon, 0.5% are Jewish, ...	624	Alaska	[ "Alaska", "Arctic Ocean", "Former Russian colonies", "States and territories established in 1959", "States of the United States", "States of the West Coast of the United States", "U.S. states with multiple time zones", "1959 establishments in the United States", "Western United States" ]	[ "Index of Alaska-related articles", "Outline of Alaska" ]
[ "Economy" ]	(-) Total employment (2016): 266,072 (-) Number of employer establishments: 21,077 The 2018 [[gross state product]] was $55 billion, 48th in the nation. Its [[List of U.S. states by GDP per capita (nominal)\|per capita personal income]] for 2018 was $73,000, ranking 7th in the nation. According to a 2013 study by Phoeni...	624	Alaska	[ "Alaska", "Arctic Ocean", "Former Russian colonies", "States and territories established in 1959", "States of the United States", "States of the West Coast of the United States", "U.S. states with multiple time zones", "1959 establishments in the United States", "Western United States" ]	[ "Index of Alaska-related articles", "Outline of Alaska" ]
[ "Economy", "Energy" ]	Alaska has vast energy resources, although its oil reserves have been largely depleted. Major oil and gas reserves were found in the [[Alaska North Slope]] (ANS) and Cook Inlet basins, but according to the [[Energy Information Administration]], by February 2014 Alaska had fallen to fourth place in the nation in crude o...	624	Alaska	[ "Alaska", "Arctic Ocean", "Former Russian colonies", "States and territories established in 1959", "States of the United States", "States of the West Coast of the United States", "U.S. states with multiple time zones", "1959 establishments in the United States", "Western United States" ]	[ "Index of Alaska-related articles", "Outline of Alaska" ]
[ "Economy", "Energy", "Permanent Fund" ]	The [[Alaska Permanent Fund]] is a constitutionally authorized appropriation of oil revenues, established by voters in 1976 to manage a surplus in state petroleum revenues from oil, largely in anticipation of the then recently constructed [[Trans-Alaska Pipeline System]]. The fund was originally proposed by Governor [[...	624	Alaska	[ "Alaska", "Arctic Ocean", "Former Russian colonies", "States and territories established in 1959", "States of the United States", "States of the West Coast of the United States", "U.S. states with multiple time zones", "1959 establishments in the United States", "Western United States" ]	[ "Index of Alaska-related articles", "Outline of Alaska" ]
[ "Economy", "Cost of living" ]	The cost of goods in Alaska has long been higher than in the contiguous 48 states. Federal government employees, particularly [[United States Postal Service]] (USPS) workers and active-duty military members, receive a Cost of Living Allowance usually set at 25% of base pay because, while the cost of living has gone dow...	624	Alaska	[ "Alaska", "Arctic Ocean", "Former Russian colonies", "States and territories established in 1959", "States of the United States", "States of the West Coast of the United States", "U.S. states with multiple time zones", "1959 establishments in the United States", "Western United States" ]	[ "Index of Alaska-related articles", "Outline of Alaska" ]
[ "Economy", "Agriculture and fishing" ]	Due to the northern climate and short growing season, relatively little farming occurs in Alaska. Most farms are in either the [[Matanuska Valley]], about northeast of [[Anchorage]], or on the [[Kenai Peninsula]], about southwest of Anchorage. The short 100-day growing season limits the crops that can be grown, but the...	624	Alaska	[ "Alaska", "Arctic Ocean", "Former Russian colonies", "States and territories established in 1959", "States of the United States", "States of the West Coast of the United States", "U.S. states with multiple time zones", "1959 establishments in the United States", "Western United States" ]	[ "Index of Alaska-related articles", "Outline of Alaska" ]
[ "Economy", "Agriculture and fishing" ]	Most food in Alaska is transported into the state from [[Outside (Alaska)\|"Outside"]] (the other 49 US states), and shipping costs make food in the cities relatively expensive. In rural areas, subsistence hunting and gathering is an essential activity because imported food is prohibitively expensive. Although most smal...	624	Alaska	[ "Alaska", "Arctic Ocean", "Former Russian colonies", "States and territories established in 1959", "States of the United States", "States of the West Coast of the United States", "U.S. states with multiple time zones", "1959 establishments in the United States", "Western United States" ]	[ "Index of Alaska-related articles", "Outline of Alaska" ]
[ "Transportation", "Roads" ]	Alaska has few road connections compared to the rest of the U.S. The state's road system, covering a relatively small area of the state, linking the central population centers and the [[Alaska Highway]], the principal route out of the state through Canada. The state capital, Juneau, is not accessible by road, only a ca...	624	Alaska	[ "Alaska", "Arctic Ocean", "Former Russian colonies", "States and territories established in 1959", "States of the United States", "States of the West Coast of the United States", "U.S. states with multiple time zones", "1959 establishments in the United States", "Western United States" ]	[ "Index of Alaska-related articles", "Outline of Alaska" ]
[ "Transportation", "Rail" ]	Built around 1915, the [[Alaska Railroad]] (ARR) played a key role in the development of Alaska through the 20th century. It links north Pacific shipping through providing critical infrastructure with tracks that run from [[Seward, Alaska\|Seward]] to [[Interior Alaska]] by way of [[South Central Alaska]], passing throu...	624	Alaska	[ "Alaska", "Arctic Ocean", "Former Russian colonies", "States and territories established in 1959", "States of the United States", "States of the West Coast of the United States", "U.S. states with multiple time zones", "1959 establishments in the United States", "Western United States" ]	[ "Index of Alaska-related articles", "Outline of Alaska" ]
[ "Transportation", "Marine transport" ]	Many cities, towns and villages in the state do not have road or highway access; the only modes of access involve travel by air, river, or the sea. Alaska's well-developed state-owned ferry system (known as the [[Alaska Marine Highway]]) serves the cities of [[Southeast Alaska\|southeast]], the Gulf Coast and the Alaska...	624	Alaska	[ "Alaska", "Arctic Ocean", "Former Russian colonies", "States and territories established in 1959", "States of the United States", "States of the West Coast of the United States", "U.S. states with multiple time zones", "1959 establishments in the United States", "Western United States" ]	[ "Index of Alaska-related articles", "Outline of Alaska" ]
[ "Transportation", "Air transport" ]	Cities not served by road, sea, or river can be reached only by air, foot, dogsled, or snowmachine, accounting for Alaska's extremely well developed [[Alaskan Bush\|bush]] air services—an Alaskan novelty. Anchorage and, to a lesser extent Fairbanks, is served by [[Ted Stevens Anchorage International Airport#Airlines and...	624	Alaska	[ "Alaska", "Arctic Ocean", "Former Russian colonies", "States and territories established in 1959", "States of the United States", "States of the West Coast of the United States", "U.S. states with multiple time zones", "1959 establishments in the United States", "Western United States" ]	[ "Index of Alaska-related articles", "Outline of Alaska" ]
[ "Transportation", "Other transport" ]	Another Alaskan transportation method is the [[dogsled]]. In modern times (that is, any time after the mid-late 1920s), dog [[mushing]] is more of a sport than a true means of transportation. Various races are held around the state, but the best known is the [[Iditarod Trail Sled Dog Race]], a trail from Anchorage to N...	624	Alaska	[ "Alaska", "Arctic Ocean", "Former Russian colonies", "States and territories established in 1959", "States of the United States", "States of the West Coast of the United States", "U.S. states with multiple time zones", "1959 establishments in the United States", "Western United States" ]	[ "Index of Alaska-related articles", "Outline of Alaska" ]
[ "Transportation", "Data transport" ]	Alaska's internet and other data transport systems are provided largely through the two major telecommunications companies: [[GCI (company)\|GCI]] and [[Alaska Communications]]. GCI owns and operates what it calls the Alaska United Fiber Optic system and, as of late 2011, Alaska Communications advertised that it has "tw...	624	Alaska	[ "Alaska", "Arctic Ocean", "Former Russian colonies", "States and territories established in 1959", "States of the United States", "States of the West Coast of the United States", "U.S. states with multiple time zones", "1959 establishments in the United States", "Western United States" ]	[ "Index of Alaska-related articles", "Outline of Alaska" ]
[ "Law and government", "State government" ]	Like all other U.S. states, Alaska is governed as a republic, with three [[separation of powers\|branches of government]]: an [[executive branch]] consisting of the [[governor of Alaska]] and his or her appointees which head executive departments; a [[legislative branch]] consisting of the [[Alaska House of Representati...	624	Alaska	[ "Alaska", "Arctic Ocean", "Former Russian colonies", "States and territories established in 1959", "States of the United States", "States of the West Coast of the United States", "U.S. states with multiple time zones", "1959 establishments in the United States", "Western United States" ]	[ "Index of Alaska-related articles", "Outline of Alaska" ]
[ "Law and government", "State politics" ]	Although in its early years of statehood Alaska was a [[Democratic Party (United States)\|Democratic]] state, since the early 1970s it has been characterized as [[Republican Party (United States)\|Republican]]-leaning. Local political communities have often worked on issues related to land use development, fishing, touri...	624	Alaska	[ "Alaska", "Arctic Ocean", "Former Russian colonies", "States and territories established in 1959", "States of the United States", "States of the West Coast of the United States", "U.S. states with multiple time zones", "1959 establishments in the United States", "Western United States" ]	[ "Index of Alaska-related articles", "Outline of Alaska" ]
[ "Law and government", "Taxes" ]	To finance state government operations, Alaska depends primarily on petroleum revenues and federal subsidies. This allows it to have the lowest individual tax burden in the United States. It is one of five states with no [[sales tax]], one of seven states with no individual [[income tax]], and—along with [[New Hampshir...	624	Alaska	[ "Alaska", "Arctic Ocean", "Former Russian colonies", "States and territories established in 1959", "States of the United States", "States of the West Coast of the United States", "U.S. states with multiple time zones", "1959 establishments in the United States", "Western United States" ]	[ "Index of Alaska-related articles", "Outline of Alaska" ]
[ "Law and government", "Federal politics" ]	Alaska regularly supports [[Republican Party (United States)\|Republicans]] in presidential elections and has done so since statehood. Republicans have won the state's [[Electoral College (United States)\|electoral college]] votes in all but one election that it has participated in ([[1964 United States presidential elec...	624	Alaska	[ "Alaska", "Arctic Ocean", "Former Russian colonies", "States and territories established in 1959", "States of the United States", "States of the West Coast of the United States", "U.S. states with multiple time zones", "1959 establishments in the United States", "Western United States" ]	[ "Index of Alaska-related articles", "Outline of Alaska" ]
[ "Law and government", "Elections" ]	In the [[2020 Alaska elections\|2020 election]] cycle, Alaskan voters approved Ballot Measure 2. Bipartisan coalitions led the campaigns for and against the bill. The measure passed by a margin of 1.1%, or about 4,000 votes. Supporters of the measure claim that it will reduce "[[dark money]]" in Alaskan elections by req...	624	Alaska	[ "Alaska", "Arctic Ocean", "Former Russian colonies", "States and territories established in 1959", "States of the United States", "States of the West Coast of the United States", "U.S. states with multiple time zones", "1959 establishments in the United States", "Western United States" ]	[ "Index of Alaska-related articles", "Outline of Alaska" ]
[ "Cities, towns and boroughs" ]	Alaska is not divided into [[County (United States)\|counties]], as most of the other U.S. states, but it is divided into ''[[List of boroughs and census areas in Alaska\|boroughs]]''. Many of the more densely populated parts of the state are part of Alaska's 16 boroughs, which function somewhat similarly to counties in ...	624	Alaska	[ "Alaska", "Arctic Ocean", "Former Russian colonies", "States and territories established in 1959", "States of the United States", "States of the West Coast of the United States", "U.S. states with multiple time zones", "1959 establishments in the United States", "Western United States" ]	[ "Index of Alaska-related articles", "Outline of Alaska" ]
[ "Cities, towns and boroughs", "Cities and census-designated places (by population)" ]	As reflected in the [[2010 United States Census]], Alaska has a total of 355 incorporated cities and [[census-designated place]] (CDPs). The tally of cities includes four unified municipalities, essentially the equivalent of a [[consolidated city–county]]. The majority of these communities are located in the rural expa...	624	Alaska	[ "Alaska", "Arctic Ocean", "Former Russian colonies", "States and territories established in 1959", "States of the United States", "States of the West Coast of the United States", "U.S. states with multiple time zones", "1959 establishments in the United States", "Western United States" ]	[ "Index of Alaska-related articles", "Outline of Alaska" ]
[ "Education" ]	The [[Alaska Department of Education and Early Development]] administers many [[List of school districts in Alaska\|school districts]] in Alaska. In addition, the state operates a boarding school, [[Mt. Edgecumbe High School]] in [[Sitka, Alaska\|Sitka]], and provides partial funding for other boarding schools, including...	624	Alaska	[ "Alaska", "Arctic Ocean", "Former Russian colonies", "States and territories established in 1959", "States of the United States", "States of the West Coast of the United States", "U.S. states with multiple time zones", "1959 establishments in the United States", "Western United States" ]	[ "Index of Alaska-related articles", "Outline of Alaska" ]
[ "Public health and public safety" ]	The [[Alaska State Troopers]] are Alaska's statewide police force. They have a long and storied history, but were not an official organization until 1941. Before the force was officially organized, law enforcement in Alaska was handled by various federal agencies. Larger towns usually have their own local police and so...	624	Alaska	[ "Alaska", "Arctic Ocean", "Former Russian colonies", "States and territories established in 1959", "States of the United States", "States of the West Coast of the United States", "U.S. states with multiple time zones", "1959 establishments in the United States", "Western United States" ]	[ "Index of Alaska-related articles", "Outline of Alaska" ]
[ "Culture" ]	Some of Alaska's popular annual events are the [[Iditarod Trail Sled Dog Race]] from Anchorage to Nome, World Ice Art Championships in Fairbanks, the Blueberry Festival and Alaska Hummingbird Festival in [[Ketchikan, Alaska\|Ketchikan]], the Sitka Whale Fest, and the Stikine River Garnet Fest in [[Wrangell, Alaska\|Wrang...	624	Alaska	[ "Alaska", "Arctic Ocean", "Former Russian colonies", "States and territories established in 1959", "States of the United States", "States of the West Coast of the United States", "U.S. states with multiple time zones", "1959 establishments in the United States", "Western United States" ]	[ "Index of Alaska-related articles", "Outline of Alaska" ]
[ "Culture", "Music" ]	Influences on music in Alaska include the traditional music of Alaska Natives as well as folk music brought by later immigrants from Russia and Europe. Prominent musicians from Alaska include singer [[Jewel (singer)\|Jewel]], traditional Aleut flautist [[Mary Youngblood]], folk singer-songwriter [[Libby Roderick]], Chri...	624	Alaska	[ "Alaska", "Arctic Ocean", "Former Russian colonies", "States and territories established in 1959", "States of the United States", "States of the West Coast of the United States", "U.S. states with multiple time zones", "1959 establishments in the United States", "Western United States" ]	[ "Index of Alaska-related articles", "Outline of Alaska" ]
[ "Culture", "Alaska in film and on television" ]	Alaska's first independent picture entirely made in Alaska was ''[[The Chechahcos]]'', produced by Alaskan businessman [[Austin E. Lathrop]] and filmed in and around Anchorage. Released in 1924 by the Alaska Moving Picture Corporation, it was the only film the company made. One of the most prominent movies filmed in Al...	624	Alaska	[ "Alaska", "Arctic Ocean", "Former Russian colonies", "States and territories established in 1959", "States of the United States", "States of the West Coast of the United States", "U.S. states with multiple time zones", "1959 establishments in the United States", "Western United States" ]	[ "Index of Alaska-related articles", "Outline of Alaska" ]
[ "State symbols" ]	(-) State motto: North to the Future (-) Nicknames: "The Last Frontier" or "Land of the Midnight Sun" or "Seward's Icebox" (-) State bird: [[willow ptarmigan]], adopted by the Territorial Legislature in 1955. It is a small () Arctic grouse that lives among willows and on open tundra and muskeg. Plumage is brown in summ...	624	Alaska	[ "Alaska", "Arctic Ocean", "Former Russian colonies", "States and territories established in 1959", "States of the United States", "States of the West Coast of the United States", "U.S. states with multiple time zones", "1959 establishments in the United States", "Western United States" ]	[ "Index of Alaska-related articles", "Outline of Alaska" ]
[]	'''Agriculture''' is the science, art and practice of cultivating plants and livestock. Agriculture was the key development in the rise of [[sedentism\|sedentary]] [[human civilization]], whereby farming of [[domestication\|domesticated]] species created food [[economic surplus\|surpluses]] that enabled people to live in ...	627	Agriculture	[ "Agriculture", "Agronomy", "Food industry" ]	[ "Ecoagriculture", "Agroecology", "Remote sensing", "List of documentary films about agriculture", "Agricultural robot", "Building-integrated agriculture", "Corporate farming", "Vertical farming", "Vegetable farming", "Agricultural engineering", "Pharming (genetics)", "Hill farming", "Contrac...
[ "Etymology and scope" ]	The word ''agriculture'' is a late [[Middle English]] adaptation of Latin ''agricultūra'', from ''ager'', "field", and ''cultūra'', "[[Tillage\|cultivation]]" or "growing". While agriculture usually refers to human activities, certain species of [[Attine ants\|ant]], [[termite]] and [[ambrosia beetle\|beetle]] have been c...	627	Agriculture	[ "Agriculture", "Agronomy", "Food industry" ]	[ "Ecoagriculture", "Agroecology", "Remote sensing", "List of documentary films about agriculture", "Agricultural robot", "Building-integrated agriculture", "Corporate farming", "Vertical farming", "Vegetable farming", "Agricultural engineering", "Pharming (genetics)", "Hill farming", "Contrac...
[ "History", "Origins" ]	The development of agriculture enabled the human population to grow many times larger than could be sustained by [[hunter-gatherer\|hunting and gathering]]. Agriculture began independently in different parts of the globe, and included a diverse range of [[taxa]], in at least 11 separate [[centers of origin\|centres of or...	627	Agriculture	[ "Agriculture", "Agronomy", "Food industry" ]	[ "Ecoagriculture", "Agroecology", "Remote sensing", "List of documentary films about agriculture", "Agricultural robot", "Building-integrated agriculture", "Corporate farming", "Vertical farming", "Vegetable farming", "Agricultural engineering", "Pharming (genetics)", "Hill farming", "Contrac...
[ "History", "Civilizations" ]	In Eurasia, the [[Sumer]] started to live in villages from about 8,000 BC, relying on the [[Tigris]] and [[Euphrates]] rivers and a canal system for irrigation. Ploughs appear in [[pictograph]] around 3,000 BC; seed-ploughs around 2,300 BC. Farmers grew wheat, barley, vegetables such as lentils and onions, and fruits i...	627	Agriculture	[ "Agriculture", "Agronomy", "Food industry" ]	[ "Ecoagriculture", "Agroecology", "Remote sensing", "List of documentary films about agriculture", "Agricultural robot", "Building-integrated agriculture", "Corporate farming", "Vertical farming", "Vegetable farming", "Agricultural engineering", "Pharming (genetics)", "Hill farming", "Contrac...
[ "History", "Civilizations" ]	The [[domestic turkey\|turkey]] was probably domesticated in Mexico or the American Southwest. The [[Aztec]] developed irrigation systems, formed [[Terrace (agriculture)\|terraced]] hillsides, fertilized their soil, and developed [[chinampa]] or artificial islands. The [[Maya civilization\|Mayas]] used extensive canal and...	627	Agriculture	[ "Agriculture", "Agronomy", "Food industry" ]	[ "Ecoagriculture", "Agroecology", "Remote sensing", "List of documentary films about agriculture", "Agricultural robot", "Building-integrated agriculture", "Corporate farming", "Vertical farming", "Vegetable farming", "Agricultural engineering", "Pharming (genetics)", "Hill farming", "Contrac...
[ "History", "Revolution" ]	In the Middle Ages, both [[Arab Agricultural Revolution\|in the Islamic world]] and in Europe, agriculture transformed with improved techniques and the diffusion of crop plants, including the introduction of sugar, rice, cotton and fruit trees (such as the orange) to Europe by way of [[Al-Andalus]]. After 1492 the [[Col...	627	Agriculture	[ "Agriculture", "Agronomy", "Food industry" ]	[ "Ecoagriculture", "Agroecology", "Remote sensing", "List of documentary films about agriculture", "Agricultural robot", "Building-integrated agriculture", "Corporate farming", "Vertical farming", "Vegetable farming", "Agricultural engineering", "Pharming (genetics)", "Hill farming", "Contrac...
[ "Types" ]	[[Pastoralism]] involves managing domesticated animals. In [[nomadic pastoralism]], herds of livestock are moved from place to place in search of pasture, fodder, and water. This type of farming is practised in arid and semi-arid regions of [[Sahara]], Central Asia and some parts of India. In [[shifting cultivation]], ...	627	Agriculture	[ "Agriculture", "Agronomy", "Food industry" ]	[ "Ecoagriculture", "Agroecology", "Remote sensing", "List of documentary films about agriculture", "Agricultural robot", "Building-integrated agriculture", "Corporate farming", "Vertical farming", "Vegetable farming", "Agricultural engineering", "Pharming (genetics)", "Hill farming", "Contrac...
[ "Contemporary agriculture", "Status" ]	From the twentieth century, intensive agriculture increased productivity. It substituted synthetic fertilizers and pesticides for labor, but caused increased water pollution, and often involved farm subsidies. In recent years there has been a backlash against the [[environmental awareness\|environmental effects]] of con...	627	Agriculture	[ "Agriculture", "Agronomy", "Food industry" ]	[ "Ecoagriculture", "Agroecology", "Remote sensing", "List of documentary films about agriculture", "Agricultural robot", "Building-integrated agriculture", "Corporate farming", "Vertical farming", "Vegetable farming", "Agricultural engineering", "Pharming (genetics)", "Hill farming", "Contrac...
[ "Contemporary agriculture", "Workforce" ]	Following the [[three-sector theory]], the number of people employed in agriculture and other [[primary sector\|primary]] activities (such as fishing) can be more than 80% in the least developed countries, and less than 2% in the most highly developed countries. Since the [[Industrial Revolution]], many countries have m...	627	Agriculture	[ "Agriculture", "Agronomy", "Food industry" ]	[ "Ecoagriculture", "Agroecology", "Remote sensing", "List of documentary films about agriculture", "Agricultural robot", "Building-integrated agriculture", "Corporate farming", "Vertical farming", "Vegetable farming", "Agricultural engineering", "Pharming (genetics)", "Hill farming", "Contrac...
[ "Contemporary agriculture", "Safety" ]	Agriculture, specifically farming, remains a hazardous industry, and farmers worldwide remain at high risk of work-related injuries, lung disease, [[noise-induced hearing loss]], skin diseases, as well as certain cancers related to chemical use and prolonged sun exposure. On [[industrial agriculture\|industrialized farm...	627	Agriculture	[ "Agriculture", "Agronomy", "Food industry" ]	[ "Ecoagriculture", "Agroecology", "Remote sensing", "List of documentary films about agriculture", "Agricultural robot", "Building-integrated agriculture", "Corporate farming", "Vertical farming", "Vegetable farming", "Agricultural engineering", "Pharming (genetics)", "Hill farming", "Contrac...
[ "Production", "Crop cultivation systems" ]	Cropping systems vary among farms depending on the available resources and constraints; geography and climate of the farm; government policy; economic, social and political pressures; and the philosophy and culture of the farmer. Shifting cultivation (or [[slash and burn]]) is a system in which forests are burnt, relea...	627	Agriculture	[ "Agriculture", "Agronomy", "Food industry" ]	[ "Ecoagriculture", "Agroecology", "Remote sensing", "List of documentary films about agriculture", "Agricultural robot", "Building-integrated agriculture", "Corporate farming", "Vertical farming", "Vegetable farming", "Agricultural engineering", "Pharming (genetics)", "Hill farming", "Contrac...
[ "Production", "Livestock production systems" ]	Animal husbandry is the breeding and raising of animals for meat, milk, [[egg (food)\|eggs]], or [[wool]], and for work and transport. [[Working animal]], including horses, [[mule]], [[ox]], [[water buffalo]], camels, llamas, alpacas, donkeys, and dogs, have for centuries been used to help cultivate fields, [[harvest]] ...	627	Agriculture	[ "Agriculture", "Agronomy", "Food industry" ]	[ "Ecoagriculture", "Agroecology", "Remote sensing", "List of documentary films about agriculture", "Agricultural robot", "Building-integrated agriculture", "Corporate farming", "Vertical farming", "Vegetable farming", "Agricultural engineering", "Pharming (genetics)", "Hill farming", "Contrac...
[ "Production", "Production practices" ]	Tillage is the practice of breaking up the soil with tools such as the plow or [[harrow (tool)\|harrow]] to prepare for planting, for nutrient incorporation, or for pest control. Tillage varies in intensity from conventional to [[no-till farming\|no-till]]. It may improve productivity by warming the soil, incorporating f...	627	Agriculture	[ "Agriculture", "Agronomy", "Food industry" ]	[ "Ecoagriculture", "Agroecology", "Remote sensing", "List of documentary films about agriculture", "Agricultural robot", "Building-integrated agriculture", "Corporate farming", "Vertical farming", "Vegetable farming", "Agricultural engineering", "Pharming (genetics)", "Hill farming", "Contrac...
[ "Crop alteration and biotechnology", "Plant breeding" ]	Crop alteration has been practiced by humankind for thousands of years, since the beginning of civilization. Altering crops through breeding practices changes the genetic make-up of a plant to develop crops with more beneficial characteristics for humans, for example, larger fruits or seeds, drought-tolerance, or resis...	627	Agriculture	[ "Agriculture", "Agronomy", "Food industry" ]	[ "Ecoagriculture", "Agroecology", "Remote sensing", "List of documentary films about agriculture", "Agricultural robot", "Building-integrated agriculture", "Corporate farming", "Vertical farming", "Vegetable farming", "Agricultural engineering", "Pharming (genetics)", "Hill farming", "Contrac...
[ "Crop alteration and biotechnology", "Genetic engineering" ]	Genetically modified organisms (GMO) are [[organism]] whose [[Genetics\|genetic]] material has been altered by genetic engineering techniques generally known as [[recombinant DNA technology]]. Genetic engineering has expanded the genes available to breeders to use in creating desired germlines for new crops. Increased d...	627	Agriculture	[ "Agriculture", "Agronomy", "Food industry" ]	[ "Ecoagriculture", "Agroecology", "Remote sensing", "List of documentary films about agriculture", "Agricultural robot", "Building-integrated agriculture", "Corporate farming", "Vertical farming", "Vegetable farming", "Agricultural engineering", "Pharming (genetics)", "Hill farming", "Contrac...
[ "Environmental impact", "Effects and costs" ]	Agriculture imposes multiple external costs upon society through effects such as pesticide damage to nature (especially herbicides and insecticides), nutrient runoff, excessive water usage, and loss of natural environment. A 2000 assessment of agriculture in the UK determined total external costs for 1996 of £2,343 mil...	627	Agriculture	[ "Agriculture", "Agronomy", "Food industry" ]	[ "Ecoagriculture", "Agroecology", "Remote sensing", "List of documentary films about agriculture", "Agricultural robot", "Building-integrated agriculture", "Corporate farming", "Vertical farming", "Vegetable farming", "Agricultural engineering", "Pharming (genetics)", "Hill farming", "Contrac...
[ "Environmental impact", "Livestock issues" ]	A senior UN official, Henning Steinfeld, said that "Livestock are one of the most significant contributors to today's most serious environmental problems". Livestock production occupies 70% of all land used for agriculture, or 30% of the land surface of the planet. It is one of the largest sources of [[greenhouse gas]]...	627	Agriculture	[ "Agriculture", "Agronomy", "Food industry" ]	[ "Ecoagriculture", "Agroecology", "Remote sensing", "List of documentary films about agriculture", "Agricultural robot", "Building-integrated agriculture", "Corporate farming", "Vertical farming", "Vegetable farming", "Agricultural engineering", "Pharming (genetics)", "Hill farming", "Contrac...
[ "Environmental impact", "Land and water issues" ]	Land transformation, the use of land to yield goods and services, is the most substantial way humans alter the Earth's ecosystems, and is considered the driving force in the [[Biodiversity loss\|loss of biodiversity]]. Estimates of the amount of land transformed by humans vary from 39 to 50%. Land degradation, the long-...	627	Agriculture	[ "Agriculture", "Agronomy", "Food industry" ]	[ "Ecoagriculture", "Agroecology", "Remote sensing", "List of documentary films about agriculture", "Agricultural robot", "Building-integrated agriculture", "Corporate farming", "Vertical farming", "Vegetable farming", "Agricultural engineering", "Pharming (genetics)", "Hill farming", "Contrac...
[ "Environmental impact", "Pesticides" ]	Pesticide use has increased since 1950 to 2.5million short tons annually worldwide, yet crop loss from pests has remained relatively constant. The World Health Organization estimated in 1992 that three million pesticide poisonings occur annually, causing 220,000 deaths. Pesticides select for [[pesticide resistance]] in...	627	Agriculture	[ "Agriculture", "Agronomy", "Food industry" ]	[ "Ecoagriculture", "Agroecology", "Remote sensing", "List of documentary films about agriculture", "Agricultural robot", "Building-integrated agriculture", "Corporate farming", "Vertical farming", "Vegetable farming", "Agricultural engineering", "Pharming (genetics)", "Hill farming", "Contrac...

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