headers listlengths 0 4 | text stringlengths 54 5.14k | id stringclasses 129
values | title stringclasses 129
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|---|---|---|---|---|---|
[
"Environmental impact",
"Climate change"
] | [[Climate change]] and agriculture are interrelated on a global scale. Global warming affects agriculture through changes in [[instrumental temperature record|average temperatures]], rainfall, and [[extreme weather|weather extremes]] (like storms and heat waves); changes in pests and diseases; changes in atmospheric [[... | 627 | Agriculture | [
"Agriculture",
"Agronomy",
"Food industry"
] | [
"Ecoagriculture",
"Agroecology",
"Remote sensing",
"List of documentary films about agriculture",
"Agricultural robot",
"Building-integrated agriculture",
"Corporate farming",
"Vertical farming",
"Vegetable farming",
"Agricultural engineering",
"Pharming (genetics)",
"Hill farming",
"Contrac... |
[
"Environmental impact",
"Sustainability"
] | Current farming methods have resulted in over-stretched water resources, high levels of erosion and reduced soil fertility. There is not enough water to continue farming using current practices; therefore how critical water, land, and [[ecosystem]] resources are used to boost crop yields must be reconsidered. A solutio... | 627 | Agriculture | [
"Agriculture",
"Agronomy",
"Food industry"
] | [
"Ecoagriculture",
"Agroecology",
"Remote sensing",
"List of documentary films about agriculture",
"Agricultural robot",
"Building-integrated agriculture",
"Corporate farming",
"Vertical farming",
"Vegetable farming",
"Agricultural engineering",
"Pharming (genetics)",
"Hill farming",
"Contrac... |
[
"Environmental impact",
"Energy dependence"
] | Since the 1940s, agricultural productivity has increased dramatically, due largely to the increased use of energy-intensive mechanization, fertilizers and pesticides. The vast majority of this energy input comes from [[fossil fuel]] sources. Between the 1960s and the 1980s, the Green Revolution transformed agriculture ... | 627 | Agriculture | [
"Agriculture",
"Agronomy",
"Food industry"
] | [
"Ecoagriculture",
"Agroecology",
"Remote sensing",
"List of documentary films about agriculture",
"Agricultural robot",
"Building-integrated agriculture",
"Corporate farming",
"Vertical farming",
"Vegetable farming",
"Agricultural engineering",
"Pharming (genetics)",
"Hill farming",
"Contrac... |
[
"Disciplines",
"Agricultural economics"
] | Agricultural economics is economics as it relates to the "production, distribution and consumption of [agricultural] goods and services". Combining agricultural production with general theories of marketing and business as a discipline of study began in the late 1800s, and grew significantly through the 20th century. A... | 627 | Agriculture | [
"Agriculture",
"Agronomy",
"Food industry"
] | [
"Ecoagriculture",
"Agroecology",
"Remote sensing",
"List of documentary films about agriculture",
"Agricultural robot",
"Building-integrated agriculture",
"Corporate farming",
"Vertical farming",
"Vegetable farming",
"Agricultural engineering",
"Pharming (genetics)",
"Hill farming",
"Contrac... |
[
"Disciplines",
"Agricultural science"
] | [[Agricultural science]] is a broad multidisciplinary field of [[biology]] that encompasses the parts of exact, natural, economic and [[social science]] used in the practice and understanding of agriculture. It covers topics such as agronomy, plant breeding and genetics, [[plant pathology]], crop modelling, soil scienc... | 627 | Agriculture | [
"Agriculture",
"Agronomy",
"Food industry"
] | [
"Ecoagriculture",
"Agroecology",
"Remote sensing",
"List of documentary films about agriculture",
"Agricultural robot",
"Building-integrated agriculture",
"Corporate farming",
"Vertical farming",
"Vegetable farming",
"Agricultural engineering",
"Pharming (genetics)",
"Hill farming",
"Contrac... |
[
"Policy"
] | [[Agricultural policy]] is the set of government decisions and actions relating to domestic agriculture and imports of foreign agricultural products. Governments usually implement agricultural policies with the goal of achieving a specific outcome in the domestic agricultural product markets. Some overarching themes in... | 627 | Agriculture | [
"Agriculture",
"Agronomy",
"Food industry"
] | [
"Ecoagriculture",
"Agroecology",
"Remote sensing",
"List of documentary films about agriculture",
"Agricultural robot",
"Building-integrated agriculture",
"Corporate farming",
"Vertical farming",
"Vegetable farming",
"Agricultural engineering",
"Pharming (genetics)",
"Hill farming",
"Contrac... |
[] | '''Aldous Leonard Huxley''' (26 July 1894 – 22 November 1963) was an English writer and philosopher. He wrote nearly 50 books—both novels and non-fiction works—as well as wide-ranging essays, narratives, and poems. Born into the prominent [[Huxley family]], he graduated from [[Balliol College]], [[University of Oxford|... | 628 | Aldous Huxley | [
"Aldous Huxley",
"1894 births",
"1963 deaths",
"20th-century English novelists",
"20th-century essayists",
"Alumni of Balliol College, Oxford",
"Anti-consumerists",
"Bates method",
"British agnostics",
"British emigrants to the United States",
"British essayists",
"British male novelists",
"... | [
"List of peace activists"
] |
[
"Early life"
] | Huxley was born in [[Godalming]], Surrey, England, in 1894. He was the third son of the writer and schoolmaster [[Leonard Huxley (writer)|Leonard Huxley]], who edited ''[[Cornhill Magazine]]'', and his first wife, Julia Arnold, who founded [[Prior's Field School]]. Julia was the niece of poet and critic [[Matthew Arnol... | 628 | Aldous Huxley | [
"Aldous Huxley",
"1894 births",
"1963 deaths",
"20th-century English novelists",
"20th-century essayists",
"Alumni of Balliol College, Oxford",
"Anti-consumerists",
"Bates method",
"British agnostics",
"British emigrants to the United States",
"British essayists",
"British male novelists",
"... | [
"List of peace activists"
] |
[
"Career"
] | Huxley completed his first (unpublished) novel at the age of 17 and began writing seriously in his early twenties, establishing himself as a successful writer and social satirist. His first published novels were social satires, ''[[Crome Yellow]]'' (1921), ''[[Antic Hay]]'' (1923), ''[[Those Barren Leaves]]'' (1925), a... | 628 | Aldous Huxley | [
"Aldous Huxley",
"1894 births",
"1963 deaths",
"20th-century English novelists",
"20th-century essayists",
"Alumni of Balliol College, Oxford",
"Anti-consumerists",
"Bates method",
"British agnostics",
"British emigrants to the United States",
"British essayists",
"British male novelists",
"... | [
"List of peace activists"
] |
[
"Career",
"Contact with the Bloomsbury Set"
] | During the First World War, Huxley spent much of his time at [[Garsington Manor]] near Oxford, home of [[Lady Ottoline Morrell]], working as a farm labourer. There he met several [[Bloomsbury Group]] figures, including [[Bertrand Russell]], [[Alfred North Whitehead]], and [[Clive Bell]]. Later, in ''Crome Yellow'' (192... | 628 | Aldous Huxley | [
"Aldous Huxley",
"1894 births",
"1963 deaths",
"20th-century English novelists",
"20th-century essayists",
"Alumni of Balliol College, Oxford",
"Anti-consumerists",
"Bates method",
"British agnostics",
"British emigrants to the United States",
"British essayists",
"British male novelists",
"... | [
"List of peace activists"
] |
[
"Career",
"Life in the United States"
] | In 1937 Huxley moved to Hollywood with his wife Maria, son [[Matthew Huxley]], and friend [[Gerald Heard]]. He lived in the U.S., mainly in southern California, until his death, and also for a time in [[Taos, New Mexico]], where he wrote ''[[Ends and Means]]'' (published in 1937). The book contains tracts on war, relig... | 628 | Aldous Huxley | [
"Aldous Huxley",
"1894 births",
"1963 deaths",
"20th-century English novelists",
"20th-century essayists",
"Alumni of Balliol College, Oxford",
"Anti-consumerists",
"Bates method",
"British agnostics",
"British emigrants to the United States",
"British essayists",
"British male novelists",
"... | [
"List of peace activists"
] |
[
"Career",
"Life in the United States"
] | On 21 October 1949, Huxley wrote to George Orwell, author of ''[[Nineteen Eighty-Four]]'', congratulating him on "how fine and how profoundly important the book is." In his letter to Orwell, he predicted: In 1953, Huxley and Maria applied for [[Citizenship in the United States|United States citizenship]] and presented ... | 628 | Aldous Huxley | [
"Aldous Huxley",
"1894 births",
"1963 deaths",
"20th-century English novelists",
"20th-century essayists",
"Alumni of Balliol College, Oxford",
"Anti-consumerists",
"Bates method",
"British agnostics",
"British emigrants to the United States",
"British essayists",
"British male novelists",
"... | [
"List of peace activists"
] |
[
"Late-in-life perspectives"
] | Biographer Harold H. Watts wrote that Huxley's writings in the "final and extended period of his life" are "the work of a man who is meditating on the central problems of many modern men." Huxley had deeply felt apprehensions about the future the developed world might make for itself. From these, he made some warnings ... | 628 | Aldous Huxley | [
"Aldous Huxley",
"1894 births",
"1963 deaths",
"20th-century English novelists",
"20th-century essayists",
"Alumni of Balliol College, Oxford",
"Anti-consumerists",
"Bates method",
"British agnostics",
"British emigrants to the United States",
"British essayists",
"British male novelists",
"... | [
"List of peace activists"
] |
[
"Association with Vedanta"
] | Beginning in 1939 and continuing until his death in 1963, Huxley had an extensive association with the [[Vedanta Society of Southern California]], founded and headed by [[Swami Prabhavananda]]. Together with Gerald Heard, Christopher Isherwood and other followers, he was initiated by the Swami and was taught meditation... | 628 | Aldous Huxley | [
"Aldous Huxley",
"1894 births",
"1963 deaths",
"20th-century English novelists",
"20th-century essayists",
"Alumni of Balliol College, Oxford",
"Anti-consumerists",
"Bates method",
"British agnostics",
"British emigrants to the United States",
"British essayists",
"British male novelists",
"... | [
"List of peace activists"
] |
[
"Psychedelic drug use and mystical experiences"
] | In the spring of 1953, Huxley had his first experience with the [[psychedelic drug]] [[mescaline]]. Huxley had initiated a correspondence with Doctor [[Humphry Osmond]], a British psychiatrist then employed in a Canadian institution, and eventually asked him to supply a dose of mescaline; Osmond obliged and supervised ... | 628 | Aldous Huxley | [
"Aldous Huxley",
"1894 births",
"1963 deaths",
"20th-century English novelists",
"20th-century essayists",
"Alumni of Balliol College, Oxford",
"Anti-consumerists",
"Bates method",
"British agnostics",
"British emigrants to the United States",
"British essayists",
"British male novelists",
"... | [
"List of peace activists"
] |
[
"Eyesight"
] | Differing accounts exist about the details of the quality of Huxley's eyesight at specific points in his life. Circa 1939, Huxley encountered the [[Bates method]], in which he was instructed by [[Margaret Darst Corbett]]. In 1940, Huxley relocated from Hollywood to a ''ranchito'' in the high desert hamlet of [[Llano, C... | 628 | Aldous Huxley | [
"Aldous Huxley",
"1894 births",
"1963 deaths",
"20th-century English novelists",
"20th-century essayists",
"Alumni of Balliol College, Oxford",
"Anti-consumerists",
"Bates method",
"British agnostics",
"British emigrants to the United States",
"British essayists",
"British male novelists",
"... | [
"List of peace activists"
] |
[
"Eyesight"
] | On the other hand, Huxley's second wife, [[Laura Huxley|Laura Archera]], later emphasised in her biographical account, ''This Timeless Moment'': "One of the great achievements of his life: that of having regained his sight". After revealing a letter she wrote to the ''Los Angeles Times'' disclaiming the label of Huxley... | 628 | Aldous Huxley | [
"Aldous Huxley",
"1894 births",
"1963 deaths",
"20th-century English novelists",
"20th-century essayists",
"Alumni of Balliol College, Oxford",
"Anti-consumerists",
"Bates method",
"British agnostics",
"British emigrants to the United States",
"British essayists",
"British male novelists",
"... | [
"List of peace activists"
] |
[
"Personal life"
] | Huxley married on 10 July 1919 Maria Nys (10 September 1899 – 12 February 1955), a Belgian epidemiologist from [[Bellem]], a village near [[Aalter]], he met at [[Garsington]], Oxfordshire, in 1919. They had one child, [[Matthew Huxley]] (19 April 1920 – 10 February 2005), who had a career as an author, anthropologist, ... | 628 | Aldous Huxley | [
"Aldous Huxley",
"1894 births",
"1963 deaths",
"20th-century English novelists",
"20th-century essayists",
"Alumni of Balliol College, Oxford",
"Anti-consumerists",
"Bates method",
"British agnostics",
"British emigrants to the United States",
"British essayists",
"British male novelists",
"... | [
"List of peace activists"
] |
[
"Death"
] | On his deathbed, unable to speak owing to advanced laryngeal cancer, Huxley made a written request to his wife Laura for "[[Lysergic acid diethylamide|LSD]], 100 [[Microgram|µg]], [[Intramuscular injection|intramuscular]]." According to her account of his death in ''This Timeless Moment'', she obliged with an injection... | 628 | Aldous Huxley | [
"Aldous Huxley",
"1894 births",
"1963 deaths",
"20th-century English novelists",
"20th-century essayists",
"Alumni of Balliol College, Oxford",
"Anti-consumerists",
"Bates method",
"British agnostics",
"British emigrants to the United States",
"British essayists",
"British male novelists",
"... | [
"List of peace activists"
] |
[
"Awards"
] | (-) 1939: [[James Tait Black Memorial Prize]] (-) 1959: [[American Academy of Arts and Letters]] Award of Merit . (-) 1962: Companion of Literature | 628 | Aldous Huxley | [
"Aldous Huxley",
"1894 births",
"1963 deaths",
"20th-century English novelists",
"20th-century essayists",
"Alumni of Balliol College, Oxford",
"Anti-consumerists",
"Bates method",
"British agnostics",
"British emigrants to the United States",
"British essayists",
"British male novelists",
"... | [
"List of peace activists"
] |
[
"Film adaptations of Huxley's work"
] | (-) 1950: ''[[Prelude to Fame]]'' based upon ''Young Archimedes'' (-) 1968: ''[[Point Counter Point]]'' (-) 1971: ''[[The Devils (film)|The Devils]]'' (-) 1980: ''[[Brave New World (1980 film)|Brave New World]]'' (-) 1998: ''[[Brave New World (1998 film)|Brave New World]]'' (-) 2020: ''[[Brave New World (2020 TV series... | 628 | Aldous Huxley | [
"Aldous Huxley",
"1894 births",
"1963 deaths",
"20th-century English novelists",
"20th-century essayists",
"Alumni of Balliol College, Oxford",
"Anti-consumerists",
"Bates method",
"British agnostics",
"British emigrants to the United States",
"British essayists",
"British male novelists",
"... | [
"List of peace activists"
] |
[
"Places",
"Africa"
] | (-) [[Ada Foah]] or Ada, Ghana, a town (-) [[Ada (Ghana parliament constituency)]] (-) [[Ada, Delta]], a town in Isoko region, Delta State, Nigeria (-) [[Ada, Osun]], a town in Osun State, Nigeria | 630 | Ada | [] | [
"Adha (disambiguation)",
"Ada'a",
"Ade (disambiguation)",
"ADA (disambiguation)",
"Adah (disambiguation)",
"Ada regulon",
"USS ''Little Ada'' (1864)"
] |
[
"Places",
"Asia"
] | (-) [[Adeh, Urmia]], also known as Ada, a village in West Azerbaijan Province (-) [[Ada, Karaman]], a village in Karaman Province, Turkey | 630 | Ada | [] | [
"Adha (disambiguation)",
"Ada'a",
"Ade (disambiguation)",
"ADA (disambiguation)",
"Adah (disambiguation)",
"Ada regulon",
"USS ''Little Ada'' (1864)"
] |
[
"Places",
"Europe"
] | (-) [[Ada, Croatia]], a village (-) [[Ada, Serbia]], a town and municipality (-) [[Ada Ciganlija]] or Ada, a river island artificially turned into a peninsula in Belgrade, Serbia | 630 | Ada | [] | [
"Adha (disambiguation)",
"Ada'a",
"Ade (disambiguation)",
"ADA (disambiguation)",
"Adah (disambiguation)",
"Ada regulon",
"USS ''Little Ada'' (1864)"
] |
[
"Places",
"North America",
"United States"
] | (-) [[Ada, Alabama]], an unincorporated community (-) [[Ada County, Idaho]] (-) [[Ada, Kansas]], an unincorporated community (-) [[Ada Township, Michigan]] (-) [[Ada, Minnesota]], a city (-) [[Ada Township, Dickey County, North Dakota]] (-) [[Ada, Ohio]], a village (-) [[Ada, Oklahoma]], a city (-) [[Ada, Oregon]], an ... | 630 | Ada | [] | [
"Adha (disambiguation)",
"Ada'a",
"Ade (disambiguation)",
"ADA (disambiguation)",
"Adah (disambiguation)",
"Ada regulon",
"USS ''Little Ada'' (1864)"
] |
[
"Film and television"
] | (-) [[Ada TV]], a television channel in the Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus (-) [[Ada (1961 film)|''Ada'' (1961 film)]], a 1961 film by Daniel Mann (-) [[Ada (2019 film)|''Ada'' (2019 film)]], a short biopic about Ada Lovelace (-) ''[[Ada... A Way of Life]]'', a 2008 Bollywood musical by Tanvir Ahmed (-) [[Ada (dog... | 630 | Ada | [] | [
"Adha (disambiguation)",
"Ada'a",
"Ade (disambiguation)",
"ADA (disambiguation)",
"Adah (disambiguation)",
"Ada regulon",
"USS ''Little Ada'' (1864)"
] |
[
"Biology"
] | (-) [[Ada (plant)|''Ada'' (plant)]], a genus of orchids (-) [[Adenosine deaminase]], an enzyme involved in purine metabolism (-) [[Ada (protein)]], an enzyme induced by treatment of bacterial cells | 630 | Ada | [] | [
"Adha (disambiguation)",
"Ada'a",
"Ade (disambiguation)",
"ADA (disambiguation)",
"Adah (disambiguation)",
"Ada regulon",
"USS ''Little Ada'' (1864)"
] |
[
"Computer science"
] | (-) [[Ada (programming language)]], programming language based on Pascal (-) [[Ada (computer virus)]] | 630 | Ada | [] | [
"Adha (disambiguation)",
"Ada'a",
"Ade (disambiguation)",
"ADA (disambiguation)",
"Adah (disambiguation)",
"Ada regulon",
"USS ''Little Ada'' (1864)"
] |
[
"Air travel"
] | (-) [[Ada Air]], a regional airline based in Tirana, Albania (-) [[Ada International Airport]] or Saipan International Airport, Saipan Island, Northern Mariana Islands (-) [[Aerolínea de Antioquia]], a Colombian airline (-) [[Airline Deregulation Act]], a 1978 US bill removing governmental control from commercial aviat... | 630 | Ada | [] | [
"Adha (disambiguation)",
"Ada'a",
"Ade (disambiguation)",
"ADA (disambiguation)",
"Adah (disambiguation)",
"Ada regulon",
"USS ''Little Ada'' (1864)"
] |
[
"Schools"
] | (-) [[Ada, the National College for Digital Skills]], a further education college in Tottenham Hale, London (-) [[Ada High School (Ohio)]], Ada, Ohio (-) [[Ada High School (Oklahoma)]], Ada, Oklahoma | 630 | Ada | [] | [
"Adha (disambiguation)",
"Ada'a",
"Ade (disambiguation)",
"ADA (disambiguation)",
"Adah (disambiguation)",
"Ada regulon",
"USS ''Little Ada'' (1864)"
] |
[
"People"
] | (-) [[Ada (name)]], a feminine given name and a surname, including a list of people and fictional characters (-) [[Ada Lovelace]] (1815–1852), computer scientist sometimes regarded as the first computer programmer | 630 | Ada | [] | [
"Adha (disambiguation)",
"Ada'a",
"Ade (disambiguation)",
"ADA (disambiguation)",
"Adah (disambiguation)",
"Ada regulon",
"USS ''Little Ada'' (1864)"
] |
[
"Other uses"
] | (-) [[List of tropical storms named Ada]] (-) [[Ada (food)]], a traditional Kerala delicacy (-) Ada, the currency of the [[Cardano (cryptocurrency platform)|Cardano cryptocurrency platform]] (-) [[Ada Bridge]], Belgrade, Serbia (-) , a cargo vessel built for the London and South Western Railway (-) [[Ada (ship)|''Ada''... | 630 | Ada | [] | [
"Adha (disambiguation)",
"Ada'a",
"Ade (disambiguation)",
"ADA (disambiguation)",
"Adah (disambiguation)",
"Ada regulon",
"USS ''Little Ada'' (1864)"
] |
[] | '''[[Aberdeen]]''' is a city in Scotland, United Kingdom. '''Aberdeen''' may also refer to: | 632 | Aberdeen (disambiguation) | [] | [
"Battle of Aberdeen (disambiguation)",
"Diocese of Aberdeen and Orkney",
"Etymology of Aberdeen",
"Aberdeen Central (disambiguation)",
"Marquess of Aberdeen and Temair",
"Aberdeen Hospital (disambiguation)",
"Aberdeen Act",
"Aberdeen Gardens (disambiguation)",
"Aberdeen Historic District (disambigua... |
[
"Places",
"Africa"
] | (-) [[Aberdeen, Sierra Leone]] (-) [[Aberdeen, Eastern Cape]], South Africa | 632 | Aberdeen (disambiguation) | [] | [
"Battle of Aberdeen (disambiguation)",
"Diocese of Aberdeen and Orkney",
"Etymology of Aberdeen",
"Aberdeen Central (disambiguation)",
"Marquess of Aberdeen and Temair",
"Aberdeen Hospital (disambiguation)",
"Aberdeen Act",
"Aberdeen Gardens (disambiguation)",
"Aberdeen Historic District (disambigua... |
[
"Places",
"Asia",
"Hong Kong"
] | (-) [[Aberdeen, Hong Kong]], an area and town on southwest Hong Kong Island (-) [[Aberdeen Channel]], a channel between Ap Lei Chau (Aberdeen Island) and Nam Long Shan on the Hong Kong Island in Hong Kong (-) [[Aberdeen floating village]], at Aberdeen Harbour, containing approximately 600 junks, which house an estimate... | 632 | Aberdeen (disambiguation) | [] | [
"Battle of Aberdeen (disambiguation)",
"Diocese of Aberdeen and Orkney",
"Etymology of Aberdeen",
"Aberdeen Central (disambiguation)",
"Marquess of Aberdeen and Temair",
"Aberdeen Hospital (disambiguation)",
"Aberdeen Act",
"Aberdeen Gardens (disambiguation)",
"Aberdeen Historic District (disambigua... |
[
"Places",
"Asia",
"India"
] | (-) Aberdeen Bazaar, a shopping centre in [[Port Blair]], South Andaman Island | 632 | Aberdeen (disambiguation) | [] | [
"Battle of Aberdeen (disambiguation)",
"Diocese of Aberdeen and Orkney",
"Etymology of Aberdeen",
"Aberdeen Central (disambiguation)",
"Marquess of Aberdeen and Temair",
"Aberdeen Hospital (disambiguation)",
"Aberdeen Act",
"Aberdeen Gardens (disambiguation)",
"Aberdeen Historic District (disambigua... |
[
"Places",
"Australia"
] | (-) [[Aberdeen, New South Wales]] (-) [[Aberdeen, South Australia]], one of the early townships that merged in 1940 to create the town of Burra (-) [[Aberdeen, Tasmania]], a suburb of the [[City of Devonport]] | 632 | Aberdeen (disambiguation) | [] | [
"Battle of Aberdeen (disambiguation)",
"Diocese of Aberdeen and Orkney",
"Etymology of Aberdeen",
"Aberdeen Central (disambiguation)",
"Marquess of Aberdeen and Temair",
"Aberdeen Hospital (disambiguation)",
"Aberdeen Act",
"Aberdeen Gardens (disambiguation)",
"Aberdeen Historic District (disambigua... |
[
"Places",
"Europe"
] | (-) [[Aberdeen (Parliament of Scotland constituency)]] (-) [[Aberdeen (UK Parliament constituency)]] 1832-1885 (-) [[Aberdeen Burghs (UK Parliament constituency)]] 1801-1832 (-) [[Aberdeen Central (Scottish Parliament constituency)]] (-) [[Aberdeen Central (UK Parliament constituency)]] (-) [[Aberdeen Donside (Scottish... | 632 | Aberdeen (disambiguation) | [] | [
"Battle of Aberdeen (disambiguation)",
"Diocese of Aberdeen and Orkney",
"Etymology of Aberdeen",
"Aberdeen Central (disambiguation)",
"Marquess of Aberdeen and Temair",
"Aberdeen Hospital (disambiguation)",
"Aberdeen Act",
"Aberdeen Gardens (disambiguation)",
"Aberdeen Historic District (disambigua... |
[
"Places",
"North America",
"Canada"
] | (-) Aberdeen, community in the township of [[Champlain, Ontario|Champlain]], Prescott and Russell County, Ontario (-) [[Aberdeen, Abbotsford]], a neighbourhood in the City of Abbotsford, British Columbia (-) [[Aberdeen Centre]], a shopping mall in Richmond, British Columbia (-) [[Aberdeen, Grey County, Ontario]] (-) [[... | 632 | Aberdeen (disambiguation) | [] | [
"Battle of Aberdeen (disambiguation)",
"Diocese of Aberdeen and Orkney",
"Etymology of Aberdeen",
"Aberdeen Central (disambiguation)",
"Marquess of Aberdeen and Temair",
"Aberdeen Hospital (disambiguation)",
"Aberdeen Act",
"Aberdeen Gardens (disambiguation)",
"Aberdeen Historic District (disambigua... |
[
"Places",
"North America",
"United States"
] | (-) [[Aberdeen, Arkansas]] (-) [[Aberdeen, Florida]] (-) [[Aberdeen, Georgia]] (-) [[Aberdeen, Idaho]] (-) [[Aberdeen, Ohio County, Indiana]] (-) [[Aberdeen, Porter County, Indiana]] (-) [[Aberdeen, Kentucky]] (-) [[Aberdeen, Maryland]] [[Aberdeen Proving Ground]], a United States Army facility located near Aberdeen, ... | 632 | Aberdeen (disambiguation) | [] | [
"Battle of Aberdeen (disambiguation)",
"Diocese of Aberdeen and Orkney",
"Etymology of Aberdeen",
"Aberdeen Central (disambiguation)",
"Marquess of Aberdeen and Temair",
"Aberdeen Hospital (disambiguation)",
"Aberdeen Act",
"Aberdeen Gardens (disambiguation)",
"Aberdeen Historic District (disambigua... |
[
"Education"
] | (-) [[Aberdeen Business School]] (-) [[Aberdeen College]], formerly one of the largest further education colleges in Scotland, merged with Banff & Buchan College to form North East Scotland College (-) [[Aberdeen Grammar School]], Aberdeen, Scotland (-) [[Aberdeen Hall]], a university-preparatory school in Kelowna, Bri... | 632 | Aberdeen (disambiguation) | [] | [
"Battle of Aberdeen (disambiguation)",
"Diocese of Aberdeen and Orkney",
"Etymology of Aberdeen",
"Aberdeen Central (disambiguation)",
"Marquess of Aberdeen and Temair",
"Aberdeen Hospital (disambiguation)",
"Aberdeen Act",
"Aberdeen Gardens (disambiguation)",
"Aberdeen Historic District (disambigua... |
[
"Entertainment"
] | (-) [[Aberdeen (2000 film)|''Aberdeen'' (2000 film)]], a 2000 Norwegian-British film directed by Hans Petter Moland, starring Stellan Skarsgård and Lena Headey (-) [[Aberdeen (2014 film)|''Aberdeen'' (2014 film)]], a 2014 Hong Kong film starring Louis Koo (-) [[Aberdeen (band)]], an American rock band (-) [[Aberdeen (s... | 632 | Aberdeen (disambiguation) | [] | [
"Battle of Aberdeen (disambiguation)",
"Diocese of Aberdeen and Orkney",
"Etymology of Aberdeen",
"Aberdeen Central (disambiguation)",
"Marquess of Aberdeen and Temair",
"Aberdeen Hospital (disambiguation)",
"Aberdeen Act",
"Aberdeen Gardens (disambiguation)",
"Aberdeen Historic District (disambigua... |
[
"Other transportation"
] | (-) [[Aberdeen Airport (disambiguation)]] (-) [[Aberdeen Lock and Dam]], one of four lock and dam structures on the Tennessee-Tombigbee Waterway | 632 | Aberdeen (disambiguation) | [] | [
"Battle of Aberdeen (disambiguation)",
"Diocese of Aberdeen and Orkney",
"Etymology of Aberdeen",
"Aberdeen Central (disambiguation)",
"Marquess of Aberdeen and Temair",
"Aberdeen Hospital (disambiguation)",
"Aberdeen Act",
"Aberdeen Gardens (disambiguation)",
"Aberdeen Historic District (disambigua... |
[
"Rail"
] | (-) [[Aberdeen, Carolina and Western Railway]], a short-line railroad operating in North Carolina (-) [[Aberdeen and Rockfish Railroad]], a short-line railroad operating in North Carolina (-) [[Aberdeen Corporation Tramways]] (-) [[Aberdeen Line (disambiguation)]] (-) [[Aberdeen station (disambiguation)]] (-) [[Dundee ... | 632 | Aberdeen (disambiguation) | [] | [
"Battle of Aberdeen (disambiguation)",
"Diocese of Aberdeen and Orkney",
"Etymology of Aberdeen",
"Aberdeen Central (disambiguation)",
"Marquess of Aberdeen and Temair",
"Aberdeen Hospital (disambiguation)",
"Aberdeen Act",
"Aberdeen Gardens (disambiguation)",
"Aberdeen Historic District (disambigua... |
[
"Shipping"
] | (-) [[Aberdeen Line]], a British shipping company founded in 1825 (-) , one of several ships by that name (-) , a sloop of the British Royal Navy that served between 1936 and 1948 (-) , a merchant ship operated during the latter stages of World War II, later commissioned as the USS ''Altair'' | 632 | Aberdeen (disambiguation) | [] | [
"Battle of Aberdeen (disambiguation)",
"Diocese of Aberdeen and Orkney",
"Etymology of Aberdeen",
"Aberdeen Central (disambiguation)",
"Marquess of Aberdeen and Temair",
"Aberdeen Hospital (disambiguation)",
"Aberdeen Act",
"Aberdeen Gardens (disambiguation)",
"Aberdeen Historic District (disambigua... |
[
"Sports"
] | (-) Aberdeen [[Dad Vail Regatta]], the largest regular intercollegiate rowing event in the United States, named after its sponsor, Aberdeen Asset Management (-) [[Aberdeen F.C. (disambiguation)]] (-) [[Aberdeen GSFP RFC]], an amateur rugby union club based in Aberdeen (-) [[Aberdeen IronBirds]], a minor league baseball... | 632 | Aberdeen (disambiguation) | [] | [
"Battle of Aberdeen (disambiguation)",
"Diocese of Aberdeen and Orkney",
"Etymology of Aberdeen",
"Aberdeen Central (disambiguation)",
"Marquess of Aberdeen and Temair",
"Aberdeen Hospital (disambiguation)",
"Aberdeen Act",
"Aberdeen Gardens (disambiguation)",
"Aberdeen Historic District (disambigua... |
[] | '''Algae''' (; singular '''alga''' ) is an informal term for a large and diverse group of [[photosynthesis|photosynthetic]] [[eukaryotic]] [[organism]]. It is a [[polyphyletic]] grouping that includes species from multiple distinct [[clade]]. Included organisms range from [[unicellular organism|unicellular]] [[microalg... | 633 | Algae | [
"Algae",
"Endosymbiotic events",
"Polyphyletic groups"
] | [
"AlgaeBase",
"Toxoid",
"Plant",
"Marimo",
"Photobioreactor",
"Eutrophication",
"Microphyte",
"Microbiofuels",
"Phycotechnology",
"Iron fertilization",
"AlgaePARC"
] |
[] | Because of the wide range of types of algae, they have increasing different industrial and traditional applications in human society. Traditional [[seaweed farming]] practices have existed for thousands of years and have strong traditions in East Asia food cultures. More modern [[algaculture]] applications extend the [... | 633 | Algae | [
"Algae",
"Endosymbiotic events",
"Polyphyletic groups"
] | [
"AlgaeBase",
"Toxoid",
"Plant",
"Marimo",
"Photobioreactor",
"Eutrophication",
"Microphyte",
"Microbiofuels",
"Phycotechnology",
"Iron fertilization",
"AlgaePARC"
] |
[
"Etymology and study"
] | The singular is the Latin word for 'seaweed' and retains that meaning in English. The [[etymology]] is obscure. Although some speculate that it is related to Latin , 'be cold', no reason is known to associate seaweed with temperature. A more likely source is , 'binding, entwining'. The [[Ancient Greek]] word for 'seawe... | 633 | Algae | [
"Algae",
"Endosymbiotic events",
"Polyphyletic groups"
] | [
"AlgaeBase",
"Toxoid",
"Plant",
"Marimo",
"Photobioreactor",
"Eutrophication",
"Microphyte",
"Microbiofuels",
"Phycotechnology",
"Iron fertilization",
"AlgaePARC"
] |
[
"Classifications"
] | The committee on the International Code of Botanical Nomenclature has recommended certain suffixes for use in the classification of algae. These are '''-phyta''' for division, ''-phyceae'' for class, ''-phycideae'' for subclass, ''-ales'' for order, ''-inales'' for suborder, ''-aceae'' for family, ''-oidease'' for subf... | 633 | Algae | [
"Algae",
"Endosymbiotic events",
"Polyphyletic groups"
] | [
"AlgaeBase",
"Toxoid",
"Plant",
"Marimo",
"Photobioreactor",
"Eutrophication",
"Microphyte",
"Microbiofuels",
"Phycotechnology",
"Iron fertilization",
"AlgaePARC"
] |
[
"Classifications",
"Algal characteristics basic to primary classification"
] | The primary classification of algae is based on certain morphological features. The chief among these are (a) pigment constitution of the cell, (b) chemical nature of stored food materials, (c) kind, number, point of insertion and relative length of the flagella on the motile cell, (d) chemical composition of cell wall... | 633 | Algae | [
"Algae",
"Endosymbiotic events",
"Polyphyletic groups"
] | [
"AlgaeBase",
"Toxoid",
"Plant",
"Marimo",
"Photobioreactor",
"Eutrophication",
"Microphyte",
"Microbiofuels",
"Phycotechnology",
"Iron fertilization",
"AlgaePARC"
] |
[
"Classifications",
"History of classification of algae"
] | Although [[Carolus Linnaeus]] (1754) included algae along with lichens in his 25th class Cryptogamia, he did not elaborate further on the classification of algae. [[Jean Pierre Étienne Vaucher]] (1803) was perhaps the first to propose a system of classification of algae, and he recognized three groups, Conferves, Ulves... | 633 | Algae | [
"Algae",
"Endosymbiotic events",
"Polyphyletic groups"
] | [
"AlgaeBase",
"Toxoid",
"Plant",
"Marimo",
"Photobioreactor",
"Eutrophication",
"Microphyte",
"Microbiofuels",
"Phycotechnology",
"Iron fertilization",
"AlgaePARC"
] |
[
"Classifications",
"History of classification of algae"
] | Although used as a taxonomic category in some pre-Darwinian classifications, e.g., Linnaeus (1753), de Jussieu (1789), Horaninow (1843), Agassiz (1859), Wilson & Cassin (1864), in further classifications, the "algae" are seen as an artificial, polyphyletic group. Throughout the 20th century, most classifications treate... | 633 | Algae | [
"Algae",
"Endosymbiotic events",
"Polyphyletic groups"
] | [
"AlgaeBase",
"Toxoid",
"Plant",
"Marimo",
"Photobioreactor",
"Eutrophication",
"Microphyte",
"Microbiofuels",
"Phycotechnology",
"Iron fertilization",
"AlgaePARC"
] |
[
"Relationship to land plants"
] | The first land plants probably evolved from shallow freshwater charophyte algae much like ''[[Chara (alga)|Chara]]'' almost 500 million years ago. These probably had an isomorphic [[alternation of generations]] and were probably filamentous. Fossils of isolated land plant spores suggest land plants may have been around... | 633 | Algae | [
"Algae",
"Endosymbiotic events",
"Polyphyletic groups"
] | [
"AlgaeBase",
"Toxoid",
"Plant",
"Marimo",
"Photobioreactor",
"Eutrophication",
"Microphyte",
"Microbiofuels",
"Phycotechnology",
"Iron fertilization",
"AlgaePARC"
] |
[
"Morphology"
] | A range of algal [[Morphology (biology)|morphologies]] is exhibited, and [[Convergent evolution|convergence]] of features in unrelated groups is common. The only groups to exhibit three-dimensional multicellular [[Thallus|thalli]] are the [[Red algae|reds]] and [[Brown algae|browns]], and some [[Chlorophyta|chlorophyte... | 633 | Algae | [
"Algae",
"Endosymbiotic events",
"Polyphyletic groups"
] | [
"AlgaeBase",
"Toxoid",
"Plant",
"Marimo",
"Photobioreactor",
"Eutrophication",
"Microphyte",
"Microbiofuels",
"Phycotechnology",
"Iron fertilization",
"AlgaePARC"
] |
[
"Morphology",
"Turfs"
] | The term algal turf is commonly used but poorly defined. Algal turfs are thick, carpet-like beds of seaweed that retain sediment and compete with foundation species like [[coral reef|corals]] and [[kelp forest#kelp|kelps]], and they are usually less than 15 cm tall. Such a turf may consist of one or more species, and w... | 633 | Algae | [
"Algae",
"Endosymbiotic events",
"Polyphyletic groups"
] | [
"AlgaeBase",
"Toxoid",
"Plant",
"Marimo",
"Photobioreactor",
"Eutrophication",
"Microphyte",
"Microbiofuels",
"Phycotechnology",
"Iron fertilization",
"AlgaePARC"
] |
[
"Physiology"
] | Many algae, particularly members of the [[Characeae]] species, have served as model experimental organisms to understand the mechanisms of the water permeability of membranes, [[osmoregulation]], [[turgor regulation]], [[salt tolerance]], [[cytoplasmic streaming]], and the generation of [[action potentials]]. [[Phytoho... | 633 | Algae | [
"Algae",
"Endosymbiotic events",
"Polyphyletic groups"
] | [
"AlgaeBase",
"Toxoid",
"Plant",
"Marimo",
"Photobioreactor",
"Eutrophication",
"Microphyte",
"Microbiofuels",
"Phycotechnology",
"Iron fertilization",
"AlgaePARC"
] |
[
"Symbiotic algae"
] | Some species of algae form [[symbiosis|symbiotic relationships]] with other organisms. In these symbioses, the algae supply photosynthates (organic substances) to the host organism providing protection to the algal cells. The host organism derives some or all of its energy requirements from the algae. Examples are: | 633 | Algae | [
"Algae",
"Endosymbiotic events",
"Polyphyletic groups"
] | [
"AlgaeBase",
"Toxoid",
"Plant",
"Marimo",
"Photobioreactor",
"Eutrophication",
"Microphyte",
"Microbiofuels",
"Phycotechnology",
"Iron fertilization",
"AlgaePARC"
] |
[
"Symbiotic algae",
"Lichens"
] | [[Lichen]] are defined by the [[International Association for Lichenology]] to be "an association of a fungus and a photosynthetic [[symbiont]] resulting in a stable vegetative body having a specific structure". The fungi, or mycobionts, are mainly from the [[Ascomycota]] with a few from the [[Basidiomycota]]. In natur... | 633 | Algae | [
"Algae",
"Endosymbiotic events",
"Polyphyletic groups"
] | [
"AlgaeBase",
"Toxoid",
"Plant",
"Marimo",
"Photobioreactor",
"Eutrophication",
"Microphyte",
"Microbiofuels",
"Phycotechnology",
"Iron fertilization",
"AlgaePARC"
] |
[
"Symbiotic algae",
"Coral reefs"
] | [[Coral reef]] are accumulated from the [[calcareous]] [[exoskeleton]] of [[marine invertebrate]] of the order [[Scleractinia]] (stony [[coral]]). These [[Animal#Food and energy sourcing|animals]] [[Metabolism|metabolize]] [[Sugar#Chemistry|sugar]] and oxygen to obtain energy for their cell-building processes, includi... | 633 | Algae | [
"Algae",
"Endosymbiotic events",
"Polyphyletic groups"
] | [
"AlgaeBase",
"Toxoid",
"Plant",
"Marimo",
"Photobioreactor",
"Eutrophication",
"Microphyte",
"Microbiofuels",
"Phycotechnology",
"Iron fertilization",
"AlgaePARC"
] |
[
"Symbiotic algae",
"Sea sponges"
] | [[Endosymbiont]] green algae live close to the surface of some sponges, for example, breadcrumb sponges (''[[Halichondria panicea]]''). The alga is thus protected from predators; the sponge is provided with oxygen and sugars which can account for 50 to 80% of sponge growth in some species. | 633 | Algae | [
"Algae",
"Endosymbiotic events",
"Polyphyletic groups"
] | [
"AlgaeBase",
"Toxoid",
"Plant",
"Marimo",
"Photobioreactor",
"Eutrophication",
"Microphyte",
"Microbiofuels",
"Phycotechnology",
"Iron fertilization",
"AlgaePARC"
] |
[
"Lifecycle"
] | [[Rhodophyta]], [[Chlorophyta]], and [[Heterokontophyta]], the three main algal [[phylum|divisions]], have lifecycles which show considerable variation and complexity. In general, an asexual phase exists where the seaweed's cells are [[diploid]], a sexual phase where the cells are [[haploid]], followed by fusion of the... | 633 | Algae | [
"Algae",
"Endosymbiotic events",
"Polyphyletic groups"
] | [
"AlgaeBase",
"Toxoid",
"Plant",
"Marimo",
"Photobioreactor",
"Eutrophication",
"Microphyte",
"Microbiofuels",
"Phycotechnology",
"Iron fertilization",
"AlgaePARC"
] |
[
"Numbers"
] | The ''Algal Collection of the US National Herbarium'' (located in the [[National Museum of Natural History]]) consists of approximately 320,500 dried specimens, which, although not exhaustive (no exhaustive collection exists), gives an idea of the order of magnitude of the number of algal species (that number remains u... | 633 | Algae | [
"Algae",
"Endosymbiotic events",
"Polyphyletic groups"
] | [
"AlgaeBase",
"Toxoid",
"Plant",
"Marimo",
"Photobioreactor",
"Eutrophication",
"Microphyte",
"Microbiofuels",
"Phycotechnology",
"Iron fertilization",
"AlgaePARC"
] |
[
"Distribution"
] | The distribution of algal species has been fairly well studied since the founding of [[phytogeography]] in the mid-19th century. Algae spread mainly by the dispersal of [[spore]] analogously to the dispersal of [[Plantae]] by [[seeds]] and [[spores]]. This dispersal can be accomplished by air, water, or other organisms... | 633 | Algae | [
"Algae",
"Endosymbiotic events",
"Polyphyletic groups"
] | [
"AlgaeBase",
"Toxoid",
"Plant",
"Marimo",
"Photobioreactor",
"Eutrophication",
"Microphyte",
"Microbiofuels",
"Phycotechnology",
"Iron fertilization",
"AlgaePARC"
] |
[
"Ecology"
] | Algae are prominent in bodies of water, common in terrestrial environments, and are found in unusual environments, such as on [[Snow algae|snow]] and [[Ice algae|ice]]. Seaweeds grow mostly in shallow marine waters, under deep; however, some such as ''[[Navicula]] pennata'' have been recorded to a depth of . A type of ... | 633 | Algae | [
"Algae",
"Endosymbiotic events",
"Polyphyletic groups"
] | [
"AlgaeBase",
"Toxoid",
"Plant",
"Marimo",
"Photobioreactor",
"Eutrophication",
"Microphyte",
"Microbiofuels",
"Phycotechnology",
"Iron fertilization",
"AlgaePARC"
] |
[
"Cultural associations"
] | In [[classical Chinese]], the word is used both for "algae" and (in the modest tradition of the [[scholar-official|imperial scholars]]) for "literary talent". The third island in [[Kunming Lake]] beside the [[Summer Palace]] in Beijing is known as the Zaojian Tang Dao, which thus simultaneously means "Island of the Alg... | 633 | Algae | [
"Algae",
"Endosymbiotic events",
"Polyphyletic groups"
] | [
"AlgaeBase",
"Toxoid",
"Plant",
"Marimo",
"Photobioreactor",
"Eutrophication",
"Microphyte",
"Microbiofuels",
"Phycotechnology",
"Iron fertilization",
"AlgaePARC"
] |
[
"Uses",
"Agar"
] | [[Agar]], a [[gelatin]] substance derived from red algae, has a number of commercial uses. It is a good medium on which to grow bacteria and fungi, as most microorganisms cannot digest agar. | 633 | Algae | [
"Algae",
"Endosymbiotic events",
"Polyphyletic groups"
] | [
"AlgaeBase",
"Toxoid",
"Plant",
"Marimo",
"Photobioreactor",
"Eutrophication",
"Microphyte",
"Microbiofuels",
"Phycotechnology",
"Iron fertilization",
"AlgaePARC"
] |
[
"Uses",
"Alginates"
] | [[Alginic acid]], or alginate, is extracted from [[brown algae]]. Its uses range from gelling agents in food, to medical dressings. Alginic acid also has been used in the field of [[biotechnology]] as a [[Biocompatibility|biocompatible medium]] for cell encapsulation and cell immobilization. [[Molecular cuisine]] is al... | 633 | Algae | [
"Algae",
"Endosymbiotic events",
"Polyphyletic groups"
] | [
"AlgaeBase",
"Toxoid",
"Plant",
"Marimo",
"Photobioreactor",
"Eutrophication",
"Microphyte",
"Microbiofuels",
"Phycotechnology",
"Iron fertilization",
"AlgaePARC"
] |
[
"Uses",
"Energy source"
] | To be competitive and independent from fluctuating support from (local) policy on the long run, biofuels should equal or beat the cost level of fossil fuels. Here, algae-based fuels hold great promise, directly related to the potential to produce more biomass per unit area in a year than any other form of biomass. The ... | 633 | Algae | [
"Algae",
"Endosymbiotic events",
"Polyphyletic groups"
] | [
"AlgaeBase",
"Toxoid",
"Plant",
"Marimo",
"Photobioreactor",
"Eutrophication",
"Microphyte",
"Microbiofuels",
"Phycotechnology",
"Iron fertilization",
"AlgaePARC"
] |
[
"Uses",
"Fertilizer"
] | For centuries, seaweed has been used as a fertilizer; [[George Owen of Henllys]] writing in the 16th century referring to drift weed in [[South Wales]]: Today, algae are used by humans in many ways; for example, as [[fertilizer]], [[soil conditioner]], and livestock feed. Aquatic and microscopic species are cultured in... | 633 | Algae | [
"Algae",
"Endosymbiotic events",
"Polyphyletic groups"
] | [
"AlgaeBase",
"Toxoid",
"Plant",
"Marimo",
"Photobioreactor",
"Eutrophication",
"Microphyte",
"Microbiofuels",
"Phycotechnology",
"Iron fertilization",
"AlgaePARC"
] |
[
"Uses",
"Nutrition"
] | Naturally growing seaweeds are an important source of food, especially in Asia, leading some to label them as [[superfood]]. They provide many vitamins including: A, [[Thiamine|B]], [[Riboflavin|B]], [[Vitamin B6|B]], [[niacin]], and [[Vitamin C|C]], and are rich in [[iodine]], [[potassium]], iron, [[magnesium]], and [... | 633 | Algae | [
"Algae",
"Endosymbiotic events",
"Polyphyletic groups"
] | [
"AlgaeBase",
"Toxoid",
"Plant",
"Marimo",
"Photobioreactor",
"Eutrophication",
"Microphyte",
"Microbiofuels",
"Phycotechnology",
"Iron fertilization",
"AlgaePARC"
] |
[
"Uses",
"Pollution control"
] | (-) Sewage can be treated with algae, reducing the use of large amounts of toxic chemicals that would otherwise be needed. (-) Algae can be used to capture fertilizers in runoff from farms. When subsequently harvested, the enriched algae can be used as fertilizer. (-) Aquaria and ponds can be filtered using algae, whic... | 633 | Algae | [
"Algae",
"Endosymbiotic events",
"Polyphyletic groups"
] | [
"AlgaeBase",
"Toxoid",
"Plant",
"Marimo",
"Photobioreactor",
"Eutrophication",
"Microphyte",
"Microbiofuels",
"Phycotechnology",
"Iron fertilization",
"AlgaePARC"
] |
[
"Uses",
"Polymers"
] | Various polymers can be created from algae, which can be especially useful in the creation of bioplastics. These include hybrid plastics, cellulose-based plastics, poly-lactic acid, and bio-polyethylene. Several companies have begun to produce algae polymers commercially, including for use in flip-flops and in surf boa... | 633 | Algae | [
"Algae",
"Endosymbiotic events",
"Polyphyletic groups"
] | [
"AlgaeBase",
"Toxoid",
"Plant",
"Marimo",
"Photobioreactor",
"Eutrophication",
"Microphyte",
"Microbiofuels",
"Phycotechnology",
"Iron fertilization",
"AlgaePARC"
] |
[
"Uses",
"Bioremediation"
] | The alga ''[[Stichococcus bacillaris]]'' has been seen to colonize silicone resins used at archaeological sites; [[Biodegradation|biodegrading]] the synthetic substance. | 633 | Algae | [
"Algae",
"Endosymbiotic events",
"Polyphyletic groups"
] | [
"AlgaeBase",
"Toxoid",
"Plant",
"Marimo",
"Photobioreactor",
"Eutrophication",
"Microphyte",
"Microbiofuels",
"Phycotechnology",
"Iron fertilization",
"AlgaePARC"
] |
[
"Uses",
"Pigments"
] | The natural [[pigment]] ([[carotenoid]] and [[chlorophyll]]) produced by algae can be used as alternatives to chemical [[dye]] and coloring agents. The presence of some individual algal pigments, together with specific pigment concentration ratios, are taxon-specific: analysis of their concentrations with various analy... | 633 | Algae | [
"Algae",
"Endosymbiotic events",
"Polyphyletic groups"
] | [
"AlgaeBase",
"Toxoid",
"Plant",
"Marimo",
"Photobioreactor",
"Eutrophication",
"Microphyte",
"Microbiofuels",
"Phycotechnology",
"Iron fertilization",
"AlgaePARC"
] |
[
"Uses",
"Stabilizing substances"
] | Carrageenan, from the red alga ''Chondrus crispus'', is used as a stabilizer in milk products. | 633 | Algae | [
"Algae",
"Endosymbiotic events",
"Polyphyletic groups"
] | [
"AlgaeBase",
"Toxoid",
"Plant",
"Marimo",
"Photobioreactor",
"Eutrophication",
"Microphyte",
"Microbiofuels",
"Phycotechnology",
"Iron fertilization",
"AlgaePARC"
] |
[] | '''Analysis of variance''' ('''ANOVA''') is a collection of [[statistical model]] and their associated estimation procedures (such as the "variation" among and between groups) used to analyze the differences among means. ANOVA was developed by the [[statistician]] [[Ronald Fisher]]. ANOVA is based on the [[law of total... | 634 | Analysis of variance | [
"Analysis of variance",
"Design of experiments",
"Statistical tests",
"Parametric statistics"
] | [
"Permutational analysis of variance",
"Multivariate analysis of covariance",
"Two-way analysis of variance",
"Analysis of covariance",
"Linear trend estimation",
"Analysis of rhythmic variance",
"Repeated measures ANOVA",
"Expected mean squares",
"ANOVA on ranks",
"ANOVA-simultaneous component ana... |
[
"History"
] | While the analysis of variance reached fruition in the 20th century, antecedents extend centuries into the past according to Stigler. These include hypothesis testing, the partitioning of sums of squares, experimental techniques and the additive model. [[Pierre-Simon Laplace|Laplace]] was performing hypothesis testing ... | 634 | Analysis of variance | [
"Analysis of variance",
"Design of experiments",
"Statistical tests",
"Parametric statistics"
] | [
"Permutational analysis of variance",
"Multivariate analysis of covariance",
"Two-way analysis of variance",
"Analysis of covariance",
"Linear trend estimation",
"Analysis of rhythmic variance",
"Repeated measures ANOVA",
"Expected mean squares",
"ANOVA on ranks",
"ANOVA-simultaneous component ana... |
[
"Example"
] | The analysis of variance can be used to describe otherwise complex relations among variables. A dog show provides an example. A dog show is not a random sampling of the breed: it is typically limited to dogs that are adult, pure-bred, and exemplary. A histogram of dog weights from a show might plausibly be rather compl... | 634 | Analysis of variance | [
"Analysis of variance",
"Design of experiments",
"Statistical tests",
"Parametric statistics"
] | [
"Permutational analysis of variance",
"Multivariate analysis of covariance",
"Two-way analysis of variance",
"Analysis of covariance",
"Linear trend estimation",
"Analysis of rhythmic variance",
"Repeated measures ANOVA",
"Expected mean squares",
"ANOVA on ranks",
"ANOVA-simultaneous component ana... |
[
"Background and terminology"
] | ANOVA is a form of [[statistical hypothesis testing]] heavily used in the analysis of experimental data. A test result (calculated from the [[null hypothesis]] and the sample) is called statistically significant if it is deemed unlikely to have occurred by chance, ''assuming the truth of the null hypothesis''. A statis... | 634 | Analysis of variance | [
"Analysis of variance",
"Design of experiments",
"Statistical tests",
"Parametric statistics"
] | [
"Permutational analysis of variance",
"Multivariate analysis of covariance",
"Two-way analysis of variance",
"Analysis of covariance",
"Linear trend estimation",
"Analysis of rhythmic variance",
"Repeated measures ANOVA",
"Expected mean squares",
"ANOVA on ranks",
"ANOVA-simultaneous component ana... |
[
"Classes of models"
] | There are three classes of models used in the analysis of variance, and these are outlined here. | 634 | Analysis of variance | [
"Analysis of variance",
"Design of experiments",
"Statistical tests",
"Parametric statistics"
] | [
"Permutational analysis of variance",
"Multivariate analysis of covariance",
"Two-way analysis of variance",
"Analysis of covariance",
"Linear trend estimation",
"Analysis of rhythmic variance",
"Repeated measures ANOVA",
"Expected mean squares",
"ANOVA on ranks",
"ANOVA-simultaneous component ana... |
[
"Classes of models",
"Fixed-effects models"
] | The fixed-effects model (class I) of analysis of variance applies to situations in which the experimenter applies one or more treatments to the subjects of the experiment to see whether the [[response variable]] values change. This allows the experimenter to estimate the ranges of response variable values that the trea... | 634 | Analysis of variance | [
"Analysis of variance",
"Design of experiments",
"Statistical tests",
"Parametric statistics"
] | [
"Permutational analysis of variance",
"Multivariate analysis of covariance",
"Two-way analysis of variance",
"Analysis of covariance",
"Linear trend estimation",
"Analysis of rhythmic variance",
"Repeated measures ANOVA",
"Expected mean squares",
"ANOVA on ranks",
"ANOVA-simultaneous component ana... |
[
"Classes of models",
"Random-effects models"
] | Random-effects model (class II) is used when the treatments are not fixed. This occurs when the various factor levels are sampled from a larger population. Because the levels themselves are [[random variable]], some assumptions and the method of contrasting the treatments (a multi-variable generalization of simple diff... | 634 | Analysis of variance | [
"Analysis of variance",
"Design of experiments",
"Statistical tests",
"Parametric statistics"
] | [
"Permutational analysis of variance",
"Multivariate analysis of covariance",
"Two-way analysis of variance",
"Analysis of covariance",
"Linear trend estimation",
"Analysis of rhythmic variance",
"Repeated measures ANOVA",
"Expected mean squares",
"ANOVA on ranks",
"ANOVA-simultaneous component ana... |
[
"Classes of models",
"Mixed-effects models"
] | A mixed-effects model (class III) contains experimental factors of both fixed and random-effects types, with appropriately different interpretations and analysis for the two types. Example: Teaching experiments could be performed by a college or university department to find a good introductory textbook, with each text... | 634 | Analysis of variance | [
"Analysis of variance",
"Design of experiments",
"Statistical tests",
"Parametric statistics"
] | [
"Permutational analysis of variance",
"Multivariate analysis of covariance",
"Two-way analysis of variance",
"Analysis of covariance",
"Linear trend estimation",
"Analysis of rhythmic variance",
"Repeated measures ANOVA",
"Expected mean squares",
"ANOVA on ranks",
"ANOVA-simultaneous component ana... |
[
"Assumptions"
] | The analysis of variance has been studied from several approaches, the most common of which uses a [[linear model]] that relates the response to the treatments and blocks. Note that the model is linear in parameters but may be nonlinear across factor levels. Interpretation is easy when data is balanced across factors b... | 634 | Analysis of variance | [
"Analysis of variance",
"Design of experiments",
"Statistical tests",
"Parametric statistics"
] | [
"Permutational analysis of variance",
"Multivariate analysis of covariance",
"Two-way analysis of variance",
"Analysis of covariance",
"Linear trend estimation",
"Analysis of rhythmic variance",
"Repeated measures ANOVA",
"Expected mean squares",
"ANOVA on ranks",
"ANOVA-simultaneous component ana... |
[
"Assumptions",
"Textbook analysis using a normal distribution"
] | The analysis of variance can be presented in terms of a [[linear model]], which makes the following assumptions about the [[probability distribution]] of the responses: (-) [[Statistical independence|Independence]] of observations – this is an assumption of the model that simplifies the statistical analysis. (-) [[norm... | 634 | Analysis of variance | [
"Analysis of variance",
"Design of experiments",
"Statistical tests",
"Parametric statistics"
] | [
"Permutational analysis of variance",
"Multivariate analysis of covariance",
"Two-way analysis of variance",
"Analysis of covariance",
"Linear trend estimation",
"Analysis of rhythmic variance",
"Repeated measures ANOVA",
"Expected mean squares",
"ANOVA on ranks",
"ANOVA-simultaneous component ana... |
[
"Assumptions",
"Randomization-based analysis"
] | In a [[Randomized controlled trial|randomized controlled experiment]], the treatments are randomly assigned to experimental units, following the experimental protocol. This randomization is objective and declared before the experiment is carried out. The objective random-assignment is used to test the significance of t... | 634 | Analysis of variance | [
"Analysis of variance",
"Design of experiments",
"Statistical tests",
"Parametric statistics"
] | [
"Permutational analysis of variance",
"Multivariate analysis of covariance",
"Two-way analysis of variance",
"Analysis of covariance",
"Linear trend estimation",
"Analysis of rhythmic variance",
"Repeated measures ANOVA",
"Expected mean squares",
"ANOVA on ranks",
"ANOVA-simultaneous component ana... |
[
"Assumptions",
"Randomization-based analysis",
"Unit-treatment additivity"
] | In its simplest form, the assumption of unit-treatment additivity states that the observed response formula_3 from experimental unit formula_4 when receiving treatment formula_5 can be written as the sum of the unit's response formula_6 and the treatment-effect formula_7, that is formula_8 The assumption of unit-trea... | 634 | Analysis of variance | [
"Analysis of variance",
"Design of experiments",
"Statistical tests",
"Parametric statistics"
] | [
"Permutational analysis of variance",
"Multivariate analysis of covariance",
"Two-way analysis of variance",
"Analysis of covariance",
"Linear trend estimation",
"Analysis of rhythmic variance",
"Repeated measures ANOVA",
"Expected mean squares",
"ANOVA on ranks",
"ANOVA-simultaneous component ana... |
[
"Assumptions",
"Randomization-based analysis",
"Derived linear model"
] | Kempthorne uses the randomization-distribution and the assumption of ''unit treatment additivity'' to produce a ''derived linear model'', very similar to the textbook model discussed previously. The test statistics of this derived linear model are closely approximated by the test statistics of an appropriate normal lin... | 634 | Analysis of variance | [
"Analysis of variance",
"Design of experiments",
"Statistical tests",
"Parametric statistics"
] | [
"Permutational analysis of variance",
"Multivariate analysis of covariance",
"Two-way analysis of variance",
"Analysis of covariance",
"Linear trend estimation",
"Analysis of rhythmic variance",
"Repeated measures ANOVA",
"Expected mean squares",
"ANOVA on ranks",
"ANOVA-simultaneous component ana... |
[
"Assumptions",
"Randomization-based analysis",
"Statistical models for observational data"
] | However, when applied to data from non-randomized experiments or [[observational study|observational studies]], model-based analysis lacks the warrant of randomization. For observational data, the derivation of confidence intervals must use ''subjective'' models, as emphasized by [[Ronald Fisher]] and his followers. In... | 634 | Analysis of variance | [
"Analysis of variance",
"Design of experiments",
"Statistical tests",
"Parametric statistics"
] | [
"Permutational analysis of variance",
"Multivariate analysis of covariance",
"Two-way analysis of variance",
"Analysis of covariance",
"Linear trend estimation",
"Analysis of rhythmic variance",
"Repeated measures ANOVA",
"Expected mean squares",
"ANOVA on ranks",
"ANOVA-simultaneous component ana... |
[
"Assumptions",
"Summary of assumptions"
] | The normal-model based ANOVA analysis assumes the independence, normality and homogeneity of variances of the residuals. The randomization-based analysis assumes only the homogeneity of the variances of the residuals (as a consequence of unit-treatment additivity) and uses the randomization procedure of the experiment.... | 634 | Analysis of variance | [
"Analysis of variance",
"Design of experiments",
"Statistical tests",
"Parametric statistics"
] | [
"Permutational analysis of variance",
"Multivariate analysis of covariance",
"Two-way analysis of variance",
"Analysis of covariance",
"Linear trend estimation",
"Analysis of rhythmic variance",
"Repeated measures ANOVA",
"Expected mean squares",
"ANOVA on ranks",
"ANOVA-simultaneous component ana... |
[
"Characteristics"
] | ANOVA is used in the analysis of comparative experiments, those in which only the difference in outcomes is of interest. The statistical significance of the experiment is determined by a ratio of two variances. This ratio is independent of several possible alterations to the experimental observations: Adding a constant... | 634 | Analysis of variance | [
"Analysis of variance",
"Design of experiments",
"Statistical tests",
"Parametric statistics"
] | [
"Permutational analysis of variance",
"Multivariate analysis of covariance",
"Two-way analysis of variance",
"Analysis of covariance",
"Linear trend estimation",
"Analysis of rhythmic variance",
"Repeated measures ANOVA",
"Expected mean squares",
"ANOVA on ranks",
"ANOVA-simultaneous component ana... |
[
"Logic"
] | The calculations of ANOVA can be characterized as computing a number of means and variances, dividing two variances and comparing the ratio to a handbook value to determine statistical significance. Calculating a treatment effect is then trivial: "the effect of any treatment is estimated by taking the difference betwee... | 634 | Analysis of variance | [
"Analysis of variance",
"Design of experiments",
"Statistical tests",
"Parametric statistics"
] | [
"Permutational analysis of variance",
"Multivariate analysis of covariance",
"Two-way analysis of variance",
"Analysis of covariance",
"Linear trend estimation",
"Analysis of rhythmic variance",
"Repeated measures ANOVA",
"Expected mean squares",
"ANOVA on ranks",
"ANOVA-simultaneous component ana... |
[
"Logic",
"Partitioning of the sum of squares"
] | ANOVA uses traditional standardized terminology. The definitional equation of sample variance is formula_12, where the divisor is called the degrees of freedom (DF), the summation is called the sum of squares (SS), the result is called the mean square (MS) and the squared terms are deviations from the sample mean. ANOV... | 634 | Analysis of variance | [
"Analysis of variance",
"Design of experiments",
"Statistical tests",
"Parametric statistics"
] | [
"Permutational analysis of variance",
"Multivariate analysis of covariance",
"Two-way analysis of variance",
"Analysis of covariance",
"Linear trend estimation",
"Analysis of rhythmic variance",
"Repeated measures ANOVA",
"Expected mean squares",
"ANOVA on ranks",
"ANOVA-simultaneous component ana... |
[
"Logic",
"The ''F''-test"
] | The [[F-test|''F''-test]] is used for comparing the factors of the total deviation. For example, in one-way, or single-factor ANOVA, statistical significance is tested for by comparing the F test statistic formula_15 formula_16 where ''MS'' is mean square, formula_17 = number of treatments and formula_18 = total number... | 634 | Analysis of variance | [
"Analysis of variance",
"Design of experiments",
"Statistical tests",
"Parametric statistics"
] | [
"Permutational analysis of variance",
"Multivariate analysis of covariance",
"Two-way analysis of variance",
"Analysis of covariance",
"Linear trend estimation",
"Analysis of rhythmic variance",
"Repeated measures ANOVA",
"Expected mean squares",
"ANOVA on ranks",
"ANOVA-simultaneous component ana... |
[
"Logic",
"Extended logic"
] | ANOVA consists of separable parts; partitioning sources of variance and hypothesis testing can be used individually. ANOVA is used to support other statistical tools. Regression is first used to fit more complex models to data, then ANOVA is used to compare models with the objective of selecting simple(r) models that a... | 634 | Analysis of variance | [
"Analysis of variance",
"Design of experiments",
"Statistical tests",
"Parametric statistics"
] | [
"Permutational analysis of variance",
"Multivariate analysis of covariance",
"Two-way analysis of variance",
"Analysis of covariance",
"Linear trend estimation",
"Analysis of rhythmic variance",
"Repeated measures ANOVA",
"Expected mean squares",
"ANOVA on ranks",
"ANOVA-simultaneous component ana... |
[
"For a single factor"
] | The simplest experiment suitable for ANOVA analysis is the completely randomized experiment with a single factor. More complex experiments with a single factor involve constraints on randomization and include completely randomized blocks and Latin squares (and variants: Graeco-Latin squares, etc.). The more complex exp... | 634 | Analysis of variance | [
"Analysis of variance",
"Design of experiments",
"Statistical tests",
"Parametric statistics"
] | [
"Permutational analysis of variance",
"Multivariate analysis of covariance",
"Two-way analysis of variance",
"Analysis of covariance",
"Linear trend estimation",
"Analysis of rhythmic variance",
"Repeated measures ANOVA",
"Expected mean squares",
"ANOVA on ranks",
"ANOVA-simultaneous component ana... |
[
"For multiple factors"
] | ANOVA generalizes to the study of the effects of multiple factors. When the experiment includes observations at all combinations of levels of each factor, it is termed [[Factorial experiment|factorial]]. Factorial experiments are more efficient than a series of single factor experiments and the efficiency grows as the ... | 634 | Analysis of variance | [
"Analysis of variance",
"Design of experiments",
"Statistical tests",
"Parametric statistics"
] | [
"Permutational analysis of variance",
"Multivariate analysis of covariance",
"Two-way analysis of variance",
"Analysis of covariance",
"Linear trend estimation",
"Analysis of rhythmic variance",
"Repeated measures ANOVA",
"Expected mean squares",
"ANOVA on ranks",
"ANOVA-simultaneous component ana... |
[
"Associated analysis"
] | Some analysis is required in support of the ''design'' of the experiment while other analysis is performed after changes in the factors are formally found to produce statistically significant changes in the responses. Because experimentation is iterative, the results of one experiment alter plans for following experime... | 634 | Analysis of variance | [
"Analysis of variance",
"Design of experiments",
"Statistical tests",
"Parametric statistics"
] | [
"Permutational analysis of variance",
"Multivariate analysis of covariance",
"Two-way analysis of variance",
"Analysis of covariance",
"Linear trend estimation",
"Analysis of rhythmic variance",
"Repeated measures ANOVA",
"Expected mean squares",
"ANOVA on ranks",
"ANOVA-simultaneous component ana... |
[
"Associated analysis",
"Preparatory analysis",
"The number of experimental units"
] | In the design of an experiment, the number of experimental units is planned to satisfy the goals of the experiment. Experimentation is often sequential. Early experiments are often designed to provide mean-unbiased estimates of treatment effects and of experimental error. Later experiments are often designed to test a ... | 634 | Analysis of variance | [
"Analysis of variance",
"Design of experiments",
"Statistical tests",
"Parametric statistics"
] | [
"Permutational analysis of variance",
"Multivariate analysis of covariance",
"Two-way analysis of variance",
"Analysis of covariance",
"Linear trend estimation",
"Analysis of rhythmic variance",
"Repeated measures ANOVA",
"Expected mean squares",
"ANOVA on ranks",
"ANOVA-simultaneous component ana... |
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