headers listlengths 0 4 | text stringlengths 54 5.14k | id stringclasses 129
values | title stringclasses 129
values | categories listlengths 0 83 | seealso listlengths 0 35 |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
[
"Internal classification",
"Diffloth (2005)"
] | [[Gérard Diffloth|Diffloth]] compares reconstructions of various clades, and attempts to classify them based on shared innovations, though like other classifications the evidence has not been published. As a schematic, we have: Or in more detail, (-) '''[[Munda languages]]''' (India) '''Koraput''': 7 languages Core Mu... | 597 | Austroasiatic languages | [
"Austroasiatic languages",
"Agglutinative languages",
"Language families",
"Sino-Austronesian languages"
] | [] |
[
"Internal classification",
"Sidwell (2009, 2011)"
] | [[Paul Sidwell]] (2009), in a [[lexicostatistical]] comparison of 36 languages which are well known enough to exclude loan words, finds little evidence for internal branching, though he did find an area of increased contact between the Bahnaric and Katuic languages, such that languages of all branches apart from the ge... | 597 | Austroasiatic languages | [
"Austroasiatic languages",
"Agglutinative languages",
"Language families",
"Sino-Austronesian languages"
] | [] |
[
"Internal classification",
"Sidwell (2009, 2011)"
] | At 4,500 B.P., this "Neolithic package" suddenly arrived in Indochina from the Lingnan area without cereal grains and displaced the earlier pre-Neolithic hunter-gatherer cultures, with grain husks found in northern Indochina by 4,100 B.P. and in southern Indochina by 3,800 B.P. However, Sidwell (2015c) found that iron ... | 597 | Austroasiatic languages | [
"Austroasiatic languages",
"Agglutinative languages",
"Language families",
"Sino-Austronesian languages"
] | [] |
[
"Internal classification",
"Possible extinct branches"
] | [[Roger Blench]] (2009) also proposes that there might have been other primary branches of Austroasiatic that are now extinct, based on [[Stratum (linguistics)|substrate]] evidence in modern-day languages. (-) '''Pre-[[Chamic language|Chamic]] languages''' (the languages of coastal Vietnam before the Chamic migrations)... | 597 | Austroasiatic languages | [
"Austroasiatic languages",
"Agglutinative languages",
"Language families",
"Sino-Austronesian languages"
] | [] |
[
"Writing systems"
] | Other than Latin-based alphabets, many Austroasiatic languages are written with the [[Khmer alphabet|Khmer]], [[Thai alphabet|Thai]], [[Lao alphabet|Lao]], and [[Burmese alphabet|Burmese]] alphabets. Vietnamese divergently had an indigenous script based on Chinese logographic writing. This has since been supplanted by ... | 597 | Austroasiatic languages | [
"Austroasiatic languages",
"Agglutinative languages",
"Language families",
"Sino-Austronesian languages"
] | [] |
[
"External relations",
"Austric languages"
] | Austroasiatic is an integral part of the controversial [[Austric languages|Austric hypothesis]], which also includes the [[Austronesian languages]], and in some proposals also the [[Kra–Dai languages]] and the [[Hmong–Mien languages]]. | 597 | Austroasiatic languages | [
"Austroasiatic languages",
"Agglutinative languages",
"Language families",
"Sino-Austronesian languages"
] | [] |
[
"External relations",
"Hmong-Mien"
] | Several lexical resemblances are found between the Hmong-Mien and Austroasiatic language families (Ratliff 2010), some of which had earlier been proposed by [[André-Georges Haudricourt|Haudricourt]] (1951). This could imply a relation or early language contact along the [[Yangtze]]. According to Cai (et al. 2011), [[Hm... | 597 | Austroasiatic languages | [
"Austroasiatic languages",
"Agglutinative languages",
"Language families",
"Sino-Austronesian languages"
] | [] |
[
"External relations",
"Indo-Aryan languages"
] | It is suggested that the Austroasiatic languages have some influence on Indo-Aryan languages including [[Sanskrit]] and middle Indo-Aryan languages. Indian linguist [[Suniti Kumar Chatterji]] pointed that a specific number of substantives in languages such as [[Hindi]], [[Punjabi language|Punjabi]] and [[Bengali langua... | 597 | Austroasiatic languages | [
"Austroasiatic languages",
"Agglutinative languages",
"Language families",
"Sino-Austronesian languages"
] | [] |
[
"Austroasiatic migrations"
] | [[:ja:崎谷満|Mitsuru Sakitani]] suggests that [[Haplogroup O-M95|Haplogroup O1b1]], which is common in Austroasiatic people and some other ethnic groups in [[southern China]], and haplogroup O1b2, which is common in today [[Japanese people|Japanese]], [[Koreans]] and some [[Manchu people|Manchu]], are the carriers of Yang... | 597 | Austroasiatic languages | [
"Austroasiatic languages",
"Agglutinative languages",
"Language families",
"Sino-Austronesian languages"
] | [] |
[
"Austroasiatic migrations",
"Migration into India"
] | According to Chaubey et al., "Austro-Asiatic speakers in India today are derived from dispersal from [[Southeast Asia]], followed by extensive sex-specific admixture with local Indian populations." According to Riccio et al., the Munda people are likely descended from Austroasiatic migrants from Southeast Asia. Accordi... | 597 | Austroasiatic languages | [
"Austroasiatic languages",
"Agglutinative languages",
"Language families",
"Sino-Austronesian languages"
] | [] |
[] | '''Afroasiatic''' ('''Afro-Asiatic'''), also known as '''Afrasian''' or '''Hamito-Semitic''' or '''Semito-Hamitic''', is a large [[language family]] of about 300 languages that are spoken predominantly in the [[Middle East]], [[North Africa]], the [[Horn of Africa]] and parts of the [[Sahel]]. With the exception of Sem... | 599 | Afroasiatic languages | [
"Afroasiatic languages",
"Afroasiatic peoples",
"Language families",
"Ethnic groups in Africa",
"Ethnic groups in Asia",
"Ethnic groups in Europe"
] | [
"Languages of Asia",
"Indo-Semitic languages",
"Borean languages",
"Nostratic languages",
"Languages of Africa",
"Languages of Europe",
"Proto-Afroasiatic language",
"Indo-European languages"
] |
[
"Etymology"
] | In the early 19th century, linguists grouped the [[Berber languages|Berber]], [[Cushitic languages|Cushitic]] and [[Egyptian language|Egyptian]] languages within a "Hamitic" phylum, in acknowledgement of these languages' [[genetic relationship (linguistics)|genetic relation]] with each other and with those in the [[Sem... | 599 | Afroasiatic languages | [
"Afroasiatic languages",
"Afroasiatic peoples",
"Language families",
"Ethnic groups in Africa",
"Ethnic groups in Asia",
"Ethnic groups in Europe"
] | [
"Languages of Asia",
"Indo-Semitic languages",
"Borean languages",
"Nostratic languages",
"Languages of Africa",
"Languages of Europe",
"Proto-Afroasiatic language",
"Indo-European languages"
] |
[
"Distribution and branches"
] | Scholars generally treat the Afroasiatic language family as including the following five branches, whereas Omotic is disputed: (-) [[Berber languages|Berber]] (-) [[Chadic languages|Chadic]] (-) [[Cushitic languages|Cushitic]] (-) [[Egyptian language|Egyptian]] (-) [[Omotic languages|Omotic]] (-) [[Semitic languages|Se... | 599 | Afroasiatic languages | [
"Afroasiatic languages",
"Afroasiatic peoples",
"Language families",
"Ethnic groups in Africa",
"Ethnic groups in Asia",
"Ethnic groups in Europe"
] | [
"Languages of Asia",
"Indo-Semitic languages",
"Borean languages",
"Nostratic languages",
"Languages of Africa",
"Languages of Europe",
"Proto-Afroasiatic language",
"Indo-European languages"
] |
[
"Demographics"
] | In descending order of the number of speakers, widely-spoken Afroasiatic languages include: (-) [[Arabic]] ([[Semitic languages|Semitic]]), the most widely spoken Afroasiatic language, has over 300 million native speakers. (-) [[Hausa language|Hausa]] ([[Chadic languages|Chadic]]), the dominant language of northern [[N... | 599 | Afroasiatic languages | [
"Afroasiatic languages",
"Afroasiatic peoples",
"Language families",
"Ethnic groups in Africa",
"Ethnic groups in Asia",
"Ethnic groups in Europe"
] | [
"Languages of Asia",
"Indo-Semitic languages",
"Borean languages",
"Nostratic languages",
"Languages of Africa",
"Languages of Europe",
"Proto-Afroasiatic language",
"Indo-European languages"
] |
[
"Classification history"
] | In the 9th century, the Hebrew grammarian [[Judah ibn Kuraish|Judah ibn Quraysh]] of [[Tiaret]] in [[Algeria]] was the first to link two branches of Afroasiatic together; he perceived a relationship between Berber and Semitic. He knew of Semitic through his study of Arabic, Hebrew, and [[Aramaic]]. In the course of the... | 599 | Afroasiatic languages | [
"Afroasiatic languages",
"Afroasiatic peoples",
"Language families",
"Ethnic groups in Africa",
"Ethnic groups in Asia",
"Ethnic groups in Europe"
] | [
"Languages of Asia",
"Indo-Semitic languages",
"Borean languages",
"Nostratic languages",
"Languages of Africa",
"Languages of Europe",
"Proto-Afroasiatic language",
"Indo-European languages"
] |
[
"Classification history"
] | [[Leo Reinisch]] (1909) had already proposed linking Cushitic and Chadic while urging their more distant affinity with Egyptian and Semitic. However, his suggestion found little acceptance. [[Marcel Cohen]] (1924) rejected the idea of a distinct "Hamitic" subgroup and included [[Hausa language|Hausa]] (a Chadic languag... | 599 | Afroasiatic languages | [
"Afroasiatic languages",
"Afroasiatic peoples",
"Language families",
"Ethnic groups in Africa",
"Ethnic groups in Asia",
"Ethnic groups in Europe"
] | [
"Languages of Asia",
"Indo-Semitic languages",
"Borean languages",
"Nostratic languages",
"Languages of Africa",
"Languages of Europe",
"Proto-Afroasiatic language",
"Indo-European languages"
] |
[
"Classification history",
"Subgrouping"
] | Little agreement exists on the [[subgrouping (linguistics)|subgrouping]] of the five or six branches of Afroasiatic: Semitic, Egyptian, Berber, Chadic, Cushitic, and Omotic. However, [[Christopher Ehret]] (1979), Harold Fleming (1981), and Joseph Greenberg (1981) all agree that the Omotic branch split from the rest fir... | 599 | Afroasiatic languages | [
"Afroasiatic languages",
"Afroasiatic peoples",
"Language families",
"Ethnic groups in Africa",
"Ethnic groups in Asia",
"Ethnic groups in Europe"
] | [
"Languages of Asia",
"Indo-Semitic languages",
"Borean languages",
"Nostratic languages",
"Languages of Africa",
"Languages of Europe",
"Proto-Afroasiatic language",
"Indo-European languages"
] |
[
"Position among the world's languages"
] | Afroasiatic is one of the four major [[Languages of Africa|language families]] spoken in Africa identified by Joseph Greenberg in his book ''[[The Languages of Africa]]'' (1963). It is one of the few whose speech area is transcontinental, with languages from Afroasiatic's Semitic branch also spoken in the Middle East a... | 599 | Afroasiatic languages | [
"Afroasiatic languages",
"Afroasiatic peoples",
"Language families",
"Ethnic groups in Africa",
"Ethnic groups in Asia",
"Ethnic groups in Europe"
] | [
"Languages of Asia",
"Indo-Semitic languages",
"Borean languages",
"Nostratic languages",
"Languages of Africa",
"Languages of Europe",
"Proto-Afroasiatic language",
"Indo-European languages"
] |
[
"Date of Afroasiatic"
] | The earliest written evidence of an Afroasiatic language is an [[Egyptian language|Ancient Egyptian]] inscription dated to c. 3400 BC (5,400 years ago). Symbols on [[Gerzeh culture|Gerzean]] (Naqada II) pottery resembling [[Egyptian hieroglyphs#History and evolution|Egyptian hieroglyphs]] date back to c. 4000 BC, sugge... | 599 | Afroasiatic languages | [
"Afroasiatic languages",
"Afroasiatic peoples",
"Language families",
"Ethnic groups in Africa",
"Ethnic groups in Asia",
"Ethnic groups in Europe"
] | [
"Languages of Asia",
"Indo-Semitic languages",
"Borean languages",
"Nostratic languages",
"Languages of Africa",
"Languages of Europe",
"Proto-Afroasiatic language",
"Indo-European languages"
] |
[
"Afroasiatic Urheimat"
] | The Afroasiatic ''[[urheimat]]'', the hypothetical place where [[Proto-Afroasiatic language]] speakers lived in a single linguistic community, or complex of communities, before this original language dispersed geographically and divided into distinct languages, is unknown. Afroasiatic languages are today primarily spok... | 599 | Afroasiatic languages | [
"Afroasiatic languages",
"Afroasiatic peoples",
"Language families",
"Ethnic groups in Africa",
"Ethnic groups in Asia",
"Ethnic groups in Europe"
] | [
"Languages of Asia",
"Indo-Semitic languages",
"Borean languages",
"Nostratic languages",
"Languages of Africa",
"Languages of Europe",
"Proto-Afroasiatic language",
"Indo-European languages"
] |
[
"Similarities in grammar and syntax"
] | Widespread (though not universal) features of the Afroasiatic languages include: (-) A set of [[emphatic consonant]], variously realized as glottalized, pharyngealized, or implosive. (-) [[Verb–subject–object|VSO]] [[linguistic typology|typology]] with [[subject–verb–object|SVO]] tendencies. (-) A two-[[grammatical gen... | 599 | Afroasiatic languages | [
"Afroasiatic languages",
"Afroasiatic peoples",
"Language families",
"Ethnic groups in Africa",
"Ethnic groups in Asia",
"Ethnic groups in Europe"
] | [
"Languages of Asia",
"Indo-Semitic languages",
"Borean languages",
"Nostratic languages",
"Languages of Africa",
"Languages of Europe",
"Proto-Afroasiatic language",
"Indo-European languages"
] |
[
"Shared vocabulary"
] | The following are some examples of Afroasiatic [[cognate]], including ten [[pronoun]], three [[noun]], and three [[verb]]. '' Source:'' Christopher Ehret, ''Reconstructing Proto-Afroasiatic'' (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1995). ''Note:'' Ehret does not make use of Berber in his etymologies, stating (1995:... | 599 | Afroasiatic languages | [
"Afroasiatic languages",
"Afroasiatic peoples",
"Language families",
"Ethnic groups in Africa",
"Ethnic groups in Asia",
"Ethnic groups in Europe"
] | [
"Languages of Asia",
"Indo-Semitic languages",
"Borean languages",
"Nostratic languages",
"Languages of Africa",
"Languages of Europe",
"Proto-Afroasiatic language",
"Indo-European languages"
] |
[
"Shared vocabulary",
"Etymological bibliography"
] | Some of the main sources for Afroasiatic etymologies include: (-) Cohen, Marcel. 1947. ''Essai comparatif sur le vocabulaire et la phonétique du chamito-sémitique.'' Paris: Champion. (-) Diakonoff, Igor M. et al. 1993–1997. "Historical-comparative vocabulary of Afrasian," ''St. Petersburg Journal of African Studies'' 2... | 599 | Afroasiatic languages | [
"Afroasiatic languages",
"Afroasiatic peoples",
"Language families",
"Ethnic groups in Africa",
"Ethnic groups in Asia",
"Ethnic groups in Europe"
] | [
"Languages of Asia",
"Indo-Semitic languages",
"Borean languages",
"Nostratic languages",
"Languages of Africa",
"Languages of Europe",
"Proto-Afroasiatic language",
"Indo-European languages"
] |
[] | '''Andorra''' (, ; ), officially the '''Principality of Andorra''' (), is a [[Sovereignty|sovereign]] landlocked [[microstate]] on the [[Iberian Peninsula]], in the eastern [[Pyrenees]], bordered by [[France]] to the north and [[Spain]] to the south. Believed to have been created by [[Charlemagne]], Andorra was ruled b... | 600 | Andorra | [
"Andorra",
"Diarchies",
"Duty-free zones of Europe",
"French-speaking countries and territories",
"Iberian Peninsula",
"Landlocked countries",
"Member states of the Council of Europe",
"Member states of the Organisation internationale de la Francophonie",
"Member states of the United Nations",
"Mo... | [
"Index of Andorra-related articles",
"Outline of Andorra",
"Bibliography of Andorra"
] |
[
"Etymology"
] | The origin of the word Andorra is unknown, although several hypotheses have been formulated. The oldest derivation of the word Andorra is from the Greek historian [[Polybius]] (''[[The Histories (Polybius)|The Histories]]'' III, 35, 1) who describes the Andosins, an [[Iberians|Iberian]] [[Pre-Roman peoples of the Iberi... | 600 | Andorra | [
"Andorra",
"Diarchies",
"Duty-free zones of Europe",
"French-speaking countries and territories",
"Iberian Peninsula",
"Landlocked countries",
"Member states of the Council of Europe",
"Member states of the Organisation internationale de la Francophonie",
"Member states of the United Nations",
"Mo... | [
"Index of Andorra-related articles",
"Outline of Andorra",
"Bibliography of Andorra"
] |
[
"History",
"Prehistory"
] | La Balma de la [[La Margineda|Margineda]], found by archaeologists at [[Sant Julià de Lòria]], was settled in 9,500 BC as a passing place between the two sides of the Pyrenees. The seasonal camp was perfectly located for hunting and fishing by the groups of hunter-gatherers from [[Ariège (river)|Ariege]] and [[Segre (r... | 600 | Andorra | [
"Andorra",
"Diarchies",
"Duty-free zones of Europe",
"French-speaking countries and territories",
"Iberian Peninsula",
"Landlocked countries",
"Member states of the Council of Europe",
"Member states of the Organisation internationale de la Francophonie",
"Member states of the United Nations",
"Mo... | [
"Index of Andorra-related articles",
"Outline of Andorra",
"Bibliography of Andorra"
] |
[
"History",
"Iberian and Roman Andorra"
] | The inhabitants of the valleys were traditionally associated with the [[Iberians]] and historically located in Andorra as the Iberian tribe Andosins or Andosini (Ἀνδοσίνους) during the 7th and 2nd centuries BC. Influenced by the [[Aquitanian language|Aquitanian]], [[Basque language|Basque]] and [[Iberian languages]], t... | 600 | Andorra | [
"Andorra",
"Diarchies",
"Duty-free zones of Europe",
"French-speaking countries and territories",
"Iberian Peninsula",
"Landlocked countries",
"Member states of the Council of Europe",
"Member states of the Organisation internationale de la Francophonie",
"Member states of the United Nations",
"Mo... | [
"Index of Andorra-related articles",
"Outline of Andorra",
"Bibliography of Andorra"
] |
[
"History",
"Visigoths and Carolingians: the legend of Charlemagne"
] | After the [[fall of the Roman Empire]], Andorra came under the influence of the [[Visigothic Kingdom|Visigoths]], the [[History of Toledo, Spain#Visigothic Toledo|Kingdom of Toledo]], and from the [[Diocese of Urgell]]. The Visigoths remained in the valleys for 200 years, during which time [[Gothic Christianity|Christi... | 600 | Andorra | [
"Andorra",
"Diarchies",
"Duty-free zones of Europe",
"French-speaking countries and territories",
"Iberian Peninsula",
"Landlocked countries",
"Member states of the Council of Europe",
"Member states of the Organisation internationale de la Francophonie",
"Member states of the United Nations",
"Mo... | [
"Index of Andorra-related articles",
"Outline of Andorra",
"Bibliography of Andorra"
] |
[
"History",
"Medieval Age: The Paréages and the founding of the Co-Principality"
] | Before 1095, Andorra did not have any type of military protection and the Bishop of Urgell, who knew that the count of Urgell wanted to reclaim the Andorran valleys, asked the [[lord of Caboet]] for help and protection. In 1095, the Lord of Caboet and the bishop of Urgell signed under oath a declaration of their co-sov... | 600 | Andorra | [
"Andorra",
"Diarchies",
"Duty-free zones of Europe",
"French-speaking countries and territories",
"Iberian Peninsula",
"Landlocked countries",
"Member states of the Council of Europe",
"Member states of the Organisation internationale de la Francophonie",
"Member states of the United Nations",
"Mo... | [
"Index of Andorra-related articles",
"Outline of Andorra",
"Bibliography of Andorra"
] |
[
"History",
"Medieval Age: The Paréages and the founding of the Co-Principality"
] | The Catalan Pyrenees were embryonic of the [[Catalan language]] at the end of the 11th century. Andorra was influenced by this language, which was adopted locally decades before it expanded to the rest of the Crown of Aragon. The local population based its economy during the Middle Ages in livestock and agriculture, as... | 600 | Andorra | [
"Andorra",
"Diarchies",
"Duty-free zones of Europe",
"French-speaking countries and territories",
"Iberian Peninsula",
"Landlocked countries",
"Member states of the Council of Europe",
"Member states of the Organisation internationale de la Francophonie",
"Member states of the United Nations",
"Mo... | [
"Index of Andorra-related articles",
"Outline of Andorra",
"Bibliography of Andorra"
] |
[
"History",
"16th to 18th centuries"
] | In 1601 the [[Andorra#Law and criminal justice|Tribunal de Corts]] (High Court of Justice) was created as a result of [[Huguenot rebellions]] in France, [[Spanish Inquisition|Inquisition]] courts coming from Spain and [[Catalan mythology about witches|witchcraft-related beliefs native to the area]], in the context of t... | 600 | Andorra | [
"Andorra",
"Diarchies",
"Duty-free zones of Europe",
"French-speaking countries and territories",
"Iberian Peninsula",
"Landlocked countries",
"Member states of the Council of Europe",
"Member states of the Organisation internationale de la Francophonie",
"Member states of the United Nations",
"Mo... | [
"Index of Andorra-related articles",
"Outline of Andorra",
"Bibliography of Andorra"
] |
[
"History",
"19th century: the New Reform and the Andorran Question"
] | After the [[French Revolution]], [[Napoleon I]] reestablished the Co-Principate in 1809 and removed the French medieval title. In 1812–1813, the [[First French Empire]] annexed Catalonia during the [[Peninsular War]] () and divided the region into four [[département]], with Andorra as a part of the district of [[Puigce... | 600 | Andorra | [
"Andorra",
"Diarchies",
"Duty-free zones of Europe",
"French-speaking countries and territories",
"Iberian Peninsula",
"Landlocked countries",
"Member states of the Council of Europe",
"Member states of the Organisation internationale de la Francophonie",
"Member states of the United Nations",
"Mo... | [
"Index of Andorra-related articles",
"Outline of Andorra",
"Bibliography of Andorra"
] |
[
"History",
"20th and 21st century: Modernisation of the country and the Constitutional Andorra"
] | In 1933 France occupied Andorra following social unrest which occurred before elections due to the [[Andorran Revolution|Revolution of 1933]] and the FHASA strikes (Vagues de FHASA); the revolt led by [[Young Andorrans|Joves Andorrans]] (a [[Trade union|labour union group]] related to the Spanish [[Confederación Nacion... | 600 | Andorra | [
"Andorra",
"Diarchies",
"Duty-free zones of Europe",
"French-speaking countries and territories",
"Iberian Peninsula",
"Landlocked countries",
"Member states of the Council of Europe",
"Member states of the Organisation internationale de la Francophonie",
"Member states of the United Nations",
"Mo... | [
"Index of Andorra-related articles",
"Outline of Andorra",
"Bibliography of Andorra"
] |
[
"History",
"20th and 21st century: Modernisation of the country and the Constitutional Andorra"
] | In the capital city there was a smuggling [[black market]] network of propaganda, culture and cinematic art not prone to totalitarian regimes, promulgated in some places as the Hotel Mirador or the Casino Hotel, as a meeting place for people of ideologies close to Andorran and [[Spanish republicanism|Spanish Republican... | 600 | Andorra | [
"Andorra",
"Diarchies",
"Duty-free zones of Europe",
"French-speaking countries and territories",
"Iberian Peninsula",
"Landlocked countries",
"Member states of the Council of Europe",
"Member states of the Organisation internationale de la Francophonie",
"Member states of the United Nations",
"Mo... | [
"Index of Andorra-related articles",
"Outline of Andorra",
"Bibliography of Andorra"
] |
[
"History",
"20th and 21st century: Modernisation of the country and the Constitutional Andorra"
] | Given its relative isolation, Andorra has existed outside the mainstream of European history, with few ties to countries other than France, Spain and Portugal. In recent times, however, its thriving tourist industry along with developments in transport and communications have removed the country from its isolation. Sin... | 600 | Andorra | [
"Andorra",
"Diarchies",
"Duty-free zones of Europe",
"French-speaking countries and territories",
"Iberian Peninsula",
"Landlocked countries",
"Member states of the Council of Europe",
"Member states of the Organisation internationale de la Francophonie",
"Member states of the United Nations",
"Mo... | [
"Index of Andorra-related articles",
"Outline of Andorra",
"Bibliography of Andorra"
] |
[
"Politics"
] | Andorra is a parliamentary [[co-principality]] with the president of France and the Catholic [[bishop of Urgell]] ([[Catalonia]], Spain) as [[List of Co-Princes of Andorra|co-princes]]. This peculiarity makes the president of France, in his capacity as [[prince of Andorra]], an elected monarch, although he is not elect... | 600 | Andorra | [
"Andorra",
"Diarchies",
"Duty-free zones of Europe",
"French-speaking countries and territories",
"Iberian Peninsula",
"Landlocked countries",
"Member states of the Council of Europe",
"Member states of the Organisation internationale de la Francophonie",
"Member states of the United Nations",
"Mo... | [
"Index of Andorra-related articles",
"Outline of Andorra",
"Bibliography of Andorra"
] |
[
"Law and criminal justice"
] | The judiciary is composed of the Magistrates Court, the Criminal Law Court, the High Court of Andorra, and the Constitutional Court. The High Court of Justice is composed of five judges: one appointed by the head of government, one each by the co-princes, one by the Syndic General, and one by the judges and magistrates... | 600 | Andorra | [
"Andorra",
"Diarchies",
"Duty-free zones of Europe",
"French-speaking countries and territories",
"Iberian Peninsula",
"Landlocked countries",
"Member states of the Council of Europe",
"Member states of the Organisation internationale de la Francophonie",
"Member states of the United Nations",
"Mo... | [
"Index of Andorra-related articles",
"Outline of Andorra",
"Bibliography of Andorra"
] |
[
"Foreign relations, defence, and security"
] | Andorra does not have its own armed forces, although there is a small ceremonial army. Responsibility for defending the nation rests primarily with France and Spain. However, in case of emergencies or natural disasters, the Sometent (an alarm) is called and all able-bodied men between 21 and 60 of Andorran nationality ... | 600 | Andorra | [
"Andorra",
"Diarchies",
"Duty-free zones of Europe",
"French-speaking countries and territories",
"Iberian Peninsula",
"Landlocked countries",
"Member states of the Council of Europe",
"Member states of the Organisation internationale de la Francophonie",
"Member states of the United Nations",
"Mo... | [
"Index of Andorra-related articles",
"Outline of Andorra",
"Bibliography of Andorra"
] |
[
"Foreign relations, defence, and security",
"Military"
] | Andorra has a small army, which has historically been raised or reconstituted at various dates, but has never in modern times amounted to a standing army. The basic principle of Andorran defence is that all able-bodied men are available to fight if called upon by the sounding of the Sometent. Being a [[landlocked count... | 600 | Andorra | [
"Andorra",
"Diarchies",
"Duty-free zones of Europe",
"French-speaking countries and territories",
"Iberian Peninsula",
"Landlocked countries",
"Member states of the Council of Europe",
"Member states of the Organisation internationale de la Francophonie",
"Member states of the United Nations",
"Mo... | [
"Index of Andorra-related articles",
"Outline of Andorra",
"Bibliography of Andorra"
] |
[
"Foreign relations, defence, and security",
"Police Corps"
] | Andorra maintains a small but modern and well-equipped internal police force, with around 240 police officers supported by civilian assistants. The principal services supplied by the corps are uniformed community policing, criminal detection, border control, and traffic policing. There are also small specialist units i... | 600 | Andorra | [
"Andorra",
"Diarchies",
"Duty-free zones of Europe",
"French-speaking countries and territories",
"Iberian Peninsula",
"Landlocked countries",
"Member states of the Council of Europe",
"Member states of the Organisation internationale de la Francophonie",
"Member states of the United Nations",
"Mo... | [
"Index of Andorra-related articles",
"Outline of Andorra",
"Bibliography of Andorra"
] |
[
"Foreign relations, defence, and security",
"Police Corps",
"GIPA"
] | The ''Grup d'Intervenció Policia d'Andorra'' (GIPA) is a small special forces unit trained in [[counter-terrorism]], and [[Hostage negotiator|hostage recovery]] tasks. Although it is the closest in style to an active military force, it is part of the [[Police Corps of Andorra|Police Corps]], and not the [[Military of A... | 600 | Andorra | [
"Andorra",
"Diarchies",
"Duty-free zones of Europe",
"French-speaking countries and territories",
"Iberian Peninsula",
"Landlocked countries",
"Member states of the Council of Europe",
"Member states of the Organisation internationale de la Francophonie",
"Member states of the United Nations",
"Mo... | [
"Index of Andorra-related articles",
"Outline of Andorra",
"Bibliography of Andorra"
] |
[
"Foreign relations, defence, and security",
"Fire brigade"
] | The Andorran Fire Brigade, with headquarters at [[Santa Coloma d'Andorra|Santa Coloma]], operates from four modern fire stations, and has a staff of around 120 firefighters. The service is equipped with 16 heavy appliances (fire tenders, turntable ladders, and specialist four-wheel drive vehicles), four light support v... | 600 | Andorra | [
"Andorra",
"Diarchies",
"Duty-free zones of Europe",
"French-speaking countries and territories",
"Iberian Peninsula",
"Landlocked countries",
"Member states of the Council of Europe",
"Member states of the Organisation internationale de la Francophonie",
"Member states of the United Nations",
"Mo... | [
"Index of Andorra-related articles",
"Outline of Andorra",
"Bibliography of Andorra"
] |
[
"Geography",
"Parishes"
] | Andorra consists of seven parishes: (-) [[Andorra la Vella]] (-) [[Canillo]] (-) [[Encamp]] (-) [[Escaldes-Engordany]] (-) [[La Massana]] (-) [[Ordino]] (-) [[Sant Julià de Lòria]] | 600 | Andorra | [
"Andorra",
"Diarchies",
"Duty-free zones of Europe",
"French-speaking countries and territories",
"Iberian Peninsula",
"Landlocked countries",
"Member states of the Council of Europe",
"Member states of the Organisation internationale de la Francophonie",
"Member states of the United Nations",
"Mo... | [
"Index of Andorra-related articles",
"Outline of Andorra",
"Bibliography of Andorra"
] |
[
"Geography",
"Physical geography"
] | Due to its location in the eastern [[Pyrenees]] mountain range, Andorra consists predominantly of rugged mountains, the highest being the [[Coma Pedrosa]] at , and the average elevation of Andorra is . These are dissected by three narrow valleys in a Y shape that combine into one as the main stream, the [[Gran Valira]]... | 600 | Andorra | [
"Andorra",
"Diarchies",
"Duty-free zones of Europe",
"French-speaking countries and territories",
"Iberian Peninsula",
"Landlocked countries",
"Member states of the Council of Europe",
"Member states of the Organisation internationale de la Francophonie",
"Member states of the United Nations",
"Mo... | [
"Index of Andorra-related articles",
"Outline of Andorra",
"Bibliography of Andorra"
] |
[
"Geography",
"Environment"
] | [[Phytogeography|Phytogeographically]], Andorra belongs to the Atlantic European province of the [[Circumboreal Region]] within the [[Boreal Kingdom]]. According to the [[World Wide Fund for Nature|WWF]], the territory of Andorra belongs to the [[ecoregion]] of [[Pyrenees conifer and mixed forests]]. Andorra had a 2018... | 600 | Andorra | [
"Andorra",
"Diarchies",
"Duty-free zones of Europe",
"French-speaking countries and territories",
"Iberian Peninsula",
"Landlocked countries",
"Member states of the Council of Europe",
"Member states of the Organisation internationale de la Francophonie",
"Member states of the United Nations",
"Mo... | [
"Index of Andorra-related articles",
"Outline of Andorra",
"Bibliography of Andorra"
] |
[
"Geography",
"Important Bird Area"
] | The whole country has been recognised as a single [[Important Bird Area]] (IBA) by [[BirdLife International]], because it is important for forest and mountain birds and supports populations of [[red-billed chough]], [[citril finch]] and [[rock bunting]]. | 600 | Andorra | [
"Andorra",
"Diarchies",
"Duty-free zones of Europe",
"French-speaking countries and territories",
"Iberian Peninsula",
"Landlocked countries",
"Member states of the Council of Europe",
"Member states of the Organisation internationale de la Francophonie",
"Member states of the United Nations",
"Mo... | [
"Index of Andorra-related articles",
"Outline of Andorra",
"Bibliography of Andorra"
] |
[
"Geography",
"Climate"
] | Andorra has [[alpine climate|alpine]], [[continental climate|continental]] and [[oceanic climate]], depending on altitude. Its higher elevation means there is, on average, more snow in winter and it is slightly cooler in summer. The diversity of landmarks, the different orientation of the valleys and the irregularity r... | 600 | Andorra | [
"Andorra",
"Diarchies",
"Duty-free zones of Europe",
"French-speaking countries and territories",
"Iberian Peninsula",
"Landlocked countries",
"Member states of the Council of Europe",
"Member states of the Organisation internationale de la Francophonie",
"Member states of the United Nations",
"Mo... | [
"Index of Andorra-related articles",
"Outline of Andorra",
"Bibliography of Andorra"
] |
[
"Economy"
] | Tourism, the mainstay of Andorra's tiny, well-to-do economy, accounts for roughly 80% of GDP. An estimated 10.2 million tourists visit annually, attracted by Andorra's [[duty-free shopping|duty-free]] status and by its summer and winter resorts. One of the main sources of income in Andorra is tourism from ski resorts w... | 600 | Andorra | [
"Andorra",
"Diarchies",
"Duty-free zones of Europe",
"French-speaking countries and territories",
"Iberian Peninsula",
"Landlocked countries",
"Member states of the Council of Europe",
"Member states of the Organisation internationale de la Francophonie",
"Member states of the United Nations",
"Mo... | [
"Index of Andorra-related articles",
"Outline of Andorra",
"Bibliography of Andorra"
] |
[
"Demographics",
"Population"
] | The population of Andorra is estimated at (). The [[Andorran people|Andorrans]] are a [[Romance-speaking world|Romance]] [[ethnic group]] of originally [[Catalans|Catalan]] descent. The population has grown from 5,000 in 1900. Two-thirds of residents lack Andorran nationality and do not have the right to vote in commun... | 600 | Andorra | [
"Andorra",
"Diarchies",
"Duty-free zones of Europe",
"French-speaking countries and territories",
"Iberian Peninsula",
"Landlocked countries",
"Member states of the Council of Europe",
"Member states of the Organisation internationale de la Francophonie",
"Member states of the United Nations",
"Mo... | [
"Index of Andorra-related articles",
"Outline of Andorra",
"Bibliography of Andorra"
] |
[
"Demographics",
"Languages"
] | The historic and [[official language]] is [[Catalan language|Catalan]], a [[Romance language]]. The Andorran government encourages the use of Catalan. It funds a Commission for Catalan [[Toponymy]] in Andorra (Catalan: ), and provides free Catalan classes to assist immigrants. Andorran television and radio stations use... | 600 | Andorra | [
"Andorra",
"Diarchies",
"Duty-free zones of Europe",
"French-speaking countries and territories",
"Iberian Peninsula",
"Landlocked countries",
"Member states of the Council of Europe",
"Member states of the Organisation internationale de la Francophonie",
"Member states of the United Nations",
"Mo... | [
"Index of Andorra-related articles",
"Outline of Andorra",
"Bibliography of Andorra"
] |
[
"Demographics",
"Religion"
] | The population of Andorra is predominantly (88.2%) Catholic. Their patron saint is [[Our Lady of Meritxell]]. Though it is not an official state religion, the constitution acknowledges a special relationship with the Catholic Church, offering some special privileges to that group. Other Christian denominations include ... | 600 | Andorra | [
"Andorra",
"Diarchies",
"Duty-free zones of Europe",
"French-speaking countries and territories",
"Iberian Peninsula",
"Landlocked countries",
"Member states of the Council of Europe",
"Member states of the Organisation internationale de la Francophonie",
"Member states of the United Nations",
"Mo... | [
"Index of Andorra-related articles",
"Outline of Andorra",
"Bibliography of Andorra"
] |
[
"Education",
"Schools"
] | Children between the ages of 6 and 16 are required by law to have full-time education. Education up to secondary level is provided free of charge by the government. There are three systems of school, Andorran, French and Spanish, which use Catalan, French and Spanish languages respectively, as the main language of inst... | 600 | Andorra | [
"Andorra",
"Diarchies",
"Duty-free zones of Europe",
"French-speaking countries and territories",
"Iberian Peninsula",
"Landlocked countries",
"Member states of the Council of Europe",
"Member states of the Organisation internationale de la Francophonie",
"Member states of the United Nations",
"Mo... | [
"Index of Andorra-related articles",
"Outline of Andorra",
"Bibliography of Andorra"
] |
[
"Education",
"University of Andorra"
] | The [[Universitat d'Andorra]] (UdA) is the state public university and is the only university in Andorra. It was established in 1997. The university provides first-level degrees in nursing, computer science, business administration, and educational sciences, in addition to higher professional education courses. The onl... | 600 | Andorra | [
"Andorra",
"Diarchies",
"Duty-free zones of Europe",
"French-speaking countries and territories",
"Iberian Peninsula",
"Landlocked countries",
"Member states of the Council of Europe",
"Member states of the Organisation internationale de la Francophonie",
"Member states of the United Nations",
"Mo... | [
"Index of Andorra-related articles",
"Outline of Andorra",
"Bibliography of Andorra"
] |
[
"Education",
"University of Andorra",
"Virtual Studies Centre"
] | The geographical complexity of the country as well as the small number of students prevents the University of Andorra from developing a full academic programme, and it serves principally as a centre for virtual studies, connected to Spanish and French universities. The Virtual Studies Centre (Centre d'Estudis Virtuals)... | 600 | Andorra | [
"Andorra",
"Diarchies",
"Duty-free zones of Europe",
"French-speaking countries and territories",
"Iberian Peninsula",
"Landlocked countries",
"Member states of the Council of Europe",
"Member states of the Organisation internationale de la Francophonie",
"Member states of the United Nations",
"Mo... | [
"Index of Andorra-related articles",
"Outline of Andorra",
"Bibliography of Andorra"
] |
[
"Transport"
] | Until the 20th century, Andorra had very limited transport links to the outside world, and development of the country was affected by its physical isolation. Even now, the nearest major airports at Toulouse and Barcelona are both three hours' drive from Andorra. Andorra has a road network of , of which is unpaved. The ... | 600 | Andorra | [
"Andorra",
"Diarchies",
"Duty-free zones of Europe",
"French-speaking countries and territories",
"Iberian Peninsula",
"Landlocked countries",
"Member states of the Council of Europe",
"Member states of the Organisation internationale de la Francophonie",
"Member states of the United Nations",
"Mo... | [
"Index of Andorra-related articles",
"Outline of Andorra",
"Bibliography of Andorra"
] |
[
"Media and telecommunications"
] | In Andorra, mobile and fixed telephone and internet services are operated exclusively by the Andorran national telecommunications company, SOM, also known as [[Andorra Telecom]] (STA). The same company also manages the technical infrastructure for national broadcasting of digital television and radio. In 2010 Andorra b... | 600 | Andorra | [
"Andorra",
"Diarchies",
"Duty-free zones of Europe",
"French-speaking countries and territories",
"Iberian Peninsula",
"Landlocked countries",
"Member states of the Council of Europe",
"Member states of the Organisation internationale de la Francophonie",
"Member states of the United Nations",
"Mo... | [
"Index of Andorra-related articles",
"Outline of Andorra",
"Bibliography of Andorra"
] |
[
"Culture"
] | Andorra is home to folk dances like the contrapàs and marratxa, which survive in [[Sant Julià de Lòria]] especially. Andorran folk music has similarities to the music of its neighbours, but is especially [[music of Catalonia|Catalan]] in character, especially in the presence of dances such as the [[sardana]]. Other And... | 600 | Andorra | [
"Andorra",
"Diarchies",
"Duty-free zones of Europe",
"French-speaking countries and territories",
"Iberian Peninsula",
"Landlocked countries",
"Member states of the Council of Europe",
"Member states of the Organisation internationale de la Francophonie",
"Member states of the United Nations",
"Mo... | [
"Index of Andorra-related articles",
"Outline of Andorra",
"Bibliography of Andorra"
] |
[
"Culture",
"Sports"
] | Andorra is famous for the practice of [[winter sports]]. Andorra has the largest territory of ski slopes in the [[Pyrenees]] (3100 hectares and about 350 km of slopes) and two ski resorts. Grandvalira is the largest and most popular resort. Other popular sports played in Andorra include [[Association football|football]... | 600 | Andorra | [
"Andorra",
"Diarchies",
"Duty-free zones of Europe",
"French-speaking countries and territories",
"Iberian Peninsula",
"Landlocked countries",
"Member states of the Council of Europe",
"Member states of the Organisation internationale de la Francophonie",
"Member states of the United Nations",
"Mo... | [
"Index of Andorra-related articles",
"Outline of Andorra",
"Bibliography of Andorra"
] |
[] | In [[mathematics]] and [[statistics]], the '''arithmetic mean''' (, stress on first and third syllables of "arithmetic"), or simply the [[mean]] or the '''average''' (when the context is clear), is the sum of a collection of numbers divided by the count of numbers in the collection. The collection is often a set of res... | 612 | Arithmetic mean | [
"Means"
] | [] |
[
"Definition"
] | Given a [[data set]] formula_1, the '''arithmetic mean''' (or '''mean''' or '''average'''), denoted formula_2 (read formula_3 ''bar''), is the mean of the formula_4 values formula_5. The arithmetic mean is the most commonly used and readily understood measure of central tendency in a data set. In statistics, the term [... | 612 | Arithmetic mean | [
"Means"
] | [] |
[
"Motivating properties"
] | The arithmetic mean has several properties that make it useful, especially as a measure of central tendency. These include: (-) If numbers formula_13 have mean formula_2, then formula_15. Since formula_16 is the distance from a given number to the mean, one way to interpret this property is as saying that the numbers t... | 612 | Arithmetic mean | [
"Means"
] | [] |
[
"Contrast with median"
] | The arithmetic mean may be contrasted with the [[median]]. The median is defined such that no more than half the values are larger than, and no more than half are smaller than, the median. If elements in the data [[arithmetic progression|increase arithmetically]], when placed in some order, then the median and arithmet... | 612 | Arithmetic mean | [
"Means"
] | [] |
[
"Generalizations",
"Weighted average"
] | A weighted average, or weighted mean, is an average in which some data points count more heavily than others, in that they are given more weight in the calculation.<ref> | 612 | Arithmetic mean | [
"Means"
] | [] |
[] | The '''American Football Conference''' ('''AFC''') is one of the two [[Athletic conference|conferences]] of the [[National Football League]] (NFL), the highest professional level of American football in the United States. This conference currently contains 16 teams organized into 4 [[Division (sport)|divisions]], as do... | 615 | American Football Conference | [
"National Football League",
"American Football League",
"Sports organizations established in 1970"
] | [] |
[
"Teams"
] | Like the NFC, the conference has 16 teams organized into four [[Division (sport)|divisions]] each with four teams: [[AFC East|East]], [[AFC North|North]], [[AFC South|South]] and [[AFC West|West]]. | 615 | American Football Conference | [
"National Football League",
"American Football League",
"Sports organizations established in 1970"
] | [] |
[
"Season structure"
] | Currently, the fourteen opponents each team faces over the 17-game regular season schedule are set using a pre-determined formula: Each AFC team plays the other teams in their respective division twice (home and away) during the regular season, in addition to eleven other games assigned to their schedule by the NFL: th... | 615 | American Football Conference | [
"National Football League",
"American Football League",
"Sports organizations established in 1970"
] | [] |
[
"History"
] | Both the AFC and the NFC were created after the NFL [[AFL–NFL merger|merged]] with the [[American Football League]] (AFL) in 1970. The AFL began play in 1960 with eight teams, and added two more expansion clubs (the [[Miami Dolphins]] in 1966 and the [[Cincinnati Bengals]] in 1968) before the merger. In order to equali... | 615 | American Football Conference | [
"National Football League",
"American Football League",
"Sports organizations established in 1970"
] | [] |
[
"History"
] | Between 1995 and 2019, the AFC has sent only half of its 16 teams to the [[Super Bowl]]: [[New England Patriots]] (10 times), [[Denver Broncos]] (4 times), [[Pittsburgh Steelers]] (4 times), [[Baltimore Ravens]] (2 times), [[Indianapolis Colts]] (2 times), [[Kansas City Chiefs]] (1 time), [[Las Vegas Raiders]] (1 time)... | 615 | American Football Conference | [
"National Football League",
"American Football League",
"Sports organizations established in 1970"
] | [] |
[
"Logo"
] | [[Image:American Football Conference logo old.svg|right|thumb|2nd American Football Conference logo used from 1970 to 2009|216x216px]] The merged league created a new logo for the AFC that took elements of the old AFL logo, specifically the "A" and the six stars surrounding it. The AFC logo basically remained unchanged... | 615 | American Football Conference | [
"National Football League",
"American Football League",
"Sports organizations established in 1970"
] | [] |
[
"Television"
] | [[NFL on NBC|NBC]] aired the AFC's Sunday afternoon and playoff games from 1970 through the 1997 season. From 1998 to 2013, [[NFL on CBS|CBS]] was the primary broadcast rightsholder to the AFC; in those years, all interconference games in which the AFC team was the visiting team were broadcast on either NBC or CBS. Sin... | 615 | American Football Conference | [
"National Football League",
"American Football League",
"Sports organizations established in 1970"
] | [] |
[] | '''''Animal Farm''''' is an [[allegory|allegorical]] [[novella]] by [[George Orwell]], first published in England on 17 August 1945. The book tells the story of a group of farm animals who rebel against their human farmer, hoping to create a society where the animals can be equal, free, and happy. Ultimately, however, ... | 620 | Animal Farm | [
"Animal Farm",
"1945 British novels",
"Allegory",
"Dystopian novels",
"English novels",
"Hugo Award for Best Novella winning works",
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"Political literature",
"British political novels",
"Roman à clef novels",
"Satirical novels",
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"History of Soviet Russia and the Soviet Union (1917–1927)",
"New class",
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"Anthems in ''Animal Farm''",
"Władysław Reymont",
"Ideocracy",
"Information Research Department",
"Animals",
"History of the Soviet Union (1927–1953)",
"Revolt",
"Nobel laureate"
] |
[
"Plot summary"
] | The poorly-run Manor Farm near [[Willingdon and Jevington|Willingdon]], [[England]], is ripened for rebellion from its animal populace by neglect at the hands of the irresponsible and alcoholic farmer, [[Jones (Animal Farm)|Mr. Jones]]. One night, the exalted boar, [[Old Major]], holds a conference, at which he calls f... | 620 | Animal Farm | [
"Animal Farm",
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"Allegory",
"Dystopian novels",
"English novels",
"Hugo Award for Best Novella winning works",
"British novellas",
"Novels by George Orwell",
"Political literature",
"British political novels",
"Roman à clef novels",
"Satirical novels",
"Novels about rev... | [
"History of Soviet Russia and the Soviet Union (1917–1927)",
"New class",
"Authoritarian personality",
"Anthems in ''Animal Farm''",
"Władysław Reymont",
"Ideocracy",
"Information Research Department",
"Animals",
"History of the Soviet Union (1927–1953)",
"Revolt",
"Nobel laureate"
] |
[
"Plot summary"
] | Mr. Frederick, a neighbouring farmer, attacks the farm, using [[Explosive material|blasting powder]] to blow up the restored windmill. Although the animals win the battle, they do so [[Pyrrhic victory|at great cost]], as many, including [[Boxer (Animal Farm)|Boxer the workhorse]], are wounded. Although he recovers from... | 620 | Animal Farm | [
"Animal Farm",
"1945 British novels",
"Allegory",
"Dystopian novels",
"English novels",
"Hugo Award for Best Novella winning works",
"British novellas",
"Novels by George Orwell",
"Political literature",
"British political novels",
"Roman à clef novels",
"Satirical novels",
"Novels about rev... | [
"History of Soviet Russia and the Soviet Union (1917–1927)",
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"Authoritarian personality",
"Anthems in ''Animal Farm''",
"Władysław Reymont",
"Ideocracy",
"Information Research Department",
"Animals",
"History of the Soviet Union (1927–1953)",
"Revolt",
"Nobel laureate"
] |
[
"Characters",
"Pigs"
] | (-) [[Old Major]] – An aged prize [[Middle White|Middle White boar]] provides the inspiration that fuels the rebellion. He is also called Willingdon Beauty when [[Show (animal)|showing]]. He is an allegorical combination of [[Karl Marx]], one of the creators of communism, and [[Vladimir Lenin]], the communist leader of... | 620 | Animal Farm | [
"Animal Farm",
"1945 British novels",
"Allegory",
"Dystopian novels",
"English novels",
"Hugo Award for Best Novella winning works",
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"British political novels",
"Roman à clef novels",
"Satirical novels",
"Novels about rev... | [
"History of Soviet Russia and the Soviet Union (1917–1927)",
"New class",
"Authoritarian personality",
"Anthems in ''Animal Farm''",
"Władysław Reymont",
"Ideocracy",
"Information Research Department",
"Animals",
"History of the Soviet Union (1927–1953)",
"Revolt",
"Nobel laureate"
] |
[
"Characters",
"Humans"
] | (-) [[Jones (Animal Farm)|Mr. Jones]] – A heavy drinker who is the original owner of Manor Farm, a farm in disrepair with farmhands who often loaf on the job. He is an allegory of Russian [[Tsar Nicholas II]], who abdicated following the [[February Revolution]] of 1917 and was murdered, along with the rest of his famil... | 620 | Animal Farm | [
"Animal Farm",
"1945 British novels",
"Allegory",
"Dystopian novels",
"English novels",
"Hugo Award for Best Novella winning works",
"British novellas",
"Novels by George Orwell",
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"British political novels",
"Roman à clef novels",
"Satirical novels",
"Novels about rev... | [
"History of Soviet Russia and the Soviet Union (1917–1927)",
"New class",
"Authoritarian personality",
"Anthems in ''Animal Farm''",
"Władysław Reymont",
"Ideocracy",
"Information Research Department",
"Animals",
"History of the Soviet Union (1927–1953)",
"Revolt",
"Nobel laureate"
] |
[
"Characters",
"Equines"
] | (-) [[Boxer (Animal Farm)|Boxer]] – A loyal, kind, dedicated, extremely strong, hard-working, and respectable cart-horse, although quite naive and gullible. Boxer does a large share of the physical labour on the farm. He is shown to hold the belief that "Napoleon is always right." At one point, he had challenged Squeal... | 620 | Animal Farm | [
"Animal Farm",
"1945 British novels",
"Allegory",
"Dystopian novels",
"English novels",
"Hugo Award for Best Novella winning works",
"British novellas",
"Novels by George Orwell",
"Political literature",
"British political novels",
"Roman à clef novels",
"Satirical novels",
"Novels about rev... | [
"History of Soviet Russia and the Soviet Union (1917–1927)",
"New class",
"Authoritarian personality",
"Anthems in ''Animal Farm''",
"Władysław Reymont",
"Ideocracy",
"Information Research Department",
"Animals",
"History of the Soviet Union (1927–1953)",
"Revolt",
"Nobel laureate"
] |
[
"Characters",
"Other animals"
] | (-) Muriel – A wise old goat who is friends with all of the animals on the farm. Similarly to Benjamin, Muriel is one of the few animals on the farm who is not a pig but can read. (-) The puppies – Offspring of Jessie and Bluebell, the puppies were taken away at birth by Napoleon and raised by him to serve as his power... | 620 | Animal Farm | [
"Animal Farm",
"1945 British novels",
"Allegory",
"Dystopian novels",
"English novels",
"Hugo Award for Best Novella winning works",
"British novellas",
"Novels by George Orwell",
"Political literature",
"British political novels",
"Roman à clef novels",
"Satirical novels",
"Novels about rev... | [
"History of Soviet Russia and the Soviet Union (1917–1927)",
"New class",
"Authoritarian personality",
"Anthems in ''Animal Farm''",
"Władysław Reymont",
"Ideocracy",
"Information Research Department",
"Animals",
"History of the Soviet Union (1927–1953)",
"Revolt",
"Nobel laureate"
] |
[
"Characters",
"Other animals"
] | (-) The cat – Never seen to carry out any work, the cat is absent for long periods and is forgiven because her excuses are so convincing and she "purred so affectionately that it was impossible not to believe in her good intentions." She has no interest in the politics of the farm, and the only time she is recorded as ... | 620 | Animal Farm | [
"Animal Farm",
"1945 British novels",
"Allegory",
"Dystopian novels",
"English novels",
"Hugo Award for Best Novella winning works",
"British novellas",
"Novels by George Orwell",
"Political literature",
"British political novels",
"Roman à clef novels",
"Satirical novels",
"Novels about rev... | [
"History of Soviet Russia and the Soviet Union (1917–1927)",
"New class",
"Authoritarian personality",
"Anthems in ''Animal Farm''",
"Władysław Reymont",
"Ideocracy",
"Information Research Department",
"Animals",
"History of the Soviet Union (1927–1953)",
"Revolt",
"Nobel laureate"
] |
[
"Genre and style"
] | George Orwell's ''Animal Farm'' is an example of a political satire that was intended to have a "wider application," according to Orwell himself, in terms of its relevance. Stylistically, the work shares many similarities with some of Orwell's other works, most notably ''1984,'' as both have been considered works of Sw... | 620 | Animal Farm | [
"Animal Farm",
"1945 British novels",
"Allegory",
"Dystopian novels",
"English novels",
"Hugo Award for Best Novella winning works",
"British novellas",
"Novels by George Orwell",
"Political literature",
"British political novels",
"Roman à clef novels",
"Satirical novels",
"Novels about rev... | [
"History of Soviet Russia and the Soviet Union (1917–1927)",
"New class",
"Authoritarian personality",
"Anthems in ''Animal Farm''",
"Władysław Reymont",
"Ideocracy",
"Information Research Department",
"Animals",
"History of the Soviet Union (1927–1953)",
"Revolt",
"Nobel laureate"
] |
[
"Background",
"Origin and writing"
] | George Orwell wrote the manuscript between November 1943 and February 1944 after his experiences during the [[Spanish Civil War]], which he described in ''[[Homage to Catalonia]]'' (1938). In the preface of a 1947 Ukrainian edition of ''Animal Farm'', he explained how escaping the communist purges in Spain taught him "... | 620 | Animal Farm | [
"Animal Farm",
"1945 British novels",
"Allegory",
"Dystopian novels",
"English novels",
"Hugo Award for Best Novella winning works",
"British novellas",
"Novels by George Orwell",
"Political literature",
"British political novels",
"Roman à clef novels",
"Satirical novels",
"Novels about rev... | [
"History of Soviet Russia and the Soviet Union (1917–1927)",
"New class",
"Authoritarian personality",
"Anthems in ''Animal Farm''",
"Władysław Reymont",
"Ideocracy",
"Information Research Department",
"Animals",
"History of the Soviet Union (1927–1953)",
"Revolt",
"Nobel laureate"
] |
[
"Publication",
"Publishing"
] | Orwell initially encountered difficulty getting the manuscript published, largely due to fears that the book might upset the alliance between Britain, the United States, and the Soviet Union. Four publishers refused to publish ''Animal Farm'', yet one had initially accepted the work, but declined it after consulting th... | 620 | Animal Farm | [
"Animal Farm",
"1945 British novels",
"Allegory",
"Dystopian novels",
"English novels",
"Hugo Award for Best Novella winning works",
"British novellas",
"Novels by George Orwell",
"Political literature",
"British political novels",
"Roman à clef novels",
"Satirical novels",
"Novels about rev... | [
"History of Soviet Russia and the Soviet Union (1917–1927)",
"New class",
"Authoritarian personality",
"Anthems in ''Animal Farm''",
"Władysław Reymont",
"Ideocracy",
"Information Research Department",
"Animals",
"History of the Soviet Union (1927–1953)",
"Revolt",
"Nobel laureate"
] |
[
"Publication",
"Publishing"
] | [[Frederic Warburg]] also faced pressures against publication, even from people in his own office and from his wife Pamela, who felt that it was not the moment for ingratitude towards Stalin and the heroic [[Red Army]], which had [[World War II casualties of the Soviet Union|played a major part]] in defeating [[Adolf H... | 620 | Animal Farm | [
"Animal Farm",
"1945 British novels",
"Allegory",
"Dystopian novels",
"English novels",
"Hugo Award for Best Novella winning works",
"British novellas",
"Novels by George Orwell",
"Political literature",
"British political novels",
"Roman à clef novels",
"Satirical novels",
"Novels about rev... | [
"History of Soviet Russia and the Soviet Union (1917–1927)",
"New class",
"Authoritarian personality",
"Anthems in ''Animal Farm''",
"Władysław Reymont",
"Ideocracy",
"Information Research Department",
"Animals",
"History of the Soviet Union (1927–1953)",
"Revolt",
"Nobel laureate"
] |
[
"Publication",
"Preface"
] | Orwell originally wrote a preface complaining about British [[self-censorship]] and how the British people were suppressing criticism of the USSR, their World War II ally: Although the first edition allowed space for the preface, it was not included, and as of June 2009 most editions of the book have not included it. S... | 620 | Animal Farm | [
"Animal Farm",
"1945 British novels",
"Allegory",
"Dystopian novels",
"English novels",
"Hugo Award for Best Novella winning works",
"British novellas",
"Novels by George Orwell",
"Political literature",
"British political novels",
"Roman à clef novels",
"Satirical novels",
"Novels about rev... | [
"History of Soviet Russia and the Soviet Union (1917–1927)",
"New class",
"Authoritarian personality",
"Anthems in ''Animal Farm''",
"Władysław Reymont",
"Ideocracy",
"Information Research Department",
"Animals",
"History of the Soviet Union (1927–1953)",
"Revolt",
"Nobel laureate"
] |
[
"Reception"
] | Contemporary reviews of the work were not universally positive. Writing in the American ''[[The New Republic|New Republic]]'' magazine, George Soule expressed his disappointment in the book, writing that it "puzzled and saddened me. It seemed on the whole dull. The allegory turned out to be a creaking machine for sayin... | 620 | Animal Farm | [
"Animal Farm",
"1945 British novels",
"Allegory",
"Dystopian novels",
"English novels",
"Hugo Award for Best Novella winning works",
"British novellas",
"Novels by George Orwell",
"Political literature",
"British political novels",
"Roman à clef novels",
"Satirical novels",
"Novels about rev... | [
"History of Soviet Russia and the Soviet Union (1917–1927)",
"New class",
"Authoritarian personality",
"Anthems in ''Animal Farm''",
"Władysław Reymont",
"Ideocracy",
"Information Research Department",
"Animals",
"History of the Soviet Union (1927–1953)",
"Revolt",
"Nobel laureate"
] |
[
"Reception"
] | (-) Superintendent in Bay County, Florida, bans ''Animal Farm'' at the middle school and high school levels in 1987. (-) The Board quickly brought back the book, however, after receiving complaints of the ban as "unconstitutional". (-) ''Animal Farm'' was removed from the Stonington, Connecticut school district curricu... | 620 | Animal Farm | [
"Animal Farm",
"1945 British novels",
"Allegory",
"Dystopian novels",
"English novels",
"Hugo Award for Best Novella winning works",
"British novellas",
"Novels by George Orwell",
"Political literature",
"British political novels",
"Roman à clef novels",
"Satirical novels",
"Novels about rev... | [
"History of Soviet Russia and the Soviet Union (1917–1927)",
"New class",
"Authoritarian personality",
"Anthems in ''Animal Farm''",
"Władysław Reymont",
"Ideocracy",
"Information Research Department",
"Animals",
"History of the Soviet Union (1927–1953)",
"Revolt",
"Nobel laureate"
] |
[
"Analysis",
"Animalism"
] | The pigs Snowball, Napoleon, and Squealer adapt Old Major's ideas into "a complete system of thought", which they formally name Animalism, an allegoric reference to [[Communism]], not to be confused with [[Animalism (philosophy)|the philosophy Animalism]]. Soon after, Napoleon and Squealer partake in activities associa... | 620 | Animal Farm | [
"Animal Farm",
"1945 British novels",
"Allegory",
"Dystopian novels",
"English novels",
"Hugo Award for Best Novella winning works",
"British novellas",
"Novels by George Orwell",
"Political literature",
"British political novels",
"Roman à clef novels",
"Satirical novels",
"Novels about rev... | [
"History of Soviet Russia and the Soviet Union (1917–1927)",
"New class",
"Authoritarian personality",
"Anthems in ''Animal Farm''",
"Władysław Reymont",
"Ideocracy",
"Information Research Department",
"Animals",
"History of the Soviet Union (1927–1953)",
"Revolt",
"Nobel laureate"
] |
[
"Analysis",
"Significance and allegory"
] | Orwell biographer Jeffrey Meyers has written, "virtually every detail has political significance in this allegory." Orwell himself wrote in 1946, "Of course I intended it primarily as a satire on the Russian revolution... [and] ''that kind'' of revolution (violent conspiratorial revolution, led by unconsciously power-h... | 620 | Animal Farm | [
"Animal Farm",
"1945 British novels",
"Allegory",
"Dystopian novels",
"English novels",
"Hugo Award for Best Novella winning works",
"British novellas",
"Novels by George Orwell",
"Political literature",
"British political novels",
"Roman à clef novels",
"Satirical novels",
"Novels about rev... | [
"History of Soviet Russia and the Soviet Union (1917–1927)",
"New class",
"Authoritarian personality",
"Anthems in ''Animal Farm''",
"Władysław Reymont",
"Ideocracy",
"Information Research Department",
"Animals",
"History of the Soviet Union (1927–1953)",
"Revolt",
"Nobel laureate"
] |
[
"Analysis",
"Significance and allegory"
] | Other connections that writers have suggested illustrate Orwell's telescoping of Russian history from 1917 to 1943 include the wave of rebelliousness that ran through the countryside after the Rebellion, which stands for the abortive revolutions [[Hungarian Revolution of 1919|in Hungary]] and [[German Revolution of 191... | 620 | Animal Farm | [
"Animal Farm",
"1945 British novels",
"Allegory",
"Dystopian novels",
"English novels",
"Hugo Award for Best Novella winning works",
"British novellas",
"Novels by George Orwell",
"Political literature",
"British political novels",
"Roman à clef novels",
"Satirical novels",
"Novels about rev... | [
"History of Soviet Russia and the Soviet Union (1917–1927)",
"New class",
"Authoritarian personality",
"Anthems in ''Animal Farm''",
"Władysław Reymont",
"Ideocracy",
"Information Research Department",
"Animals",
"History of the Soviet Union (1927–1953)",
"Revolt",
"Nobel laureate"
] |
[
"Adaptations",
"Films"
] | ''Animal Farm'' has been adapted to film twice. Both differ from the novel and have been accused of taking significant liberties, including sanitising some aspects. (-) [[Animal Farm (1954 film)|''Animal Farm'']] (1954) is an animated film, in which Napoleon is eventually overthrown in a second revolution. In 1974, [[E... | 620 | Animal Farm | [
"Animal Farm",
"1945 British novels",
"Allegory",
"Dystopian novels",
"English novels",
"Hugo Award for Best Novella winning works",
"British novellas",
"Novels by George Orwell",
"Political literature",
"British political novels",
"Roman à clef novels",
"Satirical novels",
"Novels about rev... | [
"History of Soviet Russia and the Soviet Union (1917–1927)",
"New class",
"Authoritarian personality",
"Anthems in ''Animal Farm''",
"Władysław Reymont",
"Ideocracy",
"Information Research Department",
"Animals",
"History of the Soviet Union (1927–1953)",
"Revolt",
"Nobel laureate"
] |
[
"Adaptations",
"Radio dramatizations"
] | A BBC radio version, produced by [[Rayner Heppenstall]], was broadcast in January 1947. Orwell listened to the production at his home in Canonbury Square, London, with [[Hugh Gordon Porteus|Hugh Gordon Porteous]], amongst others. Orwell later wrote to Heppenstall that Porteous, "who had not read the book, grasped what ... | 620 | Animal Farm | [
"Animal Farm",
"1945 British novels",
"Allegory",
"Dystopian novels",
"English novels",
"Hugo Award for Best Novella winning works",
"British novellas",
"Novels by George Orwell",
"Political literature",
"British political novels",
"Roman à clef novels",
"Satirical novels",
"Novels about rev... | [
"History of Soviet Russia and the Soviet Union (1917–1927)",
"New class",
"Authoritarian personality",
"Anthems in ''Animal Farm''",
"Władysław Reymont",
"Ideocracy",
"Information Research Department",
"Animals",
"History of the Soviet Union (1927–1953)",
"Revolt",
"Nobel laureate"
] |
[
"Adaptations",
"Stage productions"
] | A theatrical version, with music by [[Richard Peaslee]] and lyrics by [[Adrian Mitchell]], was staged at the [[Royal National Theatre|National Theatre]] London on 25 April 1984, directed by [[Peter Hall (director)|Peter Hall]]. It toured nine cities in 1985. A solo version, adapted and performed by Guy Masterson, premi... | 620 | Animal Farm | [
"Animal Farm",
"1945 British novels",
"Allegory",
"Dystopian novels",
"English novels",
"Hugo Award for Best Novella winning works",
"British novellas",
"Novels by George Orwell",
"Political literature",
"British political novels",
"Roman à clef novels",
"Satirical novels",
"Novels about rev... | [
"History of Soviet Russia and the Soviet Union (1917–1927)",
"New class",
"Authoritarian personality",
"Anthems in ''Animal Farm''",
"Władysław Reymont",
"Ideocracy",
"Information Research Department",
"Animals",
"History of the Soviet Union (1927–1953)",
"Revolt",
"Nobel laureate"
] |
[
"Adaptations",
"Comic strip"
] | In 1950 [[Norman Pett]] and his writing partner [[Don Freeman]] were secretly hired by the [[Information Research Department|Information Research Department (IRD)]], a secret wing of the [[British Foreign Office]], to adapt ''Animal Farm'' into a comic strip. This comic was not published in the U.K. but ran in Brazilia... | 620 | Animal Farm | [
"Animal Farm",
"1945 British novels",
"Allegory",
"Dystopian novels",
"English novels",
"Hugo Award for Best Novella winning works",
"British novellas",
"Novels by George Orwell",
"Political literature",
"British political novels",
"Roman à clef novels",
"Satirical novels",
"Novels about rev... | [
"History of Soviet Russia and the Soviet Union (1917–1927)",
"New class",
"Authoritarian personality",
"Anthems in ''Animal Farm''",
"Władysław Reymont",
"Ideocracy",
"Information Research Department",
"Animals",
"History of the Soviet Union (1927–1953)",
"Revolt",
"Nobel laureate"
] |
[] | '''Amphibians''' are [[ectotherm]], [[tetrapod]] [[vertebrate]] of the [[Class (biology)|class]] '''Amphibia'''. All living amphibians belong to the group [[Lissamphibia]]. They inhabit a wide variety of [[habitat]], with most species living within [[terrestrial animal|terrestrial]], [[fossorial]], [[arboreal]] or fres... | 621 | Amphibian | [
"Amphibians",
"Amphibious organisms",
"Animal classes",
"Extant Late Devonian first appearances",
"Taxa named by John Edward Gray"
] | [
"List of amphibian genera",
"List of threatened reptiles and amphibians of the United States",
"List of amphibians"
] |
[
"Classification"
] | The word "amphibian" is derived from the [[Ancient Greek]] term ἀμφίβιος (''amphíbios''), which means "both kinds of life", ''ἀμφί'' meaning "of both kinds" and ''βιος'' meaning "life". The term was initially used as a general adjective for animals that could live on land or in water, including seals and otters. Tradit... | 621 | Amphibian | [
"Amphibians",
"Amphibious organisms",
"Animal classes",
"Extant Late Devonian first appearances",
"Taxa named by John Edward Gray"
] | [
"List of amphibian genera",
"List of threatened reptiles and amphibians of the United States",
"List of amphibians"
] |
[
"Classification"
] | All modern amphibians are included in the subclass Lissamphibia, which is usually considered a [[clade]], a group of species that have evolved from a common ancestor. The three modern orders are Anura (the frogs and toads), Caudata (or Urodela, the salamanders), and Gymnophiona (or Apoda, the caecilians). It has been s... | 621 | Amphibian | [
"Amphibians",
"Amphibious organisms",
"Animal classes",
"Extant Late Devonian first appearances",
"Taxa named by John Edward Gray"
] | [
"List of amphibian genera",
"List of threatened reptiles and amphibians of the United States",
"List of amphibians"
] |
[
"Evolutionary history"
] | The first major groups of amphibians developed in the [[Devonian]] period, around 370 million years ago, from [[Sarcopterygii|lobe-finned fish]] which were similar to the modern [[coelacanth]] and [[lungfish]]. These ancient lobe-finned fish had evolved multi-jointed leg-like fins with digits that enabled them to crawl... | 621 | Amphibian | [
"Amphibians",
"Amphibious organisms",
"Animal classes",
"Extant Late Devonian first appearances",
"Taxa named by John Edward Gray"
] | [
"List of amphibian genera",
"List of threatened reptiles and amphibians of the United States",
"List of amphibians"
] |
[
"Evolutionary history"
] | At the end of the Devonian period (360 million years ago), the seas, rivers and lakes were teeming with life while the land was the realm of early plants and devoid of vertebrates, though some, such as ''Ichthyostega'', may have sometimes hauled themselves out of the water. It is thought they may have propelled themsel... | 621 | Amphibian | [
"Amphibians",
"Amphibious organisms",
"Animal classes",
"Extant Late Devonian first appearances",
"Taxa named by John Edward Gray"
] | [
"List of amphibian genera",
"List of threatened reptiles and amphibians of the United States",
"List of amphibians"
] |
[
"Evolutionary history"
] | The origins and evolutionary relationships between the three main groups of amphibians is a matter of debate. A 2005 molecular phylogeny, based on [[Ribosomal DNA|rDNA]] analysis, suggests that salamanders and caecilians are more closely related to each other than they are to frogs. It also appears that the divergence ... | 621 | Amphibian | [
"Amphibians",
"Amphibious organisms",
"Animal classes",
"Extant Late Devonian first appearances",
"Taxa named by John Edward Gray"
] | [
"List of amphibian genera",
"List of threatened reptiles and amphibians of the United States",
"List of amphibians"
] |
[
"Characteristics"
] | The superclass [[Tetrapoda]] is divided into four classes of vertebrate animals with four limbs. Reptiles, birds and mammals are amniotes, the eggs of which are either laid or carried by the female and are surrounded by several membranes, some of which are impervious. Lacking these membranes, amphibians require water b... | 621 | Amphibian | [
"Amphibians",
"Amphibious organisms",
"Animal classes",
"Extant Late Devonian first appearances",
"Taxa named by John Edward Gray"
] | [
"List of amphibian genera",
"List of threatened reptiles and amphibians of the United States",
"List of amphibians"
] |
[
"Characteristics"
] | Amphibians are ectothermic (cold-blooded) vertebrates that do not maintain their body temperature through internal [[Physiology|physiological]] processes. Their [[Basal metabolic rate|metabolic rate]] is low and as a result, their food and energy requirements are limited. In the adult state, they have tear ducts and mo... | 621 | Amphibian | [
"Amphibians",
"Amphibious organisms",
"Animal classes",
"Extant Late Devonian first appearances",
"Taxa named by John Edward Gray"
] | [
"List of amphibian genera",
"List of threatened reptiles and amphibians of the United States",
"List of amphibians"
] |
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