id stringlengths 24 24 | title stringclasses 442
values | context stringlengths 8 722 | question stringlengths 1 25.7k | answers dict |
|---|---|---|---|---|
57321200e17f3d140042265d | Genocide | Yet is commonly seen to escape the process of trial and prosecution due to the fact that genocide is more often than not committed by the officials in power of a state or area. | Why does genocide often go unpunished? | {
"text": [
"genocide is more often than not committed by the officials in power"
],
"answer_start": [
89
]
} |
57321200e17f3d140042265e | Genocide | In 1648 before the term genocide had been coined, the Peace of Westphalia was established to protect ethnic, national, racial and in some instances religious groups. | Who was the Peace of Westphalia designed to protect? | {
"text": [
"ethnic, national, racial and in some instances religious groups"
],
"answer_start": [
101
]
} |
57321200e17f3d140042265f | Genocide | In 1648 before the term genocide had been coined, the Peace of Westphalia was established to protect ethnic, national, racial and in some instances religious groups. | What year was the Peace of Westphalia signed? | {
"text": [
"1648"
],
"answer_start": [
3
]
} |
5731eb9bb9d445190005e697 | Genocide | The word genocide was not in use before 1944. | When was the word "genocide" first used? | {
"text": [
"1944"
],
"answer_start": [
40
]
} |
5731eb9bb9d445190005e698 | Genocide | The word genocide is the combination of the Greek prefix geno- (meaning tribe or race) and caedere (the Latin word for to kill). | What is the etymology of the term "genocide"? | {
"text": [
"The word genocide is the combination of the Greek prefix geno- (meaning tribe or race) and caedere (the Latin word for to kill)."
],
"answer_start": [
0
]
} |
5731eb9bb9d445190005e699 | Genocide | The word is defined as a specific set of violent crimes that are committed against a certain group with the attempt to remove the entire group from existence or to destroy them. | What is the definition of genocide? | {
"text": [
"a specific set of violent crimes that are committed against a certain group with the attempt to remove the entire group from existence or to destroy them"
],
"answer_start": [
23
]
} |
5731eb9bb9d445190005e69a | Genocide | In that year, a Polish-Jewish lawyer named Raphael Lemkin, described the policies of systematic murder founded by the Nazis as genocide. | Who coined the term "genocide"? | {
"text": [
"Raphael Lemkin"
],
"answer_start": [
43
]
} |
5731eb9bb9d445190005e69b | Genocide | Before this, in 1941, Winston Churchill described the mass killing of Russian prisoners of war and civilians as "a crime without a name". | Who referred to acts of genocide in 1941? | {
"text": [
"Winston Churchill"
],
"answer_start": [
22
]
} |
5732c3e8cc179a14009dac46 | Genocide | The word genocide was not in use before 1944. | The word "genocide" was unknown until what year? | {
"text": [
"1944"
],
"answer_start": [
40
]
} |
5732c3e8cc179a14009dac47 | Genocide | Before this, in 1941, Winston Churchill described the mass killing of Russian prisoners of war and civilians as "a crime without a name". | In 1941, how did Winston Churchill refer to the mass killings of Russian prisoners of war? | {
"text": [
"as \"a crime without a name\""
],
"answer_start": [
109
]
} |
5732c3e8cc179a14009dac48 | Genocide | In that year, a Polish-Jewish lawyer named Raphael Lemkin, described the policies of systematic murder founded by the Nazis as genocide. | What was the name of the Polish-Jewish lawyer who first described Nazi atrocities as "genocide?" | {
"text": [
"Raphael Lemkin"
],
"answer_start": [
43
]
} |
5732c3e8cc179a14009dac49 | Genocide | The word genocide is the combination of the Greek prefix geno- (meaning tribe or race) and caedere (the Latin word for to kill). | What is the etymological basis of the word "genocide?" | {
"text": [
"Greek prefix geno- (meaning tribe or race) and caedere (the Latin word for to kill)"
],
"answer_start": [
44
]
} |
5732c3e8cc179a14009dac4a | Genocide | The word is defined as a specific set of violent crimes that are committed against a certain group with the attempt to remove the entire group from existence or to destroy them. | As it pertains to violent crimes against targeted groups, what is the ultimate motivation within the actions of genocide? | {
"text": [
"to remove the entire group from existence or to destroy them"
],
"answer_start": [
116
]
} |
5733c3c7d058e614000b61ef | Genocide | The judges continue in paragraph 12, "The determination of when the targeted part is substantial enough to meet this requirement may involve a number of considerations. | Several considerations were involved in meeting the requirement to determine what? | {
"text": [
"when the targeted part is substantial enough"
],
"answer_start": [
59
]
} |
5733c3c7d058e614000b61f0 | Genocide | The numeric size of the targeted part of the group is the necessary and important starting point, though not in all cases the ending point of the inquiry. | What is the key aspect of the targeted part of the group at the starting point of the inquiry? | {
"text": [
"The numeric size"
],
"answer_start": [
0
]
} |
5733c3c7d058e614000b61f1 | Genocide | The number of individuals targeted should be evaluated not only in absolute terms, but also in relation to the overall size of the entire group. | The number of people targeted in a genocide should not be solely evaluated by what? | {
"text": [
"absolute terms"
],
"answer_start": [
67
]
} |
5733c3c7d058e614000b61f2 | Genocide | In addition to the numeric size of the targeted portion, its prominence within the group can be a useful consideration. | In addition to the numeric size of a targeted group, what other consideration was useful to the ICTY? | {
"text": [
"prominence within the group"
],
"answer_start": [
61
]
} |
5733c6224776f419006611f4 | Genocide | In paragraph 13 the judges raise the issue of the perpetrators' access to the victims: "The historical examples of genocide also suggest that the area of the perpetrators’ activity and control, as well as the possible extent of their reach, should be considered. ... | The issue of what is raised by judges in Paragraph 13? | {
"text": [
"perpetrators' access to the victims"
],
"answer_start": [
50
]
} |
5733c6224776f419006611f5 | Genocide | In paragraph 13 the judges raise the issue of the perpetrators' access to the victims: "The historical examples of genocide also suggest that the area of the perpetrators’ activity and control, as well as the possible extent of their reach, should be considered. ... | What is the basis for suggesting that several factors regarding the activity of the perpetrators be considered? | {
"text": [
"historical examples of genocide"
],
"answer_start": [
92
]
} |
5733c6224776f419006611f6 | Genocide | In paragraph 13 the judges raise the issue of the perpetrators' access to the victims: "The historical examples of genocide also suggest that the area of the perpetrators’ activity and control, as well as the possible extent of their reach, should be considered. ... | The extent of what by the perpetrators was considered in an examination of their activity and level of control? | {
"text": [
"possible extent of their reach"
],
"answer_start": [
209
]
} |
5733c6224776f419006611f7 | Genocide | The intent to destroy formed by a perpetrator of genocide will always be limited by the opportunity presented to him. | What will always be restricted in terms of a perpetrator's intent to destroy? | {
"text": [
"the opportunity presented to him"
],
"answer_start": [
84
]
} |
5733c6224776f419006611f8 | Genocide | While this factor alone will not indicate whether the targeted group is substantial, it can—in combination with other factors—inform the analysis." | While the factor cannot independently indicate if the targeted group is substantial, it can do what? | {
"text": [
"inform the analysis"
],
"answer_start": [
126
]
} |
5733ce494776f41900661298 | Genocide | The Convention came into force as international law on 12 January 1951 after the minimum 20 countries became parties. | On which date did the Genocide Convention become effective? | {
"text": [
"12 January 1951"
],
"answer_start": [
55
]
} |
5733ce494776f41900661299 | Genocide | The Convention came into force as international law on 12 January 1951 after the minimum 20 countries became parties. | What was the minimum number of countries necessary to form parties? | {
"text": [
"20"
],
"answer_start": [
89
]
} |
5733ce494776f4190066129a | Genocide | At that time however, only two of the five permanent members of the UN Security Council were parties to the treaty: France and the Republic of China. | Of the five permanent members of the UN Security Council, how many were parties to the treaty? | {
"text": [
"only two"
],
"answer_start": [
22
]
} |
5733ce494776f4190066129b | Genocide | The Soviet Union ratified in 1954, the United Kingdom in 1970, the People's Republic of China in 1983 (having replaced the Taiwan-based Republic of China on the UNSC in 1971), and the United States in 1988. | What member ratified in 1970? | {
"text": [
"the United Kingdom"
],
"answer_start": [
35
]
} |
5733ce494776f4190066129c | Genocide | This long delay in support for the Convention by the world's most powerful nations caused the Convention to languish for over four decades. | The delay in support by certain powerful members meant the Convention was largely powerless for over how many decades? | {
"text": [
"four"
],
"answer_start": [
126
]
} |
5733cf6a4776f419006612a2 | Genocide | Writing in 1998 Kurt Jonassohn and Karin Björnson stated that the CPPCG was a legal instrument resulting from a diplomatic compromise. | In 1998 it was written that the CPPCG was a legal entity resulting in which type of compromise? | {
"text": [
"a diplomatic compromise"
],
"answer_start": [
110
]
} |
5733cf6a4776f419006612a3 | Genocide | As such the wording of the treaty is not intended to be a definition suitable as a research tool, and although it is used for this purpose, as it has an international legal credibility that others lack, other definitions have also been postulated. | Rather than a definition, the text of the treaty is considered as what type of tool? | {
"text": [
"a research tool"
],
"answer_start": [
81
]
} |
5733cf6a4776f419006612a4 | Genocide | As such the wording of the treaty is not intended to be a definition suitable as a research tool, and although it is used for this purpose, as it has an international legal credibility that others lack, other definitions have also been postulated. | What does the treaty possess that others lack? | {
"text": [
"international legal credibility"
],
"answer_start": [
153
]
} |
5733cf6a4776f419006612a5 | Genocide | Jonassohn and Björnson go on to say that none of these alternative definitions have gained widespread support for various reasons. | The writers Jonassohn and Bjornson cite various reasons for the lack of widespread support of what? | {
"text": [
"alternative definitions"
],
"answer_start": [
55
]
} |
5733f7b64776f419006615e3 | Genocide | Jonassohn and Björnson postulate that the major reason why no single generally accepted genocide definition has emerged is because academics have adjusted their focus to emphasise different periods and have found it expedient to use slightly different definitions to help them interpret events. | What two writers examined the lack of an accepted and singular definition for genocide? | {
"text": [
"Jonassohn and Björnson"
],
"answer_start": [
0
]
} |
5733f7b64776f419006615e4 | Genocide | Jonassohn and Björnson postulate that the major reason why no single generally accepted genocide definition has emerged is because academics have adjusted their focus to emphasise different periods and have found it expedient to use slightly different definitions to help them interpret events. | The two writers suggested that academics adjusted what in their different definitions to assist them in interpreting events? | {
"text": [
"their focus"
],
"answer_start": [
155
]
} |
5733f7b64776f419006615e5 | Genocide | For example, Frank Chalk and Kurt Jonassohn studied the whole of human history, while Leo Kuper and R. J. Rummel in their more recent works concentrated on the 20th century, and Helen Fein, Barbara Harff and Ted Gurr have looked at post World War II events. | What writer joined Jonassohn in the study of the whole of human history? | {
"text": [
"Frank Chalk"
],
"answer_start": [
13
]
} |
5733f7b64776f419006615e6 | Genocide | For example, Frank Chalk and Kurt Jonassohn studied the whole of human history, while Leo Kuper and R. J. Rummel in their more recent works concentrated on the 20th century, and Helen Fein, Barbara Harff and Ted Gurr have looked at post World War II events. | With whom was Leo Kuper paired in research that focused on 20th century works? | {
"text": [
"R. J. Rummel"
],
"answer_start": [
100
]
} |
5733f7b64776f419006615e7 | Genocide | For example, Frank Chalk and Kurt Jonassohn studied the whole of human history, while Leo Kuper and R. J. Rummel in their more recent works concentrated on the 20th century, and Helen Fein, Barbara Harff and Ted Gurr have looked at post World War II events. | Two women and what man concentrated on post World War II events? | {
"text": [
"Ted Gurr"
],
"answer_start": [
208
]
} |
5733fb934776f41900661637 | Genocide | Barbara Harff and Ted Gurr defined genocide as "the promotion and execution of policies by a state or its agents which result in the deaths of a substantial portion of a group ...[when] the victimized groups are defined primarily in terms of their communal characteristics, i.e., ethnicity, religion or nationality." Har... | Harff and Gurr's definition of genocide included the promotion and execution of what, by a state or its agents? | {
"text": [
"policies"
],
"answer_start": [
79
]
} |
5733fb934776f41900661638 | Genocide | Barbara Harff and Ted Gurr defined genocide as "the promotion and execution of policies by a state or its agents which result in the deaths of a substantial portion of a group ...[when] the victimized groups are defined primarily in terms of their communal characteristics, i.e., ethnicity, religion or nationality." Har... | Harff and Gurr further defined what in terms of ethnicity, religion or nationality? | {
"text": [
"victimized groups"
],
"answer_start": [
190
]
} |
5733fb934776f41900661639 | Genocide | Barbara Harff and Ted Gurr defined genocide as "the promotion and execution of policies by a state or its agents which result in the deaths of a substantial portion of a group ...[when] the victimized groups are defined primarily in terms of their communal characteristics, i.e., ethnicity, religion or nationality." Har... | What was important to Harff and Gurr to distinguish from genocides? | {
"text": [
"politicides"
],
"answer_start": [
373
]
} |
5733fb934776f4190066163a | Genocide | In genocides, the victimized groups are defined primarily in terms of their communal characteristics, i.e., ethnicity, religion or nationality. | Along with ethnicity and and religion, what other characteristic defined a member of a victimized group? | {
"text": [
"nationality"
],
"answer_start": [
131
]
} |
5733fb934776f4190066163b | Genocide | Daniel D. Polsby and Don B. Kates, Jr. state that "... we follow Harff's distinction between genocides and 'pogroms,' which she describes as 'short-lived outbursts by mobs, which, although often condoned by authorities, rarely persist.' If the violence persists for long enough, however, Harff argues, the distinction be... | What did Harff define as "short-lived outbursts by mobs...?" | {
"text": [
"pogroms"
],
"answer_start": [
108
]
} |
5733fcd5d058e614000b6717 | Genocide | The ordinary meaning is murder by government of people due to their national, ethnic, racial, or religious group membership. | In the writings of Rummel, what is the first and ordinary meaning of genocide? | {
"text": [
"murder by government"
],
"answer_start": [
24
]
} |
5733fcd5d058e614000b6718 | Genocide | The ordinary meaning is murder by government of people due to their national, ethnic, racial, or religious group membership. | Rummel postulates that murder of people of government is due to national, ethnic, racial and which other membership? | {
"text": [
"religious group"
],
"answer_start": [
97
]
} |
5733fcd5d058e614000b6719 | Genocide | The legal meaning of genocide refers to the international treaty, the Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of the Crime of Genocide. | The legal meaning of genocide is contained in which international treaty? | {
"text": [
"Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of the Crime of Genocide"
],
"answer_start": [
70
]
} |
5733fcd5d058e614000b671a | Genocide | This also includes non-killings that in the end eliminate the group, such as preventing births or forcibly transferring children out of the group to another group. | Included in the CPPCG is non-killings that ultimately achieve what end? | {
"text": [
"eliminate the group"
],
"answer_start": [
48
]
} |
5733fcd5d058e614000b671b | Genocide | This also includes non-killings that in the end eliminate the group, such as preventing births or forcibly transferring children out of the group to another group. | In the interpretation of non-killings, the CPPCG cites the forceful relocation of children along with what other factor? | {
"text": [
"preventing births"
],
"answer_start": [
77
]
} |
57340136d058e614000b6783 | Genocide | Highlighting the potential for state and non-state actors to commit genocide in the 21st century, for example, in failed states or as non-state actors acquire weapons of mass destruction, Adrian Gallagher defined genocide as 'When a source of collective power (usually a state) intentionally uses its power base to imple... | In terms of failed states and non-state actors, the possession of weapons of mass destruction was an issue examined by which writer? | {
"text": [
"Adrian Gallagher"
],
"answer_start": [
188
]
} |
57340136d058e614000b6784 | Genocide | Highlighting the potential for state and non-state actors to commit genocide in the 21st century, for example, in failed states or as non-state actors acquire weapons of mass destruction, Adrian Gallagher defined genocide as 'When a source of collective power (usually a state) intentionally uses its power base to imple... | In Gallagher's definition of genocide, a source of what is malicious in it implementation of the destruction of a group? | {
"text": [
"collective power"
],
"answer_start": [
243
]
} |
57340136d058e614000b6785 | Genocide | The definition upholds the centrality of intent, the multidimensional understanding of destroy, broadens the definition of group identity beyond that of the 1948 definition yet argues that a substantial part of a group has to be destroyed before it can be classified as genocide (dependent on relative group size). | Gallagher's definition upholds the centrality of what? | {
"text": [
"intent"
],
"answer_start": [
41
]
} |
57340136d058e614000b6786 | Genocide | The definition upholds the centrality of intent, the multidimensional understanding of destroy, broadens the definition of group identity beyond that of the 1948 definition yet argues that a substantial part of a group has to be destroyed before it can be classified as genocide (dependent on relative group size). | The centrality of intent broadens what definition, beyond the 1948 one? | {
"text": [
"group identity"
],
"answer_start": [
123
]
} |
57340136d058e614000b6787 | Genocide | The definition upholds the centrality of intent, the multidimensional understanding of destroy, broadens the definition of group identity beyond that of the 1948 definition yet argues that a substantial part of a group has to be destroyed before it can be classified as genocide (dependent on relative group size). | In order for a genocide classification to happen, a major part of a group has to be what? | {
"text": [
"destroyed"
],
"answer_start": [
229
]
} |
573402a3d058e614000b6797 | Genocide | All signatories to the CPPCG are required to prevent and punish acts of genocide, both in peace and wartime, though some barriers make this enforcement difficult. | Signatories to the CPPC are required to prevent and punish what? | {
"text": [
"acts of genocide"
],
"answer_start": [
64
]
} |
573402a3d058e614000b6798 | Genocide | All signatories to the CPPCG are required to prevent and punish acts of genocide, both in peace and wartime, though some barriers make this enforcement difficult. | During which times can a perpetrator of genocide be charged? | {
"text": [
"both in peace and wartime"
],
"answer_start": [
82
]
} |
573402a3d058e614000b6799 | Genocide | In particular, some of the signatories—namely, Bahrain, Bangladesh, India, Malaysia, the Philippines, Singapore, the United States, Vietnam, Yemen, and former Yugoslavia—signed with the proviso that no claim of genocide could be brought against them at the International Court of Justice without their consent. | In enforcing a charge of genocide, what loophole do many of the signatories possess? | {
"text": [
"no claim of genocide could be brought against them"
],
"answer_start": [
199
]
} |
573402a3d058e614000b679a | Genocide | In particular, some of the signatories—namely, Bahrain, Bangladesh, India, Malaysia, the Philippines, Singapore, the United States, Vietnam, Yemen, and former Yugoslavia—signed with the proviso that no claim of genocide could be brought against them at the International Court of Justice without their consent. | What major western power is exempt from charges or claims of genocide against itself? | {
"text": [
"the United States"
],
"answer_start": [
113
]
} |
573402a3d058e614000b679b | Genocide | Despite official protests from other signatories (notably Cyprus and Norway) on the ethics and legal standing of these reservations, the immunity from prosecution they grant has been invoked from time to time, as when the United States refused to allow a charge of genocide brought against it by former Yugoslavia follow... | Along with Cyprus, what other major signatory official protested the the immunity of others from prosecution of genocide? | {
"text": [
"Norway"
],
"answer_start": [
69
]
} |
573404abd058e614000b67c9 | Genocide | Because the universal acceptance of international laws which in 1948 defined and forbade genocide with the promulgation of the Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of the Crime of Genocide (CPPCG), those criminals who were prosecuted after the war in international courts for taking part in the Holocaust were fou... | In 1948 the worldwide acceptance of international laws that defined and forbade genocide was promulgated by which treaty? | {
"text": [
"Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of the Crime of Genocide"
],
"answer_start": [
127
]
} |
573404abd058e614000b67ca | Genocide | Because the universal acceptance of international laws which in 1948 defined and forbade genocide with the promulgation of the Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of the Crime of Genocide (CPPCG), those criminals who were prosecuted after the war in international courts for taking part in the Holocaust were fou... | Perpetrators who were tried after World War II were in general found guilty of crimes against what? | {
"text": [
"humanity"
],
"answer_start": [
348
]
} |
573404abd058e614000b67cb | Genocide | Because the universal acceptance of international laws which in 1948 defined and forbade genocide with the promulgation of the Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of the Crime of Genocide (CPPCG), those criminals who were prosecuted after the war in international courts for taking part in the Holocaust were fou... | An example of a more specific genocidal crime of which one could be accused was what? | {
"text": [
"crimes like murder"
],
"answer_start": [
381
]
} |
573404abd058e614000b67cc | Genocide | Because the universal acceptance of international laws which in 1948 defined and forbade genocide with the promulgation of the Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of the Crime of Genocide (CPPCG), those criminals who were prosecuted after the war in international courts for taking part in the Holocaust were fou... | After WWII criminals were largely prosecuted under CPPCG for their involvement in what massive genocidal effort? | {
"text": [
"the Holocaust"
],
"answer_start": [
298
]
} |
573404abd058e614000b67cd | Genocide | Nevertheless, the Holocaust is universally recognized to have been a genocide and the term, that had been coined the year before by Raphael Lemkin, appeared in the indictment of the 24 Nazi leaders, Count 3, which stated that all the defendants had "conducted deliberate and systematic genocide—namely, the extermination... | Who is notable for coining the term "Holocaust?" | {
"text": [
"Raphael Lemkin"
],
"answer_start": [
132
]
} |
573406d84776f41900661731 | Genocide | On 12 July 2007, European Court of Human Rights when dismissing the appeal by Nikola Jorgić against his conviction for genocide by a German court (Jorgic v. Germany) noted that the German courts wider interpretation of genocide has since been rejected by international courts considering similar cases. | Which court dismissed Nikola Jorgic's appeal against his conviction for genocide by a German court? | {
"text": [
"European Court of Human Rights"
],
"answer_start": [
17
]
} |
573406d84776f41900661732 | Genocide | On 12 July 2007, European Court of Human Rights when dismissing the appeal by Nikola Jorgić against his conviction for genocide by a German court (Jorgic v. Germany) noted that the German courts wider interpretation of genocide has since been rejected by international courts considering similar cases. | In Jorgic v. Germany, what about the German courts was later rejected by international courts hearing similar cases? | {
"text": [
"wider interpretation of genocide"
],
"answer_start": [
195
]
} |
573406d84776f41900661733 | Genocide | The ECHR also noted that in the 21st century "Amongst scholars, the majority have taken the view that ethnic cleansing, in the way in which it was carried out by the Serb forces in Bosnia and Herzegovina in order to expel Muslims and Croats from their homes, did not constitute genocide. | The ECHR noted that among certain academics, what act carried out by the Serbs agains Bosnian Muslims and Croats did not constitute genocide? | {
"text": [
"ethnic cleansing"
],
"answer_start": [
102
]
} |
573406d84776f41900661734 | Genocide | The ECHR also noted that in the 21st century "Amongst scholars, the majority have taken the view that ethnic cleansing, in the way in which it was carried out by the Serb forces in Bosnia and Herzegovina in order to expel Muslims and Croats from their homes, did not constitute genocide. | The ethnic cleansing perpetrated by the Serbs against Bosnia-Herzegovina was conducted with what ultimate goal in mind? | {
"text": [
"expel Muslims and Croats from their homes"
],
"answer_start": [
216
]
} |
573406d84776f41900661735 | Genocide | However, there are also a considerable number of scholars who have suggested that these acts did amount to genocide, and the ICTY has found in the Momcilo Krajisnik case that the actus reu, of genocide was met in Prijedor "With regard to the charge of genocide, the Chamber found that in spite of evidence of acts perpet... | Conversely the scholars who did view the Serbs' acts as constituting genocide, were backed up by what Tribunal? | {
"text": [
"the ICTY"
],
"answer_start": [
121
]
} |
5734087f4776f4190066174d | Genocide | About 30 people have been indicted for participating in genocide or complicity in genocide during the early 1990s in Bosnia. | In the 1990s, how many people were indicted for war crimes that were officially defined as genocide? | {
"text": [
"About 30"
],
"answer_start": [
0
]
} |
5734087f4776f4190066174e | Genocide | To date, after several plea bargains and some convictions that were successfully challenged on appeal two men, Vujadin Popović and Ljubiša Beara, have been found guilty of committing genocide, Zdravko Tolimir has been found guilty of committing genocide and conspiracy to commit genocide, and two others, Radislav Krstić... | Convicted perpetrators Popovic and Beara were found guilty of genocide despite what evasive action? | {
"text": [
"several plea bargains"
],
"answer_start": [
15
]
} |
5734087f4776f4190066174f | Genocide | To date, after several plea bargains and some convictions that were successfully challenged on appeal two men, Vujadin Popović and Ljubiša Beara, have been found guilty of committing genocide, Zdravko Tolimir has been found guilty of committing genocide and conspiracy to commit genocide, and two others, Radislav Krstić... | Tolimir was found guilty of both genocide and what other charge? | {
"text": [
"conspiracy to commit genocide"
],
"answer_start": [
258
]
} |
5734087f4776f41900661750 | Genocide | To date, after several plea bargains and some convictions that were successfully challenged on appeal two men, Vujadin Popović and Ljubiša Beara, have been found guilty of committing genocide, Zdravko Tolimir has been found guilty of committing genocide and conspiracy to commit genocide, and two others, Radislav Krstić... | Another charge beyond the act of genocide and for which Krstic and Nikolic were found guilty was what? | {
"text": [
"aiding and abetting genocide"
],
"answer_start": [
366
]
} |
5734087f4776f41900661751 | Genocide | Three others have been found guilty of participating in genocides in Bosnia by German courts, one of whom Nikola Jorgić lost an appeal against his conviction in the European Court of Human Rights. | Three others were charged with participating in genocides in Bosnia by which country's courts? | {
"text": [
"German courts"
],
"answer_start": [
79
]
} |
57340aae4776f41900661790 | Genocide | He died on 11 March 2006 during his trial where he was accused of genocide or complicity in genocide in territories within Bosnia and Herzegovina, so no verdict was returned. | What event occurred in March 2006 that essentially ended Milosevic's trial? | {
"text": [
"He died"
],
"answer_start": [
0
]
} |
57340aae4776f41900661793 | Genocide | On 21 July 2008, Karadžić was arrested in Belgrade, and he is currently in The Hague on trial accused of genocide among other crimes. | Where was Karadzic when he was finally arrested? | {
"text": [
"Belgrade"
],
"answer_start": [
42
]
} |
57340aae4776f41900661792 | Genocide | In 1995, the ICTY issued a warrant for the arrest of Bosnian Serbs Radovan Karadžić and Ratko Mladić on several charges including genocide. | With Milosevic dead, who did the ICTY next charge with crimes of genocide in 1995? | {
"text": [
"Radovan Karadžić and Ratko Mladić"
],
"answer_start": [
67
]
} |
57340aae4776f41900661791 | Genocide | He died on 11 March 2006 during his trial where he was accused of genocide or complicity in genocide in territories within Bosnia and Herzegovina, so no verdict was returned. | Had Milosevic not died, what charges might he have been convicted of? | {
"text": [
"genocide or complicity in genocide"
],
"answer_start": [
66
]
} |
57340aae4776f4190066178f | Genocide | Slobodan Milošević, as the former President of Serbia and of Yugoslavia, was the most senior political figure to stand trial at the ICTY. | Which former president was by far the most senior politician to be accused of genocidal crimes by the ICTY? | {
"text": [
"Slobodan Milošević"
],
"answer_start": [
0
]
} |
57340c46d058e614000b6893 | Genocide | The International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda (ICTR) is a court under the auspices of the United Nations for the prosecution of offenses committed in Rwanda during the genocide which occurred there during April 1994, commencing on 6 April. | What court was established under the aegis of the United Nations to prosecute genocidal crimes in Rwanda? | {
"text": [
"International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda (ICTR)"
],
"answer_start": [
4
]
} |
57340c46d058e614000b6894 | Genocide | The International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda (ICTR) is a court under the auspices of the United Nations for the prosecution of offenses committed in Rwanda during the genocide which occurred there during April 1994, commencing on 6 April. | The prosecutorial efforts of the ICTR focused on genocidal acts that took place during which time period? | {
"text": [
"April 1994"
],
"answer_start": [
206
]
} |
57340c46d058e614000b6895 | Genocide | The ICTR was created on 8 November 1994 by the Security Council of the United Nations in order to judge those people responsible for the acts of genocide and other serious violations of the international law performed in the territory of Rwanda, or by Rwandan citizens in nearby states, between 1 January and 31 December... | the ICTR was created in November 1995 by which branch of the UN? | {
"text": [
"the Security Council of the United Nations"
],
"answer_start": [
43
]
} |
57340c46d058e614000b6896 | Genocide | The ICTR was created on 8 November 1994 by the Security Council of the United Nations in order to judge those people responsible for the acts of genocide and other serious violations of the international law performed in the territory of Rwanda, or by Rwandan citizens in nearby states, between 1 January and 31 December... | The ICTR was established for the purpose of convicting those responsible for acts of genocide and what other charges? | {
"text": [
"serious violations of the international law"
],
"answer_start": [
164
]
} |
57340c46d058e614000b6897 | Genocide | The ICTR was created on 8 November 1994 by the Security Council of the United Nations in order to judge those people responsible for the acts of genocide and other serious violations of the international law performed in the territory of Rwanda, or by Rwandan citizens in nearby states, between 1 January and 31 December... | The charges of genocide brought up by the ICTR were against what group of people? | {
"text": [
"Rwandan citizens"
],
"answer_start": [
252
]
} |
57340e5dd058e614000b68b9 | Genocide | There has been much debate over categorizing the situation in Darfur as genocide. | What has been widely debated as a possible act of genocide in Sudan? | {
"text": [
"situation in Darfur"
],
"answer_start": [
49
]
} |
57340e5dd058e614000b68ba | Genocide | The ongoing conflict in Darfur, Sudan, which started in 2003, was declared a "genocide" by United States Secretary of State Colin Powell on 9 September 2004 in testimony before the Senate Foreign Relations Committee. | In 2003 what well known U.S. Secretary of State declared the situation in Darfur as an act of genocide? | {
"text": [
"Colin Powell"
],
"answer_start": [
124
]
} |
57340e5dd058e614000b68bb | Genocide | The ongoing conflict in Darfur, Sudan, which started in 2003, was declared a "genocide" by United States Secretary of State Colin Powell on 9 September 2004 in testimony before the Senate Foreign Relations Committee. | In front of which committee did Powell testify? | {
"text": [
"the Senate Foreign Relations Committee"
],
"answer_start": [
177
]
} |
57340e5dd058e614000b68bc | Genocide | In fact, in January 2005, an International Commission of Inquiry on Darfur, authorized by UN Security Council Resolution 1564 of 2004, issued a report to the Secretary-General stating that "the Government of the Sudan has not pursued a policy of genocide." Nevertheless, the Commission cautioned that "The conclusion tha... | What did UN Security Council Resolution 1564 authorize in 2004? | {
"text": [
"an International Commission of Inquiry on Darfur"
],
"answer_start": [
26
]
} |
57340e5dd058e614000b68bd | Genocide | In fact, in January 2005, an International Commission of Inquiry on Darfur, authorized by UN Security Council Resolution 1564 of 2004, issued a report to the Secretary-General stating that "the Government of the Sudan has not pursued a policy of genocide." Nevertheless, the Commission cautioned that "The conclusion tha... | Despite some concessions, what act did the Commission ultimately state that Sudan had not pursued? | {
"text": [
"genocidal policy"
],
"answer_start": [
325
]
} |
57340f5bd058e614000b68cd | Genocide | In March 2005, the Security Council formally referred the situation in Darfur to the Prosecutor of the International Criminal Court, taking into account the Commission report but without mentioning any specific crimes. | To whom did the Security Council officially refer the situation in Darfur? | {
"text": [
"Prosecutor of the International Criminal Court"
],
"answer_start": [
85
]
} |
57340f5bd058e614000b68ce | Genocide | In March 2005, the Security Council formally referred the situation in Darfur to the Prosecutor of the International Criminal Court, taking into account the Commission report but without mentioning any specific crimes. | What was taken into account, without mentioning specific crimes? | {
"text": [
"the Commission report"
],
"answer_start": [
153
]
} |
57340f5bd058e614000b68cf | Genocide | Two permanent members of the Security Council, the United States and China, abstained from the vote on the referral resolution. | China and what other permanent member of the Security Council abstained from the vote on the referral resolution? | {
"text": [
"the United States"
],
"answer_start": [
47
]
} |
57340f5bd058e614000b68d0 | Genocide | As of his fourth report to the Security Council, the Prosecutor has found "reasonable grounds to believe that the individuals identified [in the UN Security Council Resolution 1593] have committed crimes against humanity and war crimes," but did not find sufficient evidence to prosecute for genocide. | In which number report to the Council did the Prosecutor concede that crimes had been committed but evidence for prosecution was insufficient? | {
"text": [
"his fourth report"
],
"answer_start": [
6
]
} |
573410864776f419006617e5 | Genocide | Other authors have focused on the structural conditions leading up to genocide and the psychological and social processes that create an evolution toward genocide. | In the build-up to genocide, what have other authors focused on? | {
"text": [
"structural conditions"
],
"answer_start": [
34
]
} |
573410864776f419006617e6 | Genocide | Other authors have focused on the structural conditions leading up to genocide and the psychological and social processes that create an evolution toward genocide. | What processes are thought to create an evolution toward genocide? | {
"text": [
"psychological and social"
],
"answer_start": [
87
]
} |
573410864776f419006617e7 | Genocide | Ervin Staub showed that economic deterioration and political confusion and disorganization were starting points of increasing discrimination and violence in many instances of genocides and mass killing. | Who revealed the starting points of this evolution to be economic deterioration and political confusion? | {
"text": [
"Ervin Staub"
],
"answer_start": [
0
]
} |
573410864776f419006617e8 | Genocide | A history of devaluation of the group that becomes the victim, past violence against the group that becomes the perpetrator leading to psychological wounds, authoritarian cultures and political systems, and the passivity of internal and external witnesses (bystanders) all contribute to the probability that the violence... | A history of what is just one factor that contributes to the probability of violence developing into genocide? | {
"text": [
"devaluation of the group"
],
"answer_start": [
13
]
} |
573410864776f419006617e9 | Genocide | The conditions that lead to genocide provide guidance to early prevention, such as humanizing a devalued group, creating ideologies that embrace all groups, and activating bystander responses. | What is one preventive effort in circumventing conditions that lead to genocide? | {
"text": [
"humanizing a devalued group"
],
"answer_start": [
83
]
} |
5733bc38d058e614000b6187 | Antibiotics | The emergence of resistance of bacteria to antibiotics is a common phenomenon. | What is a modern common occurence with antibiotics? | {
"text": [
"resistance of bacteria"
],
"answer_start": [
17
]
} |
5733bc38d058e614000b6188 | Antibiotics | Emergence of resistance often reflects evolutionary processes that take place during antibiotic therapy. | What is resistance to antibiotics a cause of? | {
"text": [
"evolution"
],
"answer_start": [
39
]
} |
5733bc38d058e614000b6189 | Antibiotics | For example, antibacterial selection for strains having previously acquired antibacterial-resistance genes was demonstrated in 1943 by the Luria–Delbrück experiment. | When was the Luria-Delbruck experiment? | {
"text": [
"1943"
],
"answer_start": [
127
]
} |
5733bc38d058e614000b618a | Antibiotics | Antibiotics such as penicillin and erythromycin, which used to have a high efficacy against many bacterial species and strains, have become less effective, due to the increased resistance of many bacterial strains. | Which two antibiotics that have high efficacy are much less useful now? | {
"text": [
"penicillin and erythromycin"
],
"answer_start": [
20
]
} |
5731c593e17f3d14004223c5 | Antibiotics | Emergence of resistance often reflects evolutionary processes that take place during antibiotic therapy. | What does emergence of resistance reflect? | {
"text": [
"evolutionary processes"
],
"answer_start": [
39
]
} |
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