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Of the following two approaches, which is "more secure", under which circumstances, and why? In other words, please compare the security risks of these two approaches:
Log in to an OAuth provider such as Google or Facebook using a master passphrase; then use OAuth/OpenID to log in to other services via that OAuth prov... |
If i encrypt a message with private key put the public key on server and send message to 2 enteties, how can the second one encrypt the message when the first one has the public key ?
|
Is there a problem to use reflection (specifically class.forName) in server side application?
My main thread about this is someone to inject a code dumping memory in JVM and adding commands in reference memory field, but this is unlike in server side (and if server side was compromised this will be a minor problem).
Bt... |
I'm new to DUKPT, so I'm not entirely clear about DUKPT and HSM. Right now, I'm trying to decrypt data (PAN number) from terminal.
So far, when I receive KSN and encrypted data, I understand that I need to find encryption key. From my HSM I can get IPEK based on (KSN, BDK). But here is the confusion, based on articles ... |
If I receive an incoming TLS encrypted message from another email provider like outlook/hotmail, will my reply in transit from gmail to outlook/hotmail be encrypted by default as well?
|
I want to know whether or not Facebook Messenger calls can be intercepted and listened to by hackers.
Long story, but I went on a date with a girl who I then blocked immediately afterwards due to me suspecting she was a bit of a psychopath (which the proceeding story will confirm), and then a couple of days later I was... |
Due to several customer reasons our product needs to support Basic Auth as primary authentication mechanism with client's service account.
We are using Bcrypt to store customer's password in our DB, however Bcrypt (combined with Basic Auth) is quite slow on our servers. As far as I understand this is behavior by design... |
I made a database table of emoji country codes. I exported the data via mysqldump into a file called countries.sql.
I want to share it because it was a hassle finding anything like this, so I want to save people the trouble.
No sensitive data is in the table, but in the heading of the file, it seems like some informati... |
Say I have Tor running and am browsing the dark web with the Tor browser. If I were to save a local copy of a web page and render it into another browser, like Chrome (with JS enabled), would I then have a higher risk of revealing my IP even though Tor is still running?
I do understand that you in theory never want to ... |
I would like to check validity of x509 certificates of my clients. I would like to trust the certificates what big companies trust. For example I would like to trust what Microsoft Edge, Chrome browser or Apple Safari trust. However, I want it to be dynamic. When they give up to trust a certain certificate authority fo... |
I'm thinking about the way to build encryption mechanism for 'peer-2-peer' communication. This is a mechanism I had a thought of:
Alice wants to communicate with Bob
First of all, Alice and Bob must know and trust the existence of the same public key server, and retrieved its static DH public key from secure mechanism ... |
I came across this website and suddenly I got worried.
What worries me is apart from the system update threat mentioned I have been visiting so many sites, clicked on pop-ups, downloaded apps from third-party stores etc. I don't know if there is any spyware or virus in my phone but it worries me now.
What if my persona... |
In my ~/.aws/credentials I have the following:
[default]
aws_access_key_id = <something>
aws_secret_access_key = <something-else>
This file has permissions 0600 but doesn't require anything from me if you walked up to my computer, typed on my keyboard while my back is turned, you could have these values by... |
Today I noticed something strange.
I got an email containing a link that links to another site than the text says. In (Simple) HTML, the review is visible when hovering over the link.
However, in plaintext, in 3 out of 4 mails only the a.com was shown
a.com
<b.com>
This makes me a bit worried however, since I only not... |
Imagine that a hacker is cloning Twitter or Facebook. The attacker uses his own website, but it is going to be HTTP, right? So can he have the certificates that ensure that his website is "secure" showing the green confirmation before the url in the browser?
|
Lets say you use SELECT * FROM ($query) sub where you can swap $query to any query you wish. Is there a way to escape this select and run a command that modifies data in the database?
|
I was reading an article describing how CSRF works. The article did a pretty good job but it started to talk about how to protect against CSRF and one of the methods that the article has mentioned is using Anti-CSRF tokens. I'll quote the section below:
Use Anti-CSRF Tokens
Tokens (also known as synchronizer token pat... |
What is the security impact of a Reflected XSS vulnerability on a state website involved in financial relations? There are no user profiles on this page and it serves as an information board and a place to download project applications.
|
Please correct me if I'm mistaken, but I've reached the conclusion that CA-signed certificates in the current Internet Public Key Infrastructure do not add any more security compared to servers providing self-signed certificates or raw public keys and clients performing no certificate validation.
CA-signed certificates... |
Our team is looking to either integrate or develop a physical security solution for a rather large campus.
Requirements:
Ability to either integrate (with reader/electronic lock hardware) from our mobile apps which would allow access control (over NFC/Bluetooth) to areas.
We will be writing to our already existing iden... |
I've looked at various ways of logging in users and I'm wondering if I should write my own.
There are a lot of third party solutions that make it easy and cheap to get started, like Amazon Cognito and Auth0. But as easy as it is to get started, they all lock you in, make you reliant on their solutions and have terribly... |
Is there a way to detect fileless kernel compromise in Linux?
The only one way to analyze this kind of attack is by volatility. Volatility is a very good product, but not often updated especially with modern kernels (obviously because kernel change often), so it gives false positives.
Is there any alternative way to ch... |
Cloudfront supports adding external origins, i.e. domains that are not S3 buckets or ALBs. This led me to wonder whether adding domains that are not owned by the entity as an origin could allow for intercept the request payload, and potentially act as an Man in the Middle Attack.
Let's say I have a REST API running on ... |
I have dvwa set up and i am using the command:
hydra -IV -t 1 -l admin -P rockyou.txt localhost http-get-form "/vulnerabilities/brute/index.php:username=^USER^&password=^PASS^&Login=Login:Username and/or password incorrect.:H=Cookie: PHPSESSID=tegnf0po32eavd385ckd9khqc3; security=low"
since my request in BurpSuite loo... |
What is the process of validating that a ssl certificate I try to validate is really signed by CA I trust?
What is the part of the certificate (The one I try to validate) is the one cant be faked?
From what I understand there should be some data encrypted (and possibly hashed) by the CA private key, so I can decrypt it... |
If I run an exploit like EternalBlue with Metasploit on whonix to a remote machine, do I remain anonymous? I think I do because it goes over tor but I am not sure. Am I right?
|
My server is under attack on an specific port but I am confused whether is a DDoS attack or a DoS attack (if it requires a botnet or is using some kind of trick). The entire server is available (website, SSH, SMTP, etc...) except the port attacked.
The service that runs on that port is using 8-10% CPU and about 900 MB ... |
I want to enable client-certificate authentication in my AKS cluster and I have a basic question which I just don't seem to understand. As per the docs, ingress requires the CA certificate to be stored in a secret. My question is: Assuming that I use client-certificates that have been issued by a trusted CA (that's how... |
We have an admin web portal that we use to configure and monitor our system We recently had a security consultant scan our servers for vulnerabilities.
Our admin portal is secured with username and password authentication and with two-factor authentication.
The issue is that the security consultant is performing the vu... |
All the references I have found
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IEEE_802.11i-2004
https://www.wifi-professionals.com/2019/01/4-way-handshake
https://www.hitchhikersguidetolearning.com/2017/09/17/eapol-4-way-handshake/
indicate that the first thing that happens is the sending of the Anonce( a random number) from the acces... |
I was curious about setting SHA-3 as the preferred hashing algorithm for GPG but that looks like it is not yet supported and the documentation states this:
SHA-3: SHA-3 is a completely new hash algorithm that makes a clean
break with the previous SHAs. It is believed to be safe, with no
warnings about its usage. It ha... |
I am using a custom Python build, with the liboqs-openssl which is encapsulating pq-algorithms. I generated the certificates using the provided dilithium2 algorithm and wanted to create a simple SSL connection with a Python client and server.
Simplified client:
context = ssl.SSLContext(ssl.PROTOCOL_TLS_CLIENT)
context.... |
I see Android malware being mentioned when reading peer reviewed papers about malware detection for smartphones, but iOS is never mentioned.
Even Malwarebytes says:
Historically, iOS has never been completely free of malware, but it has mostly been limited to one of two scenarios: Either you jailbroke your device, hac... |
It is my understanding that SSDs do not allow user to overwrite any specific file completely (wear-leveling). So in case of ransomware attack such as CryptoLocker, doesn't that mean there is still, always, an unencrypted copy of file on the disk? If so, can it be recovered without $100K equipment? Thanks.
|
Given a flow of information (for example from the URL) into a sink on a certain site, and given that this information is plain, i.e. is not sanitized, does this mean that if an attacker could control the information flow, this will ALWAYS give the attacker an exploit? Or does the exploitability rather depend on the sit... |
From my understanding, torrenting differs from standard downloading because it will get pieces of the file from other torrent clients, making it faster (and decentralized if I'm not wrong).
How safe is this? Could a user of a torrent client do something malicious with their piece of the file? I just want to download Li... |
I'm taking a cryptography course and what I've gathered so far is: PGP takes place at the application layer TLS takes place at the transport layer IPsec takes place in the network layer WPA2 Encryption takes place in the physical layer
I understand the protocols and such but don't really get how they are used in practi... |
When RSA is used for Key Exchange, the pre-master key is encoded with the server certificate public key, so the server would not be able to decode it if it didn't possess the private key.
However, when ECDHE is used for Key Exchange, how does the client make sure the server is legit and possess the private key relative... |
Around a year ago, I was on Reddit and clicked on a hyperlink, not knowing it grabs your IP. Ever since then, the person who grabbed my IP would sometimes comment on my Reddit posts and comments saying things like "I can't wait to meet you" and things similar to that. Should I be scared, or are they just trying to scar... |
We've recently conducted a security review of our identity server website and one of the finding was about missing CSP header. We do have implementation of request filter to add CSP on a controller level. So my question is, is there any documentation out there recommending CSP for or against certain response? It seems ... |
I read that, on TLS, each TLS Record (after the handshake) is "reliable", meaning, it cannot be tampered with.
I understand the handshake, but I don't understand exactly how "tamper-proofness" is achieved per TLS Record or TCP packet.
I have a suspicion that each record includes the HMAC of the record itself plus the s... |
I have a little Wordpress honeypot set up. I have it specifically set up so that when the server's IP address is accessed, the wordpress website shows up, ie. no vhost. I was reading the site's access logs and started noticing wordpress probes with the referer showing a strange website.
77.79.196.146 - - [10/May/2021:2... |
While reading up about WPA2-Enterprise, it states that it is more preferred over WPA2-Personal as it allows authentication via digital certificates which prevents over-the-air attacks.
However, I am unsure of the following implications about this implementation. If WPA2-Enterprise was to be implemented:
Can the authen... |
I need to create WebSocket authentication mechanism without using ticketing, so the whole authentication needs to be performed via HTTP (over SSL) GET request which is sent to upgrade connection to WebSocket (code snippet used to handle upgrade in NodeJS).
The problem lays in GET request which is not supposed to be use... |
I have a map (openlayers) which is integrated in a website made on wordpress. So, the wordpress has almost nothing to do with the map. The map is only included in an article.
The wordpress site is on www.example.com. The map is on mymap.example.com
In some article from www.example.com:
<script src="https://mymap.exampl... |
There is a site that allows a voter to vote for their favorite nominee once a day for a certain amount of days. While entering a vote, the only info given is the ballot choice you choose and nothing else.
If you are to go back and vote again, there is a message saying "please wait until next day to vote again". However... |
I've just imported Whonix VirtualBox VM, and have encrypted its drive via VirtualBox settings. Now when I booted it, the default credentials are "user/changeme", and setup suggests I change the password. I am not sure if I need to change the defaults.
If the VM itself is already encrypted, does setting complex user pas... |
Now machines are super powerfull to encrypt data/messages or will be even tremendously powerfull using Quantum Computing.
Machines use different ways of encryption when we give them a task to decrypt an encrypted data. Probably, they use some previous defined codes which would have been ever used or may be some new use... |
Is it possible to reverse a password hashed with bcrypt?
|
I have a Django application running on a Digital Ocean Ubuntu server. I am using NGINX and Daphne to serve the application because I am using Django Channels.
My websockets keep crashing, and I noticed in the logs when the crash occurs, this message:
127.0.0.1:46138 - - [11/May/2021:14:03:33] "GET /public/index.php?s=i... |
My organization has scanned our code using Checkmarx and the low severity issue Potential Clickjacking on Legacy Browsers was detected due to a JavaScript function firing on an HTML image click event.
We have implemented the following suggested fixes:
Define and implement a Content Security Policy (CSP) on the server
... |
I'm trying to understand the different between disk encryption and volume encryption, more specifically as it relates to SAP HANA, link here.
From my understanding Disk Encryption prevents the threat where someone physically disks your server/disk. Once the VM is running it offers no additional protection as all data i... |
Based on this question.
Why are there more research papers on Android malware than iOS malware?
|
I've noticed that torrent websites like the Pirate Bay are served over http.
This means that when using a network like the Tor onion network, where the first server in the response chain receives the website unencrypted, could they not change the links on the website? Let's say that a node is compromised, or run by a h... |
I have a penetration testing scenario where I am on the network with two machines, Machine A and Machine B. I have complete control over Machine B and am trying to leverage that to get access to Machine A. Machine A appears to be some variant of Linux (I pinged it and the response had a TTL value of 64, but I know this... |
I know RSA has the concept of "public" and "private" key and one key is used for "encryption" and another for "decryption", but I am confused if both keys can be used for both purposes.. I mean, what you encrypt with any of them, you can decrypt of the other.
|
I was wondering if it's reasonable and forensically correct to use Clonezilla for the image of an attacked machine.
Since some of the commercial products are very expensive I'm turning to open source solutions.
Provided that:
is an offline copy (the compromised disk is not live)
it's Linux based and uses partclone (or... |
How can I check if a DNS Server (let's say a DNS Server inside a private network) is vulnerable to zone transfer attacks when I only have its IP?
I do not have any domain names. I see all these tools like dig, dnsenum, fierce and so on using a domain as a parameter and I do not know which domain I should use as a param... |
As people build more powerful computers in minecraft which can then run programs, is there a way to use those computers to run programs that hijack the host in some way?
Possible contest example would be to use a computer built in minecraft to create a network connection from that computer to a specified target.
There'... |
I'm using Azure to store customer data. In a specific country, there are multiple partners. Each partner has his clients. The issue is they don't want us to have access to this data. In other words, the only one who can access the data is the partner and the client. So I'm thinking of using a master key for each partne... |
I just printed function addresses and offset between two functions, but the offset is fixed whenever the program is executed (base address is only changed).
Code (test.c)
#include <stdio.h>
#include <stdint.h>
void func() {
printf("func!\n");
}
void func2() {
printf("func2!\n");
}
int main() {
uintptr_t ... |
A friend of mine who is a night owl mentioned she frequently has to stop working because her company's VPN shuts down at a certain time every night and comes back on in the morning. She was told this is for "security reasons".
I have worked in many companies with VPN access and have never encountered this. It seems l... |
We have dozens of internal management interfaces on our appliances that use self-signed certificates - ILO, DRAC, switch management, etc. These certificates display a warning in the browser, but their expiry or lack of trust does not break the service.
Our security manager wants to use valid internal certificates for t... |
I'm running a local web server on my Raspberry Pi and want to have a login screen. My plan is to hash the password and store the result in a text file ( This is where I'm storing settings for the result of the application ).
Is this the best way to go about it? I'm aware that if an attacker is able to find the hash the... |
Hello I was experimenting with XSS payloads and couldn't help wonder the syntax for
javascript:alert(0)
The most basic payload for XSS makes sense, since the tag is used for JavaScript in HTML.
<script>alert(0)</script>
But where does javascript:alert(0) come from? From my research colons are used for labeling anony... |
If a PC has rootkit, when it goes into sleep mode, can rootkit do anything to it while it’s in state of sleeping? Meaning steal data, open programs and basically do anything. Assuming it’s not BIOS rootkit.
|
I understand that Root of Trust is necessary for implementing a secure boot on a device. Root of Trust is strong and trust worthy if this comes from hardware security elements like HSM/TPM/..
So for devices which are not having hardware security elements, is there is way to implement Root of Trust in software? what is ... |
I am an intern with a Credit Union. I was surprised to find out that my Active Directory password length cannot be more than 8 characters. They use RACF for access to TSO or OMVS. I asked my mentor and he told me AD passwords are used to access the mainframe so this limitation of not more than 8 characters for password... |
From what I can gather, as long as a client trusts a particular CA root, and a server produces a valid chain that leads up to it, the client will trust the server's cert. This only makes sense if the root is saying not only "this intermediate cert is who they claim to be," but "this intermediate cert is allowed to issu... |
I forgot my linux password. I have access to the shadow file (Fedora 33), and I believe it should be possible to retrieve it with John the Ripper as I remember the first 4 characters, I remember the last 5 characters, I just can't connect them anymore (must be 3 or 4 char in the middle).
Can I use John for that? What w... |
Suppose I have an application, which when opened asks you to open a file and then "unlock" that file using a password that's configurable by the user.
The file should be encrypted with something like AES-256, right? The key would be the password, but should the users password be hashed using something like SHA-256? Sh... |
If the hacker decides to attack the system, the first step is reconnaissance.
But if the system the hacker attacks is exotic, sometimes they'd need to develop the tools or "drivers", or modify the existing software/tools for them to be "tap-able".
For example, suppose the hacker tries to attack the telephone network, ... |
What are good mitigation techniques to allow corp users to share files externally with anyone, yet maintain some kind of control?
Ie. OneDrive and SharePoint can allow users to share a file with “anyone” indefinitely.
This is risky as that link can be forwarded/posted anywhere and for anyone.
On the other hand, if don’... |
Currently, there are too few ways to monitor security issues in the current company. Security solutions such as NDR, IPS, and WAF exist, but since there is no SIEM, the log must be checked on the equipment one by one. Therefore, if an incident occurs, the infrastructure engineer has to be lucky enough to check the equi... |
OWASP states:
Non-public REST services must perform access control at each API
endpoint. Web services in monolithic applications implement this by
means of user authentication, authorisation logic and session
management. This has several drawbacks for modern architectures which
compose multiple microservices following... |
I recently had a fraudulent transaction on my debit card (in the UK, where I am based). Having blocked the card, my main concern is to determine how much information has been stolen and how?
As this was an online transaction, the fraudster may have needed only superficial information regarding my card to complete the ... |
I have a webapp that sends payloads to clients. I want to sign these payloads so the clients can verify they are from my application. I created a public/private key pair and now need to somehow distribute the public key in a way that the clients are sure it's mine.
From what I read there are two main ways to guarantee ... |
I run a full (not quick) scan of Windows Defender every night. Somehow, between two nights ago and last night an instance of PUA:Win32/InstallCore got placed on my PC. Windows Defender removed it, but how does anything get put on my PC without my asking/telling it to do so? I didn't update anything in the previous 2... |
When reading many sources on performing authenticated vulnerability scans, it has been mentioned that creating and using a separate admin (privileged) user account for scans is recommended rather than using an existing privileged user account.
May I know the risks involved in performing the scans using an original admi... |
A little bit of background: I want to sign my emails for my own safety. None of my intended recipients are users of digital signatures. If one day someone were to impersonate me, I can prove my own identity, and disprove the identity of my impersonator.
I intend to use GPG to produce signatures for my emails. Right now... |
So, the other day I was charging my prepaid VoIP account from sipgate.de via credit card payment. I chose 10 Eur which is the default and entered my card details.
As usual, I was redirected to a different payment processor which itself redirects me to a page hosted by my bank asking me to confirm the payment (Visa Secu... |
My laptop must be connected to my company's VPN (Global Protect) before I can be able to work at home. I try to connect my Express VPN at the same time to stop my company's VPN from "seeing" my physical location when I'm in another country. Please how do I do this?
I try to connect my Express VPN same time when the Gl... |
I’m currently in need of some clarification for an authentication/overall strategy. First I will describe the use case and then the questions that arise for me.
Use Case
I want to have a single docker container consisting of an API and a database for each group of users. So for the sake of this example let’s say we hav... |
Say I have a file encrypted with GnuPG, in isolation (i.e., I don’t have the relevant keys). Can one then establish the recipients of the encryption? That is:
Name/E-Mail/Comment
Key ID
Or is this information only discernible if you have the appropriate keys?
Likewise, same question for a GnuPG signed file? (i.e., Ca... |
Does it make any sense that a VPN provider (in this case VyprVPN, but this does not matter I am asking how to understand privacy claims in general, and what is considered as "log" data) claims (accessed here 2021-05-16)
Exceptional Privacy ... our no-log policy independently audited.
and then (at least honestly) admi... |
It's been working fine for years, but now suddenly I'm getting a strange error. Does anyone know what problem this points to?
OpenVPN Connect Version 3.0.2 (598), error logs:
[REDACTED IPs]
5/16/2021, 2:54:17 AM OpenVPN core 3.git::d8d14e19 mac x86_64 64-bit PT_PROXY built on Apr 5 2019 07:54:59
5/16/2021, 2:54:17 AM... |
I am using a telegram api based app named "TurboTel Pro". I am happy with its different look and settings but I am concerned about the data it would take of me.
Can someone tell me what data does these api based apps take? I read in FAQ of "iMe" (a telegram api based app) that they don't collect or they are not able to... |
I am trying to figure out how to build a secure, playback-proof, web authentication scheme and at the same time be able to use a KEK at the server.
After a lot of reading it seems that a reasonable way to validate the password between the server and client is as follows:
Server:
I have stored db-hash = hash(password, ... |
I'm currently working on an existing PWA (Progressive web app) build in VUEJS. Currently i'm using Auth0 for user authentication and it works fine. But it seems a bit overkill and client finds it very hard to manage his users in Auth0 (multiple apps, users and so on...)
So i'm rebuilding the backend with Laravel togeth... |
To says things simple ; when someone wants to learn offensive web application (or system) hacking, one could just download OWASP DVWA or register to Hackthebox and watch Ippsec videos to see "how to walk the walk". This is very tangible and practical (no theory circle)
But what about risk analysis (ex : ISO 27005, NIST... |
I am using client-side certificate authentication (mutual authentication) in my IoT prototype. we acquire client side certificates using embedded PKI through a CA.
There are the provisions of acquiring ECC or RSA certificates. I was wondering which one is more apt to use to ensure stronger security!
while I understand ... |
There are a few questions on this site asking about reusing the same initialization vector for example for AES encryption under the same key, see for example this question.
Now, let's not respect that advice and reuse an IV. However, to make it a bit more complicated, let's use a different key. For example both of thes... |
I am getting a lot of spam GET and POST requests lately which some of them look like this:
"GET /config/getuser?index=0 HTTP/1.1" 404 143 "-" "Mozilla/5.0 (X11; Ubuntu; Linux x86_64; rv:76.0) Gecko/20100101 Firefox/76.0"
and:
"\x03\x00\x00/*\xE0\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00Cookie: mstshash=Administr" 400 173 "-" "-"
As far as... |
Windows Kernel Data Protection is a kernel security feature which appears to use Extended Page Tables (EPT, a hardware virtualization feature) to enforce read-only pages. How effective is this at protecting from kernel exploits in the real world? Is this an effective mitigation, or security theater that only causes att... |
How can we secure a source code which is deployed at client side cloud and is difficult to reverse engineer just like a licensed product The major difference is that I have a service to protect and do not have exe or dmg file.
I want to obfuscate the code deployed at the client side which was an internal API service ti... |
I have an acquaintance that has lost USD 10k - 20k in a Cryptocurrency Investment scam. I strongly suspect he is about to get involved in what in my mind would be a "Crypto Currency Scam Recovery Scam" - which I posit to be a thing.
Although weary, he is now talking about engaging the services of companies that cla... |
I was thinking of implementing the following scheme for encryption of many independent files:
From the password, which is given by the user, generate a master key using for example HMAC-SHA.
From this master key, a subkey is derived for each file. Combined with a random and unique token which is stored alongside the f... |
Short version: Is it not recommended to store sessionId in log files/database in plaintext (considering it may put active sessions at risk)? If yes, why do I see many queries on how to log sessionId?
Details:
I have come across multiple resources related to security engineering which discuss why we should not log the s... |
The paper "L-diversity: privacy beyond k-anonymity" (DOI: 10.1109/ICDE.2006.1) introduces the concept of bayes-optimal privacy and the idea of prior and posterior belief.
A formula for calculating the posterior belief is given:
]
The paper states:
let be the conditional probability of the sensitive
attribute conditio... |
Port 25 is open and I'm getting thousands of emails. How can I make it stop?
|
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