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A new trend in account security is spreading: web services like LinkedIn reset passwords automatically when detect attempts of getting access with wrong password or from new locations. Thus, a user has to restore password every time when not using 2-Factor Authentication. The problem is that most support services ignor...
I have heard about this, but not sure how it would work. I would imagine that when you register the device, the public RSA key burnt into the chip would be shared. That way, if the application sends a challenge, the TPM uses the private key to decrypt a message and send the correct response?? I'm just guessing so any c...
The problem with static software whitelisting is that in the real world, employees with versatile jobs need to run unexpected programs. Company sets up a whitelist to limit what programs can run - cool, security! But next thing you know someone needs to run something to do some time-sensitive task, they can't, delivera...
An Overview of XMPP Luke Smith recommends XMPP As Luke Smith said in his video, XMPP has been designed as an open communication protocol, which is similar to the email at an extent, I am wondering why people consider it as a safe communication method. So far as I know, the XMPP protocol itself doesn't provide any enc...
I would like to know if macOS "Big Sur" sends unencrypted OCSP requests. I am a newbie and not aware of technical stuff, but when I came across Jeffrey Paul's article, I am a bit concerned about whether to continue using Mac.
The W3C spec for Content-Security-Policy or Mozilla CSP docs would be the definitive source for this answer, but it does not seem covered, so I'm asking here for answers based on people's experience. If my understanding is correct, then I'll probably contact the W3C spec authors. My understanding is that browsers have...
Can a “bad guy” spy on an android phone without installing spy apps (those apps that require payment)? By “spying”, I mean using key logger, screenshots, read messages and so on. Is it possible to spy on an android without using such spy apps? Is there another way someone can spy on you? Does “unknown sources” have to ...
I'm not sure about my system so I want to completely wipe my HDD and reinstall Windows 10. But I realized that an infected system can also infect a USB bootable drive. Unfortunately, I don't have access to a trusted system to create the USB bootable drive. I scanned my system with a couple of antivirus software (Malwar...
Could a video file contain code that reveals and sends your ip/mac address or give access to personal files to somebody else? Would normal video players (like VLC) be able to notice that kind of security issue and not run that specific part? Thanks EDIT: I'd like to be more specific. I downloaded a tutorial video from ...
I am trying to implement RBAC to a system but I endup creating an ACL instead due to my low understanding of this archtecture. What I already have implemented: Created User model. Created Groups with different permissions from User model. Designated each user to each group based on their permissions. For instance, th...
My question is essentially the same as this one: How to force GPG to use a Keycard when it is available which asks how to force GPG to use a keycard when one is available. That question was asked in 2018 however (3 years ago) with less details, and no answer was given. Also see Create backup Yubikey with identical PGP ...
I want to create a threat model to guide a security-oriented review on a project. I found the OWASP Threat Dragon and would like to do it in that, but from the documentation and example I am unsure how to use the elements provided. The diagrams can contain following elements: Actors (represented with boxes) Processes ...
Example: Bob uploads a file to my custom file server locked with a password, which then the file server generates a link for him to share Bob wants to be able to share this data to anyone that has this link Bob doesn't want anyone but the people that have the link and password to access his data, not even the server...
I'm working with Tomcat and nginx as a reverse proxy and I'm trying to have a better understanding of how the traffic flows and of what the security issues are. Picture this as what I have in mind: Tomcat and a webapp are installed on server X, with ports 8080 (unsecure) and 8443 (secure) open. On another server whic...
I recently saw this article of a version of Mirai being spread to Android based devices via ADB enabled. My question relates to how Mirai does scanning. Lets assume I have a Android based device (like tablet or smart TV) in my home behind a router. If a Mirai bot sends a TCP SYN to some port (like 5555 for ADB) to my r...
I'm still not completely sure about the role of using an HSM or TPM on a device when it comes to storing private keys for security purposes. My use case would be using TLS with an embedded device which contains a unique self-signed device certificate signed by a root CA private key. The device authenticates itself on A...
A piece of malware detects signatures of the sandbox an AV solution tries to use to fingerprint malicious behavior and pretends to be innocent. Once in the real OS environment, it then downloads executable data encoded as image data and decodes the executable bytes from the image, storing them in memory out of order, p...
All users in my google domain use 2fa on google accounts. We have on-premise software (gitlab for example) that allows us use google accounts to login. Also, gitlab has a feature of 2fa. Should we use it? Does it add something to security or not?
A few hours ago, I spotted my unattended mouse moving and seeming to click on tabs. I promptly rebooted my system and removed Teamviewer (it's the only remote connection app that I have installed), Remmina, expressvpn, and a whole bunch of other apps that I no longer use. Is there anywhere or a way that I can check for...
So i clicked on a link to play a game with someone but it turns out the link was an ip grabber i think. The hacker now knows what country i live in and the password to the game account. I don't know what else he knows. I have already tried unplugging my router because I was told that my IP address would change. can som...
I have a few terminals that I currently use a static IP to authenticate. The problem is in my country the internet is not stable, so often I have to switch to mobile data, then the terminals can't authenticate because their IP addresses changes. The solution I have thought of is using the MAC address of a terminal as a...
Is there any major flaw in using TOTP in a way where the server sends its time to the client when the client requests to log in? The advantage of this is the client's time does not have to be set correctly, as it uses the time provided by the server. The disadvantage is the client must be online to generate the passwor...
I know that ESNI and certificate encrytion in Server Hello are aimed at preventing eavesdropping from the hostname and ESNI hasn't been taken into practice for common web servers yet. Even though, I am still curious about: How does tls 1.3 encrypt certificate in Server Hello to prevent eavesdropping? And how does the c...
On a website with user accounts, all HTTP requests coming from the submission of a login form kind of contain the same info, there are only a few things that are different in the HTTP requests, such as the entered username, the entered password, and a few headers, such as User-Agent. If HTTPS is used to encrypt the req...
I have received a public key that does not appear to have the encryption capability enabled: > gpg --list-keys ...
If a website emails a password in cleartext when you use the "forgot password" function, is there any possibility that the password is hashed? It does generate a different password if you reset it again, but it always gets emailed in cleartext. Is it possible to reset a user's password, proceed to email it in cleartext...
On a few rare instances, I've received an email from a website notifying me that my email and password were found in batch of harvested logins, and they then force me to change my password. This has only happened on a few very old unused accounts that date back to when I was foolish enough to use the same password on m...
Background: We got a few new model SIP phones. Each phone has built-in unique certificate issued by the manufacturer. Previous models had certs issued by a different CA and that CA cert was published, so I could verify the phone's identity as it gets provisioned starting from the factory default state. Manufacturer's s...
I have a database-backed web application, with authentication via organizational single sign-on, modeling a library lending system for digital books. I'd like to allow users to check out books and see what they've checked out, without allowing myself or other administrators to keep track of who's checked out what. I al...
I want to implement Chip Authentication for ePassport documents, and wish to validate my understanding of it. I've managed to get it up and running by using the JMRTD library, specifically the function doEACCA(). When inspecting the code of this and associated functions, I observed that it doesn't actually verify the o...
In the past few days, I have created my own webserver to serve as my sandbox for learning pen-testing. I saw this blog (https://outpost24.com/blog/from-local-file-inclusion-to-remote-code-execution-part-1) and wanted to attempt something similar and build it on my webserver. This is what I have done so far: My index.ph...
If a string has a length of 16 characters, but it is also known that the first 2 characters are fixed, and that the rest of the string has random letters but letters only, no digits nor special chars, would it still take years to crack a sha256 on these conditions or is it unsafe?
I've found this PHP library for detecting/guessing the language of a given string: https://github.com/patrickschur/language-detection I would have massive use of this. I would really like to use it. But I cannot. All I can think is this: What if, tomorrow, that developer is either compromised or goes rogue and updates...
Imagine your iPhone gets stolen or seized. Inside this iPhone is your SIM-Card. That SIM-Card is your only SIM-Card and it is enlisted as "trusted phone number" in your Apple Account. The iPhone is the only Apple product you own. (Note: I believe this setup is not "special" at all, but rather common.) The attacker now ...
I am trying to determine best practices for implementing a webapp running in an extremely tight PKI environment. Assume: Yubikey like devices that have Certs with reasonable expiration dates The organization has proper certificate revocation mechanisms Certs provide username and access-role information Browsers implem...
I'm trying to understand what is good/bad about hashing a password on a database (like postgres) as opposed to hashing it on an api server and then sending it hashed to the db. Can anyone speak on this and the pros and cons of the security risk(s) of either implementation?
Secenario Consider the case of a MacBook Pro with FileVault active. The computer is on and I'm properly logged on. I frequently need to access sensitive data located in text files on an encrypted volume. The encrypted volume is created when I mount a particular file that lives on the main hard disk. The encryption prog...
I've been reading a bit into car security and all of the ways cars can be stolen through various alterations of replay attacks. Upon researching whether any of the more modern cars are using anything more secure than "new code after usage", I haven't really found anything satisfying. Which makes me question, why don't ...
I have a domain for a website that I'm going to deploy soon. I've registered a gmail account, and let's say it is myWebsite@gmail.com. In order to look more professional, I decided to use gmail's "Send email as:" feature, and now I'm able to send emails as contact@myWebsite.com. What I was very surprised to learn that...
I have researched and understood that Cache-Control: no-cache is not sufficient alone to absolutely prevent caching, but what about Cache-Control: no-store alone? Since it will not allow storing of cache anywhere, this seems to be enough for preventing caching, is that right? Or is there any catch to that as well?
I am currently thinking about alternative ways for my native iOS Application (written in Swift) to receive access- & refresh-tokens. As of now, user sessions are established using revokable JWTs, issued by my API once a POST request is made to the /login endpoint, containing email and password (and optionally an MFA to...
According to Wikipedia, The primary scope of TPM is to assure the integrity of a platform. In this context, "integrity" means "behave as intended", and a "platform" is any computer device regardless of its operating system. It is to ensure that the boot process starts from a trusted combination of hardware and softwar...
I'm currently working for SaaS a company and as part of a security audit we were advised to remove all administrative access from all laptops/end-user pc's for a Principle of Least Permissions. Is there any MDM/management software for Ubuntu that would allow us to remove root-access to ensure we're less vulnerable to m...
Go and Java have "compile time constants", and JavaScript will soon get a feature that allows "Distinguishing strings from a trusted developer from strings that may be attacker controlled" via isTemplateObject. These allow the program to check if a variable contains a string that came from the source code (i.e. a liter...
I have a Windows service that accesses a database connection. Since users rarely use Windows authentication, I encrypt the connection string. For development I have the password hard-coded, but I know this is a very bad idea. What is the proper way to store a non-user entered password? As a side note, I tried storing t...
I recently downloaded 2 compressed files (.zip and .rar) from a really unreliable and untrusted source while using a browser integrated VPN. My antivirus didn't notice anything but I am curious if it is possible for a compressed file to contain malicious code that could potentially reveal my real IP address by communic...
If one made software, but later needed others to work on the project, how to secure the software files and source code if one of the developers tried to share the source code with others or if someone split from the team and tried to do something with their knowledge of the source code (like trying to hack the software...
I have been learning Cyber and Information Security for a while now, from different sources and courses. While there is a lot of theory, no high-level math seems to appear anywhere, apart from basic algebra and the "programming math" (graph theory <not much of it, bit manipulation, binary operations, optimization, game...
Almost a year ago, I dual-booted Windows 10 and Linux Mint. And since then, I haven't booted into my Windows 10 OS. I still remember that the Wi-Fi adapter was off when I shut my Windows 10 down. Now, since my Windows 10 OS is not up to date with the latest security updates, is it vulnerable to malware even though it i...
In reference to another post about the Respondus Lockdown Browser, I was wondering how can a program edit and remove parts of the "Secure Desktop" Ctrl+Alt+Del menu in Windows, as well as disable the power button at the bottom right? Is this safe? This is what happens when trying to Ctrl+Alt+Del with Respondus Lockdown...
This would be used in a phishing attack for example - coffee shop attack where google.com becomes a website controlled by the attacker completed with the magic lock next to the URL. Can I use letsencrypt to create a valid cert for any website that browsers will trust?
Two part question: 1-How do memory resident viruses stay in memory after the program which loaded them is finalized? If all memory is automatically deallocated by the OS once a program is finished, how could then the malicious code survive? Does it instead create a separate executable file which then runs in backgroun...
For a test to find vulnerabilities I found the following code in a page and I am looking for ways to manipulate it: <script> func({ "key1": "value", "object": { "key2": "value", "key3": "<?php echo htmlspecialchars($_GET['param']); ?>", "key4": "value", } }, "string"); ...
I ran an nmap scan on my iPad’s IP address and the results showed the following ports listed below available in a filtered state. See screenshot for the actual terminal results. SSH Netbios-ssn ms-wbt-server (Remote Desktop) 4 different VNC ports And an iPhone Sync port This can’t be normal, right? There are no ap...
If I understand correctly section 4.2 in Jacques Stern, David Pointcheval, John Malone-Lee, and Nigel P. Smart's Flaws in Applying Proof Methodologies to Signature Schemes, in proceedings of Crypto 2002, they describe an attack that allows premeditated substitution of ECDSA-signed message by the signer. Per their notat...
I understand that a tls has to be established between the supplicant (end user device) and the auth server but a few things are unclear : How does the supplicant know the ip adress of the auth server ? The supplicant is not granted access yet it has to communicate with tls, does that mean it is granted a temporary loc...
I am trying to execute the sudo buffer overflow (CVE-2021-3156) on one of my systems, but haven't got it working yet. The system is definitely vulnerable (taking into account sudo version and sudoedit -A -s \\ output (malloc error). I created a VM with the same Linux version (but no other files) and it worked there. I ...
I am pentesting a website and I found that I can inject code at value="" <input type="text" id="search_1" name="keyword" placeholder="Search by keyword" value="XSS?" class="search-input input-group-field with-floating-label" data-module="autocomplete" required>` I can enter all characters except double quotes (") beca...
I am trying to implement a case where a user provides us some html code which is then stored in our database. We then retrieve the HTML from our database as a string. (We have no control over the user input) I try to embed this html using const htmldoc = [the raw html] <iframe sandbox="allow-scripts" srcdoc=htmldoc> </...
Ok so I get the benefit that PKCE provides. Without it, the attacker knows your client_secret and by registering the same URL scheme as your application on mobile, can intercept the redirect with the auth code, and then use it along with your client_id and client_secret to receive an access token to the user's resource...
The hash I am trying to break is 279412f945939ba78ce0758d3fd83daa, it's part of a task for learning John. I created a file hash.txt using: echo -n 279412f945939ba78ce0758d3fd83daa > hash.txt. Then, I tried running hashid over it and it gave me md2, md5 and md4 and many more. So I used, ./john --wordlist=rockyou.txt --f...
I'm reading "Introduction to Computer Security", Pearson New International Edition, 1st edition, by Goodrich and Tamassia. On the subject of DNS cache poisoning, they mention that a "new" attack was discovered in 2008, so-called "subdomain DNS cache poisoning". This is how that attack is supposed to play out: An attac...
Provider suggests me two types of SSL certificates: for domain only or for domain and subdomains. First one is cheaper. Currently I already have certificate for previous year. How to know, if it was bought for domain only or for domain and subdomains?
At my university, we are learning how to use SSH for server administration. We learned that SSH is secure, but there are some tools that allow man-in-the-middle attacks on SSH. How can such tools intercept SSH when it is encrypted? I have tried Wireshark but was not able to read the data. Wireshark is only able to read...
PHP 7 uses the default system folder (/tmp) to store uploaded files. PHP allows you to change the settings and change the upload destination directory. Some sites indicate to change this folder to another one, since the /tmp permission is 777. OWASP has nothing listed in the security recommendations. Should I really wo...
I am trying to use Freeradius 3.0 for authentication with certificates. To generate the CA, Server and Client certificate, make is available, reading a specific configuration file for each certificates (more information about it here). The generated private key of the server and the client is encrypted by a password se...
I noticed suddenly something weird on my PC. I am currently in Italy, Google all of a sudden is displayed in Arabic, and my IP is from an ISP in Czech Republic, and it is obviously different from the Italian ISP I am connected to. In my phone with only WIFI enabled and mobile data disabled, I can see that the IP assign...
When sending a request (POST, PUT, etc). I have a security requirement to ensure that the data in the payload has not been tampered with. In other words I need to know with certainty that the data entered was entered by the user and has not been intercepted in flight with additional or altered data. What are strategies...
I wonder what a small startup would typically do concerning third-party compliance? Are you expected to send third-party vendors a security questionnaire? Do you need to do that regularly?
I'm interested in using GNU/Linux for different reasons. Partly for freedom, privacy, and security. But also to force myself to learn Linux. One issue I’ve found is that desktop Linux seems to have fairly poor security by default which is a little odd considering GNU/Linux is often recommended by security experts in ce...
There are several ways to track how a user interacts with a website, including mouse position and clicks. Does the same apply to taking screenshots though? Can a website track browser or system related hotkeys? For example, which of the following would reveal either clicks or keystrokes (assuming they were pressed whil...
What is the difference between a Remote Access Trojan and a hidden Virtual Network Computing? It seems that both software allows a hacker to access a victim's computer and to spy on activity.
I understand that, when storing data on the cloud or something else that might get leaked to the public, the security margin should be at least 128 bit, 256 bit should be used for data that should stay secure over 20-30 years. If I use a storage mechanism (like WebStorageAPI) to store data of my application on the clie...
Fastly WAF service was down a while ago, and it has affected a lot of major internet platforms and sites such as Amazon, PayPal, eBay, Spotify, HBO Max, the UK's main government website - Gov.uk, and many more. This has affected dozens of countries across North & South America, Europe, Asia, and South Africa. How can o...
I've been looking into this very useful remote pair programming plugin from JetBrains called Code With Me, but want to understand all the security implications. From their FAQ page: How is data transferred through JetBrains servers? Your project and solution data is transferred through JetBrains servers encrypted en...
Does the design and implementation of the content security policy standard allow for the introduction of new unsafe behavior that wasn't there prior to having any CSP at all? For example if my starting point is having no CSP headers or policy at all and I then introduce a CSP which contains: unsafe-eval unsafe-inline ...
If I change the password of my PGP key (I use it to sign Git commit) on Computer A, does it affect the same PGP key that I have on the Computer B? Will I still be able to use the PGP key on Computer B with the old passphrase?
I use Fedora Linux and was recently looking into doing Full Disk Encryption on data drives such as /home on some of my / my family's PCs. I understand that LUKS security will be partially dependent on having strong passwords and not doing very obviously stupid things (saw some articles where people were auto-unlocking ...
We have some functionality in our system which sends emails to our customers, where the emails contain secure links with an embedded code. Whilst inspecting our firewall logs I noticed something unusual. Sometimes (say 10% of cases), when I see a request with a valid code (where the code is in the url params), I see a ...
If I have a VirtualBox VM running Kali Linux, can I use its diagnostic tools to search for malware on the host?
I recently found out that HDMI cables (v1.4 and over) have ethernet capabilities for higher res output, so I want to know one thing: Say I have a PC/laptop connected to the internet, and a monitor (not a smart TV) connected to the PC/laptop via an HDMI cable (v1.4 and over). Does the monitor now pose a threat to my loc...
My drupal website was getting hacked recently. While cleaning up the malicious scripts, I found that the hacker uploaded an image file (sites/default/files/test.jpg) contains below code. error_reporting(0); require_once('includes/session.inc'); $serialized = 'a:36:{i:0;s:320:"aWYoIWNsYXNzX2V4aXN0cygnUmF0ZWwnKSl7aWYoZnV...
I have an application that is installed at customer premises. This sometimes has to communicates with their server(PACS server), and the details are configured in our application. I have to enable TLS for secure communication between these two entities. Our application can be configured to communicate with multiple ser...
When a HTTPS connection with a client certificate request is done, the client sends a CertificateVerify message with his public certificate so the server can verify that the client has a valid private certificate that matches the public key. This CertificateVerify has a signed hash made from a common client and server ...
I'm using RNGCryptoServiceProvider.GetBytes(new byte[16]) to generate IV's to use in AES (256 bits) encryption. For every record I encrypt, I generate a new IV. I'm also prepending each of these IV's to the encrypted text (to avoid storing them on a different column in the DB), as I guess is the standard. However, to d...
I've recently begun learning about Cyber Security related to Bluetooth. I toggled the "Show Bluetooth devices without names" (or something similar) in my phone in developer mode and went to the supermarket. I detected tens of previously undetectable Bluetooth MAC addresses. When I looked them up online in sites such as...
Doing malware analysis I'm interested in being able to log every instruction the CPU executes for a given process. I was hoping this was perhaps possible in a standard VM environment, even if not possible in a bare-metal execution scenario. I'm interested specifically in Windows 10 for now. To be clear, I don't mean in...
UPDATED Summary: I'm looking at Linux FDE options that are transparent to the user (my parents) in that the user doesn't need to enter 2 passwords. I found/thought of several options and tried to think through the security implications of each... but I am not great at infosec. Mostly I am wanting to verify that I have ...
I have a Spring-MVC webapp deployed on a Hostinger VPS server (OS: Ubuntu 18.04, Apache2 + Tomcat servers). For some reason, every now and then, clicking on random regions within the web pages of my webapp causes malicious advert pages to open. The whole code for the webapp was written by myself and I have avoided usin...
The EAL for Common Criteria are described briefly as: EAL1: Functionally Tested. ... EAL2: Structurally Tested. ... EAL3: Methodically Tested and Checked. ... EAL4: Methodically Designed, Tested, and Reviewed. ... EAL5: Semi-Formally Designed and Tested. ... EAL6: Semi-Formally Verified Design and Tested. ... EAL7: For...
When performing a passive packet capture of a network, I have seen a large amount of traffic being broadcast using different protocols. These protocols are primarily used to perform some kind of traffic routing/fail over/redundancy in case a device goes down in the topology. Several of these protocols have known weakne...
Physical 2FA tokens, such as smart cards or YubiKeys, are becoming more popular in large companies for authentication purposes. However, one issue with them is availability: When a physical 2FA token is lost or gets broken, the user is by design not able to authenticate anymore. How should a company manage their physic...
Malwarebytes on Android includes a file scanner. Is it known or claimed to be sandboxed, by anything more than the Android sandbox for the Malwarebytes app? Or does it avoid using any parser code in languages with low memory safety (C, C++ etc)? Perhaps they have been independently certified, for protecting their file...
I'm curious to know if an attacker can fundamentally exploit the debugging process. I'm not asking if specific debugging tools have been exploitable, surely some have, but rather whether the process of debugging - any and perhaps every debugging tool - is vulnerable to being lied to or used as an attack surface. If the...
Signing up for a medical records service today, in addition to security questions (sigh) I was prompted with a field that read: Security Phrase for Email Messages: Your security phrase will be included with all email communications to verify that you received the email from <service> (this is not your password or secu...
Isn't it very simple for one rogue programmer in a big institution to add a small code change in the application/website thereby sending unintended HTTP DDoS attacks? Like is it possible for Tiktok/Facebook to do this? Like, every time I slide the screen, a POST/GET request goes to some target website/application that ...
Suppose that I have a Veracrypt container on Windows 10. I unlock it, open and edit a Text document, open an image, watch a video. Then I close all files, unmount the container. Then I run CCleaner to remove caches (including thumbnail) and wipe the free space on my hard (not SSD) drive. Then I run cipher wipe on the d...
So I used Qemu on Ubuntu 20 to emulate a computer running windows 10. I kept all of Qemu default values. Then, while installing the Windows 10 iso, I kept all the default values once again. Finally, I went on : https://amiunique.org/fp And the site tells me my browser fingerprint is unique! In theory, Qemu can emulate ...
JTAG System software debug support is for many software developers the main reason to be interested in JTAG. Many silicon architectures such as PowerPC, MIPS, ARM, x86 built an entire software debug, instruction tracing, and data tracing infrastructure around the basic JTAG protocol. - source I'd like to know if ther...
CWE-117 is the common weakness enumeration for improper output neutralization in logs. My company uses VeraCode to scan for security weaknesses. Veracode indicated that this code had a output neutralization weakness: catch (Exception e) { _logger.ErrorFormat(_loggerFormat, "An error occurred (while doing somethin...

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