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I have noticed earlier that my Macbook Pro camera light was lit on - the screen is turned off but not sleeping - the entire time the device was not being used or touched. I logged in to investigate and I have found that Microsoft Edge (Chromium) was on with a few tabs. The moment I tried to navigate through it, Edge br...
I am trying to use sqlmap. Although every time I use it, I just get a response of: [13:39:11] [CRITICAL] previous heuristics detected that the target is protected by some kind of WAF/IPS [13:39:11] [INFO] testing if the target URL content is stable [13:39:12] [INFO] target URL content is stable [13:39:12] [CRITICAL] no...
I have Tor Browser (which is basically Firefox ESR) on "Safest" setting (Javascript disabled). We're generally scolded about using extensions in it, as they can alter web traffic patterns to or from your browser, adding another fingerprinting vector by distinguishing you from other Tor Browser users. If JS is turned of...
I read Tor's Wikipedia page and found out it has 12 weaknesses. What can people or The Tor Project do about those weaknesses? If they don't anything about it, wouldn't it compromise Tor users' anonymity?
Let's assume I have a website where I have to either redirect the user to another URL or include another URL in an iframe, that is given by a GET parameter. I cannot use HMAC when the URL is created. The site is designed to work with relative URLs. e.g. login.php?redirect=profile.php This is vulnerable to open redirect...
I'm building a checkout page for a website and have a checkout page with a content security policy (CSP). When the customer pays with a card, they will see a box popup with the bank page that allows the bank to verify (if they want). The problem I have is that the box that pops up is an iframe and I don't really want t...
I have my own CA(CA) and 2 intermediate(ICA1 & ICA2) CA's(generated using the root CA). Using ICA1, generated a server cert(for server S1) and 2 user cert(for user U1 & U2). Now, user certs is distributed to the user-U1 & U2(including chain trust ICA1 & CA) and they are able to successfully connect to S1. Similarly usi...
Can I perform evil twin attack with my WiFi card and Kali Linux PC or do I need an adapter for the attack?
I am collecting data (by reading input registers) from a machine by RS-485 protocol and Arduino Mega 2560 hardware. I am also sending this data from Arduino Mega to a NodeMCU which is connected to the internet over WiFi. I made 100% sure that no physical interference can be performed on the hardware I setup. But since ...
I have one HTTP request which is responding with no content value (No response body). Is it necessary to have a content-type header specified for these kinds of responses?
I was looking through my spam folder, and there's a 100% sure spam email, that asks me to confirm that I want to unsubscribe by clicking some big unsubscribe button. That button is simply a mailto: link, similar to the one below mailto:user@inactivedomain.com;someotheruser@gmail.com;moreusers@mailbox.org;etc@inbox.ru;e...
I'm trying to get 3rd party cookies to work on major mid-year 2020 browsers [1]. It's as simple as pointing an iframe to an external URL to make a cookied request and probably get the response thereafter (and the external site explicitly allows this). Is there a solution to this problem? For example, some other header...
Is there a way to use a device like a raspberrypi to create a kind of 'Plug and Play' TOR proxy? Ideally, a device would exist with an ethernet port as input and ethernet cable or USB as output which can be plugged into a laptop or PC without any further configuration on the client PC. The device should then automatica...
Being not a cryptography expert, I am having some basic questions on how to manage keys wrt. sodium-plus. Let me briefly explain the context: the use case involves sending data from a web frontend to a backend, but the backend should not be able to read it (deliberate design choice due to privacy concerns). The data in...
I have a super admin certificate which expired two days ago. When I try to click on the Administration tab in my EJBCA instance to renew this certificate, I am getting an error like certificate has expired. Can you guys help me out on how to renew the certificate without the GUI? Is this the problem impacting the Admin...
This question asks whether one should hash on the client or the server. I want to know if there is any reason, aside from having to maybe handle one extra hashing library (if it's not already in your security stack), why you wouldn't want to hash both on the client and on the server. Extra code complexity is fine, you ...
Is there a need to secure winform application in an intranet environment? Clearly, there is no external threat and only authorized personnel have access to the intranet environment, so I am not sure if there is a need to secure it. Unless it's an insider threat, however, it's still impossible as there isn't any necessa...
If a malicious software gets into a virtual machine, what is the most information of the actual machine it can obtain?
what if data we are sending is such that size(data) + size(mac) =multiple of block size If this case if possible how the receiver will determine that no padding is present ???
Is there anyway I can know if the cable I use to charge my phone in it was connect to my pc before or not? Is there something in pc can let me see that because my pc contain some malware and spy files that comes to it through another phone because I used to use all cables and connect them to pc so I decided to format m...
Do browsers have a list with sites that are supposed to be encrypted? Could a man in the middle attack be performed by presenting a user a http site instead of an https site? That way the server would not need to provide a certificate. It wouldn't show up as a secure site in the browser but I think most people wouldn't...
I have a domain lets call it example.com when I do: dig example.com MX +short, it returns: 10 mx1.[Internet_Service_Provider_Domain] so, I decided to trace the DNS to check if there any possible DNS Hijacking attack, using the following command: dig example.com MX +trace +short, the result: NS d.root-servers.net. from...
We are considering to build a Windows application that is split in 2 parts: one Windows service some Add-Ins for Microsoft Office, Microsoft Management Console (MMC) and PowerShell. Additional info: The service and the Add-Ins are digitally signed with a company certificate. All running on the same machine. The serv...
I installed kali linux, that comes with John the ripper. I have a password-protected zip file. I'm pretty sure the password is complex. I first convert the zip into a hash: sudo zip2john FILE_LOCATION > zippedzip.txt It took around 20 seconds to run that command. I got this output: Then I try running john on it: sudo...
So I am wondering how can I see the data on wireshark? I have my router setup to where there is no password so I can automatically connect whatever devices on to my network. First I connect my phone and next I run wireshark and I have a usb wifi adapter to capture/inject packets. I also have wireshark in monitor mode a...
I'm a total noob, so please help me out. Suppose something is hashed in sha256. If we know the value of some part of the hashed text, can we figure out the entire text? Ex: xxxxxx + j4l58jl6j4l6j4 = 64j1l5l64lkh41l654kj165l4j1566ghj6ghj6g1. All are hypothetical values. So, we know that the value on the right hand side...
I am setting up AWS stuff and wondering how to setup a secure bastion host. They all say to only allow access to your IP address, but how can I do that if my IP address is changing every few hours or days (just in my house wifi, or going to coffee shops, etc.). What is best practice here, for SSHing into a bastion host...
I am wondering how you should setup your network (AWS) so you can debug different things that might occur. Obviously there's logging, but it seems at some point you might require SSHing into the actual machine of interest and checking around. If this is the case, it seems you would need to open up port 22 on every mach...
I have been working from remote full time for months. Every day I connect my computer to my company network. Is there a way to hide or change my geographic location? I mean, I would like they wouldn't know where I am. Is a VPN enough?
There are so many tools such as testssl, sslyze to test the TLS configurations on webservers. I wanted to know, why aren't there any tool that checks the TLS client side? What makes it difficult?
I am new to VPNs, have used them a few times, have read about "how they work" (which is all very high level), and am now confused about how this is actually implemented (so I can come full circle and understand what kind of security they are providing me). It sounds like a VPN is something you install on your computer....
Stumbled upon a privacy conscious hosting provider that uses LXD vs KVM to manage user VPS instances. My understanding is KVM is more isolated so using LXD doesn’t make sense from a privacy perspective. Perhaps I am missing something?
I've this error: ModSecurity: Warning. Matched "Operator `PmFromFile' with parameter `lfi-os-files.data' against variable `ARGS:scope' (Value: `email profile https://www.googleapis.com/auth/userinfo.profile https://www.googleapis.com/auth/useri (16 characters omitted)' ) [file "/usr/local/owasp-modsecurity-crs-3.0.2/ru...
I'm looking for an unusual solution that uses the SFTP server for data transfer but said SFTP server also should act an encryption proxy i.e. all the data it stores on the server-side should be encrypted. Although I could use host (OS-wide) encryption it is not gonna be effective during runtime if the hoster I use deci...
I was just wondering if this code is enough to prevent XSS vulnerability in my web app? /** * Escape HTML string to prevent XSS. */ export const escapeHtml = (string: string): string => { if (isString(string)) { const entityMap = { "&": "&amp;", "<": "&lt;", ">": "&gt;"...
We have an exe file that our members have been using. It was submitted to VirusTotal and it returned one red flag: How can we have the app evaluated by a 3rd party software engineer? And how likely is it the app can be evaluated accurately?
I've talked with a new friend who is fairly bright and who can do some interesting things programming Office applications, but whose technical abilities omit infosec. And he got bitten by nasty malware. I'm wondering what options might be most productive to offer to him. I'm not sure it's realistic to repel all dedicat...
I found a used docking station for my Dell laptop. The price is very interesting and the docking station seems to be in perfect shape. But I'm somehow worried about potential security risks. After all, you could install some kind of keylogger in the station's firmware. Am I being paranoid here or is it possible in any ...
I'm trying to learn a bit about authentication and security protocols at a 10,000 foot level. I was reading about WebAuthn here: https://webauthn.guide/ and here: https://webauthn.io/ I'm sure what I'm about to ask has obvious answers, because this protocol has been developed by smart people with probably decades of ex...
I was wondering when people compile malware and use the compiled files for engagements or nefarious purposes, what evidence do they leave behind in the compiled Windows executables? I have heard that the OS usernames of the compilers can be disclosed upon analysis of the executable. Is it true? Is the evidence left beh...
I am very new to docker (and don't usually program at a 'systems' level). I will be working on an open source project with complete strangers over the web over the next couple of months. I trust them, but I like to not have to trust people (meant in the best possible way). I would like to know, if I download various re...
To be more clear, I would like to access movie streaming websites which have lots of (pop-up) ads and I’m fearful that I might deal with viruses. Would VirtualBox help me isolate this type of viruses? What can I do to prevent this?
Izito and similar sites keep appearing on my search engine results. It started a few weeks ago. It has been happening on both - my Ubuntu and Windows computer, and even on a new Windows computer. It has been happening on Chrome and Microsoft Edge and on Google and Bing. I have since installed Bitdefender AV and done fa...
For customer support reasons, we need to store passwords to some of our customers' systems (with their explicit, written permission, of course), as well as, obviously, passwords to some of our own systems. Customer support agents and administrators need to be able to access those passwords. I am aware that - despite al...
As a developer I do have some understanding of OWASP, I am also a member of OWASP community, official due paying one. Anyway, what I may not understand is information security in that I am not a security engineer and so I pose the following question: Is it necessary to encrypt and encode a JSON Web Token? In my experie...
I was reading documentation about HTTP/3, and in the article, they sed that they are no longer TLS or TCP. So it's mean that a web site with no SSL 80 will be changed to what port and 443 will be replaced with what port? Also how CA will make SSL UDP compatible?
A friend of mine has an old family PC with a bunch of important photos on it. Unfortunately, from what he told me, it seems like they have fallen victim to a tech support scam some five years ago, during which the scammer had remote access to their machine. They haven't used this PC ever since that incident, because th...
A family of N people (where N >= 3) are members of a cult. A suggestion is floated anonymously among them to leave the cult. If, in fact, every single person secretly harbors the desire to leave, it would be best if the family knew about that so that they could be open with each other and plan their exit. However, if t...
I downloaded Rufus and Win32 Disk Imager from Sourceforge and used them on a flash drive to boot another operating system. I'd like to know if it's possible that one of these infected my OS or firmware and how to find out if the firmware or OS are infected besides Antivirus for the OS?
My project uses different versions of jackson library at a number of places, and a security scanner flagged that the binary is vulnerable to CVE-2018-14721. My reading of https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2018-14721 is that the vulnerability is about deserialization of axis2-jaxws classes resulting in SSRF. Is this ...
I build a simple chat with MySQL. It has a table called users and two colums: id and username. I use the following query to extract username and ID by ID. Is there a way someone can Inject malicios SQL ? and How ? Limit is used to only allow 1 result to come out $query = 'SELECT id, username FROM users WHERE id=' . $id...
I have a sqli and i can dump data from the DB with the query below func=REC&lastid=7491&start=3&uid=56+union+all+select+1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10,11,12,13,14,15,16,17,18,concat(uid,':',email,':',password) FROM user WHERE uid=56; --&token=6eadee0862e6fe05d588cb29c416d9 How can i add an update query to change the password? I...
I have the below openssl code to decode json content. It works fine if the encoded data is eyJ0ZXN0MSI6eyJ2YWwyIjotOTEuNiwidmFsMyI6NDAuMTIzNH19 but it does not work if the encoded data is eyJ0ZXN0MSI6eyJsYXRpdHVkZSI6LTkxLjYsInZhbDMiOjQwfX0 It's not decoding the last 2 right curly braces. Can somebody help me to underst...
I am wanting to set up a single logging point on my home network that logs URLs and search terms to monitor teenagers... um... activity. I was thinking of setting up a computer between the cable modem and the router, which would capture all network traffic. The upside would be no need for arp spoofing, the downside wou...
We have a shared machine in the office, used for demo'ing our product. I want to be able to fetch the latest code from Github. We have 2FA enabled, so I can't use my login password for https operations. I can use a Personal Access Token as the password. What is the best way to store this Personal Access Token on the sh...
I have a small network of several Windows 10 machines (all protected by BitDefender 2020 Total Security), one of which acts as server with Firebird database. For some time the database is deteriorating - in some random records some fields have altered values. I completly changed the server machine for a brand new with ...
I have seen many answers to this question in different scenarios but I am still unsure of the actual answer. I have a VM in the cloud (Azure), which will be hosting my production database. Is it safe to have port 22 open for my SSH connection? it also has a public IP address, is this safe too? This is my first time hav...
Suppose a website is set up so that only IPs from country X are allowed read/write access. This server goes through a CDN such as Cloudflare. Because the GeoIP read block is at server level, it never actually works because Cloudflare will always cache from an IP in country X and broadcast worldwide so anyone outside of...
This is my code where i have a userId in a method SwitchUser_Click. I need to prevent or somehow encode the return value from the switchUser_Click as it includes the UserId of a user vulnerable to XSS attack or redirects. function SwitchUser_Click(containerElement, OnSuccess) { var selecteduserId = $("sele...
I have a website that is not supposed to be open to the public and the URL is hidden. Currently, I use Comodo certs to do the SSL, but I'm wondering since only approved devices should be accessing it, whether it makes sense to use a self-signed certificate. Is there any danger to this? I control all the end-users compu...
So, Most of us understand that cellphone towers are constantly listening for cellphone broadcasts and we also know that triangulation is possible (even retro-actively, as connection records are permanent) by basically using the different signal strengths from your 3 nearest cellphone towers. Q: Does triangulation, in 2...
I am learning how to configure a multi-region AWS system. However, everything I read says "if you want/need more security then do X". Why would anyone want less security (is what I start thinking)... Is there a way to create a bullet proof AWS system? If so, what are the key pieces? If not, how can I prove that to some...
I have heard that intelligence agencies and hackers can illicitly gain access to a computer's webcam and microphone and keep a close eye on people using suspicious programs or malware. Is there any way to check if such thing is happening to you and are there any mechanisms to avoid it on platforms like Mac OS, Linux an...
Is it possible to bypass NTFS encryption if the password used to encrypt the RSA key is a password to an AD account? So if an administrator can simply change your password, they would then be able to decrypt your files. My understanding of Encrypting File System is that the user's RSA private key is encrypted using a h...
I was wondering if it's possible to implement more secure KDF like bcrypt, scrypt, pbkdf2 and argon2id in PAM authentication. Ideally I would like to have their hashes instead of SHA-512 ones directly in /etc/shadow, but we all know what Ulrich Drepper wrote about bcrypt 13 years ago. OpenSUSE and OpenBSD seems to use ...
As far as I understand, a problem with the idea of a pepper is that, if it's stored as part of your code, then the hacker can read it if they can access your code. So I was wondering, would it not be better to store the pepper in memory? I'm thinking of running the server in such a way that the pepper is made available...
In my company they have MITM/SSL in following way. There is a proxy to whom all PCs connect. Now the company installed some trusted certificate authority (e.g. ISSUER-COMPANY-NAME) on our computers. When I go to facebook it shows me that it has certificate signed by the issuer that was installed by our company. I am cu...
I am doing some pen testing on my wordpress server. I wanted to see what would happen if the attacker were to get a hold of my username and password for wordpress. So I used the standard exploit in msfconsole wp_admin_shell_upload and set password and username. What I do not understand is why my UFW does not block the ...
My wife is working remote due to COVID for a company that has a policy in place to not work from outside of California for an extended period of time. She logs in via a corporate VPN using our home WiFi network. We are moving from LA to Phoenix had she would like to hang on to her job until COVID is over. Are there any...
What actions can I take to make web browsing on mobile phone (android) as safe as possible? My main concern are sites that would install malware (has happened before on desktop computer). On a computer, I would run browser in a sandbox environment (e.g. Sandboxie). Are there similar alternatives for mobile phones? Or a...
Is there any way for hydra to understand the correct combination ^USER^ and ^PASS^ in a http-post-form authentication attack based on the length of the body response? In Burpsuite you can look at the length and understand password and username. So basically how can I set up hydra to look at the length parameter during ...
Is there any Write-once USB stick/Pendrive? I need to submit some files to Authorities and I don't want them to modify on whatsoever. Any suggestion?
I have a rest endpoint for example /user/{userId}/message/{messageId} I have the possibility to create both ID's as I want. How can I create messageId and know the message is belong to this user, without checking in database or any service? I think about hashing userId and add the hash as prefix of messageId.
In the OAuth website here it says "Most services provide a way for developers to retrieve the secret of an existing application, although some will only display the secret one time and require the developer store it themselves immediately" Earlier in the same text it says we should not store the secret in plaintext as ...
We are evaluating how to improve security on our RFID System. Our system was reviewed by someone finding the point that there are duplicate Tags we must get rid of. So the first idea was to read the UID to ensure that the used tag is not a copy of the original one. Basically what I found out is, that the UID is used in...
"IP Spoofing" refers to changing source IP addresses so that the attack appears to be coming from someone else. When the victim replies to the address, it goes back to the spoofed address and not to the attacker’s real address.
I have a flask web application which is configured with HSTS (no man in middle) and it has a login form. Inputs to the login form have necessary constraints and HTML disallows incorrect formats. My question is if a user is on my site's login page, he would have the keys to the secure connection. Is it possible that he ...
I am trying to generate a wordlist. I am using crunch but I am stuck at defining the pattern I want the words to be generated. For example, I want to define a rule such as this: Password: Ameri948 ca# Words: [A|a]meri[\d\d\d][space|no space][C|c]a[space|*|#] Which means, I know the structure of the password and the exa...
I'm making a peer-to-peer cross-platform application (in Java & Kotlin), and I want to encrypt conversations between tens of users, concurrently. However, due to lack of knowledge in security good practices & protocols and due to this being my first time actually getting into informatics security, I'm sort of confused....
Context: I own a machine; I trust root and all the accounts. I virtualize untrusted guests using KVM, and don't want them to escape. When /dev/kvm has the right permissions, non-root users can run KVM guests. Does this bring any security advantages over running guests as root? In case of a qemu or KVM vulnerability, wo...
At work, years ago, I used to have a key-fob device that was about the size of a thumb-drive. It had a 4 digit LCD screen that the numbers changed every 60 seconds. When logging onto certain servers, after entering my user ID and password, it would prompt me for the 4 digit passcode. Now the key-fob was so small, I w...
I have some encryption understanding however I fail to get my head around following scenarios. I would like to know if they are possible with a zero knowledge encryption system. What the system can or can't do can be added to the answer. Example: The system needs to keep a encrypted copy of the key. The user has to ha...
I was reading this question and still have doubts about my use case. I know it's unsafe to store a JWT in local/session storage due to XSS attacks. But what if it's for a JWT that only lasts 1 min when they first login? The client would then use this to get a longer + safer JWT to stay logged in from then on. I'm using...
I've heard the argument against DNS-over-HTTPS that it is supposed to be a security nightmare for network defenders because it enables encrypted DNS over port 443, compared to DNS-over-TLS which goes through port 853. I don't understand this argument because, how is malicious traffic on DoH practically more difficult t...
I'm working on a website and I noticed that if I go to the following URL: website.com/page?alert() this message is reflected in the action form. I tried to close the action attribute using double quotes in order to try a classic like " onload="alert(1)" but double quotes are URLencoded if i read the source code. Do yo...
I was adding logging to my application. And I realized that there are times when I need to debug my sql statements and logging them (at debug logging level of course) would make debugging very easy. I am kind of confused because some times logging statements can contain personal information like contact details, names ...
I have recently read an article about storing passwords safely and I have a few misunderstandings. I found out 4 ways of storing users' passwords: Just keep them in plain text Keep passwords in plain text, but encrypt the database Hash a password Use salted hashes of passwords. The best way is supposed to be the 4th....
As a non security expert, I'm looking for advice from those who are. I work with company X who have hired company Y to develop their website. Company Y needs to integrate server-side online payment and has asked company X for the secret (private) key related to their payment account. Of course, secret keys are called t...
I'm implementing an OAuth 2.0 Authorization Code grant type flow and considering to use a very short-lived JWT as the authorization code so this step doesn't require a database. I understand that this code is usually persisted and removed after it's used, but are there any significant security risks of using a JWT inst...
I use sqlite3 for my database and get data from untrusted source with flask.request.get() I insert all data with such syntax c.execute("INSERT INTO table (e1, e2) VALUES(?, ?)", (V1, V2)) as recommended here. My question is How does python-sqlite3 sanitize these requests? What happens in case the entry type is BLOB? ...
For a recent example, type in to Google (with quotes) "Reggie Kray as a character witness" and your first result should be this article from The Times. Even with all of my best JavaScript tricks, I can only read up to the start of the fourth paragraph. However, the Google search result is clearly showing a part of the ...
Diffie-Hellman won't really work here, since only one side has a public key, one side has the private. It must be this way to prevent decryption when the data is at-rest on one of the sides before transmission. Currently, I am using RSA-2048 only, which limits the payload size to 245 bytes. I want to support much larg...
We all know that the client device and WiFi AP will perform the 4 way handshake to generate the session key (PTK). Here is the recap of the 4 way handshake. 1.Client device<-----ANonce-----WiFi AP 2.Client device------SNonce---->WiFi AP 3.Client device<--Install PTK---WiFi AP 4.Client device--------OK------->WiFi AP I ...
We all hear often about the reused key issue in block cipher. For example, for a picture being encrypted by the electronic codebook mode, we will still see the shape of the picture. https://images.app.goo.gl/Hw8c9xDHcmi7nCNg6 So that is why we need initialization vector to increase the randomization. That is why CBC, O...
I am trying to understand if it's possible to configure a private key size for the given curve. openssl ecparam -name secp256k1 -genkey -----BEGIN EC PARAMETERS----- BgUrgQQACg== -----END EC PARAMETERS----- -----BEGIN EC PRIVATE KEY----- MHQCAQEEIMda3jdFuTnGd2Y9s9lZiQJXKSpxBp6WQWcurn4FnYogoAcGBSuBBAAK oUQDQgAEI272v3lI...
I would like service A (Client) to communicate with service B (server) without the need to send the whole chain of trust in the code ( CA racine and CA1 intermediate).I want to verify just with CA1 intermediate but in my code I have this error: unknoun CA. client side : #include <stdio.h> #include <memory.h> #includ...
So I have a series of these requests in my log and was wondering what they were? It appears malicious but no harm has been done. Can anyone confirm? - Any insight or reading material etc that would prove useful for anything related to this or remotely related would be highly appreciated to further my own understanding....
We are trying to make our web app the most cost effective and secure we can. For that reason we are using Cloudflare instead of CloudFront as a CDN for our frontend resources. We put CloudFront between Cloudflare and S3 to be able to use Full SSL (strict). This is required because we have a subdomain for API Gateway, w...
Our architecture is based on the best practices for PCI-DSS on AWS Amazon WAF -> API Gateway -> AWS Lambda The lambda's are running within a VPC and the SG / Firewall and segmentation have been checked and approved. We are also centralising our logging to Graylog to monitor for specific rules. The item that the PCI-DS...
The first time I forgot to take my mask off before using the facial recognition login to my Windows 10 computer, it wouldn't work (which I expected). After a couple times, though, it started logging me in before I had a chance to take my mask off. Is it a security issue that the facial recognition can recognize me with...