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We have a product that uses Apache HTTPD, Tomcat, and MongoDB. It uses OpenSSL for HTTPS connection and Bouncy Castle library for the encryption of data in the database. What does it mean to be FIPS 140-2 compliant? Is it enough to use FIPS 140-2 algorithms? Or should we get FIPS 140-2 approval? Should we receive th...
I want my clients to be able to schedule a purchase for a given date. When they perform this scheduling action, they are authenticated with an oauth2 token. However the date could be so far from now that the token might have expired when the purchase is triggered. I need to check the user identity and whether they stil...
Recently, one of my servers came under attack by DDoSing it. After inspection of access logs, I can only find one common denominator: Referrer. All of request come with (I assume) fake referrer: https://www.baidu.com https://www.bing.com https://www.facebook.com https://www.gmail.com https://www.google.com https://www...
If you look up how to bypass the Android lock screen, there seems to be endless examples. plug the phone into your PC, use ADB (Android debugging tools), disable the lock screen forgot password option can get some recovery code sent to your email "Emergency Call trick" was a bug in specific versions of Android that cr...
Not just electronic voting, but in election security general. I think it part is because there are many components to it, and it has many components that could be compromised. What are some of the top 3 reasons why this problem is a particularly challenging problem?
I am the volunteer IT administrator for a local non-profit organization. The organization has a few systems - specifically security cameras, network hardware, and telephones - that have local administrator accounts to manage them. Right now, I am the only person working for the organization with any amount of technical...
Today I found a video on YouTube that surprised me (https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Pkc3sE6iKV4). It is by Rob Braxman, a privacy advocate with a lot of expertise. He talks about all kinds of video conferencing situations. Like one-to-one, one-to-many and many-to-many. It is quite obvious that one-to-many and many-to-m...
I just had a look at the firewall status and saw it had blocked over 300 requests from TOR, Python Urllib, and some script called aabbccdd.xss.ht/pigeonburger.xyz (pigeonburger.xyz being my website). All of them are trying to access a non-existent page on my website (/wp-admin.php). My site is not on Wordpress, I run i...
Suppose 1st level intermediate cert specifies DNS=www.dev.com Can 2nd level intermediate cert which is signed by the 1st level specify DNS=*.dev.com or maybe DNS=*.dev2.com? Does certificate level affect SAN in any way?
I am currently using JWT implementation for the authentication part of my APIs. A private key is used to sign the token generated and used to make sure it's not tampered with when it's used later for other API. My question is - What is the impact if this private key is leaked? What can the bad guy do with it? From here...
From the cipher suites tls_rsa_with_aes_128_cbc_sha256 and tls_ecdhe_ecdsa_with_aes_128_cbc_sha256 how do I know what will be the RSA , ECDHE, and ECDSA key support in IBM cloud Watson? here is the link to IBM cipher suites support
I was wondering if there is a way to use SELECT and UNION keywords without being caught by a algorithm (see below) that filters these keywords out. $filter = array('UNION', 'SELECT'); // Remove all banned characters foreach ($filter as $banned) { if (strpos($_GET['q'], $banned) !== false) die("Hacker ...
I'd like to understand OAuth 2.0 in more detail and especially the authorization code flow. This might be nit-picking but according to RFC6749 the client initiates the flow. (A) The client initiates the flow by directing the resource owner's user-agent to the authorization endpoint. But isn't it really the resource o...
I am currently digging into OAuth 2.0 and especially the authorization code grant. What I couldn't find from within RFC6749 is if the authorization code has to follow a specific format. The RFC says that "[...] Authorization codes operate as plaintext bearer credentials". Does that mean it is up to the authorization se...
We have DBAs who want to access SQL DBs over DirectAccess (DA). The ask is to open port TCP 1530 over DA. At the moment, we have 6,000 people using DA, we can't filter on a specific group of DBAs. Effectively if we open the DA rules to all clients, that's 6000 individuals with access to the DBs (TCP 1530). What's the b...
I am doing some research for school about the Kerberos protocol and its vulnerabilities, especially the Pass the Ticket attack. Related articles are always talking about Active Directory so I was wondering if the MIT version of Kerberos was as vulnerable as Microsoft's one ? If not, why ? Some of these articles were a ...
Let me quickly explain and then ask the question. I'm developing a Web Vulnerability assessment scanner for a project, and I'm learning python as I go, so forgive me if it might sound like a dumb question. The idea is to allow a user to run periodical scans against their website and report SQL injection findings, XSS v...
Very simply we have a ton of websites at our company behind SSO. I am having a hard time figuring out what security issues there are if we open cross-site sharing between these sites but wanted to get a broader view. This is really a result of browser updates around cross site sharing in iframes in chrome and IE a fe...
I received a message from a friend with a link. I never clicked it, but the thumbnail image shown pretended to be an image preview for a YouTube video. Some of her other friends clicked it and it took them to a fake Facebook page where it asked them for username and password. I always would prefer to disable such link ...
We have a user table where we store the user passwords. Now what we do is that we have a static salt, that we append to plaintext password and do a SHA-256 of the complete text and store in DB. We have created this approach 5 yrs back. But now with so much computing power, is it safe to use SHA-256(With the approach I ...
What would be an attack against an insecure instance of the OTP cipher given two challenge ciphertexts using the same key in order to get the plaintext? I've tried to implement some approaches with Python but it did not work.(I'm a beginner in cyber security)
I just wanted to ask if my concerns here are valid. I am aware that it is unsafe for the API to return a stack trace. I have a similar, but less egregious, situation that I am trying to judge. Is there also some standard regarding packaging up java exceptions into a 500 response? For example, sending back such things a...
Give that OrientDB exposes a REST HTTP API, and that it seems to have quite a few security features, what are the (especially security) implications of querying OrientDB directly from a front end web application, without writing and using an intermediary back-end between them? What possible measures (like record access...
I feel like I am missing an important point here, I have been reading up a bit on the PKCE flow but something doesn't sit quite right. How is PKCE secure on public devices? If I understand this correctly if you do not control the redirect url then anyone can pretend they are your app. Suppose the redirect is localhost/...
I've been trying to solve a box. I got into the box by exploiting a web app and got reverse shell so I was www-data. I then found an ssh key that I used to login as another user and I ran sudo -l which showed me which files I could run as root. I'm struggling with what to do to use this to my advantage.
Last week one of my NEST WiFi cameras was knocked offline for about 90 seconds. Before this comms loss, we see from the video that someone was using a flashlight and walking towards the camera before losing network communication. To our dismay, we did not learn of this until the next morning when we found our vehicles ...
As far as I understand it, the address of a v3 onion service is simply an ed25519 public key itself. Assuming the end user actually managed to acquire the legitimate 56 character .onion address (i.e. without getting phished/given a fake), would this not effectively render all MiTM attacks impossible?
I have a website like maindomain.com that is hosted on one IP address like 192.168.1.1. I want to add a subdomain from a different host (such as 192.168.1.2) to my root domain (maindomain.com), such that the address will be like subdomain.mainwebhost.com. If the subdomain host has a script with a security bug, can an a...
I'm an average user. I don't take part or have any dangerous jobs. I know that there is no fixed solution for this type of attack. However, I think USB is still become common devices for average user. So many average users still use USB as keyboard, mouse, dongle for transferring their data from phone to PC, etc. But a...
I can't find a definite answer on accessing cockpit from outside machines securely. Just allowing it through the firewall like that doesn't seem safe. It only uses basic user and password authentication. I think cockpit uses fail2ban to protect against brute forcing password, but is that enough? So I thought that SSHin...
How can I best prevent, that critical commandos (e.g. open garage door) from an IoT device are being reverse engineered from the firmware? Is the following list complete / do you spot any errors? Any comments? Encrypt firmware patches for the device, that are available for download - cost: little – security: high acti...
I understand that for most package managers (pip, brew, TeX tlmgr, etc) packages are typically not audited, so there are some inherent security risks in using these package managers. Sometimes the package repositories aren't trustworthy either. Would it be a better practice to install all packages with the --user flag?...
Is it more secure to retrieve a client cert from their host rather than accept the cert presented in request? Example: B2B Client pre-shares public cert with me I store public cert in database Later, client sends GET request + cert to my HTTPS endpoint Endpoint has Enforce HTTPS and Require client certs set to true ...
I read about the hardware protection that blocks the CPU from jumping to stack address. But hacker may still edit the return address to an address in code memory that shouldn't run at that moment. For example; #include<stdio.h> void ath_secuss() { printf("You have successfully logged in\n"); } ...
Assume router A, which is secure with up to date firmware, and router B, which is less secure, with no longer updated firmware. I have one router connected to the net socket (internet source), and the other router connected to the first one via WAN. Each router has a different router IP address, and two separate wifi a...
on linux when we have a foothold and we want to transfer files to the victim we usually transfer it to /tmp beacuse it is writable and always there. what directory should we transfer our files if we compromise a windows machine which is usually writable and always there ?
I am trying to learn more about the IPSec and VPN. I am using TunnelBear on Firefox. When I start VPN service, I only see TLS connections on Wireshark but not the ISAKMP or other IPSec related packets. I did another trial with the Cisco AnyConnect client and connected to my school. Still I see TLS connections but nothi...
I have been using a YubiKey 4 to sign git commits for a few years on Ubuntu. I am setting up a new Windows10 machine and want to use the same signing key from Windows; however I cannot seem to point gpg at the YubiKey private signing key. gpg --card-status shows me the keys exist on the card (albeit with an unexpected ...
I read that when salting passwords, it is advised to use a h(pwd||salt) construction instead of h(salt||pwd), the latter being vulnerable to a length extension attack. What are possible scenarios in which being able to extend a salted password is useful for an attacker ? I am aware that there are better ways of storing...
There have been numerous reports in the last week about the Chrome exploit using a bug in the FreeType library. According to reports, this bug was found on 2020-10-19. https://chromereleases.googleblog.com/2020/10/stable-channel-update-for-desktop_20.html https://securityaffairs.co/wordpress/109823/hacking/chrome-cve-...
In general browsers attempt to establish a HTTPs-Connection if possible. How would you force a browser to fallback to HTTP when somebody enters asdf.xyz in the search bar of his/her browser without specifying a protocol? Therefore: sslstrip is probably not helpful as there are no links to "fake". Furthermore, it is ass...
Purpose: test if PtH (Pass the hash) is feasible against Unix box Scenario: Windows host (Windows Server 2008) vulnerable to eternalblue got Administration hash as part of the post-exploitation process (meterpreter hashdump command) Administrator:500:aad3b435b51404eeaad3b435b51404ee:3ab8988c5403e0a939927a7c70ee4360::...
When setting up a host (... or updating its keytab if it needs new entries), what's the standard way to set up keytabs? Looks like the MIT Kerberos docs themselves recommend using ktadmin on the host itself (... sadly, I can't find the exact page anymore to link though). However... I'd presume this involves getting an ...
In this case a central endpoint security or SIEM solution alerts on Indicators of Compromise on one client workstation in a Windows domain. Should there be an IT staff who has admin accounts (domain accounts) on these workstations? Admin logs with domain account in per RDP with NTLM-Authentication (interactive logon t...
I'm trying to help a small business transition out of an obsolete, obscure piece of software, and app support is, unfortunately, non-existent. To fully export the data for the new system, I need to be able to decrypt/decipher a string in one of the database fields. But cryptography is not my specialty and I have not be...
It seems that the options of volatility have changed. How can I extract the memory of a process with volatility 3? The "old way" does not seem to work: If desired, the plugin can be used to dump contents of process memory. vol.py -f [image] –profile=[profile] -p [PID] –dump-dir=[directory/] The above will dump the ent...
This is about a PHP7.4 based shopping platform (opencart (v3.0)). For testing purposes I had a dummy set up at site.com/xyz. The admin page of that was site.com/xyz/admin. The login and pw for the admin page was also admin. I know, but the purpose of the dummy was just to check if a certain extensions and other things ...
I have two directories in Azure. The first one contains all the customers of our company, who are registered in Azure Ad B2C. These users must be separated from the other directory, which contains employees in our company. This second directory which I mentioned, also contains resources such as Key Vaults. These key va...
Websites that persist any user-specific state (either a login capability or, say, a basket & checkout purchasing system) tend to have a deliberately expiring session that lasts a few minutes or half an hour or so. I know these sessions are there to combat session-based attacks, and they are following official advice: ...
I have an API that is handling a lot of volume and is using Basic authorization. This is causing me some performance issues and I'd like to move to token based auth but for various reasons, including problems forcing integrated parties to migrate to a new API version, I am unable to do so. So, for the time being I'm st...
I've recently implemented an OAuth server functionality to our service. I've consulted OAuth 2.0 Threat Model and Security Considerations and addressed most of the concerns. I am curious about any best practices for generating authorization code and access_token. Our backend is written in Node.js, so I am using uuid v4...
I'm developing a web-app which communicates with an external email message application through its HTTP API. My web-app consists of a JS (Svelte) front-end and a Node.js back-end. Each user on my app will be getting a different API key for each email address they sent from. A single user could, for example, be using 1...
I'm familiar with password managers like KeePass, and that there are a variety of interfaces for them. However, I've decided that I rather like the charm of pass. It's command-line oriented, and generally just really good. I can use git to make sure that I sync my PW store across my different machines. However, if you ...
I'm trying to improve my wife's password hygiene, and have now finally got her to use different passwords for different sites. She now has trouble remembering to keep the book of them to hand. She flatly refuses to learn to use another program, like KeePass (Excel, Zoom and a web browser are pretty much her limit). Eve...
According to RFC 6749 the strings [scopes] are defined by the authorization server. However isn't it really the resource server who defines the scopes? I mean scopes vary from resource server to resource server, no? Even if they are registered with the same authorization server.
I've got a server that has domain and an SSL Certificate issued to that domain. It's expected behavior that when an IP address is browsed, it redirects to the domain name of the server and the SSL Certificate is valid. e.g: https://ip => https://example.com In my case, if I put in the IP, it stays as an IP in the URL ...
A client says they can't accept password-protected PDFs to put in their payroll system, so I have to send them without security. I don't want to send unsecured PDFs via e-mail because e-mail is inherently insecure. I figured a good alternative was, instead of password-protecting each PDF, I could encrypt the containing...
Let's say I have this piece of code that changes the 10 address to the value 20 and the following one to 30 mov ebx,10 mov [ebx],20 add ebx,1 mov ebx,30 How can the address change each time it is executed? is it require change that the compiler do to allow it
Someone sends me a link. Whatsapp shows its preview. How can they do that despite being E2E encrypted?
I received a decrypted file back from the hacker as proof that he could decrypt my files affected by his DjVU ransomware. Is it possible to find out which key he used to decrypt the encrypted file?
With increasing password complexity requirements, I've found myself just hitting forgot every time on almost every website, because it has become more convenient. It made me start to wonder, what would be the security implications of just requiring that same process for every login, given the current push for 2-factor ...
I'm trying to evade the HTML sanitizer in a field I found more vulnerable in my application to test some XSS injection. The field that I'm trying to exploit is a dropdown with the following code. The vulnerable field is this classNameId, which consists of a "class name - class id" from the database. <in...
QUESTION: Can an empty, but used, usb flash drive that has NO firmware within it be infected with malware? I have been told by a networking and security expert that malware will only attach to (write to) firmware on an empty microsd card or empty usb-flash drive; that there is no where else for it to write to in this c...
This is related to https://crypto.stackexchange.com/questions/48622/how-safe-is-xor-with-multiple-independent-but-non-random-keys but not exactly the same question. Let's say there are three different vendors in the market, they sell a product called preprinted key tag. A preprinted key tag is a stainless steel card en...
I am using an Android app downloaded from playstore and wanted to know whether the app uses Webview. So, I tried intercepting the network calls with the help of Charles (proxy) and I found out that page is actually a webview from coming from the server and has the following code. <tmpl> <scrs> <scr si="10" ...
Given Attacker is targeting a user of bank.com. bank.com uses SMS or Google Authenticator 2FA, where the user enters the 2FA code into a form. Scenario Attacker registers domain name baank.com Attacker creates a web page that scrapes the login page of bank.com and presents it from the domain baank.com (or working as...
I use Google Firebase Services. I am thinking about using only https on mobile to send and receive a payload from my server. I will have RSA encryption with a public key on all clients. So when a client wants to call my server, it'll only get encrypted data. But if the client calls my server to get data, it will be fir...
Imagine I am using VPN service app on my PC and I am logged into a website. Then the PC enters sleep mode. Disconnection sequence of sleep mode I suppose: first browser, second VPN. And for re-start mode: first VPN, second browser. When the PC wakes up, will the VPN start first? Is there any way the website can registe...
How to detect where the issue on my server is, and whether the server is being used for cryptocurrency mining? I just received an email from Google and my server stopped working. Dear Developer, Our systems identified that your Google Cloud Platform / API Project ID HelloWorld (id: fair-solution-555555) may have been...
DOM XSS and client prototype pollution-based XSS have one thing in common, we are modifying the pre-existing JavaScript code to popup an alert(1). Will CSP mitigate XSS in this case? Theoretically, JavaScript is already there and we aren't inserting new JavaScript, just modifying the existing code, so it makes sense th...
I need to encrypt some sensitive fields back and forth in browser and server, same goes for decryption, for this I am planning to implement AES algorithm, but the problem here is with secret key which is exposed to the client side. I got to know about this Envelope/Wrapped Key Encryption which used shared public key fo...
$patterns[0] = '/[^[:print:]]+/'; // remove non-printable characters $patterns[1] = '/[ \t]+$/'; // remove whitespace at end of string $patterns[2] = '/^[ \t]+/'; // remove whitespace at beginning of string $patterns[4] = '/^[\\\\|\/]+/'; // remove leading slash if one exists $patterns[5] = '/^[\....
There are three ways for a TLS client to obtain Signed Certficiate Timestamps (SCTs): During the TLS handshake itself using the SCT List extension As embedded precertificate SCTs in the leaf certificate As embedded SCTs in a stapled OCSP response using an OCSP extension (OID 1.3.6.1.4.1.11129.2.4.5). Question: Is the...
In a CSRF defense based on checking forbidden headers, should I check Origin/Referer header against the ServerName configuration directive, or is it sufficient to simply check against the HTTP Host header? I'm asking because I'm trying to make my application ready for proxies. Load balancers on public networks are one ...
I am working with a team who is developing a mobile app for which they are using GraphQL. So as part of performing security testing it, they only shared the graphql endpoint and nothing else. Not even the app UI nor any credentials. Based on my basic understanding of GraphQL I was able to get the schema and see some of...
I'm doing a IoT project therefore want to reduce connection overhead to a minimum. We want to secure the communication, especially the authenticity and confidentiality. With a standard TLS protocol, a 2-way authorization requires certificates to be sent from both sides of the communication. That will result in a huge d...
When building my own Docker container, if I use a base image such as Debian 10.6 (stable) there are times when high vulnerabilities are found in the OS packages, that have not been fixed in this stable release, yet. At the point of getting ready to release the container, if high vulnerabilities are found, but there is ...
We've recently had a penetration test for one of our applications. The Penetration Testing company identified that our application lacks protections against brute-force attacks on the login page. Ref: https://owasp.org/www-community/controls/Blocking_Brute_Force_Attacks We've been recommended to implement a captcha to ...
I was on my normal gmail account that I always use, then this website opened my google docs app which was signed into my school account and it put some weird stuff on there like “i’m the hottest girl in school” weird messages. Can the school see that that document got put on there although it was not my school laptop o...
Is there a way to obfuscate an existing .exe file? I'm in a situation where I cannot transfer the winPEAS.exe file (for PrivEsc purposes) on a Win10 machine because of the AV blocking the executable. Any other solution will be appreciated.
I am looking into EMV Contact and Contactless protocols, but I felt there were a few ambiguities which I would appreciate help with: Is the chip used in EMV Contactless capable of performing the same computations as the contact? I know that the contactless is based on ISO 14443 while the contact is ISO 7816 but they d...
I like data privacy, so I would like to set up a system that allows me to exchange data such as photos with family and friends. I have a raspberry pi (version 4 I think? the one that was new in the previous winter) running with OpenMediaVault5 to exchange documents within our home network. But now I would like a soluti...
There are ways that a file [.jpg, .pdf, .png, etc..] can contain a malware using steganography. How can a file be analyze in order to verify it doesn't contain any malware?
Is it possible for someone to make a purposefully vulnerable site then lure users to his site where he then takes advantage of that vulnerability to hack their social media accounts etc? If so how?
I have program called pdfelement installed (from Wondershare). I also have Google Cloud Sdk installed. Today, when I ran a command from the google cloud sdk (which uses python) I noticed that path where python is executing from is somehow modified to use \wondershare\creatorTemp (which isn't where I have Python install...
Our web application features a lot of media upload. We are making use of AWS S3 buckets for media storage. As per the current implementation, whenever a new file upload API is called, we send the AWS credentials to the front end and front end will use these credentials to initiate the file upload. But a recent security...
I'm testing a site whose audience doesn't usually have English as their main language. When it comes to non-English, I consider there to be 3 groups The target language's alphabet is a subset of the English alphabet This is easy. Just use something like cewl. The target language uses some characters not in the Engli...
I would like to implement a network discovery tool, which automatically detects all devices in a network including OS information. I would like to do a very secure implementation. The biggest threat in the eyes of my colleagues are the insecure firewall rules this kind of tools needs and the privileged user. They are a...
I'm having a discussion about transparency of the HTTPS protocol over a specific COVID-19 detection app. The opponents maintain that using HTTPS is obfuscating the app, that the app should behave transparently and send all the traffic over HTTP so they can see what they are sending, because the data is "anonymous" anyw...
Let's say I want to make an encrypted message app (just an example). So, I will need a user1 with a password1, private key1 (that will be encrypted with the password1), public key1 (that will depend on private key1), and the data1 (that will be generated in encrypted format by another user2 using the public key1 mentio...
I'm only a beginner so if any more info is needed just request and i'll update the question. For one of my modules we are covering cross-site scripting and I have been given a series of PHP files that I need to get a script through to print document.cookie to an an alert box. I've spent a while on this one and i'm havi...
I created a trading algorithm which I want to sell. People would be able to buy the "bot" at my website and it would run from there on (if this is even safe to do). What is the best way to secure my algorithm its code? I created it in Javascript so if I run it straight on the website itself people could just F12 and se...
My friend uses Microsoft Phone 8.1 mobile for a tax accountancy firm. As it hasn't received security updates for five years I believe that is a significant information security risk. However, the principal of the firm does not believe it to be a significant risk. Only MMS, SMS and phone calls are made on the phone. MMS...
I work at a small software company, and we are working with another company that wants to use our software. However, their InfoSec team want us to have a 3rd party source code review completed, with static and dynamic scanning pipelines created. Is this a common practice where full, unrestricted access to proprietary...
I am running few security algorithms on my product and would like know few general details about the CRLs (Certificate Revocation Lists). I am using the following command openssl asn1parse -inform DER -in signed.p7s >> sign_extract.txt to extract the information(crls) from my CA signed file(signed.p7s).Based on the str...
SCENARIO: I'm testing a web application. To test if TRACE is enabled I used both nmap --script http-methods target.com and curl -k -i -X OPTIONS target.com After running the former I get 443/tcp open https | http-methods: | Supported Methods: OPTIONS TRACE GET HEAD POST |_ Potentially risky methods: TRACE with...
I've experienced a behavior where I would specify a header/parameter with a certain name in the request and send it to the Node application (using Postman/BurpSuite), but it doesn't appear in the request body/headers in the application's controller. I suspect it's a NodeJS builtin security feature, but I'm not sure. Ar...
The Web Authentication API allows websites served via HTTPS to allow users to authenticate via asymmetric encryption. The procedure for login is basically the following: Server sends a challenge (16 random bytes); Client signs the challenge; Client sends the signature. How is this better than password-based authentic...
I went to my router admin page where first you need to type in the router's admin and password. I am not talking about that. I am talking about PPP account and password (separate from router's username and password). By accident, I typed in in the PPP password where the PPP username field is. Is my router at risk?
To help ensure authenticity of packages some projects on GitHub and on GitLab add hashsums to the descriptions of the release on the Releases page. Sometimes, at least here, the hashsum are made part of the release's filename. Sometimes, at least here, a script generates a file with hashsums that's uploaded to the rele...