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I am trying to figure out what is the best way to hide Tor traffic in order to improve anonymity. While Tor is pretty good at hiding users’ IP addresses, its traffic stands out. This can be detrimental in some cases. In this article (FBI agents tracked Harvard bomb threats despite Tor), the perpetrator has been identif...
Assume that I share the same IP address with others. Then if I can do something bad to intrigue practical websites, such as Google, Amazon, or jQuery to block me, then all other users will also be blocked as a "collateral damage". I wonder how practical it is to really intrigue a real-world website to block my IP, assu...
I want to run my computer program(or code) on someone else's computer(with permission from the owner of the computer) and get the results back. How can I make sure the owner is running my program only, for the computation of results? Does something like Intel Secure Enclave can help me achieve this?
Someone in our family recently requested a password change for a website (Costco). Soon after requesting, they received an email with the standard "click the link below to reset", followed by a link. They noticed that the email looked a little sketchy, so they had me look at it (after they had already gone through with...
We are using Java and we are planning to create a reusable API that can be used to generate and validate custom tokens. This is how we will do it Step 1: Generate a random number using a good a CSPRNG (Cryptographically Secure Pseudorandom Number Generator) . This will be the seed of the token Step 2: Hash the seed usi...
I have a machine running CentOS 7 with a removable hard drive. I want to restrict what hard drive can be used with the machine i.e. the machine can only be used with one disk and nothing else. I've been looking in to UEFI secure boot. Can UEFI secure boot be used in this way? My research is inconclusive. I may be able ...
A year or so ago, I set up this system which, whenever Composer (that's PHP's packet/library update manager) fetched new updates to my few (but critically required) third-party libraries, created a copy of the Composer dir and opened up WinMerge to display the differences for me to manually go through. Initially, I tho...
let say hacker want to come over the aslr or he want to call function that doesn't exists in user program ,can he insert to the return address address to the share library function or this functions being load only when the user program call them
People say buffer overflows are serious security bugs that can usually be exploited. Here is an artificial buffer overflow #include <stdio.h> int main(){ int a[3]={0,1,2}; printf("value = %d\n",a[10]); } I have two basic questions: Does "exploit the buffer overflow" mean to change the code? If so, ho...
I recently started thinking about an attacker which would clone a mobile application, and add some code which would do something malicious, e.g. credential theft. This cloned app would communicate with a legitimate server and therefore offer a legitimate service to the user. On the web this is solved by relying on user...
in a certain page I have a newsletter subscription form, where the user enters his e-mail address and then through PHP an authenticated e-mail is sent to myself with the user's information (e-mail address he declared, IP address, Hostname, UA, timestamp). Yesterday someone was spamming this function by making hundreds ...
If the private key is used in the server for digital signature, once the server is hacked, the private key may be leaked. Is there a way to create a digital signature without exposing the private key?
I generally use a free college wifi and sometimes chats on telegram and also send pics can hackers access those pics and chats and can he access my gallery and see pics? And if he hacks and install and malicious apk in it to track then can it be deleted by any way, i have reset my phone! Am i safe?
For educational purposes, I am pentesting an app server of mine. I am using ZAP and it reports a remote file inclusion vulnerability. I looked at it and think its a false positive but before I miss something I wanted to ask the community: ZAP Report: URL: https://myapplication.net/home/logoff?target=http%3A%2F%2...
Recently, I've been receiving emails from JP MORGAN CHASE that are blatant phishing attempts. Out of curiosity I have opened them a few times, and they're just completely full of absolute junk characters; lots of symbols, essentially akin to WingDings from Microsoft Word. On my desktop computer, Mozilla's Thunderbird s...
Let me start by acknowledging that I have absolutely no experience with Windows development and this is purely for academic purposes. I apologize for incorrect terminology and welcome corrections or good resources. When we run a program from an uncertified vendor we get a security warning from Windows indicating that t...
Up until now, I believed that TLS authentication and encryption can only be achieved when both the client and server exchange certificates with each other initially? Now I am seeing an example in Python code where an MQTT client is communicating with an MQTT broker, but only the MQTT broker provides a certificate. How ...
My windows defender detected this trojan: win32/credentialaccess!rfn and I tried to remove it. I use dual boot with Ubuntu: can this also effect ubuntu? If i reset my windows completely can it come again
I have two archived files which were shared with me on google drive. Im using a mac. Both are 9GB if I'm remembering correctly. The files are too large for google to scan for viruses, and too large to check with virus total. I believe they are safe, but I want to check both. What is the best way to approach these big a...
This may not be the correct place to ask. Forgive me, if it is not. I bought a computer from ebay second-hand and did not receive activated Windows 10. When I requested a registery key I was sent an invalid one, so the company accepted that I return it to them. However I had logged in to Windows 10 with my name and usi...
What learning path would you recommend for someone interesting in focussing on the Cloud Security side and considering remote work in the future? Many thanks
I'm testing CVE-2019-14748 on an example.com with osTicket. I've uploaded a test.html with the basic <script> and <img> XSS payloads which run when a user opens test.html. However, in Firefox, when I click on the test.html file for viewing, I'm prompted the "Open in/Save as" box and I click "Open in Firefox", which ope...
I have written an application, that calls a 3rd party application with process.Start(). Inside the Arguments I pass needed credentials. like so: proc.StartInfo.Arguments = $"-c: -h: -x: -m:{Hostname} -d:{DomainName} -u:{UserName} -p:{Password}"; Now I want to prevent, any process to sniff on the communication between ...
There is a recent rise in Spam mails sent from seemingly legit german email-addresses according to the mail headers: Received: from mx1.aok.de ([91.199.166.49]) But when I nslookup mx1.aok.de, I get another addresss: Name: mx1.aok.de Address: 217.110.254.8 When I reverse lookup 91.199.166.49, I get mngw.ungstabled...
I thought that there was spyware on my phone so I did a factory reset. Would the spyware be gone or it will still exist even after a factory reset?
Why does owasp recommend using case insensitive logins ? Make sure your usernames/user IDs are case-insensitive. User 'smith' and user 'Smith' should be the same user. What's the security aspect of it?
I was working on a rule that reports phishing sites, and I wanted to exclude known domains, such as .microsoft.com etc, and a doubt arose: can someone register a subdomain of a known site to phishing purposes? I came across this article, where there is a video demonstration. So, 2 questions: Is it possible to register...
I would like to use digital signatures to secure access to a RESTful API, exactly as described here under "Message signing using Digital Signature". Extract: When signing, the sender uses their private key to write message’s signature, and the receiver uses the sender’s public key to check if it’s really from the sen...
Is it more secure to set up a network so that there are no unused IP addresses?
I am making a webview that is going to be part of a native iOS and Android app, I implemented the webview using HTTPS as a protocol, and developed my NodeJS app there. But the security team from where I work, came with the following situation: "what if the phone that has the app is connected to a malicious router, and ...
I've found some KMS key exposed in some code and am wondering what exactly the severity would be. What could an attacker achieve by having this key?
I was reading about encryption and had a question about it in general. If I have a laptop with an encrypted SSD which I decrypt on boot up, it means it is all in plain text/data right? If I do a hard shutdown or snatch that laptop while running, it means that the confidentiality of my data on that disk isn't ensured? I...
When you are under targeted surveillance and all of your internet traffic is tapped (including parts where you exit from a VPN to the internet), is there any point in using traffic obfuscation? It won't matter if you use https, wireguard, openvpn ... the protocol could be the the most rarely used in the world. It won'...
I downloaded a sensitive pic on telegram's secret chat which contained important details on public wifi, can anyone on the same wifi see what i downloaded and saved in my gallery?
Consider the case where a user with a freshly installed Linux box is operating in a hostile environment controlled by an attacker with access to the internet gateway. How can such a user update the system and install software securely using the available package manager, e.g., apt, npm, pacman, etc, when they are targe...
Does it mean that the source IP is replaced with something else (like if in IP spoofing) so intermediate routers don't know who is sending the packet?
I'm new to security concepts. I am studying how SAML works and I'm confused about how IDP sends SAML assertion to SP. I searched on the internet and I found out two scenarios are possible. First is when you authenticate to an IDP, the IDP sends the browser a SAML file and the browser will use it as a token to authentic...
When using a service like 1Password, what happens if you forget or lose your master password? My guess is that you can simply reset your passwords on all the sites 1password remembered for you, but I think if you don't have a recovery email address or phone, things like gmail accounts might be rendered permanently inac...
I recently found out, that according to the RFC, SSH can negotiate two different cipher (and MAC) algorithms for server-to-client-encryption and for client-to-server-encryption (check section 7.1. for reference). In section 6.3 this is also asserted: The ciphers in each direction MUST run independently of each other. ...
To my understanding, it is common security practice to lock the account after X failed login attempts in N minute. Usually, the account will be locked for M minutes. I noticed that most of the time X is 3 and usually the account needs a reset by the system admin. Now my question is why X most of the time 3? and are the...
I'd like to build an IPS which would be a seperate endpoint than the router and/or protected servers. To achieve this I've installed to my Ubuntu server Snort with DAQ(AFPACKET). The instructions I've used is here -> Snort 3.0.1 on Ubuntu 18 & 20 I've built a local network which to simulate a real use case. For simplic...
Could you please explain, how to find all of the existed subdomains of a domain address and registered email addresses of these subdomains? I found a website called snov.io but it only shows some of the email addresses, also it doesn't work for subdomains. The second website called robtex.com, but this one is not for...
Basically, I want to crack hashes programatically using hashcat python without having to install hashcat binaries. Python seem to have a module called hashcat (https://pypi.org/project/hashcat/) but I couldn't find any documentation on the web for how to use it. Does anyone know how to crack hashes using python?
I am a developer who's just starting to learn about authorization and authentication for web apps. I am bit unclear on the concept of managing access control to parts of the app, and where is the best place to have access control managed, given the plethora of third-party authorization services like AD or Auth0. For in...
I have reviewed several discussions here regarding offline root CA management. While useful, none quite capture my question. Firstly it presumably would not be generally assessed as an 'offline' root if its key is in a network connected HSM, no matter how protected (with a PIN, behind firewall, etc)? In my setup a phys...
I have been working on Random Forest Classifier to detect .exe files as Malware and benign. According to me False Negative in my model should be low because they are more harmful but in some blogs online, it is mentioned that False positive are more harmful in malware detection than a false negative. I was wondering wh...
I know many developers use a tunnelling software called ngrok, yet many don't know how it works or what it's doing. An example of its use is in testing webhooks on a development server I found this question which indicates it has some strong usage and big companies use it. I wonder what is it doing to the computer (e.g...
I am using CRC32 to verify the integrity of received UDP packets. Along with the generator polynomial, the sender will also specify how many checksums to perform on the sent data, as well as what iteration to start at in its body. How should this be done? For example, say I am sent this data 100100001 And this key 110...
I'm new to steganography. I have some questions about images on social media sites. I saw that Facebook recently patched a vulnerability on Instagram, but I was wondering whether any of the major sites (Facebook, Twitter, SnapChat) sanitize images? I assume not, but want to cover my bases.
I understand the purpose of Microsoft Word is not to store secret information. However, I would rather spread my secret information between a Password Manager and a Word document, each of which has separate secure passwords. Is a password-protected Word document from Office 365 (2020) sufficiently secure to store finan...
Im trying to wrap my head around the difference between SAML/OIDC/and OAuth Is the only reason SAML is the most popular choice for enterprise SSO that its been around much longer? Is it expected to eventually be replaced by OIDC and OAuth for SSO OR is there something inherent to SAML that makes it better suited to SSO...
I know that this world is very evil, and that the most unfathomable things go on around the clock, inside and outside of the "computer world". However, I sometimes really wonder if certain things can really be true. For example, I read this comment today: you'd be fucked with that virus I saw back in the times. Corrup...
So right after I clicked the link, the owner of the link sent a screenshot, and it was accurate, the city was correct, so not long after my internet box reseted out of nowhere, while I was in class, it would log me off the meeting and say that someone else was trying to log somewhere else, which is so weird. And usuall...
I was reading about The Hacking Team on Wikipedia. It produces "offensive intrusion and surveillance capabilities" and sells it to "to governments, law enforcement agencies". Its spyware allows governments "to monitor the communications of internet users, decipher their encrypted files and emails, record Skype and othe...
I've been wondering about which level of trust I can apply to a used phone bought from someone else. I can easily unlock the bootloader and flash a brand new Android. However, what about firmware customizations? What if there is something bad that runs before Android boots? I'm not talking about something that the manu...
So my teacher caught someone playing a game in my online class and warned us that they have installed a new program so they can track "everything we do using our ip address" now im quite techy so im sure this is bs but i want to make sure, im on my home computer using my home internet and using google meets, there are ...
How does AWS request signing and verification work? Let's say I have created a signed request using this guide. How does AWS service verify this signature? I see 2 options with their respective flaws (considering symmetrical encryption only) AWS stores encrypted access key, which is used by the end service to calculat...
I want to sell online some of the electronic stuff that I don't need anymore, such as my ASUS Wi-Fi router, and I'm wondering when I upload photos of it should I leave its serial number, MAC address, and pin code written on the back of the device visible or should I photoshop it out. I checked other people's stuff page...
The laptops in use at my company have SIM card slots, which are actually used by some of our users. I am threat modeling our devices, so I was wondering if there are any realistic exploits that can be used on these laptops, no matter if the users use a SIM card or not. According to this question, it is in theory possib...
All the other questions I have seen here focus on the security implications of IP addresses. I'm interested about the privacy implications. In my opinion, static IP addresses for home connections (where you usually don't need to host any services) should be avoided, because they will make you easily recognizable on the...
I'm looking for a consolidated list of how and where isolated storage is managed on each operating system... (Windows, MacOS, Linux, (mobile?), ...) Does such a list exist? What considerations might be worth considering in conjunction or as an alternative? (e.g. TPM integration, SecureElement, or for cloud scenarios Ke...
I use Redis to track valid JWTs by saving the JTI (uuid-v4) mapped to the users id in Redis. If the JTI can not be found in Redis or the user id in Redis does not match the user id in the JWT the access is denied. If the JWT has expired (after 30 min) the client sends a token refresh request to get a new token which ap...
I am using same configuration files for OpenVPN, same operating system (ubuntu 20) on two different laptops, but I notice with Wireshark, then on one of them, the VPN connection goes through UDP, including all DNS requests, so I don't see any DNS, but the other laptop, all through TCP, and I see the DNS requests. One o...
Is there any benefit to mixing vpn protocols as far as obfuscating your traffic. Would a multiple hop setup like (openvpn(server1) + wireguard(server2)) be better or is (openvpn(server1) + openvpn(server2)) just as good.
I need to develop a website where a user (Bob) send text, image, or video content to my website. After some time, I need to send this data to another user of his choice (Alice). I want to encrypt user data before storing them on my website to preserve user privacy. I don't want to be able to decrypt these files/store t...
I though it would be an interesting idea for my final year project. A honeypot token in an image form, with a hidden script that will send you information about the user when the file is executed (opened with an image viewer). Main goal is to identify leaks and stolen data. But the more I research the topic, the more...
I have recently bought a wifi range extender to improve the signal coverage through the house. When I set it up, I noticed the iOS 14 recognizes it as unsafe since it uses TKIP and advises to set it up to use AES instead. I did my research and according to the manufacturer, it seems the device automatically uses WPA2 f...
Say I'm using a VPN to talk with a server, and Bob is eavesdropping for packets at the VPN. Basically a special kind of man-in-the-middle attack. If I'm using HTTPS, how clever would Bob have to be to bypass HTTPS and get the data from my packets? How about metadata (e.g. my IP, target IP, time sent)?
I have an API (in this case GraphQL) and an accompanying app. My server is already censoring any data that the user is not authorized to see, so forget the risk of leaking any data. There are certain actions I would like my client to take based on the user's role (logged-in, subscriber etc). A simple way to achieve thi...
In class, we learned how to set up a VPN between two remote sites using IPSec in tunnel mode. I have a VPS for hosting my website (with root access), but if I set up a tunnel between my PC and the VPS, then my source IP will still be clear between the VPS and the internet when I browse the internet, right? (traffic is ...
I am aware of several ways QR code generators could pass "hidden" information "around" the QR spec. For example, if you can use the masking in a spec to ignore an area where you plan to put a logo, then you could just as easily put information there. However, in any of these schemes, the "hidden" information would only...
I'd like a solution that autounlocks Bitlocker, VeraCrypt or similar FDE on Windows 10 while I have a device plugged in. When it's not plugged in (or I lose/destroy the device) it should just ask for a password of considerable length (not just a PIN). It can be boot time or not, I'm interested in either way. If I remo...
I have come across a file eraser called Eraser, and I have two questions about it: Are file erasers sufficient for completely removing secure files/folders on a computer (meaning is it possible, in any way, for the data to be recovered). (Slightly less important.) How can I verify the security of Eraser? Are there web...
So I was wondering if I were to be infected with malware would it be visible? For example most malware will want to gain access to system files. Since Catalina Apple introduced some insight into Security/Privacy via settings inside System preferences, which lists applications that have and/or have requested access to C...
Nowadays people prefer to do their shopping online rather than using the real shop, especially because of the COVID-19 restrictions. But in the same context, attackers (scammers) are trying to gain their own interest from this situation. I'm in the middle of one research where we have found hundreds of scam webshops, b...
I'm trying to get the IP address of a CCTV camera and so far had no luck. The device it's a Hikvision DS-2CD2042WD-I I have connected it to a PoE switch, which is then connected to my laptop(Ubuntu 18.04) I want to find the address to that I can rstp to check if the camera works correctly. My understanding is that thes...
I'd like to set up a remote backup for my PC. I want to have it run at scheduled times, encrypting the data locally and then transmitting it to the server. I'd like to use something popular and open source (like veracrypt), but most of those seem to be symmetric encryption. In order to perform the encryption, the syste...
Looking for some guidance on an internal discussion we're having. We have a .Net developer that is requesting all development systems with Visual Studio installed don't have .Net updates installed. The reasoning is that it breaks Visual Studio and things (I'm not clear on exactly what things) go 'missing' or no longer ...
We are running vulnerability scans on our systems. I can see a few XSS vulnerabilities being reported, such as CVE-2020-14173. Let me quote: The file upload feature in Atlassian Jira Server and Data Center in affected versions allows remote attackers to inject arbitrary HTML or JavaScript via a cross site scripting (X...
We have open endpoints because there is a flow where access token is still not presented. Because of that, I've implemented HMAC + DPAPI (using Azure Blob Storage) to store the keys, without involving config files/database. DPAPI is shared between the applications (using .SetApplicationName()) The flow is basically: C...
In Microservice architecture, public clients & confidential clients are there as per API Gateway Pattern, Public clients connecting from Browser to backend reaches it via API Gateway API Gateway does Authentication / Authorization and reaches backend point Depending on the client [ OAUTH2 Grants type are used]. Que...
Although using multi-factor authentication is clearly a good move, I'm struggling with the 'one-time recovery codes' concept. It seems to me that if you choose to use them, what you're doing is putting extra security on the front door (like bolts and padlocks) making it harder to break in that way, but installing a pap...
I'm using a secondary drive to store encrypted files, in VeraCrypt file containers. Unfortunately, even if the external drive is formatted as exFAT, Windows leaks information on files inside mounted VeraCrypt containers. The highlighted file has been created inside the external drive-hosted container. Thus, how can I ...
SCENARIO: webapp X use clodufront distributions to serve its content. It's possible to contact directly the origin server and get the content with the following steps: modify /etc/hosts to add <ORIGIN SERVER IP> <WEBAPP URL> intercept the request to <ORIGIN SERVER IP> change from https to http modify Host substituting...
So I'm trying to evade a filter that escapes < and >. I read that it's possible if the XSS gets injected inside a tag, but in my case, it gets injected between <span></span>. Are there any methods that I should know about?
As part of incident response to malicious code outbreak and given the hash value of the malicious artifact, I would like to search across the entire organization for this specific hash value. Do you know of best practices or solutions that implement such functionality?
I was wondering if I compare SHA-256 of two binaries with same version on different machines, results will be two identical checksums. I tried this on ssh on macOS (Catalina). (I checked that ssh -V produce exactly same version) And tested with this command: shasum -a 256 /usr/bin/ssh and run same command on my friend...
I have two lab machines, one Kali and one Windows 10. Netcat is running on both and both are communicating successfully. If I create a simple text file I can transfer the file from Kali onto Windows no problem. However, if I run the following commands: [on windows] nc -nlvp 4444 > incoming.exe [on kali] nc -nv 10.11.0....
According to this source about TLS, there are 3 stages (I'm over simplifying): Set up. Server client hello and select TLS version + Cipher Server Sends. The server sends Certificate = Public Key + Signature (SSH connection requires the same kind of arrangement, the server holds a private key, and the client a public ...
tl;dr: I have switched phone and operating system: Android 8.0 --> Android 10.0. Phone restored from backup, so all the remaining is the same except for Microsoft Authenticator that now requires fingerprint scan. Does this truly increase security? Or is this only an irritating addition? I have crashed my phone, but ch...
I would like to compute the MD5 hash of a file The file is uploaded to my webserver by my clients The file is uploaded in pieces (called chunks) The client also sends the md5 hash of the file so that the file integrity could be verified The chunks can come in any random order. (The first chunk doesn't always have to co...
I am searching evaluated WAF rules that check OWASP Top 10 and even more to have decent protection of a web infrastructure.
I have an Relying Party that has obtained an Access Token and Refresh Token (as well as an ID Token) from an OpenID Provider (not an offline token). In all cases I have seen, the Refresh Token is invalidated when the user logs out from the OpenID Provider. When I have an OAuth Client that obtains an Access Token and Re...
I have a Linux machine running Kubuntu 20.10. I have installed VirtualBox 6.1. I then created a virtual machine on which I have installed Windows 10. Suppose an hacker enters in my Windows 10 guest. Will he be able to see the files of my Kubuntu host (I mean, the files not in the shared folders, of course)? How does th...
I've seen this but the related answers don't answer my question. For TLS 1.2 is the hashing algorithm specified in an X.509 certificate's cipher suite used for the signature inside the certificate or the TLS handshake/communication process or both? I'm in the process of replacing an old self-signed certificate used for...
I have recently read about the comparison between KARMA attack and Evil Twin attack. The article states that contrary to an Evil Twin attack, in which the attacker is required to be in range of the victim's network, the KARMA attack can be performed even if the attacker is far away from the targeted network. The articl...
I have downloaded the ISO image of Kubuntu 20.10 and installed it. I am afraid that the ISO image may have been tainted (for example, by the NSA) to insert a backdoor into it. As I see it, there are two ways to insert a backdoor (I mean an intentional one, not an OpenSSL bug): Directly in the source code that is publi...
MS has exposed ADROZEK: https://www.zdnet.com/article/microsoft-exposes-adrozek-malware-that-hijacks-chrome-edge-and-firefox/ I would like to know if the browsers (Chrome, blue ff) of my Ubuntu 20.04.1 LTS are infected. After a few searches, nothing came up. Perhaps it's still too soon? PD: I wasn't allowed to add the ...
Is it correct that TLS 1.2 prohibits MD5 as a Signature hash algorithm in X.509 certificates used? Is this just an SChannel + TLS 1.2 limitation? Trying to find any webpage/documentation that is stating this explicitly in relation to TLS 1.2 or SChannel. I've found the following in the TLS 1.2 RFC but I'm not sure if t...
Please excuse me if this is a dumb or obvious question, I'm self taught and have not been able to find an exact answer to my question after much Googling and reading through StacEx! I'm having issues with the process of requesting/purchasing an SSL cert for a public website where the cert is not going to be used in a t...