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I'm looking to setup an integration between GitHub and Service Now and I can use OAuth2 using JWT Tokens, the steps to take can be found here. There is a specific step that states: Create a CA signed certificate using the GitHub App private key I've followed the steps and a self-signed certificate is created based on...
I have an AWS EC2 instance with docker installed, running a default nginx container - docker run -it --rm -d -p 8080:80 --name web nginx. I have an rsyslog setup that successfully captures the auth.log file for the host, so I can capture any login attempts to that machine. However, I'm wondering if there is any way I c...
An application has the following javascript code which is triggered whenever an user tries to upload a file. a.html(fileName) then if the user uploads a file named <img src=x onerror=alert()> the javascript code is executed. Does this qualify as a Low-severity DOM-XSS? I mean, usually I see DOM-XSS which exploit URL g...
First of all I want to say that this question is not a duplicate. What I want to know(And possibly get reasons) is if it's able to edit SSL certificates. In more depth, let's say I have a server on my computer where when someone connects to it(and sends the HTTP request) the server get's the Host HTTP parameter(I shoul...
I made a fatal mistake I encrypted my mobile SD four years ago. The phone had a problem a few days ago and I did a factory reset without decoding. The decryption key is no longer active in the settings! My camera folder contains over 5,000 photos and videos up to 40 GB in size. These are family memories. I recorded all...
My Facebook account has had its password changed four times today, and I'm wondering what to do. The first time, was at 5:02pm. I received an email saying that my password had been changed. I recently moved to Canada (from Australia), but the email informed me that someone from Perth, Australia had changed my password....
I have setup a VM on our internal network and it is assigned an internal IP address. The VM requires connectivity to a couple of internet sites mainly Microsoft and ports are generally 80 and 443. This is to run Power Automate. All connections are instigated from the VM. All connections traverse our perimeter firewall...
I have a folder with a private key file, certificate file, and a subfolder with several root certificate files. I have concatenated the latter into the file $DIR/Root Certificates/all.crt. If I create a pkcs12 certificate out of this using: openssl pkcs12 -out WILDCARD_clientco_com.pfx -export -passout file:password.tx...
A similar question has be answered here already, but I have a very specific scenario in which it didn't fulfil my requirements. I am setting up an environment which includes a web-service running on an intranet domain. Certain partitions are available to the public through port forwarding which impose higher security r...
So I am using Tor and I try to log into a certain web site. It gives me a message saying that my IP address was used for spamming and does not let me log in. I think ok, probably the exit node is compromised. So I create a new circuit for the web site, no luck, exit node IP changes, but receiving the same error. Tried ...
Currently in the news is yet another hack, this time from NSO and it is reported that an attack vector is via a web link. This is far from unique, as we have got used to advice to not click on "dodgy" links. From this we can derive that web browsers allow remote code access to many if not all functions of the device....
I need to verify a MAC for something signed with HMAC-SHA512/256, however, the language I'm using (Salesforce's Apex language) doesn't have support for that algorithm. It does have HMAC-SHA512 and HMAC-SHA256 though – is there a way to transform one into the other, or somehow emulate the truncated version via other ari...
In working on a vulnerable box, I found a field in a database table where one can insert php code. Based on this exploit: https://www.exploit-db.com/exploits/24044 I tried to use this code to make a php webshell: ?php $cmd=$_GET['cmd'];system($cmd);? It fails (results in the white screen of death). However, if I cha...
Background I've recently joined a rapidly growing small business (from 4 to 20 people in last 12 months) with a very DIY IT setup. It's fallen to me (I'm a developer so I just happen to be sitting nearest IT world...) to improve their security and specifically we are aiming to achieve compliance with Cyber Essentials (...
RODCs can be deployed in locations where physical security cannot be guaranteed, to improve the security. This is the primary use case where a RODC should be deployed. An other scenario would be to deploy a RODC in an insecure network segment (e.g. where client systems resides), disable or not allow credential caching ...
What are the indicators of compromise (IoCs) that indicate methods used by the Pegasus spyware on mobile phones? How is penetration still possible when the latest and up-to-date OS of the phone is used?
I'd like to know if some measure is possible to prevent the capturing of packets that are being sent on Android. I'd need the solution to work via code (cannot rely on external tools). Packets are already encrypted, but it would be a nice plus if they couldn't be captured, or, at least, that it would be difficult to. I...
At the company I work at, we use the output of the Guid.NewGuid method as a session id. So when a customer logs into our website, the output of Guid.NewGuid becomes the customer's session id and is used to authenticate all subsequent requests (until the expiry date). https://docs.microsoft.com/en-us/dotnet/api/system.g...
I was reading about host header injection and found many reports on hackerone. Assume that if you inject X-Forwarded-Host header to specific requests, you may cause a redirect which can impact the people on the network (eg:https://hackerone.com/reports/158019). But how could this be possible? Because from what I know i...
I am aware of a bank (redacted for obvious reasons) that has the following password policy. Only English alphanumeric characters Min of 8, max of 14 characters No special characters (ex. !@#$%^&* are all forbidden) Passwords must be changed every year Account lockout after 4 bad attempts What are the specific problem...
Say I have an endpoint to create a username: https://example.com/api/create_user/foo/1234/ or https://example.com/api/create_user/?name=foo&token=1234 Where username = foo and the api token is 1234: Surely since foo and 1234 is encoded in the URL, it is public? My research says TLS encryption only encypts the body be...
I am trying to understand the security problems when working with a game that needs an account for its players. What is the problem of using a self-signed certificate? If I understand the problem correctly, it's just that if the server private key is compromised, the users will still trust the certificate and the guy t...
First of all, I'm running ZAP in a Docker container and will automate ZAP scans using Jenkins. The official docker image seems to have a script that performs spidering and active scans but does not do any fuzzing. Is there a way to fuzz through the command line? I can't do the manual way of going to the GUI and running...
I have an old let's encrypt (but disregard that, it could be any) certificate that is no longer active. How may I check if it was valid at the time?
When working with x509 certificates and a public and private key pair, let's say you generate a private key that is 4096 bits. Is it possible to have a public key that is only 2048 bits then? Or are the public key and private key sizes always the same? Specifically I'm referring to the output of openssl x509 -text -noo...
Yesterday, Msgr. Jeffrey Burrill of the U.S Council of Catholic Bishops resigned because an investigation by Pillar, a Catholic newsletter, alleged that he had used Grindr to find hookups. Fairly standard stuff, but the truly perplexing part was the investigation method: According to commercially available records of a...
If I connect to a network, is the network admin able to identify user phone numbers used by Whatsapp through the network traffic? In other words, are phone numbers used to signup by messaging apps such as Whatsapp or Telegram viewable by network admins?
For generating PDFs in our web application we have a simple service that accepts a chunk of HTML from the client, wraps it in a standard template, does a couple of simple transforms (like replacing image URLs with inline base64 strings) and renders it as a PDF. For testing and debugging it is often useful to see what H...
We are looking to implement some REST services to be called from partner servers (not end users via a browser). The out-of-the-box implementation seems to flow thusly: Partner server passes a client id and client secret to our OAuth server, which will use them to generate and pass back an access key Partner passed the...
In a corporate context, mobile apps exist that require a user to enter the server address to connect to a specific instance of this vendor's application. The vendor sells software that it's customers deploy on premise (or on a private cloud). The end user download the vendor's generic mobile app from an app store and c...
If we plan to log script block logging, module logging and transcription logs in Active Directory using group policy, what/where is the best place to secure these logs so we can be assured of their integrity?
I manually found an injection point, on CTF VM, located on POST form. I found it with the following manual payload : 1' OR SLEEP(1)-- t I would like to use sqlmap. I ended with following call : sqlmap -u "http://shop.home/shop/administrator/" --data "username=1&password=2" --level=5 --risk=3 --dbms mysql --technique T...
I'm building my own authentication and deciding on the signup/login flow. I'm would like some security feedback on this type of flow: User submits email address. 6 character alphanumeric one-time-code is generated and sent to the provided email. OTP is saved in database along with the email and an expiration (5 min). ...
This is a follow on from this question: "Diffie-Hellman Key Exchange" in plain English In the answer to that question, the standard Diffie Hellman key exchange equation is derived: (g^a mod p)^b mod p = g^ab mod p (g^b mod p)^a mod p = g^ba mod p In this answer, only the generator g and a prime number p are used. Wha...
If we want to detect all Antivirus/Endpoint protection currently installed on a Windows machine? What is the best approach? Is there a list of registry locations we can read/iterate? Industry standards? We see each vendor has its own logic, but maybe there is a unified solution? We can gather a list of all antivirus an...
I'm trying to intercept traffic from an Andriod app. I've forwarded ports 80, 443, 6699 and 6698 on Kali to a listener port and set up arp-spoofing. I'm using BurpSuite on the same computer to listen and intercept (invisible proxy). Certificates have been installed properly on both host and device and are working for a...
I use Yahoo Mail from Android devices. In my Sent box over the last few weeks I see a handful of completely blank e-mails (no subject and no contents) being sent to very strange addresses such as: return-a1756-676244-676247-ba1aedb9=136622015=8u@dha.biznes1.com Other addresses include ...@snip.prikn.com, ...@tej.ruhour...
I don't know anything about security. I want to download the videos I like from twitter. And I'm not going to do it by writing a program. I will manually find the necessary link in the html document and download it. Could there be malware in the video I downloaded?
Is there a way to associate the state of an arbitrary file to a tpm2 PCR value? I want to seal a secret pass-phrase onto the TPM, and I want the TPM to be able to unseal it only if the file is not tampered with. I read through a related article in the link which talks about protecting the boot process using the TPM. Fu...
I'm going through my first ISO27001 implementation and I can't seem to find a definitive list of what policies are required. I realise Annex A is "optional". I've found lists online a few times on a few different sites. I've dumped it into a table and grabbed the descriptions and headings from the actual ISO27001/27002...
In a browser I want to use SublteCrypto (https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/API/SubtleCrypto) to create a key pair and store it locally in the IndexedDB (https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/API/IndexedDB_API). Storing the key pair in the IndexedDB has some security advantages as the private key never...
I'm trying to look for some way for mitigation of insecure deserialization vulnerability for the application front-end Then I found this link https://blog.jscrambler.com/exploring-the-owasp-top-10-by-exploiting-vulnerable-node-applications I saw this in the link: A8-Insecure Deserialization This type of attack occurs ...
While looking for the best way to add multiple Subject Alternative Names (SAN) to a Certificate Signing Request (CSR), this namecheap article provided the following command: openssl req -new -addext "subjectAltName = \ DNS:additionaldomain1.com,DNS:www.additionaldomain2.com,DNS:www.additionaldomain3.com" \ -addext "cer...
Imagine that there is server required authentication for getting an access to some endpoint. And developer added some logic to bypass the authentication: if server recieve HTTP header give_me_access=true, then server answers without requiring authenticaton. Is there way for an attacker to know that the server accept th...
When using AES-GCM-256 with random nonces, a limit of 2^32 encryptions is specified in order to have a low nonce collision probability. A new key has to be generated to take its place afterwards, I am at this point. I used my old key to encrypt data that I stored on a cloud storage service, there is already a lot of da...
I've read through RFC 6749: https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/rfc6749 The only mention of consent is in this bit: The authorization server MUST implement CSRF protection for its authorization endpoint and ensure that a malicious client cannot obtain authorization without the awareness and explicit consent of the re...
I am aware that it is possible to use a block cipher with the GCM-mode to provide authenticity, but this does not completely do what I need. I have a cloud storage provider I do not completely trust, in particular when it comes to rolling back the data. I use AES-GCM to encrypt and authenticate the data, but what preve...
I am developing an application and It needs to be highly secured. Because of that reason, I am researching more security vulnerabilities and I found the below paragraph. This is related to input validation and I have already implemented client-side and server-side validation. But this paragraph says while processing da...
I bought a second-hand laptop from a stranger. My (totally unjustified) concern is that there might be malware on the device. According to this answer, there is no easy fix if it's malicious firmware. I don't know how easy it is to implant malicious firmware, so I have no idea if this should be a legitimate concern. If...
Most free to use data recovery tools (Recuva, Easus, MiniTools) offers good recovery with known file extensions for picutres, videos and documents (.png, .xlsx etc). But lesser known file extensions, are having some unusual names, with missing extensions or are not recovered properly. Is there any reason, for it? Does ...
I have developed C# application and hosted it as a windows service on a machine http://localhost:5000 . This application registered in `Azure Active Directory Application is using the below details in-app configuration "ClientId": "242429ea-xxxx-4ddb-xxxx-xxxxxxxxxxxxx", "Tenant": "67ss7s7s7s-4e27-beee-yyyyyyyyyyyy", "...
I've learned that a TPM can supposedly attest to the state of a computer's BIOS being good. It does this by asking the BIOS to send a hash of its current state. So what stops a compromised BIOS from sending a precalculated hash of a good state (that it is not in)?
I recently upgraded some desktop PC components (GPU, SSD). I decided to perform a clean install of Windows 10 onto the SSD. I used a USB created using the Installation Media tool provided by Microsoft, which I created on my personal laptop. During the initial Windows Update after the first restart, a Trojan “Trojan:HTM...
I have recently read about attacks using Caller ID spoofing technology. Criminals used it to impersonate bank or police employees and asked to install malware or transfer money to a given account. A person receiving a call could see a bank phone number. So if you had a bank number in your phone book or are using apps l...
Suppose that we have this code (in TypeScript syntax): function one(str: string): string { // do something with the string return str } function two() { let s = getSomeString() // returns some unknown string that may contain surrogates s = one(s) // ... } two() Now suppose that when the string s is passed ...
I'm learning about password attacks using john and am trying to use it for bruteforcing my shaddow file. I created a user called newuser with password stuff and then used sudo unshadow /etc/passwd /etc/shadow > hashes to join the passwd and shadow file in one file crackme. I then tried using: john -incremental -users:...
I know there are some questions around open redirects but with this one I have some additional questions. In order to not release the assets I am going to replace the asset with "exampleeee.com". There is a vulnerable parameter redirectURL that leads to an open redirect on an asset. When going to let us say: https://ww...
If I go to the http site e.g. http://www.example.com the site will redirect (code 301) to the https version https://www.example.com. On various pentests I observed that if I modify the Host header in the http request the Location header in the response (of the redirect 301 response) would use that value for the redirec...
The most common method of passing secrets to a docker container is through ENVs. The problem is: Imagine that your docker container is hosting a HTTP server that can have a security exploit (like any software), that will give almost command line access to an attacker. Of course the attacker won't (maybe) be able to har...
I am developing a simple grammar study website with Bootstrap 5, JQuery and Javascript. It will have interactive grammar quizzes and flashcards. I would like users to be able to type in answers to grammar questions and upload their own vocabulary sets via CSV files. There will be no logins, no back-end and no data pers...
I noticed my email address (my email address is through a web host where I also host my website) was being bounced from one or more professional email subscriber lists. Through MX Tools I see that my IP is on 3 blacklists -- while it seems my email server is "OK" So the server techs tell me it concerns my internet prov...
I know that something similar has happened to other people before (see for instance here or here), but the situation and the question are slightly different. I wanted to log in to my Gmail account from my laptop, and usually I receive a verification code to my phone number, sent by "Google". This time it was sent from ...
Let's say that my user signs in and the server responds with a refresh token saved in a cookie (SameSite strict, HttpOnly, CSRF token too) and with the access token in response (saved in JS memory). I read these guidelines in a popular Hasura article. I was wondering, though, with this method, my refresh token would be...
I'm working with an interesting vulnerability I found which enables local file inclusion (LFI) on a target server. In summary, there is a PDF generation API endpoint which accepts an HTML string as input. In return, it will render the HTML and spit out a PDF. The HTML parser it uses supports most basic HTML tags. Altho...
I need validation / feedback please with the implementation of a web based client-server application that I am building. I need to make sure that a client's cookies can't be hijacked and therefore I have introduced a nonce. So with each request from the client a {nonce, Hash(nonce, shared-secret)} is provided to the se...
Here is how integritysetup from the cryptsetup package in Linux works. A user provides an authentication key to the OS when reading or writing data to a file system. When reading, the OS only returns a data block if it was written with the same key as it is being read. Hence the same key is used when writing and readin...
I want to detect if a file on disk was edited since last access, or restored since last deletion. Let's assume this isn't on a VM. Basic scheme: Somewhere in the file is a cryptographic hash of the file's last access date/time. Any modification to the file after this point will result in a hash mismatch. Problem: Th...
I am developing Web Application for Certifying Authority as a part of which, I need to generate asymmetric key pair - Private Key and Public Key in user's smartcard through browser, create Certificate Signing Request (CSR) and send CSR to Certifying Authority server, where user's certificate gets generated. Then CA Ser...
I stumbled upon a case where several database entries were updated. And the update is rather unusual. For example if I have an entry named: Watermelon The updated version is: Watermelon<IMG SRC="/WF_SQL_XSRF.html"> The WF_SQL_XSRF.html file is not in the server, nor it was from internal people. I did google and only ...
As far as I understand it, when using Shamir's secret sharing algorithm, you have to specify a finite field for your operations that is big enough to hold your data. I tried to look for secret sharing algorithms, but I only get results for Shamir's secret sharing algorithm .. Are there other algorithms or do I just sto...
My company has a domain name that we use to serve our customers, say company.com for the main website, app.company.com for the web application and api.company.com. These are all public domains that our customers connect to use our services. Besides this we also have another set of tools that are used only internally by...
SHA-256 generates a 32-byte hash, Is it a safe practice to use the first 16 as an iv (nonce) and the second 16 as a key ? What other things I should consider when using PBKDF2 in a scenario like this ?
Most online accounts identify users using email/phone & password; but since most all email/phone is handled by another service (e.g. Gmail), one's online identity only exists so long as these services permit it; in a sense, the service owns the identity, and the user is just 'borrowing it'; or at least that's how I see...
I've gotten an e-mail from my ISP saying that one of my devices might be infected with malware. In the e-mail they have provided me with some information about the malware but I'm having trouble understanding it. Details sent in the e-mail IP [An IP owned by my ISP] . data: SOURCE TIME: 2021-07-24 05:13:29Z IP: [An IP...
We recently had a security engineer review our platform and they told us we need to encrypt the data when it's sent to the server. However we're already sending the data with a SSL certificate. Which from my understanding, this handles all encryption for us. There's a frontend react app & a backend api. A user types in...
I believe that this question was answered already, though I couldn't find it. I have several strings that include hash. Each string has hash and some random (or not) add-on. How can I identify the type of hash that is hidden inside a string? 43310077472A7FF4BD986765FB830F9C5BC0BDAC3B0941847D76771A824FF3CFE7B4BF46 4331...
Websites that host downloadable executables often provide measures to confirm the integrity of the data that is available to download. Such measures include: Hosting the website under HTTPS; Providing the SHA-256 sum of the downloaded binary (the end user is advised to compute the checksum on their own and see if both...
I am developing a .NET Windows Service using C# that needs to download an executable file and run it. I need the Windows Service to run with SYSTEM privileges in order to allow it to install software updates among other things. For security reasons, I would like to download the executable to a location that is only acc...
I've noticed some services will send a username in one email with a note saying the password will come in a different email. Is there any point to this? It seems that if someone can get that email then surely they can get the one with the password, no?
by trying the XSS room on THM, I try was trying to read the /etc/passwd using the following cmd: <iframe src="/etc/passwd"></iframe> However what I got is an error code as shown below But I was be able to read from css/style.css using: <iframe src="css/style.css"></iframe> Can somebody explain to me why ? Note that...
I want to work on a photo-sharing tool, where I can: store photos on untrustworthy disk space (like the cloud) share photo albums with friends and family update photo albums (rarely but happens) share an existing album with additional people One problem that comes up is: if the photos are encrypted client-side, it u...
While reading about password breaches, it occurred to me; where are the TOTP shared secret breaches? Because TOTP relies on a shared secret (unlike say U2F) the server has a copy of the shared secret, which lends itself to the same vulnerability to be breached. I've tried searching and found nothing, save for a potenti...
CVE-2021-33909 AKA "Sequoia" is a vulnerability against the filesystem code within the Linux kernel. According to the description of the vulnerability from Qualys Successful exploitation of this vulnerability allows any unprivileged user to gain root privileges on the vulnerable host [...] As a result, if an unprivile...
And if not would like specific reasons why. I have this suspicion that, although an inferior method these days to MFA applications, believe that the security is adequate enough as most phone companies have been made aware of SIM jacking and are working to prevent it.
In a recent Substack article ("The Insecurity Industry", 2021-07-26) Edward Snowden writes: The vast majority of vulnerabilities that are later discovered and exploited by the Insecurity Industry are introduced, for technical reasons related to how a computer keeps track of what it’s supposed to be doing, at the exact...
On my company's computer, someone play the internet game so I want to deny the site and redirect to another site. Or If someone access the game site redirect to other site right off on computer sestimg
When it comes to hashing passwords, it is nowadays practice to do 100'000 or 200'000 iterations of SHA256/SHA512, or at least something in that ballpark. But my question is, why is it not safe enough to just do a very small but unusual number of iterations that is unlikely to be guessed? For example, let's say I use 15...
I'm trying to MITM an Android application but I cannot get it to work properly. Usually, I'm using Burp for those kind of attacks, which allows me to intercept and decrypt HTTPS traffic. (Assuming the certificate is installed on the Android device.) However, it seems the application I'm currently testing is using a non...
Comes from Bitlocker, does additional authentication at startup with TPM device provide any extra security? You can sniff the key right from the bus currently: As the decryption happens automatically, if we can sniff the VMK as its being returned by the TPM then we can enter that information into any number of BitLock...
A little context: I'm working in designing a system to sign and verify data sent between modules of a bigger system. Currently the system has two parts, a central application and a SDK inside modules which is making all the key exchange and communication with the central server. This are the relevant points so far: I ...
let key = keys[j] === '' ? (currentParams as any).length : keys[j]; if (key === '__proto__') { throw new Error('Prototype pollution detected.'); } It at least defeats basic url-encoding, but I am unsure if it is robust enough to stop all avenues of attack.
When using Shamir's secret sharing algorithm one has to define the size for the finite field over which the secret is split. I came across a few implementations, like secrets.js-lit, and as far as I can see the implementation chunks the secret that is to be split into 8-bit sized blocks by default. Is security reduced ...
a friend of mine wanted to install MongoDB Community when he encountered a problem. The .msi file downloaded from https://www.mongodb.com/try/download/community was rejected by Windows when he tried to install it The file that he downloaded is not signed, although it should. We checked the hashes, and the hash compute...
I was wondering if generation of sequential hashes from random seed can be considered "random enough" to be used in cryptographic operations? By sequential hashes I mean the following: First we create a hash using e.g. SHA512 from a strong random seed number -> we get a first hash. Then we calculate the next hash using...
I am connecting to remote hosts via jump host where I verify only the jump host's host key, but turn off host key verification for the target hosts. the ssh command arguments look like this: -o StrictHostKeyChecking=no -o ProxyCommand="ssh -o StrictHostKeyChecking=yes -W %h:%p -q {{ user }}@{{ jh_ip }}" Assuming the j...
I have used Nessus to determine that a client's Cisco ASA is vulnerable to a Read-Only Path Traversal Vulnerability. So far I have tried viewing the logon portal page source code, nmap -sV -A <host>, the nmap script http-cisco-anyconnect and ssh -vvv -p port <host> with no luck at obtaining any information about the de...
I want to track a user who has previously logged in so that I can associate traffic behavior with their user record on our system. Does storing the user's id as a single value in a cookie cause security issues?
I'm the admin for a Windows 10 machine with a few local users. While I understand there are other ways to bypass security with access to the physical machine, I'd like to protect against hacks that bypass the UAC by running some trick of RunAsInvoker, regedit, or folder renaming. I've changed the User Notify session to...
I wanted to check the WP homepage of a friend of mine, so I googled "rafaeltheissen be piano". The first Google result seems to point to the official page: https://rafaeltheissen.com/ Here is the complete link copied from the Google search results: https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&source=web&cd=&ved=2ahU...
I've got an Infineon SLB9670 TPM module connected to a BeagleBone Board. I would like to carry out RSA signature verification on the board by using the TPM as a key store (storing the public key). W.r.t the same I have the following questions: Is it possible to store an externally generated public key on the TPM? If t...