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I want to enforce a rule that my program start only if, at the time it launches, there are no untrusted kernel drivers running. I'm aware and have already tested file signature verification using WinVerifyTrust winapi function, which works great. The issue is there a few dozen unsigned drivers as part of the Windows in...
I am currently using the Python Flask framework's default session function to manage user login. My understanding is that, session function essentially is an encrypted cookie stored in a client's computer containing the information on which user has logged in etc. Currently, I use session.permanent = True to make a use...
If a platform has brute force protection should I worry about creating a very strong password since any attacker would not get a chance to reach enough attempts to crack even the weakest password? Not that I want to use a super weak password, but I feel like I'm wasting a lot of time thinking of the strongest password ...
Some ARP spoofing texts say that this man-in-the-middle attack overwrites the intended target MAC with the attacker's MAC in the ARP table (e.g. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ARP_spoofing , Question regarding arp spoofing) Other says that it creates a duplicate IP entry for the same MAC address (https://www.thesslstore...
I'm quite new to the cryptography field, and I'm trying to understand a few things: I used binwalk on Linux to analyse Minecraft.msi, and I found multiple certificates in the .msi See below: I'm wondering why there are there multiple (4 here) certificates in the .msi? I thought that these days all software would be s...
I have a Ruby on Rails app behind Nginx. Every once in a while I see requests like GET /phpmyadmin or GET /wp-login.php. Since I don't have those tools installed, it's obvious that those are from someone trying to get into my site. Does it make sense to add a couple rules to my Nginx config to automatically return 403 ...
In TLS v1.3, there are three secrets from which other secrets/keys are derived: early secret handshake secret master secret See this diagram. The early secret does not include the Diffie-Hellman secret and can thus be used before the ServerHello message. However, it's not clear what the rationale of adding a separate...
I am doing a SQL injection training with TryHackMe as shown below. https://tryhackme.com/room/ccpentesting task 18 I am trying to do it the manual way. From the guide online I know that to get the SQL version in MySQL we can use SELECT @@version. However when I try it, it says I have syntax error. Update: I was able g...
I have some questions about rogue access points. How attackers can get victim's creds over secured HTTPS websites? Can attackers do this kind of attack only by using basic tools + sharing the AP from computer without the need of devices (like wifi pineapple)? If we connect to a rogue AP using VPN, can the attacker s...
I want to implement simple software protection mechanism. This is how it would look like: My question is - is there any problem for me using the private key for encryption and public for decryption (since usually it is other way around)?
I forgot password to 7z archive encrypted with AES 256. I am fairly certain of most characters however. I know password length is either 8 or 12 characters and if it is 12 I know the last 4 characters. I am certain of 1st, 4th, 5th characters. I know the 2nd/6th character 1 of 2 options. 3rd character is 1 of 3 charact...
If a VPS running Debian 10 Xfce as a cloud desktop has been rootkit infected and there is an ongoing SSH connection with X2Go from a client to manage this server, is it possible for an attacker on the VPS to hijack the existing SSH connection in order to attack and infect the remote client? The initial attack vector is...
It is not so difficult to create a password which is exactly 32 characters long. In this question - AES-256 Key Length Importance @Marc writes: you absolutely should not be using a password as the raw key ..and in this one @Filip_Franik writes: Just for you to know you shouldn't use password as a key directly. You n...
If so, is trying to exploit through a time-based injection enough to prove there's a vulnerability in said site?
I have a website that has a search function that uses the GET method. It returns in the url that "www.xxx.com/query?=something" Would like to seek opinions on why such a function is not worth exploiting or exploring even though there is a parameter there in the URL that can be changed
We are a SOC-2 compliant company. We used to have all full time employees till now, hence we could do our due diligence on all the hired employees e.g. Background checks, reference checks, getting NDA and on boarding documents signed etc. Recently, we started to hire part time consultants from third party agency. We si...
TLS requires reliable transport but is not bound to TCP. How can I perform a TLS 1.3 handshake through a non-TCP channel with OpenSSL - for example by exchanging a number of files between participating communication partners?
My plan is to convert a passphrase in UTF-8 ASCII-US to Unit8Array(32) then use it in: 256bitsKey = Unit8Array(32) from passphase iv = window.crypto.getRandomValues(new Uint8Array(32)); CryptoJS.enc.encrypt(data, 256bitsKey , {iv: iv}); Is there any way to do it?
I am calling my bank via mobile phone (in Germany) and the electronic voice asks me to type in my account access id (via the number pad), and like-wise, type in my account PIN, all the numbers, not only the first and third, but all six of them! If I do not do all of this, the call will be cancelled, even if my inquir...
I am writing a program that creates BPF seccomp filters. These filters are supposed to check syscalls and their arguments against predefined allowed values. The logic to check the syscall by its number works as expected. However, the logic to filter the syscall arguments does not. For debug purposes, is it possible to ...
I have a Yubikey version 5.2.7 and I can't generate any new certificates on yubikey manager app, which is weird since I have already generated two certs (on 9d slot) and they worked fine. Now the following message pops up: "Failed connecting to the YubiKey. Make sure the application has the required permissions." How...
How would one go about fixing vulnerabilities in indirect 3rd party libraries? Let's say that the vulnerability is introduced via the following chain: Introduced through: example-app› express-prometheus-middleware@0.9.6 › prometheus-gc-stats@0.6.3 › gc-stats@1.4.0 › node-pre-gyp@0.13.0 › rc@1.2.8 › ini@1.3.5 The vulne...
I read about Recommended # of iterations when using PBKDF2-SHA256? I have also read in Why not just use a small but unusual number of hashing rounds? that when there are multiple password to protect, the moment one is cracked the hacker will know for all passwords which is the number of iterations required. But if I ha...
I'm trying to set up two-factor authentication for all my accounts. Some of them, unfortunately, only support SMS. In that case, which of these options would be more secure? SMS Google Voice (which has a strong and unique password, guarded with a physical security key). Are there any other ways I can make these accou...
I am pentesting an API which makes a backend call to https://example.org/ and appends any input you provide it (for example, if you provide test it will call https://example.org/test). I am trying to achieve SSRF in this scenario, so my goal is to change the domain. I know if it had been https://example.org without the...
I'm developing a SaaS platform using hybrid multi-tenancy model. My SaaS platform has 2 main databases: 1 contains metadata and the other (called default) is a shared database that contains the info required to make the platform work, the remaining databases (named as the company) are copies of the second database with...
We have a web server with an application - there is a large data array attached to the application via a mount point. We have to fulfill the requirement of securing in-transit data and at-rest data. This application is designed to host a repository of files, which are encrypted immediately post-upload, and decrypted pr...
Suppose I have 2 Servers (Server A and Server B) that need to communicate with each other and not with anybody else. Can I use Mutual TLS (mTLS) to achieve this? Is mtls a good approach or will I have to handle security at the application layer? Asking because, what if a third server (Server C) gets a valid certificate...
When security tools quarantine files, why do they tend to use encryption, rather than simple file corruption? The main goal of quarantining a file is to make it impossible to run on a system. This particular goal is easily accomplishable by simple file corruption, for example, changing the file's extension and adding 6...
Because X-XSS-Protection header is now not supported by major browsers I wonder what option is better, to delete this header or to set the header as X-XSS-Protection: 0? Because browsers do not support this header I think the better option is just to delete it, but OWASP recommends to set the header as X-XSS-Protectio...
Does either FIPS 140-2 or FIPS 140-3 certification require USB flash drive's firmware to be signed so that malicious computer cannot overwrite flash drive's firmware? e.g. badusb attack. If I buy any FIPS 140 certified USB flash drive can I be sure that it's firmware is signed?
When facebook sends the confirmation code, the name FACEBOOK is not displayed as the sender,, instead phone numbers of different countries. Until now, it was only on my notebook, but today I synced my firefox passwords, history, and bookmarks to my PC, and since then, also on the PC phone numbers appear there instead o...
TLS 1.3 is a large departure from TLS 1.2 in many ways. Relevant to this question are the fact that all TLS 1.3 ciphers provide Forward Secrecy -- which means strategies used in TLS 1.2 and prior to decrypt TLS traffic passively must change. Gone are the days of simply throwing a Private Key file on an IDS/WAF/NMS devi...
I am still learning about SSH, SFTP and private/public keys. My elementary understanding of keys is that the private key should remain on the machine it was generated on and never be shared. I have a Lightsail instance that I would like to allow others to access using SFTP. The only way to do this is to download the ke...
There's this old reddit thread where the OP notes that Discord's desktop client regularly logs the processes on your computer using QueryNameInformationFile, then claims that Discord "proceeds to take the names of everything you have open (this includes the titles of all your browsing windows)" and send it to its serve...
On Android devices, is data from one app sandboxed from all the other apps? If so, how is that enforced? Is it merely something like file permissions? Are each App's data encrypted with a unique per-app key? What is the mechanism that enables and enforces the sandbox between application data?
I have a web app which displays what I enter in an <input> field back as HTML, but it happens all client-side in the DOM after manual input, so it can't be made into a URL which causes a payload to execute automatically. For example, if you input <button onclick=alert(document.cookie)>a</button> it will alert the cooki...
I'm trying to test some services and they need to talk to each other over https ( and they can't talk over http). I want to: create a Root CA that I can install in my Ubuntu-based docker images sign a subdomain cert like *.example.com such that curl and openssl will validate against it, with the root CA cert manually...
I've read a lot of similar questions, with long answer, and they are making me confused, so for a quick yes/no question. If I, access a https webpage via an http proxy (my own proxy) (like ziproxy/squid (yes, I know they can be set to be https proxy)). Will the connection between me and the http proxy be encrypted and ...
I configured Burp Suite in my virtual Kali Linux on VMware and activated FoxyProxy in Firefox (again in Kali/VMware). However it does not intercept anything, rather websites are blocked with the below message What can I do about it? Did Not Connect: Potential Security Issue www.youtube.com is most likely a safe site, ...
If don't consider 'change cipher spec' and performance. So client can send data immediately after 'client finish'. The handshake process may look like this: client hello -> server hello <- server cert <- other server msg <- server finished <- sign it (encrypt) use certificate private key client key exchange -> client ...
In case we lose access to our 2 Factor Authenticator, we can use our one time recovery codes to regain access to our accounts But what if we store the setup key itself instead of the recovery codes? We can still recover the account by adding the setup key to another authenticator. I think recovery keys are better becau...
Among the things listed that a TPM chip can do I found something not like the others: Remote Attestation: ... This allows a third party to verify that the software has not been changed. But in a certain way we know that's not a feasible thing and but TPM claims it. If I wanted to tear away remote attestation normally...
I guess it may be due to man-in-the-middle attack, but are there any other problems? So how does the master secret avoid these problems?
TLS 1.3 removes the use of non-ephemeral Diffie-Hellman, which is great! But it still allows PSK. I'm not as familiar with PSK configuration but wouldn't that mean TLS 1.3 still is allowing the use of some form of non-ephemeral? Or is there a specific purpose PSK has that I'm not thinking about?
Can I use Forcepoint Security Manager 8.5 (WebSense) as an http proxy for my SFTP client connections to external Servers? Currently when doing http requests I'm able to specify an http proxy to fetch external resources (Ex. google.maps) and it works fine. But, when try to use it on a SFTP Client it won’t work. Does Web...
MFA recovery codes last forever until used. The TOTP codes expire as per the clock (e.g. 30 seconds). Does the initial QR code to register a MFA device last forever until disabled by a MFA reset? I'm imagining (expecting) that the key, like the recovery codes, expires in practice, if not by design. I've tried to locate...
I recently came across a question on stackoverflow.com regarding gitlab.com and ssh config. The solution apparently is to update your ssh config with the following: Host gitlab.com UpdateHostKeys no Unfortunately the author of the top/only answer did not explain anything about if there were negative security impli...
With bullet cameras, this is easy. You look which way they are pointing and then either guess their FOV, or even look them up based on how the model they appear to be. Most dome cameras are behind tinted glass and it's hard to see where they are pointed at. Knowing where a camera is looking is important during reconna...
I have recently been assigned a new security fix for my Android App. The Vulnerability Assessment and Penetration Testing (VAPT) team used Magisk and Magisk hide to bypass the Android root detection implementation. The description given by the VAPT team: "Root detection is checked based on package name and availabilit...
Does the built-in pacman package manager in Arch-based systems require successful cryptographic authentication and integrity validation for all packages? I know that software downloaded with apt-get packages must be cryptographically verified because the repo's manifest files (synced with apt-get update) are cryptograp...
We are currently working on an IoT product & having a hard time coming up with a strategy to create a unique password for each device/unit. I do understand that password based on a function of { serial number, CPU id, MAC address or timestamp } is not acceptable as per cyber practices as these are predictable due to th...
For a CTF challenge, I got a locked PDF file with a data folder that contains images, a plaintext file and a wav audio file. I used pdf2john.pl to get the password hash and I performed a brute force attack with john, but I did not find the password. Here is the result of pdf-parser PDF Comment '%PDF-1.6\n' PDF Comment...
In ZAP (Zed Attack Proxy) its possible to fuzz requests. I have two values cookieUserId and cookieUser. They both have the same value and i want to change the ID for both fuzzing location. If i add a new payload for the second fuzz location ZAP will do 1,1 1,2 1,3 and not 1,1 2,2 3,3. Has anyone an idea how i can do th...
Let's say Alice created a new account on a service and this service saved her fingerprint as a way of logging in later. Then Alice creates a new account on a new service, but unfortunately this second service is not properly secured and the biometrics data got leaked from their database, how will Alice use her fingerpr...
I am pentesting a web application. It makes a backend call to another application, and I am trying to hijack that call. I have gained control over the URL path, query parameters, and fragment that is being sent (e.g. if the URL is https://internal-app.com/ I can make it https://internal-app.com/whatever-path-I-want?als...
Context I'm trying to build an hybrid multi-tenant API using OAuth2.0 using Laravel 8 Passport, so my system has 2 parts: one process the request from the tenant application, and the other part process the request from my front-end which allows to enable/disable features on the tenant application Research I'm confused ...
I installed hashcat using following: sudo apt update sudo apt -y install p7zip-full curl -O https://hashcat.net/files/hashcat-6.2.3.7z 7z x hashcat-6.2.3.7z hashcat-6.2.3/hashcat.bin -b When I run hashcat-6.2.3/hashcat.bin -b -m 7100, iterations is set to 1023. Is it possible to run benchmark using custom iterations? ...
Studying how expensive and how long it takes to brute force macOS Catalina and Big Sur passwords (if possible on T2/M1 Macs). My (likely naive) understanding is that macOS uses PBKDF2-SHA512 to hash passwords. Why 3 modes?
Windows defender detected the trojan HTML/Phish.GR!MSR and quarantined it. After that, I scanned the computer with Malwarebytes and it found nothing. I can find very little information online about this particular virus. Is there anything else I should do to ensure it hasn't affected my system?
I've some data that I want to backup to the cloud. I also have a file containing personal data, that I need to sync across multiple devices. At the moment, for this file, locally in my computer, I've already been using GnuPG to encrypt the file with a symmetric cipher (AES128) with a passphrase. Passphrase is 16-chars ...
There's a possibility that my old USB stick (which I haven't used in over a year) got a virus-infected audio file (AAC) among other trusted files. Can I safely open the trusted files bypassing the suspicious one? I've already disabled an AutoRun feature. Also I'm going to scan a USB drive using Windows Defender. What e...
I am wondering if there is any harm in having a TLS client send its certificate to a server before having established trust with that server. I have found a similar question, however that mostly concerns the "static" data of client cert (public, not sensitive) and key (private, needs to be guarded well). What I am inte...
Can we find out the encryption method used if we know what is encrypted inside? Let's assume there are around 7-digits 22 or 26 codes (passwords ie just decimals) encrypted to 832 characters hexadecimal. Especially, If we know some of those passwords. I tried to divide it into 26 sets of 32 digits. But I'm not sure if ...
In the middle of the night, I happened to look at Firefox's network traffic and I found this odd set of connections to k8s-poma-traefik-ext-fe-prod-iz1-lxa.poinfra.server.lan Does anyone know what this is? In all there were 295 such connections. When I started using the browser again, all of a sudden all these connecti...
Today I found that Google has a funny feature that allows everyone to claim ownership of a particular business, and if the owner does not reject it in 3 days, then the business ownership is set to the new claimer. So, it goes like this: The attacker claims ownership on BusinessX. The owner of the business in in vacati...
TL;DR: I'm assuming that if GnuPG made it a default then it should be what we use, but it used "bad" defaults in the past so I'm wondering if there are any tradeoffs to this? More specifically: is ECC 25519 sufficiently adopted by now so that it wouldn't give any compatibility issues as cited by some people in the las...
I use KeePassXC to generate and store passwords. For example, generating a password with a length of 128 characters without using the extended ASCII character table, the entropy is about 770 - 800 bits. I have read that entropy in cryptography is a measure of the randomness or diversity of a data-generating function. B...
When using gpg --symmetric to encrypt a file/message with a passphrase, is there any cryptographic integrity check to prevent an attacker from modifying the ciphertext? E.g. does gpg (or any other common implementation of OpenPGP) include, and require, an HMAC or similar? (Obviously it can digitally sign the message, b...
Like the title says, can you trust a VPS service not to log any data? Is creating your own email server with a VPS service really a private solution?
Does there exist any hashing algorithms suitable for comparing data that is similar but not exact matches? For example one where similar input data generates a similar hash, with the difference in the hashes being proportional to the difference in the data. All sensors have precision, accuracy, and noise specifications...
As per the title, is there a way to reliably identify a certificate as an intermediate certificate? I can identify if a certificate is a root certificate. But i can not tell the difference between an intermediate certificate and end/leaf certificate. Is there anything that would? such as one of the extensions?
I'm using open-source router firmware, which also provides my DNS and includes DNSCrypt feature for DNS resolving. As a cyber sec enthusiastic I like this feature, I've been using it for a while and I've tried various free & open DNSCrypt servers. However, I have to change my DNSCrypt resolver every now and then, becau...
Suppose one wants to use email (say using protonmail with Tor Browser / obfs4 bridges) to discuss sensitive matters (such as asylum seeking / embassy protection) with embassy in potentially hostile foreign countries. To be more precise, Adversary: Potentially hostile foreign government governing the place I am living...
I opened up the Wikipedia app on my iPhone today and saw that the featured article on the main page was on “Henry IV, Holy Roman Emperor”. However, the image displayed for the article was a closeup picture of male genitalia. I was shocked and, though, in retrospect, I shouldn’t have, clicked on the article. Just to ...
To check the sudo password, we need root permission to even read the /etc/shadow file. But how sudo checks password?
In the past, I have used the Sherlock PowerShell script to quickly find missing software patches for local privilege escalation vulnerabilities. However, I am looking for a similar script, but I struggle to find one. I thought to make one myself rather than looking for such a script. However, I wanted to first ask the ...
I have some code and other resources which run in a container or VM ("black box") on a host machine. The host uses this as a service to process some files which are highly sensitive and they don't want them off their premises (so no cloud). However, suppose I do not trust the host: I do not want the host to be able ...
I have an application that rewards users for placing orders with certain merchants. In order to verify that the order was actually placed and delivered, a user is required to grant us read access to a new Gmail Inbox that is created and shared with us for this purpose. This allows us to read order confirmation emails, ...
Imagine a system architecture where an API server is able to send a request to an HSM, and the HSM is able to decrypt some data for a particular user/customer, in order to serve some hypothetical purpose. In this case, if the API server is compromised, a hacker would be able to make many requests to the HSM to decrypt ...
A10:2017-Insufficient Logging & Monitoring This is one of OWASP Top 10 vulnerabilities. Given that we log and monitor sufficiently, how can this prevent an attack for example - attack where username and password is guessed over several attempts? My point is that - such attack is prevented using measures like block or s...
For instance: opening your web browser, opening your already logged in google account and checking your location history. If someone were doing this over RDP you'd be able to see it happening but is it possible for an attacker that has control of your system to accomplish this without you noticing anything? No cursor m...
If a driver runs in kernel mode it obviously can manipulate everything (well everything in ring 0), so manipulating the file system or devices is a possibility. Potentially devices can be destroyed, for example by manipulating acpi, stopping the ventilators, .... However, when the driver runs in user-mode I'm not sure ...
My google inbox is filling up with hundreds and hundreds of "please confirm your new account on our website" messages. A coworker reports he had the same thing happen to him a couple of weeks ago. What kind of bizarre attack is this? It's kind of a DoS attack in that I am forced to waste my time deleting these messa...
This is truly crazy. I received a SPAM email in which there is a URL crafted from apparent Unicode characters that surprisingly exist for italic/bold letters, which when I reported it to Google's spam collector using Thunderbird's Report Spam Email feature it had already been converted to ASCII letters, therefore the U...
Thinking of how a fuzzer brute-forces a lot of input to a program to discover vulnerabilities, it seems natural that one would then consider the concept of writing a program that analyzes the target program's structure more fundamentally / intelligently to find similar vulnerabilities more efficiently. I figure I'm alm...
Assume I ask someone to create a filter in their Gmail account that automatically forwards certain emails to my inbox. If the original email was protected with DMARC, would the forwarded email also be protected? Or does it lose the protection once it's forwarded? Does the response vary for other email providers (such a...
I recently looked at a spam mail I received. Generally, I'd say it was a fairly standard phishing attempt, but one thing struck me as odd: The link that victims are supposed to click looks very weird and (apart from the domain name) consists almost exclusively of special characters, to the point that it sort of looks l...
I'm getting a lot of scams on my mobile phone, and have just tried explaining to my wife how to find out who the 'owner' (network host name?) of a URL is before clicking on it. The basics are obvious - scan from the right till you find the TLD, work back to the left. But, of course, this is non-trivial, and I gave up. ...
As I understand it, the SameSite attribute for cookies helps me advise standard browsers what they can do with them. So if I'm a server running on http://acme.com/my-app and I've set a cookie like: Set-Cookie: JSESSIONID=1234567890abcdef; SameSite=Strict If the user is on https://www.facebook.com, the browser will sto...
I'm trying to do a brute force with Hashcat on windows with a GPU cracking a wpa2.hccapx handshake. Based on my research I know the password is 10 characters, a mix of random lowercase + numbers only Hashcat says it will take 10 years using ?a?a?a?a?a?a?a?a?a?a AND it will take almost 115 days to crack it when I use ?h...
I've been hunting for this for a long time. I've been able to find "Faraday" bags that (allegedly) block signals to/from the surveillance unit (phone), but they never mention anything about soundproofness, which is just as important IMO. Let's say somebody puts their phone into one of those "Faraday bags" and they talk...
I'm making a web penetration test, so I trying to exploit a XSS, I've looked that if I use a payload like the following: <script>alert(document.domain)</script> The output in the page will be <script>alert(document.domain)</script> So I'm looking for alternatives payloads or valid encoding, already I tryi...
I'm trying to fix a possible XSS vulnerability in WebApp (Flask) and I'm not sure what is the best way to prevent XSS without breaking functionality. For example, I have the following code block: ... messages = db.execute("SELECT message, created_at FROM messages ORDER BY created_at DESC").fetchall() messages_for_r...
If I get hit with malware while performing daily tasks (e.g. - checking email, web browsing, etc.) with a root shell, the malware will own my machine. If the aforementioned occurs whilst on a standard account with the ability to run sudo, the malware will be limited to whatever privileges this account has without sudo....
I'm living in a very evil country and don't trust my ISP or the government. Moreover the country has control of several root and probably more intermediate certificate authorities. What options do I have as a normal end user with a DSL or cable connection to protect against BGP hijacking and to make sure I connect to t...
I know about key derivation functions such as PBKDF2 which derive keys from passwords. Am I wrong in assuming AES-256 keys are essentially unsigned integers between 0 and 2^256-1 padded with zeros?
Is there a way to prevent account enumeration on signup page if access to the site is not requiring you to verify your email? The scenario is as following: Sign up for a site with email+password, but allow to use the site immediately. Some features require email validation, some don't, so the user can verify their emai...
PHP (and by extension WordPress) only supports MySQL native & sha256 password authentication. MariaDB Server only supports MySQL native & ed25519 password authentication. Since MySQL native password authentication uses SHA-1 and is not considered secure anymore, there is no actual secure way to use the MariaDB server w...
A program A downloads signed executables and other signed configuration files. Configuration files have a signature appended at the end. To verify their integrity and creator, it uses the public key hardcoded in the program A. In a couple of years, the certificate that was used to sign the files expires and a new one w...

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