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I've been trying out a few desktop email clients (Windows) to better manage my e-mail. As I tried Thunderbird, Inky, and Outlook, it occurred to me, what guarantee is there that my e-mail/pass won't be compromised by using email clients? Wouldn't it be really simple for the author(s) of e-mail clients to incorporate a ...
I've been warned that PHP's $_SERVER['HTTP_REFERER'] is a common attack vector for websites. What are ways that attackers exploit this function? How can I guard against them?
I store my passwords in an encrypted database file in the cloud. That is, my KDBX files from KeePass are stored in a cloud storage server, let's say it's Dropbox. Dropbox, whether they admit it or not, probably keeps a very long history of my files. If someone were to attempt to decrypt my KDBX file, would it help them...
Is it unwise to use gmail to discuss business ideas that Google could snoop on and use to their business advantage? I know that email is not secure and anyone could read it along its path of delivery, but I feel the level of potential snooping is much higher with gmail and google than regular email. So under the gmai...
I am presently working as a summer intern. My first objective is, given a collection of files, recover and identify the file types present in it. To download sample pseudo-forensics data I have been using: Digital Corpora To recover files I have been using 'The Sleuthkit' but this does not seem to do the work as I alwa...
I am an undergraduate Computer Science student and was hoping to gain some knowledge of ways to help prevent Denial Of Service attacks.I read about some of here: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SYN_cookies https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Port_knocking But was having difficulty as to how to start to convert them to practica...
Is it possible to exploit a vulnerable application that is running inside a process virtual machine? Let's say that we have buffer overflow vulnerability in a Java application but the JVM isn't vulnerable. Is there a way to exploit it?
At IEEE Security & Privacy, the blind return-oriented programming attack (blind ROP) was just introduced. In some sense, this is just another variation on ROP attacks -- but the blind ROP attack is notable because it does not require any knowledge of the source code or the binary of the program you are attacking; you ...
I have the need for a company laptop (Dell e6540) that contains our java application on it to go out for evaluation purposes. For this reason I would like to make sure that the HDD is protected from customers (or anyone else) being able to take our java app off of the laptop and view the source. We have taken many ne...
I'm working on the authentication strategy for my app (again). My current strategy is a clone of the AWS strategy of issuing public and private keys and using them to sign requests sent to my API. My understanding is that this is a reasonably secure way to authenticate API consumers. However, AWS is phasing out this pr...
I have to go through background check. The company providing the service to the client is called Verifications, Inc. Verifications, Inc claims to have a data security plan, ISO certification and US Federal clients. I was surprised to learn the company provides a web based system and sends the username and password via ...
Would just like some input on a PHP script I'm writing. It's just a simple script that only myself should be able to access. I don't have a dynamic IP address, so this isn't an issue for me, but I'm wondering if there's any potential problems in my "security" measure. Currently my script is setup like this: $uip = $_SE...
What are the vulnerabilities mitigated by a tiered LAMP stack? As I understand it, any breach would allow access to the database even if it was tiered. What's the benefit? Are we better to concentrate on WAFs?
If I create a private key via: openssl req -x509 -newkey rsa:2048 -out cert.crt then OpenSSL writes the private key to the file privkey.pem and if you do not provide the -nodes parameter it will encrypt the private key. Which default encryption is used? A private key generated with this command: cat privkey.pem : -----...
Is it possible to compare encrypted private keys if you do not have the passphrase? E.g.: openssl genrsa -out unencryptedprivkey.pem 2048 openssl rsa -in unencryptedprivkey.pem -aes128 -out aes128encprivkey.pem openssl rsa -in unencryptedprivkey.pem -aes128 -out aes128encprivkey2.pem cat aes128encprivkey2.pem !-----BE...
Is there any open source alternative to Wepawet ? I need to study techniques of JavaScript malware detection.
Some web applications enable registered users to grant temporal application access to un-registered users sending token/private/unlisted/signed URLs (I ignore the exact terminology for this), which are then used to submit sensitive/confidential user information. The reason for using such mechanism is to exempt these us...
When a site gets hacked, or otherwise, the web site forces you to change your password. This is done by simply telling you to change your password, not enforcing it. Why do they do that? For instance, they could: Disable your credentials, and send you an e-mail for password reset. In case you missed the email - or you...
I've been reading up on password storage and such, and have come to the conclusion that I need to be using bCrypt. I've got an implementation working correctly, but I'm wondering the best way to move forward with my application. The previous password storage system was simply hashing and salting. It's actually easier f...
It seems to me that computer software is becoming more secure every year - there are fewer zero-day exploits to be found, many hacker-proof concepts are becoming widespread (such as virtualization and strong encryption), system administrators and users are starting to become aware of the importance of security, etc. Is...
If you run the following command on a Linux/Unix machine, among other things, you get a prompt for a password: $ ssh-keygen -t dsa Enter passphrase (empty for no passphrase): What does adding a password to your SSH key actually do? Is it more secure to use a password when prompted?
I dont understand what the problem with BigDump v0.35b. This site says that it have problem. But i dont understand it. Problem here? if (!$error && isset($_REQUEST["uploadbutton"])) { if (is_uploaded_file($_FILES["dumpfile"]["tmp_name"]) && ($_FILES["dumpfile"]["error"])==0) { $uploaded_filename=str_replace(" ",...
I just got off the phone with Fidelity, who manage the health benefits for the company where I work. Before talking to a person, I was prompted to enter my username and password on the numeric keypad: 2 for abc, 3 for def, ... (Their passwords are limited to letters and numbers) It occurred to me that doing this severe...
Because of the eBay hacking, I had to go and look for other accounts that I have used the same password to change the passwords on those site as well. (I know that it's very bad to have same passwords across multiple sites to begin with....but it was already done) I unfortunately don't know if I was able to find all th...
Why does Firefox not display the SSL logo when viewing secure sites, i.e. sites with HTTPS? It used to display at the bottom of the browser window previously but I just noticed that that bottom toolbar is not longer displayed. When I try to find the option to turn it on in Firefox, there is no such option.
Ok I am currently storing the passwords in most secure way I could think of. With use of Encryption and Hash. The passwords are first generated by user as plain-text with minimum length of 6 alpha-numeric characters up-to 24 char alpha-numeric. After the passwords plain-text value are ran against MCRYPT. Primarily the ...
I'm someone who's distant, industry-wise, from technology. I'm actually in the medical field. That said, I'm very interested in technology and specifically in information security. I'd like to make a roadmap to be a professional Pentester and may eventually switch careers (I'm 20, so that wouldn't be life changing per ...
Is there anywhere I can download a list of checksums for microsoft-published OS executable files, preferably grouped by release name? I could do the same by decompressing files on a windows setup CD, and checksumming them, and then doing the same thing to all installed updates via WSUS and some scripting, but this seem...
I know that it's possible to decrypt a sniffed SSL session even when some packets were lost during the capture. I run some tests with wireshark and I saw that it's still able to decrypt part of the session. I'd like to understand better how this works. My guess is that each SSL record is encrypted separately, therefore...
When you are connected to another computer over SSH, is all data transferred between the two computers encrypted? Or is any data sent in plaintext or any other "easy to intercept" format?
Our small comapny wants to launch a paid service, hosted on the outsourced VPS server. The obvious risk is that the machine is physically not in our office and that possibly the database could be accessed by the stuff of the host. Are there any obvious security problems with VPS that I should consider? Second question ...
I want to add security to the system login. So here's my idea: If a user tries to login with a valid username but invalid password, then count it as a failed login attempt and store it in the users database for that specific user. After X failed login attempts for that user, take some specific action (eg. display captc...
The system for the internet and the way people can abuse it is getting worse and worse. I am having several issues with people abusing the information within my WHOIS, which if I remember is protected by international laws, or at least should be. Thanks to an email and what I was taught when it comes to doing business ...
I read every where that drive by download attack consists in downloading malware to the victim's PC and execute it without the victim's permission. My question: does this "download" term include downloading any given file (virus.exe, worm.js ...) ? Or does it consists only in a something like malicious JavaScript attac...
As someone who usually works with people in other countries it has always been a problem to send login information to each-other. For development login details like debug databases etc sure I can send them over in clear text email or something but when it comes to actual production information such as SSH keys how do...
If a narrow, trusted channel is needed (for example, there is an usb key to take data between the machines), it is okay. Although SSH will throw a big error if it tries to connect to a server pretending to be another one (RSA fingerprint wont match), it can't happen if the servers don't know eachother (also they don't ...
Currently, I have two years of experience in the field of IT and IT security. The type of work isn't what I expected when I was a student. Since then, I've asked people who work in this field, who suggested me to get certified. So, I started preparing for the CompTIA Security+ certification (I need to refresh my basic ...
How does forensic software detect deleted files? When a file is deleted, the pointer from MFT in NTFS system is deleted and the file is no longer accessible from the OS. If our disk is fragmented how can software like Autopsy or Recuva detect where each fragment from a single file is located and how can the software or...
I've read some interesting Bluetooth vulnerability questions, but I didn't notice one recently. Bluetooth has long been disabled in our organization, and I'm looking to enabling it because of repeated help desk calls regarding peripheral support. I'm curious on the following: The sole intention is to pair Windows 7 la...
According to Wikipedia, the NX bit is set for all x64 binaries: OS X for Intel supports the NX bit on all CPUs supported by Apple (from 10.4.4 – the first Intel release – onwards). Mac OS X 10.4 only supported NX stack protection. In Mac OS X 10.5, all 64-bit executables have NX stack and heap; W^X protection. T...
I am a computer science student interested in the field of security and just had a few questions. What are the pros and cons for using C# for security purposes, I had assumed applications programmed in C# would be more prone to hacking etc. than C++ due to it being a higher level language and therefore being less "powe...
After reading this article ("Everything is broken" by Quinn Norton) I was about to ask a question similar to this one (Why are security-crucial software written in unsafe languages?)... but actually I am more interested in counter-examples — where the security-crucial software is written in safe languages and does not ...
I have a php and nodejs server. User logs in on the php backend, and, when entering nodejs, the php SID cookie is being passed through a websocket. I further take the session ID, find the session file in php's directory and deserialize it, where I can access data. Is that safe? The websocket does not use a TLS connecti...
There is a service called ProtonMail. It encrypts email on the client side, stores encrypted message on their servers, and then the recipient decrypts it, also on the client side and the system "doesn't store keys". My question is this: How does the decryption work? I'm a bit confused. Do I have to send my decryption k...
In this article from Privacy International, it indicates that when GCHQ undertook the task of destroying sensitive data on system belonging to the Guardian newspaper, in addition to the Storage media, they destroyed certain chips within the devices, amongst others chips relating to control of the Touchpad and keyboard....
We have a server that provides RESTful services to our application server. It runs on Amazon Elastic Beanstalk and mapped with a domain name and SSL certificate registered at GoDaddy. It ran perfectly fine in the last few years. In March, we renewed our SSL certificate and updated it for all the servers we have. A few ...
I am looking at a choice for consuming a rest service from a word document. As far as I can tell there are 2 choices. Using a .net apps as listed here: http://msdn.microsoft.com/en-us/library/office/jj229830(v=office.15).aspx where the code would be compiled. or using VBA/Macro as listed here: https://stackoverflow.c...
Suppose we have a master key, and we want to encrypt some file(s). We then generate one-time key for that file, use it to encrypt file contents, and finally encrypt one-time key using master key (with IV, padding and so on). Fairly common scheme, isn't it? So, we now want to generate one-time key and store it somewhere...
I had turned ssh on a while ago to do some remote work. I was just looking over some netstat info when I noticed someone had established an ssh session with me D: I turned ssh off immediately and looked up the address. Netstat said the ssh session was "established". I'm assuming that means they know my password, and I'...
I'm working on authentication for my JSON-RPC API and my current working strategy is using signed requests sent via POST over SSL. I'm wondering if anyone can see any vulnerabilities that I haven't taken into consideration with the following signature method. All communication between the client and the server is done ...
Is it possible for a Mumble server operator to monitor or record users' conversations? Or are Mumble conversations encrypted end-to-end?
When I download a copy of a vulnerable program and try to exploit it by buffer overflow (any internal function calling as a payload), it works. However, when I made a same type of vulnerable program in C I am not able to exploit it and I have no idea what's going wrong. Checking on gdb I figure out that I am able to ov...
As I know, most hacker can crypt the virus to bypass all antivirus. Even famous antivirus like kaspersky and avast doesn't know it. So, is there a good way to find out the FUD virus and protect from it.
I need to find a XSS and propose a solution in the following code: <form action="#" method="post"> <input type="hidden" name="id" value="<?=$id?>"><br> <textarea name="body"><?=$text?></textarea><br> <input type="submit" value="Send"><br> </form><br> This is part of a message board. The submit will store the message i...
Had a chat recently with PCI compliance specialist and got to realize there is a way to steal raw data from Apache / Nginx memory e.g. credit cards. It's called "harvesting" and becomes pretty common. Let's say somebody hacked in through a file upload functionality and gained access. What would be the way to detect it ...
I'm doing a study on Memory Corruption. I need to compile a list of all the exploitable memory corruption issues that have been recognized till date and provide a sample vulnerable code for it. I need help from the community. I tried searching but was unable to find any such list. Things that I have compiled Stack Ove...
Is it possible to be recorded via our camera/micro via web browser without asking our permission ?
At the time the Cloudflare blog post “ECDSA: The digital signature algorithm of a better internet” was authored, Cloudflare was apparently one of "fewer than fifty" users of ECDSA certificates on the web. It seems they have since stopped (via ssllabs.com test). I briefly surveyed several other major web properties usin...
Are there any algorithms/modes that work particularly well for shorter messages? (hundreds of bytes at most, usually < 100 bytes). I am looking at it from both security and performance point of view. I imagine padding a short message to block size isn't good for performance, and seem to recall there being crypto probl...
I'm looking for a Windows utility that can list all drivers, driver-filters, services, sniffers and other information for a selected USB port. I want to check if my "USB connection" is confidential.
From the security perspective (and not usability as it's discussed here https://stackoverflow.com/questions/3648430/is-it-a-bad-idea-to-escape-html-before-inserting-into-a-database-instead-of-upon), why is it a bad idea to escape HTML before escaping SQL?
In Germany everyone is worried about a prominent political party that exposes their wp-config to the public: https://www.a***********r.de/wp-config.php How much of a security risk is that? The db, for example, is only reachable from a local ip. What information can an attacker actually use and how high is the risk? Con...
As mentioned in this particular answer, compressing data before encryption may lead to the CRIME attack, especially if the hacker has collected many similar versions of the transmitted data. Let's use the following example for this particular security case: Bob is using an encrypted personal diary program which is sto...
Imagine I have a file encrypted using AES CBC mode with a key and a random IV. The attacker access to the encrypted text and the IV used but not the key. In this scenario there is no vulnerability since the IV is random. Now lets assume the attacker gets information about the plaintext used. The plaintext is a survey ...
I'm wondering if there is an easy way to establish VPN tunnels through other VPN tunnels to get onion routing like properties (sender anonymity). Since VPN builds a tunnel, it should be easy to set up another tunnel in this tunnel to another VPN endpoint, but I have found no documentation on such a setup. It would be i...
I see a lot of similar question but my is different. I had done a lot of challenges like Kioptrix and De-ice. But I'm not sure that this is real life pen testing. I mean this is so simple only nmap and metasploit (and some web app hacking). So is there something closer to real life penetration testing?
Car manufactures like BMW, Audi or Mercedes-Benz all provide mobile applications to control your car. All apps share really critical functions like remote lock/unlock or the ability to find your car based on current GPS location. Can somebody provide any additional information how this kind of communication is secured?...
i am new to buffer overflow and learning from securitytube.net website but in 7th video i got stucked Buffer Overflow Primer Part 7 (Exploiting A Program Demo) In this when the value of egg is passed through the vulnerable program on one point 80 bytes are loaded on the stack but mine computer is loading 88 bytes due t...
I'm a firm proponent of using a password manager like Keepass to generate and store secure passwords. I also encourage others to do the same. But there's always one person who says they'll never use it because it keeps all their passwords in one place, so if an attacker breaks into their Keepass database, they will the...
Would chip-and-PIN have prevented the Target breach? As we all know, Target was breached and the hackers stole lots of credit card numbers. Target is now advocating for chip-and-PIN, as a way to provide better security for credit cards. This makes me wonder. If chip-and-PIN had been in place, would it have prevented...
Most Linux distributions now use ASLR for many programs, to randomize the layout of memory. How often is the randomness used for this changed? If I re-run the same program multiple times, will it receive the same layout each time, or will it differ every time? Is fresh randomness generated each time the program is ru...
Many sites that support multi-factor authentication provide a "do not ask me again for this computer" option. I'm hoping to gain some insight into how this feature could best be implemented. My initial assumption would be that it is implemented using an (ip-locked?) cookie on the users system. This would however seem t...
This is a situation that I have encountered on a number of occasions. I will conduct a web search in Google, a link to a file (.pdf for example) will take you to that file on the server. It opens up in your browser, you can save the file. But when you backtrack through the URL to find out more about the website that h...
The following image attempts to explain the diffie-hellman key exchange for people not strong in maths such as myself: I do understand how the colour/paint example illustrates the idea. But I'm a bit confused about how it maps to the use of very large numbers as is the case with the real protocol. In particular the la...
In reading Glenn Greenwald's 2014 book No place to hide, one thing stood out to me as a bit odd. Greenwald details how Edward Snowden was insistent that Greenwald install PGP in order to communicate securely, but Snowden then later (before PGP encrypted communications is available) agrees to talk over OTR-encrypted IM ...
According to https://security.stackexchange.com/a/2531/5002 TLS-SRP allows one to authenticate a client or server without third-party certificates because it uses a shared secret. If you're going to require the parties have a shared secret, how is this any better than agreeing on a pair of signed certificates ahead of ...
Everytime I visit Gmail, Facebook, YouTube, or Yahoo mail, I get a popup "Please update Internet Explorer" (while I'm using Chrome!). I don't have screenshots but this website describes the problem. I followed all steps but it had no impact. I also ran a few virus scans using Kaspersky, then uninstalled Chrome and Fire...
Two days ago I asked that question: Are web browser able to use camera without permission? and I got an answer saying : "there have been multiple vulnerabilities in Flash, Chrome and even Facebook" Is there a process to validate that a software developed by a company is safe ? I mean, is it really impossible to prove t...
I am looking for a free open source solution that is able to capture and decrypt SSH traffic given the fact that I can provide the server's RSA private key (something like SSH CryptoAuditor). Please advise.
i am trying to exploit a buffer overflow vulnerability in ubuntu (kernel version 3.0.0-12 generic i686) by using the method return to libc and the stack is not exploiting ? By while exploiting i figured out that the address of system call and exit call is of size 3 byte due to which i think i am not able to exploit the...
From what I understand in PHP '/etc/passwd/' or '/etc/passwd/./././' should be treated just the same as '/etc/passwd' I am using PHP 5.4 and this does not seem to be true: php -r "include('/etc/passwd'); " works fine but php -r "include('/etc/passwd/'); " Warning: include(/etc/passwd/): failed to open stream: No su...
I see a lot of websites (including Stackoverflow) using this authentication mechanism: Client authenticates under HTTPS and gets back a session id. Client drops back to HTTP and accesses secure pages using HTTP, passing the session id to prove that authentication took place. What's the point of using HTTPS to protect...
I'm building an image with openwrt sdk and i want to secure my image (by encrypting filesystem for example).. How can i do that to prevent anyone from seeing my sscripts or programs running ?
Assume a simple struct: struct test { char variable[4]; char variable2; } If I write something like variable[4] = '\0' there is a buffer overflow which modifies variable2. Does ASLR prevent this buffer overflow?
When storing user's passwords that you need to verify against (but not use as plaintext) the current state of the art is: Hash the password Use a salt Use a slow hash function - bcrypt, scrypt, etc. This provides the best possible protection against an attacker who has stolen the password database. It does not solve ...
I want to share a "honeypot" folder on a Windows 7 machine connected to a router. The only shared folder in the local workgroup connected to this router is the honeypot folder, which allows unrestricted access to anyone on the local network. I want to then allow anybody in range to connect to the router via unsecured...
I am writing an OpenSSL SSL enabled client application which connects to a Google server. I have the SSL working and I can monitor the traffic and see that it is definitely encrypted. I am using OpenSSL API function SSL_CTX_load_verify_locations to load a .pem file containing public root certificates to verify that t...
In the process of designing a web app that handles public/private key pairs - a Bitcoin web app, specifically - I've had a lot of thought on how to securely handle the storage of the private key, since, using a banking analogy, if someone has access to a user's Bitcoin private key, they have access to all of that user'...
I'd like to change the CSR before it is transferred to the CA without going through the CSR creation process again. To do that I need to know how to calculate the signature of the CSR after I modified it. Unfortunately I couldn't find out exactly how many bytes of the CSR are hashed. I created the CSR like this: openss...
I've got some practical questions about SRP when the shared secret must be established online. Is there a way to establish the shared secret online without the use of HTTPS? If you've already used HTTPS to establish the shared secret, why bother with TLS-SRP at all? Meaning, what's the advantage of switching to TLS-SR...
What is blind SQL injection, and how does it differ from normal SQL injection? How can I simulate an issue of blind injection?
I'm looking at whats nessecary to create a small accounts server for a video game I'm programming in my spare time. User privacy is a very important topic for me, and I don't want to keep anything about my users that isn't really needed to provide the service I'm offering. I don't feel I have the right require that inf...
So, I've come across a couple of devices that are using default writable community names for SNMP such as 'private' (on windows machines) and 'Secret c0de' (on Brocade switches). I'm aware of the implications in terms of using SNMP for recon, and i'm aware of the attacks against Cisco devices to both reset the device p...
I just asked myself that when you have bitcoin network, which is as we know "pseudo" anonym. Because of the transaction logs of the network (which are afaik endless), it seems that transactions are traceable. But my question is how traceable am i when i am using a bitcoin client with something like tor or other network...
My current situation is: Site 2 can connect to site 1 via VPN. I'm on site 3. IT at site 1 doesn't allow creating a new VPN to site 1. I'm thinking of using a Remote Desktop via VPN from site 3 to site 2, and the remote PC (in site 2) will connect to site 1. My questions are: Is this possible? What kind of configura...
I'm migrating users from custom application-level authentication security (built into the app, using username as the unique identifier) to security as a service (using ThinkTecture's Identity Server and MembershipReboot). A substantial number of existing users have non-unique or null email addresses. These will all be ...
Based on my understanding, avoiding the use of cookies as an authentication mechanism prevents CSRF vulnerabilities entirely (namely token based authentication in an SPA), when authenticated. Does this also render CSRF checks on the login page / API endpoint itself unnecessary? As far as I can see, even though we could...
Today, I received a mail from fb saying that two of my friends have mentioned me in a comment. When I opened fb to see that comment, it was filled with random names (which obviously were their friends/friend-of-friends) and mine was one of them. And the topic of the comment was an advertisement proclaiming a hack to re...
I am putting together a presentation comparing CDN services that also provide DDoS protection. I have to do a really good job on this and I'm not a security expert. For lack of direction, I've copied most of these from a comparison article and could use a little feedback. I don't want a recommendation for a specific se...
In our app (PHP, MySQL) we allow users to create templates which are stored in their own subdirectory (which is named by the template name). Someone suggested to use standard file name sanitization but I am not too comfortable to allow user to name their template 'mytemplate.php' IS allowing extensions on directory nam...

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