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Avogadro constant, CODATA recommended values $$\begin{array}{|c|c|l|}\hline Year(s) & page & value \\ \hline 1969 & 50(footnote) & 6.022\,52(7)\times 10^{23}\\ \hline 1973 & 25 (17.3) & 6.022\,176(97) \times 10^{23} \\ \hline 1986 & 6 & 6.022\,136\,7(36) \times 10^{23}\\ \hline 1998 & 6 & 6.022\,141\,99(47)\ti...
$\underline{\text{Consider the following question:}}$ [![enter image description here][1]][1] The first difference I noticed in these compounds was the large number of oxygen atoms in (IV). This definitely means that there is a larger number of lone pairs as well in this compound. So the obvious conclusion is tha...
$\underline{\text{Consider the following question:}}$ [![enter image description here][1]][1] The first difference I noticed in these compounds was the large number of oxygen atoms in (IV). This definitely means that there is a larger number of lone pairs in this compound. So the obvious conclusion is that compou...
Avogadro constant, [CODATA recommended values](https://physics.nist.gov/cuu/Constants/index.html) $$\begin{array}{|c|c|l|}\hline Year(s) & page & value \\ \hline 1969 & 50(footnote) & 6.022\,52(7)\times 10^{23}\\ \hline 1973 & 25 (17.3) & 6.022\,176(97) \times 10^{23} \\ \hline 1986 & 6 & 6.022\,136\,7(36) \time...
Certain sun glasses having small crystals of AgCl incorporated in the lenses, on exposure to light of appropriate wavelength turns to grey colour to reduce the glare following the reaction: AgCl → hv (Grey) Ag+Cl If the heat of reaction for the decomposition of AgCl is 248kJ/mol , what maximum wavelength is ...
> I have read some answers on web which says that it is due to the insufficient supply of oxygen, so I tried burning candle beside LPG ( so there is no difference in supply of oxygen for both candle and LPG ) , but still candle gives a yellow flame. Why? You cannot conduct this experiment by yourself without using a...
>**Does electron mass decrease when it changes its orbit?** Essentially yes. If you add the mass of a free proton and a free electron you'll get a greater mass than that of a hydrogen atom. The mass difference will be equivalent to 13.6 eV which is the ionization energy of hydrogen. Now for any "practical" chemi...
Which is the correct name, (1) or (2), for the following cation? [![enter image description here][1]][1] [1]: https://i.stack.imgur.com/oH7p5.png
# No ### Brønsted theory In Brønsted theory $\ce{H+}$ **isn't an acid** at all. Acids lose protons, becoming conjugate bases, and $\ce{H+}$ is the proton itself. ### Arrhenius theory $\ce{H+}$ **isn't an acid**, because in this theory acids dissociate in water to form hydrogen ions. ### Lewis theory ...
In [Rennie et al., *J. Phys. Chem. Lett.,* **2013**][1], the following cation and anion structures are given in Figure 1. Figure 1(f) is captioned as butyltrimethylphosphonium, which seems to match the given structure. ***However***, in the caption, the abbreviation $\text{P}_{2225}$ is given, which seems strange: ...
Please note that this is not fundamentally a Biology question. It relates to the properties of molecules containing Carbon and Nitrogen. Carbon atoms are everywhere in living systems from sugars to proteins etc. Carbon-14 is present in living systems in a certain percentage compared to Carbon-12. This Carbon-1...
Does the decay of Carbon-14 effect health in biological systems?
All real solid materials are in certain way viscoelastic, because an ideal fully elastic material doesn't exist as well as a fully viscous solid material. According to rheologic models it is possible to define approximately the deformation od the material under stress. I was searching information, but I don't know yet...
What is the viscous component in materials?
All real solid materials are in certain way viscoelastic, because an ideal fully elastic material doesn't exist as well as a fully viscous solid material. According to rheologic models it is possible to define approximately the deformation od the material under stress. I was searching information, but I don't know yet...
All real solid materials are in certain way viscoelastic, because an ideal fully elastic material doesn't exist as well as a fully viscous solid material. According to rheologic models it is possible to define approximately the deformation of the material under stress. I was searching information, but I don't know yet...
Avogadro constant in the "CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics" | Edition | Years(s) | page | value | |---------|-----------|-------|------------------------------------| | 56 | 1975-1976 | | 6.022 045(31) x 10<sup>23</sup> | | 57 | 1976-1977 | F-242 | 6.022 045(...
Avogadro constant, [CODATA recommended values](https://physics.nist.gov/cuu/Constants/index.html) | Year(s) | page | value | |---------|---------------|--------------------------------------| | 1969 | 50 (footnote) | 6.022 52(7) x 10<sup>23</sup> | | 1973 | 25 ...
Avogadro constant, [CODATA recommended values](https://physics.nist.gov/cuu/Constants/index.html) | Year(s) | page | value | |---------|---------------|--------------------------------------| | [1969](https://physics.nist.gov/cuu/pdf/1969RMP.pdf#page=50) | 50 (footnote) |...
>*I mean take a glucose molecule C6H12O6, suddenly one of the Carbon atoms randomly decays to a Nitrogen atom. Does this molecule continue to function as a glucose molecule ? This question extends to every molecule in the body that contains Carbon atoms.* To answer this part of the question, obviously a glucose mole...
As pointed out in [this answer](https://space.stackexchange.com/q/29513/12102), on page 4 of NASA Technical Note TND-1366 [The Orbital Behavior of the Echo I Satellite and its Rocket Casing During the First 500 Days](https://ntrs.nasa.gov/archive/nasa/casi.ntrs.nasa.gov/19620003290.pdf) (June, 1962) says: >PHYSICAL...
What gas was produced in this orbiting space-balloon from 33 pounds of benzoic acid and anthraquinone? Why these two chemicals?
The test used to detect carboxylic acid is called **neutral $\ce{FeCl3}$ test**. It is called neutral because the pH value should be maintained at 7. This is achieved by adding very dilute ammonia solution drop by drop while shaking the solution. If the characteristic odor of ammonia becomes predominant, the solution h...
What are the specific conditions for a compound to have in order to show positive $\ce{FeCl3}$ test? I got this doubt, when I took 2 different test papers having different key for $\ce{HCOOH}$ and $\ce{CH3COOH}$. I never found anywhere, except for the classical example of $\ce{-OH}$ group attached to $\ce{sp^2}$ carbon...
What is the viscous component in viscoelastic materials?
In the book, it is mentioned the formula for $\Delta U$ in a bomb calorimeter without any calculation: > $$\Delta U = q_v = \frac{Q\times M\times \Delta T}{m}$$ where $$Q=\textrm{heat capacity of calorimeter,}$$ $$M=\textrm{molecular mass of sample,}$$ $$m=\textrm{mass of sample used, and}$$ $$\Delta T=\textrm{ch...
In the book, it is mentioned the formula for $\Delta U$ in a bomb calorimeter without any calculation: > $$\Delta U = q_v = \frac{Q\times M\times \Delta T}{m}$$ where $$Q=\textrm{heat capacity of calorimeter,}$$ $$M=\textrm{molecular mass of sample,}$$ $$m=\textrm{mass of sample used, and}$$ $$\Delta T=\textrm{ch...
I was recently solving problems related to Alcohol. [![enter image description here][1]][1] and its solution is [![enter image description here][2]][2] [1]: https://i.stack.imgur.com/BBGPf.png [2]: https://i.stack.imgur.com/a5JT5.png My doubt is why methanol act as a nucleophile here and when ...
When does Alcohol act as Solvent and as a Nucleophile?
I have a lighter at home which everytime I use it, generates little spikes (see picture below) which eventually disappear. <br> The Spikes are **not** an effect generated by the camera. I can confirm that since I made the picture. <br> Essentially this means the flame does not have a nice uniform flame shape, but is ...
Why does this flame from a lighter has spikes?
> [Evaporation](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evaporation): Evaporation > is a type of vaporization that occurs on the surface of a liquid as it > changes into the gas phase. When a molecule near the surface absorbs > enough energy to overcome the vapour pressure, it will escape and > enter the surrounding air as a...
> The amount of heat required to vapourize one mole of a liquid at > constant temperature and under standard pressure (1 bar) is called its > standard enthalpy of vapourization. > > The enthalpy of vaporization is often quoted for the normal boiling > temperature of the substance. Suppose, some amount of water...
I am a high school student and I am very confused in how we define osmotic pressure? Osmotic pressure is defined as the pressure required to stop the diffusion of solvent into a solution by applying external pressure over solution, which means that when the pure solvent is diffusing into the solution then it will apply...
Avogadro constant in the "CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics" | Edition | Years(s) | page | value | |---------|-----------|-------|------------------------------------| | 56 | 1975-1976 | | 6.022 045(31) x 10<sup>23</sup> | | 57 | 1976-1977 | F-242 | 6.022 045(...
In the book, it is mentioned the formula for $\Delta U$ in a bomb calorimeter without any derivation: > $$\Delta U = q_v = \frac{Q\times M\times \Delta T}{m}$$ where $$Q=\textrm{heat capacity of calorimeter,}$$ $$M=\textrm{molecular mass of sample,}$$ $$m=\textrm{mass of sample used, and}$$ $$\Delta T=\textrm{cha...
Protein dynamics occur in multiple different time scales. I myself is a person using MD simulation for my research. One reason I am not so much interested in ANTON is not it's cost, limited resource etc. It's rather because one extremely long simulation wouldn't help much at least for my research. What governs pro...
Avogadro constant, [CODATA recommended values](https://physics.nist.gov/cuu/Constants/index.html) | Year(s) | page | value | |---------|---------------|--------------------------------------| | [1949](https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=uc1.$b620089&view=1up&seq=2727&q1=A...
Protein dynamics occur in multiple different time scales. I myself is a person using MD simulation for my research. One reason I am not so much interested in ANTON is not it's cost, limited resource etc. It's rather because one extremely long simulation wouldn't help much at least for my research. What governs pro...
Thinking about Friedel-Crafts acylation using carboxylic acid anhydride got me wondering about what exactly happens with aluminium chloride in that reaction. Generally, when acidic chloride is used at least 1 equivalent of aluminium chloride has to be used in Friedel-Crafts acylation due to the fact that aluminium c...
I have a lighter at home which everytime I use it, generates little spikes *(see picture below)* which eventually disappear. <br> The Spikes are **not** an effect generated by the camera. I can confirm that since I made the picture. <br> Essentially this means the flame does not have a nice uniform flame shape, but i...
All real solid materials are in certain way viscoelastic, because an ideal fully elastic material doesn't exist as well as a fully viscous solid material. According to rheologic models it is possible to define approximately the deformation of the material under stress. I was searching information, but I don't know yet...
Which is the parent chain in this structure? and since all have 3 carbons so should any of them be the parent chain, if not .. then which should be and why? is it a rule in IUPAC naming? [![NEOPENTYLCHLORIDE | C5H11Cl | ChemSpider][1]][1] <sub>(source: [chemspider.com](https://www.chemspider.com/ImagesHandle...
Avogadro constant in the "CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics" | Edition | Years(s) | page | value | |---------|-----------|-------|------------------------------------| | 56 | 1975–1976 | | 6.022 045(31) × 10<sup>23</sup> | | 57 | 1976–1977 | F-242 | 6.022 045(...
Avogadro constant, [CODATA recommended values](https://physics.nist.gov/cuu/Constants/index.html) | Year(s) | page | value | |---------|---------------|--------------------------------------| | [1949](https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=uc1.$b620089&view=1up&seq=2727&q1=A...
I have a lighter at home which everytime I use it, generates little spikes *(see picture below)* which eventually disappear. <br> The Spikes are **not** an effect generated by the camera. I can confirm that since I made the picture. <br> Essentially this means the flame does not have a nice uniform flame shape, but i...
Avogadro constant in the "CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics" | Edition | Years(s) | page | value | CODATA? | |---------|-----------|-------|--------------|-------------------| | 6 [(Link)](https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=uiug.30112063064916&view=1up&seq=291&q1=%22number%20of%20molecules%22...
Avogadro constant in the "CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics" | Edition | Years(s) | page | value | CODATA? | |---------|-----------|-------|--------------|-------------------| | 1< ? <6 [(Link)](https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=hvd.32044019690874&view=1up&seq=127) | 1914 | 123 | 6.42...
Protein dynamics occur in multiple different time scales. I myself is a person using MD simulation for my research. One reason I am not so much interested in ANTON is not it's cost, limited resource etc. It's rather because one extremely long simulation wouldn't help much at least for my research. Protein's thermo...
Avogadro constant in the "CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics" | Edition | Years(s) | page | value | CODATA? | |---------|-----------|-------|--------------|-------------------| | 1< ? <6 [(Link)](https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=hvd.32044019690874&view=1up&seq=127) | 1914 | 123 | 6.42...
Avogadro constant in the "CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics" | Edition | Years(s) | page | value | CODATA? | |---------|-----------|-------|--------------|-------------------| | 1< ? <6 [(Link)](https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=hvd.32044019690874&view=1up&seq=127) | 1914 | 123 | 6.42...
I work in a laboratory where is regulary checking edible oil color by using the instrument of Lovibond Colorometer. Some people suggested me to wash the Quartz Cuvette using soap solution. But I think to wash Quartz Cuvette by using Acetone solution then leave them to dry in air. Do this method is correct?
What's the best way to clean Lovidond tintometer Quartz Cuvette that use for Oil?
I came across aza[9]-annulene, which is given to be aromatic. I can clearly see it follows Huckel's Rule with 8 $\pi$ electrons in the ring and the lone pair of nitrogen. But the thing that concerns me is the planarity of structure. I'm not convinced that this structure is planar with so much angle strain. Can anyone ...
Is this compound planar?
I came across aza[9]-annulene, which is given to be aromatic. I can clearly see it follows Huckel's Rule with 8 $\pi$ electrons in the ring and the lone pair of nitrogen. But the thing that concerns me is the planarity of structure. I'm not convinced that this structure is planar with so much angle strain. ( And thus a...
I came across aza[9]-annulene, which is given to be aromatic. I can clearly see it follows Hückel's rule with 8 π-electrons in the ring and the lone pair of nitrogen. [![azonine][1]][1] But the thing that concerns me is the planarity of structure. I'm not convinced that this structure is planar with so much angle...
Is azonine planar?
I work in a laboratory where we regularly check edible oil color by using a Lovibond colorimeter. Some people suggested me to wash the quartz cuvette using soap solution. But I am thinking about washing the quartz cuvette by using acetone solution and then leave it to dry in air. Is this method correct?
What is the best way to clean Lovibond tintometer quartz cuvette used for oil?
Electrolysis occurs when a non-spontaneous redox reaction occurs when electrical energy is put into it. An electrochemical cell functions by using two redox reactions to facilitate movement of electrons. So for an alkaline battery, the zinc anode will oxidize and release electrons, which will flow through the circuit t...
Electrolysis occurs when a non-spontaneous redox reaction occurs when electrical energy is put into it. An electrochemical cell functions by using two redox reactions to facilitate movement of electrons. So for an alkaline battery, the zinc anode will oxidize and release electrons, which will flow through the circuit t...
The atomic mass unit is $1.6605 \times 10^{-27}$ kg. This is less than the mean of the masses of 6 protons and 6 neutrons. How do we account for the lower mass ? My understanding is that some of the mass is in the form of energy somewhere, in the bonding maybe or in the kinetic energy. Can someone clarify ...
Why is the atomic mass unit less than the mass of both a neutron and a proton?
I am assigned the task of explaining a biomedical research paper, it is about telomere and telomerase , and it talks a lot about the molecule Thio-2-Deoxyguanosine , 13-mer thio-phosphoramidate and " 6-thio-2-deoxyguanosine 5′-triphosphate". I have a good understanding of what the paper is saying , but I would reall...
What is the composition, function, and classification of “6-Thio-2-Deoxyguanosine” and “13-mer thio-phosphoramidate”? How do I learn more about them?
This seemingly trivial question is as follows: Why is the boiling point of 1-butanol ($\ce {117.7 ^\circ C}$) higher than that of 2-butanol ($\ce {99 ^\circ C}$)? The only reason I can think of is that the former molecule has a "straighter" chain than the other and a "straighter" chain has a greater surface area al...
Walking through mountains in northern Portugal I noticed a curious formation of ice cristals whose explanation I was unable to give to my grand children (Photo 1). I searched in the internet but I couldn't find it. On the soil, in the areas covered with raw sand, resultant of erosion of granit, the grains of sand were...
I read that cell constant is measured indirectly using a solution with known conductivity(like KCl). But then how was the conductivity of that solution measured? (Is it by some theoretical consideration or another accurate experiment?)
Avogadro constant in the "CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics" | Edition | Years(s) | page | value | CODATA? | |---------|-----------|-------|--------------|-------------------| | 1< ? <6 [(Link)](https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=hvd.32044019690874&view=1up&seq=127) | 1914 | 123 | 6.42...
We got a question in a test, in which we were asked which system has zero change in internal energy and it had an option which was combustion of methane at constant temperature. I imagined this to be a situation in which the combustion is carried out in a system, where the change in internal energy of system due to hea...
What is change in internal energy of a system in which combustion occurs at constant temperature?
What causes little spikes in a flame?
Avogadro constant, [CODATA recommended values](https://physics.nist.gov/cuu/Constants/index.html) | Year(s) | page | value | |---------|---------------|--------------------------------------| | [1969](https://physics.nist.gov/cuu/pdf/1969RMP.pdf#page=50) | 50 (footnote) |...
Avogadro constant in the "CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics" | Edition | Years(s) | page | value | CODATA? | |---------|-----------|-------|--------------|-------------------| | 1< ? <6 [(Link)](https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=hvd.32044019690874&view=1up&seq=127) | 1914 | 123 | 6.42...
Purpose: -------- On new year's eve, after a splendid red and an assortment of sumptuous repasts, I made a bold remark which, on further consideration, may turn out to be incorrect. Unless! Unless I can concoct an impressive scientific explanation - for which I will need your input Context: -------- - Tempe...
Is the average kinetic energy of evaporating water molecules (at room temperature) equivalent to the average kinetic energy of boiling water?
The [Committee on Data of the International Science Council (CODATA)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Committee_on_Data_for_Science_and_Technology) was established as ICSU Committee on Data for Science and Technology in 1966. Avogadro constant, [CODATA recommended values](https://physics.nist.gov/cuu/Constants/index....
Avogadro constant in the "CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics" | Edition | Years(s) | page | value | CODATA? | |---------|-----------|-------|--------------|-------------------| | 1< ? <6 [(Link)](https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=hvd.32044019690874&view=1up&seq=127) | 1914 | 123 | 6.42...
Suppose we have put some salt in water. My state of knowledge is, that a hydration envelope is formed from the oxygen side of the water molecules on the Na+-Ions and one another from the hydrogen side of the water molecules on the (Cl-)-Ions to drag these out of the crystal. My questions now are: 1. When the hydr...
Suppose we have put some salt in water. My state of knowledge is, that a hydration envelope is formed from the oxygen side of the water molecules on the Na+-Ions and one another from the hydrogen side of the water molecules on the (Cl-)-Ions to drag these out of the crystal. My questions now are: 1. When the hydr...
Thinking about Friedel-Crafts acylation using carboxylic acid anhydride got me wondering about how exactly aluminium chloride **ends up** in that reaction. Generally, despite the fact that Friedel-Crafts alkylation can be carried out using catalytic amounts of aluminium chloride - when chloride of a carboxylic acid ...
There is a very very old "paradoxical" question: "Which came first: the chicken or the egg?" If all chicken eggs come from chickens and all chickens come from eggs, then there is a paradox of causality. Your question, after including the various comments you've added to it, has a similar problem: Is H<sup>+</sup> a...
This seemingly trivial question is as follows: Why is the boiling point of 1-butanol ($\ce {117.7 ^\circ C}$) higher than that of 2-butanol ($\ce {99 ^\circ C}$)? The only reason I can think of is that the former molecule has a "straighter" chain than the other and a "straighter" chain has a greater surface area al...
According to [IUPAC][1] a photochemical reaction is a reaction caused by absorption of light. I still can't understand how we should consider light as a part of a reaction. Is a catalyst or a reactant? In some reactions there is the $hν$ notation above the reaction arrow. For example we may have the following reac...
Is light a reactant in photochemical reactions?
Just curious, would mercury form an amalgam with gold that is already part of an alloy, i.e a gold platinum alloy?
Avogadro constant in the "CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics" | Edition | Years(s) | page | value | CODATA? | |---------|-----------|-------|--------------|-------------------| | 1< ? <6 [(Link)](https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=hvd.32044019690874&view=1up&seq=127) | 1914 | 123 | 6.42...
There are a couple of issues: first, a uniform magnetic field doesn't exert a force on stationary charges and secondly, when the charges are moving the force is at right angles to the magnetic field. There are a few ways to get the charges moving. You could have an electric current flow from the bottom of your figure t...
Don't worry too much about wordings of whether light is a reactant or not. It essentially boils down to semantics. What is a photon anyway? A packet of energy? then what is a packet? Fenyman (Nobel laureate, Physics) wrote a story somewhere that as a newly minted PhD, his father asked him what a spontaneous emission (o...
Purpose: -------- On new year's eve, after a splendid red and an assortment of sumptuous repasts, I made a bold remark which, on further consideration, may turn out to be incorrect. Unless! Unless I can concoct an impressive scientific explanation - for which I will need your input Context: -------- - Tempe...
Avogadro constant in the "CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics" | Edition | Years(s) | page | value | CODATA? | |---------|-----------|-------|--------------|-------------------| | 1< ? <6 [(Link)](https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=hvd.32044019690874&view=1up&seq=127) | 1914 | 123 | 6.42...
> Exactly one of these statements is false. Which one? > > (a) When ammonia dissolves in water, the latter behaves as a Lewis base. > > (b) The conjugate acid of $\ce{H-}$ is $\ce{H2}$. > > (c) Boric acid is a monobasic acid. > > (d) Ammonia behaves as an acid when it reacts with sodium metal to give sodamid...
Isn't water a Lewis base in the ammonia-water reaction?
You seem to be mixing a couple of things. One important clarification regarding > Also, seeing that the MnO2 cathode has a relatively small E$^o$ value, won't it be hard to trigger oxidation of the electrolytic anode? When connected to the electrolytic cell, do the cathode and anode of the electrochemical cell now ...
> Exactly one of these statements is false. Which one? > > (a) When ammonia dissolves in water, the latter behaves as a Lewis base. > (b) The conjugate acid of $\ce{H-}$ is $\ce{H2}.$ > (c) Boric acid is a monobasic acid. > (d) Ammonia behaves as an acid when it reacts with sodium metal to give sodamide an...
Isn't water a Lewis base in the ammonia–water reaction?
o this problem has been bugging me for a long time. According to Wikipedia the compressibility factor Z is defined as the ratio of the volume occupied by a real gas divided by the volume occupied by an ideal gas at the same temperature and pressure. Z=VrealVideal Now the ideal gas equation is PidealVideal=nRT N...
I used to understand this (more molecules ⇒ more degrees of freedom), but do no longer, because the total number of atoms is conserved, so translational d.o.f. should just be turned into internal d.o.f. (at least considering only those reactions in which that is the case, no particle creation or annihilation). E...
Why does entropy increase in reactions that make more molecules?