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I'm learning about ionic bonding and polarizability. Larger anions with higher charge should make more polarized ionic bonds, so why does $WO_3$ have a melting point of ~1473c and $WF_6$ have a melting point of ~17c?
$O^{2-}$ is both larger and has higher charge than $F^{-}$.
Edit: I should add that ionic compou... |
Why does tungsten(VI) oxide have higher melting point than tungsten(VI) fluoride? |
I'm learning about ionic bonding and polarizability. Larger anions with higher charge should make more polarized ionic bonds. $\ce{O^2-}$ is both larger and has higher charge than $\ce{F^-}.$
So, why does $\ce{WO3}$ have a melting point of $\sim\pu{1473 °C}$ and $\ce{WF6}$ have a melting point of $\sim\pu{17 °C}?$ |
I'm learning about ionic bonding and polarizability. Larger anions with higher charge should make more polarized ionic bonds. $\ce{O^2-}$ is both larger and has higher charge than $\ce{F^-}.$
So, why does $\ce{WO3}$ have a melting point of $\sim\pu{1473 °C}$ and $\ce{WF6}$ have a melting point of $\sim\pu{17 °C}?$
... |
I'm trying to run a gas phase cluster calculation in CP2K. I want to create an outside force to force water molecules that are in the simulation within a radius of a central ion. I want to create a spherical cell of a given radius $\lambda$, fix the ion in the center and then run QMMD using the waters.
Does anyone k... |
I'm trying to run a gas phase cluster calculation in CP2K. I want to create an outside force to constrain water molecules that are in the simulation within a radius of a central ion. I want to create a spherical cell of a given radius $\lambda$, fix the ion in the center and then run QMMD with the waters free to do the... |
**Please edit the table to include missing data**
Avogadro constant in the "CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics"
| Edition | Years(s) | page | value | CODATA? |
|---------|-----------|-------|--------------|-------------------|
| 1 [(Link)](https://books.google.com/books?id=07AHIEp6vYQC&printse... |
As the boiling point is a colligative property, one would expect that the boiling point of sugarcane juice should be higher than pure water because Sugarcane juice contains water (75–85%), non-reducing sugars (10–21%), reducing sugars (0.3–3%), organic substances (0.5–1%), inorganic substances (0.2–0.6%) and nitrogen... |
I am trying to design a proper synthesis route for 2‐amino‐3‐(chlorosulfonyl)benzoic acid.
[![enter image description here][1]][1]
I am thinking a good starting material would be toluene or benzene. Here is my proposed route.
[![enter image description here][2]][2]
Is there a better method? Please identi... |
How can I synthesize 2‐amino‐3‐(chlorosulfonyl)benzoic acid from toluene or benzene? |
So, my chemistry teacher gave the class following $P_{external}$ versus $Volume$ diagrams for reversible and irreversible expansion of a gas which are as follows.
[![reversible expansion][1]][1]
(Reversible expansion)
[![irreversible expansion][2]][2]
(Irreversible expansion)
Then he gave us following result... |
We learn that JJ Thomson discovered the electron in 1897. Several years EARLIER in 1886, Eugen Goldstein performs the same experiment but with the anode and cathode switched to produce positively charged canal rays. My question is, did JJ know about Goldstein’s experiment? I’m surmising he did not, as it wouldn’t have ... |
Did JJ Thomson know about Eugen Goldstein’s experiment discovering canal rays? |
> Certain sunglasses have small crystals of $\ce{AgCl}$ incorporated into the lenses, on exposure to light of appropriate wavelength produces a grey colour to reduce the glare following the reaction:
$$\ce{
\underset{(colourless)}{AgCl}
->[h\nu]
\underset{(grey)}{Ag} + Cl
}$$
If the heat of reaction for ... |
> A $\pu{25.95 g}$ sample of methanol at $\pu{35.6 ^\circ C}$ is added to a $\pu{38.65 g}$ sample of ethanol at $\pu{24.7 ^\circ C}$ in a constant pressure calorimeter. If the final temperature of the combined liquids is $\pu{28.5 ^\circ C}$ and heat capacity of the calorimeter is $\pu{19.3 J/^\circ C}$ determine the s... |
How to determine the specific heat of methanol from calorimeter data? |
You should have included the heat capacitance of the calorimeter. Think about it, if the calorimeter was at $\pu{24.7 ^\circ C}$ before the methanol was added and then it rose $\pu{3.8 ^\circ C}$ along with the liquids, where did the energy come from to increase its temperature? Since you know that the heat capacitance... |
I am not a chemist, but I will be explaining chemistry to some third-graders. I want to give the example of how different things can be made of the same parts, but arranged differently. My "real world" example is a car and a motorcycle. The car has an engine and four wheels, but we can create a different vehicle with a... |
What are two elements that make XY2 and XY4 molecules? |
How about sulfur and oxygen?
$\ce{SO2}$ is an invisible gas that smells terrible. $\ce{SO4^2-}$ is an anion - it has extra two electrons that it must bond with something. That something can be hydrogen in the example of sulfuric acid, or with all kinds of metals. A favourite example of mine is celestine, $\ce{SrSO4}... |
some txt books write the electron configuration for platinum pt as : [Xe] 4f14 5d9 6s1
and some write it by [Xe] 4f14 5d8 6s2 what is the right one ?
the Quantum numbers for the last electron its will have different values if its d9 or d8
i hope some one can help me with Authorized source
|
what is the electron configuration for platinum? |
Some textbooks write the electron configuration for platinum (Pt) as $\ce{[Xe] 4f^14 5d^9 6s^1}$. However, some also write it as $\ce{[Xe] 4f^14 5d^8 6s^2}$. Which is correct?
I hope someone can help me with an authoritative source.
|
What is the electron configuration of platinum? |
The [NIST Atomic Spectra Database](https://physics.nist.gov/cgi-bin/ASD/ie.pl?spectra=Pt&units=1&at_num_out=on&el_name_out=on&seq_out=on&shells_out=on&level_out=on&e_out=0&unc_out=on&biblio=on),<sup>[1]</sup> which is as authoritative as it gets, shows that $\ce{5d^9 6s^1}$ is the correct ground-state electronic config... |
I am trying to design a proper synthesis route for 2‐amino‐3‐(chlorosulfonyl)benzoic acid, though methyl 2‐amino‐3‐(chlorosulfonyl)benzoate—using an ester group in lieu of a carboxylic acid—would also be acceptable.
[![enter image description here][1]][1]
I am thinking a good starting material would be toluene... |
I am a high school student and I am a little confused in a topic, My confusion is that:
We know alkali metals and their salts imparts characteristic color in oxidizing flame, for example: Lithium gives crimson red color, sodium gives yellow , potassium gives violet and Caesium gives blue, My school textbook says tha... |
why do we see characteristic colors of alkali metals in oxidizing flame? |
I am trying to design a proper synthesis route for 2‐amino‐3‐(chlorosulfonyl)benzoic acid, though methyl 2‐amino‐3‐(chlorosulfonyl)benzoate—using an ester group in lieu of a carboxylic acid—would also be acceptable.
[![enter image description here][1]][1]
I am thinking a good starting material would be toluene o... |
I am trying to design a proper synthesis route for 2‐amino‐3‐(chlorosulfonyl)benzoic acid, though methyl 2‐amino‐3‐(chlorosulfonyl)benzoate—using an ester group in lieu of a carboxylic acid—would also be acceptable.
[![enter image description here][1]][1]
I am thinking a good starting material would be toluene o... |
I am not a chemist, but I will be explaining chemistry to some third-graders. I want to give the example of how different things can be made of the same parts, but arranged differently. My "real world" example is a car and a motorcycle. The car has an engine and four wheels, but we can create a different vehicle with a... |
Does there exist a molecule of formule XαYβ where X and Y are elements that are also found in molecule XγYδ? |
I have some sets made by well-known Danish plastic toy manufacturer from my childhood which I've been reviewing recently. Most of the elements was in a condition I was expecting (some yellowing, a little bit damage), but not with the smaller tyres. Originally, I found them quite oily/greasy by touch with some even leav... |
By definition neoalkanes have two-times branching of methylgroup at second last carbon.
But in no book which I could find, it is not alternatively named as neo-butyl.
Is the definition right, or am I missing something? |
>[![enter image description here][1]][1] [![enter image description here][2]][2]
>
>Compare the basic strengths of above two compounds.
In the first compound (I don't know it's name), the lone pair of one N will participate in resonance but the lone pair of other N will not, similarly in pyridine, lone pair will n... |
>[![enter image description here][1]][1] [![enter image description here][2]][2]
>
>Compare the basic strengths of above two compounds.
In the first compound (1,2-dihydropyrazine), the lone pair of one N will participate in resonance but the lone pair of other N will not, similarly in pyridine, lone pair will not ... |
I am not a chemist, but I will be explaining chemistry to some third-graders. I want to give the example of how different things can be made of the same parts, but arranged differently. My "real world" example is a car and a motorcycle. The car has an engine and four wheels, but we can create a different vehicle with a... |
For a first-order phase transition such as water to steam , we write Clausius-Cleypron equation as:
$\frac{dP}{dT}= \frac{L}{T \Delta V}$
Now what I infer from this equation is that if the phase-transition takes place at a lower T (that is boiling point is lower) then the rate on the LHS increases which basicall... |
I can't manage to find any information about the recycling process and the chemistry behind it. The only thing I see everywhere on the internet - is a guide like this:
- Step 1 - Discharge the battery.
- Step 2 - Store at room temperature.
- End of the article.
I have a DELL XPS15 battery, slightly swollen. And... |
How to recycle Lithium-Polymer battery? |
I need to Reduce the Nitrile group (CN) in the (3-cyanophenyl)boronic acid in to a primary amine without disturbing the Boronic acid group.Using LAH can trigger reduction of Boronic group. what are my options?
[![enter image description here][1]][1]
[1]: https://i.stack.imgur.com/g52lh.png |
I need to reduce the Nitrile group without affecting the boronic acid. How to do that? |
For any molecule with open or closed shells considering the electronic state to be the ground state:
1) Is the exact electron density totally symmetric?
2) is the Kohn-Sham electron density totally symmetric?
I refer to "exact" as the density built using the wave function of the molecular Hamiltonian in the Bor... |
are the exact and kohn-sham electron densities totally symmetric? |
For any molecule with open or closed shells considering the electronic state to be the ground state:
1) Is the exact electron density totally symmetric?
2) is the Kohn-Sham electron density totally symmetric?
(spatially upon symmetry operations of the molecular point group).
I refer to "exact" as the density b... |
While solving question on calculating degree of dissociation, I came across this question-"At 627 degrees celsius and 1 ATM so3 is partially dissociated into SO2 and O2 by the reaction' so3 gives SO2 + half O2 'the density of the equilibrium mixture is 0.925 gram per litre what is the degree of dissociation?"
In ... |
While solving question on calculating degree of dissociation, I came across this question:
>At 627 degrees Celsius and 1 atm $\ce{SO_3}$ is partially dissociated into $\ce{SO2}$ and $\ce{O2}$ by the reaction;
>
>$$\ce{SO_3 <=> SO2 + 1/2O2}$$
>
>the density of the equilibrium mixture is 0.925 gram per liter wh... |
I am a high school student and I am a little confused in a topic, My confusion is that:
We know alkali metals and their salts imparts characteristic color in oxidizing flame, for example: Lithium gives crimson red color, sodium gives yellow , potassium gives violet and Caesium gives blue, My school textbook says tha... |
My textbook says "The Oxygen atom of other molecules links to form COORDINATE COVALENT bond with H-atom using lone pair". Now I am confused is H-bonding coordinate covalent bond?
|
Is Hydrogen Bonding coordinate covalent bond? |
My textbook says:
> The Oxygen atom of other molecules links to form **coordinate covalent**
> bond with H-atom using lone pair.
Now I am confused. Is H-bonding coordinate covalent bond?
|
Is "Hydrogen Bonding" coordinate covalent bond? |
I've recently started learning about IR spectroscopy, and a common trend I'm seeing in my textbook and other sources is that *not all the features in the IR spectrum are explained in detail*. The focus is primarily on features whose results are known, and there is quite a bit of backward reasoning in deriving the struc... |
I've recently started learning about IR spectroscopy, and a common trend I'm seeing in my textbook and other sources is that *not all the features in the IR spectrum are explained in detail*. The focus is primarily on features whose results are known, and there is quite a bit of backward reasoning in deriving the struc... |
I have not been able to find any SeO3 2- identification reactions anywhere. Are there any? |
What would be the identification reactions of selenium trioxide ion? |
While solving question on calculating degree of dissociation, I came across this question:
>At 627 degrees Celsius and 1 atm $\ce{SO_3}$ is partially dissociated into $\ce{SO2}$ and $\ce{O2}$ by the reaction;
>
>$$\ce{SO_3 <=> SO2 + 1/2O2}$$
>
>the density of the equilibrium mixture is 0.925 gram per liter wh... |
What would be the identification reactions of selenate ion? |
I have not been able to find any $\ce{SeO3^2-}$ identification reactions anywhere. Are there any? |
What would be the identification reactions of selenate(IV) ion? |
E2 mechanisms are known to be irreversible in general, because the forward step takes 2 species and produces three species, and a trimolecular reverse step is unlikely, purely on entropic grounds. (As mentioned in [this post.][1])
Now does that mean that any reaction that is reversible cannot have an E2 step, on the... |
Consider the following reaction:
[![enter image description here][1]][1]
Our interest is the second step. Notice that after protonation of oxygen, the water molecule attacks in an S$_{\text{N}}2$ fashion.
My question is, why does this reaction follow S$_{\text{N}}2$ mechanism? A protonated oxygen is an excelle... |
I am trying to design a proper synthesis route for 2‐amino‐3‐(chlorosulfonyl)benzoic acid, though methyl 2‐amino‐3‐(chlorosulfonyl)benzoate—using an ester group in lieu of a carboxylic acid—would also be acceptable.
[![enter image description here][1]][1]
I am thinking a good starting material would be toluene o... |
Why do dehydrohalogenation reactions mostly follow the E2 mechanism? Doesn't the base play a role in deciding whether a particular reaction will follow E1 or E2? For eg, a strong base would favor e2 and a weak one would favor E1. In fact, if dehydrohalogenation reactions follow the E1 mech, a carbocation would be forme... |
I don't understand the chemistry here...
Fluorine is a halogen too...
I did read that fluorine in the atmosphere readily forms HF, which is (somewhat) stable and doesn't catalytically break down ozone...
But, shouldn't loose chlorine in the atmosphere form HCl similarly? |
Why doesn't fluorine harm the ozone layer? The way chlorine and bromine do? |
I don't understand the chemistry here: fluorine is a halogen too.
I read that fluorine in the atmosphere readily forms HF, which is (somewhat) stable and doesn't catalytically break down ozone.
But, shouldn't loose chlorine in the atmosphere form HCl similarly? |
Why doesn't fluorine harm the ozone layer the way chlorine and bromine do? |
So while studying about Wolff-Kishner reduction reaction to form alkanes from carbonyl groups. I read that it is not suitable for base sensitive groups as the environment is highly basic and as an example the following reaction was given:
... |
Why are halogens base sensitive groups (Wolff-Kishner Reduction)? |
So while studying about Wolff-Kishner reduction reaction to form alkanes from carbonyl groups. I read that it is not suitable for base sensitive groups as the environment is highly basic and as an example the following reaction was given:
... |
I'm looking for enthalpy of neutralization literature values for inorganic weak acids. NIST, PubChem, etc. don't list them. Is there somewhere else I should look? |
Where can I find literature values for standard molar enthalpies of neutralization? |
If the only criterium for gravimetric analysis of silver is solubility of precipitate - which one of the following two compound are we supossed to choose?
Ks(AgCl) = 1,78 . 10^(-10) and Ks(Ag2CO3) = 8,13 . 10^(-12)
options:
a) AgCl
b) Ag2CO3
c) both of them are suitable
d) none of them
As I learned... |
If the only criterion for gravimetric analysis of silver is solubility of precipitate - which one of the following two compound are we supposed to choose?
Ks(AgCl) = 1,78 . 10^(-10) and Ks(Ag2CO3) = 8,13 . 10^(-12)
options:
a) AgCl
b) Ag2CO3
c) both of them are suitable
d) none of them
As I learned... |
I accidently washed the Fisherbrand weighing paper (cat. 0989812A) with acetal nitrile : water (1:8) to remove some sample. The weighing paper appeared to deform a little bit after the wash. I wonder if ACN:H2O mixture dissolved anything from the paper or the paper deformed just because it absorbed some water? |
Safe to wash weighing paper? |
**Please edit the table to include missing data**
Avogadro constant in the "CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics"
| Edition | Years(s) | page | value | CODATA? |
|---------|-----------|-------|--------------|-------------------|
| 1 [(Link)](https://books.google.com/books?id=07AHIEp6vYQC&printse... |
I accidently washed the Fisherbrand weighing paper (cat. 0989812A) with acetonitrile : water (1:8) to remove some sample. The weighing paper appeared to deform a little bit after the wash. I wonder if ACN:H2O mixture dissolved anything from the paper or the paper deformed just because it absorbed some water? |
>[OP] Is the refractive index the most common method of experimentally measuring the polarizability?
That is hard to say without a systematic search of all the polarizability data. A starting point for such a search might be the [polarizability data provided by NIST][1], which includes references that describe metho... |
>[OP] Is the refractive index the most common method of experimentally measuring the polarizability?
That is hard to say without a systematic search of all the polarizability data. A starting point for such a search might be the [polarizability data provided by NIST][1], which includes references that describe metho... |
Ozone depleting substance(ODS) are gases that take part in ozone depletion process. Most of the ODS are primarily chlorofluorocarbons(CFC) and halons that contain chlorine and bromine atoms that reach the stratosphere and reacts with ozone and lead to ozone depletion. The chemical component responsible for this ozone d... |
**TL;DR:** The mechanism is different for fluorine and chlorine atoms. Fluorine atoms react and forms stable HF molecules while chlorine atoms turns into a radical by the action of UV which helps in the destruction of ozone.
**Long answer:**
Ozone depleting substance(ODS) are gases that take part in ozone depleti... |
**TL;DR:** The mechanism is different for fluorine and chlorine atoms. Fluorine atoms react and forms stable HF molecules while chlorine atoms turns into a radical by the action of UV which helps in the destruction of ozone.
**Long answer:**
Ozone depleting substance(ODS) are gases that take part in ozone depleti... |
> If the only criterion for gravimetric analysis of silver is solubility of precipitate, which one of the following two compound are we supposed to choose? $K_\mathrm{s}(\ce{AgCl}) = \pu{1.78E-10}$ and $K_\mathrm{s}(\ce{Ag2CO3}) = \pu{8.13E-12}.$
>
> a) $\ce{AgCl}$
> b) $\ce{Ag2CO3}$
> c) both of them are suit... |
I have some sets made by well-known Danish plastic toy manufacturer from my childhood which I've been reviewing recently. Most of the elements was in a condition I was expecting (some yellowing, a little bit damage), but not with the smaller tyres. Originally, I found them quite oily/greasy by touch with some even leav... |
**TL;DR:** The mechanism is different for fluorine and chlorine atoms. Fluorine atoms react and forms stable HF molecules while chlorine atoms turns into a radical by the action of UV which helps in the destruction of ozone.
**Long answer:**
Ozone depleting substance(ODS) are gases that take part in ozone depleti... |
### Problem
> [![3‐iodoprop‐1‐ene + HI (excess) + CCl4][1]][1]
### Answer
>! 2-iodopropane
>! [![2-iodopropane][2]][2]
### Question
I thought of Markovnikov's rule and suggested 1,2‐diiodopropane as the the final product:
[![1,2‐diiodopropane][3]][3]
Apparently, this is wrong. I can not figure o... |
The polarizability of molecules determines how a molecule interacts with other molecules ([intermolecular interactions][1] and [chemical reactions][2]), [how it interacts with electromagnetic radiation][3] (optical properties), and [how it interacts with electrical fields][4] (electrical properties). Thus, there are mu... |
I was wondering why FCKWs can destroy the ozone layer.
It seems like these gases have a high molecular weight in comparison to $\ce{N2}$ or $\ce{O2}$.
How can these gasses come up to the outer layer of our atmosphere? In particular, how long (on average) would it take to get to such an altitude (through the diffusio... |
How does Dichlorofluoromethane get into the stratosphere? |
Difference between polarizability and dipole moment? |
The polarizability of molecules determines how a molecule interacts with other molecules ([intermolecular interactions][1] and [chemical reactions][2]), [how it interacts with electromagnetic radiation][3] (optical properties), and [how it interacts with electrical fields][4] (electrical properties). Thus, there are mu... |
The polarizability of molecules determines how a molecule interacts with other molecules ([intermolecular interactions][1] and [chemical reactions][2]), [how it interacts with electromagnetic radiation][3] (optical properties), and [how it interacts with electrical fields][4] (electrical properties). Thus, there are mu... |
Modelling CRISPR/Cas9 binding and cleavage using double-zipper model? |
I'm quite new to the usage of SMART strings. I would like to find all alkyl groups (but no CH3) in a component, here e.g. Cyclohexanol ('C1CCC(CC1)O').
My smart string is: [CX4;H0,H1,H2]
However, this matches every carbon. I would like to write my smart string, so that C:3 is not matched, because it is bound to somet... |
I'm quite new to the usage of [SMARTS](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SMILES_arbitrary_target_specification) strings. I would like to find all alkyl groups (but no $\ce{CH3})$ in a component, here e.g. cyclohexanol (`C1CCC(CC1)O`).
My SMARTS string is: `[CX4;H0,H1,H2]`
However, this matches every carbon. I would l... |
Honey is a complex mixture containing, probably, more than hundred compounds.
I understand that the % of those components will affect the crystallisation.
However, I am wondering what factors may speed up the crystallisation, apart from heat? |
What factors promote honey's crystallisation? |
I'm looking to lubricate some nylon gears in a servo motor, and online sources tell me silicone lubricants are one of the best ways to go.
However, when I opened up the servo, I found that it already has lubrication in place, most probably a mineral oil-based one. It looks dry though, and I'm inclined to re-lubricat... |
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