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I suppose the first question supporting the main question is has tritium water ever been synthesized in sufficient quantity to test chemical properties?
If so, and apart from the obvious radioactive nature of the molecule, and possibly self-heating nature, what unusual properties does tritium water have over simple ... |
Are there any known chemical properties of tritium water that make it unusually different than simple water? |
My textbook says this "Electrostatic forces between two ions decrease by the factor 1/d^2 as their separation distance, "d", increases. But dipole–dipole forces vary as 1/d^4 . Because of the higher power of "d" in the denominator, diminishes with increasing d much more rapidly than does 1/d^2 . As a result, dipole fo... |
Why is there a greater degree of separation in dipole-dipole interaction? |
My textbook says this:
>Electrostatic forces between two ions decrease by the factor $\frac{1}{d^2}$ as their separation distance, $d$, increases. Dipole–dipole forces, however, vary as $\frac{1}{d^4}$. Because of the higher power of $d$ in the denominator, the attractive forces diminish with increasing $d$ much mo... |
A molecule that has hydrogen bonding **usually** follows these two premises.
1.) There is a hydrogen atom involved
2) Hydrogen must be bonded to a highly electronegative element which are nitrogen (N), fluorine(F) and oxygen(O).
Seeing that both oxygen and chlorine have a small difference in their ele... |
Why is HCl not considered to have hydrogen bonding? |
A molecule that has hydrogen bonding **usually** follows these two premises.
1.) There is a hydrogen atom involved
2) Hydrogen must be bonded to a highly electronegative element which are nitrogen (N), fluorine(F) and oxygen(O).
Seeing that both oxygen and chlorine have a small difference in their ele... |
A molecule that has hydrogen bonding **usually** follows these two premises.
1.) There is a hydrogen atom involved
2.) Hydrogen must be bonded to a highly electronegative element which are nitrogen (N), fluorine(F) and oxygen(O).
Seeing that both oxygen and chlorine have a small difference in their ele... |
1) My textbook tells me that chromium's electronic configuration is $\ce{[Ar]}\space 3d^5 4s^1$ instead of $\ce{[Ar]} \space 3d^4 4s^2$, as fully filled and half filled orbitals have more stability. But how does that happen? Why is the fully or half filled orbital more stable?
2) Following this method as we go down ... |
A molecule that has hydrogen bonding **usually** follows these two premises.
>1.) There is a hydrogen atom involved
>2.) Hydrogen must be bonded to a highly electronegative element which are nitrogen ($\ce{N}$), fluorine ($\ce{F}$) and oxygen ($\ce{O}$).
Seeing that both oxygen and chlorine have a small diff... |
In my textbook written that:
>Given that $K_\mathrm{sp}(\ce{Ag2CrO4})=9.0\times 10^{-12}$, consider the solubility of $\ce{Ag2CrO4}$ in a $0.100\:\mathrm{M}$ solution of $\ce{AgNO3}$.
>Initial concentrations (before any $\ce{Ag2CrO4}$ dissolves) are,
$[\ce{Ag+}]_0=0.100\:\mathrm{M}$ (from $\ce{AgNO3})$ and $[\ce... |
Very, very [related][1]. Check it for a more in depth answer.
Well, first-of-all you need to understand that the $\ce{H}$ bonding isn't actually bonding. It is just a covalent attraction. Also since $\ce{Cl}$ is larger than $\ce{N}$, $\ce{F}$ and $\ce{O}$ it does not make a strong $\ce{H}$ bond. **The size of the $\... |
Following a question I have asked previously, what I intend to inquire this time is quite similar as well, except, with a polymer.
So previously I asked whether such monomer PCDO is possible to synthesize.
![Phenyl Carbolithia Divinylene Oxide molecule][1]
That originated from this similar, but different polym... |
I am planning to try copper plating a piece of metal by performing electrolysis on an aqueous solution of copper sulfate. I plan run an electrical current with the metal I want to plate as the cathode and a platinum anode. I understand that the copper ions will become reduced when they plate the metal, but I am curious... |
One example of this is $\ce{HCl}$ and $\ce{KOH}$. Why would the acid not just give the hydrogen ion in $\ce{HCl}$ to form $\ce{Cl-}$ and $\ce{KOH2+}$? |
Why are acids characterized by giving hydrogen and bases characterized by receiving it when acid and base reactions are double displacement reactions? |
Is there any reaction between solid/ liquid elements/compounds at room temperature that produces gases?? |
Can gas get produced at room temperature? |
Yes, $\ce{T2O}$ has been prepared. When relatively pure, the radioactive decay process is so intense that $\ce{T2O}$ will boil.
A significant difference between compounds containing an element bonded to protium or deuterium or tritium is the strength of those 3 bonds. The $\ce{X-H}$ bond will be the weakest and $\... |
I just read Pinacol rearrangement and this was given just after it.The book(Clayden) shows path 1 being taken.My question is why is the second path not taken? I know that migratory aptitude of Ph>H but all we want is stability, so why can't the H migrate?
([the image][1])
[1]: https://i.stack.imgur.com/hfj7D.jpg |
Why is there a greater degree of separation in a dipole-dipole interaction? |
I just read Pinacol rearrangement and this was given just after it. The book (Clayden) shows path 1 being taken.
My question is why is the second path not taken? I know that migratory aptitude of $\ce{Ph>H}$ but all we want is stability, so why can't the $\ce{H}$ migrate?
![enter image description here][1]
... |
I just read about the Pinacol rearrangement and this was given just after it. The book (Clayden) shows path 1 being taken.
My question is why is the second path not taken? I know that migratory aptitude of $\ce{Ph>H}$ but all we want is stability, so why can't the $\ce{H}$ migrate?
![enter image description here... |
i understand the principles of electrolysis of salts in aqueous solutions, but there are two points on which i am unsure. firstly, at the positive electrode, how can you work out which ions will preferentially donate electrons to it? also, if the formation of hydroxide ions and hydrogen gas occurs at the negative elect... |
Following a question I have asked previously, what I intend to inquire this time is quite similar as well, except, with a polymer.
So previously I asked whether such monomer PCDO is possible to synthesize.
![Phenyl Carbolithia Divinylene Oxide molecule][1]
That originated from this similar, but different polym... |
Following a question I have asked previously, what I intend to inquire this time is quite similar as well, except, with a polymer.
So previously I asked whether such monomer PCDO is possible to synthesize.
![Phenyl Carbolithia Divinylene Oxide molecule][1]
That originated from this similar, but different polym... |
I understand the principles of electrolysis of salts in aqueous solutions, but there are two points on which I am unsure. Firstly, at the positive electrode, how can you work out which ions will preferentially donate electrons to it?
Also, if the formation of hydroxide ions and hydrogen gas occurs at the negative e... |
i understand the principles of electrolysis of salts in aqueous solutions, but there are two points on which i am unsure.
- firstly, at the positive electrode, how can you work out which ions will preferentially donate electrons to it?
- also, if the formation of hydroxide ions and hydrogen gas occurs at the n... |
I understand the principles of electrolysis of salts in aqueous solutions, but there are two points on which i am unsure.
- At the positive electrode, how can you work out which ions will preferentially donate electrons?
- If the formation of hydroxide ions and hydrogen gas occurs at the negative electrode, ca... |
>At the positive electrode, how can you work out which ions will preferentially donate electrons?
In an electrolytic cell, the positive electrode is called the anode, and the oxidation half of the reaction occurs here. The oxidation reactions which have less negative standard **oxidation** potential are more likely ... |
Why is CF4 non-polar and CHF3 polar? |
> For the last question, I believe the latter would be true because if
> the anions produced at the negative electrode react with the cations
> that are attracted to the electrode, the cations that are attracted to
> the electrode would not be available to accept electrons and hence the
> current would become incre... |
> For the last question, I believe the latter would be true because if
> the anions produced at the negative electrode react with the cations
> that are attracted to the electrode, the cations that are attracted to
> the electrode would not be available to accept electrons and hence the
> current would become incre... |
> why is the second path not taken?
$\ce{H}$ can migrate, it is just that phenyl migrates better. The reason that phenyl migrates better is because it is much better able to stabilize the **developing** carbocation center. The phenyl group participates by what is termed [neighboring group participation][1] (see th... |
I suppose the first question supporting the main question is, has tritium water ever been synthesized in sufficient quantity to test chemical properties?
If so, and apart from the obvious radioactive nature of the molecule, and possibly self-heating nature, what unusual properties does tritium water have over protiu... |
Are there any known chemical properties of tritium water that make it unusually different from protium water? |
Yes, $\ce{T2O}$ has been prepared and is available in significant quantity. When relatively pure, the energy released by the radioactive decay process is so intense that $\ce{T2O}$ will boil. It must be transported in a shielded, cryogenic dewar.
A significant difference between compounds containing an element bon... |
I just read about the Pinacol rearrangement and the following reaction was presented just after it. The book (Clayden) shows path 1 being taken.
My question is why is the second path not taken? I know that migratory aptitude of $\ce{Ph>H}$ but all we want is stability, so why can't the $\ce{H}$ migrate?
![enter ... |
Vinylic halides do not show nucleophilic substitution at all, because of their stability due to resonance - but elimination to form alkynes is possible. No nucleophile at all can displace the halide ion in a nucleophilic substitution, but a strong base suffices for elimination. Why is this? |
How can one read from the periodic table the number of outer shell electrons that an atom has, to predict how these atoms will make bonds with other atoms? For example to see that Hydrogen (H) has 1 electron free, while Carbon (C) has 4 and Oxygen (O) has 2? This allows us to infer that Carbon can make four bonds with ... |
reading number of outer shell electrons and other properties from periodic table? |
How can one read from the periodic table the number of outer shell electrons that an atom has, to predict how these atoms will make bonds with other atoms? For example to see that hydrogen ($\ce{H}$) has 1 electron free, while carbon ($\ce{C}$) has 4 and oxygen ($\ce{O}$) has 2? This allows us to infer that carbon can ... |
Reading number of outer shell electrons and other properties from periodic table? |
If Omega-3 is a fatty acid with a single double bond at the third carbon atom from the omega end, then why is it regarded as a polyunsaturate and not a monounsaturate? Are there different Omega-3s with more than one double bond?
Thanks.
|
Why is Omega-3 a polyunsaturate and not a monounsaturate? |
![enter image description here][1]
[1]: https://i.stack.imgur.com/GC2P9.jpg
ATTEMPT:- The phMgBr nucleophile attacks on 1,2 position.But why in this case it will attack the 1,4 position? |
I have multiple PDB files containing a single molecules of polysaccharides, with a single chain and a long list of all the atoms -they are not divided by residue.
The PDB files were created from [ChemDraw files](http://lipidbank.jp/cgi-bin/detail.cgi?id=CLS5224) using OpenBabel and Corina applet form molecular-networ... |
Why is Omega-3 a polyunsaturated and not a monounsaturated fatty acid? |
![enter image description here][1]
[1]: https://i.stack.imgur.com/GC2P9.jpg
ATTEMPT: The phMgBr nucleophile attacks on 1,2 position. But why, in this case, will it attack the 1,4 position? |
If Omega-3 is a fatty acid with a single double bond at the third carbon atom from the omega end, then why is it regarded as a polyunsaturate and not a monounsaturate? Are there different Omega-3s with more than one double bond? |
I'm measuring buffer capacity by titrating $\ce{NaOH}$ into a buffer of $\ce {H3PO4 + NaH2PO4}$. I'm measuring buffer capacity by recording the amount of $\ce{NaOH}$ required to increase the $\mathrm{pH}$ of the buffer by 2 units, and then taking the ratio.
My problem is that I have no idea how much $\ce{NaOH}$ I'l... |
What chemical substance/component would be obtained of dissolving $\ce{C60}$ in olive oil? Would buckminsterfullerene (bucky-ball) change its spherical fullerene structure (soccer ball-like) into something else ($\ce{C60OO}$) or will it stay the same?
![Buckminsterfullerene 3D ball][1]
See:
- [Fullerene - Saf... |
Why is alkaline $\ce{KMnO4}$ used in the oxidation of toluene to benzoic acid ? Can acidified or neutral $\ce{KMnO4}$ be used in this conversion? |
What will benezendiazonium ion become if it is not maintained at a temperature below $5°\mathrm{C}$ during diazotization? |
Is it possible to create a 100% identical copy of a chemical? For example, a 100% identical copy of vitamin A would have the same shape, the same formula, and the same structure. |
The question is: Describe how zinc metal can be obtained from zinc sulfate solution by electrolysis.
A labelled diagram is acceptable. Include all the products of this electrolysis. The electrolysis is similar to that of copper (II) sulfate solution with inert electrodes.
The answer key says that zinc would be for... |
I am a chemistry student, and my current are of study is mass spectrometry.
In the ionization process, atoms are bombarded with electrons, but how does this work? I assume the flow of electrons attract the electrons of the atom, thereby removing them, but where do the atom's electrons go? |
Pyrene doesn't seem to be aromatic. However, sources claim that it is aromatic.
<img src="https://i.stack.imgur.com/sXrAG.png" width="200" alt="Lewis structure of pyrene">
Considerations:
1. Pyrene is cyclic. ✓
2. Pyrene is flat (planar). ✓
3. Pyrene has **16** pi electrons.
4. Every atom in the ring struc... |
I used to use the explanation that $s$ orbitals penetrate better than $p$ orbitals, however, could the explanation be that $3s$ is shielding the $3p$ in aluminum? |
Why does aluminum have a lower first ionization energy than magnesium? |
#What's up with all that magic? (A chapter formerly known as Introduction)
The hunt for for the holy grail of density functional theory (DFT) has come a long way.<sup>\[1\]</sup> Becke states in the introduction of the cited paper:
> Density-functional theory (DFT) is a subtle, seductive, provocative business. Its ... |
Hint :
n-factor of a molecule/compound is defined as the change in oxidation state **per molecule**.
You have correctly calculated the change of **one** carbon atom as 4.
But how many carbon atoms are there in the glucose molecule?
Note:
* The **average** oxidation state of carbon in glucose... |
![enter image description here][1]
[1]: https://i.stack.imgur.com/GC2P9.jpg
Attempt:
The $\ce{PhMgBr}$ nucleophile attacks on the 1,2 position. But why, in this case, will it attack the 1,4 position? |
![enter image description here][1]
[1]: https://i.stack.imgur.com/GC2P9.jpg
**My attempt:**
The $\ce{PhMgBr}$ nucleophile attacks on the 1,2 position. But why, in this case, will it attack the 1,4 position? |
In other words: What is the purpose of the solution that the electrodes are immersed in, in a galvanic cell, and is it possible to generate a current without any solution? |
What is the purpose of the solution in a galvanic cell? |
> But why is the activating nature of hydroxyl group dominating over the deactivating nature of Nitro group?
This is the precise reason why [Picric acid][1] is formed. ( [Check here][2] )
The activating nature of the $\ce{-OH}$ group is strong enough to counter the deactivating nature of the nitro groups... |
Is the largest number of molecules in 36 g of water or 54 g of dinitrogen pentaoxide? |
By SPDF configuration, he meant orbital configuration. Now the basic of this concept is from very fundamental quantum chemistry formulation but I don't think you need to know that now (It is usually taught in 4th year of UG or 1st year of graduate study in Engineering discipline but i am not sure about pure science dis... |
By SPDF configuration, he meant orbital configuration. Now the basic of this concept is from very fundamental quantum chemistry formulation but I don't think you need to know that now (It is usually taught in 4th year of UG or 1st year of graduate study in Engineering discipline but i am not sure about pure science dis... |
I would like to know if it is safe to mix organic solvents together or organic solvents with some compounds listed below.
In a mixture with random ratios (greater than zero) we have:
- Ethanol
- Methyl ethyl ketone
- Bitrex (aka Denatonium)
- Isopropanol
- n-butanol
- n-propanol
- Ethyl acetate
... |
I would like to know if it is safe to mix organic solvents together or organic solvents with some compounds listed below.
In a mixture with random ratios (greater than zero - all chemicals present) we have:
- Ethanol
- Methyl ethyl ketone
- Bitrex (aka Denatonium)
- Isopropanol
- n-butanol
- n-propan... |
An oxime is a chemical compound belonging to the imines, with the general formula $\ce{(R1)(R2)C=N-O H}$,
![enter image description here][1]
[1]: https://i.stack.imgur.com/byRLZ.png
How is the nomenclature of methyl-ethyl ketoxime done? <br><br>
The answer is :<br>
Look at your photo.<br>
1. On the l... |
An oxime is a chemical compound belonging to the imines, with the general formula $\ce{(R^1)(R^2)C=N-O H}$,
![enter image description here][1]
[1]: https://i.stack.imgur.com/byRLZ.png
How is the nomenclature of methyl-ethyl ketoxime done? <br><br>
The answer is :<br>
Look at your photo.<br>
1. On the... |
How is the speed of sound dependent on pressure change in this formula? |
How many valence electrons does the azide ion have? |
I know that $\ce{CO_2}$ and $\ce{O_2}$ are slightly soluble in water ($\ce{H_2O}$)
In my understanding, when carbon dioxide dissolves in water, it will react to form carbonic acid just like the equation below.
$\ce{H2O + CO2 -> H2CO3}$
So, my problem now is, I can't find the equation for oxygen.
Will they... |
Given a table with equivalent conductivity of certain electrolytes, how can I determine the conductivity of separate ions? I know that you can find the difference between for example $\ce{K+}$ and $\ce{Na+}$ if you know the limiting conductivity of $\ce{KOH}$ and $\ce{NaOH}$, but how do you calculate the actual value f... |
Please have a look at my comments to [ADG's answer][1] for more context. This is a paste from Solomons/Frylhe Org Chem 10th Ed, Chapter 13, p.614
![enter image description here][2]
There are a few more links that suggest that 1,3,5-cycloheptatriene reacts in the same 1,6-fashion, eg this [google link][3]. Unfor... |
Ok, so the following question is given in my text book.
>Of the molar conductance value of $\ce{Ca^2+}$ and $\ce{Cl^-}$ at infinite dilution are respectively $118.88\times10^{-4}$ and $77.33\times10^{-4}$ then that of $\ce{CaCl2}$ is (all have same unit)
So what I did was I added the molar conductivity of $\ce{... |
Which of the following undergoes disproportionation with NaOH?
Si02
CO2
SO2
SO3
NO2
From the above we can conclude that Si02, CO2 and SO3 do not undergo disproportionation as they are all in the maximum oxidation states.NO2 is in the+4 oxidation states so it disproportionates in to +3 and +5 upon addi... |
Following on from [this question about tritium water][1], I was wondering whether the decay of tritium to helium-3 has ever been used in organic synthesis. Such a transition would presumably result in no strong C-He interaction and thus radical or cation formation at C.
[1]: http://chemistry.stackexchange.com/... |
Which of the following undergoes disproportionation with $\ce{NaOH}$?
$\ce{SiO2}$
$\ce{CO2}$
$\ce{SO2}$
$\ce{SO3}$
$\ce{NO2}$
From the above we can conclude that $\ce{SiO2}$, $\ce{CO2}$ and $\ce{SO3}$ do not undergo disproportionation as they are all in the maximum oxidation states. $\ce{NO2}$ is in t... |
Following on from [this question about tritium water][1], I was wondering whether the decay of tritium to helium-3 has ever been used in organic synthesis. Such a transition would presumably result in no strong $\ce{C-He}$ interaction and thus radical or cation formation at $\ce{C}$.
[1]: http://chemistry.stac... |
I understand that 2-pyridone derivatives can be synthesized by oxidizing N-methyl pyridine with Fe(III)CN$_{6}$ under basic conditions. Can a similar method be used to produce 4-pyridones ? |
I understand that 2-pyridone derivatives can be synthesized by oxidizing an N-methyl pyridinium salt with Fe(III)CN$_{6}$ under basic conditions. Can a similar method be used to produce 4-pyridones ? |
I understand that 2-pyridone derivatives can be synthesized by oxidizing an N-methyl pyridinium salt with $\ce{[Fe(CN)6]^{3-}}$ under basic conditions. Can a similar method be used to produce 4-pyridones ? |
I understand that 2-pyridone derivatives can be synthesized by oxidizing an N-methyl pyridinium salt with Fe(III)CN$_{6}$ under basic conditions. Can a similar method be used to produce 4-pyridones ? |
I understand that 2-pyridone derivatives can be synthesized by oxidizing an *N*-methyl pyridinium salt with $\ce{[Fe(CN)6]^3-}$ under basic conditions. Can a similar method be used to produce 4-pyridones ? |
Can 4-pyridones be synthesised analogously to 2-pyridones? |
I know how to calculate them and such stuff, but I wanted to know what they actually signify. I have a vague idea that they have something to do with an electron's position in an atom but what do all of them mean? Any help would be greatly appreciated! |
What do the quantum numbers actually signify? |
If we look at the values for the atomic radii (look at the table [here][1]), we can see that they rapidly decrease across the period initially. Looking at the first period,
![enter image description here][2]
The graph is pretty steep early on. But further down the period, as we enter the p-block elements, the gr... |
Variation in atomic radii of elements in different blocks? |
**Summary**
A systematic examination of the CH$_3$F and CH$_3$Cl complexes with density functional techniques and high-level wave function theory indicates that the charge-separation within these complexes influences the relative corresponding dipole moments for these compounds. Though fluorine is indeed more elect... |
**Summary**
A systematic examination of the CH$_3$F and CH$_3$Cl complexes with density functional techniques and high-level wave function theory indicates that the charge-separation within these complexes influences the relative corresponding dipole moments for these compounds. Though fluorine is indeed more elect... |
If we make a resonance structure of anilinium ion, with positive charge at ortho or para position, we get a pentavalent nitrogen, which is not possible. So, how is anilinium ion meta directing for electrophiles? |
How is anilinium ion meta directing for electrophiles? |
> Such a transition would presumably result in no strong $\ce{C-He}$ interaction.
While in practice you are correct, I thought I'd point out something interesting. [Some computational investigations](https://books.google.com/books/about/Modeling_Marvels.html?id=IoFzgBSSCwEC&hl=en) have found that certain compounds s... |
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