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Do you know some books or articles that elaborate on the chemistry behind fertilizers? I have taken organic chemistry so far and inorganic chemistry as well. I am also familiar with the Haber-Bosch process. |
I seek to put a layer of fluorine on a rotationally molded cross-linked polyethylene (XPE) plastic gasoline tank. I sell tanks and they will be more eco-friendly if I can accomplish this.
I am an electrical engineer and my last experience with chemistry was [Chem 200 lecture and lab at SDSU][1], a one semester inte... |
The oxidation state of the iron doesn't matter too much; I am just trying to make an attractive red-brown ink. Here are some instructions I prescribed to a friend.
> Here's an approximately decent iron acetate recipe. I don't know if it'll work, though. Maybe you'll want to heat the acetic acid. The optional first s... |
Can I synthesize iron acetate like this? |
Suppose that I have 10 kg of plastic/polymer that is non solvable in water. I then divide the plastic/polymer into two equal parts. Let us name the parts A and B in order to identify them. I then proceed to make beads from each part. I make $n_A$ beads of radius $r_A$ from part A. I also make $n_B$ beads of radius $r... |
Why do bubbles form when it rains? |
[I recently asked about the synthesis of iron (III) acetate.][1] I want a rather concentrated solution to use as a calligraphy ink (which will be dissolved in alcohol/water). Will it be okay to heat the solution of iron (III) acetate, hydrogen peroxide, acetic acid, and water to evaporate all of the other reagents? Tha... |
Decomposition of iron (III) acetate? |
I have learnt the ideal gas equation $PV=nRT$. However, I have some doubts regarding the units of the quantities in this equation. When we take the gas constant $R=8.314Jmol^{-1}K^{-1}$, what should be the units of $P$ and $V$? I am having trouble solving the problems of Kinetic Theory of Gases due to these doubts. Ple... |
In the van der Waal's formula of real gas $\left( p+\frac{a}{V^2}\right)(V-b)=nRT$, what are the dimensions of $a$ and $b$? I learnt that $a$ is related to the avergae force of attraction between the molecules and $b$ is related to the total volume of the molecules. But I fail to understand their dimensions. |
Would you agree that pressure is expressed as a force acting on a surface? If so, let's juggle with units and start with the *Pascal*.
$ 1\ Pa = 1\ Nm^{⁻2} $
will certainly be familiar to you ;)
Would you further agree that we can express the *Joule* as $ 1\ J = 1\ Nm $ ?
I sure you're smiling by now ;) |
In the van der Waal's formula for real gases $\left( p+\frac{a}{V^2}\right)(V-b)=nRT$, what are the dimensions of $a$ and $b$?
I learnt that $a$ is related to the average force of attraction between the molecules and $b$ is related to the total volume of the molecules. But I fail to understand their dimensions. |
In [an article][1] I am trying to understand, the following occurs: (summarized below)
>Synthesis of octahedral $\ce{Cu_2O}$ seeds:In a typical synthesis, 2.9946 g of $\ce{Cu(CH_3COO)_2}$ was dissolved in deionized water (20 mL) using a beaker under a constant stirring at 70°C for 2 min. A dark precipitate was produ... |
How do octahedral seed crystals yield polyhedral Cu2O crystals? |
What is that which gives a substance or-differently perhaps a molecule explosive properties (assuming that such is explosive)? |
Would you agree that pressure is expressed as a force acting on a surface? If so, let's juggle with units and start with the *Pascal*.
$\rm 1\ Pa = 1\ Nm^{⁻2} $
will certainly be familiar to you ;)
Would you further agree that we can express the *Joule* as $\rm 1\ J = 1\ Nm $ ?
|
I have a solution of only Sulfate ions (no other positive ions belonging to the sulfate ions because the positive ions are attached to the intermediate in a catalytic reaction)
I want to convert the sulfate ions to sulfur trioxide by using V5+ ions...
So what if V5+ ions could be present and could gain 2 electron... |
Converting sulfate ion to sulfur trioxide? |
I have a solution of only Sulfate ions (no other positive ions belonging to the sulfate ions because the positive ions are attached to the intermediate in a catalytic reaction)
I want to convert the sulfate ions to sulfur trioxide by using V5+ ions...
So what if V5+ ions could be present and could gain 2 electron... |
Inspired in part by the question [boiling point of vodka][1] - given that the exact ingredients of coca cola are kept secret, so based on what is known, what would the boiling point of coca cola be?
Would it be significantly different from related products (e.g. diet coke, coke zero etc).
[1]: http://chemistr... |
Inspired in part by the question [boiling point of vodka][1] - given that the exact ingredients of coca cola are kept secret, so based on what is known, what would a viable prediction of the boiling point of coca cola be?
Would it be significantly different from related products (e.g. diet coke, coke zero etc).
... |
Inspired in part by the question [boiling point of vodka][1] - given that the exact ingredients of Coca-Cola are kept secret, based on what is known, what would a viable prediction of the boiling point of Coca-Cola be?
Would it be significantly different from related products (e.g. Diet Coke, Coke Zero, etc)?
... |
While comparing the acidity of carboxylic acid, we primarily see the electropositivity of the carboxylic carbon, i.e. we see how effectively is the negative charge on carboxylate ion dispersed on ionization. Electron withdrawing group reduces the acidity by stabilising the anion by electron withdrawal.
Now consid... |
While comparing the acidity of carboxylic acid, we primarily see the electropositivity of the carboxylic carbon, i.e. we see how effectively is the negative charge on carboxylate ion dispersed on ionization. Electron withdrawing group reduces the acidity by stabilising the anion by electron withdrawal.
Now consid... |
Example:
A Cd // Cr Galvanic cell has redox half reactions:
Cd2+ + 2e- --> Cd Ecell = -0.4
Cr3+ + 3e- --> Cr Ecell = -0.7
Balanced equation of reaction then
3Cd2+ + 2Cr --> 2Cr3+ + 3Cd Ecell = Ered + Eoxi = -0.4 + 0.7 = 0.3
Why is Ecell independent of molar coefficients (3,2)? |
Why can we disregard stoichiometric coefficients when computing reduction potentials? |
Example:
A $Cd // Cr$ Galvanic cell has redox half reactions:
$\ce{Cd^{2+} + 2e^- -> Cd}$
$E_{cell}$ = -0.4
$\ce{Cr^{3+} + 3e- -> Cr}$
$E_{cell}$ = -0.7
Balanced equation of reaction then
$\ce{3Cd^{2+} + 2Cr -> 2Cr^{3+} + 3Cd}$
$E_{cell} = E_{red} + E_{oxi}$ = -0.4 + 0.7 = 0.3
Why is Ece... |
I was reading a [How radioactive poison became the assassin’s weapon of choice](https://medium.com/matter/6cfeae2f4b53) and it opens describing how "As he [the bartender] poured the remaining tea away, he noticed that the consistency of the liquid that tipped into the sink was strange. Gooey."
Later in the article ... |
Could micrograms of polonium really change the viscosity of a whole teapot? |
Does EDTA take mg++ and mn++ out of solution so that it can be removed by a filter, or just take it out of any chemical reactions going on in the solution? |
Does EDTA take $\ce{Mg^{2+}}$ and $\ce{Mn^{2+}}$ out of solution, so that it can be removed by a filter? Or does it just take it out of any chemical reactions going on in the solution? |
If I connect a zinc half cell (Left hand side) and a copper half cell (right hand cell), I get an E cell value of 1.1V taken from the voltmeter. If I replace the voltmeter with a light bulb, I will get light and heat energy of the bulb.
I learned that the above set up is equivalent to adding Zinc to copper sulphate ... |
If I connect a zinc half cell (Left hand side) and a copper half cell (right hand cell), I get an E cell value of 1.1V taken from the voltmeter. If I replace the voltmeter with a light bulb, I will get light and heat energy of the bulb.
I learned that the above set up is equivalent to adding Zinc to copper sulphate ... |
According to Werner's theory, metal ions have two types of valency-primary and secondary, where the primary valency is said to be satisfied by negative ions only, and the secondary valency can be satisfied by positive ligand, negative or neutral molecule.
My question here is,
> While formation of complex compo... |
If I connect a zinc half cell (Left hand side) and a copper half cell (right hand side), I get an E cell value of 1.1V taken from the voltmeter. If I replace the voltmeter with a light bulb, I will get light and heat energy of the bulb.
I learned that the above set up is equivalent to adding Zinc to copper sulphate ... |
The Belousov-Zhabotinsky reaction is a very fascinating one. The Chemistry behind the reaction concerns thermodynamics and equilibrium. I want to perform the experiment, but I'm not able to find detailed instructions about the reaction. Like, proportions of the chemicals, explanation of the reaction, duration of the re... |
1,3 dithianes are used in Unpolung reactions and can be deprotected by mercury containing compounds - but could anyone help explain what the exact mechanism is? Many texts seem to skim over this by explaining it is similar to acetal hydrolysis, but I'd really like a more detailed explanation as to the role of the compo... |
1,3 dithianes are used in umpolung reactions and can be deprotected by mercury containing compounds - but could anyone help explain what the exact mechanism is? Many texts seem to skim over this by explaining it is similar to acetal hydrolysis, but I'd really like a more detailed explanation as to the role of the compo... |
A gaseous sample of a compound has a density of 0.977 g/L at 710.0 torr and 100.00C. What is the molar mass of this compound?
The ideal gas law states $PV = nRT$ where p is defined as the pressure, any units, v is the volume in liters, n is the number of moles of gas, R is the universal gas constant, and T is temper... |
A buffer consists of a weak acid and its salt or weak base and its salt.
When the ratio of weak acid and its salt in a buffer (or the ration of weak base and its salt) is equal to 1, we say that the buffer capacity is maximum. How does this tell us that buffer capacity is maximum? |
Why is Buffer capacity maximum when the ratio of its components is 1? |
Density is $0.977 g/l$ at specified conditions.
What happens to the density if you increase the pressure from $710$ to $760$? This tells you to multiply by $\frac{760}{710}$.
What happens to the density if you cool it from 373 to 273? This tells you to multiply by $\frac{373}{273}$.
If $1 \text{ litre}$ has... |
As I understand it, the branch of chemistry dealing with identifying substances present in a sample is called "analytical chemistry". This branch looks vast and complicated, with [lots and lots of individual techniques](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_chemical_analysis_methods) applicable in specific circumstance... |
What are the limits of analytical chemistry? |
As an artist, some of the work I do involves the use of seashells, sea rocks/stones, etc.
I picked up a black rock from shore at one of the beaches here in Florida and it looked somewhat clumpy with other rocks and debris encrusted on it. As I do with everything I collect, I thoroughly washed all the rocks with fresh... |
What's the reddish powder that oozes out of a black rock? |
I know that the first shell can hold 2, the second and third 8, and the fourth 18. But what about after that? |
How many electrons can each shell in an atom hold? |
Besides Alpha, Beta, and Gamma, are there any other types of radioactive decay? If so, what are they? Is there any type of radioactive decay more powerful than Gamma? |
Is your rock magnetic? It might not be, but what you are reporting sounds like iron oxide (i.e. rust), and so your rock could be an iron ore like taconite, or even magnetite. Such an ore could look like carbon. Even if not magnetic, it could still be an iron ore. |
[Here's a list](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radioactive_decay#Decay_modes_in_table_form) of types of radioactive decay. The most notable types of decay that are not among the classic three involve the direct emission of a free proton or a neutron, the emission of atomic clusters other than helium nuclei (alpha particl... |
[Here's a list](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radioactive_decay#Decay_modes_in_table_form) of types of radioactive decay. The most notable types of decay that are not among the classic three involve the direct emission of a free proton or a neutron, the emission of atomic clusters other than helium nuclei (alpha particl... |
I have been learning about sp hybridization and so far I think I understand it, but I just came to a roadblock from a question. It asks me to explain the hybridization of NH3 (ammonia). How do I know if it has a hybridized state or not?
It is very confusing to me because I have learned VSEPR theory and that tells me... |
How do I know if ammonia is trigonal pyramidal or hybridized tetrahedral? |
Apparently it has sp3 hybridization, but I don't understand why. Ammonia (NH3) seems to me to not require sp hybridization because all of its bond lengths are already equal. It has 3 hydrogens bonded to the P orbitals. Why can't the lone electron pair in Nitrogens 2S shell stay put where it is?
Thanks for any help g... |
Why does ammonia have sp hybridization? |
As an artist, some of the work I do involves the use of seashells, sea rocks/stones, etc.
I picked up a black rock from shore at one of the beaches here in Florida and it looked somewhat clumpy with other rocks and debris encrusted on it. As I do with everything I collect, I thoroughly washed all the rocks with fresh... |
This question has been answered before. Look here: http://answers.yahoo.com/question/index?qid=20130803221208AAYOCBr
If you look at the MO diagram for $NH_3$ you'll find that the orbital which the lone pair resides in is higher in energy (in the 2S antibonding orbital http://www.d.umn.edu/~pkiprof/ChemWebV2/Bonding/MO... |
This question has been answered before. Look here: http://answers.yahoo.com/question/index?qid=20130803221208AAYOCBr
If you look at the MO diagram for $NH_3$ you'll find that the orbital which the lone pair resides in is higher in energy (in the 2S antibonding orbital http://www.d.umn.edu/~pkiprof/ChemWebV2/Bonding/MO... |
Apparently it has sp3 hybridization, but I don't understand why. Ammonia (NH3) seems to me to not require sp hybridization because all of its bond lengths are already equal. It has 3 hydrogens bonded to the P orbitals. Why can't the lone electron pair in nitrogen's 2S shell stay put where it is?
|
[Here's a list](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radioactive_decay#Decay_modes_in_table_form) of types of radioactive decay. The most notable types of decay that are not among the classic three involve the direct emission of a free proton or a neutron, the emission of atomic clusters other than helium nuclei (alpha particl... |
[Here's a list](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radioactive_decay#Decay_modes_in_table_form) of types of radioactive decay. The most notable types of decay that are not among the classic three involve the direct emission of a free proton or a neutron, the emission of atomic clusters other than helium nuclei (alpha particl... |
During a discussion of NMR, my lecturer told me to think about which amino acids contain protons in an aromatic ring, and whether any are likely to be affected by changes in pH.
The 4 aromatic amino acids are His, Phe, Tyr and Trp. I've marked Histidine as such in my notes, but can't remember why I thought this at t... |
Is aromaticity of the 4 aromatic amino acids affected by pH? |
Soaps are amphiphilic molecules that, practically, removes body oils from the surface of the skin. The body, on the other hand, always replenishes sebum through the [sebaceous glands](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sebaceous_gland) after a certain amount of time.
Applying Le Chatelier's principle to this complex chem... |
Does using stonger soaps help me lose weight? |
Paraquat is 4,4'dipyridinium chloride. There are two common ways to synthesise it starting with pyridine.
In one reaction that can be done on a large scale in water or liquid ammonia, methyl-pyridinium chloride is reacted with a base and sodium cyanide in the solvent to give a dimeric intermediate that oxidises eas... |
The weedkiller paraquat can be produced from methyl-pyridinium chloride using a cyanide catalyst: what is the mechanism? |
Does nitrogen pressure in tyres fluctuate to much a lower degree than air with changes in temperature? |
C(s) + H2O(g)<------> CO(g) + H2(g) Delta H= +131KJ
If the reaction is in a state of equilibrium under standard conditions, what can be done to increase the value of Keq?
My question is would you have to increase or decrease the temperature to increase Keq? I know the basic principle that you have to decrease t... |
I remember PET (photoinduced electron transfer) works by the Mariano group in which N-dimethylallyl pyridinium perchlorate underwent intramolecular radical cyclizations upon uv irradiation.
I'm just too lazy to calculate the feasibility of the process, but
is it conceivable that under the conditions described by yo... |
Paraquat is 4,4'dipyridinium chloride. There are two common ways to synthesise it starting with pyridine.
In one reaction that can be done on a large scale in water or liquid ammonia, methyl-pyridinium chloride is reacted with a base and catalytic amounts of sodium cyanide in the solvent to give a dimeric intermedi... |
I remember PET (photoinduced electron transfer) works by the Mariano group in which N-dimethylallyl pyridinium perchlorate underwent intramolecular radical cyclizations upon uv irradiation.
I'm just too lazy to calculate the feasibility of the process, but
is it conceivable that under the conditions described by yo... |
$$\ce{C_{(s)} + H_2O_{(g)} {<=>} CO_{(g)} + H_{2(g)}}$$
$$\Delta {H} = +131KJ$$
If the reaction is in a state of equilibrium under standard conditions, what can be done to increase the value of $K_{eq}$?
My question is would you have to increase or decrease the temperature to increase $K_{eq}$?
I know t... |
Imagine an arrangement of atomic orbitals in an alternate universe, in which the s subshell contains 2 orbitals instead of 1, and the p subshell contains 4 orbitals rather than 3. In which groups would you expect the anomalously low electron affinities to occur?
My thoughts are groups 3 and 7, due to the fact that t... |
Well, I haven't done that in a while, but we seem to agree that the equilibrium constant is expressed as
$$ K_c = \frac{[AB]^2}{[A_2][B]^2}$$
What else do we know?
1. Initially, $[A_2]$ = 8.0M, $[B]$ = 10.0M
2. In equilibrium, $[AB]$ = 8.0M
3. For every mole of $B$, one mole of $AB$ is produced.
4. Fo... |
What is the nature of bond between P and O in oxoacids of phosphorous?
Is it double bond or coordinate bond?
Wikipedia says that it is double bond but many of times I encountered with coordinate bond. |
In my textbook, a footnote says:
> In case of weak acids, on dilution the total number of $H^{+}$ ions in solution increases because dissociation of the weak acid increases
This didn't make sense to me however. Consider the general dissociation reaction of a weak acid:
$$HA (aq) + H_2O \rightleftharpoons H_3... |
Does the number of $H^{+}$ ions in solution go up on dilution of a weak acid? |
heat + PCL5(g)<----> PCL3(g) + CL2(G)
According to the process above, which of the following can be done to increase the number of moles of cl2 in a sealed container at equilibrium?
I. Reducing temp
II. Increasing the pressure at a constant temp
III. Adding more moles of PCL5
I'm pretty sure Its not I but i'... |
$\ce{Heat\ +\ PCl5(g)\ \rightleftharpoons\ PCl3(g)\ +\ Cl2(g)}$
According to the process above, which of the following can be done to increase the number of moles of $\ce{Cl2}$ in a sealed container at equilibrium?
1. Reducing temp
2. Increasing the pressure at a constant temp
3. Adding more moles of $\ce{PCl5}... |
2CH4(g) + O2(g) <---> 2CO(g) + 4H2(g)
Equal numbers of moles of CH4 and O2 are draw into a sealed container and the system is left until it reaches equilibrium. Which of the following relationships pertaining to this particular system are true at equilibrium?
I. [CH4]<[H2]
II. [CH4]>[O2]
III. [H2]>[CO]
I Know ... |
$\ce{2CH4(g) + O2(g) \rightleftharpoons 2CO(g) + 4H2(g)}$
> Equal numbers of moles of $\ce{CH4}$ and $\ce{O2}$ are drawn into a
> sealed container and the system is left until it reaches equilibrium.
> Which of the following relationships pertaining to this particular
> system are true at equilibrium?
>
> 1. $... |
Imagine an arrangement of atomic orbitals in an alternate universe, in which the s subshell contains 2 orbitals instead of 1, and the p subshell contains 4 orbitals rather than 3. In which groups would you expect the anomalously low electron affinities to occur?
My thoughts are groups 3 and 7, due to the fact that t... |
Which of the following must be true for adiabatic processes?
- Cv = Cp
- ΔH = 0
- ΔU = 0
- ΔS = 0
- q = 0
The answer is q = 0. From what I can find, an adiabatic process is when there is no transfer of heat, but then why is the enthalpy change not zero? |
Does the number of H+ ions in solution go up on dilution of a weak acid? |
This is a Chemistry GRE Question.
Which of the following must be true for adiabatic processes?
- Cv = Cp
- ΔH = 0
- ΔU = 0
- ΔS = 0
- q = 0
The answer is q = 0. From what I can find, an adiabatic process is when there is no transfer of heat, but then why is the enthalpy change not zero? |
This is a Chemistry GRE Question.
Which of the following must be true for adiabatic processes?
- $C_v = C_p$
- $\Delta H = 0$
- $\Delta U = 0$
- $\Delta S = 0$
- $q = 0$
The answer is q = 0. From what I can find, an adiabatic process is when there is no transfer of heat, but then why is the enthalpy ... |
Reaction of Benzene with 2-methylpropene? |
In an exercise I have the following structures
**Moclobemide**: ![moclobemide][1]
**Paracetamol**: ![paracetamol][2]
**Hexobarbital**: ![hexobarbital][3]
I know for example by heart that **paracetamol** is an **acid**. What is the best approach in determination of acidity of a compound based on it's struct... |
The question asks to write the theoretical transformation steps to convert ethanol to crotonic acid in considerable yield. One constraint is that **you cannot use any external organic compounds but inorganic catalysts and reagents are allowed and aldol condensation is prohibited.** I do not know the answer, but I came ... |
I learned that deprotonation is the process in which proton is lost from ligand $H_2O$ molecules surrounding central metal ion (referring to hexaaqua ion). Also. the process continues until the charge of the complex ion is neutralized...
My question:
why does it only continue until the charge is neutralized , why d... |
I learned that deprotonation is the process in which a proton is lost from ligand $\ce{H2O}$ molecules surrounding a central metal ion (I am referring to hexaaqua ions). Also, the process continues until the charge of the complex ion is neutralized.
My question:
Why does it only continue until the charge is neutral... |
Say I have a soft, possibly porous object. I want to coat it with a material,
* Resistant to boiling water and some scraping
* Not hazardous, at least after the coating
* Largely transparent
The idea is to take, say, a fruit with the insides removed and to make a cup or a vase out of it.
Is there something I... |
If the rxn TDF or not? |
>A student is provided with 500 mL of 600 ppm solutions of fructose. What volume of this solution in millilitres contains 0.15 fructose?
###Does this mean that I just have to use 600 ppm as the concentration and the 0.15 as the weight? Like this:
\begin{align*}
{600 \space ppm}
&=\frac {0.15 g}{x}\cdot 10^{6}... |
A student is provided with 500 mL of 600 ppm solutions of fructose. What volume of this solution in millilitres contains 0.15 fructose? |
Is the reaction thermodynamically favored or not? |
>A student is provided with 500 mL of 600 ppm solutions of fructose. What volume of this solution in millilitres contains 0.15 fructose?
Does this mean that I just have to use 600 ppm as the concentration and the 0.15 as the weight? Like this:
\begin{align*}
{600 \space ppm}
&=\frac {0.15 g}{x}\cdot 10^{6} \\... |
If the rxn TDF or not? |
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