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Is the reaction thermodynamically favored or not? |
![enter image description here][1]
[1]: https://i.stack.imgur.com/Apvfg.gif
> - An ionic bond is the bonding between a non-metal and a metal, that occurs when charged atoms (ions) attract after one loses one or more of its electrons,and gives it to the other molecule, for example sodium and chlorine. This ma... |
I have a ventless propane heater newly installed in my home, which has been an increasingly source of paranoia for me (constant condensation on the windows, worries about carbon monoxide poisoning). It's been a interesting few weeks of trying to find the right balance of windows to crack; needless to say I'm looking f... |
What would cause a sudden drop in humidity in my home? |
Sorry if this question is too basic or unrelated for here. Feel free to downvote if this question is stupid :)
with this out of way, what I mean with "valence electrons" is the out-most electron in that atoms electron arrangement.(3 for -2 -8 -3 and so on)
Without actually writing the electron config, or orbitals... |
(high school) is there an easy way to find "valence electrons"? |
I want an high-school level answer.What I mean with "valence electrons" is the outermost electrons in that atoms' electronic arrangement?(eg. $3$ in an atom with electronic arrangement $2,8,3$)
Without actually writing the electron configuration, or orbitals, and knowing electron number(obviously) is there any way t... |
Is there an easy way to find number of "valence electrons"? |
you can deposit a metal on a surface if the surface is conductive and even then I am not familiarised with a transparent metal. Actually I don't see the point in coating the object. Why not to use clay? |
I have a ventless propane heater newly installed in my home, which has been an increasingly source of paranoia for me (constant condensation on the windows, worries about carbon monoxide poisoning). It's been a interesting few weeks of trying to find the right balance of windows to crack; needless to say I'm looking f... |
I want to learn chemistry. I did not have the benefit of studying it when I was in highschool, and I'm always intimidated by it (I feel it's more rote memorization rather than understanding).
Anyway, what are the concepts that I need to learn?
**How, and what resources are you going to use to homeschool Chemistry... |
The question asks to write the theoretical transformation steps to convert ethanol to crotonic acid in considerable yield. One constraint is that **you cannot use any external organic compounds but inorganic catalysts and reagents are allowed and aldol condensation is prohibited.** I do not know the answer, but I came ... |
I want to learn chemistry. I did not have the benefit of studying it when I was in highschool, and I was always intimidated by it (I feel it's more rote memorization rather than understanding - I'm more of a Physics and Math kinda guy).
Anyway, what are the concepts that I need to learn?
**How, and what resources... |
![o-Toluidine][1]
![o-Toluic Acid][2]
[1]: https://i.stack.imgur.com/IrZpv.png
[2]: https://i.stack.imgur.com/nlLYy.jpg
When comparing $\ce{o,m,p-Toluidine}$, basicities, *Ortho Effect* is stated as a reason why o-toluidine is weaker
But,
When comparing $\ce{o,m,p-Toluic Acid}$ basicities, *... |
In Allene,
The $\ce{C=C=C}$ structure makes sure that the p-orbital of central carbon overlaps with 2 other carbons and the p-orbital of central carbon spreads out over the 3 carbons.
In Alkynes,
The $\ce{C#C-C}$ structure makes sure that the energy released during formation of alkynes.
I also read that m... |
![o-Toluidine][1]
![o-Toluic Acid][2]
[1]: https://i.stack.imgur.com/IrZpv.png
[2]: https://i.stack.imgur.com/nlLYy.jpg
When comparing o,m,p-toluidine, basicities, *ortho effect* is stated as a reason why o-toluidine is weaker But, When comparing o,m,p-toluic ccid basicities, *ortho effect* is stated as ... |
Can someone explain clearly to me why things are explosive?
Objectivity in any form of response is greatly appreciated. |
The common properties of PVC vary wildly with the concentrations of plasticizers and filling reinforcement.
The common properties of PU vary wildly with the choice of isocyanate and cross-link density. PU comes in foams, fibers and hard plastics.
Modifications, copolymers and alloy blends are common with both.
... |
In Allenes, the $\ce{C=C=C}$ structure makes sure that the $p$-orbital of central carbon overlaps with 2 other carbons and the $p$-orbital of central carbon spreads out over the 3 carbons.
In Alkynes, the $\ce{C#C-C}$ structure makes sure that the energy released during formation of alkynes.
I also read that mo... |
I have an two reactions,
$A + C \leftrightarrow AC$
$B + C \leftrightarrow BC$
I'd like to estimate relative steady state proportions $\frac{[BC]_{SS}}{[AC]_{SS}+[BC]_{SS}}$ and $\frac{[AC]_{SS}}{[AC]_{SS}+[BC]_{SS}}$ without solving any differential equations, given $[A]_{init} = [B]_{init}$ and thermodynamic... |
How to estimate reaction products of competitive binding? |
I have an two reactions,
$A + C \leftrightarrow AC$
$B + C \leftrightarrow BC$
I'd like to estimate relative steady state proportions $\frac{[BC]_{SS}}{[AC]_{SS}+[BC]_{SS}}$ and $\frac{[AC]_{SS}}{[AC]_{SS}+[BC]_{SS}}$ without numerically solving any differential equations, given $[A]_{init} = [B]_{init}$ and t... |
I have an two reactions,
$A + C \rightleftharpoons AC$
$B + C \rightleftharpoons BC$
I'd like to estimate relative steady state proportions $\frac{[BC]_{SS}}{[AC]_{SS}+[BC]_{SS}}$ and $\frac{[AC]_{SS}}{[AC]_{SS}+[BC]_{SS}}$ without numerically solving any differential equations, given $[A]_{init} = [B]_{init}$... |
Will mixing these two together cause a reaction of any sort? If so, is it safe and is there an order in which one should be added to the other? |
Is it safe to mix potassium alum powder with magnesium oil (made from water and magnesium flakes)? |
The SN1 is a two-step mechanism which begins with heterolysis of the C-X bond. What triggers this? Are there external causes that prompt the leaving group to simply leave?
This question is more conceptual than anything, but I can't seem to find answers anywhere. |
What causes the SN1 reaction? |
I am finding it hard to distinguish between the two?confused.Can someone explain me the two terms and difference between them?
I tried learning from wikipedia but it said for both the above terms that it is the total energy contained by a thermodynamic system,so i am confused? |
Step 1: Balance the equation. Your equation as written $\ce{ Sb2S3 + F2 -> SbF5 + SF6}$ is not balanced. You do not have the same numbers of sulfur, antimony, or fluorine atoms on each side of the equation. You cannot say anything about equivalents or stoichiometry with an unbalanced equation. Hint: Start with $\ce{Sb}... |
I am finding it hard to distinguish between the two. Can someone explain the two terms and the difference between them?
I tried learning from Wikipedia, but it said for both the above terms that it is the total energy contained by a thermodynamic system. |
How do I distinguish internal energy and enthalpy? |
I know that once you have sugars, you can ferment, distill, and dehydrate to create 95+% ethanol. I've also read about cellulosic ethanol, with the new step there being the breakdown of the cellulose into simpler sugars. Is there a relatively cheap way to do that yet, or it still only in expensive research labs?
|
Is there a way to turn cellulose into sugar, at home? (For small scale, DIY alcohol fuel) |
Why does plutonium have more oxidation states than samarium?
Electron configuration of Pu: [Rn] 5f^6 7s^2
Electron configuration of Sm: [Xe] 4f^6 6s^2
I thought that only the valence electrons affected the oxidation states, so why does plutonium have more oxidation states (6,5,4,3) than samarium (2,3) whilst they ... |
Plutonium having more oxidation states than samarium? |
Palladium follows an exception to normal electron filling-up rules and so has the electron configuration of [Kr]4d^10 5s^0
The oxidation states of palladium are +II and +IV.
How can these oxidation states be explained by looking at the special electron configuration of Pd? |
Palladium follows an exception to normal electron filling-up rules and so has the electron configuration of $\ce{[Kr] 4d^{10} 5s^0}$
The oxidation states of palladium are $\ce{+II}$ and $\ce{+IV}$.
How can these oxidation states be explained by looking at the special electron configuration of $\ce{Pd}$? |
A range of very different compounds are used in medicine as anaesthetics. They don't seem to have much in common chemically but they all seem to keep people asleep while medics are doing nasty things to them.
Inhaled anaesthetics include a variety of fluorocarbon gases such as halothane and sevoflurane plus barbitur... |
What is the mechanism of action of anaesthetics? |
Which of these thermodynamic relationships is true for a system at equilibrium? |
Like in title: Why $\ce{Fe(CO)5}$ exists, but $\ce{Fe(NH3)5}$ doesn't? |
Why Fe(CO)5 exists, but Fe(NH3)5 doesn't? |
Like in title: Why $\ce{Fe(CO)5}$ exists, but $\ce{Fe(NH3)5}$ doesn't?
Edit:
As Jan Dvorak pointed out, it may exist. If so: why is it so unstable? |
Why does iodine exhibit metallic properties at room temperature although being a non-metal? Are there any similar elements like this? |
What is the major product formed when 1-chloro,3-iodo propane reacts with diphenyl sulpfide in the presence of one equivalent AgBF4?
ie Cl(Ch2)3I + S(Ph)2 + [AgBF4] = ? |
It's all in the title , How do you determine the chemical formula of a compound given it's crystal structure? |
How do you determine chemical formula given crystal structure? |
There are many compounds that taste sweet. Many of the artificial ones taste much sweeter than natural sugars (which is why they contribute little to energy intake when use as sweeteners).
A range of sweeteners is shown in the figure below:
![structures of common sweetners][1]
Structurally there are common fe... |
What molecular features create the sensation of sweetness? |
What is the major product formed when 1-chloro,3-iodo propane reacts with diphenyl sulpfide in the presence of one equivalent $\ce{AgBF4}$?
ie $\ce{Cl(CH_2)3I + S(Ph)2 + [AgBF4] = ?}$ |
A current of 2.25 A is applied to NiCl2 solution
A. Write the balanced half reaction that takes place at the anode
B. Write the balanced half reaction that takes place at the cathode
Can someone check if my answers seem logical? I'm not quite sure if I did the problem correctly
Anode: O2 + 4H+ + 4e- ---> 2H2... |
$$C_x H_y O_z$$
1.What are the units of x,y,z.I've read that they're termed as 'stoichiometric coefficients'.
2.What is the unit of mass proportion of carbon(c) in the fuel?
$$c=\frac{M_{carbon}}{M_{fuel}} .x$$
|
The stoichiometric coefficients is something else than you suggest.
[stoichiometric coefficients][1]:
The number of molecules of a given component that participate in the reaction as written.
The indexes $x, y, z$ represent quantities of atoms in a compound. So they do not have any units.
@Q2 Do you know wh... |
Why when ZnO is hot it turn into yellow color? I have read that because of physical property, but I need more explanations. Thanks. |
Why ZnO turn into tallow color when it is hot? I have read that because of physical property, but I need more explanations. Thanks. |
Why ZnO turn into yellow color when it is hot? |
A current of 2.25 A is applied to $\ce{NiCl2}$ solution
A. Write the balanced half reaction that takes place at the anode
B. Write the balanced half reaction that takes place at the cathode
Can someone check if my answers seem logical? I'm not quite sure if I did the problem correctly
Anode: $\ce{O2 + 4H+ + ... |
Why ZnO's color become yellow when it is hot? I have read that it is because of physical properties, but I need a more elaborate explanation. |
Why ZnO turn yellow when it is hot? |
How do you determine the chemical formula of a compound given its crystal structure? |
How do you determine a chemical formula given the molecule's crystal structure? |
One thing that the answers so far have not mentioned is that an explosion is a *chemical reaction*. So the question is: why does the explosion reaction occur? And like so many chemical reactions, the answer is that the post-explosion state is lower energy than the pre-explosion state. That would seem to be obvious, g... |
Why does ZnO's color become yellow when it is hot? I have read that it is because of physical properties, but I need a more elaborate explanation. |
Why does ZnO turn yellow when it is hot? |
I have an old oil cooler of an old Volkswagen engine (the type where the oil itself is cooled, and uses no water) stained with decades of usage. If I pass water through it, it comes out clear, but if I pass a clear oil through it, it comes out black.
What is the best method to clean it that uses cheap and easy to f... |
The sensation of sweetness is caused chemicals binding onto protein receptors on the taste buds. (for further reading, see links: [Link 1: "Sweetness receptor"](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sweetness#The_sweetness_receptor), [Link 2: "Taste Receptors"](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taste_receptor#Sweet)).
Sweetness ... |
Say I have a straightforward Michaelis-Menten reaction (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michaelis%E2%80%93Menten_kinetics) where an enzyme $E$ at some fixed concentration $[E]$ forms an interaction complex $ES$ with a substrate $S$ (with initial concentration $[S]_0$), and at a rate $k_{cat}$ can irreversibly convert the ... |
Say I have a straightforward Michaelis-Menten reaction (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michaelis%E2%80%93Menten_kinetics) where an enzyme $E$ at some fixed concentration $[E]$ forms an interaction complex $ES$ with a substrate $S$ (with initial concentration $[S]_0$), and at a rate $k_{cat}$ can irreversibly convert the ... |
Say I have a straightforward [Michaelis-Menten reaction][1] where an enzyme $E$ at some fixed concentration $[E]$ forms an interaction complex $ES$ with a substrate $S$ (with initial concentration $[S]_0$), and at a rate $k_{cat}$ can irreversibly convert the substrate $S$ to a product $P$. The rate of interaction com... |
At least to me, the contents of chapters 5 & 6 [given here][1] are representative of discussions on chemical bonding given in nearly all intro general & organic chem books, the statements in those chapters are mainly memorization (to me anyway). I basically don't find it rigorous enough, leads to more rather than less ... |
In short, yes.
To obtain the relation between τ and v, we need the actual time evolution of the concentration of the product by solving the differential equations (DEs) and then some way to get steady-state concentration. The DEs are non-linear. So we have to find approximate solutions. [This paper][1] develops a so... |
Since you ask specifically for internal energy, would it be that you already have some ideas?
So what is internal energy? It is the energy due to the interaction among the species plus the energy due to the interaction between the species and any external field. That is, the energy it takes to "assemble" the system.... |
Since you ask specifically for internal energy, would it be that you already have some ideas?
So what is internal energy? It is the energy due to the interaction among the species plus the energy due to the interaction between the species and any external field. That is, the energy it takes to "assemble" the system.... |
Your *Essentials of Physical Chemistry* seems to be heavy on the "essentials" and light on the "physical chemistry". A textbook used in a **physical chemistry course** (and not a "physical chemistry for ____" course) is what you need. The second portion of the traditional physical chemistry sequence is devoted entirely... |
i am an immunology master student without prior knowledge of biochemistry.
**Could someone explain me this 6 reactions ?**
I could learn the reactions by heart. But i want to understand, why exactly the reactions happen at **this** site. ( In terms of donor/acceptor ) What is the donor, what is the acceptor ?
... |
What is the Delta E of transition of electron from n=5 to n=1 and other electron transit from n=5 to n=2 in a Bohr hydrogen atom, with wavelength of first electron transition lambda=409 nm and the other electron transition lambda=1091 nm ? Please help to solve this ,how can i solve this using those two given wavelength... |
How to calculate Delta Energy (change in energy) of electron transition? |
I am planning an RPG adventure where the characters might end up getting a large cubic lump of "gold", which in reality, as you might have guessed, is in fact pyrite.
I also wanted to plan for the contingency that the group wouldn't notice that it's not the real deal, so I thought I could maybe let one of the charac... |
Is it possible to cut yourself on pyrite? |
What are the $\Delta E$'s of the transitions of an electron from $n=5$ to $n=1$ and from $n=5$ to $n=2$ in a Bohr hydrogen atom? The wavelength of the first electron transition is $\lambda_1=409~\mathrm{nm}$ and the other electron transition $\lambda_2=1091~\mathrm{nm}$.
**How can I solve this using those two given... |
How do I calculate the change in energy of an electron transition? |
What are the $\Delta E$'s of the transitions of an electron from $n=5$ to $n=1$ and from $n=5$ to $n=2$ in a Bohr hydrogen atom? The wavelength of the first electron transition is $\lambda_1=409~\mathrm{nm}$ and the other electron transition $\lambda_2=1091~\mathrm{nm}$.
**How can I solve this using those two given... |
How do I determine the pH of 2 methyl 4 pentanediol? Is there a list of these pHs? |
What is the pH of 2 methyl 4 pentanediol? |
in all chemistry books and eBooks it says that like disolves like...but when it comes to some molecules it confuses me like ether ,cellulose vitamin A and Co2...if we take ether, it is true that will not make hydrogen bond in water when it disolves but they have polar bonds between O and C and it's not in the linear f... |
Manganese dioxide catalyzes the decomposition of hydrogen peroxide to water and oxygen gas.
But what are the intermediates in this catalyzed reaction? |
Do you mean 2-methyl-2,4-pentanediol?
The $pK_a$ values of 2-propanol (isopropanol) and 2-methylpropan-2-ol (tert. butanol) are 16.5 and 17, respectively and I'd expect your diol to be in this range range, unless deprotonation is featured by intramolecular hydrogen bonding. In that case, the $pK_a$ might be somewha... |
The easiest carcinogenic thing for me to grasp is radiation, as it directly messes with DNA. Then it seems there are other compounds that simply mimic hormones, but these shouldn't necessarily cause cancer, right? Then there are things that can accelerate mitosis or mess with other processes, which can inadvertently me... |
Carcinogens, how do they work? |
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#When you make assumption for guessing the solubility of the molecule in some solvent you should consider the whole molecule, his structure and his size.
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We can start with the ether, in the below figure (from wikipedia the one at right ) is shown a diethylether molecule.
&nbs... |
[Noble gases][1] were considered to be inert until compounds that include them, such as [xenon trioxide][2] (as an example) were found.
My question is, what **natural** conditions allow the formation of noble gas compounds?
[1]: http://www.chemicalelements.com/groups/noblegases.html
[2]: http://en.wikipedi... |
What natural conditions result in noble gas to react with other elements? |
In all chemistry books and eBooks it says that "like dissolves like"...but when it comes to some molecules like ether, cellulose, vitamin A and $CO_2$ it confuses me.
If we take ether, it is true that will not make hydrogen bond in water when it dissolves but they have polar bonds between $O$ and $C$ and it's not i... |
To explain - a friend and I have been working on a program that would allow you to draw organic molecules, indicate the conditions, and predict the products. This would be primarily aimed at basic, first year undergrad organic chemistry (SN1/2, E1/2, applications, potentially (retro)synthesis, etc).
We've realized ... |
Anything that can have an edge will cut you, assuming it is thin enough.
This is why if you read science fiction novels they will sometimes have 'super sharp' swords - sometimes saying that they are an atom/molecule wide.
So pyrite specifically would depend - what shape is the pyrite the adventurer picking up? I... |
Anything that can have an edge will cut you, assuming it is thin enough. This is why some science fiction novels will describe 'super sharp' swords as having a width of a single atom/molecule.
To address pyrite, specifically, we'd have to know the shape of your planned fool's gold.
- Is it a lump of it, a bunch ... |
If I add $aq.KOH$ to both the compounds substitution takes place in the case of benzyl chloride and then if I oxidize with $KMnO4$ I will get benzene carboxylic acid which will give effervescence on reaction with $NaHCO3$. But, does $KMnO4$ has any effect on chloro benzene? |
How to distinguish between benzyl chloride and chloro benzene? |
To make the question clear I would like to take an example. $K3[Fe(CN)6]$ and $K3[FeF6]$ shows different colors in solutions. It is given in my textbook that it is because of different number of unpaired electrons.
**But, how can the no. of unpaired electrons affect the frequency of light emitted?**
The colors of ... |
How can different no. of unpaired electrons lead to different colours of co-ordination compounds? |
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