instruction stringlengths 15 30k |
|---|
I'm trying to hash (as secure as resonably possible) a password inside my db.
Per user I have their email, username and password and a uuid4 to identify them.
And for the password I though of using python's hashlib library with the pbkdf2_hmac function.
It takes:
- a hash function I went with sha512
- the pa... |
This is somewhat a basic question but the reason is not spelled out clearly anywhere.
Say we have 2 web applications running on `https://one.abc.com` and `htts://two.xyz.com`.
I visit `https://one.abc.com` and a page is displayed which has a button on it and when clicked, submits to `https://one.abc.com` and respon... |
Why data exchange using redirection via query params/auto-form-post CANNOT be trusted even on https? |
To my understanding, whilst the definition of zero-knowledge (zk) is the same in the non-interactive context, how one shows a non-interactive scheme is zk is very different from interactive zk protocol. This is because a Simulator cannot simply produce a valid transcript (as it does in the interactive setting) as doing... |
Do we have something proven methods for generate ssh key from some words?
I found this fork of ssh-keygen - https://github.com/cornfeedhobo/ssh-keydgen
But I don't found information about this tool, can I use it to make my own ssh key? |
Public proven metods ro generate ssh key from pass phrase? |
Public proven methods to generate ssh key from pass phrase? |
Assuming you're talking about SSH private keys, they are just files storing some secret keys used in the connection protocol, for exemple you can have RSA keys used with SSH.
So now the question becomes is it possible to generate a private key based on words ?.
The answer is yes, we can call those words the "seed" of... |
I'm assuming that you're talking about SSH private keys. These are just files storing secret keys used in the connection protocol. It is, for example, possible use RSA keys with SSH.
So now the question becomes: "is it possible to generate a private key based on words?"
The answer is yes, we can call those words ... |
I was reading LAC (https://eprint.iacr.org/2018/1009.pdf). They mention about high-hamming weight attacks on the Centered Binomial Distribution (CBD). To counter this, they propose CBD with fixed hamming weight.
> To prevent high hamming weigh attacks, we switch to n-ary centered
> binomial distribution with fixe... |
The algorithm implemented in hashcat works for me with mysql 8.0.
<?php
// based on https://github.com/hashcat/hashcat/blob/master/tools/test_modules/m07400.pm
function to64($v, $n) {
# ('.', '/', '0'..'9', 'A'..'Z', 'a'..'z');
$i64 = array_merge(array('.', '/'), range('0', '9')... |
Im new to cryptoanalysis and started reading [A Tutorial on
Linear and Differential Cryptanalysis](https://stackoverflow.com). The author is trying to explain it as simple as he can. But I still got some questions, can anybody help me please? He uses this example of simple spn.
[![enter image description here][1]][1]... |
RFC 8784 introduces a straightforward mechanism to use a pre-shared key to make modified IKEv2 key agreement resistant to a quantum computer Shor algorithm attack- thus providing a "quantum-safe" information channel. One use of this information channel could be to share keys.
QKD authentication requires a PSK in or... |
I am trying to understand how exactly lattice reduction and LWE are linked.
The attacks on LWE I have seen all use lattice reduction in some way or another, dual attacks, uSVP type and so on.
Naively, if I just care about (a couple of) short vectors, it seems overkill to produce a full basis change.
So, what is ... |
Are there any strong or well established commutative encryption algorithms? |
Recall $\textbf{SIS}_{n, q, \beta, m}$: Given $\textbf{A} \in \mathbb{Z}^{n\times m}_q$, $\vec{b} \in \mathbb{Z}^{n}$, find $\vec{z} \in \mathbb{Z}^{m}$ of norm $||z|| \le \beta$ s.t. $\textbf{A}\vec{z} = \vec{b}$.
We must take $\beta < q$ to avoid trivial solutions and $\beta \ge \sqrt{n \log q}$ to guarantee that ... |
This is somewhat a basic question but the reason is not spelled out clearly anywhere.
Say we have 2 web applications running on `https://one.abc.com` and `https://two.xyz.com`.
I visit `https://one.abc.com` and a page is displayed which has a button on it and when clicked, submits to `https://one.abc.com` and respo... |
The algorithm implemented in hashcat works for me with mysql 8.0.
<?php
// based on https://github.com/hashcat/hashcat/blob/master/tools/test_modules/m07400.pm
function to64($v, $n) {
# ('.', '/', '0'..'9', 'A'..'Z', 'a'..'z');
$i64 = array_merge(array('.', '/'), range('0', '9')... |
The algorithm implemented in hashcat works for me with mysql 8.0.
<?php
// based on https://github.com/hashcat/hashcat/blob/master/tools/test_modules/m07400.pm
function to64($v, $n) {
# ('.', '/', '0'..'9', 'A'..'Z', 'a'..'z');
$i64 = array_merge(array('.', '/'), range('0', '9')... |
The algorithm implemented in hashcat works for me with mysql 8.0.
<?php
// based on https://github.com/hashcat/hashcat/blob/master/tools/test_modules/m07400.pm
function to64($v, $n) {
# ('.', '/', '0'..'9', 'A'..'Z', 'a'..'z');
$i64 = array_merge(array('.', '/'), range('0', '9')... |
We've all seen tables of characters useful in encoding or decoding a vigenere cypher. Could such a chart be implemented in a decoder ring?
I envision three rings in one. As the user turns the top ring to align a text-character with a key-character on the second ring, the third ring turns to align the cypher-charact... |
Can I have a vigenere cypher decoder ring? |
Recall Short Integer Solution:
$\textbf{SIS}_{n, q, \beta, m}$: Given $\textbf{A} \in \mathbb{Z}^{n\times m}_q$, $\vec{b} \in \mathbb{Z}^{n}$, find $\vec{z} \in \mathbb{Z}^{m}$ of norm $||z|| \le \beta$ s.t. $\textbf{A}\vec{z} = \vec{b}$.
We must take $\beta < q$ to avoid trivial solutions and $\beta \ge \sqrt{n ... |
Do we have something proven methods for generate ssh key from some words?
I mean private key(without reason wich type rsa or eleptic curves) generated deterministic from seed
I found this fork of ssh-keygen - https://github.com/cornfeedhobo/ssh-keydgen
But I don't found information about this tool, can I use i... |
Do we have something proven soft for generate ssh key from some words?
I mean private key(without reason wich type rsa or eleptic curves) generated deterministic from seed
I found this fork of ssh-keygen - https://github.com/cornfeedhobo/ssh-keydgen
But I don't found information about this tool, can I use it t... |
Do we have something proven APPS for generate ssh key from some words?
I mean private key(without reason wich type rsa or eleptic curves) generated deterministic from seed
I found this fork of ssh-keygen - https://github.com/cornfeedhobo/ssh-keydgen
But I don't found information about this tool, can I use it t... |
Let me ask one question. Maybe, you know an answer. Thanks in advance for any response.
Let's fix an elliptic curve $E$ over the field $\mathbb{Q}$ of rationals without complex multiplication, i.e., its endomorphism ring is just the ring $\mathbb{Z}$ of integers. I want to generate an elliptic curve with the same $... |
Is it possible to generate an elliptic curve (with the hard discrete logarithm problem) by iterating only a finite field, but not its $j$-invariant? |
Public proven methods to generate SSH key from pass phrase? |
I checked a [related question](https://crypto.stackexchange.com/questions/51629/is-triple-des-still-considered-safe-to-use), but I still did not find the answer I was looking for.
Specifically, do we have any statistics on the usage of DES/2DES/3DES?
It seems [from here](https://crypto.stackexchange.com/questions/... |
I would like to come up with a MAC algorithm that is simple and provably secure.
The message and mac are OTP encrypted. For the purpose of this exercise lets say the entire plaintext is known to the adversary (they have predicted it), but the MAC for the authentic message is not known.
I'm not an expert, but it s... |
Let me ask one question. Maybe, you know an answer. Thanks in advance for any response.
Let's fix an elliptic curve $E$ over the field $\mathbb{Q}$ of rationals without complex multiplication, i.e., its endomorphism ring is just the ring $\mathbb{Z}$ of integers. I want to generate an elliptic curve with the same $... |
I read that SWIFFT is a linear hash function, but I don't understand what this means. The obvious interpretation is that if you have inputs $X1, X2$ each of which is an array of 16 64-dimensional binary vectors, then $H(X1) + H(X2) = H(X1 + X2)$. But then that leaves me confused about what $X1 + X2$ represents. Are eac... |
How does linearity work with SWIFFT? |
**Is there a TLS cipher suite with perfect forward secrecy (PFS) but without authentication, i.e. anonymous key exchange?**
I am not asking or wish to discuss the principle question whether an unauthenticated key exchange is something one should do and that it is prone to man-in-the-middle attacks. The question abov... |
Is there a TLS cipher suite with perfect forward secrecy (PFS) but without authentication, i.e. anonymous, ephemeral key exchange? |
I'm trying to prove that semantic security implies key-recovery security.
There is already a [question][1] that addresses this, but it doesn't explain the setup of the security reduction, which is what I'm interested in.
My idea is as follows:
* Given an efficient key-recovery adversary $A$, I'm constructing an s... |
## Intro
When using cosign for keyless signing, the flow that happens is as such:
1. The user runs `cosign sign` to sign an artifact
2. Cosign redirects the user for a OpenID Connect flow to log in via a OIDC provider and bring a code
3. The user enters the code to cosign
4. Cosign retrieves a JWT from the OIDC ... |
Why record signing in Rekor when using private key? |
Can you sign messages using Wireguard's keys? |
Is it impossible to improve plaintext attack on Zip crypto in trade of memory vs plaintext bytes requirement? |
$p$ - is the order of the finite field
$n$ - is the order of the group. Private keys can range from $1$ (the generator point $G$) to $n - 1$.
All the private keys ($Priv$) lie in certain ranges of 2.
$2^{a} < Priv < 2^{b}$
If we know the $a$ then after converting our private key to the public key ($Pub$), ... |
How to know the number of digits in the decimals place in elliptic curve division result? |
$p$ - is the order of the finite field
$n$ - is the order of the group. Private keys can range from $1$ (the generator point $G$) to $n - 1$.
All the private keys ($Priv$) lie in certain ranges of 2.
$2^{a} < Priv < 2^{b}$
If we know the $a$ then after converting our private key to the public key ($Pub$), ... |
After the discussion in the comments, and with the help of @kelalaka I will answer myself.
I will assume that $p$, the order of the group $|G|$, is prime, and that $0 \neq x \in\mathbb{{Z}}_{p}$.
$p$ is prime, so we can efficiently compute the multiplicative inverse of $x$ modulu $p$, that is $a\in\mathbb{{Z}}_{p... |
I know that in groups from large prime order the discrete log problem is considered hard. For example, it is hard to compute $x$ from $g^x$ and $g$.
Does the same holds for the root problem? For example, is it hard in such groups to compute $g$ from $g^x$ and $x$? |
**Point doubling formula**
*Calculate the slope*
$\lambda = (3\times Q_x^2) \times$ pow($2 \times Q_y$, -1, $p$) % $p$
*Calculate the new point coordinates*
$R_x = (λ^2 - 2 \times Q_x)$ % $p$
$R_y = (\lambda \times (Q_x - R_x) - Q_y)$ % $p$
**Point addition formula**
*Calculate the slope*
$\lamb... |
**Point doubling formula**
*Calculate the slope*
$\lambda = (3\times Q_x^2) \times$ pow($2 \times Q_y$, -1, $p$) % $p$
*Calculate the new point coordinates*
$R_x = (λ^2 - 2 \times Q_x)$ % $p$
$R_y = (\lambda \times (Q_x - R_x) - Q_y)$ % $p$
**Point addition formula**
*Calculate the slope*
$\lamb... |
**Background**
I have constructed a function $F'$, which has a characteristic that the quantity of $x\in X$ mapping to a single $y\in Y$ follows a binomial distribution$B(\frac{1}{2}, 2\frac{|X|}{|Y|})$.While a pseudorandom function $F: X × K → Y$, where the quantity of $x\in X$ mapping to a single $y\in Y$ follows ... |
**Point doubling formula**
*Calculate the slope*
$\lambda = (3\times Q_x^2) \times$ pow($2 \times Q_y$, -1, $p$) % $p$
*Calculate the new point coordinates*
$R_x = (λ^2 - 2 \times Q_x)$ % $p$
$R_y = (\lambda \times (Q_x - R_x) - Q_y)$ % $p$
**Point addition formula**
*Calculate the slope*
$\lamb... |
**Background**
I have constructed a function $F'$, which has a characteristic that the quantity of $x\in X$ mapping to a single $y\in Y$ follows a binomial distribution$B(\frac{1}{2}, 2\frac{|X|}{|Y|})$.While a pseudorandom function $F: X × K → Y$, where the quantity of $x\in X$ mapping to a single $y\in Y$ follows ... |
**Background**
I have constructed a function $F'$, which has a characteristic that the quantity of $x\in X$ mapping to a single $y\in Y$ follows a binomial distribution $B(\frac{1}{2}, 2\frac{|X|}{|Y|})$.While a pseudorandom function $F: X × K → Y$, where the quantity of $x\in X$ mapping to a single $y\in Y$ follows... |
**Background**
I have constructed a function $F':X × K → Y$, which has a characteristic that the quantity of $x\in X$ mapping to a single $y\in Y$ follows a binomial distribution $B(\frac{1}{2}, 2\frac{|X|}{|Y|})$.While a pseudorandom function $F: X × K → Y$, where the quantity of $x\in X$ mapping to a single $y\in ... |
I always thought that part of the idea behind SSS was that there is only a single $t-1$ degree polynomial through $t$ unique points; that this holds when the polynomial coefficients are over the reals and also in particular for SSS when the elements are chosen from a finite field. However I'm running into (what I think... |
Is there supposed to be a unique polynomial when given t shares for (t,n) Shamir Secret Sharing scheme? |
After the discussion in the comments, and with the help of @kelalaka I will answer myself.
I will assume that $p$, the order of the group $|G|$, is prime, and that $0 \neq x \in\mathbb{{Z}}_{p}$.
$p$ is prime, so we can efficiently compute the multiplicative inverse of $x$ modulu $p$, that is $a\in\mathbb{{Z}}_{p... |
Is the result of 4G the same when calculated as 3G + 1G or 2G + 2G in projective coordinates? Considering a curve like (y^2 = x^3 + 10x^2 + x (mod 83)) with a Generator point G = (3, 28) in affine coordinates, or (3:28:1) in projective coordinates, the calculations indicate that 2G = (64:Y-coordinate:65) and 3G = (25:Y... |
Is the result of 4G the same when calculated as 3G + 1G or 2G + 2G in projective coordinates? Considering a curve like (y^2 = x^3 + 10x^2 + x (mod 83)) with a Generator point G = (3, 28) in affine coordinates, or (3:28:1) in projective coordinates, the calculations indicate that 2G = (64:Y-coordinate:65) and 3G = (25:Y... |
I am looking at ways to blind an ECDSA signing key (and verification key respectively).
Looking at proposed solutions like the [IETF KBSS draft](https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/draft-irtf-cfrg-signature-key-blinding/), and the [IETF ARKG draft](https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/draft-bradleylundberg-cfrg-arkg/) it s... |
Some projects (e.g., https://zkpass.org/) are claiming that interactive ZKPs are more efficient than non-interactive ZKPs. What is the rationale behind this? |
Efficiency of interactive versus non-interactive zero-knowledge proofs? |
**Context:**
We usually assume that the hash functions we use in practice are both: collision resistant and pseudorandom. I wonder what's the relation between those properties.
**Question:**
Is a pseudo random function always collision resistant?
---
Clarification: This questions suggests that hash functions a... |
I'm currently tasked to implement [this cryptographic scheme](https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/6574849?tp=&arnumber=6574849). But currently struggle to understand this part of the scheme. Can anyone explain and suggest a way or some kind of tool to implement it?
```
The PKG generates the system parameters and a m... |
I'm currently tasked to implement [this cryptographic scheme](https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s11432-018-9462-0). But currently struggle to understand this part of the scheme. Can anyone explain and suggest a way or some kind of tool to implement it?
```
The PKG generates the system parameters and a master ... |
In target app users are equivalent to adversaries. They are allowed to pick chosen keys. \
If we use standard AES (in ECB mode)
$$c = AES(m,k) $$
Every user $u$ gets a cipher $c_u$. Two users $u_1, u_2$ have the goal to find a suitable key $k_u$ which leads to a common message $m$ (any 128-bit number) with
$$m = ... |
Can we make a cipher (chain) with AES hard to invert for all (except one) chosen keys to prevent MitM? (e.g. make it asymmetric) |
My knowledge of cryptography nothing beyond basic so I am by no means an expert, but I do know a bit of undergraduate mathematics including number theory.
I know that stream ciphers like ChaCha20 is inspired by the one-time pad, but is there a way to use ChaCha20 or modify it to guarantee the same information-theore... |
Can you use ChaCha20 as one-time pad? |
In target app users are equivalent to adversaries. They are allowed to pick chosen keys. \
If we use standard AES (in ECB mode)
$$c = AES(m,k) $$
Every user $u$ gets a cipher $c_u$. Two users $u_1, u_2$ have the goal to find a suitable key $k_u$ which leads to a common message $m$ (any 128-bit number) with
$$m = ... |
In target app users are equivalent to adversaries. They are allowed to pick chosen keys. \
If we use standard AES (in ECB mode)
$$c = AES(m,k) $$
Every user $u$ gets a cipher $c_u$. Two users $u_1, u_2$ have the goal to find a suitable key $k_u$ which leads to a common message $m$ (any 128-bit number) with
$$m = ... |
[SWIFFT's](https://web.eecs.umich.edu/~cpeikert/pubs/swifft.pdf) main definition is of a *compression function*. This can be converted to a hash function in many (standard) ways, e.g. the [MD transform](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Merkle%E2%80%93Damg%C3%A5rd_construction). The SWIFFT paper doesn't bother with discuss... |
This question is with reference to the python file `model_BKZ.py` provided in the GitHub repository https://github.com/pq-crystals/security-estimates/blob/master/model_BKZ.py
In this file, there is function called `construct_BKZ_shape`. I am not able to understand what it is doing. I have read BKZ algorithm from [th... |
I am writing an ECC based zkp circuit and need to express the constraints:
1) a + b + c = d
2) a, b, c, d >= 0
a, b, c, d will be represented by points on the curve so addition can wrap around the curve module. (Imagine d is total amount, and a, b, c are partial payments that total d)
1) is easy, it's just a ... |
Hello im got stuck at ctf crypto challenge, so at the challenge is given 3 file which is
> `flag.enc pub.key priv.key`
,
so i tried to decrypt using openssl here is my command
> `openssl pkeyutl -decrypt -in flag.enc -inkey priv.key`
.
But it get an error with this message
`
> Public Key operat... |
I am writing an ECC based zkp circuit and need to express the constraints:
1) a + b + c = d
2) a, b, c, d >= 0
a, b, c, d will be represented by points on the curve so addition can wrap around the curve module. (Imagine d is total amount, and a, b, c are partial payments that total d)
1) is easy, it's just a ... |
I am writing an ECC based zkp circuit and need to express the constraints:
1) a + b + c = d
2) a, b, c, d >= 0
a, b, c, d will be represented by points on the curve so addition can wrap around the curve module. (Imagine d is total amount, and a, b, c are partial payments that total d)
1) is easy, it's just a ... |
Are you entirely clear as to what a one time pad is exactly? If you can input one time, truly random keys into the ChaCha state, you don't need the ChaCha bit. You could just use the key generator directly to XOR with the plain text. Consider that great speed (bits/s) is not required for home enthusiasts.
It might ... |
I took a look at the implementation of Kyber, which can be found in this [GitRepo][1]. I made a small discovery in the [indcpa.c][2] in the function `indcpa_keypair`, starting at line 205, which I can't quite interpret. The line is given below.
// matrix-vector multiplication
for(i=0;i<KYBER_K;i++) {
... |
I took a look at the implementation of Kyber, which can be found in this [GitRepo][1]. I made a small discovery in the [indcpa.c][2] in the function `indcpa_keypair`, starting at line 205, which I can't quite interpret. The line is given below.
// matrix-vector multiplication
for(i=0;i<KYBER_K;i++) {
... |
The straightforward way to analyze this is via the notion of *group privacy*.
Recall the standard notion of differential privacy.
> A mechanism $M$ is said to be $(\epsilon,\delta)$ differentially private if, for all adjacent databases $D\sim D'$, for all sets $S$, one has that
> $$\Pr[M(D)\in S] \leq \exp(\epsilo... |
I am an undergraduate (grade three).I am confused about the cryptanalysis.Because a lot people say that the modern ciphers are complete and they can't be cracked.Maybe the prospects for cryptanalysis are bleak? |
Can someone explain the logic behind the claim that *the second equality is because we condition on the event that $M$ is equal to $m$* in the proof of Lemma 2.4 from "Introduction to Modern Cryptography"? I have added the relevant fragment below.
> **LEMMA 2.4** An encryption scheme (Gen, Enc,Dec) with message spac... |
The usual hybrid argument tells us that if two efficiently sampled ensembles are computationally indistinguishable based on a single sample, then, computational indistinguishability holds even for polynomiall-many independent samples.
My question is based on the fact of a quantum state induces a probability distribu... |
The usual hybrid argument tells us that if two efficiently sampled ensembles are computationally indistinguishable based on a single sample, then, computational indistinguishability holds even for polynomially-many independent samples.
My question is based on the fact of a quantum state induces a probability distrib... |
It is well-known that a One-Way Function is hard to invert on uniformly random inputs. As per [Wikipedia,][1]
> for [sic] all randomized algorithms $F$, all positive integers $c$ and all sufficiently large $n = \mathsf{length}(x)$, $$\Pr[f(F(f(x))) = f(x)]\leq\mathsf{negl}(n)$$ where the probability is over the choi... |
When i know the value "c", How do I find factored numbers "a" and "b" : (a*b) == c (mod N) where, N is bitcoin order.
For example,
0x2eb4110dd5ca04a63de5b4ba2654ad2012ece01827e92af6734553150fae332a * 0x251469c4e7202526c1571ba2e9a9d90ad46f52172b9d63e779a2165ee7201f66 == 0x5a1b9916812f186ef2c26f314fccd20af8222b022b0... |
Is it possible to construct a PRF that is secure under non-adaptive queries but not secure under adaptive queries? |
In vitalik's post the below is mentioned,
> This is the pairing. Mathematicians also sometimes call it a bilinear map; the word “bilinear” here basically means that it satisfies the constraints:
* $e(P, Q + R) = e(P, Q) * e(P, R)$
* $e(P + S, Q) = e(P, Q) * e(S, Q)$
Whereas the textbook definition of lineari... |
Why is the bilinearity of an elliptic curve pairing shown as multiplicative rather than additive? |
For any group, we can write the operation either additively or multiplicatively.
If we decide to write it additively, we write the operation as $a + b = c$
If we decide to write it multiplicatively, we write the operations as $ab = c$ or $a \cdot b = c$
Some groups are traditionally written additively, while o... |
Suppose I want to commit to the following information:
* I have an integer $i\in\mathbb N$ and I want to commit to $i$ *and* that $i\gneq 0$, without revealing $i$.
* I have an element of a prime field $x\in\mathbb F_p$. I want to commit to $x$ *and* that it's nonzero, without revealing $x$.
Can anyone advise... |
For any group, we can write the operation either additively or multiplicatively.
If we decide to write it additively, we write the operation as $a + b = c$
If we decide to write it multiplicatively, we write the operation as $ab = c$ or $a \cdot b = c$
Some groups are traditionally written additively, while ot... |
Suppose I want to commit to the following information:
* I have an integer $i\in\mathbb Z$ and I want to commit to $i$ *and* that $i\gneq 0$, without revealing $i$.
* I have an element of a prime field $x\in\mathbb F_p$. I want to commit to $x$ *and* that it's nonzero, without revealing $x$.
Can anyone advise... |
For any group, we can write the operation either additively or multiplicatively.
If we decide to write it additively, we write the operation as $a + b = c$
If we decide to write it multiplicatively, we write the operation as $ab = c$ or $a \cdot b = c$
Some groups are traditionally written additively, while ot... |
I am an undergraduate (grade three). I am confused about the cryptanalysis. Because a lot people say that the modern ciphers are complete and they can't be cracked. Maybe the prospects for cryptanalysis are bleak? |
I'm currently tasked to implement [this cryptographic scheme](http://scis.scichina.com/en/2019/032104.pdf). But currently struggle to understand these hash functions of the scheme. Can anyone explain and suggest a way or some kind of tool to build these hashes?
```
- With a security parameter k, the PKG selects two... |
I'm currently tasked to implement [this cryptographic scheme](http://scis.scichina.com/en/2019/032104.pdf). But currently struggle to understand these hash functions of the scheme. Can anyone explain and suggest a way or some kind of tool to build these hashes?
```
Two groups G1 and G2 of the same order p and a
bi... |
I'm currently tasked to implement [this cryptographic scheme](http://scis.scichina.com/en/2019/032104.pdf). But currently struggle to understand these hash functions of the scheme. Can anyone explain and suggest a way or some kind of tool to build these hashes?
```
Two groups G1 and G2 of the same order p and a bil... |
In target app users are equivalent to adversaries. They are allowed to pick chosen keys. \
If we use standard AES (in ECB mode)
$$c = AES(m,k) $$
Every user $u$ gets a cipher $c_u$. Two users $u_1, u_2$ have the goal to find a suitable key $k_u$ which leads to a common message $m$ (any 128-bit number) with
$$m = ... |
I'm referencing Jason A. Donenfeld's Random number generator enhancements for Linux 5.17 and 5.18 available [here][1]. In summary:-
>significant outward-facing change is that /dev/random and /dev/urandom are now exactly the same thing, with no differences between them at all...
So entropy is collected at ... |
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