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[ { "content": "we address reversing and anti - reversing properties of interfaces in the following one - dimensional slow diffusion equation with strong absorption @xmath0 where @xmath1 is a positive function , _ \n e.g. _ , a concentration of some species , and @xmath2 and @xmath3 denote space and time , respec...
[ { "content": "diffuse reflectance spectroscopy in the visible and near - infrared range ( vis - nir drs ) has proved to be useful to assess various soil properties @xcite . \n it can be employed to provide more data rapidly and inexpensively compared to classical laboratory analysis . \n therefore , drs is incr...
[ { "content": "the class of compact steep - spectrum sources ( csss ) has been discussed by many authors ( e.g. pearson et al . \n 1985 ; fanti it et al.1990 ) . \n it is now generally believed that csss are physically small objects with sub - galactic dimensions , whose structure and sizes are possibly affecte...
[ { "content": "in this article , we describe the recent development of the 2mrad horizontal crossing angle scheme for the ilc . to date , two parallel designs have emerged : the first coming from the uk and france and the second from slac and bnl . \n we shall describe both schemes here , although they share ma...
[ { "content": "in view of the actual experimental possibilities , we recall some general characteristics of three - body charged systems with arbitrary masses and two different charges , in order to derive the charge - mass dependence of the leading order strength of the attractive dipole interaction produced by...
[ { "content": "in quantum mechanics , objects are described by wavefunctions . \n these take the form of complex superpositions of various evolutionary alternatives , or states . \n although successful in describing many aspects of the quantum world , this picture often leads to troubling interpretations when ex...
[ { "content": "monolayer mos@xmath0 has attracted much attention due to its promising applications in electronics,@xcite optoelectronics,@xcite valleytronics@xcite and also spintronics.@xcite for the application of spintronic devices , the suitable spin lifetime and spin diffusion length are required.@xcite this...
[ { "content": "the nature of fluctuations in both the metallic state @xcite,@xcite , and in disordered insulators @xcite , @xcite , has been a matter of interest for both theoretical and experimental studies . \n whereas in the metallic regime the basic aspects of fluctuations have been elucidated , in the regim...
[ { "content": "scene flow is a three - dimensional motion field of the surface in world space , or in other words , it shows the three - dimensional displacement vector of each surface point between two frames . as most computer vision issues are , scene flow estimation is essentially an ill - posed energy minim...
[ { "content": "several cosmological observations show that our universe is expanding with an acceleration@xcite . \n this fact can be interpreted as a dominance of the energy of the unknown nature , so called _ dark energy _ \n ( de)@xcite . \n the main feature of this energy consists of negative pressure that l...
[ { "content": "there are various models of collective opinion formation in which agents modify their opinions according to interaction with other agents @xcite . opinion formation is a dynamic process : for example , interaction between agents makes their opinions approach each other . \n an important problem in...
[ { "content": "completion of the knowledge of the generalized nuclear force , which includes not only the nucleon - nucleon ( nn ) interaction but also hyperon - nucleon ( yn ) and hyperon - hyperon ( yy ) interactions , brought the deeper understanding of atomic nuclei , structure of neutron stars and supernova...
[ { "content": "the credit valuation adjustment ( cva ) is , by definition , the difference between the risk - free portfolio value and the true portfolio value that takes into account default risk of the counterparty . in other words , cva is the market value of counterparty credit risk . \n after the financial ...
[ { "content": "the concept of entropy plays a central role in information theory , and has found a wide array of uses in other disciplines , including statistics , probability and combinatorics . \n the _ ( differential ) entropy _ of a random vector @xmath6 with density function @xmath7 is defined as @xmath8 wh...
[ { "content": "the traffic of vesicles , organelles , protein complexes , messenger rna , and even viruses within the cells of living beings is driven by the molecular motors of the cytoskeleton which move along cytoskeletal filaments in a directed fashion @xcite . \n there are three large classes of cytoskeleta...
[ { "content": "the calculus on time scales is a recent field , introduced by bernd aulbach and stefan hilger in 1988 @xcite , that unifies and extends difference and differential equations into a single theory @xcite . \n a time scale is a model of time , and the new theory has found important applications in se...
[ { "content": "topological superconductor is a novel phase of matter that has been theoretically predicted but yet to be experimentally verified . among topological materials , \n topological superconductivity is especially interesting because it is a platform to realize majorana particles - an elusive particle ...
[ { "content": "observations of lyman-@xmath2 ( ly@xmath2 ) sources are a powerful probe of the high - redshift universe ( e.g. * ? ? ? \n * ; * ? ? ? \n * ; * ? ? ? \n * ; * ? ? ? \n in particular , the prominence of the ly@xmath2 line at @xmath8 allows for spectroscopic confirmation of redshift measurements of...
[ { "content": "toys can be helpful in increasing students motivation in the classroom . in presentations for popularizing and communicating science to more general audiences \n , they can also help increasing the appreciation and interest in the physical science , sometimes in such a way that everyone ( especial...
[ { "content": "network coding technique has significantly improved the performance of communication networks , and has been studied extensively in the past two decades . \n index coding problem ( icp ) can be considered as a special case of network coding problem @xcite . \n icp has emerged as an important topic...
[ { "content": "the stage leading up to dynamic collapse of a magnetically subcritical cloud core to a protostar or a group of protostars is believed to be largely quasi - static , if the responsible process is ambipolar diffusion ( e.g. , mestel & spitzer 1956 , @xcite , @xcite , @xcite , @xcite ) . to describe ...
[ { "content": "the systematic study of x - ray source populations in external galaxies first became possible with the _ einstein _ observatory in 1978 . \n significant advances in the field were made with subsequent satellites such as _ rosat _ , but a giant leap forward has been taken with _ \n chandra_. with i...
[ { "content": "in the present paper , a particular approach to understanding lepton mixing , proposed in @xcite and further studied in @xcite , will be examined in more detail . \n first , we briefly review the approach . \n of course , the standard model interaction term for @xmath1 decay or @xmath2 includes th...
[ { "content": "the nonlinear schrdinger ( nls ) equation , as one of the universal equations that describe the evolution of slowly varying packets of quasi - monochromatic waves in weakly nonlinear dispersive media , has been very successful in many applications such as nonlinear optics and water waves @xcite . ...
[ { "content": "the so - called acceleration theorem for wave - packet motion in periodic potentials , formulated already in 1928 by bloch , @xcite has proven to be of outstanding value to solid - state physics for understanding the dynamics of bloch electrons within a semiclassical picture . \n @xcite in its mo...
[ { "content": "phase transition phenomena in quantum field theories are typically of nonperturbative nature and thus naive perturbation theory based on an expansion in the coupling constant can not be employed . \n this is clearly the case of phase changes at high temperatures , where perturbation theory becomes...
[ { "content": "neutrinos are the only massless fermions predicted by the standard model ( sm ) . \n this seems to be a reasonable assumption as none of the experiments designed to measure the neutrino mass in laboratory experiments have found any positive evidence for a non - zero neutrino mass . at present \n t...
[ { "content": "throughout the paper , we shall denote , for any enough differentiable function @xmath8 , its @xmath9-th derivative by @xmath10 or @xmath11 . \n let @xmath0}$ ] be the linear brownian motion started at @xmath5 and @xmath12}$ ] be the linear brownian bridge within the time interval @xmath13 $ ] : @...
[ { "content": "quantum impurity problems in 1 + 1 dimensions have long been the subject of intense study due to numerous applications in fields such as quantum wires , the quantum hall effect and the kondo problem . in particular , \n much research has been invested into understanding the behavior of particle tr...
[ { "content": "the discovery of the first tev @xmath0-ray source ( the crab nebula ) in 1989 by the whipple collaboration @xcite initiated a fast development of ground - based @xmath0-ray astronomy . \n the imaging air cherenkov technique has been successfully used since the first source was discovered . \n ima...
[ { "content": "the inner few degrees of the galactic center show a large concentration of molecular , atomic hydrogen and dust clouds ( pierce - price et al . 2000 ; lang et al . 2010 ; molinari et al . 2011 ) . \n the molecular gas toward the galactic center is considered to reside in the so - called central mo...
[ { "content": "overcharging is a surprising phenomenon in which conterions adsorbed to a surface exceed the number of fixed surface charges @xcite . as a consequence \n , coions are drawn from the bulk toward the overcharged surface leading to a formation of a `` triple - layer '' . \n because the underlying me...
[ { "content": "commonly , the energy gap @xmath2 of a superconducting film is determined in tunneling experiments where a conducting electrode and the superconductor are separated by an insulating layer . in early tunneling experiments , \n planar tunneling junctions with a thick oxide layer @xcite or point cont...
[ { "content": "let @xmath5 be an open and bounded set . for a given function @xmath6 \n we denote the gradient of @xmath7 as @xmath8 and its hessian @xmath9 . \n the @xmath1-laplacian is the partial differential equation ( pde ) @xmath10 where `` @xmath11 '' is the tensor product between @xmath12-vectors and `` ...
[ { "content": "more than half of the clusters of galaxies observed at x ray wavelengths exhibit evidence for cool gas in their cores ( edge , stewart , & fabian 1992 ) . \n the cooling time of this gas is often short compared to cluster ages ; therefore , the gas cools at rates that are often very large , @xmat...
[ { "content": "section [ background ] provides our motivation for looking at torsional rigidity , and points to the relevant literature . \n section [ torsrig ] introduces our main object of interest , the torsional rigidity of the complement of brownian motion on the unit torus . \n section [ asympscal ] sta...
[ { "content": "understanding correlation effects is one major goal of condensed matter physics . \n strong correlations manifest themselves in various forms . the paramagnetic mott - hubbard metal - insulator - transition ( pmit)@xcite is a well - known and interesting example . with increasing interaction stren...
[ { "content": "gamma ray bursts ( grbs ) are the most energetic explosions that take place in our universe , with a typical energy of @xmath6 released on a timescale of between a millisecond and a few thousand seconds . \n the release of such a considerable amount of energy over such a short period requires an o...
[ { "content": "market impact is the expected price change conditioned on initiating a trade of a given size and a given sign . \n understanding market impact is important for several reasons . \n one motivation is practical : to know whether a trade will be profitable it is essential to be able to estimate trans...
[ { "content": "# 1#2 # 1#2#3#4#5 w # 1 ( cc#5 & # 4 + # 2 & # 3 ) # 1#2#3#4#5 # 1 ( cc#5 & # 4 + # 2 & # 3 ) # 1#2#3 # 1#2#3 in the last decade many infinite hierarchies of exactly solvable models have been found . of foremost importance among these models \n are the restricted solid -...
[ { "content": "about half of the nuclei with @xmath0 observed in nature are formed by the so - called rapid neutron - capture process ( or r - process ) of nucleosynthesis , occurring in explosive stellar events . \n the r - process is believed to take place in environments characterized by high neutron densitie...
[ { "content": "the aim of topological data analysis is to understand the shape of unstructured data often given as finitely many points in a metric space . \n usually , the shape of such a point cloud is studied through a filtration of complexes built on given points . \n for instance , the vietoris - rips compl...
[ { "content": "in order to construct @xmath1-dimensional homotopy quantum field theories ( hqft s ) , the second author introduced for a group @xmath0 the notions of a ribbon @xmath0-category and a modular ( ribbon ) @xmath0-category . the aim of this paper is to analyze the categories of representations of quan...
[ { "content": "superfluidity resulting from a bose - einstein condensate ( bec ) in atomic gases is characterized by the irrotational nature of the condensate flow . \n the recent experimental observation of the scissors mode in a trapped bose - condensed gas @xcite clearly demonstrated the irrotational nature o...
[ { "content": "it has been established that many - body processes play an important role in the _ transient _ optical response of semiconductors in the coherent regime@xcite . \n the coulomb correlations between photoexcited carriers are especially strong in the presence of magnetic field . by suppressing kineti...
[ { "content": "statistical thermodynamics of simple liquids and their mixtures has been extensively studied , and thermodynamical and structural properties of such systems are well understood @xcite . in particular , \n an accurate equation of state of the lennard - jones fluid has been obtained @xcite . \n th...
[ { "content": "[ [ algebraic - lambda - calculi . ] ] algebraic @xmath0-calculi . \n + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + two algebraic versions of the @xmath0-calculus arise independently in distinct contexts : the algebraic @xmath0-calculus ( @xmath1 ) @xcite and ...
[ { "content": "vortices of persistent current in superconductors have been viewed for a long time as a testing ground for various models of classical and quantum phase transitions . \n this is due to relatively strong interactions between vortices coupled with a high degree of control over the vortex arrays . \n...
[ { "content": "[ introduction ] in this paper @xmath12 denotes the deligne - mumford compactification of the moduli space of smooth curves over @xmath13 of genus @xmath14 . \n the boundary locus @xmath15 of @xmath12 consists of nodal curves with finite automorphism groups , which together with the smooth curv...
[ { "content": "the observational evidence for the acceleration of the universe demonstrates that canonical theories of gravitation and particle physics are incomplete , if not incorrect \n . the next generation of astronomical facilities must therefore be able to carry out precision consistency tests of the stan...
[ { "content": "braneworld models with large extra dimensions @xcite bring us an interesting possibility to address the hierarchy problem by lowering the fundamental scale of gravity down to order of tev . \n it has been argued in the context of tev scale gravity that mini black holes might be created through hi...
[ { "content": "[ introduction ] the reflection and transmission of light at air - medium interface has been a topic of ongoing investigation and contention . \n initially , the amplitudes and directions of reflected and transmitted light were determined by fresnel formulas and snell s law . \n deviations were la...
[ { "content": "the detection of cooper pairs above the superconducting transition temperature @xmath0 has a long history , dating back to 1969.tinkham it implies that the average of the order parameter squared , @xmath12 , does not vanish above @xmath0 , either due to thermal fluctuations or the limited effectiv...
[ { "content": "a _ wavelet set _ relative to dilation by an expansive ( all eigenvalues greater than 1 in absolute value ) real @xmath3 matrix @xmath4 is a set @xmath5 whose characteristic function @xmath6 is the fourier transform of an orthonormal wavelet . \n that is , if @xmath7 then @xmath8 is an orthonormal...
[ { "content": "the interactions of surfaces are often affected by nanoparticles or macromolecules in the surrounding medium . \n non - adhesive particles cause attractive depletion interactions between the surfaces , since the excluded volume of the molecules depends on the surface separation @xcite . \n adhesiv...
[ { "content": "in physics , the study of colloidal brownian motion has a long history beginning with einstein s famous paper @xcite in 1905 , and the understanding of its mechanism has been systematically developed in molecular kinetic theory @xcite . \n recently , experimental developments have enabled resear...
[ { "content": "complex networks can be observed in a wide variety of natural and man - made systems @xcite , and an important general problem is the relationship between the connection structure and the dynamics of these networks . with graph - theoretical approaches \n , networks may be characterized using grap...
[ { "content": "d - branes are very important non - perturbative objects in string theory . \n their existence is essential since they are needed , among other things , for various string theory dualities to work . \n the most primitive definition of a d - brane is as a hyper surface on which open strings end . ...
[ { "content": "it is compelling that most of the matter in the universe is in a form of non - baryonic cold dark matter . \n if it exists , it would play an important role in the structure formation of the universe @xcite . \n axions , the pseudo - goldstone bosons , are among the most promising candidates for ...
[ { "content": "the monolayer systems of group - vi dichalcogenides , @xmath2 ( @xmath3=mo , w ; @xmath4=s , se , te ) @xcite have received considerable interest as unique alternatives of graphene for their various intriguing properties @xcite : direct band gap of 2 ev @xcite , high photoluminescence yie...
[ { "content": "the goal of the paper is to intiate an approach to the hyperbolic volume conjecture , via asymptotics of solutions of difference equations with a small parameter . \n the generalized volume conjecture links ( conjecturally ) the ( colored ) jones polynomial of a knot to hyperbolic geometry of its ...
[ { "content": "atom chips are microfabricated devices that control electric , magnetic and optical fields in order to trap and manipulate cold atom clouds @xcite , @xcite , @xcite , @xcite and to form bose - einstein condensates @xcite , @xcite , @xcite . \n potential applications include atomic clocks @xcite , ...
[ { "content": "quantum dots ( qds ) coupled to source and drain electrodes represent versatile and well - controlled systems for the study of mesoscopic transport @xcite . \n the many aspects of electron tunneling through qds are typically studied by measuring either the qd _ conductance _ , or the qd _ \n charg...
[ { "content": "laser spectroscopy of optical transitions in highly charged ions ( hcis ) is a subject of considerable interest as it provides access to relativistic effects in few - electron systems and can be used to test bound - state qed in the extremely strong electric and magnetic fields in the vicinity of ...
[ { "content": "in recent years , great progress has been made in quantifying the evolution of the galaxy population at the end of cosmic reionization around @xmath15 . \n deep hubble space telescope ( hst ) legacy fields , such as the hubble ultra - deep field ( hudf ; * ? ? ? * ) or goods @xcite , and wide area...
[ { "content": "it is well established that the measurement of the galaxy luminosity function ( lf ) is sensitive to the type of galaxy being sampled . \n morphologically early - type galaxies tend to be systematically brighter than their late - type counterparts , resulting in lf estimates with significantly bri...
[ { "content": "a great deal of effort has recently gone into the study of higher - dimensional models as unified theories of gravity and fundamental matter fields . \n the original interest in such models in kaluza \n klein ( kk ) theory @xcite was revived by the important role of dimension 11 in supergravity @x...
[ { "content": "while the cumulative evidence for neutrino oscillations is very striking , the final proof that the observed anomalies are actually due to neutrino oscillations is still outstanding . in particular , \n the current observations of atmospheric neutrinos @xcite are all consistent with the hypothesis...
[ { "content": "granular media are simultaneously one of the most common and complex forms of matter on earth . \n this complexity stems , in part , from heterogeneous structure and highly nonlinear particulate interactions @xcite . over the past thirty years \n , mechanical wave propagation in ordered granular m...
[ { "content": "stars form due to the local collapse of material in molecular clouds . \n the conditions prior to the collapse result from a complex interplay between self - gravity , turbulence , magnetic fields and thermodynamics . understanding the effects of each of these influences leads to a better knowledg...
[ { "content": "this article deals with the relationship between zeros and critical points of random polynomials in one complex variable . recall that a _ critical point _ of a polynomial @xmath10 is a root of its derivative @xmath11 \n there are many results concerning the location of critical points of polynomi...
[ { "content": "after over two decades of development , the advanced laser interferometer gravitational - wave observatory ( aligo ) has directly detected gravitational waves from an inspiralling black hole - black hole ( bh - bh ) binary @xcite . through the precise measurement of the gravitational waves , aligo...
[ { "content": "the results of sidis ( semi inclusive deep inelastic scattering ) experiments with polarised beams and targets enable the extraction of the spin dependent quark and gluon densities . \n this powerful tool of studying the internal spin structure of the nucleon allows verification of sum rules . \n ...
[ { "content": "high precision astrometry is a powerful tool to search for companions to nearby stars . \n it also has the potential to discover significant numbers of extrasolar planetary systems . in this paper \n we discuss the potential of astrometry as a probe of self - gravitating discs around pre - main se...
[ { "content": "linear diophantine equations and their systems are easy to solve . \n there are three possibilities : either a system has no solution , one solution or infinitely many solutions . the case of one solution can be thought of as a special case of infinitely many solutions . \n the method to distingui...
[ { "content": "the progress of spintronics and physics of heterostructures which can be observed during the last years @xcite is focused on various physical phenomena , and one of them which attracts a considerable attention is the spin - dependent transport through semiconductor / spin - polarized junctions @xc...
[ { "content": "the 4f - electronic systems with spin and orbital degrees of freedom in rare earth compounds frequently reveal electric quadrupole orderings in addition to magnetic dipole orderings at low temperatures . \n the cubic compounds based on ce@xmath18 ion with a @xmath8 quartet ground state in particul...
[ { "content": "a promising way to explain the late - time accelerated expansion of the universe is to assume that at large scales general relativity ( gr ) breaks down , and a more general action describes the gravitational field . \n thus , in the latter context , infra - red modifications to gr have been exten...
[ { "content": "the studies of nonlinear excitations of two - dimensional ( 2d ) and quasi 2d correlated spin systems are an important issue of modern physics of magnetism , and can be useful for development of general soliton concepts . \n @xcite the topological textures like localized solitons ( skyrmions @xcit...
[ { "content": "there is a plethora of astrophysical evidence today , from supernovae measurements , the spectrum of fluctuations in the cosmic microwave background @xcite , baryon oscillations and other cosmological data , indicating that the expansion of the universe is currently accelerating . \n the energy bu...
[ { "content": "after the successful applications of lscher s method @xcite to the elastic scattering of _ elementary _ scalar and fermionic particles ( see , e.g. , @xcite ) , we have chosen the massive schwinger model ( qed@xmath0 ) with 2 flavours to determine scattering phases in meson - meson scattering . \n...
[ { "content": "during the brief history of extrasolar planet investigations , our understanding of the relative populations of different types of planets has been limited by the observational biases of the techniques employed . with the advent of sophisticated transit searches and hypersensitive radial velocity ...
[ { "content": "observations of the anisotropy of the cosmic microwave background ( cmb ) radiation have given us unprecedented knowledge of the very early universe and dramatically confirmed the picture of large - scale structure as arising from the gravitational amplification of small perturbations in a univers...
[ { "content": "polarimetric imagery consists in forming an image of the state of polarization of the light backscattered by a scene . \n we consider in this paper that the scene is artificially illuminated with coherent light ( laser ) . \n for example , this illumination is used in active imagery in order to co...
[ { "content": "segue 1 was discovered by @xcite as an overdensity of resolved stars in imaging data from the sloan digital sky survey ( sdss ) . \n it is located at equatorial coordinates @xmath1 and has a heliocentric distance of @xmath2 kpc . \n this corresponds to galactic coordinates @xmath3 , @xmath4 and a...
[ { "content": "in the last fifteen years , power - law distributions , with their heavy - tailed and scale - invariant features , have become ubiquitous in scientific literature in general @xcite . \n heavy - tailed distributions have been fitted to data from a wide range of sources , including ecological size s...
[ { "content": "the recent discovery of extrasolar giant planets orbiting around nearby solar type stars ( marcy & butler 1998 , 2000 ; mayor & queloz 1995 ) has stimulated renewed interest in the theory of planet formation . \n the objects observed so far have masses , @xmath2 , that are characteristic of giant...
[ { "content": "this work falls into a general framework which consists of observing the behavior of patterns and structures that can be formed after instability onset in an evaporating liquid layer . in previous work , we studied theoretical instability thresholds in pure fluids [ 1,2 ] and in binary mixtures [ ...
[ { "content": "seasonal unit roots and seasonal heterogeneity often coexist in seasonal data . hence , it is important to design seasonal unit root tests that allow for seasonal heterogeneity . in particular , \n consider quarterly data @xmath5 , @xmath6 generated by @xmath7 where @xmath8 are seasonally varying ...
[ { "content": "one of the challenges in the modern physics is the description of the internal structure of the baryons and mesons . \n the electromagnetic structure of the nucleon @xmath1 and the nucleon resonances @xmath2 can be accessed through the @xmath0 reactions , which depend of the ( photon ) momentum tr...
[ { "content": "the problem of index coding over noiseless broadcast channels was introduced in @xcite and has been well studied @xcite - @xcite . \n it involves a single source and a set of caching receivers . \n each of the receivers wants a subset of the set of messages transmitted by the source and knows anot...
[ { "content": "recently it was demonstrated @xcite that two qubits subject to common thermal bosonic environment ( bath ) can develop considerable entanglement . \n a similar result has also been obtained for qubits interacting via fermionic environment @xcite . here \n we review our results on the derivation of...
[ { "content": "low mass x - ray binary ( lmxb ) is composed of a compact object ( neutron star or black hole ) accreting matter from its low mass companion star ( @xmath3 ) . according to the x - ray spectral proporties and rapid timing variabilities , the neutron star ( ns ) lmxbs are usually classified as the ...
[ { "content": "it is well established that interactions and/or galaxy collisions represent an important stage in the evolution of galaxies ( e.g. * ? ? ? * ; * ? ? ? \n * ; * ? ? ? \n * ; * ? ? ? \n numerous studies show clear indications of the importance of those external mechanisms for the enhancement of star...
[ { "content": "type ia supernovae ( sne - ia ) are thought to be standardizable \" candles capable of measuring cosmological distances . \n their utility in this sense has been used over the past two decades to first discover ( riess et al . \n 1998 ; perlmutter et al . 1999 ) and then study the accelerated exp...
[ { "content": "while advances in two - dimensional ( 2d ) percolation have recently allowed to determine the site percolation threshold on the square lattice with an astonishing accuracy of 14 significant digits @xcite and many critical exponents in 2d have been known exactly for decades @xcite , the progress in...
[ { "content": "conventional statistical mechanics addresses homogeneous macroscopic systems in the thermodynamic limit . \n these are traditionally treated in canonical ensembles controlled by intensive temperature @xmath1 , chemical potential @xmath2 and/or pressure @xmath3 . in the canonical ensemble \n the he...
[ { "content": "ultra luminous compact x - ray sources ( ulxs ; makishima et al . \n 2000 ) are objects often seen in off - center regions of nearby spiral galaxies , and exhibit x - ray luminosities by far exceeding the eddington limit for a neutron star ( fabbiano . 1989 ; read et al . \n 1997 ; lira et al . \n...
[ { "content": "a. details of the geometric argument for the current increase or decrease b. evaluation of the energy conservation @xmath71-function c. identification of distinct scattering processes in the asymptotic behavior of the rate of change of the current d. asymptotic behavior of the rate of chan...
[ { "content": "j. bae is supported in part by the hanyang university fellowship and y. kwon is supported in part by the fund of hanyang university .", "role": "user" }, { "content": "it is questionable that grover algorithm may be more valuable than a classical one , when a partial information is giv...