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[ { "content": "equal - sized hard spheres constitute probably the simplest example of a purely entropic material . in a hard - sphere system \n there is no contribution to the internal energy @xmath1 from interparticle forces so that @xmath1 is a constant , at a fixed temperature . \n minimising the free energy ...
[ { "content": "polyelectrolyte ( pe ) solutions are systems widely studied since they show properties that are of fundamental interest for applications in health science , food industry , water treatment , surface coatings , oil industry , among other fields . \n in fact , one of the problems found in genetic en...
[ { "content": ") ( e ) 2-wasserstein distance.,width=291 ] -.5 cm comparing , summarizing and reducing the dimensionality of empirical probability measures defined on a space @xmath0 are fundamental tasks in statistics and machine learning . \n such tasks are usually carried out using pairwise comparisons ...
[ { "content": "moduli spaces of smooth algebraic curves have been defined and then compactified in algebraic geometry by deligne and mumford in their seminal paper @xcite . \n a conceptually important extension of this notion in the case of pointed curves was introduced by knudsen @xcite . \n the points in the...
[ { "content": "diffraction by an infinite wedge is a fundamental canonical problem in acoustic scattering . \n exact closed - form frequency - domain solutions for point source , line source or plane wave excitation with homogeneous dirichlet ( sound soft ) or neumann ( sound hard , or rigid ) boundary condition...
[ { "content": "we thank r. liotta for stimulating discussions and his reading of the manuscript . \n this work was supported by the swedish research council ( vr ) under grant nos . \n 621 - 2012 - 3805 , and 621 - 2013 - 4323 . \n the calculations were performed on resources provided by the swedish national inf...
[ { "content": "type ia supernovae ( snia ) are deeply connected with many important frontiers of astrophysics and cosmology . \n they occur in all galaxy types and are major contributors to galactic chemical evolution , in particular of iron . \n they are very bright and , as high redshift distance indicators , ...
[ { "content": "the inference of couplings between dynamical subsystems , from data , is a topic of general interest . \n transfer entropy @xcite , which is related to the concept of granger causality @xcite , has been proposed to distinguish effectively driving and responding elements and to detect asymmetry in ...
[ { "content": "weak gravitational lensing due to large scale structure ( cosmic shear ) has become a promising source of cosmological information . a new generation of ground- and space - based surveys suited for precision weak lensing measurements have been developed with the importance of this new probe in min...
[ { "content": "stimulated raman adiabatic passage ( stirap ) is a well established and widely used technique for coherent population transfer in atoms and molecules @xcite . \n stirap uses two delayed but partially overlapping laser pulses , pump and stokes , which drive a three - state @xmath0-system @xmath1 . ...
[ { "content": "the recovery problem of sparse vectors from a linear underdetermined set of equations has recently attracted attention in various fields of science and technology due to its many applications , for example , in linear regression @xcite , communication @xcite , @xcite , @xcite , multimedia @xcite ,...
[ { "content": "the top quark is the heaviest available fundamental particle in the standard model ( sm ) . because of the large mass of the top quark , it s interactions are an excellent probe of the electroweak symmetry - breaking mechanism , and they should therefore play an important role in the search of phy...
[ { "content": "compressive sensing , or compressive sampling ( cs ) @xcite , is a novel signal processing technique proposed to effectively sample and compress sparse signals , i.e. , signals that can be represented by few significant coefficients in some basis . \n assume that the signal of interest @xmath0 can...
[ { "content": "galaxies and clusters of galaxies are believed to form within the potential wells of virialized dark matter ( dm ) halos . \n understanding the clustering of dm halos can provide important clues to understanding the large scale structures in the universe . \n a number of studies have therefore bee...
[ { "content": "constant width bodies , i.e. , convex bodies for which parallel supporting hyperplanes have constant distance , have a long and rich history in mathematics @xcite . due to meissner @xcite , \n constant width bodies in euclidean space can be characterized by _ \n diametrical completeness _ \n , tha...
[ { "content": "the asteroid belt is challenging to understand but is critical for studies of the formation and early evolution of the solar system . \n the orbital configuration of the asteroid belt is believed to have been established in two phases . \n the first phase dates back to the first few million years ...
[ { "content": "it is well known that initial conditions influence the temporal evolution of nonequilibrium systems . \n the systems `` memory '' for the initial state usually depends on the dynamical rules . \n for example , stochastic processes with a finite temporal correlation length relax to their stationary...
[ { "content": "the discovery of charged higgs bosons @xcite will provide a concrete evidence of the multi - doublet structure of the higgs sector . \n recent efforts have focused on their relevance to supersymmetry ( susy ) , in particular in the mssm , which incorporates exactly two higgs doublets , yielding a...
[ { "content": "there is an ever increasing wealth of observational evidence indicating the non - sphericity of almost every type of astronomical object ( e.g. , extended circumstellar environments , novae shells , planetary nebulae , galaxies , and agns ) . to accurately interpret this data \n , detailed two- an...
[ { "content": "in the past a lot of emphasis has been put on studying the radio variability of radio - loud agn and specifically those of blazars @xcite . there \n the radio emission is most certainly due to a relativistically beamed jet and one goal of multi - wavelength monitoring , including radio , is to und...
[ { "content": "an important class of problems in mathematics take the following prototypical form : given a riemmanian manifold , find a conformally equivalent metric satisfying certain prescribed properties . \n conformal mapping problems _ arise ubiquitiously , and their solutions are invaluable to many areas ...
[ { "content": "it is generally accepted that the final stage of terrestrial planet formation is the giant impact stage where protoplanets or planetary embryos formed by oligarchic growth collide with one another to form planets ( e.g. , * ? ? ? \n * ; * ? ? ? \n this stage has been mainly studied by @xmath0-body...
[ { "content": "gamma - ray bursts ( grbs ) are brief pulses of @xmath9-ray radiation observed on average once a day at random directions in the sky . \n they are the brightest sources in this region of the electromagnetic spectrum , and they have been systematically studied in the past two decades ( e.g. * ? ? ?...
[ { "content": "the canonical core accretion theory of planet formation , in which planetesimals collide to form solid cores which then destabilize the surrounding gas to accrete an atmosphere ( safronov 1969 ; pollack et al.1996 ) , has at least two fundamental problems explaining the origins of uranus and neptu...
[ { "content": "nowadays , it has been prevailing in both experimental and theoretical explorations that quantum coherence effect due to the role of phase in quantum superposition may exist in living processes . \n this essentially implies that there may exist quantum coherence effect in chemical reactions in som...
[ { "content": "in the case of most pulsars , their observed radio spectra can be described using a power law with a negative spectral index of @xmath01.8 or ( for a small fraction of sources ) two power laws with spectral indices of @xmath00.9 and @xmath02.2 with a break frequency @xmath1 on average of 1.5 ghz @...
[ { "content": "the orion bn / kl complex , at a distance of @xmath6 pc @xcite , contains the nearest region of ongoing high - mass star formation . \n a dense protostellar cluster lies within the region containing three radio sources that are believed to be massive young stellar objects ( ysos ) : the highly e...
[ { "content": "the major preoccupation of particle physics is the search for physics beyond the standard model or equivalently , for deviations from standard model predictions . to this end , \n measurements at the cern lep-100 @xmath3 collider and the slac slc @xmath3 collider@xcite have provided stringent test...
[ { "content": "early investigations of black hole accretion flows indicated that tenuous flows can develop a two - temperature structure , with proton temperature sufficient to produce a significant @xmath0-ray luminosity above 10 mev through @xmath9 production ( e.g. dahlbacka , chapline & weaver 1974 ) . \n t...
[ { "content": "40004000 = 1000 # 1 \n 40004000 = 1000 recent spectroscopic observations of @xmath5 quasars discovered by the sloan digital sky survey ( sdss ) have opened up new windows into the study of the high redshift intergalactic medium ( igm ) ( fan et al . \n 2000 , zheng et al . \n 200...
[ { "content": "the non - thermal radiation emitted in pulsar wind nebulae is commonly associated with ultra - relativistic electron - positron pairs injected by the pulsar and accelerated at the termination shock . in the crab nebula \n , the particle spectrum above @xmath2tev responsible for the x - ray to gamm...
[ { "content": "ic4846 ( png027.6@xmath409.6 ) is a compact planetary nebula ( pn ) whose morphology has not been studied in detail yet . \n the only available information on its structure is provided by the vla 6 cm continuum observations by kwok ( 1985 , see also aaquist & kwok 1990 ) , showing several knots em...
[ { "content": "the statistics of earthquakes has been a subject of research for a long time . \n one spectacular feature is the wide range of observed earthquake sizes , spanning over ten decades in earthquake moment magnitude ( which is defined to scale as the logarithm of the integral of slip along the fault d...
[ { "content": "the study of non - bps objects such as non - bps branes , brane - antibrane configurations and spacelike branes has recently attracted great attention given its implications for string / m - theory and cosmology . the tachyon field associated with unstable d - branes , \n might be responsible for ...
[ { "content": "we are grateful to dr . \n d. divincenzo for some helpful comments on the manuscript . \n financial support for this research has been provided by the national science foundation through grant phy-9220726 . \n 11 p. w. shor , in _ proceedings of the 35th annual symposium on foundations of co...
[ { "content": "the gapless energy spectrum of graphene @xcite enables using single- or multiple graphene - layer ( gl ) structures for different terahertz ( thz ) and infrared ( ir ) photodetectors based on involving the interband transitions @xcite ( see , also refs @xcite ) , where different thz and ir ph...
[ { "content": "main - belt comets ( mbcs ; * ? ? ? \n * ) exhibit cometary activity indicative of sublimating ice , yet orbit entirely within the main asteroid belt ( figure [ fig_aeimbcs ] ) . \n seven mbcs 133p / elst - pizarro , 176p / linear , 238p / read , 259p / garradd , p/2010 r2 ( la sagra ) , p/2006...
[ { "content": "the angular momentum content of a star at birth impacts on most of its subsequent evolution ( e.g. ekstrm et al . 2012 ) \n . the star s instantaneous spin rate and/or on its rotational history plays a central role in various processes , such as dynamo - driven magnetic activity , mass outflows an...
[ { "content": "despite the absence of an explicit minimization principle , variational methods have been used successfully in many problems of quantum scattering theory . \n such calculations typically exploit a stationary principle in order to obtain an accurate description of scattering processes . \n the kohn...
[ { "content": "advances in nanofabrication and characterization techniques have enabled the engineering of nanostructured surfaces with geometric features as small as a few nanometers @xcite . at nanoscales , the interplay between intermolecular forces , brownian motion , and surface structure can give rise to c...
[ { "content": "in recent years the environment of andromeda has been a prime location for the discovery of dwarf galaxies and tidal structures , much of which has been enabled by large surveys on the isaac newton telescope @xcite and the canada - france - hawaii telescope @xcite . \n these surveys have obtained ...
[ { "content": "surface plasmon polaritons ( spps ) are collective oscillations of electrons occuring at the interface of materials . \n more than hundred years after their discovery @xcite , spps have promoted new applications in many fields such as microelectronics @xcite , photovoltaics @xcite , near - field s...
[ { "content": "there are currently two grb afterglows for which a fast falling - off optical emission was detected at early times , only @xmath1 seconds after the burst . \n the general consensus is that this emission arises from the grb ejecta which is energized by the reverse shock ( * rs * ) crossing the ejec...
[ { "content": "we prove the following classification theorem for absolutely cartesian squares : [ thm : abscartsq ] a square of spaces is absolutely cartesian if and only if it is a map of two absolutely cartesan 1-cubes . \n that is , of the following form ( the other two maps may also be equivalences ) : @x...
[ { "content": "one of the challenges in rl is the trade - off between exploration and exploitation . the agent must choose between taking an action known to give positive reward or to explore other possibilities hoping to receive a greater reward in the future . in this context , \n a common strategy in unknown ...
[ { "content": "the nature of the matter content of the universe is one of the mysteries in today s physical science . \n the wilkinson microwave anisotropy probe ( wmap ) collaboration gives fairly accurate values on the contents of our universe @xcite @xmath4 where @xmath1 denotes the baryon - to - photon ratio...
[ { "content": "indirect methods to search for extra - solar planets do not measure emission from the planet itself , but instead seek to discover and quantify the tell - tale effects that the planet would have on the position ( astrometry ) and motion ( radial velocity ) of its parent star , or on the apparent b...
[ { "content": "the relativistic mean field theory ( rmf ) is one of the most popular methods in modern nuclear physics . \n it has been successful in describing the properties of ordinary nuclei / nuclear matter and hyper - nuclei / nuclear matter . \n appropriate effective meson - baryon interactions are essent...
[ { "content": "it is for some time that the high energy physics community is of the opinion that in the near future there will be a need for the facility of a high energy linear @xmath0 collider with a nominal energy around 0.5 tev in the centre of mass ( cm ) system . a conceptual design of such a collider , kn...
[ { "content": "the process of phase separation in chemically reactive mixtures has been considered by several authors . \n et al _ @xcite and christensen _ et al _ \n @xcite used a modification of the cahn - hilliard equation to investigate the effects of a linear reaction of the type @xmath0 occurring simultane...
[ { "content": "we consider a piece of cortex @xmath5 ( the _ neural field _ ) , which is a regular compact subset when representing locations on the cortex , or periodic domains such as the torus of dimension 1 @xmath6 in the case of the representation of the visual field , in which neurons code for a specific o...
[ { "content": "the pamela telescope @xcite will be put in orbit within the 2005 on board of the resurs dk1 russian satellite for a three year long mission on a orbit ( @xmath1 deg . \n inclination , @xmath2 to @xmath3 km height ) to study the cosmic ray flux , with a special interest on the antimatter compo...
[ { "content": "in an attempt to account for the coplanar nature of the orbits of all known solar - system planets , laplace ( 1796 ) postulated that they were formed in a common disk around the protosun . \n today , the detection of protostellar disks around most young t - tauri stars ( prosser _ et al . \n _ 19...
[ { "content": "trapped ions are among the most promising physical systems for implementing quantum information due to their long coherence time as compared with the times required for quantum logic operations @xcite . \n a robust quantum memory is a crucial part of the realization of an ion trap based quantum co...
[ { "content": "for the purposes of the discussion in this section , we assume that appropriate approximate marginal distributions are available . \n as discussed in a later section , they may be provided by coarse models of the physical problem as in the examples below , or they may be calculated via the methods...
[ { "content": "neutrinos are unique messengers to study the high - energy universe as they are neutral and stable , interact weakly and therefore travel directly from their point of creation to the earth without absorption . \n neutrinos could play an important role in understanding the mechanisms of cosmic ray ...
[ { "content": "the gauge sector of electroweak interactions has been checked to coincide with the standard model ( sm ) prediction to the per - mil level , at lep and slc . on the contrary , there is no direct experimental evidence for the higgs mechanism , supposed to be responsible for electroweak symmetry bre...
[ { "content": "random molecular interactions can have profound effects on gene expression . because the expression of a gene can be regulated by a single promotor , and because the number of mrna copies and protein molecules is often small , deterministic models of gene expression \n can miss important behaviors...
[ { "content": "the _ ab initio _ calculation of the light hadron spectrum is a major goal of lattice qcd . \n a calculation of the light - hadron spectrum giving results in good agreement with experiment would be a demonstration that qcd describes long - distance strong - interaction physics . \n furthermore , t...
[ { "content": "macroscopic metastable states of trapped cold atom systems have been a subject of active experimental and theoretical study for more than a decade @xcite . unlike a homogeneous system of bosons , where infinitesimally small attractive interaction between atoms leads to a collapse , trapped bosons ...
[ { "content": "the standard model ( sm ) of elementary particle physics , which is based on the gauge group @xmath5 is very successful in explaining the fundamental interactions of nature . with the recent discovery of higgs at lhc \n , the sm seems to be complete . \n however , it has certain limitations . \n f...
[ { "content": "organic charge - transfer ( ct ) crystals made up by @xmath1 electron - donor ( d ) and electron acceptor ( a ) molecules often exhibit a typical stack structure , with d and a molecules alternating along one direction.@xcite the quasi - one - dimensional electronic structure is stabilized by the ...
[ { "content": "the late - time tails of black holes have been studied in much detail since price s seminal work @xcite . \n the formulation of the problem is a straightforward one : place an observer in a circular orbit around a black hole , and have her measure at late times a generic perturbation field , that ...
[ { "content": "the luminosity function ( lf ) is used to describe the distribution of intrinsic brightness for a particular type of celestial object , and it is always intimately connected to the physical processes leading to the formation of the object of interest . \n specifically , the lf of supernovae ( sne ...
[ { "content": "a basic problem in the physics of finite fermion systems such as , e.g. , atoms , nuclei , helium clusters , metal clusters , or semiconductor quantum dots , is the determination of the ground - state energy @xmath1 . \n a standard decomposition , deeply rooted in the connection of classical and q...
[ { "content": "[ fig : randchi]a shows the temperature dependence of in - plane resistivity , @xmath30 , down to 0.5 k at zero magnetic field . at high temperatures ( @xmath46 k ) \n , @xmath30 shows metallic behavior , decreasing linearly with decreasing temperature . \n however , further decrease in temperatu...
[ { "content": "forward - starting options are path dependent put / call financial contracts characterized by having a strike price expressed in terms of a pre - specified percentage @xmath0 of the asset price taken at a contractually fixed intermediate date @xmath1 $ ] , @xmath2 being the option maturity . \n th...
[ { "content": "in the experiment in which they try to detect the neutrino oscillation , by using the size of the earth and measuring the zenith angle distribution of the atmospheric neutrino events , such as , superkamiokande experiment[1 ] hereafter , simply sk , it is demanded that the measurements of the di...
[ { "content": "the characterization of the electro - magnetic properties of hadron and parton matter , which in turn can be described by quantum chromodynamics ( qcd ) and quantum electrodynamics ( qed ) , gains increasing popularity among particle physicists . \n one of the main gaols of the relativistic heavy ...
[ { "content": "among the known exact solutions of einstein s field equations in general relativity there are two commonly studied metrics that describe spacetime in very different regimes . \n first , the friedmann robertson \n walker ( frw ) metric describes the expansion of a homogeneous and isotropic univers...
[ { "content": "the first mathematical descriptions of the effects of gravity , made by galileo in his study of the free fall of bodies and by kepler in his study of planetary motions , were purely empirical . though newton offered a coherent explanation of what was behind the laws governing gravitational effects...
[ { "content": "a majority of stars are in binaries , and a substantial fraction of binaries have short enough orbital periods that they are likely to interact during either their main sequence or post - main sequence evolution . \n many of the most interesting phenomena in astronomy can be directly traced to the...
[ { "content": "sec : introduction the reflecting properties of mirrors and the focusing properties of lenses have been known since ancient times , general possibilities to tailor reflection and transmission of plane waves using thin metasufaces have been realized only recently . in what concerns the extended ...
[ { "content": "ballistic electron emission microscopy ( beem)@xcite is a new technique based on the scanning tunneling microscope ( stm ) . it has been primarily designed for the study of buried metal - semiconductor interfaces , in particular for the investigation of the schottky barrier . \n the experimental s...
[ { "content": "the fascinating and rich phenomenology of high temperature cuprate superconductors has been very thoroughly studied over the past 20 years . \n although there is substantial variability in detail from material to material , all cuprates exhibit robust mott insulator antiferromagnetism when the hol...
[ { "content": "electronic transport can usually be described in terms of effectively independent electrons . recently , with the discovery and exploitation of spin - transfer torque@xcite ( stt ) effects , magnetism has joined superconductivity as an instance in which collective and quasiparticle contributions t...
[ { "content": "the local density of states at the boundary of a superconductor is a crucial factor in many experiments , for example tunneling measurements . for conventional @xmath1-wave superconductors , \n the local density of states at an insulating boundary is practically the same as in the bulk . in partic...
[ { "content": "the knowledge of the phase diagram of nuclear matter is one of the principal open questions in modern nuclear physics with far reaching cosmological consequences . \n detailed investigations have been carried out in the recent years in particle - nucleus and nucleus - nucleus collisions in a wide ...
[ { "content": "in recent years , high - resolution spectroscopic analyses of samples of stars with metallicities significantly below solar have grown to the point that one can begin to establish the general behaviors of elemental abundance ratios associated with production by the first few generations of stars t...
[ { "content": "because they are directly associated with the mass distribution of the universe , gravitational lensing effects are powerful probes of spatial structures of the dark matter . \n strong lensing phenomena , such as multiple images of background quasars and giant arcs , have been used to constrain in...
[ { "content": "the oh / ir source irc+10420 = iras19244 + 1115 identified with the peculiar high luminosity star v1302aql is a unique object , which has been carefully and comprehensively studied over the last decades but still remains a puzzle . \n of the two hypotheses about its nature neither seems to be conv...
[ { "content": "the evolution of rotation is usually associated with an evolution of angular momentum ; changing the angular momentum of any body requires torques and stars do not escape from this law of physics . in binary stars there is a permanent source of torques : the tides . \n hence , understanding the ev...
[ { "content": "boundary - layer theory is crucial in understanding why certain phenomena occur . \n it is well known that the instability of boundary layers is sensitive to the mean velocity profile , so that a small distortion to the basic flow may have a detrimental effect on its stability . \n prandtl ( 1904)...
[ { "content": "deep - inelastic scattering provides one of the most direct methods to measure the strong coupling constant from precision data on the scaling violations of the nucleon structure functions @xcite . \n the present accuracy of these data also allows to measure the mass of the charm , cf . \n @xcite ...
[ { "content": "a recent study of observations of the stellar initial mass function ( imf ) suggest there are systematic variations where the imf gets flatter , or more top - heavy , in denser regions ( elmegreen 2004 ) . \n this paper proposes that the high mass part of the imf varies with density as a result of...
[ { "content": "lovelock theories are the natural extension of the general relativity theory of gravity given by the einstein - hilbert action to higher dimensions and higher curvature interactions . \n the equations of motion do not involve terms with more than two derivatives of the metric , avoiding the appear...
[ { "content": "in quantum field theory the normal - ordered energy density does not need to be positive . \n in other words the expectation value of the energy density at a point @xmath2 @xmath3 for certain states @xmath4 of the quantum field , can be arbitrarily negative . \n let us give a simple example , cons...
[ { "content": "modern cosmology is one of the most exciting areas in physical science . \n decades of surveying the sky have culminated in a cross - validated , `` cosmological standard model '' . yet , \n key pillars of the model dark matter and dark energy together accounting for 95% of the universe s mass -...
[ { "content": "classical light propagating through arrays of coupled waveguides has provided a fertile ground for the simulation of quantum physics @xcite . \n these optical analogies of quantum phenomena are changing the way photonic integrated devices are designed ; e.g. one - directional couplers @xcite , lig...
[ { "content": "figure [ fig : bulk ] shows the magnitude of the rkky coupling as function of impurity distance @xmath21 along both the zigzag ( a ) and armchair directions ( b ) of the graphene lattice for several values of @xmath22 . \n the rkky coupling in the large @xmath21-limit for non - interacting graphe...
[ { "content": "due to the increasing use of wireless technology in communication networks , there has been a significant amount of research on methods of improving wireless performance . \n while there are many ways of measuring wireless performance , a good first step ( which has been extensively studied ) is t...
[ { "content": "it was noted many years ago that the form of the @xmath8-meson peak is distorted by the interference between resonant and non - resonant @xmath0 production . for the case of `` elastic '' @xmath1 photoproduction \n the effect was studied by p.sding in @xcite and s.drell @xcite ( who considered the...
[ { "content": "it is well known that the tsallis entropy and fisher information entropy ( matrix ) are very important quantities expressing information measures in nonextensive systems . \n the tsallis entropy for @xmath0-unit nonextensive system is defined by @xcite-@xcite @xmath1 with @xmath2^q \\:\\pi_i d x_i...
[ { "content": "molecular machines are protein molecules which can transform chemical energy into ordered internal mechanical motions . \n the classical examples of such machines are molecular motors kinesin and myosin , where internal mechanical motions are used to transport cargo along microtubules and filament...
[ { "content": "in the first part of this work @xcite a collisionless plasma , generated by uv illumination localized in a central part of the plasma , was analyzed . \n the ions were assumed to be cold and the fluid description was used . both plane and cylindrical geometries were treated . \n an approximate ana...
[ { "content": "the swimming of fish and the flying of birds continue to pose challenging theoretical problems . \n the physics of bird flight was first studied in detail by otto lilienthal in the nineteenth century @xcite . since then \n , significant progress has been made in many years of dedicated research @x...
[ { "content": "it is widely believed that the space - time , where physical process and measurements take place , might have a structure different from a continuous and differentiable manifold , when it is probed at the planck length @xmath0 . \n for example , the space - time could have a foamy structure @xcite...
[ { "content": "in recent years , there has been a growing interest in testing gravitational decoherence or possible gravitational effects on quantum mechanics ( qm ) in condensed matter and quantum - optical systems @xcite . \n decoherence can be studied in the framework of quantum mechanics and it does not requ...
[ { "content": "when the size of a magnetic system is reduced to a characteristic length , the system has a bigger surface to volume ratio giving rise to a great many outstanding thermal and magnetic properties compared to the conventional bulk systems @xcite . \n advanced functional magnetic nanostructures in di...
[ { "content": "hierarchical clustering governed by cold dark matter ( cdm ) is widely believed as a cosmological scenario which is responsible for the growth of the structures in the universe . according to the hierarchical scenario \n , small dark matter halos should collapse earlier , but later fall into large...