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[ { "content": "the most massive galaxies in the local universe are thought to have evolved to their current state via a series of dry mergers of relatively gas - poor galaxies over the last 10gyr ( e.g. * ? ? ? \n * ; * ? ? ? \n * ; * ? ? ? \n * ; * ? ? ? \n their ancestors the so - called compact quiescent ga...
[ { "content": "the focus of this paper is three - fold : 1 . to review an historically significant problem in analytic number theory , 2 . to describe a particular branch of @xmath2 , 3 . using ( 2 ) , solve ( 1 ) in a more elementary way . in 1859 , bernhard riemann published `` on the number of pri...
[ { "content": "my talk is divided into five parts . in the first part \n the relevance of the chiral fermion issue to fundamental particle physics and to numerical qcd will be explained . in the second part \n the basic ideas of the overlap construction will be reviewed . in the third part \n i shall focus on th...
[ { "content": "one of the most intriguing questions in modern astronomy is how the universe assembled into the structures we see today . \n a major part of this question is understanding how galaxies formed over cosmic time \n . a popular and rapidly developing method of tracing the evolution of galaxies is thro...
[ { "content": "i would like to thank f.e.low for his collaboration in deriving eq . \n many fruitful discussions i would like to thank u.g . \n meiner , n.kaiser , b.holstein , and u.b.vankolk . for critical help with the manuscript \n i would like to thank m.distler and m.pavan . \n s. weinberg , transactions ...
[ { "content": "in most usual laboratory and/or astrophysical conditions chemical reactions of type @xmath0 are well described by the kinetic approach @xcite . if @xmath1 , @xmath2 are the concentrations of species @xmath3 and @xmath4 , and @xmath5 , the problem is fixed by the relative concentrations @xmath6 su...
[ { "content": "* context and problem statement . * many polynomial systems or systems of laurent polynomials arising in applications do not have a dense monomial structure ( _ e.g _ multi - homogeneous systems , fewnomials , systems invariant under the action of a linear group , ) . \n the development of toric ...
[ { "content": "in the context of classical field theories , topological structures , such as kinks @xcite , vortices @xcite and magnetic monopoles @xcite , are described as static solutions to some nonlinear models . in particular \n , such models must allow for the spontaneous symmetry breaking mechanism , sinc...
[ { "content": "in this paper , we utilize techniques inspired by riemannian geometry and the theory of stochastic processes in order to control eigenvalues of graphs . in particular , we shall quantify the deviation of a ( connected , undirected , weighted , finite ) graph @xmath1 from being bipartite ( a bipart...
[ { "content": "gravitational microlensing is a unique technique to find exoplanets down to low masses @xcite just beyond the snow line @xcite which plays an important role in the core accretion theory of planet formation @xcite . \n microlensing is presently the only technique able to find planets down to an ear...
[ { "content": "it is generally accepted that interstellar turbulence plays a crucial role in many astrophysical processes , including molecular cloud and star formation , mass and energy transfer in accretion disks , acceleration of cosmic rays , etc . at present \n we are still groping for the basic facts relat...
[ { "content": "this paper deals with combinatorial aspects in the representation theory of algebras . \n more precisely , for certain classes of algebras which are defined purely combinatorially by directed graphs and homogeneous relations we will characterize important representation - theoretic invariants in a...
[ { "content": "this work is financially supported by a grant - in - aid for specially promoted research ( no . \n 20001006 ) from the ministry of education , culture , sports , science and technology .", "role": "user" }, { "content": "standing waves near the zigzag and armchair edges , and their ber...
[ { "content": "[ intro ] experimental searches for the lepton - number violating weak process neutrinoless double beta decay ( @xmath0 decay ) are the most promising approach to determine some of the fundamental properties of neutrinos . \n the detection of @xmath0 decay would establish the majorana character of...
[ { "content": "the octahedron recurrence is the product of three chains of research seeking a common generalization . \n the first is the study of the algebraic relations between the connected minors of a matrix , and particularly of a recurrence relating them known and dodgson condensation . attempting to under...
[ { "content": "in a surprising result , hartle and hawking twenty years ago showed @xcite how , at least in the semi - classical theory of quantum gravity , one could give an intuitively appealing definition for a preferred wave function for the universe . \n if one believes that nature selects this definition ,...
[ { "content": "the virgo cluster represents an ideal laboratory for the study of galaxy evolution in a cluster environment . \n it is one of the nearest galaxy clusters ( d@xmath217 mpc ) , a relatively populous system ( abell richness class i ) , consisting of some two thousand catalogued members in the virgo c...
[ { "content": "collisionless shocks are widely believed to be the primary acceleration mechanism giving rise to the ubiquitous existence of energetic particles in space . \n the theory of diffusive shock acceleration ( dsa ) was proposed some @xmath0 years ago @xcite and is currently believed to be the most impo...
[ { "content": "the hubbard model @xcite is one of the generic models in many particle physics . due to difficulties with the analytic solution of the hubbard model in two dimensions , \n this model is intensively studied with various numerical algorithms , e.g. exact diagonalization @xcite , @xcite , @xcite @xc...
[ { "content": "in this paper we study the asymptotic properties related to connectivity of random geometric graphs where the underlying distribution of the vertices may not be uniform . a random geometric graph ( rgg ) consists of a set of vertices that are distributed in space independently , according to some ...
[ { "content": "among the alternative approaches to describe the dark cosmological sector , consisting of dark matter ( dm ) and dark energy ( de ) , so called holographic de models have received considerable attention @xcite . the underlying holographic principle states that the number of degrees of freedom in a...
[ { "content": "with the running and upcoming experiments at lhc , rhic and gsi the analysis of the qcd phase diagram has become an important focus of research . \n not only the transition curves which separate different phases are of interest , but one would also like to understand from first principles the phys...
[ { "content": "ngc 5728 is a well known prototype of embedded bars . \n it is classified as ( r1)sab(r)a , and a seyfert 2 ( distance 33 mpc \n 1=180 pc ) . \n its nuclear bar is oriented at 45 degrees of the main bar ( shaw et al 1993 ) , and could rotate faster . petitpas & wilson ( 2002 ) have obtained a c...
[ { "content": "perturbation theory is a powerful tool to obtain reliable predictions for physical observables within the standard model of particle physics or its extensions . due to the high precision of experimental results , e.g. , at the cern large hadron collider ( lhc ) or at the @xmath2 factories , it is ...
[ { "content": "the cast ( cern axion solar telescope ) experiment is using a decommissioned lhc dipole magnet to convert solar axions into detectable x - ray photons . \n axions are light pseudoscalar particles that arise in the context of the peccei - quinn@xcite solution to the strong cp problem and can be dar...
[ { "content": "let @xmath1 be a smooth , compact riemannian manifold without boundary . \n let @xmath2 be a smooth anosov vector field and let us denote by @xmath3 the flow on @xmath4 generated by @xmath5 and let @xmath6 be a smooth potential function . \n then we can define the following differential operator @...
[ { "content": "modern cosmology has already entered a precise , data - driven era . in 1998 , \n the elegant discovery that the universe is undergoing the phase of accelerated expansion @xcite , has motivated a great deal of studies concentrated on how best to parameterize the dark energy and measure its propert...
[ { "content": "since the discovery of the _ p - si _ photoluminiscence ( pl ) at room temperature realized by l.t . \n canham in 1990 @xcite , a lot of studies have been carried out to understand the origin of this property . \n the possibility that _ p - si _ could be applied to photonic and optoelectronic devi...
[ { "content": "a number of alternative theories of gravity have been proposed in the last decade in relation with the cosmic speedup problem . among them , @xmath0 theories have attracted special attention . \n these theories have been mainly studied in the metric@xcite and in the palatini@xcite formalisms . to ...
[ { "content": "in the recent years the largely forgotten idea that momentum space may have a nontrivial geometric structure , known under the name of born reciprocity @xcite , has been revived in many different guises in the context of quantum gravity . \n it was noticed in @xcite that there is a one - to - one ...
[ { "content": "transition metal dichalcogenides ( tmdcs ) are layered materials with the chemical composition mx@xmath1 , where m is a transition metal element ( such as molybdenum or tungsten ) , and x is a chalcogen ( sulfur , selenium , or tellurium ) . \n the interest to semiconducting tmdcs has been spark...
[ { "content": "ultraluminous x - ray sources ( ulxs ) are variable x - ray sources which are not coincident with the nucleus of the galaxy and exhibit luminosities over the eddington limit of a 20 @xmath2 black hole ( @xmath3 ) assuming isotropic emission . \n they are too bright to be powered by accretion onto...
[ { "content": "in recent years much attention has been paid to the emerging field of spintronics in semiconductor physics . \n much of the interest in this field is stimulated by the spin - field - effect transistor proposed by datta and das @xcite . in this proposal \n the rashba spin - orbit interaction is use...
[ { "content": "the theory of medium - induced gluon radiation has received a lot of attention over the last twenty years , as it became clear that parton energy loss is most likely responsible for the quenching of large @xmath5 hadrons and jets in heavy - ion collisions , first observed at rhic @xcite and then ...
[ { "content": "quantum machine learning aims at merging the methods from quantum information processing and computer engineering to provide new solutions for problems in the areas of pattern recognition and image understanding @xcite . from one side the research in this area \n is focused at applying the method...
[ { "content": "the study of heavy quarkonium production is particularly interesting because it may provide decisive information in understanding hadronization of heavy quarks and gluons in qcd . \n the most widely accepted theory to describe heavy quarkonium production at present is nonrelativistic qcd ( nrqcd )...
[ { "content": "recent _ chandra _ and _ xmm - newton _ observations of cooling flow ( cf ) clusters of galaxies have lead to a shower of papers examining reheating processes of the intracluster medium ( icm ) , which together with pre-_chandra _ and xmm - newton reheating papers make a long list of papers with d...
[ { "content": "originally , the casimir effect was predicted as a feature of the electromagnetic field between two neutral ideally conducting plates and consisted in the appearance of an attractive force between the plates . \n the force is due to the change of the zero - point energy of the field in the confine...
[ { "content": "albeit rare , massive stars are the main contributors to the input of ionizing photons , energy , and momentum into the interstellar medium , and are responsible for a significant fraction of the chemical enrichment of their host galaxy . \n massive stars evolve on relatively short timescales ( a ...
[ { "content": "game theory@xcite is a subject used to predict the strategy of all players in a game . \n the simplest game is static and non - cooperative game , which describe by payoff function @xmath0 , a linear mapping from strategy space @xmath1 to n - dimension real space @xmath2 . for a game in mixture st...
[ { "content": "multi - dimensional or multi - way data is prevalent nowadays , which can be represented by tensors . \n an @xmath0th - order tensor is a multi - way array of size @xmath1 , where the @xmath2th dimension or mode is of size @xmath3 . \n for example , a tensor can be induced by the discretization of...
[ { "content": "water ice is believed to play many important roles in the planet formation theories . \n for example , ice enhances the surface density of solid material in the cold outer part of a protoplanetary disk , which promotes the formation of massive cores of gaseous planets ( e.g. , * ? ? ? * ) . \n thu...
[ { "content": "ultracold atoms provide an excellent forum to study complex quantum mechanical behavior . \n an example is the superfluid to mott insulator transition @xcite , where experimental efforts have imaged this as a quantum phase transition at the single atom level @xcite . \n a quantum phase transition ...
[ { "content": "this is an opening talk on diffraction at dis97 and we start with definitions . \n the longitudinal ( l ) and the two transverse ( t ) polarizations of the exchanged photon define the four components @xmath1 ( @xmath2 and @xmath3 ) in the expansion q^2xd^(5)(epepx ) dq^2dxdm^2dp_^2d = _ em \\{(1-y...
[ { "content": "large scale alignments of quasar polarization vectors were uncovered by hutsemkers ( 1998 ) , looking at a sample of 170 qsos selected from the litterature and confirmed later on a larger sample ( hutsemkers & lamy 2001 ) . \n the departure to random orientations was found at significance levels s...
[ { "content": "in every major scenario for physics above the @xmath1 scale non - perturbative chiral gauge theory dynamics is expected to play an important role , yet our understanding of this dynamics is very limited . \n recently we proposed a non - perturbative formulation of chiral gauge theory on the lattic...
[ { "content": "considerable interest has recently been focused on the optomechanical system as an excellent candidate for studying the transition of a macroscopic degree of freedom from the classical to the quantum regime . \n this system also provides novel routes for practical applications such as detection an...
[ { "content": "interference is a major performance - limiting factor in modern wireless communication systems . \n many interference mitigation strategies have been proposed to improve network spectral efficiency . by allowing partial or full cooperation among interfering base stations , \n interference can effe...
[ { "content": "the investigation of quantum phase transitions in strongly correlated electronic systems has been an active field of research during the last two decades.@xcite recently , there has been growing interest in so - called impurity quantum phase transitions \n these correspond to qualitative changes i...
[ { "content": "universal scaling laws for the dimensional properties of flexible polymer chain in a good solvent , such as the end - to - end distance @xmath4 and the gyration radius @xmath5 , are well explained and understood since the groundbreaking studies by de gennes and des cloizeaux @xcite . \n it was fou...
[ { "content": "in this section we will compare the scpt ( see , e.g. , @xcite ) and ept @xcite . to make this concrete \n , we mainly focus on the temperature dependence of the physical quantities of the fermi - pasta - ulam @xmath0 ( fpu-@xmath0 ) model , which is a classic example to study heat conduction . \...
[ { "content": "nonthermal hard x - ray ( hxr ) radiation has been detected for the first time in the coma cluster by ( fusco - femiano 1999 ) and _ rxte _ ( rephaeli , gruber & blanco 1999 ) , while marginal evidence is reported for a2199 ( kaastra 1999 ) . \n these observations are only first steps towards asse...
[ { "content": "bright submillimeter - selected galaxies ( smgs * ? ? ? \n * ) provide a powerful probe into the distant universe . \n thanks to the negative @xmath5-correction in the rayleigh - jeans tail of the dust thermal emission , flux limited submillimeter surveys with 850 @xmath2 m flux density @xmath18...
[ { "content": "* sp - stm on the surface of fe@xmath0te bulk and thin films . * in spin - polarized scanning tunneling microscopy \n the tunneling current depends on the relative orientation of the tip magnetization and the local spin direction of the sample . \n the total tunneling current @xmath15 can be descr...
[ { "content": "the subject of this paper is a self - consistent theory of specific soliton states that were originally predicted in ref . \n @xcite and reportedly observed experimentally.@xcite without any doubt , these states can be regarded as a hallmark of two - band superconductivity in mesoscopic doubly - c...
[ { "content": "in a novel dynamical approach the @xmath1 vertices of a graph @xmath0 are mapped onto @xmath1 physical points located initially at equal distances from each other forming a symmetric @xmath1 simplex in @xmath2 dimensions . \n attractive / repulsive forces are introduced between pairs of points cor...
[ { "content": "inclined air showers are conventionally defined as those arriving at ground with zenith angles @xmath1 above @xmath2 . at large \n zenith angles the electromagnetic ( em ) component in air showers , mainly produced by the decay of @xmath3s , is largely absorbed in the greatly enhanced atmospheric...
[ { "content": "the nernst effect in the normal state of high-@xmath5 cuprates has become a focus of renewed attention since the detection of an anomalous nernst signal in the normal state of underdoped cuprates @xcite . \n it is widely accepted that the large nernst signal is attributed to the movement of vorti...
[ { "content": "the latest trace and soho / eit observations have brought the solar corona into sharp focus . \n the observations reveal : 1 ) the structures that constitute the solar corona are in constant motion ; they are full of fast moving gases , and are heated primarily at their footpoints ( base ) very c...
[ { "content": "extended air showers ( eas ) are originated by highly energetic cosmic rays , which interact with air atoms in the earth s atmosphere , producing elementary hadrons and nuclear fragments . \n neutral pions immediately decay in two photons , which in turn interact with other particles , generating ...
[ { "content": "in recent years , experimental cosmology has provided strong evidence that the universe is currently undergoing a phase of accelerated expansion . \n the physical phenomena responsible for this expansion has proved elusive , and there are numerous theories that attempt to explain the current epoch...
[ { "content": "the sense of hearing requires exquisite mechanical detection , with barely audible tones evoking displacements of the basilar membrane on the order of angstroms @xcite . \n the auditory system is also highly tuned , with frequency selectivity in various species reaching 0.1% , and the frequency r...
[ { "content": "a common symptom of correlated - electron systems is magnetism , and neutron scattering is the premiere technique for measuring magnetic correlations in solids . with a spin angular momentum of @xmath3 , \n the neutron interacts directly with the magnetization density of the solid . \n elastic sca...
[ { "content": "recent years witnessed large developments in the kinetic theory methods applied to mathematical physics and more recently also to mathematical biology . among important branches of the kinetic theory \n are optimal transportation problems and related to them wasserstein metrics , and monge - kanto...
[ { "content": "the primordial perturbation in the inflationary epoch is widely believed to be the primary origin of the formation of the large - scale structure in the universe @xcite . \n the generation of the curvature perturbation @xmath0 in the original inflation scenario is due to the inflaton perturbation...
[ { "content": "the extent to which the non - classical properties of one - mode field states survive in the presence of noise and losses was investigated since the early years of quantum optics @xcite . a routine operation like the transmission of light beams through an optical fiber could produce a substantial ...
[ { "content": "neutrinoless double beta decay occurs whenever ordinary beta decay is forbidden due to energy conservation or retarded due to angular momentum mismatch , but the nucleus , which is two units of charge away , is accessible via a order week interaction@xcite-@xcite . \n it is a process known for alm...
[ { "content": "the quantum mechanical regime of gravitation continues to be opaque to our probing , both theoretically and experimentally , in the latter case due to the extreme weakness of the gravitational interaction . \n there are now many theoretical probes , including ( but not limited to ) string theory ,...
[ { "content": "the importance of taub - nut solutions covers a wide area of application that extends from general relativity to string theory . \n these solutions @xcite are characterized by non - vanishing nut charges . as a result , they are locally asymptotically flat , i.e. , their boundaries are not @xmath3...
[ { "content": "a self - avoiding walk ( saw ) of length @xmath6 on a periodic graph or lattice @xmath7 is a sequence of distinct vertices @xmath8 in @xmath7 such that each vertex is a nearest neighbour of its predecessor . in figure \n [ fig : saw ] a very long walk of @xmath9 steps is shown ( generated by a mon...
[ { "content": "recent advances in micro - electromechanical systems ( mems ) and wireless communications have enabled the development of very small , smart , low cost sensing devices ( @xcite ) with sensing , data - processing and wireless transmission capabilities . \n they are meant to be pervasively deployed ...
[ { "content": "the _ fermi _ gamma - ray space telescope hosts two instruments , the large area telescope @xcite and the gamma - ray burst monitor @xcite , which together are capable of measuring the spectral parameters of gamma - ray bursts ( grbs ) across seven decades in energy . since the start of gbm and l...
[ { "content": "tungsten trioxide , wo@xmath0 , has been extensively studied due to its very attractive and rich properties for technological applications . wo@xmath0 and its derivatives h@xmath5wo@xmath0 and wo@xmath6 are electrochromic,@xcite thermocromic,@xcite and superconducting.@xcite \n it has been envisag...
[ { "content": "ultra - luminous infrared galaxies ( ulirgs ) radiate most of their extremely large , quasar - like luminosities ( @xmath2 ) as infrared dust emission , and dominate the bright end of the galaxy luminosity function in the nearby universe @xcite . \n recent studies have revealed that the bulk of th...
[ { "content": "the origin of the black holes ( bhs ) inhabiting the centers of massive galaxies ( e.g. gebhardt et al . \n 2000 ; merritt & ferrarese 2001 ) and powering luminous quasars at high redshift ( e.g. willott et al . \n 2003 ; fan et al . \n 2006 ; mortlock et al . \n 2011 ) has long been an open quest...
[ { "content": "gamma - ray bursts ( grbs ) are instantaneously the most luminous objects in the universe , produced by the deceleration of ultra - relativistic outflow ( lorentz factors @xmath14 ) . \n the core - collapse of massive stars are the progenitor of long grbs , and the merger of binary compact stellar...
[ { "content": "despite years of study , we still do not know how the seeds of supermassive black holes formed . \n few if any of the pathways in martin rees s famous flow chart ( begelman & rees 1978 ) can be ruled out , but none of the routes is particularly well understood , either . \n what we do know is that...
[ { "content": "the physical relevance of scalar fields in today s gravitational physics and cosmology primarily stems from i ) their key role in current models of early cosmological inflation , with predictions that to an astonishing degree have been confirmed by recent cosmological measurements @xcite , and ii ...
[ { "content": "spin - wave generation and manipulation have already been demonstrated in many ways.@xcite they are of great importance in magnetism - based spin - wave logic and xnor as well as nand gates have recently been implemented.@xcite to reduce the size of potential devices , effective spin - wave pumpin...
[ { "content": "progress in many areas of science and its application is fueled by the ongoing progress to measure and structure small objects . in many cases , \n light is used as a primary tool for reading or writing . \n but since light is subject to diffraction , a straightforward implementation is restricted...
[ { "content": "in this paper we are working on the energy critical nonlinear wave equation in 3 + 1 dimension in a domain @xmath0 where @xmath1 is a non - trapping obstacle with smooth boundary @xmath2 which enjoys the conservation of energy @xmath3 in the boundaryless case ( @xmath4 ) , the first results for th...
[ { "content": "our model problem consists of a system of chemicals that are coupled only through the reaction terms and diffuse independently of each other . given an integer @xmath0 , \n let @xmath1 be an ( @xmath2 ) vector of concentrations of chemical species , with @xmath3 , the spatial variable and @xmath4 ...
[ { "content": "the importance of data cleaning and quality technologies for business practices is well recognized . \n data cleaning has been an active research topic in several communities including statistics , machine learning and data management . \n the quality of data suffers from typing mistakes , lack of...
[ { "content": ", coupling strength @xmath0 ) . \n @xmath1 is the nel temperature , while the temperature below which superconductivity ( a pseudogap ) is observed is denoted by @xmath2 ( @xmath3 ) . \n [ from ref . @xcite . ] \n [ phase - diagram - exp ] ] after intensive investigations over more than two dec...
[ { "content": "the x - ray light curves of numerous accreting neutron star and stellar - mass black holes ( stmbhs ) show evidence for the presence of quasi - periodic oscillations ( qpos ) , which appear as finite - width peaks in their power density spectra ( pds ) ( see van der klis 2006 and mcclintock & remi...
[ { "content": "the quantum mechanical effects resulting from time - dependent boundary conditions have been studied by some authors @xcite . diffraction in time \n was initially introduced by moshinsky @xcite by considering a situation involving a beam of particles impinging from the left on a totally absorbing ...
[ { "content": "the interpretation and theoretical description of measurements on quantum systems have been under debate since the birth of quantum theory @xcite . \n more recently , interest for this question has been revived by new developments in quantum information . \n quantum detection can be used either t...
[ { "content": "to date , more than 200 extrasolar planets have been discovered about the nearby stars within 200 pc ( butler et al . \n 2006 ; the extrasolar planets encyclopaedia ) mostly by the measurements of doppler surveys and transiting techniques . \n the increasing numbers of the extrasolar planets are g...
[ { "content": "the binary asymmetric channel @xmath5 is the discrete memoryless channel with binary alphabet and transition probability given by @xmath6 and @xmath7 , where @xmath8 denote the probability of receiving @xmath9 if @xmath10 was sent . without loss of generality \n we will assume @xmath11 and @xmath1...
[ { "content": "several years ago stillinger and helfand@xcite introduced a simple but nontrivial model of fluid demixing . \n their original model consists of a binary mixture of @xmath1 and @xmath2 particles . \n particles of the same type do not interact with one another , but @xmath1 and @xmath2 particles int...
[ { "content": "the study of _ diffusion _ in nearly - integrable hamiltonian dynamical systems of the form @xmath5 where @xmath6 are n - dimensional action - angle variables and @xmath0 is a small parameter , constitutes a central problem in hamiltonian dynamical systems theory , in view , in particular , of its...
[ { "content": "we use the same notation as introduced in the main text . \n the floquet propagator of a on - resonance double - kicked rotor is given by @xmath103 with eigenstates and eigenvalues denoted by @xmath104 here @xmath52 represent the bloch eigenstates of @xmath105 with bloch phase @xmath106 , due to m...
[ { "content": "the last two decades have been witness to intense activities in experimental and theoretical study of correlation properties of interacting quantum systems . \n the problem is still challenging and open in the quantum many - body systems which are non - integrable . \n the task becomes simplified ...
[ { "content": "the physically relevant degrees of freedom of a large isolated system initially out of equilibrium , are expected to relax to their thermal equilibrium values . \n obviously , no relaxation behavior can be observed for the complete quantum state of the system but interesting degrees of freedom can...
[ { "content": "over a decade ago , slonczewski @xcite and berger @xcite predicted that an electrical current induces a torque on the magnetization of a ferromagnetic metal , and subsequent research has since identified distinct contributions called the reactive spin transfer torque and the dissipative spin trans...
[ { "content": "", "role": "user" }, { "content": "for the two dimensional kinetic ising model at finite temperature , the local mean magnetisation @xmath0 , simply related to the fraction of time spent by a given spin in the positive direction , has a limiting distribution , singular at @xmath1 , the...
[ { "content": "accurate thermodynamic measurements are essential to understand fundamental properties of materials in various fields of physics . in condensed matter , \n the measurement of specific heat is a central characterization applicable to all kind of materials . \n low - temperature calorimetry is parti...
[ { "content": "in its most basic form , the scenario we consider can be described as follows . \n on one side we have a provider , bob , who controls an ordered classical database composed of @xmath0 memory cells . \n each cell of the data - base contains an @xmath1 bit string , so that the database consists of ...
[ { "content": "gamma - ray bursts ( grbs ) are the most powerful explosions in the universe since the big bang . \n their cosmological origins are identified by the redshift measurements of their exploded remnants , usually named `` grb afterglows '' , or their host galaxies . \n grbs are common regarded as jett...
[ { "content": "understanding the origin of ferromagnetism was one of the success stories of applying quantum mechanics to solid - state systems . \n classically , magnetic moments interact via the dipole - dipole interaction , which is much too weak to explain magnetic order at as high a temperature as is observ...