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[ { "content": "of late years , incommensurate ( ic ) stripe structures have been interesting subjects in various physical phenomena . as the typical examples , we may list an alloy @xmath2 which contains heavy rare earth metals , er , tm,@xcite the incommensurate phase of dielectric material such as @xmath3 and ...
[ { "content": "one of the exciting developments in radio galaxy research in recent years has been the recognition of a restarting of nuclear activity following a quiescent period . \n the usual extended twin - lobe radio morphology of radio galaxies are in some cases found to be accompanied by a second pair of l...
[ { "content": "the gottesmann - knill theorem for continuous variables ( cv ) states that quantum computing based only on components described by one- or two - mode quadratic hamiltonians , gaussian states input , and measurements on canonical variables can be efficiently simulated by a classical computation . \...
[ { "content": "the apparent metallic - like temperature dependence of the resistivity is observed in various two - dimensional ( 2d ) carrier systems @xcite and remains a focus of a broad interest because it challenges the conventional theory of the metallic conduction . \n the effect manifests itself in a stron...
[ { "content": "the last decade has witnessed to significant experimental progresses on the spectrum and decay products of the hadrons containing heavy quarks . \n these progresses have been stimulated the theoretical interests on the spectroscopy of these baryons via various methods ( for some of them see @xcit...
[ { "content": "an accurate determination of the ages and distances of globular clusters ( gcs ) is an important constraint for the age of the universe , and for the theory of galaxy formation . in particular \n it is important to compute very accurate relative ages to understand if there is a spread in ages amon...
[ { "content": "well into its fifth decade ( e.g. lynden - bell 1969 , shakura & sunyaev 1973 ) , classical thin disc accretion theory has withstood the test of time reasonably intact . \n while it is clear that accretion is considerably more complex than allowed for in classical disc theory ( hereafter cdt ) , t...
[ { "content": "soft gamma repeaters ( sgrs ) are a rare type of stellar object characterized by their transient emission of bursts of hard x - rays and soft @xmath2-rays . \n bursts have been detected from three such sources from 1979 ( mazets et al . \n 1981 ) until early 1998 ; two are in the galactic plane ( ...
[ { "content": "the feshbach resonance @xcite , as experimentally realized in ultracold atoms and molecules in optical lattices , has made it possible to investigate the many - body physics of multicomponent quantum degenerate mixtures of fermions and/or bosons with interspecies interactions @xcite . \n operation...
[ { "content": "intensive multiwavelength monitoring campaigns have shown that variability studies provide an excellent tool to investigate the innermost region of active galactic nuclei ( agns ) . \n detailed studies of the continuum and emission - line variations have revealed new insights about the size , stru...
[ { "content": "humans are the basic constituents of the society , and every individual can interact with his / her family , friend and peers . \n these interactions among individuals can induce some interesting collective behavior , such as , spontaneous formation of a common language or culture , emergence of c...
[ { "content": "in this talk , i review the work collaborated with covi _ \n @xcite on the possibility of the cdm axino . \n modern cosmology needs dark matter and dark energy in the universe : @xmath0 . \n there are several particle candidates for the cdm : heavy neutrino in the gev range , axion in the @xmath1 ...
[ { "content": "study of the flow structure in astrophysics is important , because the results could be used both for consideration of the evolution status of binary stars and for the interpretation of observational data . \n therefore , when investigating close components , it is necessary to include physical es...
[ { "content": "the space of positive definite symmetric matrices has been studied extensively in statistics as a means of understanding dependence in multivariate data along with the accompanying problems in statistical inference . \n many books and papers , for example , @xcite and @xcite , have been written on...
[ { "content": "quantum statistics is an important aspect of quantum mechanics and it lays down the rules for identifying different classes of particles . in three dimensions , the exchange of two particles in a quantum system can result in a phase change of either 0 or @xmath6 for the wave function , leading to ...
[ { "content": "the hygro - thermal behavior of concrete plays a crucial role in the assessment of the reliability and lifetime of concrete structures . \n the heat and mass transfer processes become particularly important at high temperatures , where the increased pressure in pores may lead to catastrophic servi...
[ { "content": "confinement of quarks is a very old problem that until now has not been solved . at \n low energies perturbative qcd can not be applied because the coupling constant is large . \n effective theories and lattice qcd have given important contributions to the understanding of this problem . \n a very...
[ { "content": "a good knowledge and understanding of the chromosphere is essential for making progress in the questions of chromospheric and coronal heating . studying the chromosphere \n is made challenging by the fact that only few spectral lines in the visible and ir spectral ranges accessible from the ground...
[ { "content": "solar flares exhibit a multitude of observed dynamic phenomena arising from magnetic energy release ( e.g. , * ? ? ? \n * ; * ? ? ? \n these phenomena constitute a set of constraints that must be naturally reproduced by any physical model that aims at being generic . in the case of eruptive fla...
[ { "content": "the structure of a group which acts freely and cocompactly on a tree is well understood . \n any such a group is a finitely generated free group . by way of contrast \n , a group which acts in a similar manner on a product of trees can have remarkably subtle properties . \n for example , m. burger...
[ { "content": "the casimir effect @xcite was studied in various specific cases and geometries @xcite . \n a new geometry that recently attracted attention in the theory of the casimir effect is the piston geometry . \n a piston plate is perpendicular to the walls of a semi - infinite cylinder and moves freely in...
[ { "content": "field theory on noncommutative spaces ( for a review see @xcite ) are a interesting arena to study the properties of noncommutative geometry @xcite . \n we will not review here the motivations for a noncommutative geometry . among the applications of noncommutative geometry are fuzzy spaces . \n...
[ { "content": "graphene , a two - dimensional honeycomb lattice of carbon atoms , has attracted intense attention in the past few years.@xcite its properties bear some similarities with , and some striking differences from , conventional 2d electron gas ( 2deg ) systems found in semiconductor heterostructures . ...
[ { "content": "particle statistics of a collection of indistinguishable particles is a genuinely quantum mechanical concept without any classical analog . in spatial dimensions three and above , \n pairwise interchange of particle coordinates in a many - body system is equivalent to a simple permutation of the c...
[ { "content": "the special supersymmetries known as brst symmetry @xcite and brst - antibrst symmetry @xcite provide a basis of the modern quantization methods for gauge theories @xcite . \n these symmetries feature the presence of a grassmann - odd parameter @xmath10 and two grassmann - odd parameters @xmath11 ...
[ { "content": "galaxies with massive star formation are the primary source that ejects metals into galactic halos and the intergalactic medium . \n the properties of outflows driven by sn explosions and stellar winds are fundamental to the understanding of feedback processes of galaxies . in previous studies , t...
[ { "content": "marcy et al . ( 2001 ) have discovered two planets about the nearby m dwarf star gj@xmath0876 . \n a preliminary fit of the stellar radial velocity ( rv ) variations due to two unperturbed kepler orbits implies that the orbital periods of the two planets are nearly in the ratio 2:1 . \n this reson...
[ { "content": "spreading of opinions , frauds , behavioural patterns , and product adoptions are all examples of social contagion phenomena where collective patterns emerge due to correlated decisions of a large number of individuals . although these choices are personal , they are not independent but potentiall...
[ { "content": "geometrically and optically thick belts of matter can be seen around many active galactic nuclei ( antonucci 1993 ) . although the evidence is best for nearby seyfert galaxies ( e.g. , the direct detection by jaffe et al . \n 2004 of the torus in ngc 1068 ) , there is also strong indirect eviden...
[ { "content": "physics of the bilayer quantum hall ( qh ) system is enormously rich owing to the intralayer and interlayer phase coherence controlled by the interplay between the spin and the layer ( pseudospin ) degrees of freedom@xcite . at the filling factor @xmath2 there arises a unique phase , the spin - fe...
[ { "content": "this work is supported by national natural science foundation of china under grant nos . 10235030 , 10235020 , 10175093 , 10175089 and major state basic research development program under contract , no . \n g20000774 . ` \n fig.1 ` : : the time evolution of binding energies and root - ...
[ { "content": "the analogy between linear lattices and the atom - field interaction @xcite or ion - laser interactions @xcite has been a fundamental step for the emulation , via classical interactions , of quantum mechanical systems . \n this is important due to both pure scientific interest and possible applica...
[ { "content": "in this work we consider the numerical analysis of mathematical models arising in subdiffusion . \n one simple example is the single - term subdiffusion , for which the governing equation is given by @xmath0 under the initial - boundary conditions @xmath1 where @xmath2 is a bounded domain in @xmat...
[ { "content": "light propagation in a nonlinear dielectric may be used to model various subtle effects involving quantum theory and gravity . \n these include lightcone fluctuations @xcite and the effects of quantum stress tensor expectation values in semiclassical gravity @xcite . \n a fluctuating electric fi...
[ { "content": "the double - differential scattering cross - section per scattering center ( assuming @xmath89 atoms in the sample ) can be written as @xmath90 where @xmath91 are the initial and final states of the crystal with energies @xmath92 , and @xmath93 is the coulomb interaction potential between the nucl...
[ { "content": "* rheological hysteresis + in soft glassy materials * five movies are provided as supplemental material to show the full data sets corresponding to figs . 1 and 2 in the main text . \n the files names indicate the system under investigation ( laponite suspension or carbopol microgel ) and the...
[ { "content": "this paper reports about research conducted on the edge between algebraic graph theory ( briefly agt ) and computer algebra . \n association schemes are one of the traditional areas of investigation in agt . for a good decade , \n catalogues of small association schemes have been available from th...
[ { "content": "spin transport represents a new branch in mesoscopic physics with several technological applications@xcite , e.g. information storage , magnetic sensors and potentially quantum computation@xcite . \n while most theoretical models are based on fermi liquid theory , some work has been done on stron...
[ { "content": "understanding the generic conditions for biodiversity and species extinction remains a challenging problem in evolutionary and population dynamics @xcite . \n whereas real world ecological systems are composed of tens or hundreds of species , theoretically well understood cases remain restricted t...
[ { "content": "over the last fifteen years , the dynamics of glassforming liquids under nanoscale confinement has attracted much attention . \n a great variety of molecular systems under many different types of confinement has been subjected to virtually all available experimental techniques , while at the same ...
[ { "content": "throughout history , the scientific community has had the task of studying the properties of different dynamical systems and their importance to the environment where they are developed . \n for example , the fact that some dynamical systems are chaotic and have a critical dependence on initial co...
[ { "content": "it is well known that in an @xmath2-tree the intersection of any two metric balls is itself a metric ball . in this paper \n we will show that this is actually a characterization of @xmath0-trees , and that , more generally , the geometry of the intersection of balls encodes information about the ...
[ { "content": "coding for cooperative wireless relay networks has attracted considerable attention recently . distributed space time coding was proposed as a coding strategy to achieve full cooperative diversity in @xcite assuming that the signals from all the relay nodes arrive at the destination at the same ti...
[ { "content": "[ cols=\"^,^,^ \" , ] \n next we study polarization properties of 3d models . motivated by 3d simulations of neutrino - driven explosions , where various sizes of complex structure appear , we set up 3d models by randomly placing different numbers of spherical clumps with different sizes . \n here...
[ { "content": "suppose @xmath0 is a closed , connected , orientable , irreducible 3-manifold such that @xmath1 is infinite . \n the `` universal covering conjecture '' states that the universal covering space @xmath2 of @xmath0 must be homeomorphic to @xmath3 . \n it is known that @xmath2 is an irreducible , con...
[ { "content": "let @xmath9 be an indeterminate over @xmath3 . \n the brauer algebra @xmath10 over @xmath11 $ ] is a unital associative @xmath11$]-algebra with generators @xmath12 @xmath13 and relations ( see @xcite ) : @xmath14 @xmath10 is a free @xmath11$]-module with rank @xmath15 . for any @xmath11$]-algebra ...
[ { "content": "of the 151 nearby stars known to harbor one or more planets , 19 are well - characterized multiple - planet systems , and an additional 24 show radial velocity ( rv ) residuals indicative of additional companions @xcite . \n for instance , @xcite reported additional companions around five stars , ...
[ { "content": "for over a century , the conventional way to represent many enzyme reactions has been based on the michaelis - menten kinetics @xcite ( hereafter mm model ) , in which substrate s binds reversibly with enzyme e to form an enzyme - substrate complex es , which is later transformed into product p an...
[ { "content": "the proximity effect between a ferromagnet and a superconductor has attracted much attention recently due to its potential applications in such areas of technology as magnetoelectronics @xcite or quantum computing @xcite . the proximity effect in ferromagnet - superconductor ( \n f - s ) structure...
[ { "content": "weakly interacting massive particles ( wimps ) are important study targets in current and future collider experiments since the wimps provide a solution to the dark matter problem . in this study , we investigate the prospects of discovering the direct pair production of wimps at the international...
[ { "content": "the problem of finding the densest configurations of identical hard spheres inside a cylinder is related to many different aspects in science and engineering : similar densest structures ( e.g. zigzags and helices ) have in recent years been observed for the self - assembly of nano - spheres insid...
[ { "content": "quantum dots are semiconductor nanocrystals , 1 - 20 nm in size @xcite , that possess a discrete energy level structure . \n the level structure is determined by the size , composition and shape of the quantum dot @xcite . \n particular focus has been placed on ii - vi semiconductors , such as cds...
[ { "content": "the correct form of the energy momentum tensor of an electromagnetic wave , and hence the momentum of an electromagnetic wave in a dielectric medium , has been debated for almost a century . \n two different forms of the energy \n momentum tensor were originally proposed by @xcite and @xcite , th...
[ { "content": "the non - mesonic weak decay ( nmwd : @xmath0n@xmath4nn ) of @xmath0-hypernuclei gives us a very unique opportunity to study baryon - baryon weak interaction . \n there exist several experimental observables ; life times(total decay rates ) , branching ratios(@xmath5(@xmath0p@xmath4np ) , @xmath5(...
[ { "content": "the r coronae borealis ( rcb ) stars are hydrogen - deficient supergiants , characterized by spectacular drops in visual brightness which occur at random intervals . \n rcb stars are a very rare phenomenon with only about 35 known in the galaxy . \n the atmospheres of these stars are composed most...
[ { "content": "cosmic strings @xcite are linear topological defects which arise in a range of relativistic quantum field theories ( for reviews see e.g @xcite ) . \n good analogs of cosmic strings are vortex lines in superfluids and superconductors . \n line defects in crystals can be viewed as another analog sy...
[ { "content": "the industrial demand for high - assurance software opens a window of opportunity for mathematically based development methods , able to design complex systems at ever - increasing levels of reliability and security . \n this paper s contribution is placed at a specific corner of the broad landsca...
[ { "content": "the hartree - fock ( hf ) approximation ignores the correlation between electrons , but gives roughly 99% of the total electronic energy @xcite . \n moreover , it is often accurate for the prediction of molecular structure @xcite , computationally cheap and can be applied to large systems , especi...
[ { "content": "the movement of a light - emitting object relative to an observer causes relativistic beaming of the light ( aka doppler boosting ) since the specific intensity is not a relativistic invariant . when the object s radial velocity ( rv ) is periodically modulated , as is the case in binary systems ,...
[ { "content": "core collapse supernovae with hydrogen lines near maximum light and a pronounced plateau in their visible band light curve that remain within @xmath0 mag of maximum brightness for an extended period are called type iip supernovae . \n the plateau duration is often 60 - 100 rest - frame days and is...
[ { "content": "w 39 is a large region in the inner galaxy ( @xmath6 , @xmath7 ) first identified in the @xcite 1.4 ghz radio continuum survey and more recently cataloged as a large infrared `` bubble '' by both professional astronomers ( n24 ; * ? ? ? \n * ) and citizen scientists ( mwp1g18908 - 003146 ; * ? ? ...
[ { "content": "on general grounds one expects that the two fundamental theories of contemporary physics , the theory of general relativity and the quantum theory in the form of the standard model of particle physics , can be unified at the planck energy scale . \n this unification requires to quantize gravity , ...
[ { "content": "in recent years , topologically nontrivial properties of band theory in electronic systems have become the driving force in condensed matter physics @xcite . although electronic band theory has been studied over the past decades , the topological properties associated with it have only been apprec...
[ { "content": "chern simons ( cs ) theories are certainly some of the most interesting field theories in 2 + 1 dimensions . among the interesting phenomena one sees in these theories \n are : the quantum hall effect , landau levels , non - trivial topological structures , vortices , and anyons . for a review of...
[ { "content": "it is of great importance to study the anthropogenic caesium radioisotopes @xmath6 and @xmath0 , since their production and emission rates are much higher than other radioisotopes from nuclear fissions at nuclear power plants ( npp ) and they have rather low movility in soils . \n thus , @xmath5cs...
[ { "content": "the celebrated theorem of cheeger and mller establishes the equality of reidemeister and analytic torsion on an odd - dimensional closed manifold equipped with a flat euclidean bundle . \n this was originally conjectured by ray - singer @xcite , proven by cheeger and mller @xcite and subsequently ...
[ { "content": "qcd matter with @xmath1 flavors , @xmath2 colors and zero baryon chemical potential undergoes two finite temperature phase transitions , the chiral transition and the deconfinement . \n the chiral transition is associated with the spontaneous breaking of the chiral symmetry , @xmath3 , below the c...
[ { "content": "observations of both cool and hot intergalactic gas make it clear that heavy elements are by no means confined to galaxies . \n larson ( 1974 ) predicted that late in the galaxy formation process , galactic winds would carry heavy elements out into intergalactic space . \n soon afterwards x - ray ...
[ { "content": "the measurement of the temperature dependence of the rate constant is one of the important tools of chemical kinetics in determining mechanisms of chemical reactions.@xcite significant deviations from a simple exponential behavior can be evidence of tunneling and of other nuclear quantum effects.@...
[ { "content": "in 1936 birkhoff and von neumann @xcite have shown the existence of a propositional calculus as fundamental ingredient of quantum mechanics ( qm ) , which could be written using only the outputs of measures . \n it does not assume any set of numbers or even a particular vectorial space , but conta...
[ { "content": "in @xcite a new approach was proposed for finding the low - energy eigenstates of very large or infinite - dimensional quantum hamiltonians . \n this proposal combines both diagonalization and monte carlo methods , each being used to solve a portion of the problem for which the technique is most e...
[ { "content": "associated with string theory and higher dimensional universes , there has been a renewed interest in higher dimensional solutions to einstein field equations , among the most interesting being black rings @xcite , kk bubbles as well as black strings . \n one simple way to lift the 4d schwarzschil...
[ { "content": "the calculation of steady - state transport properties of open quantum systems such as quantum dots is a challenging and unsolved problem . \n perturbative methods @xcite may be used to study the weak correlation regime , but they fail to provide a reliable description of the competition between k...
[ { "content": "data stream mining has been the subject of extensive research over the last decade or so \n . one of the major issues with data stream mining is dealing with concept drift that causes models built by classifiers to degrade in accuracy over a period of time . while data steam environments requir...
[ { "content": "we study markov chain monte carlo ( mcmc ) methods for bayesian inference of phylogeny . \n we begin by presenting the relevant background material by defining phylogenetic trees , evolutionary models ( in section [ sec : evolutionary - models ] ) , and the associated mcmc methods ( in section [ s...
[ { "content": "recent developments in the machine learning community have brought innovative ideas and methods to solve problems in data mining and predictive analytics with important applications in the business world such as credit risk , fraud detection , survey direct response , customer segmentation , etc ....
[ { "content": "we study a sample of 43 grbs selected for the high - quality of their time - resolved spectra obtained with the batse spectroscopy detectors ( sensitive in the energy range @xmath0 kev ) . \n the time over which each spectrum was accumulated was varied so that the signal - to - noise ratio was gr...
[ { "content": "automatic object recognition and image classification are important and challenging tasks . \n this paper is inspired by the remarkable recent work of poggio , serre , and their colleagues @xcite , on rapid object categorization using a feedforward architecture closely modeled on the human visual...
[ { "content": "the lyman alpha ( ly@xmath1 ) forest \" ( @xcite ; @xcite ) of spectral features caused by hi absorption along the line of sight to a quasar probes the state of the intergalactic medium over a wide range of physical conditions . during the past few years \n , high - precision observations made us...
[ { "content": "after the discovery of fractional quantum hall effect,@xcite , we realized that new kind of orders beyond landau s symmetry breaking paradigm is possible . \n this new kind order is called topological order @xcite for gapped states and quantum order@xcite for general states . \n the new orders ref...
[ { "content": "we consider the random forced burgers equation @xmath1 that describes weak 1d acoustic perturbations in the reference frame moving with the sound velocity @xcite . \n the external force @xmath2 in this frame is generally short - correlated in time , so let us assume that @xmath3 then the statistic...
[ { "content": "dynamics on complex networks , such as the diffusion of information in a social networks , are commonly modelled as markov processes . \n an advantage of this approach is that for every ( static ) network with positive edge - weights we can define a corresponding markov process by interpreting the...
[ { "content": "black holes have been the leading candidate to power the central engines in agn for over three decades ( lynden - bell 1969 ) , but direct evidence for their presence has been elusive . in nearby galaxies , \n spatially resolved kinematics have provided strong evidence for the ubiquity of nuclear ...
[ { "content": "cosmic ray particles with energy in excess of @xmath1 ev have been detected during the last thirty years by several independent experiments , such as agasa ( takeda et al . \n 1998 ; takeda et al . 1999 \n ; hayashida et al . 1994 ) , fly s eye ( bird et al . \n 1993 , 1994 , 1995 ) , haverah park...
[ { "content": "the variety of qpo modes from old accreting neutron stars in low mass x - ray binaries ( lmxrbs ) ( see van der klis 1995 ) has been recently enriched by the discovery of kilohertz oscillations in light curves obtained with the rossi x - ray timing explorer ( rxte ) . \n these are the first qpos t...
[ { "content": "among the deepest challenges in glass physics is understanding the temperature dependence of the stokes - einstein ratio in the neighborhood of the glass temperature @xmath0 @xcite . \n an apparently related phenomenon is the stretched - exponential relaxation of density fluctuations and other cor...
[ { "content": "accurate determinations of metal abundances in planetary nebulae ( pne ) are important for understand the chemical evolution of galaxies and the nucleosynthesis and mixing processes in low- and intermediate - mass stars . a long - standing problem in nebular abundance studies \n has been that the ...
[ { "content": "the past decade has seen the abundant use of the sphere decoding ( sd ) algorithm @xcite as a tool for facilitating near maximum likelihood ( ml ) decoding over the coherent delay - limited ( or quasi - static ) multiple - input multiple - output ( mimo ) channel . \n the sd algorithm allows for e...
[ { "content": "the concept of groupoid is central in non commutative geometry . \n groupoids generalize the concepts of spaces , groups and equivalence relations . \n it is clear nowadays that groupoids are natural substitutes of singular spaces . \n many people have contributed to realizing this idea . \n we ca...
[ { "content": "trapped ions provide a promising candidate to pursue quantum information processing . \n successful implementations of basic quantum protocols as well as the creation of entangled states support this view @xcite . a promising route to scalability of ion - trap based quantum information processing ...
[ { "content": "artificial kagome spin ice is a well - known geometrically frustrated two - dimensional magnetic system.@xcite it consists of elongated ferromagnetic nanomagnets placed on the nodes of a kagome lattice , or equivalently on the bonds of the hexagonal lattice ( see fig . ) , and coupled via their d...
[ { "content": "liquid crystals are characterized by large thermal fluctuations in their local orientational order arising from collective alignment of the long axis of their constituent molecules @xcite . due to such soft anisotropy \n , liquid crystals tend to respond easily to external forces . \n confining g...
[ { "content": "the modeling and interpretation of the spectral energy distribution ( sed ) of stellar populations via stellar population synthesis ( sps ) is a fundamental tool to understand galaxy properties and their evolution . \n yet we are far from a complete comprehension and a reliable modeling of some st...
[ { "content": "self - regulation plays an important role in biological and technical systems . \n homeostatically regulated steady states are a precondition to life , examples being the concentration of blood glucose controlled by insulin @xcite and glucagon , the ph value of blood @xcite and the body temperatur...
[ { "content": "there are new possibilities for strong cp problem solution , which allow the existence of axions with a large mass ( 1 mev ) , while their interaction with ordinary particles remain at the level of the invisible axions . \n the models rely on the hypothesis of mirror particles @xcite and susy at ...
[ { "content": "first data from the large hadron collider ( lhc ) on the nuclear - size dependence of jet - medium interactions in pb+pb collisions at @xmath16 atev @xcite showed that the jet - medium coupling at the lhc is weaker than expected @xcite from fixed coupling extrapolations from @xmath17 atev data at ...
[ { "content": "let @xmath5 be separable hilbert spaces and let @xmath6 be a banach space such that @xmath7 is a gelfand triple with continuous and dense embeddings . \n we are interested in stochastic evolution equations of the form @xmath8 where @xmath9 is a @xmath10-valued cylindrical wiener process on a proba...
[ { "content": "lenticular galaxies have been introduced by edwin ( * ? ? ? * hubble ( 1936 ) ) as an intermediate type between ellipticals and spirals : they have large - scale stellar disks as spirals but lack blue spiral arms and hii - regions , and they look smooth and red as ellipticals . now lenticulars are...
[ { "content": "the origin and nature of ultra - high energy cosmic rays ( uhecrs ) remains unsolved in contemporary astroparticle physics . \n possible indications of sources or excesses in the arrival direction distribution of uhecrs have been claimed by ground - based experiments , though not fully confirmed @...
[ { "content": "game theory provides mathematical concepts and tools for modeling and analyzing interactive scenarios . in _ \n noncooperative _ game theory , the possible actions of the players are represented explicitly , together with payoffs that the players want to maximize for themselves . \n basic models a...