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[ { "content": "the very metal - poor stars , presently found in the halo of the galaxy , are believed to have formed at the earliest times , shortly after it became possible for the universe to make stars with sufficiently long main - sequence lifetimes ( i.e. , masses @xmath11 ) to survive for @xmath12 gyr . \n...
[ { "content": "vs. @xmath2 topologies for sd@xmath3single diffraction , dd@xmath3double diffraction , dpe@xmath3double pomeron exchange , sdd@xmath3sd@xmath4dpe , and exclusive final state production . the hatched areas in the @xmath5-@xmath2 plots represent regions where particle production occurs.,scaledwidth=...
[ { "content": "the experimental results on deep inelastic charm production obtained by the h1 @xcite and zeus @xcite collaborations at hera provide a strong impetus for further theoretical studies . \n this process is truly semihard because of the presence of two larges scales : the virtuality of the exchanged p...
[ { "content": "in multicarrier systems like ofdm , subcarriers allocated to a user may face interference due to a variety of reasons . \n these include the activity of other users and allocation decisions of neighbouring base stations in a cellular network . \n predicting the presence or absence of interference ...
[ { "content": "biological evolution offers a number of important , unsolved problems that are well suited for investigation by methods from statistical physics . \n many of these can be studied using complex , interacting model systems far from equilibrium @xcite . \n areas that have generated exceptional intere...
[ { "content": "ferromagnetic systems have attracted much interest for a long history because of the intriguing physics and applications.@xcite as the development of information technology , the research on magnetization dynamics in micromagnets has become an active field.@xcite great efforts have been devoted to...
[ { "content": "it is by now relatively well known that gravitational collapse can produce rich structure even within highly simplified systems such as spherical symmetry . in particular , near the threshold of black hole formation , the strong field dynamics of general relativity exhibits critical phenomena . ...
[ { "content": "in a serie of papers kempf et al . \n @xcite introduced a deformed quantum mecahnics based on generalized uncertainty principle ( gup ) . \n other similar issues leading to the same gup have been also initiated by some authors @xcite . \n one major consequence of the gup is the appearance of minim...
[ { "content": "before 1995 , only 24 quasars with redshifts larger than four had been published ; most had been found in multicolor or grism surveys for high - redshift quasars ( e.g. , warren et al . \n 1987 ; schmidt , schneider , & gunn 1987 ) . in the past eight years \n the number of known @xmath6 quasars ...
[ { "content": "solar flares are powerful events resulting from the sudden conversion of stored magnetic energy to particle acceleration and excess radiation in the corona , and releasing up to @xmath0 total erg of energy @xcite . \n solar flares can have significant detrimental effects on earth , including disr...
[ { "content": "the @xmath0 noise is a random process described by the power spectral density ( psd ) , @xmath1 , roughly proportional to the reciprocal frequency , @xmath0 , i.e. , @xmath2 , with @xmath3 close to @xmath4 . \n it was observed first as an excess low - frequency noise in vacuum tubes @xcite , later...
[ { "content": "the study of entanglement , which is one of the most fundamental aspects of quantum mechanics , has lead to and is still leading to much important progress and applications in different fields of modern physics such as quantum information@xcite , condensed matter physics@xcite , etc .. to name a f...
[ { "content": "the flexibility and bistability are the two key points in the next generation display technologies . \n the flexibility implies the display would be thin , lightweight , and ultimately , paper like , meaning it would be cheap enough to be disposable . \n the bistability implies the technology woul...
[ { "content": "recently , bouncing models of the universe were revived in the framework of string cosmology @xcite , since it is possible to generate a scale invariant spectrum of density fluctuations in the pre - bounce phase . \n specific realizations are e.g. cyclic / ekpyrotic models of the universe @xcite o...
[ { "content": "classically , a _ chord diagram _ is a collection of chords of a circle ; the intersection graph for these chords is called a _ circle \n graph_. circle graphs have been intensively studied in graph theory , with classifications given by even and itai @xcite and bouchet @xcite , among others . in ...
[ { "content": "heavy quark symmetry @xcite implies that in the @xmath8 limit matrix elements of the weak currents between a @xmath0 meson and an excited charmed meson vanish at zero recoil ( where in the rest frame of the @xmath0 the final state charmed meson is also at rest ) . however , in some cases at order ...
[ { "content": "a series of precision measurements @xcite of the polarized structure function @xmath0 off proton and deuteron targets has considerably improved our knowledge on the spin structure of the nucleon over the last two years . in combination with several older measurements @xcite \n , these experiment...
[ { "content": "the density - morphology relation @xcite , indicating an increasing elliptical and s0 population fraction with increasing density , has been known to exist over six orders of magnitude in galaxy density @xcite . \n it is only recently that large surveys have shown just how smoothly the galaxy prop...
[ { "content": "prominences / filaments are fascinating coronal magnetic structures , whose dynamics and properties are not well - understood yet . \n the long life of the so - called quiescent prominences ( several weeks ) suggests that the cool and dense prominence material is maintained against gravity and the...
[ { "content": "in the recent report on the detailed analysis of solar neutrino oscillations @xcite done by the super - kamiokande collaboration @xcite , it has been suggested that solutions with large mixing angles are favored while solutions with small mixing angles are disfavored at the 95@xmath18 confidence l...
[ { "content": "the first indication that stellar composition plays a role in , and may be affected by , the formation of planets was the enhanced metallicity ( parameterized as [ fe / h]=log(n@xmath1/n@xmath2 ) - log ( n@xmath1/n@xmath2)@xmath3 ) of solar - type exoplanet host stars ( gonzalez 1997 ) . while ini...
[ { "content": "in the last decade the study of the evolution of the qso luminosity function and of the clustering properties of qsos has been based on statistical analysis of even larger qso catalogues . for redshifts \n lower than 2.2 the color techniques provide good selection methods . \n now days the qso lum...
[ { "content": "since the successful fabricating of graphene in 2004 , @xcite its excellent transport properties , @xcite such as the exceptional electron and thermal transport properties at room temperature , have attracted a lot of research interest to apply it in making future electronic devices . \n @xcite ...
[ { "content": "since topological concepts were first introduced to understand the behaviour of electrons in the quantum hall effect @xcite , such ideas have become a powerful theme in condensed matter physics , applicable to a wide - range of different systems @xcite . in topological materials \n , the eigenst...
[ { "content": "the physical mechanisms which govern the evolution of proto - planetary nebulae ( ppne ) are poorly documented because relatively few objects are known to be in this rapid transition between the agb and planetary nebula phase ( kwok 1993 ) . \n the role played by high - velocity winds which intera...
[ { "content": "motion estimation is a fundamental task for the analysis of spatiotemporal data , the prototypical example of which are sequences of images taken by a camera . the term _ optical flow _ has been coined to designate the apparent motion in such data . its accurate and efficient estimation has been a...
[ { "content": "multi - wavelength high spatial resolution observations of ngc 4151 ( e.g. , * ? ? ? \n * ; * ? ? ? \n * ; * ? ? ? \n * ; * ? ? ? \n * ; * ? ? ? \n * ) have provided unique information on the continuum and emission line morphology in the central few 100 pc ( @xmath4 mpc , @xmath5 pc , * ? ? ? \n *...
[ { "content": "special relativity ( sr ) and general relativity ( gr ) are at the basis of our understanding of space and time and thus are fundamental for the formulation of physical theories . without sr \n we can not explain the phenomena in high energy physics and in particle astrophysics , without gr there ...
[ { "content": "after the recent discovery of pentaquark states @xcite the central question to be addressed now concerns the structure of these new baryons . \n they could be : a ) uncorrelated quarks inside a bag @xcite ; b ) a @xmath2 molecule bound by a van - der waals force @xcite ; c ) a `` @xmath2 '' bound ...
[ { "content": "fusion of two atomic nuclei is possible if they approach each other to a short distance ( @xmath1 cm ) . to come that close , they need to go through a coulomb barrier of the height of few mev . \n the penetration probability for such a barrier at room temperature ( energy of relative motion @xmat...
[ { "content": "2d imaging methods , such as optical microscopy , are still preferable to 3d imaging methods due to their high level of specificity and high resolution properties . \n histological sections ( slices ) obtained through 2d imaging methods provide useful information for the diagnosis or the study of ...
[ { "content": "within the standard model the extraction of the cabbibo - kobayashi - maskawa ( ckm ) matrix elements @xmath0 ( and @xmath6 ) is an outstanding topic of @xmath7-meson physics . \n several ways have been utilized that are summarized , e.g. , by the particle data group @xcite . \n presently , the v...
[ { "content": "quantum states of light are efficient carriers of quantum information with applications in quantum computing , quantum cryptography , and quantum networks . \n their most serious drawback is the absence of suitable non - linear interactions which can produce and transform the desired states . \n m...
[ { "content": "momentum space is assumed to be a manifold @xmath2 with a metric @xmath5 and a connection @xmath6 . \n the geodesic distance @xmath7 from the origin to a point @xmath8 is interpreted as the rest mass of a particle with momentum @xmath9 . \n the non - linear addition rule of momenta @xmath10 , whic...
[ { "content": "hadron physics in the charm and beauty sectors is booming , with mounting activity in experiments babar , cleo , belle , bes , lhc@xmath12 , cdf @xcite and theory @xcite . \n one of the issues that has attracted much attention is the finding of hadronic states which can not be interpreted in the c...
[ { "content": "this work was supported by the state key programs for basic research of china ( 2005cb623605 and 2006cb921803 ) , and by national foundation of natural science in china grant nos . \n 10474033 and 60676056 . \n p. zoller _ et al . \n j. d * 36 * , 203 ( 2005 ) . v. giovannetti _ \n _ , science * 3...
[ { "content": "a significant number of studies were devoted to the estimation of power spectra and modelling of irregularly sampled time series ( e.g. , * ? ? ? \n * ; * ? ? ? \n * ; * ? ? ? \n * ) . the descriptive statistics such as the mean , variance , higher central moments and robust equivalents \n : th...
[ { "content": "in recent years the field of ultracold atomic physics has attracted the attention of a great many condensed matter theorists , largely due to the prospect of finding novel realizations of many - body systems . \n part of the appeal doubtless lies in the exquisite experimental control that may be e...
[ { "content": "# 1 ps . @headings oddfootevenfoot oddhead evenheadoddhead # # 1 ps . \n @headings = 12 # 1@xmath4 \n = 11 # 1 ps . @headings oddfootevenfoot oddhead evenheadoddhead # # 1 ps . \n @headings # 1#2#3_phys . \n lett . _ * # 1*(19#2)#3 # 1#2#3_z . \n phys . _ * # 1*(19#2)#3 # ...
[ { "content": "our statistical study of @xmath11350 edge - on galaxies derived from the rc3 ( _ third reference catalogue of bright galaxies _ , de vaucouleurs et al . \n @xcite ) ( ltticke et al . \n @xcite , hereafter paper i ) has revealed that 45% of all bulges ( s0-sd galaxies ) are box- and peanut - shaped...
[ { "content": "in this paper we are concerned with the problem of boundary stabilization for a @xmath0 system of first - order hyperbolic _ quasilinear _ pdes , with actuation at only one of the boundaries . \n the quasilinear case is of interest since many relevant physical systems are described by @xmath0 syst...
[ { "content": "when a gas of atoms or molecules is subjected to a strong laser field , high - harmonic generation ( hhg ) takes place @xcite . \n this process converts many of the laser photons into a single high - frequency photon in the extreme ultraviolet ( xuv ) or soft x - ray regime . \n the generation pro...
[ { "content": "* probabilistic vs. deterministic domain decomposition . * in the solution of large boundary value problems ( bvps ) arising in realistic applications ( such as airfoil simulation or weather forecast ) , the discretization of the bvp on a domain @xmath0 leads to algebraic systems of equations that...
[ { "content": "the five stars considered here are pulsating variables and show the sorts of light curve irregularities that are generally associated with classification as semiregular variables . \n the measurements section of the simbad database lists v cvn , r umi , and rs cyg as sra stars , ux dra as srb , an...
[ { "content": "the solution of transfer equation in spherical geometry remains a classic problem even 75 years after the first attempts by @xcite , who used eddington approximation . in later decades \n more accurate methods were given ( see * ? ? ? \n * ; * ? ? ? \n * for historical reviews ) . \n @xcite , @xci...
[ { "content": "let @xmath11 be an integer and @xmath4:=\\{1,2,\\dots , n\\}$ ] . by @xmath12}$ ] we denote the family of all subsets of @xmath4 $ ] and by @xmath13}k$ ] the family of all @xmath14-subsets of @xmath4 $ ] . \n a family @xmath15}$ ] is an _ antichain _ if @xmath5 for all distinct @xmath16 . \n an an...
[ { "content": "the origin and evolution of structures in the universe can be suitably understood within the hierarchical scenario . in such schemes , \n present - day systems are the result of the aggregation of several sub - structures , and in particular , satellite galaxies can contribute significantly as bui...
[ { "content": "amorphous materials have a great potential for application in technological devices , but their uses are limited due to several factors . \n one of them is the difficulty to obtain information about their atomic structures . \n since most chemical and physical properties of these materials are def...
[ { "content": "cadmium zinc telluride ( czt ) has emerged as the material of choice for the detection of hard x - rays and soft gamma - rays with excellent position and energy resolution and without the need for cryogenic cooling . the high density of czt ( @xmath4 5.76 g/@xmath1 ) and high average atomic numbe...
[ { "content": "let @xmath7 be a finite , simple , connected , and undirected graph of order @xmath8 . for a vertex @xmath9 , \n the _ open neighborhood of @xmath10 _ is the set @xmath11 , the _ closed neighborhood of @xmath10 _ is the set @xmath12=n_g(v ) \\cup \\{v\\}$ ] , and the _ degree _ of a vertex @xmath1...
[ { "content": "entangled coherent states ( ecss ) in free - traveling fields @xcite have been found to be useful for various applications such as bell inequality tests @xcite , tests for non - local realism @xcite , quantum teleportation @xcite , quantum computation @xcite , precision measurements @xcite , quant...
[ { "content": "according to the most promising cosmological scenarios , structure formation is traced back to the evolution of primordial density fluctuations . \n these fluctuations , originated from quantum fluctuations@xmath7@xmath8@xmath9@xmath10@xmath11@xmath8@xmath12 in an inflationary phase of the early u...
[ { "content": "corruption seems to be an unavoidable part of human social interaction , prevalent in every society at any time since the very beginning of human history till today . in sharp contrast to the high prevalence of corruption in many countries and the rather large literature on political , social and ...
[ { "content": "topological phases of matters have attracted a lot of attention in recent years due to discovery of graphene @xcite and topological insulators @xcite . \n also , the search for conventional and unconventional topological superconductors , hosting topological phases @xcite , has become one of the g...
[ { "content": "the next generation of neutrino oscillation experiments has the potential to not only determine the remaining unknowns in the pmns matrix but also to measure its parameters with unprecedented precision . \n this will mark the beginning of a period of high - precision neutrino physics , where the s...
[ { "content": "the rotation curves of spiral galaxies provide one of the strongest lines of evidence establishing the need for dark matter in the universe ( e.g. , rubin , thonnard & ford 1980 ; bosma 1981 ) . an elaborate paradigm for dark matter \n has subsequently developed : @xmath5cdm . \n more recent work ...
[ { "content": "the distribution - free chain ladder model ( dfcl ) of mack @xcite is a popular model for stochastic claims reserving . in this paper \n we use a time series formulation of the dfcl model which allows for bootstrapping the claims reserves . \n an important aspect of this model is that it can provi...
[ { "content": "a _ trigraph _ @xmath1 consists of a set @xmath2 of vertices , and two disjoint sets of directed edges on @xmath3 the set of _ weak edges _ \n @xmath4 , and the set of _ strong edges _ @xmath5 . if both edge sets @xmath6 , viewed as relations on @xmath3 , are symmetric , we have a _ symmetric _ ,...
[ { "content": "in recent years ultrashort , high - harmonic generated vacuum and extreme ultraviolet ( vuv / xuv ) laser pulses have become available . \n they open the way towards time - resolved observation of electronic dynamics in plasmas , atoms and condensed matter , for an overview see e.g. @xcite . elect...
[ { "content": "finite order invariants of immersions of a closed orientable surface into @xmath0 have been introduced in o , where all order 1 invariants have been classified . \n explicit formulae for the majority of order 1 invariants have been given in a , f . all higher order invariants have been classified ...
[ { "content": "following the pioneering discovery of the feigenbaum - coullet - tresser period doubling universality in unimodal maps @xcite , @xcite , @xcite universality has been demonstrated to be a rather generic phenomenon in dynamics . \n such renormalization approach to universality has been very successf...
[ { "content": "qcd is usually quantized perturbatively . \n the lagrangean @xmath1 is split into the sum of two terms @xmath2 where @xmath3 describes free quarks and gluons , and @xmath4 their interaction . \n then @xmath3 is quantized : the hilbert space is the fock space of free quarks and gluons and the inter...
[ { "content": "although fluxoid quantization in superconductors was first demonstrated experimentally over 40 years ago,@xcite there has recently been a resurgence of interest in fluxoid dynamics in a ring geometry . for example \n , it has been proposed that the interacting dipole moments in an array of superco...
[ { "content": "the simplest of many - electron systems are those with two electrons like ions of the helium isoelectronicc series or a harmonium atom . since the schr@xmath9dinger equation for these systems can not be solved analytically , accurate solutions are obtained by using the variational principle for th...
[ { "content": "this section has two purposes . \n firstly , we review some well - known phenomena in order to motivate subsequent developments . after that \n , we provide a background of the phenomena with some notation , terminology and notions . \n _ * volatility smiles . * _ in a nutshell , vanilla options w...
[ { "content": "supermassive black holes ( smbh ) , with masses between @xmath4 and @xmath5 , are found at the center of nearly every galaxy where there have been sensitive searches . \n while we suspect that the seeds for these smbh might all have a common origin , their formation mechanism is not well understoo...
[ { "content": "the purpose of this section is to review the construction of @xmath1-cobordisms in @xcite , chapter 6 . \n we include it here for convenience of the reader , and also to fix the terminology , since this will be used throughout the paper . \n recall that this construction is used in @xcite to prove...
[ { "content": "the x - ray emission from galaxy clusters has enabled the study of what is assumed to be the largest virialized systems in the universe . \n the x - ray electron temperature , @xmath8 , measures the depth of the galaxy cluster potential , while the x - ray luminosity , @xmath1 , emitted as thermal...
[ { "content": "the year 2003 marks the 50th anniversary of the discovery of hypernucleus . in these 50 years \n , the physics of hypernucleus and strange hadrons has played a key role in understanding both the strong and weak interactions of quarks ( and gluons ) . \n starting from the eight - fold way , or the ...
[ { "content": "the harmonic oscillator is one of the most appealing models due to its well known solutions in classical mechanics and in quantum mechanics , and due to a wide variety of applications in various branches of physics @xcite . in classical mechanics \n its solution is unique , and so it is in the ca...
[ { "content": "the linear variation of mode frequencies with the changing solar magnetic activity is well established @xcite . \n however , detailed studies based on high quality uniform data indicate the complexity of the relationship between mode frequencies and solar activity . \n for example , @xcite have sh...
[ { "content": "reliable simulations of biomolecules are one of nowadays grand challenges of computational science . in particular the problem of protein folding thermodynamics starting purely from an aminino - acid sequence has received major attention . until recently the prevailing view has been that it is elu...
[ { "content": "distributions of matter in form of shells have been a useful tool in astrophysics and general relativity , often providing simplified but analytically tractable models in cosmology , gravitational collapse and supernovae . in general relativity , \n the pioneering work on constructing solutions of...
[ { "content": "cerium , the first of the lanthanide series ( rare earths ) with an inner 4f - electron exhibits a broad range of unusual electronic , magnetic and structural properties in the solid state @xcite . \n most intriguing is the transformation under pressure @xcite between two face - centered - cubic (...
[ { "content": "the direct search for physics beyond the standard model(sm ) has been unsuccessful thus far . \n there have been anomalies in some of the observables in the flavour sector , with deviations from the sm predictions at the level of few sigma @xcite . \n in fact , the presence of new physics(np ) at...
[ { "content": "the single - impurity anderson model ( siam ) has been a paradigm of a strongly correlated electron system . \n @xcite this seemingly simple model gives rise to dynamical screening of the local spin by the electrons in the fermi sea , leading to a crossover from a weak coupling system at high temp...
[ { "content": "during the recent upsurge of activity in the field of bose - einstein condensation ( bec ) , some older questions concerning the weakly interacting bose gas have been revived . \n one such un - resolved question is the effect of a weak repulsion on the critical temperature @xmath0 . \n calculation...
[ { "content": "multi - wavelength light curves of blazar flares show complex and diversified features . while in some cases there is a time lag between gamma - ray and x - ray / optical flares ( e.g. * ? ? ? \n * ; * ? ? ? \n * ; * ? ? ? \n * ; * ? ? ? \n * ) , in other cases an orphan flare in a certain wavelen...
[ { "content": "the first theoretical constructions related with directed transport have been formulated in an early work by feynman @xcite . \n this opened a field whose relevance and activity has been increasing since then . \n the motivation is twofold , in the first place several fundamental questions have or...
[ { "content": "many phenomenological studies on susy particle searches have been performed in the minimal supersymmetric standard model ( mssm ) with real susy parameters . in general , however , some of the susy parameters may be complex , in particular the higgsino mass parameter @xmath9 , the gaugino mass par...
[ { "content": "[ [ synthesis . ] ] synthesis. + + + + + + + + + + + polycrystalline samples of @xmath0iro@xmath1 ( @xmath2 na , li ) and li@xmath4sno@xmath1 were synthesized by solid state synthesis . \n high purity starting materials @xmath0co@xmath1 ( @xmath2 na , li ) ( 99.995% alfa aesar ) and ir metal po...
[ { "content": "with the advent of the x - ray free - electron lasers @xcite there are new possibilities to explore matter on atomic and single molecule levels . on these length scales , of the order of a few ngstrm , quantum effects play an important role in the dynamics of the electrons . \n quantum effects hav...
[ { "content": "consider a process which is repeated @xmath1 times and each repetition has @xmath0 possible outcomes . for concreteness we may think of assigning @xmath1 balls to @xmath0 labelled boxes , where each box can hold any number of balls . \n the first ball can go into any box , the second ball can go i...
[ { "content": "colour - magnitude diagrams ( cmds ) are one of the most important tools available to astronomers for studying stellar evolution , stellar populations and star clusters . and yet , there remain several features found in cmds whose origins are still a mystery . \n examples include horizontal branch...
[ { "content": "the first year wmap data has confirmed the `` concordance '' values of the cosmological parameters with unprecedented accuracy and given important information on the primordial spectrum of density perturbations @xcite . \n their results favor gaussian , purely adiabatic fluctuations and a spectral...
[ { "content": "a family of geometrically integral algebraic varieties defined over @xmath0 is said to satisfy the hasse principle if any variety in the family has a point in @xmath0 as soon as it has points in every completion of @xmath0 . \n quadrics are among the first examples of families satisfying this prop...
[ { "content": "the temperature induced phase transition in the @xmath3 scalar field model with a spontaneous symmetry breaking ( ssb ) has a long history of investigations . \n it was studied either by analytic methods of the quantum field theory or in lattice simulations ( see refs.@xcite and references therein...
[ { "content": "this paper is a continuation of our previous work @xcite , where we consider the one dimensional nonlinear schrdinger equation i + _ \n x^2 + f(||^2 ) = 0 . \n this equation appears as a relevant model in condensed matter physics : bose - einstein condensation and superfluidity ( see @xcite , @xci...
[ { "content": "witten s formulation @xcite of an intrinsic definition of the jones polynomial @xcite based on physical models lead to the more rigorous mathematical definitions via representations of quantum groups that were given by reshetikhin , turaev , and viro @xcite , @xcite . \n these quantum invariants a...
[ { "content": "besides the many existing radioactive beam facilities and their upgrades , many more are being constructed or under planning , including the cooling storage ring ( csr ) facility at hirfl in china @xcite , the radioactive ion beam ( rib ) factory at riken in japan @xcite , the fair / gsi in german...
[ { "content": "in studying the motion of molecular motors we introduced in @xcite a solvable model : we think of the molecular motors as diffusion particles traveling in a narrow random channel . based on the model suggested in @xcite , we consider in this paper wave front propagation for a reaction - diffusion ...
[ { "content": "the trembling motion ( zitterbewegung , zb ) , first devised by schroedinger for free relativistic electrons in a vacuum @xcite , has become in the last two years subject of great theoretical interest as it has turned out that this phenomenon should occur in many situations in semiconductors @xcit...
[ { "content": "while magnetic t - tauri type models for low - mass star formation have been reasonably well accepted , there is currently no such picture for the early evolutionary phases of higher mass stars . \n many questions , such as whether higher mass stars form via disc accretion , and issues relating to...
[ { "content": "in this article , all graphs are finite and simple . \n we denote by @xmath5 the _ chromatic number _ of a graph @xmath1 , that is the minimum number of colors needed to give a color to each vertex in such a way that any two adjacent vertices receive different colors . \n we denote by @xmath6 the ...
[ { "content": "next to photons neutrinos are the most abundant particles in the universe . \n this means they have a profound impact on many different aspects of cosmology , from the question of leptogenesis in the very early universe , over big bang nucleosynthesis , to late time structure formation . in the pr...
[ { "content": "the purpose of this paper is to present a novel approach for efficient estimation via the monte carlo ( mc ) method . \n the approach is very broadly applicable but here , to present the main ideas , we narrow the focus to ensemble monte carlo where estimation is based on stochastically independen...
[ { "content": "the ultraviolet ( uv ) radiation plays a crucial role in many processes of the interstellar medium ( ism ) , such as photoelectric heating , grain charging , photoionization , and photo - dissociation of molecules @xcite , in which the far - ultraviolet ( fuv : 6ev @xmath11 13.6ev ) radiation from...
[ { "content": "a number of experiments have returned microlensing results on the nature of the dark matter in the milky way . \n the eros collaboration ( aubourg , 1993 ; lasserre 2000 ) monitored 17.5 million stars in the lmc for 2 years and 5.3 million stars for 6 years finding 3 microlensing candidates . us...
[ { "content": "a sub - wavelength object diffracts light into evanescent and propagating waves . \n it is the evanescent part - the so - called forbidden light - that carries information on the sub - wavelength details of the object . \n this evanescent contribution plays a key role in experiments targeted at im...
[ { "content": "the @xmath0-@xmath1 model is one of prototypical examples for understanding strongly correlated electron systems . \n the interplay between spin and charge degrees of freedom is a key ingredient of this model . in \n spatially one - dimensional ( 1d ) case , this model ( or equivalently the large-...