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[ { "content": "the de sitter ( ds ) and anti - de sitter ( ads ) space has a constant curvature with the maximal symmetry of a given dimension . \n the ( a)ds has thus attracted attention in understanding a quantum nature of spacetime and been applied to different physics . the present accelerating universe with...
[ { "content": "coherent transport in discrete low - dimensional mesoscopic quantum systems has attracted much attentions for fundamental physics as well as applications due to persistent technique progress in nanofabrication @xcite . quantum interference phenomena and quantum coherent transport properties \n ar...
[ { "content": "in 1893 and 1897 lodge argued that a device using electromagnetic fields should in principle be able to detect angular acceleration by the interference of light . \n sixteen years later sagnac @xcite observed such an effect and realised the potential for light interferometers as accelerometers . \...
[ { "content": "since the recent discovery of the carbon nanotubes by iijima @xcite there has been a significant progress @xcite in the studies of the conducting properties of both single - walled @xcite and multi - walled @xcite carbon nanotubes . \n conductance of a mesoscopic system connected to metallic reser...
[ { "content": "let @xmath9 be the manifold obtained by @xmath10-dehn surgery on a knot @xmath11 in @xmath4 . \n ( here @xmath12 , @xmath13 , parametrizes the slope on the boundary of the exterior of @xmath11 that runs @xmath14 times meridionally and @xmath15 times longitudinally around @xmath11 . ) \n we denote ...
[ { "content": "disks are an integral part of star formation ; they are the birthplace of planets . \n how they form is a long - standing , unresolved problem . \n a major difficulty is that their formation is greatly affected by magnetic braking , which has been hard to quantify until recently . \n there is now ...
[ { "content": "`` hard diffraction '' is an experimental phenomenon which lies at the borderline between `` hard '' and `` soft '' interactions . \n it appears as a scattering process initiated by a hard probe ( e.g. a virtual photon at hera @xcite or a forward jet at the tevatron @xcite ) , but in which the pro...
[ { "content": "in this paper we will pursue some technical details concerning the computation and the physical understanding of the recent analysis by stupakov @xcite on the effect of coulomb diffusion on bunching coefficients in echo enabled harmonic generation ( eehg ) free electron laser ( fel ) seeded device...
[ { "content": "standard big - step semantics and hoare logics do not support reasoning about nonterminating runs of programs . \n essentially , they ignore them . \n but of course nonterminating runs are important . \n not only need we often program a partial function whose domain of definedness we can not decid...
[ { "content": "methane ( ) is an organic molecule in earth s atmosphere primarily produced by living organisms @xcite . \n it has also been measured in mars s atmosphere by telescopic and spacecraft remote sensing @xcite . however , these measurements produced inconsistent results and some of these measurements ...
[ { "content": "according to bell s theorem [ 1 ] , one can not construct a local realistic hidden - variable theory that can reproduce all the statistical predictions of quantum mechanics for a two - particle singlet - state . here , by the term locality \n we mean bell s locality condition which in a local stoc...
[ { "content": "the level of the sun s magnetic activity is observed to vary on an 11-year time scale and we are currently in the minimum between cycles 23 and 24 . \n the current solar minimum is attracting a great deal of attention as it is proving to be quite unusual . \n observations of surface and atmospheri...
[ { "content": "parity - violating nucleon - nucleon interactions cause the spin of transversely polarized neutrons to undergo a rotation when traveling through a target medium , even in the absence of magnetic fields . in this paper \n we report the results of a calculation of neutron spin rotation from neutron ...
[ { "content": "relativistic jets in agn and microquasars carry energy from very small to very large scales . \n these jets form in the surroundings of compact objects , such as neutron stars or stellar black - holes in the case of microquasar jets , and supermassive black - holes ( smbh ) in the case of agn jets...
[ { "content": "study of the probability distribution of wealth of the people in a society goes back to 1897 when pareto observed empirically that the distribution is characterized by a power law tail . \n probability that an individual member has wealth more than @xmath0 is given by @xmath1 with @xmath2 @xcite ....
[ { "content": "gamma - ray bursts ( grbs ) emit an amount of isotropic - equivalent energy @xmath4 ergs in @xmath5-rays and x - rays in a few seconds and subsequently emit afterglows at x - ray ( costa et al . 1997 ) , optical ( van paradijs et al . \n 1997 ) and radio bands ( frail et al . 1997 ) , which genera...
[ { "content": "the ground state ( `` vacuum '' ) of non - abelian gauge theories like qcd is known to be very rich . \n it includes topologically non - trivial fluctuations of the gauge fields , carrying an integer topological charge @xmath1 . \n the simplest building blocks of topological structure in the vacuu...
[ { "content": "lon foucault built his first pendulum to demonstrate the turning of the earth in the basement of a building , using a roughly two meter long fiber @xcite . \n he also soon recognized the problem arising from the intrinsic precession of a spherical pendulum caused by unwanted ellipsoidal motion . ...
[ { "content": "the abundance evolution of galaxy structures is a major prediction of cosmological models ( e.g. oukbir @xmath11 blanchard 1992 , 1997 , romer et al . \n 2001 ) . the more distant the structure , the strongest the constraint . until now \n , however , we are limited to the study of the most massiv...
[ { "content": "blazars are an extreme subclass of active galactic nuclei ( agns ) , seen at small angle ( @xmath5 ) to the relativistic jet emanating from very close to the black hole @xcite . \n they are characterized by strong variability in flux and polarization at almost all the frequencies in the electromag...
[ { "content": "under nuclear medicine , positron emission tomography ( pet ) is an important imaging technique in which a radio - pharmaceutical having positron emitter is injected into the object of study . \n this radioactive element can be used to collect the morphological information from the object . inside...
[ { "content": "chemical abundance of long - lived stars is a powerful tool to probe nucleosynthesis in supernovae ( sne ) . \n in fact , detailed chemical compositions for very metal - poor stars in the galaxy revealed by pioneering observations ( e.g. , * ? ? ? \n * ; * ? ? ? \n * ; * ? ? ? \n * ) for more than...
[ { "content": "it is well understood that the highly super - eddington luminosities associated with grb are liable to put most of their energy into a baryonic wind if the energy release is in a position to drag matter outward . \n one solution for this ( meszaros and rees 1994 ) is that at distances @xmath5 cm f...
[ { "content": "when electron collides elastically with open - shell atom or molecule , they can exchange their spins . \n thus , spin polarization of the electron beam is in general reduced after scattering with unpolarized open - shell targets . \n we can obtain more precise information of the scattering proces...
[ { "content": "medical imaging including x - rays , magnetic resonance imaging ( mri ) , computer tomography ( ct ) , ultrasound etc . \n are susceptible to noise @xcite . \n reasons vary from use of different image acquisition techniques to attempts at decreasing patients exposure to radiation . as the amount o...
[ { "content": "a scattering zipper describes consecutive scattering events with a fixed number @xmath0 of incoming and out - going channels each . \n it is specified by a sequence @xmath1 of unitary scattering matrices @xmath2 in the unitary group @xmath3 as well as two unitaries @xmath4 modeling the boundary sc...
[ { "content": "cosmological and astrophysical probes suggest that @xmath023% of the universe is composed of non - baryonic dark matter ( dm ) , commonly assumed to be in the form of weakly interacting massive particles ( wimps ) arising in extensions of the standard model of particle physics ( for reviews see , ...
[ { "content": "the swift progress in molecular electronics achieved during the past decade has mostly been centered around a detailed understanding of charge transport through single - molecule junctions,@xcite where quantum effects generally turn out to be important . \n when two _ superconducting _ ( instead o...
[ { "content": "the investigation of magnetism in the molecule - based solid prussian blue , fe@xmath5[fe(cn)@xmath2@xmath6h@xmath4o , and related analogs has a rich history @xcite , dating back to 1928 @xcite . \n measurements down to liquid helium temperatures identified the transition to long - range ferromagn...
[ { "content": "let @xmath0 be a compact oriented connected surface of genus @xmath1 with one boundary component . \n _ homology cylinders _ over @xmath0 , each of which consists of a homology cobordism @xmath2 between two copies of @xmath0 and markings of both sides of the boundary of @xmath2 , appeared in the c...
[ { "content": "in the recent decade and a half there has been a lot of activity on the topic of non - gibbsian measures . \n most of the original studies were based on the question of whether renormalised hamiltonians exist as properly defined objects , @xcite , with an emphasis on discrete - spin models . \n an...
[ { "content": "the elucidation of dynamo action is a problem of central importance in nonlinear dynamics because it has implications for a variety of physical systems \n . dynamo instabilities , which amplify weak magnetic fields in a turbulent conducting fluid , are believed to be the principal mechanism for th...
[ { "content": "majorana fermion , particle which is own antiparticle , was originally predicted by ettore majorana in high energy physics@xcite . \n recently , however , physics of majorana fermion has been a hot issue in condensed matter physics since the emergence of majorana fermion was pointed out at surface...
[ { "content": "near @xmath23 , the electron wavefunction may be taken as proportional to @xmath141 , with small @xmath142 , independent of layer index . \n only @xmath143 is relevant to the spectrum in this small range of momentum , and small terms of order @xmath0 can be treated perturbatively . \n the form of ...
[ { "content": "quantum theory is generally formulated relative to a given causal structure . \n this is the case both in quantum field theory , where the spacetime metric is given from the beginning , and in the operational framework of quantum information , where protocols and computations consist in sequences ...
[ { "content": "dark energy , discovered via the observed luminosity distances out to high-@xmath5 type ia supernovae @xcite , is the most mysterious element in physics today ( see * ? ? ? \n * for a recent review ) . \n as dark energy primarily affects the expansion rate of the universe , one can gain informatio...
[ { "content": "fully packed loop configurations ( fpls ) are configurations on a square grid to which a certain link pattern @xmath1 is attached ( see section [ sub : fpl ] for definitions ) . as was first shown in @xcite , fpl configurations in a triangle ( tfpls ) occur naturally when studying certain proper...
[ { "content": "after a long arduous effort , photoluminescence from silicon has been achieved from its nanocrystalline form @xcite . \n a critical debate , however , continues over the nature of the interface chemistry of silicon nanocrystals ( si - ncs ) embedded in amorphous silica which has direct implicatio...
[ { "content": "graphene , as a novel gapless two dimensional ( 2d ) chiral electron - hole system , has attracted great interest in recent years , both experimentally and theoretically@xcite . \n its transport properties have been at the center of key fundamental and technological efforts with vast potential for...
[ { "content": "there is a very strong scientific case that most of the matter in the universe consists of non - baryonic stable particles . \n since the standard model of particle physics does not contain any heavy stable non - baryonic particles new particle physics is required . \n but what is this new physics...
[ { "content": "quantum game theory started from a seminal paper by meyer @xcite . \n later eisert et . \n @xcite studied the important bimatrix game of prisoner s dilemma ( pd ) while focussing on the concept of nash equilibrium ( ne ) from noncooperative game theory . \n this concept attracted much attention in...
[ { "content": "now generally accepted that about half of abundances of chemical elements heavier than iron are produced by slow neutron captures ( s process ) in the deep layers of asymptotic giant branch ( agb ) stars . \n mixing brings freshly synthesized heavy elements to the stellar surface ( the third dred...
[ { "content": "even though the existence of hydrogen fine structure lines and their explanation using dirac s atomic theory has been known for close to a century , a hydrogen fine structure line has never been detected from an astrophysical object . \n an interesting hydrogen fine structure line is the @xmath4 t...
[ { "content": "the prospect of a semiconductor laser in the infrared and thz region has been one of the key reasons for the development and study of semiconductor heterostructure elements , since the first proposal of semiconductor superlattices in 1970 @xcite . \n a possible gain mechanism may be based on two d...
[ { "content": "heavy - ion collisions at the relativistc heavy ion collider ( rhic ) indicate the production of an opaque ( i.e. strongly jet - suppressing ) @xcite , strongly - coupled , fast - thermalizing medium that possibly needs to be described using methods derived from ads / cft string theory @xcite . \...
[ { "content": "these conference proceedings are the condensed result of the 2nd meeting on asymmetrical pne , held at mit during august of 1999 . \n being the last such meeting of this millennium , and a successor of the successful 1st asymmetrical meeting held at oranim in israel during august 1994 , and publis...
[ { "content": "the purpose of this paper is to introduce and analyze two exactly solvable discrete time versions of @xmath0-tasep . before introducing them we recall the continuous time poisson @xmath0-tasep which was previously studied in @xcite . \n let us fix some notation used throughout . for @xmath2 \n we ...
[ { "content": "the developments in electronics , combining the magnetic and semiconducting materials ( so - called magnetoelectronis or spintronics ) @xcite , have brought half - metallic magnets , initially predicted by de groot and collaborators in 1983 @xcite , to the center of scientific research . in these ...
[ { "content": "during the past decades the development of the epitaxial crystal growth techniques such as molecular beam epitaxy and metal - organic chemical vapor deposition has made the growth of the quasi - two - dimensional ( quantum well ) or quasi - one - dimensional ( quantum wire)@xcite systems with cont...
[ { "content": "in ref . @xcite we have shown through the example of the extraction of the cabibbo - kobayashi - maskawa ( ckm ) angle @xmath0 from @xmath1 decays that the bayesian treatment as done , e.g. , by the utfit collaboration @xcite , suffers from major difficulties . \n the problems we have found are ...
[ { "content": "the fermi coupling constant , @xmath1 , constitutes together with the electromagnetic coupling constant and the mass of the @xmath2 boson the most precise input parameters of the standard model of elementary particle physics . \n @xmath1 is defined through the muon lifetime , and the decay of the ...
[ { "content": "high - mass stars ( m@xmath14m@xmath9 ) are predominantly observed in young ( @xmath15myr ) , massive clusters ( m@xmath16m@xmath9 ) located within giant molecular clouds ( gmcs ) . despite their rarity and short life times , high - mass stars are responsible for injecting a significant amount of ...
[ { "content": "tidal interactions between galaxies are suggested , both from observations and theory , to dramatically change the formation rates of field stars and globular clusters due to the tidal compression of gas clouds and their efficient conversion into stars ( kennicutt 1998 ; ashman & zepf 1992 ; noguc...
[ { "content": "type ia supernovae ( sne ia ) are mature standardised candles . \n intrinsic dispersion of the peak absolute magnitude can be minimised to the level of @xmath6 magnitude or even smaller , and can be accurately used as a cosmological distance indicator @xcite . \n however , this standardisation gen...
[ { "content": "the blast shell of a supernova remnant ( snr ) can accelerate charged particles to cosmic ray energies through diffusive shock acceleration by the snr shocks @xcite . particles are scattered upstream and downstream of a shock and some particles cross the shock repeatedly , gaining energy each time...
[ { "content": "dimitri mihalas and co - workers developed the formalism and the numerical algorithms to model the atmospheres of hot stars in non - lte . \n after having accomplished this task for the static , plane - parallel case , the problem of spherically expanding atmospheres was attacked in a series of se...
[ { "content": "two - component bose - einstein condensates ( becs ) are increasingly appreciated as a rich and versatile source of intricate non - equilibrium pattern dynamics phenomena . \n in addition to experimental observations @xcite , pattern dynamics in two - component becs has attracted significant theor...
[ { "content": "neutron stars are objects of extremely rich internal structure . \n although their interior structure is still very uncertain , it seems that observations and theoretical studies of neutron stars are quite in agreement concerning the structure of their exterior parts . \n more specifically , there...
[ { "content": "the first proposal of experimental search for @xmath1 violation effects in atoms was made almost 40 years ago @xcite . \n the modern advanced experimental techniques realized in the experiments on electron s electric dipole moment ( edm ) are based on that idea and have the sensitivity of @xmath2 ...
[ { "content": "the prompt emission detected from gamma - ray bursts ( grbs ) is believed to originate at large distances from the central engine , from within an ultrarelativistic outflow @xcite . \n this ultra - relativistic motion is necessary to avoid strong @xmath0 annihilation , a signature that is not obse...
[ { "content": "various observational and theoretical studies have been carried out which aimed at the investigation of possible ionization mechanisms of the diffuse ionized gas ( dig , also called interstellar froth @xcite ) in the milky way ( e.g. , * ? ? ? \n * ; * ? ? ? \n * ; * ? ? ? \n * ; * ? ? ? \n * ) as...
[ { "content": "shear alfvn waves ( saw ) are electromagnetic plasma waves propagating as transverse waves along the magnetic field , with the characteristic alfvn velocity @xmath1 ( @xmath2 is the magnetic field and @xmath3 the mass density of the plasma ) . in fusion plasmas , fast ions in the mev energy range ...
[ { "content": "the prediction of structural , dynamic and thermodynamic properties and the phase behavior of fluids based solely on the shape of the intermolecular interaction potential is an important goal in the study of liquids and in the understanding of the peculiarities of the liquid state . \n the simplic...
[ { "content": "light stops are a quintessential feature of a natural supersymmetric theory @xcite , being responsible for the cancellation of the dominant higgs mass quadratic divergence coming from the top quark . however , after run 1 of the lhc the possible existence of light stops has been strongly constrai...
[ { "content": "the process of analysing a time series of astronomical images to measure the variations in brightness of an object over time and to calibrate those variations against reference sources is a very time - consuming task . \n an accurate understanding of the variation in brightness of an object over t...
[ { "content": "[ [ section ] ] ir blocking filters are critical for optimizing bolometer - based receivers in the millimeter and submillimeter spectral region . in these bands , \n the ir power emitted from the telescope and surroundings ( typically 250 - 300 k for ground and balloon - based instruments ) is ...
[ { "content": "in a vector space we enjoy the ability to combine vectors by addition and to scale by elements of a field . \n but we can not , in general , multiply vectors . \n if we upgrade \" our space to permit multiplication ( subject to a few restrictions ) , we obtain an algebra . generalizing from vecto...
[ { "content": "narrow , low - energy ( @xmath2 kev ) spectral lines in grbs have been reported using the data of several instruments ( e.g. , see review @xcite ) . based on these reports , the batse team expected lines to be easy to find and looked for them manually @xcite . \n the reality was different : lines ...
[ { "content": "the recent revival of interest in the properties of two - band ( or , more generally , multiband ) superconductors has been largely stimulated by the discovery of superconductivity in mgb@xmath0 ( ref . ) . \n other candidates for multiband superconductivity include nickel borocarbides ( ref . ) ,...
[ { "content": "minority games ( challet and zhang , 1998 ) , and more recently evolutionary minority games ( emg ) ( johnson et . \n al . , 1999a ; johnson et . \n al . , 2000 ; de cara et . \n al . , 2000 ; johnson et . \n al . , 2003 ; hod and nakar , 2002 ; hod , 2003 ; sysi - aho et . \n al . , 2003 ; \n joh...
[ { "content": "the ability to carry out high angular resolution observations of several types of masers has increased tremendously due to the availability of interferometers at several different frequencies . \n for example , 36 ghz methanol maser observations are now routine with the karl g. jansky very large ...
[ { "content": "despite recent improvements in stellar modeling , several notable discrepancies remain between theoretical predictions of low mass stellar properties and high precision measurements from techniques such as eclipsing binary ( eb ) analysis and interferometry . \n one such discrepancy is the inflate...
[ { "content": "_ conjunctive queries _ are basic and heavily studied database queries , and can be viewed logically as formulas consisting of a sequence of existentially quantified variables , followed by a conjunction of atomic formulas . since the 1977 article of chandra and merlin @xcite , \n complexity - th...
[ { "content": "the quantum dynamics of the radical - pair mechanism @xcite , underlying the avian magnetic compass @xcite and spin transport in photosynthetic reaction centers @xcite , have recently attracted the attention of the quantum physics community @xcite , since it was shown @xcite that radical - pairs o...
[ { "content": "the vortex state of cuprate superconductors is of central importance in understanding high-@xmath1 superconductivity ( htsc ) . \n one the most well studied quantities is the internal magnetic field distribution @xmath7 associated with the vortex lattice ( vl).@xcite as discussed below , several m...
[ { "content": "the many - body problem can not be solved exactly for realistic interactions and systems . \n numerous approximations have been formulated and applied over the years . \n one of the problems is that many particles require a large hilbert space to allow for the many possible correlations . \n in fa...
[ { "content": "one of the goals for doing computer simulations is the production of information useful in the interpretation and design of experiments . \n notwithstanding important issues regarding hamiltonian selection and parameterization , the interface of simulations with experiment is particularly challeng...
[ { "content": "an understanding of electron collision processes with oxygen molecules is important because of its role in chemistry of electrical discharge and the upper atmosphere . in recent attempts to an operate electrical discharge oxygen - iodine laser , \n a population inversion of iodine atoms was achiev...
[ { "content": "in the last decade the quality of chemical vapor deposited ( cvd ) diamond for particle detectors has greatly improved , and the use of this material has become a potentially attractive option for vertex detectors at high luminosity colliders ( such as the lhc after the proposed luminosity upgrade...
[ { "content": "high - harmonic generation ( hhg ) is a highly nonlinear optical phenomenon @xcite of increasing interest because it can provide coherent xuv and soft x - ray radiation with attosecond ( @xmath1 s ) durations . \n this property offers the opportunity to investigate unexplored research areas in ato...
[ { "content": "is a pulsating white dwarf with a hydrogen atmosphere , a dav , also called a zz ceti star @xcite . \n these stars show multi - periodic non - radial @xmath5-mode pulsations that can be used to measure their internal properties and rate of evolution . \n @xcite found the star was variable , and @x...
[ { "content": "decoherence embodies the detrimental effects of noise on any quantum system whose coherence , in its widest sense , is smeared causing the loss of information of the initial state @xcite . \n this represents a focal point in quantum information theory @xcite as it limits both the attainable fideli...
[ { "content": "the low - mass x - ray binary ( lmxb ) exo 0748676 was discovered with _ \n exosat _ by parmar et al . \n it showed periodic eclipses , irregular intensity dips , and type i x - ray bursts ( parmar et al . 1986 ) . \n the eclipses , due to obscuration of the central x - ray source by the companion...
[ { "content": "thz emission from intrinsic josephson junctions of the bscco type has received much attention recently . \n several experiments have been reported @xcite , in which thz radiation emitted from bscco single crystals were observed . \n however in most cases the detected power is rather small , or the...
[ { "content": "the proposed experimental realization of the quantum simulator is based on the extension of an existing experiment . in the experiment @xcite , \n the potential of a tight optical dipole trap is populated with a degenerate fermi gas consisting of @xmath45li atoms in two hyperfine states . by apply...
[ { "content": "stern s diatomic sequence @xmath0 is a particularly well studied sequence ( see , e.g. , @xcite , @xcite , @xcite and references therein , as well as @xcite ) . \n the first section is devoted to showing that this sequence is _ \n interesting_. in particular , we shall look at the following proper...
[ { "content": "an isothermal supersonic shock with a mach number @xmath0 creates density enhancements of @xmath3 , where @xmath4 and @xmath5 are the densities of the post- and pre - shocked gas ( e.g. , spitzer 1978 ) . since molecular clouds \n are turbulent and supersonic , it can be expected that their intern...
[ { "content": "@xmath3one of the most exciting recent discoveries in astronomy is the strong evolution and co - evolution of both the star - formation rate density , and black hole number density from @xmath1@xmath213 to today ( see e.g. * ? ? ? \n * ; * ? ? ? \n * ; * ? ? ? \n particularly interesting are compo...
[ { "content": "a disc galaxy is primarily a set of stars which rotate around the centre at near - circular orbits at the angular velocity @xmath1 . \n the observed spiral and bar - like structures are customarily treated as perturbations in such a differentially rotating disc . \n thus , one might expect that th...
[ { "content": "under large perpendicular magnetic fields @xmath0 the motion of charged carriers in two - dimensional electron systems ( 2des ) is confined to small cyclotron orbitals . \n this confinement suppresses the kinetic energy of the electrons but on the other hand amplifies their coulomb interactions . ...
[ { "content": "the muon lifetime is one of the key observables of today s particle physics . not only is it measured very precisely , since the current experimental error is 18 ppm @xcite , but can be described to competing accuracy within the standard model , giving rise to a strong correlation between the mass...
[ { "content": "@xmath4-branes interacting with higher form rr - fields ( @xmath5-form for example ) become @xmath6-branes , which was first suggested by emparan @xcite and nontrivial interactions were explicitly obtained by myers @xcite . in the presence of magnetic rr - fields , \n these interactions are caused...
[ { "content": "geometrical frustration in electronic degrees of freedom such as spin , charge , and orbit , which is often realized in the stages of highly symmetric crystals , has been one of the major topics in the field of condensed matter physics . in particular , the heavy fermion ( hf ) behavior in y@xmath...
[ { "content": "wireless systems require fundamental and crisp understanding of design principles and control mechanisms to efficiently manage network resources . \n resource allocation policies lie at the heart of wireless communication networks , since they aim at guaranteeing the required quality of service ( ...
[ { "content": "we present the results of a search for variable stars in the faint sparse globular cluster e3 , located at @xmath2 , @xmath3 . \n the cluster was discovered on the eso b schmidt survey of the southern sky by lauberts ( 1976 ) . \n the first @xmath4 photometry of the cluster was presented by van de...
[ { "content": "following the suggestion of @xcite and @xcite several teams have carried out microlensing surveys toward the galactic bulge ( gb ) . to date , well over @xmath10 microlensing events in the gb have been detected by those groups : ogle ( @xcite ) , moa ( @xcite ) , macho ( @xcite ) and eros ( @xcite...
[ { "content": "the excitations of the quasi - one - dimensional ( 1d ) heisenberg antiferromagnets systems have been studied extensively since haldane predicted an energy gap in the excitation spectra of the isotropic _ integer_-spin heisenberg chains in 1983 @xcite . \n now it is well established that there is ...
[ { "content": "blue compact dwarf ( bcd ) galaxies provide evidence that isolated , small , low - metallicity galaxies may experience vigorous star formation in the present epoch , challenging our current understanding of galaxy formation . \n the very nature of bcds remains puzzling in spite of thirty years of ...
[ { "content": "one of the remarkable properties of the @xmath2 standard model is the cancellation of the triangle anomalies , which is implied by the relation @xmath3 between the electromagnetic and the left and righthanded weak charges of the leptons and quarks for each fermion family . \n this relation is of f...
[ { "content": "over the years , computation modeling and hydrodynamic calculations of supernova explosions due to core - collapse of massive stars have improved our theoretical understanding of how compact objects form . at present , \n two types of supernovae are actively discussed in the literature : ( i ) aft...