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mnsm92
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[ { "content": "in the coming years , one of the main tasks in particle physics is the understanding of the mechanism of the electroweak symmetry breaking . \n after the experimental determination of the higgs boson mass , the higgs potential is fully fixed in the standard model . \n however , it is very importan...
[ { "content": "the basic idea in the feynman - schwinger representation is to replace path integrals over quantum fields with path integrals over particle trajectories . \n the step of going from field configurations to particle trajectories dramatically reduces the number of degrees of freedom . in this talk...
[ { "content": "these can be most transparently studied by considering the hubbard model , which describes electrons hopping on a lattice which interact with each other via an on - site repulsion . \n the hubbard hamiltonian reads @xmath76 in standard notations . \n let us consider the tasaki lattice @xcite ( fig...
[ { "content": "entanglement is the quantum correlation exhibiting nonlocal ( nonseparable ) properties . \n it is supposed to be never strengthened , on average , by local operations and classical communication ( locc ) . \n in particular , entanglement in _ \n multi_-parties is of fundamental interest in quantu...
[ { "content": "the universality of search behaviors is reflected in multitudes of studies in different fields including control systems , distributed computing and biology . \n we use tools from distributed computing to study a biologically inspired scenario in which a group of agents , initially located at one ...
[ { "content": "low dimensional interacting spin systems have long been a laboratory for the discovery of novel quantum states of matter . enhanced quantum fluctuations due to reduced dimensionality \n enable the appearance of multiple quantum phases with unique characteristics driven by the interplay between st...
[ { "content": "multi - label classification is the set of classification problems where the output vector has a variable length . \n the average number of labels per review varies across datasets , and in general is a function of the semantics of the text rather than the syntax . \n the learning algorithm needs ...
[ { "content": "in a seminal series of papers @xcite baxter first introduced the concept of the so - called ` sticky hard sphere ' ( shs ) models , as the simplest - albeit crude - modelization for real fluids of spherical particles with a strong surface adhesion . in baxter s original formulation @xcite and its ...
[ { "content": "the scenario where our world is associated with a brane embedded in a higher dimensional space - time with non - factorizable geometry @xcite has attracted a lot of interest with the aim of solving several open questions in modern physics . most of these models were realized as time independent fi...
[ { "content": "comprehensive reviews on baryon flux - tubes and hybrid baryons are available . \n @xcite here developments since the last review in 2002 are summarized . \n _ baryon flux - tube : _ the consensus in quenched lattice qcd is that the baryon potential at sufficient distances is best described by the...
[ { "content": "electrokinetics(ek ) in fluid is a classical subject defined as the study on the interaction of ions with the solid interface , and the dynamics of ions in fluid under external fields @xcite . \n the roots of the ek study are very broad and can be stemmed from various disciplines for decades , su...
[ { "content": "in the following we describe the simulation methods employed as well as various technicalities pertaining to the calculation of some quantities \n . we also comment on the determination and quantitative accuracy of the temperature at which the domain wall - confined ferroelectric transition takes ...
[ { "content": "@figure#1fig . s@xmath114 \n ( a ) pair distribution function of @xmath31 particles @xmath72 , ( b ) density of vibrational states @xmath73 , and ( c ) participation ratio @xmath74 of the @xmath0 wca glasses generated from equilibrated states at different initial temperatures . \n the density @xm...
[ { "content": "ce- and yb - based @xmath18-electron kondo - lattice ( kl ) systems have shown the most drastic forms of non - fermi - liquid ( nfl ) behaviour @xcite . in these heavy - fermion ( hf ) materials , \n the ground state sensitively depends on the balance between two competing interactions , which ar...
[ { "content": "lattice qcd is a powerful method to study quantum chromodynamics ( qcd ) in a nonperturbative way . in lattice qcd \n , a path integral is directly evaluated on a discrete space - time lattice by means of the monte carlo method . as computer technology advances pc clusters \n can also be used for ...
[ { "content": "to understand the evolution and appearance of galaxies it is crucial to study the ism / star formation interplay in galaxies . \n most of our information about the ism relates to its massive component , the gas and its various phases . \n its interplay with star formation can be addressed through ...
[ { "content": "a cognitive radio ( cr ) @xcite@xcite system may coexist with a primary network on an either interference - free or interference - tolerant basis @xcite . for the former case \n , the cr system only exploits the unused spectra of the primary network . while , for the latter case , the cr system is...
[ { "content": "one of the major challenges in the analysis of nonlinear pdes is to understand oscillations and concentrations in weakly converging sequences of functions since these phenomena distinguish weak from strong convergence in @xmath1-spaces . in its most simple form , this observation is already expres...
[ { "content": "recent advances in experimental techniques have allowed the redefinition of the once supposedly well - understood problem of crystal plasticity . in spite of the traditional picture of a smooth fluid - like motion , acoustic emission ( ae ) \n measurements on deforming ice crystals @xcite as well ...
[ { "content": "the topology of generic intersections of quadrics in @xmath0 of the form : @xmath1 where @xmath2 , @xmath3 has been studied for many years : for @xmath4 they are diffeomorphic to a triple product of spheres or to the connected sum of sphere products ( @xcite , @xcite ) ; for @xmath5 this is no lon...
[ { "content": "understanding how chemical evolution has proceeded in the galactic bulge can provide clues for models of bulge formation and evolution . \n it is not known , for example , whether the milky way bulge was formed rapidly in a single collapse or via secular dynamical evolution driven by the disk . \n...
[ { "content": "over the past two decades , dynamical simulations of star clusters have become much more realistic . \n this realism takes the form of an increasingly complex treatment of individual stars in the cluster . for years , dynamical models only considered stars as single equal - mass points . \n the in...
[ { "content": "jahn - teller model as a protopype model for phonon removal of degeneracy of electron levels in complex molecules @xcite was investigated mainly in its rotational symmetric e@xmath0e local version with electron coupling to two degenerate intramolecular phonon modes , one antisymmetric and one symm...
[ { "content": "relativistic shock waves are widely thought to generate energetic particles producing high - energy emission in many astrophysical sources . \n the example of such sources can be hot spots in radio galaxies , jets in blazars and in galactic microquasars \" , gamma - ray burst sources , and pulsar...
[ { "content": "the increasing amount of interest in quantum information processing attracted many experimentalists and theoreticians to investigate the transport properties of low dimensional charge systems . beyond interest to build quantum computational units , i.e. q - bits , and the calculation algorithms wh...
[ { "content": "in general , quantum field theories have been built in the context of local models . \n however , there exist physical situations that lead to non local interactions in a straightforward way . \n let us mention , for instance , wheeler and feynman s description of charged particles @xcite , string...
[ { "content": "in cosmological models based on cold dark matter ( cdm ) , the first stars are believed to form within small protogalaxies , with virial temperatures @xmath2 @xcite . \n cooling within these protogalaxies is dominated by molecular hydrogen , @xmath0 , which forms via the gas - phase reactions @xma...
[ { "content": "the observation of large anisotropic flow or in particular elliptic flow of different hadronic species at the relativistic heavy ion collider ( rhic ) at brookhaven national lab , new york , provides a strong confirmation of the formation of qgp . \n photons are known to probe the properties of qg...
[ { "content": "let us consider a gaas / algaas heterostructure . \n the point symmetry group of the constituent semiconductors is @xmath8 , but the presence of the interface reduces the symmetry of the heterostructure to @xmath7 . lowering the symmetry has important consequences on optical properties , leading t...
[ { "content": "error fields ( efs ) have been and are the subject of intense study in tokamaks @xcite where relative errors as small as @xmath0 or even @xmath1 are known to affect stability , cause disruptions , and degrade confinement and plasma rotation . \n error fields are obviously also very important in mo...
[ { "content": "dielectric spectroscopy has provided many informations to the investigation of complex materials , and especially to the field of glass transition phenomenon ( glass - forming systems ) during the last decades . \n this technique gives direct access to the polarization of molecular dipoles allowin...
[ { "content": "with one exception ( konacki et al . \n 2003 ) , all confirmed extrasolar planets have been discovered by the doppler velocity technique . the selection effects inherent to radial velocity surveys ( cumming , \n marcy & butler 1999 ) favor the detection of planets at small orbital radii . to date ...
[ { "content": "recently , studies in numerical general relativity have shown that merged binary black holes can have a large recoil velocity through anisotropic emission of gravitational waves ( e.g. * ? ? ? \n * ; * ? ? ? \n the maximum velocity would reach @xmath3 , although the actual distribution of kick vel...
[ { "content": "for a polytope @xmath6 of dimension @xmath4 , the _ face vector _ of @xmath6 is given by @xmath7 where @xmath8 is the number of @xmath9-dimensional faces of @xmath6 . \n it is an ongoing investigation to describe the face vectors for @xmath4-dimensional convex polytopes . \n the case @xmath10 are ...
[ { "content": "it is desired that most events to be safe , stable or rather predictable . identifying an unusual event \n is a typical and vital topic in different fields , such as intrusion detection in cyber security , fraud detection for credit cards , insurance or health care and fault detection in safety cr...
[ { "content": "quasar absorption line systems are an extremely useful means of statistically constraining the various scenarios of metal enrichment , inflow and outflow , ionization conditions , kinematics , and gas structure within galaxies and the igm . \n various absorption line studies have concluded that th...
[ { "content": "the effective field theory ( eft ) approach provides a powerful framework that exploits the separation of scales in physical systems . \n only low - energy ( or long - range ) degrees of freedom are included explicitly , with the rest parametrized in terms of the most general local ( contact ) int...
[ { "content": "traditionally the ( semi ) phenomenological high precision two - nucleon ( nn)potentials av18 @xcite , cd bonn @xcite and nijm i , ii @xcite go together with the nonrelativistic operator for the kinetic energy @xmath2 in the nn c.m.system . \n nevertheless , as is well known , this nonrelativistic...
[ { "content": "the local cluster substructure survey ( locuss see smith et al . 2003 , 2005 ) sample of clusters contains 164 clusters with redshifts between 0.142 and 0.295 . \n the locuss aims to measure the relationship between the structure of galaxy clusters and the evolution of the hot gas and galaxies tha...
[ { "content": "the belle experiment @xcite , located on the kekb @xcite asymmetric - energy @xmath1 collider , is primarily devoted to the study of cp violation in the @xmath2 meson system . \n kekb has shown a very stable operation with increasing luminosity over the years . \n it has turned to so - called `...
[ { "content": "full counting statistics@xcite ( fcs ) of electron transport through mesoscopic system has attracted considerable attention both experimentally and theoretically because it can provide a deeper insight into the nature of electron transport mechanisms , which can not be obtained from the average cu...
[ { "content": "one of the major challenges in nuclear many - body theory is to develop a microscopic and systematic approach that would account for the most relevant correlations in the description of nuclear properties . \n most existing methods can be divided into two major classes : the self - consistent mean...
[ { "content": "operational methods , developed within the context of the fractional derivative formalism @xcite , have opened new possibilities in the application of calculus . \n even classical problems , with well - known solutions , may acquire a different flavor if viewed from such a perspective . \n this , ...
[ { "content": "an introduction to the problem of characterizing the psf of a natural guide star ( ngs ) adaptive optics ( ao ) system is given in @xcite ( hereafter referred to as paper i ) . \n in an ngs observation a bright star is used to guide the ao system while the telescope is pointed at a scientific targ...
[ { "content": "the standard model of particle physics is believed to be an effective theory valid up to energies close to 1 tev . \n however , no new physics beyond the standard model ( sm ) has been observed yet , and it is critical to explore a wide range of possible signatures . \n a promising avenue lies in ...
[ { "content": "quasars located at high redshifts provide excellent probes of the intervening universe . \n as their light travels through the universe , it is partially absorbed by neutral hydrogen or metals such as magnesium an effect detectable in the quasars optical and uv spectra . \n these absorption lines...
[ { "content": "in this section we derive the expression for the matter hamiltonian ( 6 ) used in the article . with the assumption of a frequency - independent final state coulomb interaction , from the ladder diagrams in fig . \n 2 , a bethe - salpeter equation for the electron - hole bubble @xmath40 can be ...
[ { "content": "the successes of the nonrelativistic constituent quark models stimulate the study of the microscopic structure of the constituent quark . \n such a structure can not only influence predictions for many observables of the nucleon but also offer a possibility to derive an important part of the effec...
[ { "content": "understanding the nature of the ultimate power source in ultraluminous infrared galaxies ( ulirgs ) has been a primary driver for numerous scientific investigations ever since the discovery in the 1980 s that ulirgs represent the most luminous class of galaxies in the local universe . with total p...
[ { "content": "prior knowledge about the shapes to be segmented is required for segmentation of images involving limited and low quality data . in many applications , \n object shapes come from multiple classes ( i.e. , the prior shape density is multimodal \" ) and the algorithm does not know the class of the ...
[ { "content": "we consider pure bipartite states shared by alice and bob . \n let @xmath4 and @xmath5 be the labels of their respective quantum systems , each with @xmath6 dimensions . \n suppose alice and bob want to transform a state @xmath1 to another state @xmath2 . \n they each have complete classical descr...
[ { "content": "cygnus a is the nearest example ( @xmath2=0.056 ) of a powerful fanaroff - riley type - ii radio galaxy . as such \n , it contains some of the brightest radio hotspots to study these classical ` working surfaces ' of relativistic jets ( hargrave & ryle 1974 ; blandford & rees 1974 ) . although the...
[ { "content": "we gratefully acknowledge project management support by p. leisching . \n the work was funded by the german ministry of economics and technology ( zim projects kf2303709 and kf2806204 ) .", "role": "user" }, { "content": "we investigate the tuning behavior of a novel type of single - f...
[ { "content": "the recent development of atom trapping technologies @xcite has led to the opening of new research fields of many - body physics . in particular , the possibility of controlling to a large degree the shape of the trapping potential has permitted the experimental realization of nearly isolated low ...
[ { "content": "a classical example of self - assembly is crystallization . at low temperatures \n the crystalline phase is typically stable , and thus grows spontaneously from solution through homogeneous nucleation . \n if several competing crystalline phases are allowed by microscopic interactions , the effici...
[ { "content": "again i avoid the standard journal format . \n the only prerequisites for reading the main text of this paper are some familiarity with common statistical terms or phrases such as `` bias '' and `` maximum - likelihood estimation , '' which i assume most readers will recall from a college statisti...
[ { "content": "in many strongly correlated electronic systems , superconductivity seems to be linked to the vicinity of an electronic or magnetic instability with a characteristic phase diagram . currently , there is a growing interest on the systems where this electronic instability is a charge density wave . \...
[ { "content": "in the recent years it has been demonstrated that ultracold atoms loaded in optical lattices provide an ideal realization of lattice hamiltonians @xcite . \n the control of the system parameters , in particular of the ratio between interactions and kinetic energy , has allowed the experimental ach...
[ { "content": "the kinetics of surface particle adsorption and of transport through interfaces play a key role in surfactant phenomena @xcite , membrane biology and cell signaling @xcite , marine layer oceanography @xcite , and other biological and chemical processes . \n particle adsorption may fundamentally al...
[ { "content": "the problem of providing computational support for medical diagnosis has been approached from many directions including logical reasoning , fuzzy logic , set theory , rough set theory , if - then rules , bayesian networks , classical parametric and non - parametric statistics , artificial neural n...
[ { "content": "magnetic reconnection is thought to be a process , being responsible for many eruptive plasma phenomena in space plasmas and astrophysical plasmas , like geomagnetical substorms or eruptive flares . \n although magnetic reconnection in two dimensions ( 2d ) is fairly well understood , e.g. , see t...
[ { "content": "let @xmath0 be a two - sided standard brownian motion in @xmath6 having @xmath8 . \n if @xmath7 is a stopping time with respect to the filtration @xmath9 , then the shifted process @xmath10 is a one - sided brownian motion independent of @xmath4 . \n however , the two - sided shifted process @xmat...
[ { "content": "many gaps exist in the understanding of the post - main sequence evolution of the most massive ( @xmath640 m@xmath5 ) stars , due in large part to the small number of such stars identified as being in this evolutionary phase . \n it is known that during part of the post - main sequence phase , id...
[ { "content": "the quest for a natural way to break electroweak symmetry has long been the central motivation for constructing theories for physics beyond the standard model ( sm ) at the tev scale . \n however , the same logic applied to the even more severe fine - tuning problem associated with the cosmologica...
[ { "content": "the small magellanic cloud ( smc ) and the large magellanic cloud ( lmc ) are gas rich irregular galaxies and satellites of the milky way ( mw ) . given the proximity to the galaxy and their high galactic latitude , the magellanic clouds ( mcs ) are perfect laboratories for extragalactic studies ,...
[ { "content": "recent advances in quantitative measurements of gene expression at the single - cell level @xcite have brought new insight on the importance of stochastic fluctuations in genetic circuits @xcite . \n the role of fluctuations is enhanced due to the discrete nature of the transcription factors and t...
[ { "content": "little is known about the stellar properties , extinction , and the expected intrinsic ly@xmath2 emission of distant , high redshift galaxies . \n indeed , although it has in the recent past become possible through various techniques to detect already sizeable numbers of galaxies at @xmath10 ( se...
[ { "content": "core - collapse supernovae ( ccsne ) are the signposts of recent massive star formation . \n since much of the massive star formation is embedded in dust , a substantial fraction of the ccsne in the universe will remain hidden in optical searches @xcite . \n this is particularly true in the case o...
[ { "content": "anthracnose is a phytopathology which attacks several commercial tropical crops such as coffee . \n the anthracnose of coffee is known under the name coffee berry disease ( cbd ) and its pathogen is the _ colletotrichum _ _ kahawae _ , an ascomycete fungus . \n the literature on anthracnose pathos...
[ { "content": "accreting black holes are thought to power the relativistic jets that form in active galactic nuclei ( agns ) , microquasars , and gamma - ray bursts ( grbs ) . \n a plausible production mechanism for those jets is magnetic extraction of the spin energy of a kerr black hole@xcite . \n a key featur...
[ { "content": "we investigate the connections between radix representations for @xmath0 , self - affine tilings of @xmath1 , and haar - like scaling functions for multiresolution analyses and associated wavelet sets . in a separate paper \n , we investigate the idea , also introduced by jeong @xcite , of rad...
[ { "content": "diffusion of a molecule to a spherical trap is a classical problem important in chemical kinetics . in an unbounded domain , the problem reduces to the smoluchowski theory of reaction kinetics . in the context of biological processes , intracellular transport of biomolecules and chemical reactions...
[ { "content": "most star - forming galaxies follow a relation between their stellar masses and star formation rates that has been well characterized up to @xmath16 ( e.g. * ? ? ? \n * ; * ? ? ? \n * ; * ? ? ? \n * ; * ? ? ? \n the very existence and tightness of this relation suggests that these galaxies live in...
[ { "content": "deep imaging surveys for high redshift studies have , in recent years , been carried out over an increasing range of wavelengths from the x - ray to the radio regimes . \n an important motivation is the recognition that surveys at any given wavelength range may provide an incomplete and biased cen...
[ { "content": "in studying the thermodynamic state of a physical system , the free energy @xmath0 is a quantity of fundamental importance . \n it describes the equilibrium properties of systems that may exchange energy with their environments . \n formally , it is related to the internal energy , @xmath1 , by a ...
[ { "content": "cosmological models with a cosmological term @xmath8 are currently serious candidates to describe the dynamics of our four dimensional universe . \n the history of cosmological term dates back to einstein , and its original role was to allow static homogeneous solutions to einstein s equations in ...
[ { "content": "four - dimensional black hole solutions of einstein gravity coupled to a scalar field have been an avenue of intense research for many years . \n questions pertaining to their existence , uniqueness and stability were seeking answers over these years . \n the kerr - newman solutions of four - dime...
[ { "content": "the modification of in - medium properties of mesons is one of the crucial concepts explored in experimental studies of hot and dense matter in created in heavy ion collisions . \n it is the hope that the creation of a dense matter and eventually also the quark gluon plasma can be unambiguously de...
[ { "content": "the new generation of cosmic microwave background radiation ( cmbr ) experiments has opened a new era in astrophysics , the precision cosmology era . \n recent observations , especially those of wmap ( wilkinson anisotropy microwave probe ) , acbar ( arcminute cosmology bolometer array receiver ) ...
[ { "content": "the tully - fisher relation ( tfr ) between the luminosity of galaxies and their rotation velocity is a fundamental scaling relation that constrains galaxy formation and evolution models ( e.g. , * ? ? ? * and references therein ) . \n recent local studies focus on stellar or baryonic masses ( e.g...
[ { "content": "conformational dynamics is essential for a protein s ability to exhibit allostery . \n the coupling between two distant binding sites is frequently accomplished by a conformational change between a `` closed '' ( apo ) to an `` open '' ( holo ) conformation upon ligation.@xcite although the end po...
[ { "content": "et al_. [ 1 ] , introduced the first hierarchical clustering algorithm for wsns , called leach . \n it is one of the most popular protocols in wsns . \n the main idea is to form clusters of the sensor nodes . \n leach outperforms classical clustering algorithm by using adaptive clustering and rota...
[ { "content": "superclusters are the largest systems of galaxies , composed of multiple clusters of galaxies , extending over 10 - 20 mpc ( e.g. , bahcall , soneira 1984 ; postman , geller , huchra 1988 ; quintana et al \n . 1995 ; small et al . 1998 ) . \n according to the n - body simulations which successf...
[ { "content": "the dust content in galaxies is intimately linked to their evolutionary history \n . nevertheless , the mass of the dust in the interstellar medium ( ism ) , and its ratio with the gas mass ( dust - to - gas ratio , dgr ) , are critical parameters for establishing the evolutionary state of a galax...
[ { "content": "the interaction between matter and the gravitational field has evaded a complete quantum description since the first attempts to formulate a quantum theory of gravity more than 60 years ago . \n lacking a satisfactory quantum description of the gravitational interaction , quantum field theory in c...
[ { "content": "cosmology deals with the large - scale structure of the universe . \n a global description of this structure employs an averaging and smoothing of all the objects of astrophysics from solar systems to galaxies and clusters of galaxies . \n the result is a fluid model of the cosmos goverened by gra...
[ { "content": "according to dijkgraaf and vafa @xcite , the effective glueball superpotential of @xmath0 supersymmetric @xmath1 gauge theory has an asymptotic expansion given by the planar part of the topological expansion of a matrix model . to give the effective potential for various vacua of the gauge theory ...
[ { "content": "the alpha magnetic spectrometer @xcite ( ams ) is a particle detector to be installed in the international space station ( iss ) for at least three years . \n the spectrometer will be able to measure the rigidity ( @xmath0 ) , the charge ( @xmath1 ) , the velocity ( @xmath2 ) and the energy ( @xma...
[ { "content": "recent detections of near - infrared excesses around a number of metal - rich white dwarfs ( wd ) imply existence of warm circumstellar material reprocessing stellar radiation ( zuckerman & becklin 1987 ; graham 1990 ; farihi 2010 ) . \n spectral modeling suggests that this material resides in an ...
[ { "content": "topological insulators have attracted a lot of interests due to their novel properties and potential applications @xcite . \n one of the prototype of topological insulators is the haldane model of chern insulators @xcite , which describes spinless fermions hopping on a 2d honeycomb lattice , wit...
[ { "content": "the formation of a qgp ( quark gluon plasma ) is expected to be realized in high - energy heavy - ion collisons , _ \n e.g. _ at rhic and soon at the lhc . \n one of the main tools for the description of such a formation is the relevance of relativistic hydrodynamic equations in some intermediate ...
[ { "content": "classical spin models have called the attention of statistical - mechanics and magnetism researchers throughout many years @xcite . \n many techniques have been used in their study , both analytical and numerical , in such a way that a reasonable knowledge of their equilibrium thermodynamics has ...
[ { "content": "standard technique for estimating sparse signals is through the formulation of an inverse problem with the @xmath0 norm as convex proxy for sparsity . in particular , consider the problem of estimating a signal @xmath1 from a noisy observation @xmath2 , @xmath3where @xmath4 represents awgn . \n we...
[ { "content": "systems of ultracold bosonic atoms in two parallel atomic waveguides mutually coupled via quantum tunneling ( so - called extended bosonic josephson junctions ) have been a subject of intensive theoretical @xcite and experimental @xcite studies . \n the finite spatial extension of these systems pr...
[ { "content": "the heavy - ion physics has attracted much attention during the last three decades @xcite . the behavior of nuclear matter under the extreme conditions of temperature , density , angular momentum etc . \n , is a very important aspect of heavy - ion physics . \n one of the important quantity which ...
[ { "content": "the propagation and continuous flow of information are of utter importance for the development of stable economies throughout the world as they are a prerequisite for successful business transactions , short- and long - range communication , and so on @xcite . \n often this information has to be ...
[ { "content": "recall that an action of a group @xmath2 on a set @xmath3 is _ \n @xmath4-transitive _ if @xmath5 and for any two @xmath4-tuples of distinct elements of @xmath3 , @xmath6 and @xmath7 , there exists @xmath8 such that @xmath9 for @xmath10 . \n the _ transitivity degree _ of a countable group @xmath2...
[ { "content": "ngc 6791 is an extreme galactic star cluster with an old age of @xmath68 gyr @xcite , a high metallicity [ fe / h]=@xmath110.30 @xcite , and an unusual orbit that periodically brings it close to the bulge of the milky way @xcite . \n @xcite was the first to provide an estimate for the total mass...
[ { "content": "with the wide application , the charged particles acceleration based on the laser - plasma interaction have been rapidly concerned by many simulations and experiments @xcite . in recent years , the proton acceleration generated by an ultraintense laser irradiating a solid target has been investiga...
[ { "content": "where knot theory studies embeddings of circles into @xmath0 , spatial graph theory studies embeddings of arbitrary graphs . \n let @xmath1 be a finite abstract graph . \n let @xmath2 be an embedding of @xmath1 into the @xmath3-sphere . \n we will call @xmath4 a _ spatial embedding of @xmath1 _ or...