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SQuAD
The revolutionary army established large-scale public works programs and successfully implemented an urban and rural literacy campaign, which helped dramatically increase the literacy rate. In addition to a nationalization program of industry and land, the new regime's foreign policy placed an emphasis on Somalia's tra...
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31be7aa8a2cc4e189dc57c76f0793e34
What rate did the new government's programs significantly increase?
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{ "text": [ "literacy" ], "char_spans": [ { "start": [ 175 ], "end": [ 182 ] } ], "token_spans": [ { "start": [ 25 ], "end": [ 25 ] } ] }
[ "literacy" ]
SQuAD
The textile-making communities in Somalia are a continuation of an ancient textile industry, as is the culture of wood carving, pottery and monumental architecture that dominates Somali interiors and landscapes. The cultural diffusion of Somali commercial enterprise can be detected in its cuisine, which contains Southe...
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01ac156a91244e1994246df27b992241
Somali food contains influences from what region?
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{ "text": [ "Southeast Asian" ], "char_spans": [ { "start": [ 314 ], "end": [ 328 ] } ], "token_spans": [ { "start": [ 51 ], "end": [ 52 ] } ] }
[ "Southeast Asian" ]
SQuAD
The textile-making communities in Somalia are a continuation of an ancient textile industry, as is the culture of wood carving, pottery and monumental architecture that dominates Somali interiors and landscapes. The cultural diffusion of Somali commercial enterprise can be detected in its cuisine, which contains Southe...
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b1da385594244874827c8de73741b21d
Along with textiles, wood carving and pottery, what ancient cultural activity still dominates Somalia today?
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{ "text": [ "monumental architecture" ], "char_spans": [ { "start": [ 140 ], "end": [ 162 ] } ], "token_spans": [ { "start": [ 26 ], "end": [ 27 ] } ] }
[ "monumental architecture" ]
SQuAD
The textile-making communities in Somalia are a continuation of an ancient textile industry, as is the culture of wood carving, pottery and monumental architecture that dominates Somali interiors and landscapes. The cultural diffusion of Somali commercial enterprise can be detected in its cuisine, which contains Southe...
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f0d69ed3cb91498f98540036e3306ecf
Who called Somalia a "Nation of Bards"?
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{ "text": [ "Margaret Laurence" ], "char_spans": [ { "start": [ 556 ], "end": [ 572 ] } ], "token_spans": [ { "start": [ 99 ], "end": [ 100 ] } ] }
[ "Margaret Laurence" ]
SQuAD
The textile-making communities in Somalia are a continuation of an ancient textile industry, as is the culture of wood carving, pottery and monumental architecture that dominates Somali interiors and landscapes. The cultural diffusion of Somali commercial enterprise can be detected in its cuisine, which contains Southe...
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b57c92013613410cb031489cf142c2c0
Of what nationality is the person who called Somalia a "Nation of Bards"?
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{ "text": [ "Canadian" ], "char_spans": [ { "start": [ 538 ], "end": [ 545 ] } ], "token_spans": [ { "start": [ 97 ], "end": [ 97 ] } ] }
[ "Canadian" ]
SQuAD
The textile-making communities in Somalia are a continuation of an ancient textile industry, as is the culture of wood carving, pottery and monumental architecture that dominates Somali interiors and landscapes. The cultural diffusion of Somali commercial enterprise can be detected in its cuisine, which contains Southe...
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66999afc294447daacaac1f0ce628481
What is the profession of the individual who referred to Somalia as a "Nation of Bards"?
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{ "text": [ "novelist" ], "char_spans": [ { "start": [ 547 ], "end": [ 554 ] } ], "token_spans": [ { "start": [ 98 ], "end": [ 98 ] } ] }
[ "novelist" ]
SQuAD
A referendum was held in neighboring Djibouti (then known as French Somaliland) in 1958, on the eve of Somalia's independence in 1960, to decide whether or not to join the Somali Republic or to remain with France. The referendum turned out in favour of a continued association with France, largely due to a combined yes ...
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95d11d81517e4970a872616ed6dd67f5
What was Djibouti called in 1958?
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{ "text": [ "French Somaliland" ], "char_spans": [ { "start": [ 61 ], "end": [ 77 ] } ], "token_spans": [ { "start": [ 11 ], "end": [ 12 ] } ] }
[ "French Somaliland" ]
SQuAD
A referendum was held in neighboring Djibouti (then known as French Somaliland) in 1958, on the eve of Somalia's independence in 1960, to decide whether or not to join the Somali Republic or to remain with France. The referendum turned out in favour of a continued association with France, largely due to a combined yes ...
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0c42db2f57e34f398ed0772b4c58d782
In what year did Somalia become independent?
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{ "text": [ "1960" ], "char_spans": [ { "start": [ 129 ], "end": [ 132 ] } ], "token_spans": [ { "start": [ 25 ], "end": [ 25 ] } ] }
[ "1960" ]
SQuAD
A referendum was held in neighboring Djibouti (then known as French Somaliland) in 1958, on the eve of Somalia's independence in 1960, to decide whether or not to join the Somali Republic or to remain with France. The referendum turned out in favour of a continued association with France, largely due to a combined yes ...
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c50b5282448e4702bee04533ac34fbb1
What was Mahmoud Harbi's title?
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{ "text": [ "Vice President of the Government Council" ], "char_spans": [ { "start": [ 654 ], "end": [ 693 ] } ], "token_spans": [ { "start": [ 122 ], "end": [ 127 ] } ] }
[ "Vice President of the Government Council" ]
SQuAD
A referendum was held in neighboring Djibouti (then known as French Somaliland) in 1958, on the eve of Somalia's independence in 1960, to decide whether or not to join the Somali Republic or to remain with France. The referendum turned out in favour of a continued association with France, largely due to a combined yes ...
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278f07d7ae1e48b9973c538575ab0690
When did Djibouti achieve independence?
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{ "text": [ "1977" ], "char_spans": [ { "start": [ 803 ], "end": [ 806 ] } ], "token_spans": [ { "start": [ 148 ], "end": [ 148 ] } ] }
[ "1977" ]
SQuAD
A referendum was held in neighboring Djibouti (then known as French Somaliland) in 1958, on the eve of Somalia's independence in 1960, to decide whether or not to join the Somali Republic or to remain with France. The referendum turned out in favour of a continued association with France, largely due to a combined yes ...
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ea2d6d43709a491f9a84dd8033595361
Who was the first president of Djibouti?
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{ "text": [ "Hassan Gouled Aptidon" ], "char_spans": [ { "start": [ 813 ], "end": [ 833 ] } ], "token_spans": [ { "start": [ 151 ], "end": [ 153 ] } ] }
[ "Hassan Gouled Aptidon" ]
SQuAD
According to mtDNA studies by Holden (2005) and Richards et al. (2006), a significant proportion of the maternal lineages of Somalis consists of the M1 haplogroup. This mitochondrial clade is common among Ethiopians and North Africans, particularly Egyptians and Algerians. M1 is believed to have originated in Asia, whe...
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20b3515bfcbd4b95af12d6b3359badb7
When did Richards publish his mtDNA research?
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{ "text": [ "2006" ], "char_spans": [ { "start": [ 65 ], "end": [ 68 ] } ], "token_spans": [ { "start": [ 15 ], "end": [ 15 ] } ] }
[ "2006" ]
SQuAD
According to mtDNA studies by Holden (2005) and Richards et al. (2006), a significant proportion of the maternal lineages of Somalis consists of the M1 haplogroup. This mitochondrial clade is common among Ethiopians and North Africans, particularly Egyptians and Algerians. M1 is believed to have originated in Asia, whe...
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e1741c2a204e4e739db8e1f18fd18223
Along with Egyptians, Algerians and Somalis, what people commonly possess the M1 haplogroup?
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{ "text": [ "Ethiopians" ], "char_spans": [ { "start": [ 205 ], "end": [ 214 ] } ], "token_spans": [ { "start": [ 39 ], "end": [ 39 ] } ] }
[ "Ethiopians" ]
SQuAD
According to mtDNA studies by Holden (2005) and Richards et al. (2006), a significant proportion of the maternal lineages of Somalis consists of the M1 haplogroup. This mitochondrial clade is common among Ethiopians and North Africans, particularly Egyptians and Algerians. M1 is believed to have originated in Asia, whe...
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b52a616d1bda4f029cdcb5c6e7011a10
On what continent is the M1 haplogroup believed to have originated?
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{ "text": [ "Asia" ], "char_spans": [ { "start": [ 311 ], "end": [ 314 ] } ], "token_spans": [ { "start": [ 56 ], "end": [ 56 ] } ] }
[ "Asia" ]
SQuAD
According to mtDNA studies by Holden (2005) and Richards et al. (2006), a significant proportion of the maternal lineages of Somalis consists of the M1 haplogroup. This mitochondrial clade is common among Ethiopians and North Africans, particularly Egyptians and Algerians. M1 is believed to have originated in Asia, whe...
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eb85d3abbf4945879479c0e9eb91196f
Who authored an mtDNA study in 2005?
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{ "text": [ "Holden" ], "char_spans": [ { "start": [ 30 ], "end": [ 35 ] } ], "token_spans": [ { "start": [ 5 ], "end": [ 5 ] } ] }
[ "Holden" ]
SQuAD
According to mtDNA studies by Holden (2005) and Richards et al. (2006), a significant proportion of the maternal lineages of Somalis consists of the M1 haplogroup. This mitochondrial clade is common among Ethiopians and North Africans, particularly Egyptians and Algerians. M1 is believed to have originated in Asia, whe...
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8cd51653b381435e81cf414c3b625065
What family of languages is the M1 haplogroup associated with?
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{ "text": [ "Afro-Asiatic" ], "char_spans": [ { "start": [ 448 ], "end": [ 459 ] } ], "token_spans": [ { "start": [ 80 ], "end": [ 82 ] } ] }
[ "Afro-Asiatic" ]
SQuAD
The term heartwood derives solely from its position and not from any vital importance to the tree. This is evidenced by the fact that a tree can thrive with its heart completely decayed. Some species begin to form heartwood very early in life, so having only a thin layer of live sapwood, while in others the change come...
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589e13dfcf8d494dba88df9acf745076
If a tree starts forming heartwood right away, will its sapwood layer be thin or thick?
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{ "text": [ "thin" ], "char_spans": [ { "start": [ 261 ], "end": [ 264 ] } ], "token_spans": [ { "start": [ 50 ], "end": [ 50 ] } ] }
[ "thin" ]
SQuAD
The term heartwood derives solely from its position and not from any vital importance to the tree. This is evidenced by the fact that a tree can thrive with its heart completely decayed. Some species begin to form heartwood very early in life, so having only a thin layer of live sapwood, while in others the change come...
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What property of heartwood that has nothing to do with how important it is to trees got it its name?
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{ "text": [ "position" ], "char_spans": [ { "start": [ 43 ], "end": [ 50 ] } ], "token_spans": [ { "start": [ 7 ], "end": [ 7 ] } ] }
[ "position" ]
SQuAD
The term heartwood derives solely from its position and not from any vital importance to the tree. This is evidenced by the fact that a tree can thrive with its heart completely decayed. Some species begin to form heartwood very early in life, so having only a thin layer of live sapwood, while in others the change come...
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Does a beech tree usually have thin or thick sapwood?
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{ "text": [ "thick" ], "char_spans": [ { "start": [ 501 ], "end": [ 505 ] } ], "token_spans": [ { "start": [ 101 ], "end": [ 101 ] } ] }
[ "thick" ]
SQuAD
The term heartwood derives solely from its position and not from any vital importance to the tree. This is evidenced by the fact that a tree can thrive with its heart completely decayed. Some species begin to form heartwood very early in life, so having only a thin layer of live sapwood, while in others the change come...
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Does a sassafras tree typically have a thin or thick sapwood layer?
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{ "text": [ "Thin" ], "char_spans": [ { "start": [ 330 ], "end": [ 333 ] } ], "token_spans": [ { "start": [ 64 ], "end": [ 64 ] } ] }
[ "Thin" ]
SQuAD
The term heartwood derives solely from its position and not from any vital importance to the tree. This is evidenced by the fact that a tree can thrive with its heart completely decayed. Some species begin to form heartwood very early in life, so having only a thin layer of live sapwood, while in others the change come...
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Would a thin or a thick sapwood layer be found in a pine tree?
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[ "thick" ]
SQuAD
In the late 19th century, after the Berlin conference had ended, European empires sailed with their armies to the Horn of Africa. The imperial clouds wavering over Somalia alarmed the Dervish leader Mohammed Abdullah Hassan, who gathered Somali soldiers from across the Horn of Africa and began one of the longest anti-c...
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What states supported the Dervish State?
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{ "text": [ "the Ottoman and German empires" ], "char_spans": [ { "start": [ 547 ], "end": [ 576 ] } ], "token_spans": [ { "start": [ 97 ], "end": [ 101 ] } ] }
[ "the Ottoman and German empires" ]
SQuAD
In the late 19th century, after the Berlin conference had ended, European empires sailed with their armies to the Horn of Africa. The imperial clouds wavering over Somalia alarmed the Dervish leader Mohammed Abdullah Hassan, who gathered Somali soldiers from across the Horn of Africa and began one of the longest anti-c...
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In what year did the British defeat the Dervishes?
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{ "text": [ "1920" ], "char_spans": [ { "start": [ 829 ], "end": [ 832 ] } ], "token_spans": [ { "start": [ 148 ], "end": [ 148 ] } ] }
[ "1920" ]
SQuAD
In the late 19th century, after the Berlin conference had ended, European empires sailed with their armies to the Horn of Africa. The imperial clouds wavering over Somalia alarmed the Dervish leader Mohammed Abdullah Hassan, who gathered Somali soldiers from across the Horn of Africa and began one of the longest anti-c...
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What was the capital of the Dervish State?
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{ "text": [ "Taleex" ], "char_spans": [ { "start": [ 923 ], "end": [ 928 ] } ], "token_spans": [ { "start": [ 166 ], "end": [ 166 ] } ] }
[ "Taleex" ]
SQuAD
In the late 19th century, after the Berlin conference had ended, European empires sailed with their armies to the Horn of Africa. The imperial clouds wavering over Somalia alarmed the Dervish leader Mohammed Abdullah Hassan, who gathered Somali soldiers from across the Horn of Africa and began one of the longest anti-c...
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In what year did Fascist Italy achieve full control of Somalia?
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[ "1927" ]
SQuAD
In the late 19th century, after the Berlin conference had ended, European empires sailed with their armies to the Horn of Africa. The imperial clouds wavering over Somalia alarmed the Dervish leader Mohammed Abdullah Hassan, who gathered Somali soldiers from across the Horn of Africa and began one of the longest anti-c...
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In what year did the Italian occupation of Somalia end?
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{ "text": [ "1941" ], "char_spans": [ { "start": [ 1232 ], "end": [ 1235 ] } ], "token_spans": [ { "start": [ 220 ], "end": [ 220 ] } ] }
[ "1941" ]
SQuAD
In the United States, Minneapolis, Saint Paul, Columbus, San Diego, Seattle, Washington, D.C., Houston, Atlanta, Los Angeles, Portland, Denver, Nashville, Green Bay, Lewiston, Portland, Maine and Cedar Rapids have the largest Somali populations.
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What country is Cedar Rapids located in?
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[ "the United States" ]
SQuAD
In the Somali diaspora, multiple Islamic fundraising events are held every year in cities like Birmingham, London, Toronto and Minneapolis, where Somali scholars and professionals give lectures and answer questions from the audience. The purpose of these events is usually to raise money for new schools or universities ...
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Along with Minneapolis, London and Birmingham, what city contains a notable population of Somalis?
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[ "Toronto" ]
SQuAD
In the Somali diaspora, multiple Islamic fundraising events are held every year in cities like Birmingham, London, Toronto and Minneapolis, where Somali scholars and professionals give lectures and answer questions from the audience. The purpose of these events is usually to raise money for new schools or universities ...
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What is the name of the mosque under construction in Minneapolis?
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{ "text": [ "the Abuubakar-As-Saddique Mosque" ], "char_spans": [ { "start": [ 467 ], "end": [ 498 ] } ], "token_spans": [ { "start": [ 81 ], "end": [ 87 ] } ] }
[ "the Abuubakar-As-Saddique Mosque" ]
SQuAD
In the Somali diaspora, multiple Islamic fundraising events are held every year in cities like Birmingham, London, Toronto and Minneapolis, where Somali scholars and professionals give lectures and answer questions from the audience. The purpose of these events is usually to raise money for new schools or universities ...
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Along with floods, what natural disaster often spurs Islamic fundraising?
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[ "droughts" ]
SQuAD
In the Somali diaspora, multiple Islamic fundraising events are held every year in cities like Birmingham, London, Toronto and Minneapolis, where Somali scholars and professionals give lectures and answer questions from the audience. The purpose of these events is usually to raise money for new schools or universities ...
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Along with universities, the construction of what educational buildings are sometimes the focus of Islamic fundraising?
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{ "text": [ "schools" ], "char_spans": [ { "start": [ 296 ], "end": [ 302 ] } ], "token_spans": [ { "start": [ 50 ], "end": [ 50 ] } ] }
[ "schools" ]
SQuAD
In 1975, the most prominent government reforms regarding family law in a Muslim country were set in motion in the Somali Democratic Republic, which put women and men, including husbands and wives, on complete equal footing. The 1975 Somali Family Law gave men and women equal division of property between the husband and...
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What law gave Somali husbands and wives equal rights over personal property?
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[ "1975 Somali Family Law" ]
SQuAD
In 1975, the most prominent government reforms regarding family law in a Muslim country were set in motion in the Somali Democratic Republic, which put women and men, including husbands and wives, on complete equal footing. The 1975 Somali Family Law gave men and women equal division of property between the husband and...
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What was the official name of the country in which the 1975 Somali Family Law was passed?
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{ "text": [ "the Somali Democratic Republic" ], "char_spans": [ { "start": [ 110 ], "end": [ 139 ] } ], "token_spans": [ { "start": [ 20 ], "end": [ 23 ] } ] }
[ "the Somali Democratic Republic" ]
SQuAD
In 1975, the most prominent government reforms regarding family law in a Muslim country were set in motion in the Somali Democratic Republic, which put women and men, including husbands and wives, on complete equal footing. The 1975 Somali Family Law gave men and women equal division of property between the husband and...
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In addition to giving spouses equal rights over their personal property during marriage, what did the Somali Family Law give them?
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{ "text": [ "equal division of property between the husband and wife upon divorce" ], "char_spans": [ { "start": [ 270 ], "end": [ 337 ] } ], "token_spans": [ { "start": [ 50 ], "end": [ 60 ] } ] }
[ "equal division of property between the husband and wife upon divorce" ]
SQuAD
Wood to be used for construction work is commonly known as lumber in North America. Elsewhere, lumber usually refers to felled trees, and the word for sawn planks ready for use is timber. In Medieval Europe oak was the wood of choice for all wood construction, including beams, walls, doors, and floors. Today a wider va...
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What term is used in North America for wood used in construction?
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{ "text": [ "lumber" ], "char_spans": [ { "start": [ 59 ], "end": [ 64 ] } ], "token_spans": [ { "start": [ 11 ], "end": [ 11 ] } ] }
[ "lumber" ]
SQuAD
Wood to be used for construction work is commonly known as lumber in North America. Elsewhere, lumber usually refers to felled trees, and the word for sawn planks ready for use is timber. In Medieval Europe oak was the wood of choice for all wood construction, including beams, walls, doors, and floors. Today a wider va...
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Outside of North America, if someone said "lumber," to what would they be referring?
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{ "text": [ "felled trees" ], "char_spans": [ { "start": [ 120 ], "end": [ 131 ] } ], "token_spans": [ { "start": [ 22 ], "end": [ 23 ] } ] }
[ "felled trees" ]
SQuAD
Wood to be used for construction work is commonly known as lumber in North America. Elsewhere, lumber usually refers to felled trees, and the word for sawn planks ready for use is timber. In Medieval Europe oak was the wood of choice for all wood construction, including beams, walls, doors, and floors. Today a wider va...
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What do people outside of North America call the sawn boards used for building?
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{ "text": [ "timber" ], "char_spans": [ { "start": [ 180 ], "end": [ 185 ] } ], "token_spans": [ { "start": [ 35 ], "end": [ 35 ] } ] }
[ "timber" ]
SQuAD
Wood to be used for construction work is commonly known as lumber in North America. Elsewhere, lumber usually refers to felled trees, and the word for sawn planks ready for use is timber. In Medieval Europe oak was the wood of choice for all wood construction, including beams, walls, doors, and floors. Today a wider va...
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What was the preferred wood for construction in Medieval Europe?
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{ "text": [ "oak" ], "char_spans": [ { "start": [ 207 ], "end": [ 209 ] } ], "token_spans": [ { "start": [ 40 ], "end": [ 40 ] } ] }
[ "oak" ]
SQuAD
Wood to be used for construction work is commonly known as lumber in North America. Elsewhere, lumber usually refers to felled trees, and the word for sawn planks ready for use is timber. In Medieval Europe oak was the wood of choice for all wood construction, including beams, walls, doors, and floors. Today a wider va...
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For modern solid wood doors, what wood is often used in addition to small-knotted pine or poplar?
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{ "text": [ "Douglas fir" ], "char_spans": [ { "start": [ 413 ], "end": [ 423 ] } ], "token_spans": [ { "start": [ 85 ], "end": [ 86 ] } ] }
[ "Douglas fir" ]
SQuAD
The clan groupings of the Somali people are important social units, and clan membership plays a central part in Somali culture and politics. Clans are patrilineal and are often divided into sub-clans, sometimes with many sub-divisions. The tombs of the founders of the Darod, Dir and Isaaq major clans as well as the Abg...
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What is a basic social unit of Somali society?
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{ "text": [ "clan" ], "char_spans": [ { "start": [ 4 ], "end": [ 7 ] } ], "token_spans": [ { "start": [ 1 ], "end": [ 1 ] } ] }
[ "clan" ]
SQuAD
The clan groupings of the Somali people are important social units, and clan membership plays a central part in Somali culture and politics. Clans are patrilineal and are often divided into sub-clans, sometimes with many sub-divisions. The tombs of the founders of the Darod, Dir and Isaaq major clans as well as the Abg...
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In what geographical portion of Somalia is the tomb of the founder of the Dir clan located?
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{ "text": [ "northern" ], "char_spans": [ { "start": [ 366 ], "end": [ 373 ] } ], "token_spans": [ { "start": [ 73 ], "end": [ 73 ] } ] }
[ "northern" ]
SQuAD
The clan groupings of the Somali people are important social units, and clan membership plays a central part in Somali culture and politics. Clans are patrilineal and are often divided into sub-clans, sometimes with many sub-divisions. The tombs of the founders of the Darod, Dir and Isaaq major clans as well as the Abg...
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Of what clan is the Abgaal a sub-clan?
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{ "text": [ "Hawiye" ], "char_spans": [ { "start": [ 340 ], "end": [ 345 ] } ], "token_spans": [ { "start": [ 68 ], "end": [ 68 ] } ] }
[ "Hawiye" ]
SQuAD
Aside from water, wood has three main components. Cellulose, a crystalline polymer derived from glucose, constitutes about 41–43%. Next in abundance is hemicellulose, which is around 20% in deciduous trees but near 30% in conifers. It is mainly five-carbon sugars that are linked in an irregular manner, in contrast to t...
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How many main components make up wood, not counting water?
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{ "text": [ "three" ], "char_spans": [ { "start": [ 27 ], "end": [ 31 ] } ], "token_spans": [ { "start": [ 6 ], "end": [ 6 ] } ] }
[ "three" ]
SQuAD
Aside from water, wood has three main components. Cellulose, a crystalline polymer derived from glucose, constitutes about 41–43%. Next in abundance is hemicellulose, which is around 20% in deciduous trees but near 30% in conifers. It is mainly five-carbon sugars that are linked in an irregular manner, in contrast to t...
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What's the name for the crystalline polymer derived from glucose?
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{ "text": [ "Cellulose" ], "char_spans": [ { "start": [ 50 ], "end": [ 58 ] } ], "token_spans": [ { "start": [ 10 ], "end": [ 10 ] } ] }
[ "Cellulose" ]
SQuAD
Aside from water, wood has three main components. Cellulose, a crystalline polymer derived from glucose, constitutes about 41–43%. Next in abundance is hemicellulose, which is around 20% in deciduous trees but near 30% in conifers. It is mainly five-carbon sugars that are linked in an irregular manner, in contrast to t...
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After cellulose, what component is most plentiful in wood?
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{ "text": [ "hemicellulose" ], "char_spans": [ { "start": [ 152 ], "end": [ 164 ] } ], "token_spans": [ { "start": [ 28 ], "end": [ 28 ] } ] }
[ "hemicellulose" ]
SQuAD
Aside from water, wood has three main components. Cellulose, a crystalline polymer derived from glucose, constitutes about 41–43%. Next in abundance is hemicellulose, which is around 20% in deciduous trees but near 30% in conifers. It is mainly five-carbon sugars that are linked in an irregular manner, in contrast to t...
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What kind of trees have about 30% hemicellulose?
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{ "text": [ "conifers" ], "char_spans": [ { "start": [ 222 ], "end": [ 229 ] } ], "token_spans": [ { "start": [ 43 ], "end": [ 43 ] } ] }
[ "conifers" ]
SQuAD
Aside from water, wood has three main components. Cellulose, a crystalline polymer derived from glucose, constitutes about 41–43%. Next in abundance is hemicellulose, which is around 20% in deciduous trees but near 30% in conifers. It is mainly five-carbon sugars that are linked in an irregular manner, in contrast to t...
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Which of the three main components of wood is used to manufacture paper?
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{ "text": [ "cellulose" ], "char_spans": [ { "start": [ 716 ], "end": [ 724 ] } ], "token_spans": [ { "start": [ 134 ], "end": [ 134 ] } ] }
[ "cellulose" ]
SQuAD
Qur'anic schools (also known as dugsi) remain the basic system of traditional religious instruction in Somalia. They provide Islamic education for children, thereby filling a clear religious and social role in the country. Known as the most stable local, non-formal system of education providing basic religious and mora...
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What is another name for a Qur'anic school?
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[ "dugsi" ]
SQuAD
Qur'anic schools (also known as dugsi) remain the basic system of traditional religious instruction in Somalia. They provide Islamic education for children, thereby filling a clear religious and social role in the country. Known as the most stable local, non-formal system of education providing basic religious and mora...
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030970c035b3487d8c9b5d24f345bf2a
What percentage of students at Qur'anic schools are female?
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{ "text": [ "40" ], "char_spans": [ { "start": [ 769 ], "end": [ 770 ] } ], "token_spans": [ { "start": [ 134 ], "end": [ 134 ] } ] }
[ "40" ]
SQuAD
Qur'anic schools (also known as dugsi) remain the basic system of traditional religious instruction in Somalia. They provide Islamic education for children, thereby filling a clear religious and social role in the country. Known as the most stable local, non-formal system of education providing basic religious and mora...
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What government body regulates Qur'anic education?
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{ "text": [ "the Ministry of Endowment and Islamic Affairs" ], "char_spans": [ { "start": [ 1023 ], "end": [ 1067 ] } ], "token_spans": [ { "start": [ 176 ], "end": [ 182 ] } ] }
[ "the Ministry of Endowment and Islamic Affairs" ]
SQuAD
Somali society is traditionally ethnically endogamous. So to extend ties of alliance, marriage is often to another ethnic Somali from a different clan. Thus, for example, a recent study observed that in 89 marriages contracted by men of the Dhulbahante clan, 55 (62%) were with women of Dhulbahante sub-clans other than ...
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acc9b7a10adc4b5eb6cf828746c22675
What practice is often used to bind different clans together?
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{ "text": [ "marriage" ], "char_spans": [ { "start": [ 86 ], "end": [ 93 ] } ], "token_spans": [ { "start": [ 14 ], "end": [ 14 ] } ] }
[ "marriage" ]
SQuAD
Somali society is traditionally ethnically endogamous. So to extend ties of alliance, marriage is often to another ethnic Somali from a different clan. Thus, for example, a recent study observed that in 89 marriages contracted by men of the Dhulbahante clan, 55 (62%) were with women of Dhulbahante sub-clans other than ...
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According to a recent study, how many men of the Dhulbahante clan married women from the Hawiye clan?
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{ "text": [ "3" ], "char_spans": [ { "start": [ 436 ], "end": [ 436 ] } ], "token_spans": [ { "start": [ 89 ], "end": [ 89 ] } ] }
[ "3" ]
SQuAD
Somali society is traditionally ethnically endogamous. So to extend ties of alliance, marriage is often to another ethnic Somali from a different clan. Thus, for example, a recent study observed that in 89 marriages contracted by men of the Dhulbahante clan, 55 (62%) were with women of Dhulbahante sub-clans other than ...
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ce7897ec2e06490cb17bc835dc80685f
According to a recent study, how many Dhulbahante men married women of a different Dhulbahante sub-clan?
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{ "text": [ "55" ], "char_spans": [ { "start": [ 259 ], "end": [ 260 ] } ], "token_spans": [ { "start": [ 47 ], "end": [ 47 ] } ] }
[ "55" ]
SQuAD
Somali society is traditionally ethnically endogamous. So to extend ties of alliance, marriage is often to another ethnic Somali from a different clan. Thus, for example, a recent study observed that in 89 marriages contracted by men of the Dhulbahante clan, 55 (62%) were with women of Dhulbahante sub-clans other than ...
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To what clan family do the Ogaden belong?
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{ "text": [ "Darod" ], "char_spans": [ { "start": [ 491 ], "end": [ 495 ] } ], "token_spans": [ { "start": [ 106 ], "end": [ 106 ] } ] }
[ "Darod" ]
SQuAD
Somali society is traditionally ethnically endogamous. So to extend ties of alliance, marriage is often to another ethnic Somali from a different clan. Thus, for example, a recent study observed that in 89 marriages contracted by men of the Dhulbahante clan, 55 (62%) were with women of Dhulbahante sub-clans other than ...
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What percentage of Dhulbahante men married women of the Majerteen or Ogaden?
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{ "text": [ "4.3%" ], "char_spans": [ { "start": [ 447 ], "end": [ 450 ] } ], "token_spans": [ { "start": [ 95 ], "end": [ 96 ] } ] }
[ "4.3%" ]
SQuAD
Inscriptions have been found beneath many of the rock paintings, but archaeologists have so far been unable to decipher this form of ancient writing. During the Stone age, the Doian culture and the Hargeisan culture flourished here with their respective industries and factories.
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Along with the Hargesian culture, what culture was present in Somalia in the Stone age?
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{ "text": [ "the Doian culture" ], "char_spans": [ { "start": [ 172 ], "end": [ 188 ] } ], "token_spans": [ { "start": [ 31 ], "end": [ 33 ] } ] }
[ "the Doian culture" ]
SQuAD
Inscriptions have been found beneath many of the rock paintings, but archaeologists have so far been unable to decipher this form of ancient writing. During the Stone age, the Doian culture and the Hargeisan culture flourished here with their respective industries and factories.
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What undeciphered writings were found alongside the rock paintings?
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{ "text": [ "Inscriptions" ], "char_spans": [ { "start": [ 0 ], "end": [ 11 ] } ], "token_spans": [ { "start": [ 0 ], "end": [ 0 ] } ] }
[ "Inscriptions" ]
SQuAD
Inscriptions have been found beneath many of the rock paintings, but archaeologists have so far been unable to decipher this form of ancient writing. During the Stone age, the Doian culture and the Hargeisan culture flourished here with their respective industries and factories.
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During what period did the Doian culture thrive?
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{ "text": [ "the Stone age" ], "char_spans": [ { "start": [ 157 ], "end": [ 169 ] } ], "token_spans": [ { "start": [ 27 ], "end": [ 29 ] } ] }
[ "the Stone age" ]
SQuAD
Somalis constitute the largest ethnic group in Somalia, at approximately 85% of the nation's inhabitants. They are traditionally nomads, but since the late 20th century, many have moved to urban areas. While most Somalis can be found in Somalia proper, large numbers also live in Ethiopia, Djibouti, Kenya, Yemen, the Mi...
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cf976d8a8f42426ab5de55a9b57f4c41
What is the biggest ethnic group in Somalia?
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{ "text": [ "Somalis" ], "char_spans": [ { "start": [ 0, 213 ], "end": [ 6, 219 ] } ], "token_spans": [ { "start": [ 0, 40 ], "end": [ 0, 40 ] } ] }
[ "Somalis" ]
SQuAD
Somalis constitute the largest ethnic group in Somalia, at approximately 85% of the nation's inhabitants. They are traditionally nomads, but since the late 20th century, many have moved to urban areas. While most Somalis can be found in Somalia proper, large numbers also live in Ethiopia, Djibouti, Kenya, Yemen, the Mi...
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f2bbc19840604a089f36052b8ebd81bb
What percentage of Somalians are ethnic Somalis?
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{ "text": [ "85%" ], "char_spans": [ { "start": [ 73 ], "end": [ 75 ] } ], "token_spans": [ { "start": [ 11 ], "end": [ 12 ] } ] }
[ "85%" ]
SQuAD
Somalis constitute the largest ethnic group in Somalia, at approximately 85% of the nation's inhabitants. They are traditionally nomads, but since the late 20th century, many have moved to urban areas. While most Somalis can be found in Somalia proper, large numbers also live in Ethiopia, Djibouti, Kenya, Yemen, the Mi...
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584dd0f52c334491b477c7b12b526e0a
During what century did the nomad lifestyle decline among Somalis?
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{ "text": [ "20th" ], "char_spans": [ { "start": [ 156 ], "end": [ 159 ] } ], "token_spans": [ { "start": [ 28 ], "end": [ 28 ] } ] }
[ "20th" ]
SQuAD
Somalis constitute the largest ethnic group in Somalia, at approximately 85% of the nation's inhabitants. They are traditionally nomads, but since the late 20th century, many have moved to urban areas. While most Somalis can be found in Somalia proper, large numbers also live in Ethiopia, Djibouti, Kenya, Yemen, the Mi...
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Why do many Somalis live in South Asia and Europe?
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{ "text": [ "their seafaring tradition" ], "char_spans": [ { "start": [ 360 ], "end": [ 384 ] } ], "token_spans": [ { "start": [ 71 ], "end": [ 73 ] } ] }
[ "their seafaring tradition" ]
SQuAD
Somalis constitute the largest ethnic group in Somalia, at approximately 85% of the nation's inhabitants. They are traditionally nomads, but since the late 20th century, many have moved to urban areas. While most Somalis can be found in Somalia proper, large numbers also live in Ethiopia, Djibouti, Kenya, Yemen, the Mi...
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69828cfc02004f738e8a1c21bbcd6466
Along with Djibouti and Ethiopia, in what African country outside Somalia can Somalis be found?
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{ "text": [ "Kenya" ], "char_spans": [ { "start": [ 300 ], "end": [ 304 ] } ], "token_spans": [ { "start": [ 57 ], "end": [ 57 ] } ] }
[ "Kenya" ]
SQuAD
Civil strife in the early 1990s greatly increased the size of the Somali diaspora, as many of the best educated Somalis left for the Middle East, Europe and North America. In Canada, the cities of Toronto, Ottawa, Calgary, Edmonton, Montreal, Vancouver, Winnipeg and Hamilton all harbor Somali populations. Statistics Ca...
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What led to an increase in the number of Somalis leaving the country?
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{ "text": [ "Civil strife" ], "char_spans": [ { "start": [ 0 ], "end": [ 11 ] } ], "token_spans": [ { "start": [ 0 ], "end": [ 1 ] } ] }
[ "Civil strife" ]
SQuAD
Civil strife in the early 1990s greatly increased the size of the Somali diaspora, as many of the best educated Somalis left for the Middle East, Europe and North America. In Canada, the cities of Toronto, Ottawa, Calgary, Edmonton, Montreal, Vancouver, Winnipeg and Hamilton all harbor Somali populations. Statistics Ca...
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Along with the Middle East and North America, to what continent did the Somali diaspora go in the 1990s?
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{ "text": [ "Europe" ], "char_spans": [ { "start": [ 146 ], "end": [ 151 ] } ], "token_spans": [ { "start": [ 28 ], "end": [ 28 ] } ] }
[ "Europe" ]
SQuAD
Civil strife in the early 1990s greatly increased the size of the Somali diaspora, as many of the best educated Somalis left for the Middle East, Europe and North America. In Canada, the cities of Toronto, Ottawa, Calgary, Edmonton, Montreal, Vancouver, Winnipeg and Hamilton all harbor Somali populations. Statistics Ca...
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Along with Ottawa, Calgary, Edmonton, Montreal, Winnipeg, Hamilton and Vancouver, what Canadian city has a significant Somali population?
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{ "text": [ "Toronto" ], "char_spans": [ { "start": [ 197 ], "end": [ 203 ] } ], "token_spans": [ { "start": [ 39 ], "end": [ 39 ] } ] }
[ "Toronto" ]
SQuAD
Civil strife in the early 1990s greatly increased the size of the Somali diaspora, as many of the best educated Somalis left for the Middle East, Europe and North America. In Canada, the cities of Toronto, Ottawa, Calgary, Edmonton, Montreal, Vancouver, Winnipeg and Hamilton all harbor Somali populations. Statistics Ca...
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3ffeaab228b541cc8fb5ae7ca9af3bc7
As of 2006, where did Somalis rank in terms of population by ethnicity in Canada?
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{ "text": [ "69th" ], "char_spans": [ { "start": [ 377 ], "end": [ 380 ] } ], "token_spans": [ { "start": [ 71 ], "end": [ 71 ] } ] }
[ "69th" ]
SQuAD
The Somali language is a member of the Cushitic branch of the Afro-Asiatic family. Its nearest relatives are the Afar and Saho languages. Somali is the best documented of the Cushitic languages, with academic studies of it dating from before 1900.
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What language family does the Somali language belong to?
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{ "text": [ "Afro-Asiatic" ], "char_spans": [ { "start": [ 62 ], "end": [ 73 ] } ], "token_spans": [ { "start": [ 12 ], "end": [ 14 ] } ] }
[ "Afro-Asiatic" ]
SQuAD
The Somali language is a member of the Cushitic branch of the Afro-Asiatic family. Its nearest relatives are the Afar and Saho languages. Somali is the best documented of the Cushitic languages, with academic studies of it dating from before 1900.
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What branch of the Afro-Asiatic language family does the Somali language belong to?
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{ "text": [ "Cushitic" ], "char_spans": [ { "start": [ 39 ], "end": [ 46 ] } ], "token_spans": [ { "start": [ 8 ], "end": [ 8 ] } ] }
[ "Cushitic" ]
SQuAD
The Somali language is a member of the Cushitic branch of the Afro-Asiatic family. Its nearest relatives are the Afar and Saho languages. Somali is the best documented of the Cushitic languages, with academic studies of it dating from before 1900.
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Along with Saho, what language is closely related to Somali?
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{ "text": [ "Afar" ], "char_spans": [ { "start": [ 113 ], "end": [ 116 ] } ], "token_spans": [ { "start": [ 22 ], "end": [ 22 ] } ] }
[ "Afar" ]
SQuAD
The Somali language is a member of the Cushitic branch of the Afro-Asiatic family. Its nearest relatives are the Afar and Saho languages. Somali is the best documented of the Cushitic languages, with academic studies of it dating from before 1900.
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Among the Cushitic languages, which is the most well-documented?
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{ "text": [ "Somali" ], "char_spans": [ { "start": [ 4 ], "end": [ 9 ] } ], "token_spans": [ { "start": [ 1 ], "end": [ 1 ] } ] }
[ "Somali" ]
SQuAD
The Somali language is a member of the Cushitic branch of the Afro-Asiatic family. Its nearest relatives are the Afar and Saho languages. Somali is the best documented of the Cushitic languages, with academic studies of it dating from before 1900.
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152a2db403db405a993cc9b042513bb6
Before what year did studies on the Somali language exist?
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{ "text": [ "1900" ], "char_spans": [ { "start": [ 242 ], "end": [ 245 ] } ], "token_spans": [ { "start": [ 45 ], "end": [ 45 ] } ] }
[ "1900" ]
SQuAD
According to Y chromosome studies by Sanchez et al. (2005), Cruciani et al. (2004, 2007), the Somalis are paternally closely related to other Afro-Asiatic-speaking groups in Northeast Africa. Besides comprising the majority of the Y-DNA in Somalis, the E1b1b1a (formerly E3b1a) haplogroup also makes up a significant pro...
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e13b3ed57c5e4c849aeb57bcf80a7216
In what year did Sanchez publish his study on Somali ethnicity?
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{ "text": [ "2005" ], "char_spans": [ { "start": [ 53 ], "end": [ 56 ] } ], "token_spans": [ { "start": [ 11 ], "end": [ 11 ] } ] }
[ "2005" ]
SQuAD
According to Y chromosome studies by Sanchez et al. (2005), Cruciani et al. (2004, 2007), the Somalis are paternally closely related to other Afro-Asiatic-speaking groups in Northeast Africa. Besides comprising the majority of the Y-DNA in Somalis, the E1b1b1a (formerly E3b1a) haplogroup also makes up a significant pro...
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8c6a29703b27431a9ffcf42a76ba6f5f
What language group speakers are ethnic Somalis closely related to?
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{ "text": [ "Afro-Asiatic" ], "char_spans": [ { "start": [ 142 ], "end": [ 153 ] } ], "token_spans": [ { "start": [ 32 ], "end": [ 34 ] } ] }
[ "Afro-Asiatic" ]
SQuAD
According to Y chromosome studies by Sanchez et al. (2005), Cruciani et al. (2004, 2007), the Somalis are paternally closely related to other Afro-Asiatic-speaking groups in Northeast Africa. Besides comprising the majority of the Y-DNA in Somalis, the E1b1b1a (formerly E3b1a) haplogroup also makes up a significant pro...
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What haplogroup is present in a significant number of Somalis?
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{ "text": [ "E1b1b1a" ], "char_spans": [ { "start": [ 253 ], "end": [ 259 ] } ], "token_spans": [ { "start": [ 55 ], "end": [ 55 ] } ] }
[ "E1b1b1a" ]
SQuAD
According to Y chromosome studies by Sanchez et al. (2005), Cruciani et al. (2004, 2007), the Somalis are paternally closely related to other Afro-Asiatic-speaking groups in Northeast Africa. Besides comprising the majority of the Y-DNA in Somalis, the E1b1b1a (formerly E3b1a) haplogroup also makes up a significant pro...
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2c5c0568db77431b96fc9bad1df10920
Based on the presence of the M78 subclade, where do some researchers think Somalis originated?
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{ "text": [ "Egypt/Libya" ], "char_spans": [ { "start": [ 702 ], "end": [ 712 ] } ], "token_spans": [ { "start": [ 142 ], "end": [ 144 ] } ] }
[ "Egypt/Libya" ]
SQuAD
According to Y chromosome studies by Sanchez et al. (2005), Cruciani et al. (2004, 2007), the Somalis are paternally closely related to other Afro-Asiatic-speaking groups in Northeast Africa. Besides comprising the majority of the Y-DNA in Somalis, the E1b1b1a (formerly E3b1a) haplogroup also makes up a significant pro...
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What percentage of Somali males had DNA containing the M78 subclade of E1b1b?
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{ "text": [ "77%" ], "char_spans": [ { "start": [ 523 ], "end": [ 525 ] } ], "token_spans": [ { "start": [ 106 ], "end": [ 107 ] } ] }
[ "77%" ]
SQuAD
Little is known about the bacteria that degrade cellulose. Symbiotic bacteria in Xylophaga may play a role in the degradation of sunken wood; while bacteria such as Alphaproteobacteria, Flavobacteria, Actinobacteria, Clostridia, and Bacteroidetes have been detected in wood submerged over a year.
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What component of wood is degraded by bacteria that scientists are still trying to learn about?
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{ "text": [ "cellulose" ], "char_spans": [ { "start": [ 48 ], "end": [ 56 ] } ], "token_spans": [ { "start": [ 8 ], "end": [ 8 ] } ] }
[ "cellulose" ]
SQuAD
Little is known about the bacteria that degrade cellulose. Symbiotic bacteria in Xylophaga may play a role in the degradation of sunken wood; while bacteria such as Alphaproteobacteria, Flavobacteria, Actinobacteria, Clostridia, and Bacteroidetes have been detected in wood submerged over a year.
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What type of bacteria are present in Xylophaga?
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{ "text": [ "Symbiotic" ], "char_spans": [ { "start": [ 59 ], "end": [ 67 ] } ], "token_spans": [ { "start": [ 10 ], "end": [ 10 ] } ] }
[ "Symbiotic" ]
SQuAD
Little is known about the bacteria that degrade cellulose. Symbiotic bacteria in Xylophaga may play a role in the degradation of sunken wood; while bacteria such as Alphaproteobacteria, Flavobacteria, Actinobacteria, Clostridia, and Bacteroidetes have been detected in wood submerged over a year.
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What type of wood is it possible the bacteria in Xylophaga help break down?
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{ "text": [ "sunken" ], "char_spans": [ { "start": [ 129 ], "end": [ 134 ] } ], "token_spans": [ { "start": [ 22 ], "end": [ 22 ] } ] }
[ "sunken" ]
SQuAD
Little is known about the bacteria that degrade cellulose. Symbiotic bacteria in Xylophaga may play a role in the degradation of sunken wood; while bacteria such as Alphaproteobacteria, Flavobacteria, Actinobacteria, Clostridia, and Bacteroidetes have been detected in wood submerged over a year.
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How long was the wood submerged in water in the study that discovered the types of bacteria in it?
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[ "over a year" ]
SQuAD
Little is known about the bacteria that degrade cellulose. Symbiotic bacteria in Xylophaga may play a role in the degradation of sunken wood; while bacteria such as Alphaproteobacteria, Flavobacteria, Actinobacteria, Clostridia, and Bacteroidetes have been detected in wood submerged over a year.
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What bacteria starting with the letter "F" were found in wood after it was underwater for more than a year?
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{ "text": [ "Flavobacteria" ], "char_spans": [ { "start": [ 186 ], "end": [ 198 ] } ], "token_spans": [ { "start": [ 31 ], "end": [ 31 ] } ] }
[ "Flavobacteria" ]
SQuAD
There is a sizable Somali community in the United Arab Emirates. Somali-owned businesses line the streets of Deira, the Dubai city centre, with only Iranians exporting more products from the city at large. Internet cafés, hotels, coffee shops, restaurants and import-export businesses are all testimony to the Somalis' e...
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In what Middle Eastern country is there a notable Somali population?
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{ "text": [ "the United Arab Emirates" ], "char_spans": [ { "start": [ 39 ], "end": [ 62 ] } ], "token_spans": [ { "start": [ 7 ], "end": [ 10 ] } ] }
[ "the United Arab Emirates" ]
SQuAD
There is a sizable Somali community in the United Arab Emirates. Somali-owned businesses line the streets of Deira, the Dubai city centre, with only Iranians exporting more products from the city at large. Internet cafés, hotels, coffee shops, restaurants and import-export businesses are all testimony to the Somalis' e...
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What is another name for the city center of Dubai?
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{ "text": [ "Deira" ], "char_spans": [ { "start": [ 109 ], "end": [ 113 ] } ], "token_spans": [ { "start": [ 20 ], "end": [ 20 ] } ] }
[ "Deira" ]
SQuAD
There is a sizable Somali community in the United Arab Emirates. Somali-owned businesses line the streets of Deira, the Dubai city centre, with only Iranians exporting more products from the city at large. Internet cafés, hotels, coffee shops, restaurants and import-export businesses are all testimony to the Somalis' e...
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People of what nationality export more products from Dubai than Somalis?
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{ "text": [ "Iranians" ], "char_spans": [ { "start": [ 149 ], "end": [ 156 ] } ], "token_spans": [ { "start": [ 29 ], "end": [ 29 ] } ] }
[ "Iranians" ]
SQuAD
There is a sizable Somali community in the United Arab Emirates. Somali-owned businesses line the streets of Deira, the Dubai city centre, with only Iranians exporting more products from the city at large. Internet cafés, hotels, coffee shops, restaurants and import-export businesses are all testimony to the Somalis' e...
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What is the name of an airline owned by Dubai-based Somalis?
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{ "text": [ "Star African Air" ], "char_spans": [ { "start": [ 343 ], "end": [ 358 ] } ], "token_spans": [ { "start": [ 63 ], "end": [ 65 ] } ] }
[ "Star African Air" ]
SQuAD
There is a sizable Somali community in the United Arab Emirates. Somali-owned businesses line the streets of Deira, the Dubai city centre, with only Iranians exporting more products from the city at large. Internet cafés, hotels, coffee shops, restaurants and import-export businesses are all testimony to the Somalis' e...
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How many Dubai-based airlines are owned by Somalis?
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{ "text": [ "three" ], "char_spans": [ { "start": [ 375 ], "end": [ 379 ] } ], "token_spans": [ { "start": [ 70 ], "end": [ 70 ] } ] }
[ "three" ]
SQuAD
An estimated 20,000 Somalis emigrated to the U.S. state of Minnesota some ten years ago and the Twin Cities (Minneapolis and Saint Paul) now have the highest population of Somalis in North America. The city of Minneapolis hosts hundreds of Somali-owned and operated businesses offering a variety of products, including l...
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Along with Saint Paul, what city constitutes the Twin Cities?
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{ "text": [ "Minneapolis" ], "char_spans": [ { "start": [ 109 ], "end": [ 119 ] } ], "token_spans": [ { "start": [ 20 ], "end": [ 20 ] } ] }
[ "Minneapolis" ]
SQuAD
An estimated 20,000 Somalis emigrated to the U.S. state of Minnesota some ten years ago and the Twin Cities (Minneapolis and Saint Paul) now have the highest population of Somalis in North America. The city of Minneapolis hosts hundreds of Somali-owned and operated businesses offering a variety of products, including l...
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About how many Somalis moved to Minnesota ten years ago?
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{ "text": [ "20,000" ], "char_spans": [ { "start": [ 13 ], "end": [ 18 ] } ], "token_spans": [ { "start": [ 2 ], "end": [ 2 ] } ] }
[ "20,000" ]
SQuAD
An estimated 20,000 Somalis emigrated to the U.S. state of Minnesota some ten years ago and the Twin Cities (Minneapolis and Saint Paul) now have the highest population of Somalis in North America. The city of Minneapolis hosts hundreds of Somali-owned and operated businesses offering a variety of products, including l...
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What area of Minneapolis contains a notable number of Somalis?
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{ "text": [ "Cedar-Riverside" ], "char_spans": [ { "start": [ 555 ], "end": [ 569 ] } ], "token_spans": [ { "start": [ 99 ], "end": [ 101 ] } ] }
[ "Cedar-Riverside" ]
SQuAD
An estimated 20,000 Somalis emigrated to the U.S. state of Minnesota some ten years ago and the Twin Cities (Minneapolis and Saint Paul) now have the highest population of Somalis in North America. The city of Minneapolis hosts hundreds of Somali-owned and operated businesses offering a variety of products, including l...
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What is hawala?
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{ "text": [ "money transfer services" ], "char_spans": [ { "start": [ 393 ], "end": [ 415 ] } ], "token_spans": [ { "start": [ 71 ], "end": [ 73 ] } ] }
[ "money transfer services" ]
SQuAD
An estimated 20,000 Somalis emigrated to the U.S. state of Minnesota some ten years ago and the Twin Cities (Minneapolis and Saint Paul) now have the highest population of Somalis in North America. The city of Minneapolis hosts hundreds of Somali-owned and operated businesses offering a variety of products, including l...
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What sort of meat is sold in Somali businesses in Minneapolis?
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{ "text": [ "halal" ], "char_spans": [ { "start": [ 367 ], "end": [ 371 ] } ], "token_spans": [ { "start": [ 65 ], "end": [ 65 ] } ] }
[ "halal" ]
SQuAD
In addition to Somali, Arabic, which is also an Afro-Asiatic tongue, is an official national language in both Somalia and Djibouti. Many Somalis speak it due to centuries-old ties with the Arab world, the far-reaching influence of the Arabic media, and religious education. Somalia and Djibouti are also both members of ...
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Other than Somali, what is an official language of Somalia?
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{ "text": [ "Arabic" ], "char_spans": [ { "start": [ 23 ], "end": [ 28 ] } ], "token_spans": [ { "start": [ 5 ], "end": [ 5 ] } ] }
[ "Arabic" ]
SQuAD
In addition to Somali, Arabic, which is also an Afro-Asiatic tongue, is an official national language in both Somalia and Djibouti. Many Somalis speak it due to centuries-old ties with the Arab world, the far-reaching influence of the Arabic media, and religious education. Somalia and Djibouti are also both members of ...
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To what language family does Arabic belong?
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{ "text": [ "Afro-Asiatic" ], "char_spans": [ { "start": [ 48 ], "end": [ 59 ] } ], "token_spans": [ { "start": [ 11 ], "end": [ 13 ] } ] }
[ "Afro-Asiatic" ]
SQuAD
In addition to Somali, Arabic, which is also an Afro-Asiatic tongue, is an official national language in both Somalia and Djibouti. Many Somalis speak it due to centuries-old ties with the Arab world, the far-reaching influence of the Arabic media, and religious education. Somalia and Djibouti are also both members of ...
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In what neighboring country is Arabic also an official language?
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{ "text": [ "Djibouti" ], "char_spans": [ { "start": [ 122 ], "end": [ 129 ] } ], "token_spans": [ { "start": [ 25 ], "end": [ 25 ] } ] }
[ "Djibouti" ]
SQuAD
In addition to Somali, Arabic, which is also an Afro-Asiatic tongue, is an official national language in both Somalia and Djibouti. Many Somalis speak it due to centuries-old ties with the Arab world, the far-reaching influence of the Arabic media, and religious education. Somalia and Djibouti are also both members of ...
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What organization do both Djibouti and Somalia belong to?
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{ "text": [ "the Arab League" ], "char_spans": [ { "start": [ 320 ], "end": [ 334 ] } ], "token_spans": [ { "start": [ 64 ], "end": [ 66 ] } ] }
[ "the Arab League" ]
SQuAD
In addition to Somali, Arabic, which is also an Afro-Asiatic tongue, is an official national language in both Somalia and Djibouti. Many Somalis speak it due to centuries-old ties with the Arab world, the far-reaching influence of the Arabic media, and religious education. Somalia and Djibouti are also both members of ...
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For how long has Somalia had connections to the Arab world?
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{ "text": [ "centuries" ], "char_spans": [ { "start": [ 161 ], "end": [ 169 ] } ], "token_spans": [ { "start": [ 33 ], "end": [ 33 ] } ] }
[ "centuries" ]
SQuAD
While the distribution of Somalis per country in Europe is hard to measure because the Somali community on the continent has grown so quickly in recent years, an official 2010 estimate reported 108,000 Somalis living in the United Kingdom. Somalis in Britain are largely concentrated in the cities of London, Sheffield, ...
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About how many Somalis live in the UK?
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{ "text": [ "108,000" ], "char_spans": [ { "start": [ 194 ], "end": [ 200 ] } ], "token_spans": [ { "start": [ 33 ], "end": [ 33 ] } ] }
[ "108,000" ]
SQuAD
While the distribution of Somalis per country in Europe is hard to measure because the Somali community on the continent has grown so quickly in recent years, an official 2010 estimate reported 108,000 Somalis living in the United Kingdom. Somalis in Britain are largely concentrated in the cities of London, Sheffield, ...
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What percentage of Somalis living in Britain reside in London?
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{ "text": [ "78%" ], "char_spans": [ { "start": [ 436 ], "end": [ 438 ] } ], "token_spans": [ { "start": [ 76 ], "end": [ 77 ] } ] }
[ "78%" ]
SQuAD
While the distribution of Somalis per country in Europe is hard to measure because the Somali community on the continent has grown so quickly in recent years, an official 2010 estimate reported 108,000 Somalis living in the United Kingdom. Somalis in Britain are largely concentrated in the cities of London, Sheffield, ...
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As of 2014, how many Somalis lived in Sweden?
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{ "text": [ "57,906" ], "char_spans": [ { "start": [ 529 ], "end": [ 534 ] } ], "token_spans": [ { "start": [ 93 ], "end": [ 93 ] } ] }
[ "57,906" ]