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SQuAD
In ancient Somalia, pyramidical structures known in Somali as taalo were a popular burial style, with hundreds of these dry stone monuments scattered around the country today. Houses were built of dressed stone similar to the ones in Ancient Egypt. There are also examples of courtyards and large stone walls enclosing s...
{ "tokens": [ "In", "ancient", "Somalia", ",", "pyramidical", "structures", "known", "in", "Somali", "as", "taalo", "were", "a", "popular", "burial", "style", ",", "with", "hundreds", "of", "these", "dry", "stone", "monume...
27784f826c7347f6aa058e6baeda4481
What were taalo used for?
{ "tokens": [ "What", "were", "taalo", "used", "for", "?" ], "offsets": [ 0, 5, 10, 16, 21, 24 ] }
{ "text": [ "burial" ], "char_spans": [ { "start": [ 83 ], "end": [ 88 ] } ], "token_spans": [ { "start": [ 14 ], "end": [ 14 ] } ] }
[ "burial" ]
SQuAD
In ancient Somalia, pyramidical structures known in Somali as taalo were a popular burial style, with hundreds of these dry stone monuments scattered around the country today. Houses were built of dressed stone similar to the ones in Ancient Egypt. There are also examples of courtyards and large stone walls enclosing s...
{ "tokens": [ "In", "ancient", "Somalia", ",", "pyramidical", "structures", "known", "in", "Somali", "as", "taalo", "were", "a", "popular", "burial", "style", ",", "with", "hundreds", "of", "these", "dry", "stone", "monume...
f9170ec7d1e04119a72a053eb8866084
What were ancient Somali houses made out of?
{ "tokens": [ "What", "were", "ancient", "Somali", "houses", "made", "out", "of", "?" ], "offsets": [ 0, 5, 10, 18, 25, 32, 37, 41, 43 ] }
{ "text": [ "dressed stone" ], "char_spans": [ { "start": [ 197 ], "end": [ 209 ] } ], "token_spans": [ { "start": [ 34 ], "end": [ 35 ] } ] }
[ "dressed stone" ]
SQuAD
In ancient Somalia, pyramidical structures known in Somali as taalo were a popular burial style, with hundreds of these dry stone monuments scattered around the country today. Houses were built of dressed stone similar to the ones in Ancient Egypt. There are also examples of courtyards and large stone walls enclosing s...
{ "tokens": [ "In", "ancient", "Somalia", ",", "pyramidical", "structures", "known", "in", "Somali", "as", "taalo", "were", "a", "popular", "burial", "style", ",", "with", "hundreds", "of", "these", "dry", "stone", "monume...
913118a273924c8d836893ae9b345dc9
Ancient Somali houses were similar to houses in what country?
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{ "text": [ "Egypt" ], "char_spans": [ { "start": [ 242 ], "end": [ 246 ] } ], "token_spans": [ { "start": [ 42 ], "end": [ 42 ] } ] }
[ "Egypt" ]
SQuAD
In ancient Somalia, pyramidical structures known in Somali as taalo were a popular burial style, with hundreds of these dry stone monuments scattered around the country today. Houses were built of dressed stone similar to the ones in Ancient Egypt. There are also examples of courtyards and large stone walls enclosing s...
{ "tokens": [ "In", "ancient", "Somalia", ",", "pyramidical", "structures", "known", "in", "Somali", "as", "taalo", "were", "a", "popular", "burial", "style", ",", "with", "hundreds", "of", "these", "dry", "stone", "monume...
2ef4d66a023b4663bc81f12d2d7db601
What is a notable stone wall built in ancient Somalia?
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{ "text": [ "the Wargaade Wall" ], "char_spans": [ { "start": [ 340 ], "end": [ 356 ] } ], "token_spans": [ { "start": [ 59 ], "end": [ 61 ] } ] }
[ "the Wargaade Wall" ]
SQuAD
Xalwo (halva) is a popular confection eaten during festive occasions, such as Eid celebrations or wedding receptions. It is made from sugar, corn starch, cardamom powder, nutmeg powder and ghee. Peanuts are also sometimes added to enhance texture and flavor. After meals, homes are traditionally perfumed using frankince...
{ "tokens": [ "Xalwo", "(", "halva", ")", "is", "a", "popular", "confection", "eaten", "during", "festive", "occasions", ",", "such", "as", "Eid", "celebrations", "or", "wedding", "receptions", ".", "It", "is", "made", ...
5977f1493a1640eebcb9c4271a12d4ff
What is another term for xalwo?
{ "tokens": [ "What", "is", "another", "term", "for", "xalwo", "?" ], "offsets": [ 0, 5, 8, 16, 21, 25, 30 ] }
{ "text": [ "halva" ], "char_spans": [ { "start": [ 7 ], "end": [ 11 ] } ], "token_spans": [ { "start": [ 2 ], "end": [ 2 ] } ] }
[ "halva" ]
SQuAD
Xalwo (halva) is a popular confection eaten during festive occasions, such as Eid celebrations or wedding receptions. It is made from sugar, corn starch, cardamom powder, nutmeg powder and ghee. Peanuts are also sometimes added to enhance texture and flavor. After meals, homes are traditionally perfumed using frankince...
{ "tokens": [ "Xalwo", "(", "halva", ")", "is", "a", "popular", "confection", "eaten", "during", "festive", "occasions", ",", "such", "as", "Eid", "celebrations", "or", "wedding", "receptions", ".", "It", "is", "made", ...
e37038dce920402aaf84c80087217bb9
Along with wedding receptions, when is xalwo often consumed?
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{ "text": [ "Eid celebrations" ], "char_spans": [ { "start": [ 78 ], "end": [ 93 ] } ], "token_spans": [ { "start": [ 15 ], "end": [ 16 ] } ] }
[ "Eid celebrations" ]
SQuAD
Xalwo (halva) is a popular confection eaten during festive occasions, such as Eid celebrations or wedding receptions. It is made from sugar, corn starch, cardamom powder, nutmeg powder and ghee. Peanuts are also sometimes added to enhance texture and flavor. After meals, homes are traditionally perfumed using frankince...
{ "tokens": [ "Xalwo", "(", "halva", ")", "is", "a", "popular", "confection", "eaten", "during", "festive", "occasions", ",", "such", "as", "Eid", "celebrations", "or", "wedding", "receptions", ".", "It", "is", "made", ...
f6566aff6bba4823b3c1615b1d10ff8a
What do the Somalis call frankincense?
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{ "text": [ "lubaan" ], "char_spans": [ { "start": [ 325 ], "end": [ 330 ] } ], "token_spans": [ { "start": [ 59 ], "end": [ 59 ] } ] }
[ "lubaan" ]
SQuAD
Xalwo (halva) is a popular confection eaten during festive occasions, such as Eid celebrations or wedding receptions. It is made from sugar, corn starch, cardamom powder, nutmeg powder and ghee. Peanuts are also sometimes added to enhance texture and flavor. After meals, homes are traditionally perfumed using frankince...
{ "tokens": [ "Xalwo", "(", "halva", ")", "is", "a", "popular", "confection", "eaten", "during", "festive", "occasions", ",", "such", "as", "Eid", "celebrations", "or", "wedding", "receptions", ".", "It", "is", "made", ...
15d331071687434e9bc76bb19361f4da
What is the English word for cunnsi?
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{ "text": [ "incense" ], "char_spans": [ { "start": [ 336 ], "end": [ 342 ] } ], "token_spans": [ { "start": [ 62 ], "end": [ 62 ] } ] }
[ "incense" ]
SQuAD
Xalwo (halva) is a popular confection eaten during festive occasions, such as Eid celebrations or wedding receptions. It is made from sugar, corn starch, cardamom powder, nutmeg powder and ghee. Peanuts are also sometimes added to enhance texture and flavor. After meals, homes are traditionally perfumed using frankince...
{ "tokens": [ "Xalwo", "(", "halva", ")", "is", "a", "popular", "confection", "eaten", "during", "festive", "occasions", ",", "such", "as", "Eid", "celebrations", "or", "wedding", "receptions", ".", "It", "is", "made", ...
cb1de7920d5e417289a57de682178092
What do the Somalis call incense burners?
{ "tokens": [ "What", "do", "the", "Somalis", "call", "incense", "burners", "?" ], "offsets": [ 0, 5, 8, 12, 20, 25, 33, 40 ] }
{ "text": [ "dabqaad" ], "char_spans": [ { "start": [ 414 ], "end": [ 420 ] } ], "token_spans": [ { "start": [ 78 ], "end": [ 78 ] } ] }
[ "dabqaad" ]
SQuAD
The Xeer legal system also requires a certain amount of specialization of different functions within the legal framework. Thus, one can find odayal (judges), xeer boggeyaal (jurists), guurtiyaal (detectives), garxajiyaal (attorneys), murkhaatiyal (witnesses) and waranle (police officers) to enforce the law.
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671a700d8495406b8a18c91e2e34f2bd
In the Xeer system, what are judges called?
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{ "text": [ "odayal" ], "char_spans": [ { "start": [ 141 ], "end": [ 146 ] } ], "token_spans": [ { "start": [ 24 ], "end": [ 24 ] } ] }
[ "odayal" ]
SQuAD
The Xeer legal system also requires a certain amount of specialization of different functions within the legal framework. Thus, one can find odayal (judges), xeer boggeyaal (jurists), guurtiyaal (detectives), garxajiyaal (attorneys), murkhaatiyal (witnesses) and waranle (police officers) to enforce the law.
{ "tokens": [ "The", "Xeer", "legal", "system", "also", "requires", "a", "certain", "amount", "of", "specialization", "of", "different", "functions", "within", "the", "legal", "framework", ".", "Thus", ",", "one", "can", "...
384251e865374ebd84ebfb656af2ecf6
What does xeer boggeyaal mean in English?
{ "tokens": [ "What", "does", "xeer", "boggeyaal", "mean", "in", "English", "?" ], "offsets": [ 0, 5, 10, 15, 25, 30, 33, 40 ] }
{ "text": [ "jurists" ], "char_spans": [ { "start": [ 174 ], "end": [ 180 ] } ], "token_spans": [ { "start": [ 32 ], "end": [ 32 ] } ] }
[ "jurists" ]
SQuAD
The Xeer legal system also requires a certain amount of specialization of different functions within the legal framework. Thus, one can find odayal (judges), xeer boggeyaal (jurists), guurtiyaal (detectives), garxajiyaal (attorneys), murkhaatiyal (witnesses) and waranle (police officers) to enforce the law.
{ "tokens": [ "The", "Xeer", "legal", "system", "also", "requires", "a", "certain", "amount", "of", "specialization", "of", "different", "functions", "within", "the", "legal", "framework", ".", "Thus", ",", "one", "can", "...
6233061444824de9a60c2db87c2dbf8d
What does the Xeer system call attorneys?
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{ "text": [ "garxajiyaal" ], "char_spans": [ { "start": [ 209 ], "end": [ 219 ] } ], "token_spans": [ { "start": [ 40 ], "end": [ 40 ] } ] }
[ "garxajiyaal" ]
SQuAD
The Xeer legal system also requires a certain amount of specialization of different functions within the legal framework. Thus, one can find odayal (judges), xeer boggeyaal (jurists), guurtiyaal (detectives), garxajiyaal (attorneys), murkhaatiyal (witnesses) and waranle (police officers) to enforce the law.
{ "tokens": [ "The", "Xeer", "legal", "system", "also", "requires", "a", "certain", "amount", "of", "specialization", "of", "different", "functions", "within", "the", "legal", "framework", ".", "Thus", ",", "one", "can", "...
0f9a21fd748446eea6de3387fe3c1445
By what term are witnesses known in the Xeer system?
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{ "text": [ "murkhaatiyal" ], "char_spans": [ { "start": [ 234 ], "end": [ 245 ] } ], "token_spans": [ { "start": [ 45 ], "end": [ 45 ] } ] }
[ "murkhaatiyal" ]
SQuAD
The Xeer legal system also requires a certain amount of specialization of different functions within the legal framework. Thus, one can find odayal (judges), xeer boggeyaal (jurists), guurtiyaal (detectives), garxajiyaal (attorneys), murkhaatiyal (witnesses) and waranle (police officers) to enforce the law.
{ "tokens": [ "The", "Xeer", "legal", "system", "also", "requires", "a", "certain", "amount", "of", "specialization", "of", "different", "functions", "within", "the", "legal", "framework", ".", "Thus", ",", "one", "can", "...
09ff976b74a04f87aa18d099ef150fb1
What does the Xeer system call cops?
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{ "text": [ "waranle" ], "char_spans": [ { "start": [ 263 ], "end": [ 269 ] } ], "token_spans": [ { "start": [ 50 ], "end": [ 50 ] } ] }
[ "waranle" ]
SQuAD
The scholarly term for research concerning Somalis and Greater Somalia is known as Somali Studies. It consists of several disciplines such as anthropology, sociology, linguistics, historiography and archaeology. The field draws from old Somali chronicles, records and oral literature, in addition to written accounts and...
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9a3348e2d4914d32a1d3433340f8b84e
What is the academic study of the Somali people called?
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{ "text": [ "Somali Studies" ], "char_spans": [ { "start": [ 83 ], "end": [ 96 ] } ], "token_spans": [ { "start": [ 13 ], "end": [ 14 ] } ] }
[ "Somali Studies" ]
SQuAD
The scholarly term for research concerning Somalis and Greater Somalia is known as Somali Studies. It consists of several disciplines such as anthropology, sociology, linguistics, historiography and archaeology. The field draws from old Somali chronicles, records and oral literature, in addition to written accounts and...
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e52128829fa74d139bf8218a029ea4ab
Along with sociology, linguistics, historiography and archaeology, what field is part of Somali Studies?
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{ "text": [ "anthropology" ], "char_spans": [ { "start": [ 142 ], "end": [ 153 ] } ], "token_spans": [ { "start": [ 23 ], "end": [ 23 ] } ] }
[ "anthropology" ]
SQuAD
The scholarly term for research concerning Somalis and Greater Somalia is known as Somali Studies. It consists of several disciplines such as anthropology, sociology, linguistics, historiography and archaeology. The field draws from old Somali chronicles, records and oral literature, in addition to written accounts and...
{ "tokens": [ "The", "scholarly", "term", "for", "research", "concerning", "Somalis", "and", "Greater", "Somalia", "is", "known", "as", "Somali", "Studies", ".", "It", "consists", "of", "several", "disciplines", "such", "as", ...
47fecba0a0544e029849602350f3002f
Along with chronicles and records, what indigenous sources are used in Somali Studies?
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{ "text": [ "oral literature" ], "char_spans": [ { "start": [ 268 ], "end": [ 282 ] } ], "token_spans": [ { "start": [ 43 ], "end": [ 44 ] } ] }
[ "oral literature" ]
SQuAD
The scholarly term for research concerning Somalis and Greater Somalia is known as Somali Studies. It consists of several disciplines such as anthropology, sociology, linguistics, historiography and archaeology. The field draws from old Somali chronicles, records and oral literature, in addition to written accounts and...
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db7f92fa5cbd468f888ab526bf67c0a6
What is the name of the annual gathering of Somali Studies scholars?
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{ "text": [ "the International Congress of Somali Studies" ], "char_spans": [ { "start": [ 518 ], "end": [ 561 ] } ], "token_spans": [ { "start": [ 85 ], "end": [ 90 ] } ] }
[ "the International Congress of Somali Studies" ]
SQuAD
The scholarly term for research concerning Somalis and Greater Somalia is known as Somali Studies. It consists of several disciplines such as anthropology, sociology, linguistics, historiography and archaeology. The field draws from old Somali chronicles, records and oral literature, in addition to written accounts and...
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1b0edbdc79754db3b25736e9af332dab
When did the International Congress of Somali Studies begin?
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{ "text": [ "1980" ], "char_spans": [ { "start": [ 426 ], "end": [ 429 ] } ], "token_spans": [ { "start": [ 70 ], "end": [ 70 ] } ] }
[ "1980" ]
SQuAD
In European history, the Middle Ages or medieval period lasted from the 5th to the 15th century. It began with the collapse of the Western Roman Empire and merged into the Renaissance and the Age of Discovery. The Middle Ages is the middle period of the three traditional divisions of Western history: Antiquity, Medieva...
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In what century did the Middle Ages begin?
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{ "text": [ "5th" ], "char_spans": [ { "start": [ 72 ], "end": [ 74 ] } ], "token_spans": [ { "start": [ 13 ], "end": [ 13 ] } ] }
[ "5th" ]
SQuAD
In European history, the Middle Ages or medieval period lasted from the 5th to the 15th century. It began with the collapse of the Western Roman Empire and merged into the Renaissance and the Age of Discovery. The Middle Ages is the middle period of the three traditional divisions of Western history: Antiquity, Medieva...
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What century saw the end of the Middle Ages?
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{ "text": [ "15th" ], "char_spans": [ { "start": [ 83 ], "end": [ 86 ] } ], "token_spans": [ { "start": [ 16 ], "end": [ 16 ] } ] }
[ "15th" ]
SQuAD
In European history, the Middle Ages or medieval period lasted from the 5th to the 15th century. It began with the collapse of the Western Roman Empire and merged into the Renaissance and the Age of Discovery. The Middle Ages is the middle period of the three traditional divisions of Western history: Antiquity, Medieva...
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What event marked the beginning of the Middle Ages?
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{ "text": [ "the collapse of the Western Roman Empire" ], "char_spans": [ { "start": [ 111 ], "end": [ 150 ] } ], "token_spans": [ { "start": [ 22 ], "end": [ 28 ] } ] }
[ "the collapse of the Western Roman Empire" ]
SQuAD
In European history, the Middle Ages or medieval period lasted from the 5th to the 15th century. It began with the collapse of the Western Roman Empire and merged into the Renaissance and the Age of Discovery. The Middle Ages is the middle period of the three traditional divisions of Western history: Antiquity, Medieva...
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Along with the Renaissance, what era occurred at the end of the Middle Ages?
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{ "text": [ "Age of Discovery" ], "char_spans": [ { "start": [ 192 ], "end": [ 207 ] } ], "token_spans": [ { "start": [ 36 ], "end": [ 38 ] } ] }
[ "Age of Discovery" ]
SQuAD
In European history, the Middle Ages or medieval period lasted from the 5th to the 15th century. It began with the collapse of the Western Roman Empire and merged into the Renaissance and the Age of Discovery. The Middle Ages is the middle period of the three traditional divisions of Western history: Antiquity, Medieva...
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ccdb6baea5b34edabaa92512f831492b
What is the first period of the three that Western history is traditionally divided into?
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{ "text": [ "Antiquity" ], "char_spans": [ { "start": [ 302 ], "end": [ 310 ] } ], "token_spans": [ { "start": [ 56 ], "end": [ 56 ] } ] }
[ "Antiquity" ]
SQuAD
Somali architecture is a rich and diverse tradition of engineering and designing. It involves multiple different construction types, such as stone cities, castles, citadels, fortresses, mosques, mausoleums, towers, tombs, tumuli, cairns, megaliths, menhirs, stelae, dolmens, stone circles, monuments, temples, enclosures...
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Along with Somalo-Islamic architecture, what influences modern Somali architecture?
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{ "text": [ "Western designs" ], "char_spans": [ { "start": [ 500 ], "end": [ 514 ] } ], "token_spans": [ { "start": [ 91 ], "end": [ 92 ] } ] }
[ "Western designs" ]
SQuAD
Somali architecture is a rich and diverse tradition of engineering and designing. It involves multiple different construction types, such as stone cities, castles, citadels, fortresses, mosques, mausoleums, towers, tombs, tumuli, cairns, megaliths, menhirs, stelae, dolmens, stone circles, monuments, temples, enclosures...
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Along with the early modern and ancient, during what period did Somali architecture exist?
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{ "text": [ "medieval" ], "char_spans": [ { "start": [ 382 ], "end": [ 389 ] } ], "token_spans": [ { "start": [ 71 ], "end": [ 71 ] } ] }
[ "medieval" ]
SQuAD
Somali architecture is a rich and diverse tradition of engineering and designing. It involves multiple different construction types, such as stone cities, castles, citadels, fortresses, mosques, mausoleums, towers, tombs, tumuli, cairns, megaliths, menhirs, stelae, dolmens, stone circles, monuments, temples, enclosures...
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What material was used to make Somali cities?
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{ "text": [ "stone" ], "char_spans": [ { "start": [ 141 ], "end": [ 145 ] } ], "token_spans": [ { "start": [ 22 ], "end": [ 22 ] } ] }
[ "stone" ]
SQuAD
Growing out of the Somali people's rich storytelling tradition, the first few feature-length Somali films and cinematic festivals emerged in the early 1960s, immediately after independence. Following the creation of the Somali Film Agency (SFA) regulatory body in 1975, the local film scene began to expand rapidly. The ...
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In what decade were the first Somali feature films made?
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[ "1960s" ]
SQuAD
Growing out of the Somali people's rich storytelling tradition, the first few feature-length Somali films and cinematic festivals emerged in the early 1960s, immediately after independence. Following the creation of the Somali Film Agency (SFA) regulatory body in 1975, the local film scene began to expand rapidly. The ...
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In what year was the SFA founded?
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{ "text": [ "1975" ], "char_spans": [ { "start": [ 264 ], "end": [ 267 ] } ], "token_spans": [ { "start": [ 46 ], "end": [ 46 ] } ] }
[ "1975" ]
SQuAD
Growing out of the Somali people's rich storytelling tradition, the first few feature-length Somali films and cinematic festivals emerged in the early 1960s, immediately after independence. Following the creation of the Somali Film Agency (SFA) regulatory body in 1975, the local film scene began to expand rapidly. The ...
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Who was the representative of the Somali Film Agency in Rome?
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{ "text": [ "Ali Said Hassan" ], "char_spans": [ { "start": [ 337 ], "end": [ 351 ] } ], "token_spans": [ { "start": [ 60 ], "end": [ 62 ] } ] }
[ "Ali Said Hassan" ]
SQuAD
Growing out of the Somali people's rich storytelling tradition, the first few feature-length Somali films and cinematic festivals emerged in the early 1960s, immediately after independence. Following the creation of the Somali Film Agency (SFA) regulatory body in 1975, the local film scene began to expand rapidly. The ...
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What are riwaaydo?
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{ "text": [ "popular musicals" ], "char_spans": [ { "start": [ 440 ], "end": [ 455 ] } ], "token_spans": [ { "start": [ 80 ], "end": [ 81 ] } ] }
[ "popular musicals" ]
SQuAD
Growing out of the Somali people's rich storytelling tradition, the first few feature-length Somali films and cinematic festivals emerged in the early 1960s, immediately after independence. Following the creation of the Somali Film Agency (SFA) regulatory body in 1975, the local film scene began to expand rapidly. The ...
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What was the name of Said Salah Ahmed's first feature?
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{ "text": [ "The Somali Darwish" ], "char_spans": [ { "start": [ 771 ], "end": [ 788 ] } ], "token_spans": [ { "start": [ 134 ], "end": [ 136 ] } ] }
[ "The Somali Darwish" ]
SQuAD
The peaceful introduction of Islam in the early medieval era of Somalia's history brought Islamic architectural influences from Arabia and Persia. This had the effect of stimulating a shift in construction from drystone and other related materials to coral stone, sundried bricks, and the widespread use of limestone in ...
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During what period was the Muslim faith introduced to Somalia?
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{ "text": [ "early medieval" ], "char_spans": [ { "start": [ 42 ], "end": [ 55 ] } ], "token_spans": [ { "start": [ 7 ], "end": [ 8 ] } ] }
[ "early medieval" ]
SQuAD
The peaceful introduction of Islam in the early medieval era of Somalia's history brought Islamic architectural influences from Arabia and Persia. This had the effect of stimulating a shift in construction from drystone and other related materials to coral stone, sundried bricks, and the widespread use of limestone in ...
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Along with Arabian influences, where did architectural influences come from in the medieval period?
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{ "text": [ "Persia" ], "char_spans": [ { "start": [ 139 ], "end": [ 144 ] } ], "token_spans": [ { "start": [ 21 ], "end": [ 21 ] } ] }
[ "Persia" ]
SQuAD
The peaceful introduction of Islam in the early medieval era of Somalia's history brought Islamic architectural influences from Arabia and Persia. This had the effect of stimulating a shift in construction from drystone and other related materials to coral stone, sundried bricks, and the widespread use of limestone in ...
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In the medieval period, what buildings were notably built atop older ruins?
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{ "text": [ "mosques" ], "char_spans": [ { "start": [ 388 ], "end": [ 394 ] } ], "token_spans": [ { "start": [ 65 ], "end": [ 65 ] } ] }
[ "mosques" ]
SQuAD
The peaceful introduction of Islam in the early medieval era of Somalia's history brought Islamic architectural influences from Arabia and Persia. This had the effect of stimulating a shift in construction from drystone and other related materials to coral stone, sundried bricks, and the widespread use of limestone in ...
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Along with sundried bricks and coral stone, what construction material was widely used after the introduction of Islam?
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{ "text": [ "limestone" ], "char_spans": [ { "start": [ 307 ], "end": [ 315 ] } ], "token_spans": [ { "start": [ 51 ], "end": [ 51 ] } ] }
[ "limestone" ]
SQuAD
The peaceful introduction of Islam in the early medieval era of Somalia's history brought Islamic architectural influences from Arabia and Persia. This had the effect of stimulating a shift in construction from drystone and other related materials to coral stone, sundried bricks, and the widespread use of limestone in ...
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Before Islam was introduced, what was a common building material in Somalia?
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[ "drystone" ]
SQuAD
The Late Middle Ages was marked by difficulties and calamities including famine, plague, and war, which significantly diminished the population of Europe; between 1347 and 1350, the Black Death killed about a third of Europeans. Controversy, heresy, and schism within the Church paralleled the interstate conflict, civil...
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When did the Black Death end?
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{ "text": [ "1350" ], "char_spans": [ { "start": [ 172 ], "end": [ 175 ] } ], "token_spans": [ { "start": [ 29 ], "end": [ 29 ] } ] }
[ "1350" ]
SQuAD
The Late Middle Ages was marked by difficulties and calamities including famine, plague, and war, which significantly diminished the population of Europe; between 1347 and 1350, the Black Death killed about a third of Europeans. Controversy, heresy, and schism within the Church paralleled the interstate conflict, civil...
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In what period of the Middle Ages did the Black Death occur?
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{ "text": [ "Late" ], "char_spans": [ { "start": [ 4 ], "end": [ 7 ] } ], "token_spans": [ { "start": [ 1 ], "end": [ 1 ] } ] }
[ "Late" ]
SQuAD
The Late Middle Ages was marked by difficulties and calamities including famine, plague, and war, which significantly diminished the population of Europe; between 1347 and 1350, the Black Death killed about a third of Europeans. Controversy, heresy, and schism within the Church paralleled the interstate conflict, civil...
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What portion of the European population died in the Black Death?
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{ "text": [ "a third" ], "char_spans": [ { "start": [ 207 ], "end": [ 213 ] } ], "token_spans": [ { "start": [ 36 ], "end": [ 37 ] } ] }
[ "a third" ]
SQuAD
The Late Middle Ages was marked by difficulties and calamities including famine, plague, and war, which significantly diminished the population of Europe; between 1347 and 1350, the Black Death killed about a third of Europeans. Controversy, heresy, and schism within the Church paralleled the interstate conflict, civil...
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What era occurred after the Late Middle Ages?
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{ "text": [ "the early modern period" ], "char_spans": [ { "start": [ 496 ], "end": [ 518 ] } ], "token_spans": [ { "start": [ 82 ], "end": [ 85 ] } ] }
[ "the early modern period" ]
SQuAD
The Late Middle Ages was marked by difficulties and calamities including famine, plague, and war, which significantly diminished the population of Europe; between 1347 and 1350, the Black Death killed about a third of Europeans. Controversy, heresy, and schism within the Church paralleled the interstate conflict, civil...
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Along with controversy and schism, what upset the peace of the Church during the Late Middle Ages?
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[ "heresy" ]
SQuAD
Somali scholars have for centuries produced many notable examples of Islamic literature ranging from poetry to Hadith. With the adoption of the Latin alphabet in 1972 to transcribe the Somali language, numerous contemporary Somali authors have also released novels, some of which have gone on to receive worldwide acclai...
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When did Somalis begin to render their language using the Latin alphabet?
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{ "text": [ "1972" ], "char_spans": [ { "start": [ 162 ], "end": [ 165 ] } ], "token_spans": [ { "start": [ 26 ], "end": [ 26 ] } ] }
[ "1972" ]
SQuAD
Somali scholars have for centuries produced many notable examples of Islamic literature ranging from poetry to Hadith. With the adoption of the Latin alphabet in 1972 to transcribe the Somali language, numerous contemporary Somali authors have also released novels, some of which have gone on to receive worldwide acclai...
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Who is the most well-known modern Somali writer?
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{ "text": [ "Nuruddin Farah" ], "char_spans": [ { "start": [ 348 ], "end": [ 361 ] } ], "token_spans": [ { "start": [ 58 ], "end": [ 59 ] } ] }
[ "Nuruddin Farah" ]
SQuAD
Somali scholars have for centuries produced many notable examples of Islamic literature ranging from poetry to Hadith. With the adoption of the Latin alphabet in 1972 to transcribe the Somali language, numerous contemporary Somali authors have also released novels, some of which have gone on to receive worldwide acclai...
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In what year did Nuruddin Farah win the Neustadt International Prize for Literature?
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{ "text": [ "1998" ], "char_spans": [ { "start": [ 545 ], "end": [ 548 ] } ], "token_spans": [ { "start": [ 92 ], "end": [ 92 ] } ] }
[ "1998" ]
SQuAD
Somali scholars have for centuries produced many notable examples of Islamic literature ranging from poetry to Hadith. With the adoption of the Latin alphabet in 1972 to transcribe the Somali language, numerous contemporary Somali authors have also released novels, some of which have gone on to receive worldwide acclai...
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Who wrote Ignorance is the enemy of love?
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{ "text": [ "Farah Mohamed Jama Awl" ], "char_spans": [ { "start": [ 595 ], "end": [ 616 ] } ], "token_spans": [ { "start": [ 99 ], "end": [ 102 ] } ] }
[ "Farah Mohamed Jama Awl" ]
SQuAD
Somali scholars have for centuries produced many notable examples of Islamic literature ranging from poetry to Hadith. With the adoption of the Latin alphabet in 1972 to transcribe the Somali language, numerous contemporary Somali authors have also released novels, some of which have gone on to receive worldwide acclai...
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Who won the 2010 Betty Trask Prize?
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{ "text": [ "Nadifa Mohamed" ], "char_spans": [ { "start": [ 752 ], "end": [ 765 ] } ], "token_spans": [ { "start": [ 128 ], "end": [ 129 ] } ] }
[ "Nadifa Mohamed" ]
SQuAD
During regular, day-to-day activities, Somali women usually wear the guntiino, a long stretch of cloth tied over the shoulder and draped around the waist. It is usually made out of alandi, which is a textile common in the Horn region and some parts of North Africa. The garment can be worn in different styles. It can al...
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What is the regular garment of Somali women?
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{ "text": [ "the guntiino" ], "char_spans": [ { "start": [ 65 ], "end": [ 76 ] } ], "token_spans": [ { "start": [ 14 ], "end": [ 15 ] } ] }
[ "the guntiino" ]
SQuAD
During regular, day-to-day activities, Somali women usually wear the guntiino, a long stretch of cloth tied over the shoulder and draped around the waist. It is usually made out of alandi, which is a textile common in the Horn region and some parts of North Africa. The garment can be worn in different styles. It can al...
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ced5e58da5544aed89a9284358dbb0b7
What is the guntiino normally made from?
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{ "text": [ "alandi" ], "char_spans": [ { "start": [ 181 ], "end": [ 186 ] } ], "token_spans": [ { "start": [ 38 ], "end": [ 38 ] } ] }
[ "alandi" ]
SQuAD
During regular, day-to-day activities, Somali women usually wear the guntiino, a long stretch of cloth tied over the shoulder and draped around the waist. It is usually made out of alandi, which is a textile common in the Horn region and some parts of North Africa. The garment can be worn in different styles. It can al...
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8dc90a5406fa43a2bd7e57f4edd1cf2d
What is the usual formal attire for Somali women?
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{ "text": [ "the dirac" ], "char_spans": [ { "start": [ 485 ], "end": [ 493 ] } ], "token_spans": [ { "start": [ 98 ], "end": [ 99 ] } ] }
[ "the dirac" ]
SQuAD
During regular, day-to-day activities, Somali women usually wear the guntiino, a long stretch of cloth tied over the shoulder and draped around the waist. It is usually made out of alandi, which is a textile common in the Horn region and some parts of North Africa. The garment can be worn in different styles. It can al...
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1420655a151445289d7905a18ab3bc0b
Along with silk, saree fabric or chiffon, what might the dirac be made out of?
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{ "text": [ "taffeta" ], "char_spans": [ { "start": [ 563 ], "end": [ 569 ] } ], "token_spans": [ { "start": [ 117 ], "end": [ 117 ] } ] }
[ "taffeta" ]
SQuAD
During regular, day-to-day activities, Somali women usually wear the guntiino, a long stretch of cloth tied over the shoulder and draped around the waist. It is usually made out of alandi, which is a textile common in the Horn region and some parts of North Africa. The garment can be worn in different styles. It can al...
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034d4941a21948eaac7d399e9d7f9bcb
What is the underskirt of the dirac called?
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{ "text": [ "the gorgorad" ], "char_spans": [ { "start": [ 660 ], "end": [ 671 ] } ], "token_spans": [ { "start": [ 140 ], "end": [ 141 ] } ] }
[ "the gorgorad" ]
SQuAD
Depopulation, deurbanisation, invasion, and movement of peoples, which had begun in Late Antiquity, continued in the Early Middle Ages. The barbarian invaders, including various Germanic peoples, formed new kingdoms in what remained of the Western Roman Empire. In the 7th century, North Africa and the Middle East—once ...
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42987761667c401dbbc6da9ebe3d3742
Along with the movement of peoples, invasion and depopulation, what event started in Late Antiquity and continued into the Middle Ages?
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{ "text": [ "deurbanisation" ], "char_spans": [ { "start": [ 14 ], "end": [ 27 ] } ], "token_spans": [ { "start": [ 2 ], "end": [ 2 ] } ] }
[ "deurbanisation" ]
SQuAD
Depopulation, deurbanisation, invasion, and movement of peoples, which had begun in Late Antiquity, continued in the Early Middle Ages. The barbarian invaders, including various Germanic peoples, formed new kingdoms in what remained of the Western Roman Empire. In the 7th century, North Africa and the Middle East—once ...
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f4aa88f2258f423d9bcf6721bc836d02
In what state did barbarian invaders establish kingdoms?
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{ "text": [ "the Western Roman Empire" ], "char_spans": [ { "start": [ 236 ], "end": [ 259 ] } ], "token_spans": [ { "start": [ 41 ], "end": [ 44 ] } ] }
[ "the Western Roman Empire" ]
SQuAD
Depopulation, deurbanisation, invasion, and movement of peoples, which had begun in Late Antiquity, continued in the Early Middle Ages. The barbarian invaders, including various Germanic peoples, formed new kingdoms in what remained of the Western Roman Empire. In the 7th century, North Africa and the Middle East—once ...
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e45ea6314e314a318661cda0ab0eb33f
What empire was North Africa previously a part of?
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{ "text": [ "the Eastern Roman Empire" ], "char_spans": [ { "start": [ 328 ], "end": [ 351 ] } ], "token_spans": [ { "start": [ 61 ], "end": [ 64 ] } ] }
[ "the Eastern Roman Empire" ]
SQuAD
Depopulation, deurbanisation, invasion, and movement of peoples, which had begun in Late Antiquity, continued in the Early Middle Ages. The barbarian invaders, including various Germanic peoples, formed new kingdoms in what remained of the Western Roman Empire. In the 7th century, North Africa and the Middle East—once ...
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7d57cd6ecc1342c38367b84d8ce9a0f3
In what century did the Caliphate conquer North Africa?
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{ "text": [ "7th" ], "char_spans": [ { "start": [ 269 ], "end": [ 271 ] } ], "token_spans": [ { "start": [ 48 ], "end": [ 48 ] } ] }
[ "7th" ]
SQuAD
Depopulation, deurbanisation, invasion, and movement of peoples, which had begun in Late Antiquity, continued in the Early Middle Ages. The barbarian invaders, including various Germanic peoples, formed new kingdoms in what remained of the Western Roman Empire. In the 7th century, North Africa and the Middle East—once ...
{ "tokens": [ "Depopulation", ",", "deurbanisation", ",", "invasion", ",", "and", "movement", "of", "peoples", ",", "which", "had", "begun", "in", "Late", "Antiquity", ",", "continued", "in", "the", "Early", "Middle", "Age...
d01d1b408d9a402881f749271438a333
In what year did Italians discover the Code of Justinian?
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{ "text": [ "1070" ], "char_spans": [ { "start": [ 740 ], "end": [ 743 ] } ], "token_spans": [ { "start": [ 137 ], "end": [ 137 ] } ] }
[ "1070" ]
SQuAD
The invasions brought new ethnic groups to Europe, although some regions received a larger influx of new peoples than others. In Gaul for instance, the invaders settled much more extensively in the north-east than in the south-west. Slavic peoples settled in Central and Eastern Europe and the Balkan Peninsula. The sett...
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6d60a32433664204ae6671da8bbda60d
People of what ethnicity settled in the Balkan Peninsula?
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{ "text": [ "Slavic" ], "char_spans": [ { "start": [ 233 ], "end": [ 238 ] } ], "token_spans": [ { "start": [ 45 ], "end": [ 45 ] } ] }
[ "Slavic" ]
SQuAD
The invasions brought new ethnic groups to Europe, although some regions received a larger influx of new peoples than others. In Gaul for instance, the invaders settled much more extensively in the north-east than in the south-west. Slavic peoples settled in Central and Eastern Europe and the Balkan Peninsula. The sett...
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e912d0884ace4d638ccd5bcb347421ea
In what geographic region did most of the invaders settle in Gaul?
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{ "text": [ "north-east" ], "char_spans": [ { "start": [ 198 ], "end": [ 207 ] } ], "token_spans": [ { "start": [ 35 ], "end": [ 37 ] } ] }
[ "north-east" ]
SQuAD
The invasions brought new ethnic groups to Europe, although some regions received a larger influx of new peoples than others. In Gaul for instance, the invaders settled much more extensively in the north-east than in the south-west. Slavic peoples settled in Central and Eastern Europe and the Balkan Peninsula. The sett...
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b3b3ffaf58dc4765a7b7218f7e113a1c
What is the collective name for languages derived from Latin?
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{ "text": [ "Romance languages" ], "char_spans": [ { "start": [ 511 ], "end": [ 527 ] } ], "token_spans": [ { "start": [ 93 ], "end": [ 94 ] } ] }
[ "Romance languages" ]
SQuAD
The invasions brought new ethnic groups to Europe, although some regions received a larger influx of new peoples than others. In Gaul for instance, the invaders settled much more extensively in the north-east than in the south-west. Slavic peoples settled in Central and Eastern Europe and the Balkan Peninsula. The sett...
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5f54a6a3f329436db9ecf4ff64e33066
What language was spoken in the Byzantine Empire?
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{ "text": [ "Greek" ], "char_spans": [ { "start": [ 597 ], "end": [ 601 ] } ], "token_spans": [ { "start": [ 108 ], "end": [ 108 ] } ] }
[ "Greek" ]
SQuAD
The invasions brought new ethnic groups to Europe, although some regions received a larger influx of new peoples than others. In Gaul for instance, the invaders settled much more extensively in the north-east than in the south-west. Slavic peoples settled in Central and Eastern Europe and the Balkan Peninsula. The sett...
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c72b0c18b7ad46718eaeee3b89d762db
What languages were spoken by the Slavs?
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{ "text": [ "Slavonic" ], "char_spans": [ { "start": [ 688 ], "end": [ 695 ] } ], "token_spans": [ { "start": [ 124 ], "end": [ 124 ] } ] }
[ "Slavonic" ]
SQuAD
During the High Middle Ages, which began after 1000, the population of Europe increased greatly as technological and agricultural innovations allowed trade to flourish and the Medieval Warm Period climate change allowed crop yields to increase. Manorialism, the organisation of peasants into villages that owed rent and ...
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5c3dc30f6ee048948884a0e32cc22de9
What year marked the beginning of the High Middle Ages?
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{ "text": [ "1000" ], "char_spans": [ { "start": [ 47 ], "end": [ 50 ] } ], "token_spans": [ { "start": [ 9 ], "end": [ 9 ] } ] }
[ "1000" ]
SQuAD
During the High Middle Ages, which began after 1000, the population of Europe increased greatly as technological and agricultural innovations allowed trade to flourish and the Medieval Warm Period climate change allowed crop yields to increase. Manorialism, the organisation of peasants into villages that owed rent and ...
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2a0708b6064d41f78577097a3bab97c4
What event led to larger crop yields in the High Middle Ages?
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{ "text": [ "the Medieval Warm Period" ], "char_spans": [ { "start": [ 172 ], "end": [ 195 ] } ], "token_spans": [ { "start": [ 27 ], "end": [ 30 ] } ] }
[ "the Medieval Warm Period" ]
SQuAD
During the High Middle Ages, which began after 1000, the population of Europe increased greatly as technological and agricultural innovations allowed trade to flourish and the Medieval Warm Period climate change allowed crop yields to increase. Manorialism, the organisation of peasants into villages that owed rent and ...
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9ed477e77bd64442ae7dea4b8acbc99f
What was the name of the economic system that organized peasants into villages owing labor and rent to nobles?
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{ "text": [ "Manorialism" ], "char_spans": [ { "start": [ 245 ], "end": [ 255 ] } ], "token_spans": [ { "start": [ 39 ], "end": [ 39 ] } ] }
[ "Manorialism" ]
SQuAD
During the High Middle Ages, which began after 1000, the population of Europe increased greatly as technological and agricultural innovations allowed trade to flourish and the Medieval Warm Period climate change allowed crop yields to increase. Manorialism, the organisation of peasants into villages that owed rent and ...
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3ba0d75e6f064742af2079f3129e4318
What was the name of the political system that gave rents to knights in return for military service?
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{ "text": [ "feudalism" ], "char_spans": [ { "start": [ 355 ], "end": [ 363 ] } ], "token_spans": [ { "start": [ 58 ], "end": [ 58 ] } ] }
[ "feudalism" ]
SQuAD
During the High Middle Ages, which began after 1000, the population of Europe increased greatly as technological and agricultural innovations allowed trade to flourish and the Medieval Warm Period climate change allowed crop yields to increase. Manorialism, the organisation of peasants into villages that owed rent and ...
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c9c666c698a146d985546231be445989
In what year did the Crusades begin?
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{ "text": [ "1095" ], "char_spans": [ { "start": [ 626 ], "end": [ 629 ] } ], "token_spans": [ { "start": [ 108 ], "end": [ 108 ] } ] }
[ "1095" ]
SQuAD
By the end of the 5th century the western section of the empire was divided into smaller political units, ruled by the tribes that had invaded in the early part of the century. The deposition of the last emperor of the west, Romulus Augustus, in 476 has traditionally marked the end of the Western Roman Empire.[E] The E...
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af735887198f4cfca118b29858ebfc40
Who was the last Western Roman Emperor?
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{ "text": [ "Romulus Augustus" ], "char_spans": [ { "start": [ 225 ], "end": [ 240 ] } ], "token_spans": [ { "start": [ 45 ], "end": [ 46 ] } ] }
[ "Romulus Augustus" ]
SQuAD
By the end of the 5th century the western section of the empire was divided into smaller political units, ruled by the tribes that had invaded in the early part of the century. The deposition of the last emperor of the west, Romulus Augustus, in 476 has traditionally marked the end of the Western Roman Empire.[E] The E...
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7e8c6d0f0a8344e4ba3c643d1c0102fd
When did the reign of the last Western Roman Emperor end?
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{ "text": [ "476" ], "char_spans": [ { "start": [ 246 ], "end": [ 248 ] } ], "token_spans": [ { "start": [ 49 ], "end": [ 49 ] } ] }
[ "476" ]
SQuAD
By the end of the 5th century the western section of the empire was divided into smaller political units, ruled by the tribes that had invaded in the early part of the century. The deposition of the last emperor of the west, Romulus Augustus, in 476 has traditionally marked the end of the Western Roman Empire.[E] The E...
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c3ca5fefe84c416783458a66295ef7c9
What is another name for the Eastern Roman Empire?
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{ "text": [ "Byzantine Empire" ], "char_spans": [ { "start": [ 366 ], "end": [ 381 ] } ], "token_spans": [ { "start": [ 71 ], "end": [ 72 ] } ] }
[ "Byzantine Empire" ]
SQuAD
By the end of the 5th century the western section of the empire was divided into smaller political units, ruled by the tribes that had invaded in the early part of the century. The deposition of the last emperor of the west, Romulus Augustus, in 476 has traditionally marked the end of the Western Roman Empire.[E] The E...
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6f050853203a4b5d97ba43ac52ad9a1b
What Eastern Roman Emperor reconquered Italy?
{ "tokens": [ "What", "Eastern", "Roman", "Emperor", "reconquered", "Italy", "?" ], "offsets": [ 0, 5, 13, 19, 27, 39, 44 ] }
{ "text": [ "Justinian" ], "char_spans": [ { "start": [ 806 ], "end": [ 814 ] } ], "token_spans": [ { "start": [ 148 ], "end": [ 148 ] } ] }
[ "Justinian" ]
SQuAD
The migrations and invasions of the 4th and 5th centuries disrupted trade networks around the Mediterranean. African goods stopped being imported into Europe, first disappearing from the interior and by the 7th century found only in a few cities such as Rome or Naples. By the end of the 7th century, under the impact of...
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739e1c37d448470f8afbe59d9a7b7ee9
Along with Naples, what city still traded African goods in the 7th century?
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{ "text": [ "Rome" ], "char_spans": [ { "start": [ 254 ], "end": [ 257 ] } ], "token_spans": [ { "start": [ 43 ], "end": [ 43 ] } ] }
[ "Rome" ]
SQuAD
The migrations and invasions of the 4th and 5th centuries disrupted trade networks around the Mediterranean. African goods stopped being imported into Europe, first disappearing from the interior and by the 7th century found only in a few cities such as Rome or Naples. By the end of the 7th century, under the impact of...
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e9b638a8cad842c8b640cd41b1af47b0
What event led to African goods no longer being traded in Western Europe by the end of the 7th century?
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{ "text": [ "Muslim conquests" ], "char_spans": [ { "start": [ 325 ], "end": [ 340 ] } ], "token_spans": [ { "start": [ 60 ], "end": [ 61 ] } ] }
[ "Muslim conquests" ]
SQuAD
The migrations and invasions of the 4th and 5th centuries disrupted trade networks around the Mediterranean. African goods stopped being imported into Europe, first disappearing from the interior and by the 7th century found only in a few cities such as Rome or Naples. By the end of the 7th century, under the impact of...
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c29c0a668a8f4051a1f0a559dc254141
What non-local goods have archaeologists typically found in Britain of this era?
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{ "text": [ "luxury goods" ], "char_spans": [ { "start": [ 730 ], "end": [ 741 ] } ], "token_spans": [ { "start": [ 134 ], "end": [ 135 ] } ] }
[ "luxury goods" ]
SQuAD
Roman city life and culture changed greatly in the early Middle Ages. Although Italian cities remained inhabited, they contracted significantly in size. Rome, for instance, shrank from a population of hundreds of thousands to around 30,000 by the end of the 6th century. Roman temples were converted into Christian churc...
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0a864b27a85f4d3bbb6165255091c5bb
About how many people lived in Rome at the end of the 500s?
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{ "text": [ "30,000" ], "char_spans": [ { "start": [ 233 ], "end": [ 238 ] } ], "token_spans": [ { "start": [ 40 ], "end": [ 40 ] } ] }
[ "30,000" ]
SQuAD
Roman city life and culture changed greatly in the early Middle Ages. Although Italian cities remained inhabited, they contracted significantly in size. Rome, for instance, shrank from a population of hundreds of thousands to around 30,000 by the end of the 6th century. Roman temples were converted into Christian churc...
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ad6987304eaa459894aa3776c23107f1
What new use was found for Roman temples?
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{ "text": [ "Christian churches" ], "char_spans": [ { "start": [ 305 ], "end": [ 322 ] } ], "token_spans": [ { "start": [ 54 ], "end": [ 55 ] } ] }
[ "Christian churches" ]
SQuAD
Roman city life and culture changed greatly in the early Middle Ages. Although Italian cities remained inhabited, they contracted significantly in size. Rome, for instance, shrank from a population of hundreds of thousands to around 30,000 by the end of the 6th century. Roman temples were converted into Christian churc...
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What group was notably persecuted after the Roman Empire converted to Christianity?
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{ "text": [ "Jews" ], "char_spans": [ { "start": [ 642 ], "end": [ 645 ] } ], "token_spans": [ { "start": [ 112 ], "end": [ 112 ] } ] }
[ "Jews" ]
SQuAD
Medieval writers divided history into periods such as the "Six Ages" or the "Four Empires", and considered their time to be the last before the end of the world. When referring to their own times, they spoke of them as being "modern". In the 1330s, the humanist and poet Petrarch referred to pre-Christian times as antiq...
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Along with the Six Ages, what other scheme did writers in the Middle Ages use to divide history?
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{ "text": [ "Four Empires" ], "char_spans": [ { "start": [ 77 ], "end": [ 88 ] } ], "token_spans": [ { "start": [ 16 ], "end": [ 17 ] } ] }
[ "Four Empires" ]
SQuAD
Medieval writers divided history into periods such as the "Six Ages" or the "Four Empires", and considered their time to be the last before the end of the world. When referring to their own times, they spoke of them as being "modern". In the 1330s, the humanist and poet Petrarch referred to pre-Christian times as antiq...
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What writer referred to the Christian period as new?
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{ "text": [ "Petrarch" ], "char_spans": [ { "start": [ 271 ], "end": [ 278 ] } ], "token_spans": [ { "start": [ 60 ], "end": [ 60 ] } ] }
[ "Petrarch" ]
SQuAD
Medieval writers divided history into periods such as the "Six Ages" or the "Four Empires", and considered their time to be the last before the end of the world. When referring to their own times, they spoke of them as being "modern". In the 1330s, the humanist and poet Petrarch referred to pre-Christian times as antiq...
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Who wrote the History of the Florentine People?
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{ "text": [ "Leonardo Bruni" ], "char_spans": [ { "start": [ 386 ], "end": [ 399 ] } ], "token_spans": [ { "start": [ 89 ], "end": [ 90 ] } ] }
[ "Leonardo Bruni" ]
SQuAD
Medieval writers divided history into periods such as the "Six Ages" or the "Four Empires", and considered their time to be the last before the end of the world. When referring to their own times, they spoke of them as being "modern". In the 1330s, the humanist and poet Petrarch referred to pre-Christian times as antiq...
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When was the History of the Florentine People published?
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{ "text": [ "1442" ], "char_spans": [ { "start": [ 498 ], "end": [ 501 ] } ], "token_spans": [ { "start": [ 107 ], "end": [ 107 ] } ] }
[ "1442" ]
SQuAD
Medieval writers divided history into periods such as the "Six Ages" or the "Four Empires", and considered their time to be the last before the end of the world. When referring to their own times, they spoke of them as being "modern". In the 1330s, the humanist and poet Petrarch referred to pre-Christian times as antiq...
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0edb5b39bd4b4d1a866289f673f383e2
Who first divided history into the ancient, medieval and modern periods?
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{ "text": [ "Christoph Cellarius" ], "char_spans": [ { "start": [ 1067 ], "end": [ 1085 ] } ], "token_spans": [ { "start": [ 222 ], "end": [ 223 ] } ] }
[ "Christoph Cellarius" ]
SQuAD
Somali cuisine varies from region to region and consists of a fusion of diverse culinary influences. It is the product of Somalia's rich tradition of trade and commerce. Despite the variety, there remains one thing that unites the various regional cuisines: all food is served halal. There are therefore no pork dishes, ...
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b5922d6ff76743318be9cc498a90993f
What is the one culinary tradition that is present among all Somali regional cuisines?
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{ "text": [ "all food is served halal" ], "char_spans": [ { "start": [ 258 ], "end": [ 281 ] } ], "token_spans": [ { "start": [ 46 ], "end": [ 50 ] } ] }
[ "all food is served halal" ]
SQuAD
Somali cuisine varies from region to region and consists of a fusion of diverse culinary influences. It is the product of Somalia's rich tradition of trade and commerce. Despite the variety, there remains one thing that unites the various regional cuisines: all food is served halal. There are therefore no pork dishes, ...
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f34c7b140ada4d608809278b6a5dcbb0
What type of meat is never present in halal dishes?
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{ "text": [ "pork" ], "char_spans": [ { "start": [ 307 ], "end": [ 310 ] } ], "token_spans": [ { "start": [ 56 ], "end": [ 56 ] } ] }
[ "pork" ]
SQuAD
Somali cuisine varies from region to region and consists of a fusion of diverse culinary influences. It is the product of Somalia's rich tradition of trade and commerce. Despite the variety, there remains one thing that unites the various regional cuisines: all food is served halal. There are therefore no pork dishes, ...
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c5de3839b1434efc8daf95ab96857a7a
What beverage is not halal?
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{ "text": [ "alcohol" ], "char_spans": [ { "start": [ 320 ], "end": [ 326 ] } ], "token_spans": [ { "start": [ 59 ], "end": [ 59 ] } ] }
[ "alcohol" ]
SQuAD
Somali cuisine varies from region to region and consists of a fusion of diverse culinary influences. It is the product of Somalia's rich tradition of trade and commerce. Despite the variety, there remains one thing that unites the various regional cuisines: all food is served halal. There are therefore no pork dishes, ...
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7476ce465e3240c5b645fce6c5c9eba7
Along with alcohol, what liquid is never present in halal food?
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{ "text": [ "blood" ], "char_spans": [ { "start": [ 389 ], "end": [ 393 ] } ], "token_spans": [ { "start": [ 75 ], "end": [ 75 ] } ] }
[ "blood" ]
SQuAD
Women in the Middle Ages were officially required to be subordinate to some male, whether their father, husband, or other kinsman. Widows, who were often allowed much control over their own lives, were still restricted legally. Women's work generally consisted of household or other domestically inclined tasks. Peasant ...
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56fbc639ae8647faa64811579849aaa5
Along with gardening, animal husbandry and child-care, what work did medieval peasant women do?
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{ "text": [ "taking care of the household" ], "char_spans": [ { "start": [ 355 ], "end": [ 382 ] } ], "token_spans": [ { "start": [ 62 ], "end": [ 66 ] } ] }
[ "taking care of the household" ]
SQuAD
Women in the Middle Ages were officially required to be subordinate to some male, whether their father, husband, or other kinsman. Widows, who were often allowed much control over their own lives, were still restricted legally. Women's work generally consisted of household or other domestically inclined tasks. Peasant ...
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Along with spinning, what income-producing work did peasant women engage in?
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{ "text": [ "brewing" ], "char_spans": [ { "start": [ 513 ], "end": [ 519 ] } ], "token_spans": [ { "start": [ 92 ], "end": [ 92 ] } ] }
[ "brewing" ]
SQuAD
Women in the Middle Ages were officially required to be subordinate to some male, whether their father, husband, or other kinsman. Widows, who were often allowed much control over their own lives, were still restricted legally. Women's work generally consisted of household or other domestically inclined tasks. Peasant ...
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14d27e80146b400ea88a26cf9cf4fa30
What did peasant women do when it was time for the harvest?
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{ "text": [ "help with field-work" ], "char_spans": [ { "start": [ 574 ], "end": [ 593 ] } ], "token_spans": [ { "start": [ 106 ], "end": [ 110 ] } ] }
[ "help with field-work" ]
SQuAD
Women in the Middle Ages were officially required to be subordinate to some male, whether their father, husband, or other kinsman. Widows, who were often allowed much control over their own lives, were still restricted legally. Women's work generally consisted of household or other domestically inclined tasks. Peasant ...
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What role did women fill in the Church?
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{ "text": [ "nuns" ], "char_spans": [ { "start": [ 1038 ], "end": [ 1041 ] } ], "token_spans": [ { "start": [ 191 ], "end": [ 191 ] } ] }
[ "nuns" ]
SQuAD
The various Germanic states in the west all had coinages that imitated existing Roman and Byzantine forms. Gold continued to be minted until the end of the 7th century, when it was replaced by silver coins. The basic Frankish silver coin was the denarius or denier, while the Anglo-Saxon version was called a penny. From...
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During what century did gold coinage cease?
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{ "text": [ "7th" ], "char_spans": [ { "start": [ 156 ], "end": [ 158 ] } ], "token_spans": [ { "start": [ 28 ], "end": [ 28 ] } ] }
[ "7th" ]
SQuAD
The various Germanic states in the west all had coinages that imitated existing Roman and Byzantine forms. Gold continued to be minted until the end of the 7th century, when it was replaced by silver coins. The basic Frankish silver coin was the denarius or denier, while the Anglo-Saxon version was called a penny. From...
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Coinage from what metal replaced gold coinage?
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{ "text": [ "silver" ], "char_spans": [ { "start": [ 193 ], "end": [ 198 ] } ], "token_spans": [ { "start": [ 36 ], "end": [ 36 ] } ] }
[ "silver" ]
SQuAD
The various Germanic states in the west all had coinages that imitated existing Roman and Byzantine forms. Gold continued to be minted until the end of the 7th century, when it was replaced by silver coins. The basic Frankish silver coin was the denarius or denier, while the Anglo-Saxon version was called a penny. From...
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What was the Anglo-Saxon silver coin called?
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{ "text": [ "penny" ], "char_spans": [ { "start": [ 309 ], "end": [ 313 ] } ], "token_spans": [ { "start": [ 59 ], "end": [ 59 ] } ] }
[ "penny" ]
SQuAD
The various Germanic states in the west all had coinages that imitated existing Roman and Byzantine forms. Gold continued to be minted until the end of the 7th century, when it was replaced by silver coins. The basic Frankish silver coin was the denarius or denier, while the Anglo-Saxon version was called a penny. From...
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What was another name for the denarius?
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{ "text": [ "denier" ], "char_spans": [ { "start": [ 258 ], "end": [ 263 ] } ], "token_spans": [ { "start": [ 48 ], "end": [ 48 ] } ] }
[ "denier" ]
SQuAD
The various Germanic states in the west all had coinages that imitated existing Roman and Byzantine forms. Gold continued to be minted until the end of the 7th century, when it was replaced by silver coins. The basic Frankish silver coin was the denarius or denier, while the Anglo-Saxon version was called a penny. From...
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In what part of Europe were gold coins still minted?
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{ "text": [ "Southern Europe" ], "char_spans": [ { "start": [ 482 ], "end": [ 496 ] } ], "token_spans": [ { "start": [ 93 ], "end": [ 94 ] } ] }
[ "Southern Europe" ]
SQuAD
Religious beliefs in the Eastern Empire and Persia were in flux during the late 6th and early 7th centuries. Judaism was an active proselytising faith, and at least one Arab political leader converted to it.[J] Christianity had active missions competing with the Persians' Zoroastrianism in seeking converts, especially ...
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5c0618e46341416a96f9aa668b3d460d
What was the ethnicity of a leader who converted to Judaism in this era?
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{ "text": [ "Arab" ], "char_spans": [ { "start": [ 169 ], "end": [ 172 ] } ], "token_spans": [ { "start": [ 31 ], "end": [ 31 ] } ] }
[ "Arab" ]
SQuAD
Religious beliefs in the Eastern Empire and Persia were in flux during the late 6th and early 7th centuries. Judaism was an active proselytising faith, and at least one Arab political leader converted to it.[J] Christianity had active missions competing with the Persians' Zoroastrianism in seeking converts, especially ...
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What was the dominant religion of Persia before Islam?
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{ "text": [ "Zoroastrianism" ], "char_spans": [ { "start": [ 273 ], "end": [ 286 ] } ], "token_spans": [ { "start": [ 47 ], "end": [ 47 ] } ] }
[ "Zoroastrianism" ]
SQuAD
Religious beliefs in the Eastern Empire and Persia were in flux during the late 6th and early 7th centuries. Judaism was an active proselytising faith, and at least one Arab political leader converted to it.[J] Christianity had active missions competing with the Persians' Zoroastrianism in seeking converts, especially ...
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In what yer did Muhammad die?
{ "tokens": [ "In", "what", "yer", "did", "Muhammad", "die", "?" ], "offsets": [ 0, 3, 8, 12, 16, 25, 28 ] }
{ "text": [ "632" ], "char_spans": [ { "start": [ 468 ], "end": [ 470 ] } ], "token_spans": [ { "start": [ 79 ], "end": [ 79 ] } ] }
[ "632" ]
SQuAD
Religious beliefs in the Eastern Empire and Persia were in flux during the late 6th and early 7th centuries. Judaism was an active proselytising faith, and at least one Arab political leader converted to it.[J] Christianity had active missions competing with the Persians' Zoroastrianism in seeking converts, especially ...
{ "tokens": [ "Religious", "beliefs", "in", "the", "Eastern", "Empire", "and", "Persia", "were", "in", "flux", "during", "the", "late", "6th", "and", "early", "7th", "centuries", ".", "Judaism", "was", "an", "active", ...
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In what period did Islamic armies conquer Syria?
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{ "text": [ "634–635" ], "char_spans": [ { "start": [ 578 ], "end": [ 584 ] } ], "token_spans": [ { "start": [ 101 ], "end": [ 101 ] } ] }
[ "634–635" ]
SQuAD
Religious beliefs in the Eastern Empire and Persia were in flux during the late 6th and early 7th centuries. Judaism was an active proselytising faith, and at least one Arab political leader converted to it.[J] Christianity had active missions competing with the Persians' Zoroastrianism in seeking converts, especially ...
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In what century did Muslims conquer North Africa?
{ "tokens": [ "In", "what", "century", "did", "Muslims", "conquer", "North", "Africa", "?" ], "offsets": [ 0, 3, 8, 16, 20, 28, 36, 42, 48 ] }
{ "text": [ "7th" ], "char_spans": [ { "start": [ 671 ], "end": [ 673 ] } ], "token_spans": [ { "start": [ 119 ], "end": [ 119 ] } ] }
[ "7th" ]