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329724_6 | Cowell said Europe is likely to be first to offer a digital telephone network, followed by the Japanese; the United States is likely to be the last country in the industrialized world to offer the service. Modem makers also are racing to adapt to facsimile technology, which has hurt their sales. And no wonder: Slipping a document into a fax machine and dialing a phone number is easier than learning to use a personal computer and modem. But in the mid-1980s, the modem industry took document transmission one step further with facsimile modems for personal computers. A fax modem can transmit a computer document by telephone to a fax machine anywhere in the world. Every fax machine can serve as a remote printer. And new software allows facsmile modems to send sharper pictures than fax machines. TRANSMISSION ON WHEELS When cellular telephone technology meets modem technology, even cars will be able to exchange computerized information. Several modem manufacturers see a large new market for cellular modems. But building cellular modems is challenging: They require error-correction circuitry and software to overcome poor cellular transmission quality and handle the breaks when a cellular phone is handed from one cell to the next. The first cellular modems were introduced last December by Telebit Corporation of Sunnyvale, Calif. Lewis F. Ellmore, Telebit's president, says that applications like the sending of medical data from emergency teams returning to a hospital from an accident scene will help the cellular modem market grow quickly. Insurance companies that want to report and approve claims at accident sites hope to use digital cameras and the cellular network to transmit pictures of damaged cars, houses and boats, he said. And if the telephone system fails, cellular modems would allow emergency data communications with areas where phones are working, he added. Some analysts predict that data communications will account for 10 percent of cellular air time in the early 1990's. Perhaps harried executives will begin saying, ''Have my car call your car and let's do data.'' Correction: March 11, 1990, Sunday, Late Edition - Final The ''All About'' column on Feb. 25, discussing modems, misidentified a company listed among those dominant in that market. It is Multi-Tech Systems Inc. of Mounds View, Minn., not the Acer America Corporation. The article also referred incorrectly to the Telebit Corporation. It was one of the first makers of cellular telephone modems, not the first. | All About/Computers Talking to Computers; Fast Modems: All Dressed Up, With Only a Slow Way to Go |
329883_1 | army troops loyal to Gen. Michel Aoun. The identity of the gunboat that carried out the dawn attack was uncertain. The Cypriot captain of the ferry reportedly told Lloyd's of London that it was a Syrian naval vessel. But a port official in Cyprus would not identify it. One passenger said the gunboat had no identification marks. Several Navies Sail in Area Syrian, Lebanese and Israeli naval vessels use the Mediterranean waters. Syrian troops based in Lebanon last summer imposed a blockade assisted by cannon fire on Christian-held sea outlets after General Aoun had declared a so-called war of liberation to evict them. That struggle ended with an Arab-brokered cease-fire in September. The Syrians have not been involved in the gun battles between Christian factions that erupted on Jan. 30. During a flare-up of artillery duels between rival Christian forces on Friday, shells slammed into the militia-controlled Beirut harbor, and a radio station opposed to General Aoun, the Voice of Lebanon, accused his army of enforcing an embargo against the harbor. But 30 miles would have put the Baroness M well outside the range of any Lebanese land-based artillery batteries or rocket launchers. Gunboats controlled by General Aoun have been operating in Lebanese waters through a makeshift base at a seaside resort just north of Beirut. These craft had fled from Junieh when that port fell to the militia at the start of the Christian clashes. But the Voice of Lebanon and another militia-run station, Radio Free Lebanon, have been reporting the version reportedly given by the captain of the ferry blaming a Syrian warship for the assault. Human Error Possible Security officials here said the Baroness M may have been mistaken for a freighter carrying arms and ammunition for one of the rival Christian factions. A Panamanian-registered ship, the Atlantic 3, was stranded off the coast of Malta last week, but was reported later to be on her way to the Lebanese Christian region. At the beginning, it was thought that the freighter was carrying military hardware from Iraq to General Aoun's army, but the Pakistani captain said the shipment was destined for Mr. Geagea's militia. Syria is opposed to General Aoun and Mr. Geagea. There has yet been no comment from Damascus about the Baroness M incident. There were 64 passengers as well as 52 crew members on the ferry, which is capable of carrying about 1,000 people. | A PASSENGER FERRY IS HIT OFF LEBANON |
329726_0 | LEAD: One way to boost a car's mileage is to increase tire pressure, which reduces rolling resistance. But increased tire pressure means a harsher ride on uneven surfaces. Cornering ability suffers as well. One way to boost a car's mileage is to increase tire pressure, which reduces rolling resistance. But increased tire pressure means a harsher ride on uneven surfaces. Cornering ability suffers as well. Now the Goodyear Tire & Rubber Company and Lotus Engineering of England are collaborating on a ''smart'' tire that would inflate or deflate in response to road conditions. The tires would run at a fuel-saving 45 pounds per square inch on smooth highways, deflate to 25 p.s.i. on a surface filled with potholes and then pump back up to 45 p.s.i. when the road smoothed out again. The system, which Goodyear calls ''active air,'' would use silicon sensors embedded in each tire. They would monitor pressure, temperature and motion and transmit data to a computer processor in the car, which would in turn regulate the tire pressure. A small air compressor in the car would reinflate the tires as necessary. Smart tires would primarily be used with active suspension, a system developed by Lotus that uses computer-controlled, high-pressure hydraulic cylinders. Goodyear and Lotus, a unit of the General Motors Corporation, expect active suspension to reach the market in somecars in the1992 model year, with smart tires following a year or two later. TECH NOTES | 'Smart' Tires That Read the Road |
329931_0 | LEAD: RETREATING from encroaching bulldozers and chainsaws, some 45 enclaves of Indians survive in the depths of Brazil's Amazon basin, shunning contact with the 20th century. ''We don't know what language they speak, what their culture is,'' said Sidnei Possuelo, an official of Funai, Brazil's Indian protection service. RETREATING from encroaching bulldozers and chainsaws, some 45 enclaves of Indians survive in the depths of Brazil's Amazon basin, shunning contact with the 20th century. ''We don't know what language they speak, what their culture is,'' said Sidnei Possuelo, an official of Funai, Brazil's Indian protection service. ''The Brazilian Amazon is one of the last places in the world where there are still uncontacted stone-age groups.'' In the next five years, during the tenure of President Fernando Collor de Mello, who is to be inaugurated March 15, the Government hopes to send teams to exchange gifts with the Indians, vaccinate them against diseases and tell them that they live in a country called Brazil. But dealing with these isolated groups will be a small part of a bigger problem: how to balance development of the interior with the need to protect Brazil's native people. Under pressure from anthropologists and international groups, Mr. Collor will find his every move on Indian policy in the spotlight. Specifically, his Government must decide how to deal with a provision of the 1988 Constitution requiring that all Indian lands be demarcated as possible reservations by 1993. Demarcation - opening a cut in the forest and placing concrete markers - is an important step toward establishing a reservation. After that, it only remains for the President to ratify the boundaries and include the area in the federal land registry, placing it off limits to development by outsiders. Conflicting Interests Mr. Collor wants to improve Brazil's image and to attract more foreign investment. But his largest majorities in last December's vote were in Amazonian states, where pressure is greatest from miners, loggers and ranchers to exploit Indian lands. ''On one side, he needs to prove to international public opinion that he wants to save the Amazon,'' said Fernando Gabeira, who ran for president on the Green Party ticket. ''But on the other side, he is politically committed to people who want to destroy the Amazon.'' Since the Portuguese arrived in 1500, the Indian population in Brazil has dwindled from about four million to 220,000. Many Indians have been lost | Conflicting Pressures Shape The Future of Brazil Indians |
323274_1 | of the New York Zoological Society. Dr. Schaller, one of the world's foremost field biologists and conservationists, described the agreement in New York last week. The letter of intent is preliminary. Much remains to be worked out, Dr. Schaller said, but the fact that the letter has been signed ''means, really, that both sides are committed to helping that area.'' One of the Biggest Steps The Tibetan project would rank as one of the most ambitious attempts to arrest the shrinkage of natural ecosystems as human populations and developments expand. Dr. Schaller said that although few humans enter the area planned for the reserve, human activities are encroaching on its periphery. The reserve would comprise the most pristine third of the Qian Tang. ''I think it's a very exciting development,'' said Curtis Bohlen, the senior vice president of the World Wildlife Fund, another major conservation organization with worldwide reach. ''Any time you can set aside an ecosystem of that size, it's pretty important.'' The agreement calls the Qian Tang (pronounced chahng tahng, it means northern plain) a ''rare animal garden'' and ''an ecosystem unique in the world.'' The reserve would be more than triple the size of the Yukon Delta National Wildlife Refuge and the Arctic National Wildlife Refuge, both in Alaska, the two largest wildlife refuges in the United States. It would be about five times as large as the Selous refuge in Tanzania, which Dr. Schaller says is the biggest in Africa. He said a recent check indicated that those three refuges were the largest in the world. A Rare Environment The project offers conservationists a rare chance to save not just a tiny remnant of untouched nature but an entire ecosystem, Dr. Schaller said. ''That's hard to find these days,'' he said. ''Much of it is still largely unexplored.'' He said the area is one of a few places on earth - among them the Serengeti Plains in Tanzania, Yellowstone National Park, the Virunga volcanoes in east-central Africa, where mountain gorillas live, and the Arctic National Wildlife Refuge - that ''should be saved for their own sake.'' With Tibetan and Chinese colleagues, Dr. Schaller has made four expeditions to the Qian Tang in the last decade, doing preliminary field work in the hope of establishing a major program. He said the Chinese would create the reserve. ''It's their effort,'' he said, ''and we're delighted to be able | HUGE NEW RESERVE FOR TIBET WILDLIFE |
323346_0 | LEAD: INTERNATIONAL/3-26 INTERNATIONAL/3-26 The Communist monopoly on power in the Soviet Union would end under proposals endorsed by President Mikhail Gorbachev on the eve of a critical meeting of the Communist Party leadership. Page 1 An Armenian-Azerbaijani truce was negotiated by leaders from three Baltic separatist movements, circumventing the central authority of the Kremlin. 1 The West German Chancellor, Helmut Kohl, rejected a Soviet proposal to put the issue of German reunification to an international vote. ''German unity is a German question,'' he said. 22 East Berlin's ''House of Democracy'' thrives 22 Bulgaria's new Prime Minister, Andrei Lukanov, is an advocate of change. The 50-year-old economist was elected after a swift, unanimous vote of the Communist Party in Sofia. 22 Yugoslavia's strife is described as political, not ethnic 21 Scowcroft says 195,000 is minimum for U.S. troops in Europe 20 News analysis: South Africa's joy at the prospect of reconciliation in the wake of President F. W. de Klerk's speech proposing sweeping political reforms is a stark contrast to decades of confrontation. 1 Legalizing the A.N.C. prompts little activity in townships 16 Soviet Jews face a paradox. President Gorbachev's glasnost has freed many to emigrate but has also allowed anti-Semitic organizations to operate more brazenly. Jews tell of renewed threats and attacks. 24 Shellfire traps thousands in Lebanon as truce fails 4 New Delhi moves to limit influence of its technology chief 13 Human rights violations in China are severe and pervasive, a State Department report says in a sharp departure from the Bush Administration's cautious statements on China. 26 A power struggle in China between Beijing's aging rulers could shuffle the Communist Party leadership, determining the direction the nation takes. 26 The world's largest wildlife reserve would be built in China under an agreement between Chinese officials and Western conservationists. 5 Cambodia's non-Communist factions fighting the Phnom Penh Government are cooperating with the Communist Khmer Rouge on the battlefield, a memorandum from the Cambodian Defense Ministry says. 25 U.S. aid to the Nicaraguan opposition in the presidential election this month has been mired in so many delays that a Nicaraguan Government agency has received more of the money. 3 President Arias's governing party, the National Liberation Party, has been unable to turn his immense popularity into a certain victory in Costa Rica's elections today. 9 Colombia gives Indian tribes large land rights in Amazon 6 NATIONAL/27-34 The Pentagon is | NEWS SUMMARY |
323363_1 | a Thug' ''When I first came here, I didn't feel comfortable around the kids, but now I look forward to seeing them a lot,'' said Alfred, who is a member of a Crips youth gang in the nearby city of Compton. ''I was used to being a thug on the streets, but now when my home-boys come around and expect me to do that kind of stuff, I tell them I have other things to do.'' Marilyn Drunasky, who teaches six autistic teen-age boys, said she originally had misgivings about having juvenile delinquents working in her classroom. But since the program began in October 1988, she has come to depend on the extra help. ''A lot of teachers were pretty apprehensive at first,'' Ms. Drunasky said, ''but once the kids learned what to do and could just dive right in, it gave us more time for one-on-one work, which is what we really need.'' As she spoke, Philip R. played a bingo game with the students, doling out high-five slaps to the well-behaved. Philip, an 18-year-old member of a Bloods gang in Compton, is on probation for attempted murder. A younger boy with a blond crew cut, who had been shrieking and leaning back in his chair, took Philip's hand in his. ''Are you gonna be a good boy now?'' Philip asked. The younger boy laughed, threw his head back and screamed, ''O.K., O.K.!'' Philip squeezed the boy's hand and patted his neck, laughing with him. ''On the whole, I think they get as much out of the program as my students,'' Ms. Drunasky said of the juvenile offenders. ''They also have a chance to see that there are a lot of people who are a lot worse off than they are. I tell Phil that it's up to him the kind of life he wants to lead, but these boys don't have a choice. I think it leaves an impression.'' The idea for the program came from Sharon Roberts, a special education administrative assistant for Los Angeles County. Participants include 225 severely disabled students, from toddlers to 22-year-olds, who attend the Pace School, and about 35 juvenile offenders, aged 11 to 17, who are enrolled in the Los Angeles County Juvenile Court system's Southeast Community Day Center School. The juvenile offenders attend their school as part of a probation period after being released from serving sentences. Most of them | Ex-Offenders Aid World of Disabled |
323436_2 | herself for a while, teaching at the University of Oxford, but it didn't satisfy her. I get the impression that she regards most philosophy as a dry sort of fiction and most fiction as a wet sort of philosophy. In fact she has said that good art is philosophy swimming, or philosophy drowning. It may be too that fiction is her revenge on philosophy. She flirted with existentialism and even wrote a book on Sartre. But while he was nauseated - as only a French intellectual can be - by the contingent randomness of nature, by its promiscuous abundance, Miss Murdoch is exhilarated by all those proliferations. Her characters can't resist contingency - they're forever paddling in it. It's free, one of the great resources of life in a democracy. In her last novel, ''The Book and the Brotherhood,'' her protagonist was a rogue philosopher, another charismatic hero who turned his back on the world to write the last word about it. In ''The Message to the Planet,'' she carries this theme, which seems to be turning into her trademark, even further. Marcus Vallar, the central character, is a philosopher of ''pure thought'' who pushes his ideas to the point where they might actually kill him through their sheer intensity, as a high-voltage wire will kill you if you touch it. His disciple Ludens, a historian, is like a cardiologist who tries to protect Marcus from breaking his heart over the truth, but Ludens would like to know all the same what his last words would be. The other characters are ambivalent about Marcus. Jack, a painter with an ''infertile facility,'' grudgingly admires him. He teaches Marcus, who is already a celebrated mathematician, to paint, but in spite of the fact that Marcus's canvases are bought and admired, he abandons painting because it has led him ''to the brink of a void'' that turns out to be, in his opinion at least, the wrong void. Gildas, a priest, is jolted out of his faith and his vocation by Marcus, who sometimes injures people in a reckless flexing of his charisma. In the same way Marcus seems to have ''cursed'' Patrick, an Irish poet who has taken to his bed to await what anthropologists call a voodoo death. Patrick is terribly emaciated, in ''a deep terminal coma'' brought on by no medically ascertainable causes. Marcus has disappeared, and Ludens finds him | IN THE EMERGENCY WARD OF THE MIND |
323354_1 | access is by river.'' The Amazon covers a third of the nation's territory. With the latest addition coming in October, Colombia's President, Virgilio Barco Vargas, has tripled the legally recognized Indian area in the Amazon to cover 69,000 square miles. An additional 23,000 square miles of the Amazon is reserved for colonists, and 38,000 square miles are reserved for national forests. ''In general, it's an amazing step forward,'' Jason W. Clay said in a telephone interview from Cambridge, Mass., where he is director of research for Cultural Survival, an organization dedicated to protecting indigenous peoples around the world. ''The Colombian decrees acknowledge land rights more extensively than any other Amazonian country,'' Mr. Clay, an anthropologist, said, referring to South America's nine nations with Amazon territory. The decrees are based on old Spanish colonial laws that stipulate that the state has no right to lands that it has never conquered. Protected by another legal mechanism inherited from the colonial era, the modern reserves belong to the Indian communities in perpetuity and cannot be sold. Responding to Mr. Hildebrand's appeal for international financial support, the European Community recently approved a $386,000 project to help Colombia's Indian communities set up administrations for their far-flung territories. ''Colombia's policies can serve as an example to other rain-forest nations in Asia and Africa as well as in Latin America,'' said a recent statement by the Gaia Foundation, a London-based aid group. Some anthropologists and diplomats have speculated that Colombia's forceful move to assert Indian rights in their traditional areas has a strategic aspect: to close the area to cocaine traffickers, left-wing guerrillas and Brazilian gold prospectors. ''It's seen as curtailing the drug traffickers and guerrillas,'' said Mr. Clay, who travels frequently in the Amazon. But Mr. Hildebrand, who has spent much of the last 20 years living with tribes in the Colombian Amazon, argued that the main thrust was to preserve the Indians and their lands. ''The Indians often tell me that the difference between a colonist and an Indian is that the colonist wants to leave money for his children and that the Indians want to leave forests for their children,'' said the Colombian official, who earned his anthropology doctorate at the Sorbonne. Through imported diseases, abusive labor practices and debt bondage, the Indian population of the Colombian Amazon is believed to have declined, from 300,000 at the turn of the century to 70,000 today. | Tribes Get Right to 50% of Colombian Amazon |
323197_13 | this age. These shortcomings may add up to a limited ability to learn and to learn from experience. These kids ''have a unique flavor among the learning disabled,'' observes Dr. Claren. ''They seem to be really untrainable.'' Anne Cutliffe remembers her daughter, at 6, making such slow progress in reading that her teachers decided she should repeat the first grade. When she started first grade a second time, after the four-month summer vacation, she had lost even the small progress she'd made the year before and had to start again at the most basic level. Most children with the full syndrome will be found, with formal psychological testing, to be ''developmentally delayed'' and will qualify for special education. But some will limp along in regular classes. Even those who qualify for special education are often put into classes that don't meet their needs. Most treatment programs for the mildly mentally handicapped were designed for patients like those with Down's syndrome, who are quiet, good workers and enjoy repetitive tasks. Parents and health professionals describe the alcohol-affected in very different terms: impulsive, unable to learn from mistakes, undisciplined, showing poor judgement, distractable, uninhibited. ''We have to shift gears'' to meet the needs of alcohol-affected kids, says Dr. Streissguth. He has applied for Federal funding to develop special therapeutic programs designed for them. The flip side of the alcohol-affected personality is a winning one: outgoing, loving, physical, trusting. But together they lead to trouble. ''She'll walk up to anyone on the street and stare at them and make conversation,'' says Anne Cutliffe of her daughter. ''Immediately she's buddies. It doesn't matter who.'' And Dr. Streissguth agrees that as young adults those with the syndrome often take sociability and physicality to unwelcome extremes: ''They talk too loud or they stand too close. They seem not to pick up on normal social cues.'' Paradoxically, researchers in the field say, alcohol-affected children who perform best on standardized tests end up with the toughest existence. Those who are obviously dysmorphic and mentally retarded receive social- service assistance and often end up in group homes. The others ''fall into a pit,'' says Dr. Coles. Many drop out of school in frustration and their disabilities consign them to the margins of society, sometimes involved in prostitution and petty crime. ''These are outgoing, trusting, fun-loving people, who are not able to evaluate the risks out there,'' said Dr. Streissguth. | WHEN A PREGNANT WOMAN DRINKS |
328547_0 | LEAD: Scientists reported today that they had developed the world's first genetically engineered trees: poplars designed to be grown on large plantations for energy production. Scientists reported today that they had developed the world's first genetically engineered trees: poplars designed to be grown on large plantations for energy production. A mutant gene from a species of bacteria that commonly causes food poisoning was introduced into the trees, making the poplars resistant to the widely used weedkiller glyphosate, which is marketed as Roundup. Growing poplars on plantations has been difficult because the young trees can be crowded out and killed by weeds. Weedkillers often kill or damage the poplars, said Bruce E. Haissig of the United States Forest Service laboratory in Rhinelander, Wis. Mr. Haissig said an ability to withstand herbicides would lower the cost of producing the trees, which grow rapidly and could be burned to provide energy or converted into ethanol to run automobiles. The trees will survive anywhere in the United States. A demonstration project has shown that they can be grown in India as a potential source of energy for the Third World, said Mr. Haissig, who presented his findings at a meeting of the American Association for the Advancement of Science. The research has been partly supported by the Department of Energy, Mr. Haissig said. Ideal for Genetic Engineering Poplars have another characteristic that make them ideal for genetic engineering: They can be grown from bits of poplar tissue in culture dishes in the laboratory. Mr. Haissig and colleagues at the University of Wisconsin and Calgene Inc. in Davis, Calif., gave poplars a gene from salmonella bacteria that produced an enzyme that allowed the poplars to resist Roundup. Because poplar trees do not flower for 15 years, the researchers do not yet know whether the herbicide resistance will be inherited by the trees' offspring. The trees must flower before they can be bred through conventional means. Experiments are under way with jack pine, which flowers in two years, to see whether genetically engineered herbicide resistance is permanent. Despite the gains reported, the genetic engineering of trees remains limited because most trees cannot be regenerated from tree tissue grown in laboratory dishes. That is a necessary step with present methods of genetic engineering. ''The most commercially important species are the most difficult to regenerate,'' Mr. Haissig said. That might be overcome, however, with a new technique in | Scientists Report Producing Genetically Engineered Trees |
328464_0 | LEAD: Members of the House Ways and Means Committee called today for revision of the United States sugar program, saying the current system costs taxpayers and sugar-exporting nations billions of dollars each year. Members of the House Ways and Means Committee called today for revision of the United States sugar program, saying the current system costs taxpayers and sugar-exporting nations billions of dollars each year. Though acknowledging that Federal sugar subsidies increase consumer costs, Administration officials asked the committee to delay any legislation until after December, when international farm trade talks are scheduled to conclude. Sam Gibbons, the Florida Democrat who is chairman of the Ways and Means Trade subcommittee, suggested moving to a program that prohibited United States manufacturers from importing subsidized sugar or sugar that had been dumped on the market below cost. The suggestion is likely to be opposed by the House Agriculture Committee, whose members oversee domestic farm programs and support the sugar program. The Federal Government supports domestic sugar prices through an 18-cent-a-pound loan and annual quota on foreign sugar imports. United States sugar production has risen under the program to 6 million metric tons, from 5.6 million tons in 1981. High sugar output, combined with increased use of artificial sweeteners, has forced the Administration to cut the sugar quota to 1.6 million tons in 1990 from about 4 million tons earlier in the decade. That has brought criticism from sugar exporters like the Philippines and the Dominican Republic, and a recent decision by General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade that the program violates international trade rules. | Sugar Policy Is Debated |
328601_3 | juice is the favorite with determined weight watchers. But a glass of orange juice has 175 calories and cashew juice, from the small, yellowish fruit of the tree that also produces the cashew nut, has about 110 calories. To catch the late-night weekend crowd, Mr. Alves's juice counters stay open until 4 A.M. on Fridays and Saturdays. As people come out of the movies or parties, they stop for a quick glass of watermelon or passion fruit juice. In chartreuse-accented sunglasses, bathing suit and sandals, Frederico Costa Rozario, a Portuguese photographer temporarily working in Rio, said he preferred fruta de conde, or sugar apple, juice. ''I'm always drinking juices here,'' he said. ''In Portugal and in Europe in general, there is no equal to the amount of fresh fruit juices available here.'' A young woman dressed in maillot and pareu, her bare feet dusted with sand, recently stepped up to the counter at Balada Sumos, placed her order for a toasted cheese sandwich and a papaya and orange juice, and paid the cashier as the blender began to whir. Her 10-ounce glass of juice cost 25 cruzados, or about 40 cents at the tourist exchange rate. To a foreigner, the vast selection of juices is indeed impressive: mango, watermelon, guava, passion fruit, peach, tangerine, sugar apple, cashew, carrot, papaya, pineapple, orange, lime, pear, strawberry, avocado, graviola and a fruit mix called tutti-frutti. The fruits come from all over Brazil and are delivered daily from various Rio produce markets. Peaches are from the south, graviola and sugar apples from the north, guava and melon from Sao Paulo. Only apples and pears are imported from Argentina. Strawberries are in season from May through November, and the sugar apple season is January through September, but most fruits are available year round. Because of Brazil's size, transporting great quantities of fruit from interior farms to seaports has not yet proved profitable, but producers here hope to take advantage of the growing American and European taste for tropical fruits and are working to export as much as $500 million a year in mangoes, melons, papayas and grapes within the next 5 to 10 years. Some of Brazil's tropical produce, like cashew fruit, is already being exported in the form of juice. In the heat of South American summer, many a Brazilian will vow that fresh, cold, light and naturally sweet cashew juice cannot be beat. | Brazil's Cooling Alternative To All That Coffee? Fruit Juice |
328428_2 | as well, increasing the number of competitors on the route from two to four. The report acknowledges that competition is ever more dependent on airline access to major airports. Not every big-league carrier needs a hub in, say, Atlanta. But every carrier with a national route system does need a few gates to link Atlanta with 50 other cities through Dallas or Denver or Detroit. And that alone would be sufficient reason to push ahead with expansion of airports and air traffic control systems. Oddly missing from the report, however, are any tough words about airline marketing strategies intended in large part to cool the heated competition. Frequent-flier programs buy the loyalty of business travelers at the expense of their employers. And the United States Treasury: Nobody, after all, pays taxes on all those ''free'' trips to Paris and Hawaii. As significant, the bonuses make it more difficult for upstart airlines to invade new turf. What sane traveler, on the verge of earning two first-class tickets to Bali on Tyrannosaurus Air, is likely to be won over by mere promises of faster and cheaper service? Subtler but arguably as serious threats to new entry are the computerized reservation systems controlled by the major carriers and used by travel agents. These marvels of technology, able to regurgitate instant information on everything from available aisle seats to requests for kosher meals, are potent sources of growth in productivity. But they can also serve as potent weapons for repelling competitors. Government rules prohibit gross biases in the way the screens display flight information. If the Eastern flight is quicker and leaves at the preferred time, it must show up ahead of the competition on American's computer system. But the Transportation Department acknowledges that the systems can still be used to grant favors to deep-pocket clients and to bribe travel agents by tying commissions to bookings on heavily contested routes. And the report carefully skirts the question of corporate divestiture, the one policy fix that could guarantee the benefits of computerization without the costs to competition. As measured by the vital statistics, airline competition is alive and well. But deregulators never contended that wide-open competition was in the interest of the sellers. And as the Transportation Department suggests, few industries have worked so hard or so cleverly to tame it. If no one keeps tabs on the airlines' high jinks, they may yet succeed. | Economic Scene; Fiercer Rivals, Friendlier Skies |
328145_0 | LEAD: The risk of fatal cancer from radiation in airliners is 17 times greater than reported last week in a Government study, the Department of Transportation has acknowledged after other scientists found errors. The risk of fatal cancer from radiation in airliners is 17 times greater than reported last week in a Government study, the Department of Transportation has acknowledged after other scientists found errors. The original study had estimated the health risk from radiation as roughly equal to that of flying in a cabin filled with cigarette smoke, but a recalculation shows that radiation is a far greater hazard. For people who fly the most vulnerable routes for 20 years, the new estimates predict a cancer death rate of about 1 percent. While the new figures predict 1,000 cancers in 100,000 adults, the old report predicted 59. The harmful radiation constantly bombards the Earth from the sun and sources in space, but for people on the ground it is largely blocked by the planet's atmosphere. The hazard for people in airplanes varies sharply. It increases for those who fly most at the higher altitudes, where atmospheric filtering is reduced, and for those who take flights over the poles, where the Earth's magnetic fields concentrate the radiation. Significance Is Clouded Still, the significance of even the revised risk prediction is not entirely clear. This is because there is a lack of evidence of actual elevated cancer cases among flight crews. The Air Line Pilots Association, for instance, says it has not noticed elevated cancer rates among its thousands of members. One study to be published soon does find more cancer cases among pilots, but the group it measured was relatively small, and the effects of radiation could not be easily distinguished from other possible cancer-causing factors, the authors said. Another complicating factor is that the risk estimates are based on mathematical models. Numbers of cancer cases have not been counted and levels of radiation in airplanes have not been systematically measured. Some pilots from Delta Air Lines Inc., Lufthansa, American Airlines, United Airlines and Britannia Airlines have been flying with radiation detectors for several months and the study's organizers hope to report preliminary results later this month. But even that study's designers consider it only a preliminary stp and scientists will still be left with the question of how much cancer results from a given dose. Risks from such small | Estimate of Cancer Peril In Air Travel Is Raised |
328067_1 | eating into scholarship money at some colleges. Do major colleges and universities conspire to set the price of tuition and financial aid? The Justice Department's antitrust division has been exploring that question for months, looking at the practices of about 60 institutions. The costly legal fees are eating into scholarship money at some colleges. A quick resolution would serve the cause of justice and of higher education. College costs, which are rising faster than inflation, have generated controversy for years. The Justice Department wants to know how colleges determine tuition levels, faculty salaries and financial aid packages. Colleges generally deny any collusion in setting tuition and faculty salary levels. The fact that the levels are always similar is the result of honest competition, the colleges insist, not illegal conspiracy. But many top institutions do collaborate -openly and justifiably - to determine financial aid packages. Students who want to be considered for aid fill out a standard form sent to each college to which they are applying. The form, which asks about family income and assets, helps determine eligibility for Federal aid and private scholarships and grants. It is used, along with Congressionally approved formulas, to calculate family need. Since the 1950's, financial aid officers from 23 elite schools have gathered annually to review the applications of students who apply for aid. The review, which now covers about 10,000 students, yields a more detailed assessment of family assets and liabilities than the standardized forms allow. The result of this collaborative review, called the overlap process, is agreement on the amount each student needs. That enables the colleges to avoid bidding for the most promising needy students. The practice is not totally neutral. A student who is exceptionally talented but poor might benefit from a more competitive process. And an agreement on students' need may serve as a cap on the total amount of available financial aid, freeing more money for other programs or faculty salaries. But colleges ought to have some freedom in determining how best to spend their resources. That doesn't mean they are immune from proper oversight. Any evidence of collusion on tuition or salaries ought to be pursued. But the social benefit of the overlap process seems clear. If the Government thinks otherwise, it would do well to say so quickly, before this year's overlap meeting next month. Until it does, Justice delayed might mean scholarship money denied. | Bidding for the Best and the Poorest |
328116_1 | Edward Daly, the city's Catholic Bishop. Nevertheless, there are signs that divisions between Protestants and Catholics, while not disappearing, are narrowing here in Northern Ireland's second-largest city. Belfast, the largest city in the province, is more deeply divided than Londonderry, and historically it has lacked the spirit of community cooperation that the smaller city has. The new projects, most notably a $110 million office-retail-parking complex planned for a derelict part of this city, are generating hope among a people who have known too much despair. There are tentative signs of tensions easing elsewhere in Northern Ireland, too. Unionists, the largely Protestant group that wants Northern Ireland to remain part of the United Kingdom, seem to be softening the hard-line positions they have held since the signing in 1985 of the British-Irish agreement, which gave Dublin a consultative role in running Northern Ireland. A Boycott Is Abandoned Some Unionist-dominated local governments, for example, have openly or privately abandoned their boycott of the British Government ministers who have run Northern Ireland for all intents and purposes since the early 1970's. Britain instituted direct rule in 1972, suspending the Protestant-dominated Northern Ireland legislature, and arousing bitter opposition from Unionists. And some Unionist leaders seem to be showing more flexibility about their terms for starting talks on breaking the political stalemate. But having been disappointed so many times before, most people in Northern Ireland are not getting their hopes up that this might really be the beginning of the end to ''the troubles,'' as people here call the two decades of violence between the Irish Republican Army, which wants to drive the British out of Northern Ireland and create a united Ireland, and the British Army and Protestant paramilitary groups. If the level of violence has lessened in the last year, it has not gone away. The barbed wire and nervous soldiers patrolling the streets here are a constant reminder of that. Last year, the troubles took 62 lives in Northern Ireland. The relative peace that prevails in the City Council, where the Mayor is a Catholic and the Deputy Mayor a Protestant, seems fragile, too. Many Protestants are still angry about the Catholic-dominated council's decision several years ago to call itself the Derry Council, using the original Irish name for this city of 97,500. The weariness in Northern Ireland with two decades of tension and bloodshed goes a long way toward explaining several | Londonderry, Burying Strife, Starts to Rebuild |
328119_1 | kept busy an officer corps likely to turn against him. Last year, he executed Gen. Arnaldo Ochoa and other potential coup leaders on trumped-up drug charges. We may one day see, at the trial of the deposed strongman of Panama, how Mr. Castro's regime profited from that drug trade; we will also learn how Cuban fishermen used Panamania cutouts to evade the U.S. trade embargo. But the reason for Castro's coming downfall is the economic crisis facing his Soviet sponsors. An academician's article in Muskovskie Novosti revealed that Moscow is spending proportionately six times as much as the U.S. on foreign aid, the largest portion of this unsustainable cost of empire going to Cuba. That sort of Soviet article is now banned in Cuba. The Cuban dictator has said he banned such publications of perestroika as Moscow News ''without vacillation'' because they cast aspersions on Lenin and socialism itself. This unfraternal act was caused by delays in delivery of Ukrainian wheat and the oil Moscow arranges for Venezuela to deliver. Bread prices have jumped a third in Havana, and rationing has begun in the countryside. In another self-defeating response, Castro has delayed shipments of fruit and sugar to the Soviet Union, where those items are especially scarce. Cuba has become a satellite trying re-entry into this world without a heat shield. Some evidence of mutual cooperation remains. Moscow has inexplicably begun delivery of MIG-29 jets, making Cuba more dangerous in the Caribbean. Moscow has also failed to accelerate the removal of the remaining Cuban mercenaries from Angola, where the continued presence of more than 20,000 of Castro's troops has encouraged the Communist Government to break the truce in a last-ditch effort to defeat Jonas Savimbi's Unita. Secretary of State James Baker, in his finest hour before the Soviet parliamentarians, hammered away at the MIG shipments and the ''intolerable'' Soviet subsidy of Cuba. By recalling Arthur Koestler's ''Darkness at Noon,'' he nicely alluded to the confession of General Ochoa at his show trial. The Soviets should know by now that they can expect great resistance to any U.S. economic cooperation while they subsidize Castro's regime with money and food the Soviet consumers desperately need. Cuts in Moscow's subsidy are inexorable. That means more rationing and higher inflation on the way. Cuban troops now exiled to Angola are coming home, further separating the army from the party. The other day, a nervous | Castro's Last Stand |
326098_1 | President Francois Mitterrand of France was there, and so too was Princess Caroline of Monaco, Queen Sofia of Spain and Queen Noor of Jordan. Sheik Zayed bin Sultan al-Nahayan of the United Arab Emirates led dignitaries from Arabia, and pledged $20 million toward the project. Saudi Arabia pledged $3 million. As the celebrities arrived, dancing girls danced, bands played and people lined the route into town to cheer, restrained by security forces worried by two recent acts of violence in Egypt -the killing of nine Israelis on a tour bus, and an abortive assault by a teen-age gunman on the palace that President Hosni Mubarak uses as a residence. Melina Mercouri, the former Greek Culture Minister and movie actress, arrived and spoke of ancient greatness spreading beyond the Parthenon. ''It was Egypt that served as the cradle of science, knowledge and wisdom,'' she said of the years when Alexandria flourished as the world's center of learning under a dynasty founded by Ptolemy, a Macedonian general. Alexandria itself was founded by Alexander the Great after he entered Egypt in 332 B.C. to rout the Persians, but he died in 323 B.C. before the city was completed. Then, in Ptolemaic times, the Alexandria Library assumed great fame until, in 48 B.C., the Romans came and sacked the place and much of the library burned. Until then, it had contained more than 650,000 papyrus scrolls on which the scholars of antiquity had inscribed all that was known about the universe and the gods, mathematics and philosophy. Every known work of scholarship was translated into Greek there. Euclid, the Greek scholar who devised geometry, and others including Aristophanes and Archimedes studied and taught there as the library became a university. Its successor, if it is built, will draw on newer inventions, including video cassettes and microfiches. Some foreigners and diplomats here say the new library's function as a reminder of past greatness to offset modernity's grim portents is as significant as whatever it may achieve academically. Other outsiders have shown interest in the construction contracts involving the library, which is to open in 1995. A Norwegian company recently won an international competition to decide who should design the new museum and drew up a $500,000 feasibility study financed by the Oslo Government. The design is for a library built half underground, with its visible portion molded in the shape of the rising sun of | Egypt Asks Help for New Alexandria Library |
326180_1 | to a good, fast start,'' said a senior official at the Office of the United States Trade Representative, speaking at the end of the first day of negotiations. The United States team is being led by the Trade Representative, Carla A. Hills, and the Deputy Trade Representative, Julius L. Katz, and includes officials from several other departments, including State, Treasury, Commerce and Labor. Asked whether he was optimistic, Yuri N. Chumakov, the Deputy Soviet Trade Minister who heads the Soviet team, said: ''It's not a question of optimism. We are soldiers in this case.'' He was referring to the Malta directive that an agreement be reached by June. He added that his team was ''not pessimistic.'' Reflecting more open Soviet emigration policies, Mr. Bush told Mr. Gorbachev at Malta that he would work toward granting ''most favored nation'' tariff status to Moscow as part of a trade accord. The United States is also seeking some concessions from the Soviet Union, especially assurances of greater access to its markets, for example, for machinery and other heavy equipment, where the American share has been running at under 5 percent. As Mr. Chumakov put it tonight, the agreement could be ''a very big support for exports of U.S. goods in the Soviet market.'' Economists here say American consumers could see prices for products like Soviet vodka drop by as much as $1.25 a bottle. Prices could also be lower for luxury imports like furs and caviar. Soviet exports to the United States are chiefly petroleum products, inorganic chemical elements and minerals, and nonferrous waste and scrap metals, as well as vodka and furs. Given the intense competition from Japanese, South Korean and Western European exporters, it is unlikely the Soviet Union will sell more consumer goods in the American market, at least over the short term. The principal American export to the Soviet Union is food. Over the first 11 months of last year the United States exported $3.82 billion to the Soviet Union, with most of this grain. Imports totaled $658 million. Some American officials say they think the easing of trade restrictions over the next three to four years could lead to two-way trade in the range of $10 billion to $12 billion. Both American and Soviet officials indicated that the issue that will probably give them the most trouble will be the duration of the agreement. UPHEAVAL IN THE EAST | U.S. and Soviets Confident as Trade Talks Open |
326272_0 | LEAD: A forest fire has burned about 30 percent of a Brazilian reserve that represents the last stand for a monkey species on the verge of extinction, the golden lion tamarin. A forest fire has burned about 30 percent of a Brazilian reserve that represents the last stand for a monkey species on the verge of extinction, the golden lion tamarin. Firefighters were still stamping out pockets of the blaze today, 10 days after it broke out, and naturalists were unable to tell if the fire had killed any monkeys. Fire burned parts of the home ranges of three monkey families, according to DionIzio M. Pessamilio, director of the Poco das Antas Biological Reserve, which is 50 miles east of here. Fanned by high winds and fueled by tinder-dry underbrush, the fire was the worst in the history of the 20-square-mile reserve. The reserve was established in 1974 to save the monkeys and to preserve a patch of Brazil's Atlantic rain forest. Less well-known internationally than the Amazon rain forest, Brazil's coastal rain forest has been reduced in the last 500 years to about 8,000 square miles, 2 percent of its original 400,000 square miles. Retrained to Live in Wild To save the tamarins, scientists pioneered techniques of taking monkeys born and bred in zoos and training them to live in the wild, drawing support from around the world. ''The phone has been ringing off the hook from zoos that have tamarins,'' James Dietz, a University of Maryland primatologist who has worked for the last six years in Silva Jardim, said in a telephone interview today. Benjamin Beck, associate director of the National Zoo in Washington, one of the project's sponsors, arrived here today to inspect the fire damage. Firefighting equipment paid for by Friends of the National Zoo and by Wildlife Preservation Trust International arrived here on Sunday. The equipment consists of two canvas tubes to be filled with water and carried by helicopters to use to douse fires. The fire has scorched large areas of secondary growth, setting back efforts to increase the forest and the monkey population. The reserve cannot support more than its current population of 225 monkeys, a low level that leads to inbreeding. | Brazil Fire Threatens Refuge Of Monkey |
326554_0 | LEAD: Alarmed by an evident increase in violent and disruptive behavior, universities are reviewing codes of student conduct and tightening their disciplinary procedures. In the process, they are running into legal quandaries over how to treat students who have psychological disabilities but whose antisocial acts threaten campus life. Alarmed by an evident increase in violent and disruptive behavior, universities are reviewing codes of student conduct and tightening their disciplinary procedures. In the process, they are running into legal quandaries over how to treat students who have psychological disabilities but whose antisocial acts threaten campus life. While there are no overall statistics, some college officials cite increasing instances of verbal abuse, physical threats, property damage and extreme conduct that is threatening and disruptive. They tell of students who send threatening letters to instructors because they are angry about low grades; students who form erotic attachments to professors and teaching assistants, and then shadow them; students who badger and hector instructors, interrupting class and creating scenes on campus. ''I think we are seeing more aberrant and seriously disruptive behavior on campus,'' said Stanley Levy, vice chancellor for student affairs at the University of Illinois in Urbana, ''and I'm persuaded that there are more people with problems out there who need the help of the institution. It has to do with dysfunctional families, the upwardly mobile pressures of the last decade, stress from the academic program and the impact of substance abuse on a wide scale.'' Shortage of Statistics While university administrators keep records of violent incidents, they acknowledge that death threats and the like constitute a very small proportion of what they consider to be disruptive behavior. But since even within a university there can be little agreement over what constitutes such conduct, there is only anecdotal evidence that threatening behavior may be on the rise on some campuses. Disruptive acts are often committed by students on drugs or alcohol. They are also committed by students who have a psychiatric disability. But the distinction can be blurred by the way in which the school responds. ''In some campuses more individuals are being dismissed on psychiatric grounds than on disciplinary grounds,'' said Gary Pavela, an instructor at the University of Maryland who is editor of Synthesis, a newsletter about law and policy in higher education. ''Campus disciplinary policies have become overly legalistic, and this psychiatric route is a convenient back door to deal | Colleges Tightening Discipline As Disruptive Behavior Grows |
330062_0 | LEAD: In a country-by-country report made public today, the Population Crisis Committee estimates that the world population can be stabilized in the 21st century only if countries make birth control universally available by 2000 at a cost of about $10.5 billion a year. In a country-by-country report made public today, the Population Crisis Committee estimates that the world population can be stabilized in the 21st century only if countries make birth control universally available by 2000 at a cost of about $10.5 billion a year. The world's population is now estimated by the United Nations to be 5.3 billion people. The report by the population committee, a nonprofit research group based in Washington, estimates that the population will reach 14 billion if birth control is not used much more widely. ''Action taken over the critical decade of the 1990's will largely determine whether the world's population will merely double before stabilizing, or will at least triple,'' said the report, ''1990 Report on Progress Towards Population Stabilization.'' 'A Preventable Disaster' A doubling or tripling of the population over the next century ''is a preventable disaster,'' said Dr. Sharon L. Camp, vice president of the Population Crisis Committee, a senior writer who worked on the report. ''We have what it would take, the financial resources and the know-how, to solve the problem, and to do so in our children's lifetime,'' Dr. Camp said. Population experts have said it would be difficult to sustain the world economy and political order with twice as many people, and impossible to sustain it at three times the current world population. Dr. Malcolm Potts, president of Family Health International, a nonprofit organization in Research Triangle Park, N.C., which deals with family planning and health, said that wars and disease, which could result from growth, would still not slow the population rise. ''We may kill as many as died in Hiroshima every day, day in and day out over the century, and you would not slow population growth,'' Dr. Potts said. Report 'Lays Out a Choice' He said the report is important ''because it lays out a choice we really face in the 1990's.'' ''This is the last decade we will have freedom of choice on this matter; after that, the state will just tell us what to do, as has happened in China,'' he said. In China, it is generally illegal to have more than one child | Plan Is Offered to Stabilize the World Birth Rate |
324232_1 | do, like raising blood pressure or cholesterol levels, big food companies are increasingly developing and marketing products with what advertisers call ''pro-active'' health claims, extolling specific health enhancements. ''Pro-active health claims are the hottest food-selling tool today,'' said Martin Friedman, the editor of Gorman's New Product News, a trade publication. ''The fantasy is a pro-active, grab-it, zap-it, gulp-it health product. The big companies are looking at everything from folkloric food cures to ancient Chinese botanicals.'' While the major food manufacturers are studying time-honored holistic cures with an eye toward a new class of processed food, researchers are trying to keep science ahead of food technology and marketing claims. The National Cancer Institute has recently developed a $20.5 million program to study phyto-chemicals, minute compounds that are linked to cancer prevention and are found in some common foods. In the next year, the institute will try to identify the specific cancer-fighting compounds in flax, members of the garlic family, citrus fruits, members of the parsley family and licorice root extract, all of which are thought to inhibit cancer. Over the next five years, Dr. Herbert Pierson, a toxicologist who is directing the cancer institute's program, plans sequential laboratory and clinical research into the preventive potential of 20 other foods and to develop food products containing concentrations of phyto-chemicals. In nature, the levels of phyto-chemical compounds vary widely from plant to plant. They can even be toxic. In science, ''we can isolate and extract and regulate the beneficial compounds and formulate 'designer food' products that could fight disease,'' Dr. Pierson said. Other scientists warn that several generations of research will be needed to determine the full impact of phyto-chemicals, but they agree, as Dr. Pierson put it, ''The future is prevention.'' And food products have a starring role. ''It's more cost-effective than looking for new drugs,'' said Dr. Pierson, who added that delays in the approval of new drugs and the high number of drugs that fail the screening process have forced science and the Government to ''look at food as a preventive medicine of the future.'' Chris Lecos, a Food and Drug Administration spokesman, concurred. ''There is a growing evidence that certain foods fight disease,'' he said. ''We can no longer discourage the use of this information in labeling. We are looking at ways to regulate it.'' Currently, health claims are used in labeling, but the F.D.A. plans to have specific | Eating to Heal: Mapping Out New Frontiers |
324233_1 | best tomato for paste (San Marzano); he waxes poetic about Sequoia beans (''a visual as well as a culinary prize'') and Sweet Genovese basil (''the best pesto basil we have found''). ''They are the only market gardeners who have a seed company, which means they've grown and tested hundreds and hundreds of different types of seeds,'' said Mercedes Feller, vice president of product development for the Smith & Hawken gardening catalogue in Mill Valley, Calif. Smith & Hawken, an exclusive garden tool catalogue, selected Cook's Garden as its seed supplier this year. ''They care about the taste of what they grow,'' Ms. Feller said. ''And they are straightforward and knowledgeable and no-frills. We've been very happy with them.'' The Ogdens consider themselves lettuce experts, and grow more than 50 varieties, from the humble iceberg to the lovely Reine des Glaces. Seeds for these varieties, and for herbs, edible flowers, vegetables and tomatoes for drying or sauces are offered in the current catalogue, volume 7 of the Cook's Garden, along with a small selection of supplies and books. The Ogdens have imported seeds for white cannelone beans, from the Italian Piedmont, Red Leprechaun lettuce from Switzerland, Witloof Robin pink endive from Holland, Shungiku edible chrysanthemums from Japan. Mr. Odgen said he believes he is the sole American source for certain seeds like Torito red peppers, Finaut Filet beans, Green Lance Chinese broccoli and Early Treviso radicchio. Also offered are heirloom seeds: lemon cucumbers, Matchless lettuce, MacGregor's Favorites beets. The Ogdens grow trial plots of all the varieties in the catalogue, and have tested them in the kitchen and at the table, eating them, cooking them, freezing and drying them and developing recipes. The seeds are expensive; the Cook's Garden sells packets, generally one-half to two grams, for $1.75, compared with 75 cents for the typical two-gram packet in hardware stores or supermarkets. But Mr. Ogden says the cost reflects the price of seeds that are bred and crossbred using the latest technology. While a common variety of pepper seeds, for example, might sell for $20 a pound wholesale, Mr. Ogden may pay more than 10 times as much for his highly bred varieties. Mr. Ogden, a tall, trim man 40 years old, was born to gardening. His grandfather was Samuel Robinson Ogden, a Vermonter and avid organic gardener whose 1957 book on the subject, ''The New England Vegetable Garden,'' was later | A Catalogue Of the Exotic For Kitchen Or Garden |
324085_1 | made no secret of its hostility to President Gorbachev's policies, announced that the daily bread ration for Cubans living outside Havana would be cut starting Feb. 1 from 100 grams to 80 grams, or less than 3 ounces. In Havana, where bread is not rationed, the price was raised by about 30 percent. The price of eggs was also raised, reflecting a shortage of grain-based poultry feed. The Government said promised supplies of Soviet grain and flour had failed to arrive at the start of the year, although it did not give any figures for the shortage. It admitted dipping into its reserve of scarce dollars to ease buy some grain on the world market, but again gave no details. Reporting the rationing decision on Jan. 24, the Soviet Communist Party daily Pravda attributed the slowdown in Soviet grain supplies to administrative errors and a lack of ships. The Cuban Government blamed a shortage of ships from Poland, East Germany and the Soviet Union for its failure to send as much citrus fruit to the Soviet Union as promised in recent months. It said only 72,159 tons were shipped in December instead of 113,505 tons, while in the first half of January it sent 28,350 tons out of a promised consignment of 45,300 tons. Those who suspect the Soviet Union is pressing Cuba to soften its Stalinist line argue that Moscow did just this during the late 1960's when Mr. Castro criticized the Brezhnev Government for being too liberal. Moscow cut oil deliveries then, forcing Cuba to impose draconian rationing. 'It May Be Happening Again' Only after Mr. Castro endorsed the invasion of Czechoslovakia in 1968 did the Soviet Union normalize relations and resume full economic aid to Cuba. ''It happened then and it may be happening again now,'' said Frank Calzon, a Cuban expert with the Washington office of Freedom House, a New York-based human rights and public policy organization. Last June, the Central Bank of Cuba published figures suggesting that Moscow had cut about $200 million from the cheap oil it sends Cuba. Traditionally, the Cuban Government derives much of its foreign currency income from reselling Soviet oil on the world market. Other Cuba experts argue that the trade slowdown is mainly of economic significance, reflecting the growing shortage of food inside the Soviet Union and the disruption of its barter trading arrangements with Cuba and Eastern Europe | As Shipments of Soviet Grain Lag, Cuba Reduces Daily Bread Ration |
324213_0 | LEAD: The Soviet Union has fallen seriously behind on grain shipments to Cuba, forcing the Castro Government to cut the bread ration and increase some food prices, Western diplomats and other experts say. Page A10. The Soviet Union has fallen seriously behind on grain shipments to Cuba, forcing the Castro Government to cut the bread ration and increase some food prices, Western diplomats and other experts say. Page A10. | Cuba Said to Cut Rations |
378081_1 | also convert peaceful nuclear facilities to non-peaceful purposes. The Nonproliferation Treaty, signed in 1968, was designed to forestall the spread of nuclear warheads while fostering the development of nuclear power. It has had mixed success. Since 1970, when the treaty took effect, India, Israel, Pakistan and South Africa are thought surely to have crossed the nuclear threshold by developing weapons. Others have neared that threshold. Dozens of states have not done so, however, and here the treaty has helped. With 140 states now signed on, it has certainly established non-nuclear status as a global norm. It also provides for international inspections, helping to allay suspicions that could have driven states to develop nuclear arms before their rivals did. But the treaty has not always prevented some signatories, like West Germany and France, from exporting materials or technology that would help others, like Libya and Iraq, acquire nuclear arms. Nor has it forced signatories like North Korea to accept international inspection of nuclear research and reprocessing facilities. And supplier states haven't always required customers who are not parties to the treaty to accept international safeguards on their civil nuclear activities as the price of doing business. To close these loopholes, some states want to amend the treaty. The risk is that the amenders will fail to get all states to go along with a revised treaty and succeed only in undermining the old one. A better strategy would be for supplier states to agree, outside the terms of the treaty, on tighter regulation of their exports of nuclear materials and technology. Some critics also want to use the amending process to press the nuclear-armed states to halt testing and cut their arsenals. These are sensible objectives, but they have no demonstrated relationship to curbing proliferation. No state has yet developed nuclear arms just to imitate others or to boost its prestige. The driving force behind the acquisition of nuclear arms has always been a serious threat to security. A pledge by those who have weapons not to use them against those who don't might help allay that insecurity. But again, such a pledge does not require an amendment to the treaty. It can be negotiated separately by the few nuclear-armed states, whether or not they are signatories to the Nonproliferation Treaty. There are better ways to stop the spread of nuclear weapons than to proliferate amendments to a modestly effective treaty. | How to Stop Spreading Nuclear Arms |
378052_5 | John M. Brogden, a general surgeon who is Guilford's director of health. Mr. Hemstock said that neither he nor Mr. Brodeur had called state officials in Hartford because Dr. Brogden, in a telephone conversation in January, ''shut me off cold.'' Dr. Brogden denies having spurned him. Most Families Won't Talk In succeeding months Mr. Brodeur spoke to fewer than half the families on Meadow Street. Most, Mr. Hemstock said, ''just didn't want to discuss anything about this.'' Many of the families, however, were approached by health officials. Mr. Hemstock's call to Dr. Brogden -made soon after he called Mr. Brodeur - set in motion an inquiry by the town sanitarian, Barbara Fredericks, Dr. Brogden's assistant, and within two weeks by the State Health Department. In his article, Mr. Brodeur says that a meeting between Guilford officials and utility officials, set for Feb. 5, was canceled ''and not rescheduled.'' Actually the meeting took place on Feb. 7. The State Health Department provided a medical history questionnaire that Mrs. Fredericks used in interviewing residents; she said residents at eight of the nine houses were reached by telephone. Four of the eight families, Mrs. Fredericks said, indicated that they had no medical problems that they would associate with the substation. The wife of another resident, Mr. Leslie, had had a meningioma, a nonmalignant brain tumor; she had died in 1989 from asthma, and Mr. Leslie did not believe her illnesses were related to electromagnetic fields. Specific Cases Cited Though Mr. Brodeur did not speak to Mr. Leslie, his wife was among those referred to in The New Yorker article. Others cited by Mr. Brodeur were Melissa Bullock, an 18-year old resident who had a malignant brain tumor removed last year; Judy Lehman Beauvais, who lived on the street for 14 years, later developed a malignant tumor of the optic nerve that metastasized to her liver and died last month at the age of 49; Jonathan Walston Jr., who lived on the street after the early 1960's, contracted esophogeal cancer, which spread to his brain, and died in 1975; and his son, Jonathan Walston 3d, 48, a highway maintenance worker who lived on the street until 1983 and has been treated for a meningioma. Also mentioned were the Brunelle family, some of whose members say they have suffered debilitating headaches almost from the day they moved directly across from the substation. ''The situation on | Town Astir As Critics Link Cancer To Electricity |
375835_4 | after all. It is possible for those who have the right role models. St. Thomas Aquinas, a synthesizer of traditions, is one such role model. Mr. MacIntyre argues that three things are needed to be able to make judgments about and among philosophical systems. First, there must be a sympathetic awareness of rival traditions. Second, the processes of genuine teaching and learning always involve a questioning of the pupil by the teacher as well as the other way round. Mr. MacIntyre contrasts this with the encyclopedists' idea of education as the unquestioning and unquestioned production of floods of out-of-context information. It seems to me that Mr. MacIntyre is not fair to the analytic school, which he castigates for a blindness to Aquinas's real concerns. Contemporary analytic philosophers by and large do not share Aquinas's aim of upholding a particular set of religious doctrines, but analysis is a method, not a dogma, and in my view it resembles Aquinas's own technique of answering questions by drawing distinctions. This is not surprising, because there is a shared ancestry in the philosophy of ancient Greece. Moreover, analytic philosophers mostly teach philosophy in just the way Mr. MacIntyre says it ought to be taught, that is, by critical questioning. Third, making rational judgments between different philosophies, Mr. MacIntyre says, is rather like speaking different languages. He perhaps owes this useful insight to Wittgenstein. A person proficient in two or more languages can make accurate translations and can judge the accuracy of translations made by others. Such a person can also see where accurate translation is not possible. These activities are analogous to making rational intellectual comparisons between different philosophical systems. In short, it is possible after all to decide not only that this or that detail of a philosophy is true or false, but that a whole philosophical system is true or false. Mr. MacIntyre's book is not exactly difficult, but one gets rather bedazzled by the sheer quantity of information. The author is a little too discursive for my taste, and I see more than a hint of logorrhea here and there. On the other hand, the chapters on the development of Christian philosophy between Augustine and Duns Scotus are very interesting indeed. Whether or not Mr. MacIntyre deserves the title of philosophers' philosopher, these chapters surely show that he must be the past, present, future and all-time philosophical historians' historian of philosophy. | The Niagara of Philosophy |
375601_1 | revolutionary. But to be effective, they must be applied more widely, the White House Task Force on Infant Mortality said. ''If we just delivered routine clinical care and social services to pregnant women, we could prevent one-quarter to one-third of infant mortality,'' Dr. Ezra C. Davidson Jr., president of the American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists, said in an interview. ''We have an extremely difficult, cumbersome, complex, uninviting system of providing health care to pregnant women. Patients have trouble getting into it, and doctors have trouble dealing with it. The frustrations are unbelievable.'' The White House study group noted that the infant mortality rate was higher here than in less affluent countries like Spain and Singapore, where the per capita output of goods and services is less than half that of the United States. It cited Japan as an example of how ''a national commitment and accessible health services'' can sharply reduce infant mortality. But in their social and economic profiles, these nations differ from the United States. In the more diverse American population, some groups do very well and others very poorly. The mortality rate among babies born to college graduates, for example, is less than half the rate among those born to high-school dropouts. For blacks and whites alike, infant mortality has declined, but the rate for blacks has consistently been about twice that for whites. By contrast, the infant mortality rate for Hispanic Americans is about the same as the rate for whites, even though poverty is much more common among Hispanic families. In New Mexico, the infant mortality rate is lower for Hispanic people than for non-Hispanic whites. ''Mexican immigrant women benefit from the culture and values and support of an extended family,'' said Antonia Hernandez, president of the Mexican American Legal Defense and Educational Fund. ''When they're pregnant, they receive a lot of nurturing. Pregnancy is seen as a wonderful event, even if it's out of wedlock.'' Government programs can reduce infant mortality, experts say, with just such a nurturing approach, through home visits by nurses, social workers and other counselors. A study last month by the United States General Accounting Office said that home visiting could reduce infant deaths by insuring that pregnant women received prenatal care. Virginia and South Carolina have reduced infant mortality through use of ''resource mothers,'' who pay frequent visits to the homes of pregnant teen-agers. Rae K. Grad, executive | The Hard Thing About Cutting Infant Mortality Is Educating Mothers |
375697_5 | for future travel, ''but if that's not good enough,'' Doug Miller, a spokesman for Northwest, said, ''we'll consider the refund on a case-by-case basis.'' Northwest requires death certificates or doctors' notes and tries to verify documents. The first step in obtaining a refund is to call the reservations number: 800-225-2525. Pan American will give refunds for domestic flights with a medical certificate, whereas the only acceptable medical reasons for missing an international flight are the death or hospitalization in the family. The company always verifies the documentation. ''If it gets down to it,'' said Elizabeth Hlinko of Pan American, ''individual cases are considered.'' The refund department address is 8 King Road, Rockleigh, N.J. 07647; 201-767-2215. Trans World Airlines will allow a refund for international flights only in cases of death or hospitalization in the family; only a doctor's certificate for the passenger or family member is needed for domestic flights. Other acceptable reasons include jury duty, a subpoena or military orders, all of which must be documented. The passenger refund department is at Post Office Box 20364, Kansas City, Mo. 64195. United will honor death and illness as well as jury duty, subpoenas and military orders in refunds for domestic and international flights, assuming documentation. Joe Hopkins, a spokesman, said, ''We emphasize that we try to be reasonable.'' United's passenger refund department is at Post Office Box 66282, Chicago, Ill. 60666; 800-227-4733. USAir will issue a refund for death or serious illness of the passenger or his or her immediate family. Documentation is a doctor's note or copy of a death certificate, which the airline verifies, usually by phone. As is often the case, the airline does not allow routing changes on nonrefundable tickets, although Susan Young, a spokeswoman, noted that ''certain circumstances such as leaving on the same flight, same routing, but a day earlier, may or may not be allowed.'' If it is allowed, a service charge, actually an upgrade to the next highest excursion fare, is added. The USAir Passenger Refund Office is at Post Office Box 2502, Winston-Salem, N.C. 27102; 800-554-6000. In general, how long it takes to get a refund depends on how you paid. If you paid with cash or with a check that already has cleared, most airlines said it would be two weeks to a month. For credit-card customers, don't expect to see your refund until the second billing cycle. PRACTICAL TRAVELER | When 'Nonrefundable' Air Tickets Are Refundable |
375842_6 | And we are notoriously bad at predicting which problems will arise as technology barrels forward. Indeed, the fact that most of us snort in derision at the notion that parents may soon design a perfect Ubermensch child suggests that the real dangers of genetic knowledge are likely once again to catch us by surprise. OUTSMARTING A CANCER In 1985, doctors at Karolinska Hospital in Stockholm extracted a small vial of blood from the umbilical cord of a newborn baby boy and rushed it by air-express to a team of waiting scientists in Cincinnati. Led by a young researcher named Webster Cavenee, the scientists at the University of Cincinnati sifted through genetic material from the blood cells and found that the child had inherited a mutant gene from its mother. The gene was responsible for a rare and potentially lethal eye cancer called retinoblastoma that had struck the mother when she was barely two months old, costing her both eyes and her sight. Within weeks Cavenee relayed word back to Stockholm that the baby had inherited his mother's mutant gene. The Swedish doctors decided to undertake a perilous procedure. They put the boy, just five weeks old, under general anesthesia. For more than an hour, they closely examined his retinas. In both eyes the doctors found evidence of cells already massing into minute but dangerous malignant clumps. While the child was still unconscious, the doctors directed a narrow burst of radiation at the retinas, vaporizing the malignant cells while leaving the rest of the eye unharmed. Periodic examinations over the next sixteen months found no hint of the cancer. Several years later, the cancer still hadn't returned. News of the feat, reported in the New England Journal of Medicine in May 1986, reverberated through the halls of medicine. Never before had doctors used a genetic test to predict the emergence of a cancer accurately. It was a turning point in genetics as well as cancer research. . . . The implications caught the attention of many cancer specialists studying the most basic aspects of cancer. While it was widely accepted that people inherited a tendency to develop certain diseases, such as diabetes, and that some families seemed to have higher-than-normal occurrences of certain cancers, prior to the Cavenee report there was little direct evidence that a proneness to cancer could be detected at or before birth. Now there was. From ''Genome.'' | Bad Genes |
375453_12 | purpose. Helen Bernstein, who also supports a remembrance day, has been impressed at how people care about what happened, especially after she went shopping recently and returned to her car, which sports a bumper sticker that reads: ''Remember Pan Am 103/Lockerbie - Demand Airport Security.'' There she found a handwritten note that read, ''God's peace and prayers. We remember flight 103.'' Said Mrs. Bernstein, ''It was just a little pink piece of paper stuck on the car door. But it was such a nice thing to do, I just stood there and cried.'' SPLIT ON APPROACH CONGRESS'S belated response to the terrorist bombing and crash of Pan Am Flight 103 over Lockerbie, Scotland, in December 1988 is the Aviation Security Improvement Act of 1990. Introduced in June, it would create a new Assistant Secretary for Security and Intelligence within the Federal Department of Transportation, establish a new assistant administrator responsible for security within the Federal Aviation Administration and require Federal security managers at foreign and domestic airports. It would also create uniform guidelines for notifying the public of threats to civil aviation - a question that arose when it was disclosed that an F.A.A. security bulletin about the threat of a terrorist bombing of a United States-bound Pan Am aircraft was issued and distributed by the State Department to its personnel in December 1988. Passengers, however, were not informed. The bill has divided the surviving families into two groups. Leaders of both groups agree on most of the current legislation, and both have have asked for speedier installation of advanced baggage-screening technology. But the newer group, Families of Pan Am 103/Lockerbie, led by Paul Hudson, a real-estate lawyer, maintains that the legislation does not go far enough, and has proposed 29 amendments to strengthen the measure. The group has retained its own Washington lawyer, Michael R. Lemov, to help lobby for the changes. While conceding that some of Mr. Hudson's goals may be important, Burt Ammerman, the president of Victims of Flight 103 and a high-school principal, warns that challenging the bill too drastically will be ''self-destructive.'' He added, ''He [Mr. Hudson] will be playing into the Bush Administration's hands if he gives Congress a reason to slow down. And we've only got a few weeks to work on this.'' The Administration has said it opposes the bill, particularly one drafted so quickly after the release of the commission report. | In Grief, Lockerbie Families Are Divided |
375794_2 | have the engine brought up to spec. And while you're there, or the next time you fill the tank, check tire pressure to make sure it is what the owner's manual recommends. Tires are important to economy as well as to safety, and rolling resistance steals fuel efficiency. You can improve mileage slightly by using higher pressures to reduce the amount of flexing, but you'll pay for it with a harsher ride and added tire wear. Better to stick with the maker's recommendation. Actually, driving for economy is much the same as driving for safety, and if you make the effort, your trips will be more interesting at the same time that they save money and keep you out of trouble. That's because you will be planning your moves at the wheel, keeping a close watch on traffic and avoiding panic stops. The smoother your steering, accelerating and braking, the better the economy and safety. An automobile pours gas through its engine under hard acceleration, so jack-rabbit starts are a jump in the wrong direction. Conversely, gentle pressure on the pedal can get you up to speed without visibly lowering the needle. Your car also runs least efficiently when the engine is cold, but that doesn't mean it should idle in the driveway. A cold engine requires a richer fuel mixture, but there is no point in letting the vehicle guzzle gas without a payback in forward motion. Instead, pull away slowly and drive at moderate speed for the first minute or two. By then, oil will be circulating and the engine will be purring as it gets up to cruising speed. Once there, the car will sail along with little urging from the right foot, and it is important to use that foot on the brake as little as possible. Remember that you have paid at the pump for the vehicle's momentum, so try not to squander it. Drive at a steady speed and know when you will have to slow down. Look ahead and let the car coast to a stop. Wind, rain and rough roads all thwart momentum, too, and hilly terrain, heavy traffic and stop signs are further enemies. But if you plan your trips, it is possible to avoid the worst of it. Commuting is commuting, but there are almost always service roads and secret ways around the jams. If you don't know the tricks, | WITH FUEL PRICES SOARING, MAKE PLANS TO DRIVE FOR ECONOMY |
375753_1 | join Mideast armada 10 U.S. group, including girl, allowed to leave Baghdad 13 Sanctions on Iraq appear effective as neighbors block trade 13 The West's reliance on the U.S. to lead the response to Iraq demonstrates that, in the words of one NATO official, ''only the United States can play the role of global policeman.'' 14 Palestinians support Iraq's actions, revering its leader, Saddam Hussein, as a liberator and restorer of Arab pride. At first, some Palestinians feared that the crisis in the Persian Gulf would take away the world's attention from their own cause. 14 Persian Gulf crisis stirs discord in Japan 14 The world's 15 million refugees represent one example of the worldwide pattern of the deprived moving toward more prosperous regions, experts say. 16 The demise of Pakistan's leader, Prime Minister Benazir Bhutto, has left many in that country in sorrowful agreement that she had let them down. But Pakistanis say they have little confidence in whatever new government will replace hers. 3 Burmese military cracking down again 3 Rights abuses by Manila and rebels are reported 4 Liberian rebels intensify drive on the capital 5 New allegations in Jesuit killings in El Salvador 9 Colombia leader emphasizes anti-terrorism 6 Peru's poor feel hardship and shock of austerity 15 NATIONAL/18-25 Mayor Barry called for healing after the strife caused by his 10-week drug and perjury trial. In a talk to jubilant supporters, the Mayor gave no hint about his future political plans. 1 Trial leaves queasy calm 22 Jurors promised not to discuss their votes 23 A second kind of surrogate mother, one who bears no genetic relationship with the fetus she carries, is becoming especially popular with couples that cannot conceive. 1 The barrage of bullets in the cities is changing the routines and rhythms of certain American neighborboods, where, for instance, a great-grandmother teaches a child to find safety in a bathtub. 18 The cause of 50 black sailors who were convicted of mutiny by the Navy during World War II for refusing to load ammunition after an explosion is being taken up by those who say the sailors' actions were justified. 20 Black F.B.I. agent talks of years of harassment on the job 18 Chicago Journal: Old names sparking new fears in politics 18 Protesters say Navy boats ran them over 21 Archdiocese considers move to preserve cemeteries 25 U.S. reduces bonus for nuclear | NEWS SUMMARY |
375753_3 | jubilant supporters, the Mayor gave no hint about his future political plans. 1 Trial leaves queasy calm 22 Jurors promised not to discuss their votes 23 A second kind of surrogate mother, one who bears no genetic relationship with the fetus she carries, is becoming especially popular with couples that cannot conceive. 1 The barrage of bullets in the cities is changing the routines and rhythms of certain American neighborboods, where, for instance, a great-grandmother teaches a child to find safety in a bathtub. 18 The cause of 50 black sailors who were convicted of mutiny by the Navy during World War II for refusing to load ammunition after an explosion is being taken up by those who say the sailors' actions were justified. 20 Black F.B.I. agent talks of years of harassment on the job 18 Chicago Journal: Old names sparking new fears in politics 18 Protesters say Navy boats ran them over 21 Archdiocese considers move to preserve cemeteries 25 U.S. reduces bonus for nuclear plant operator 19 REGIONAL/26-36 A gilded generation of lawyers who were wined, dined and wooed by the finest law firms are seeing the gild stripped away. As New York's corporate climate worsens, many have been dismissed for the first time in their young successful lives. 1 Soviet scientists in this country are receiving two vastly different welcomes. For those who are young, well known and have theoretical training, finding professorships has been easy, while for the rest the job search can be difficult. 26 A battle for a Matisse painting ended as the Museum of Modern Art gave up its claim that it owned the painting. The parents of the 6-year-old who inherited the work from a museum benefactor said they would sell it to pay for legal expenses. 26 Hispanic elderly discover unexpected assistance 30 Father is held and confesses to newborn's killing 31 In sign of violent times, a street is named for a beloved boy 26 L.I. residents demand traffic signs at a dangerous corner 27 Plans for Port Authority outlined 30 Judge bars inquiry in Daily News labor talks 35 Gov. Cuomo has more time to consider an insurance bill 36 Obituaries 32 Harry (Cookie) Lavagetto, ex-Brooklyn Dodger infielder William Bosworth Castle, a leading figure in hematology John G. Briggs Jr., a music critic Arts/Reviews 52-53, 55 Campus Life 39-41 Fashion 48-49 Life Style 42-43 Pastimes 53-55 Weddings 50-52 | NEWS SUMMARY |
375460_6 | commission, which was headed by Ann Dore McLaughlin, a former United States Labor Secretary, also proved false a general belief that airline and Federal Aviation Administration security measures were tightened after the bombing, the report said. ''Pan Am's apparent security lapses and F.A.A.'s failure to enforce its own regulations followed a pattern that existed for months prior to Flight 103, during the day of the tragedy, and - notably - for nine months thereafter,'' the report said. Finding lax baggage-screening and checking procedures that allowed an unaccompanied bag on the flight and left opportunities for tampering with unguarded baggage at Heathrow Airport in London, the commission concluded that ''the destruction of Flight 103 may well have been preventable.'' 'Airport Security Is No Better Now' Mr. Lowenstein, who recently returned from his fifth trip to Lockerbie, said, ''Trust me - airport security is no better now than it was before.'' And he said he had proof. Mr. Lowenstein is in possession of a nonlethal duplicate of the Lockerbie bomb, which he said was successfully carried on board a British Airways flight from London to New York this summer. The fake bomb was brought into the country by the leader of the Britain-based third family group, U.K. Families-Flight 103, who visited the United States to address a meeting of the families, Mr. Lowenstein said. This winter, Mr. Hudson said, he carried a similar bomb on international carriers, also without being detected. ''We were never questioned, and our locked suitcases were never opened,'' he told a House panel. The Aviation Security Act would create a new assistant secretary for security and intelligence within the Federal Department of Transportation; establish a new assistant administrator responsible for security with the F.A.A., and require Federal security managers at foreign and domestic airports. It would also create uniform guidelines for issuing public notification of threats to civil aviation - an important point when it was revealed that an F.A.A. security bulletin about a threatened bombing of a United States-bound Pan Am aircraft was distributed by the State Department in December 1988. Passengers, however, were not informed. In addition, the bill would change the way the State Department treats surviving family members in times of crisis - a matter repeatedly raised by Flight 103 families. Coffin Shipped to Warehouse Still angered by such treatment, Aphrodite Tsairis of Franklin Lakes recalls the traumatic sight of the coffin with the | Lockerbie Aftermath: Split Among Families |
377194_0 | LEAD: The Repligen Corporation, a biotechnology company in Cambridge, Mass., obtained a patent this week for a new strain of bacteria that was genetically engineered to produce valuable proteins more efficiently. The Repligen Corporation, a biotechnology company in Cambridge, Mass., obtained a patent this week for a new strain of bacteria that was genetically engineered to produce valuable proteins more efficiently. The patent describes a mutant strain of e. coli, the bacteria most heavily used by biotechnology companies to produce valuable drugs. Typically, human genes responsible for making a scarce protein are spliced into e. coli cells, which become living factories. These proteins are then separated from the bacteria and purified to be administered as a drug. The strain was developed by Salvador Luria, a retired molecular biologist at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, who received the Nobel Prize for Medicine in 1969. He, along with Joan L. Suit and Jennifer A. Jackson, researchers, received patent 4,948,735. | Patents; A New Bacteria Strain To Produce Proteins |
377473_0 | LEAD: To the Editor: To the Editor: ''Preaching to Brazil From Hawaii'' (editorial, July 24) places the blame for destruction of Puerto Rico's tropical forests on apathy -the passivity of the Federal and Commonwealth administrations in the defense of our natural heritage. What endangers the wildlife of Puerto Rico, however, is not mere apathy. While 4 percent of the island's 3,500 square miles is protected forest, a full 13 percent of Puerto Rican island area is occupied by the United States military. Now the Army Corps of Engineers has requested 29,000 additional acres for what it describes as ''military exercises.'' Approval is near for use of lands surrounding lakes and rivers, isolated animal habitats like Mona Island, and the forests of Toro Negro, Carite, Jajome and Cerro las Tetas. Similarly, in May the Navy's Roosevelt Roads Naval Station delivered a preliminary environmental assessment approving the construction of a Capri radar facility at Pico del Este in El Yunque, in the Luquillo experimental section of Puerto Rico's Caribbean National Forest. The assessment based its favorable report on the claim that ''no rare or exotic vegetation will be adversely affected since Hurricane Hugo destroyed most of the dwarf forest within the proposed project limits during September 1989.'' Although natural destruction even of large portions of an ecosystem does not preclude biological regeneration, the naval station analysis sees fit to brush off concern for ecological processes. The United States military's increasing emphasis on the ''war on drugs'' is well known. Encroachment of armed forces exercises on Puerto Rico's forests may well be linked to practice maneuvers for the eradication of South American coca-processing laboratories. Some hard questions must be asked. Is fighting a war on drugs, a war that, as you editorialized last September, will not be won in this generation (even supposing that it is winnable) sufficient justification for destroying the natural patrimony of the Puerto Ricans? And it is not only the forests that will suffer. Will the advance across Puerto Rican soil by the United States armed forces, which strongly favor statehood for the Commonwealth, endanger the honesty of the plebiscite process now being legislated for Puerto Rico? CARMEN GAUTIER-MAYORAL Rio Piedras, P.R., Aug. 2, 1990 The writer is director of the Social Science Research Center, University of Puerto Rico. | Letter: On Puerto Rico; Forests Suffer for the Drug War |
377448_2 | or more in Brazil's annual oil bill, while for the poorest African nations, it could mean less money to buy crucial imports to build industry or improve living standards. Secondary Effects These nations will suffer not only the direct effect of higher prices but also a cascade of secondary effects. The jump in oil prices is expected to push up interest rates worldwide, which will increase the cost of debt. In addition, economists say, oil priced at $25 or more a barrel will slow growth in the industrial world, throwing some nations into recession. This slowdown would probably mean a decline in third world exports to the industrial world, which some economists say would hurt developing nations even more than a higher oil bill. ''For us what is much more important to look at is, will there be a recession?'' said Marcilio Marques Moreira, the Brazilian Ambassador to the United States. 'How deep? How long? How will interest rates behave?'' He estimates that $25-a-barrel oil will raise Brazil's oil bill by about $1.5 billion a year, while that country's annual exports are $34 billion and annual debt service is $10 billion. He worries that a large uptick in interest rates could worsen debt service problems as much as the higher oil bill. 'A Serious Blow' ''Even though higher oil prices or higher interest rates, taken by themselves, would not be overwhelming, the two taken together could deliver quite a serious blow to some countries, such as Brazil,'' said Mr. Lawrence, the U.N. official. William R. Cline, an economist at the Institute for International Economics in Washington, estimated that higher oil bills and the expected decline in exports would cause ''an adverse shock of 10 percent'' on the net export earnings of many developing countries. Energy experts say India and Pakistan face a special set of problems as a result of Iraq's conquest of Kuwait. These two countries rely heavily not only on Kuwaiti crude but also on oil refined by in Kuwait. Because India and Pakistan have inadequate refining capacity, they will be hard pressed to find the products they need. South Korea, Taiwan and other Asian countries with rapidly growing economies confront different problems. While the industrial world has successfully pursued a policy since the 1970's of relying less on oil for each unit of economic output, South Korea and some of the others rely far more on oil | Oil Shock Squeezing Third World |
377429_1 | so only those with relatives in America have much chance of making it there. ''There's no evidence these guys were being persecuted,'' an American official said. ''They just wanted out.'' Already, though, many are impatient to leave France. On Wednesday, 50 young Albanians housed at a school here demonstrated outside the United States Embassy in Paris. Forced by the police to spend a damp night outdoors, three were received by American officials today and were given forms for all to fill in. ''We've been 24 hours without sleeping, drinking, smoking or eating,'' said Roland Qirjako as he waited for buses to return the group to Emance, 60 miles west of Paris. ''Why are we treated like this? We left Albania thinking of America. France was just a stopover.'' France, though, presumed the refugees had come to stay. While 3,200 had crowded the West German Embassy and 810 entered the Italian Embassy, more than 500 chose the French mission in Tirana as the key to their freedom. Paris then joined Bonn and Rome in pressing Albania to give them travel permits. 'Is This a Democracy?' After a warm reception in Marseilles, the refugees were temporarily distributed to army camps and schools. The plan was then to give them homes, job training and language courses to ease their integration into French society. But at this point, the ''America'' problem arose. While about half the refugees have chosen to stay in France, one group based at Mourmelon had to be turned around by the police after setting off for the United States Embassy in Paris two weeks ago. ''It's our choice,'' one refugee from this group told French television. ''Don't we have a choice? Is this a democracy?'' About 60 young men living in the school quarters at Emance left for various locations in France, but another 70 decided to accept nothing short of the United States. Plans to close this transit camp last week were postponed. New plans to move them out Tuesday seem threatened. Unsurprisingly, French officials are growing impatient. In Italy, about 500 Albanians have said they want to go to the United States, but they have not protested. In West Germany, American officials said only six refugees had so far applied for visas. But in France, the welcoming mood of just one month ago is fast souring. ''They refuse all discipline,'' said the head of the police detachment at | Emance Journal; Welcomed in France, Albanians Reply: 'America' |
377249_0 | LEAD: While strongly backing United Nations sanctions against the Baghdad Government, France has quietly distanced itself from the American response to the Iraqi crisis, apparently in the hope of protecting its influence and interests in the rest of the Arab world. While strongly backing United Nations sanctions against the Baghdad Government, France has quietly distanced itself from the American response to the Iraqi crisis, apparently in the hope of protecting its influence and interests in the rest of the Arab world. Like the United States and Britain, France has sent naval reinforcements, including an aircraft carrier, to the Persian Gulf, but it has underlined its independent stance by not joining its two NATO allies in an international force protecting Saudi Arabia. Arguing that only the United Nations Security Council can order a naval blockade of Iraq, France also spoke out this week against American and British threats to stop and search merchant ships suspected of carrying embargoed products to or from Iraq. A Dozen Envoys Dispatched Now, in perhaps the clearest indication of France's current strategy, President Francois Mitterrand has sent 12 special envoys to 24 countries, including most Arab nations except Iraq, to explain that his Government's policy is in no sense directed against the Arab world. ''France has hoped and continues to hope that the problem will be resolved by the Arab community,'' Mr. Mitterrand said a few days ago. ''If this proves impossible, France will assume its own responsibilities.'' France's position has not surprised its allies. Since 1966, France has not participated in the integrated military command of the North Atlantic Treaty Organization, while France has always distinguished its policies towards the Middle East, Africa and the Soviet bloc from those of the United States. In this case, however, France has been caught in a particularly difficult position because, more than the United States and other European countries, it tied itself to the Iraqi Government over the last two decades through huge arms sales, generous credits and lucrative business contracts. A Longstanding Policy In the short term, Mr. Mitterrand has been shielded from domestic criticism of this policy by the fact that the country's two main opposition leaders, former President Valery Giscard d'Estaing and former Prime Minister Jacques Chirac, both supported Baghdad when they were in office. President Mitterrand has also sought to defend the arming of Iraq during its war with Iran from 1980 to 1988 | CONFRONTATION IN THE GULF: France; Paris Stressing Independent Role |
373002_0 | LEAD: Osmarino Amancio Rodrigues, secretary of the National Council of Rubber Tappers, said here today that he and his associates were getting phoned death threats collect. Osmarino Amancio Rodrigues, secretary of the National Council of Rubber Tappers, said here today that he and his associates were getting phoned death threats collect. ''We accept the charges because we think it is a union member in trouble,'' said Mr. Rodrigues, the political heir to the Amazon unionist Francisco (Chico) Mendes. Mr. Mendes was killed in 1988 after publicizing the cause of rubber tappers and nut collectors who were being forced out of their homes and jobs as ranchers extended their holdings into the rain forest. Mr. Rodrigues met with the press today to denounce the death threats and in the process advance the cause of the Amazon dwellers. When Mr. Mendes was shot to death after he made a similar announcement, the Brazilian Government set aside 6.5 million acres of rain forest for rubber tapping and other extractive activities. Promoting the rubber tappers' cause, Mr. Rodrigues visited the United States and Europe this year, receiving 12,000 letters of support. No Softening of Attitudes But in Acre, the Amazonian state 2,700 miles west of here where Mr. Mendes was killed, it appears that some hard-line attitudes have not softened since the murder. ''They call up the union hall and ask things like: 'Is Chico Mendes O.K.?' Would you like to be 'O.K.' like Chico?'' recalled Mr. Rodrigues, who is running for a seat in the state assembly on the left-wing Workers Party ticket. With at least six death threats against him this year, Mr. Rodrigues now travels in the Amazon with an escort of four armed rubber tappers. Worrying about ''another Chico Mendes case in Brazil,'' Romeu Tuma, director general of the federal police, announced two weeks ago that policemen would protect the unionist until the Oct. 3 elections. Brothers Are Jailed Meanwhile, many rubber tappers say that the best security would be a crackdown on the wave of murders in much of the western Amazon. In a first step in June, in the first jury trial in 22 years in Xapuri, Mr. Mendes's hometown in Acre, Darci and Oloci Alves da Silva were sentenced to jail for shooting into a crowd of rubber tappers in 1988. The two brothers, both ranchers, are suspects in the Mendes murder. Determined to bring the Mendes | Besieged Amazon Unionists Say Phoned Death Threats Are Collect |
372956_1 | pro-Iranian terrorist who was serving a life sentence on murder charges has touched off a wave of protests in French jails, with prisoners complaining that they were not given similar treatment. The protests, which began Sunday night, have so far affected 15 jails all over France. Most of the demonstrations have ended peacefully after a few hours, although today the movement reached the French island of Corsica in the Mediterranean, where hooded prisoners took up positions on the roof of the main jail in Ajaccio. In many cases, with a heat wave adding to discomfort in the jails, the protesters also complained about overcrowding and current parole rules. The spark for the movement, though, was the release last Friday of Anis Naccache and four other terrorists. The five men, who killed a policeman and a passerby in 1980 during an unsuccessful attempt to assassinate a former Iranian Prime Minister, Shahpur Bakhtiar, were among 200 offenders pardoned by Mr. Mitterrand on July 14, France's national day. Their release, which had been repeatedly demanded by Iran and was widely understood to form part of an agreement that has already resulted in the freeing of all French hostages in Lebanon, was announced last Friday only after the five men were en route to Tehran. #3,000 Pardoned Last Year Recalling that Mr. Mitterrand pardoned 3,000 prisoners last year to mark the 200th anniversary of the French Revolution, a group that said it represented French prisoners said the release of the terrorists was ''the drop that made the glass spill over.'' It demanded that all prison terms be reduced. Prisoners given life terms in France usually spend 17 to 20 years in jail. Mr. Naccache and his accomplices were freed after 10 years. All but one was serving a life sentence; a fifth terrorist had been given a 20-year prison term. The jail protests contrasted with the absence of criticism of President Mitterrand's decision in French political circles. This in turn served to reinforce the view here that a prisoner-hostage exchange was first endorsed in 1988 by Jacques Chirac, a conservative opposition leader who at the time was Prime Minister. The Mitterrand administration insisted last week that while Mr. Naccache was freed for ''reasons of state,'' the decision was not part of a broader agreement negotiated secretly with Iran to bring about the release of French hostages and the unfreezing of Iranian bank accounts here. | Prisoners in France Protest Freeing of Pro-Iran Terrorist |
376253_4 | jobs will be in professional, technical and sales fields requiring the highest education and skill levels,'' it said. Under current law, the United States annually admits about 23,000 immigrants chosen on the basis of their job skills. Demetrios G. Papademetriou, director of immigration policy and research at the Labor Department, said that 44 percent of those foreign workers obtained their visas for jobs requiring ''low skills and education.'' Many are domestic workers, cooks and hotel and restaurant workers. Under the Kennedy bill, such unskilled workers would have much more difficulty obtaining visas, Mr. Papademetriou said. Under the Senate bill, the United States would still admit many immigrants from the third world, but those chosen on the basis of their job skills would, in general, have more formal education and training than those who now get such visas. Concern About Unskilled Many businesses say it is cheaper and easier to import foreign-born professionals than to invest in the education and training of unskilled, poorly educated Americans. Some blacks, like Milton D. Morris, research director at the Joint Center for Political and Economic Studies, a research institute, express concern that ''if we turn too quickly to immigrants to meet labor-market needs, we might be sidestepping our responsibility to develop the human resources of people already here.'' Under the House bill, companies with 50 or more employees would have to pay a fee of $500 to $1,000 for each foreign worker they hire. The proceeds would be used to educate and train American workers. Economists as diverse as Milton Friedman and John Kenneth Galbraith subscribe to the emerging consensus that ''the long-run benefits of immigration greatly exceed any short-run costs,'' as President Bush's Council of Economic Advisers said this year. With the birth rate relatively low, immigration now accounts for 27 percent of population growth in the United States, and the Census Bureau says it will account for a steadily growing share in the next two decades. Even with no increase in admission quotas, immigration would have a major impact on the composition of the American labor force. At the same time, the politics of immigration is changing. Rick Swartz, an immigraton lawyer here, said: ''The pro-immigration coalition is expanding. In 1980, it involved churches, Hispanic and Asian groups and civil rights lawyers. Today it also includes major corporations, industry associations and conservative think tanks like the Heritage Foundation and the Hudson Institute.'' | Congress Acts to Admit More Skilled Immigrants |
376350_0 | LEAD: Turner Broadcasting System Inc. said today that it lost $44 million on the Goodwill Games, which caused the company to post a second-quarter loss of $8.3 million. Turner Broadcasting System Inc. said today that it lost $44 million on the Goodwill Games, which caused the company to post a second-quarter loss of $8.3 million. The loss on the Goodwill Games ''masked the better-than-planned performance of our ongoing operations,'' Ted Turner, the company's chairman, said in a statement. The loss contrasted with earnings of $5.5 million in the quarter last year. Revenues for the second quarter were $322.8 million, compared with $264.5 million during the same three months in 1989. News-segment revenue was up 13 percent, compared with the 1989 second quarter, mainly because of increased advertising revenue at CNN Headline News and a growing base of subscription fees for Cable News Network. Strong points in the quarter were the company's entertainment segment, which had a 24 percent increase in revenue primarily because of increased ad revenues for TNT, Turner's two-year-old cable network that shows mainly movies. Twice Projected Losses Mr. Turner had said during the recent Goodwill Games in Seattle that the international sporting event, which is held every four years, could lose $26 million, twice what had been projected. That report fueled speculation that the Games, which Mr. Turner developed in 1985, might be doomed. The first Goodwill Games, in 1986, lost $26 million. Mr. Turner said earlier this month that he expected the board to decide by the end of September whether to continue the company's involvement in the Goodwill Games. THE MEDIA BUSINESS | Loss Posted At Turner Broadcasting |
380225_1 | electing not to join the five-nation effort spearheaded by Nigeria, the richest and most powerful country in the region. The five-country force was assembled after leaders of the 16-member West African economic community endorsed the sending of troops to try to halt the civil war, in which at least 5,000 people, mostly unarmed civilians, have been killed in Liberia, a country of some 2.3 million, and many more have been wounded. The estimates on casualties were provided by relief workers, missionaries and diplomats. But the main rebel group, led by Charles Taylor, has vowed to resist any foreign military intervention in the conflict. Rebel Touring Region Tom Woweiyu, a spokesman for Mr. Taylor's National Patriotic Front, has embarked on a tour of West African capitals to try to persuade leaders to oppose the presence of the international force in Liberia. The front accuses the force of supporting the Doe Government, although the five nations maintain that their purpose is to curb anarchy in Liberia and restore a measure of order. In addition to soldiers from Nigeria, a major oil exporter that has a population of around 98 million, the force includes troops from Ghana, which has some 14 million inhabitants, Guinea, which has about 6.5 million, Gambia, with around a half-million, and Sierra Leone, which has 2.75 million. They mobilized in the Sierra Leone capital Freetown for the trip by sea to Monrovia. As reports drifted back today that some Liberian rebels were surrendering to the multinational units, fears were rising in West Africa that instead of being contained, the Liberian civil war might yet set off a broader conflict throughout the region. ''We've got a real serious problem that could potentially involve much of the region,'' said a diplomat who has been closely involved in the conflict. 'An Explosive Situation' An American official said: ''For months we've been warning Liberia's neighbors that it could create an explosive situation if they appeared to be taking sides in the war. Unfortunately, that now appears to be what is happening.'' The official added that because of growing uncertainty about the neutrality of the peacekeeping effort, it was doubtful that the United States would contribute to the West African initiative. Leaders of the West African group had requested American aid for the force, which they estimated would cost about $50 million. So far, only one country, Gambia, is reported to have made a | Civil War in Liberia Threatening To Divide West African Neighbors |
378839_0 | LEAD: MATHEW RUBIN, a Vermonter who is an engineer by training and an environmentalist by temperament, has found a good use for cheese products' residue. Concerned about landfill space, he persuaded the Vermont Whey Company of Montpelier to dry the 50,000 pounds of whey byproducts left each day to be reused as garden fertilizer. MATHEW RUBIN, a Vermonter who is an engineer by training and an environmentalist by temperament, has found a good use for cheese products' residue. Concerned about landfill space, he persuaded the Vermont Whey Company of Montpelier to dry the 50,000 pounds of whey byproducts left each day to be reused as garden fertilizer. ''We then mixed the dried, granulated whey with other natural materials, like bone meal, potash and nitrate,'' Mr. Rubin said, ''along with cocoa bean shells from Hershey, Pa., which also adds a chocolatey aroma.'' The result is a fertilizer with a nitrogen-phosphorous-potash rating of 5-3-4. Recommended proportions are 3 to 4 cups per 100 square feet of flower or vegetable beds, and 1 teaspoon per inch of window box or pot diameter. His Vermont 100 Premium Fertilizer is available in artfully flowered bags at garden centers or by mail from Gardeners Supply, 128 Intervale Road, Burlington, Vt. 05401. Telephone (802) 863-1700. A 10-pound bag is $10.95 and a 4-pound bag is $5.69 plus shipping. | Currents; A New Life Is Found For Dairy Byproducts |
375158_2 | the General Motors Corporation, is to undergo its first test next Thursday, penetrating the perpetual cloud covering with microwave radio signals and then receiving their reflections off the Venusian surface. A more elaborate test a week later could produce the first detailed images, which could be processed and released to the public about Aug. 27. Dr. John McCarthy, an engineer in charge of the radar system for Hughes, said two extensive checkouts during the voyage to Venus showed the ''health of the sensor is excellent.'' Target Orbit Is Achieved Preliminary tracking data indicated that the spacecraft had attained the orbit it was aiming for: an elliptical course over the north pole and passing close to the south polar region. It ranges from 175 miles to about 5,000 miles, with one full circuit of the planet completed every three hours and 10 minutes. As Venus rotates slowly beneath, making a complete revolution once every 243 Earth days, the spacecraft is to map a narrow swath of the planet on each orbit and map more than 70 percent of the surface at the end of one Venusian day. By repeating the survey three times over the next five years, scientists expect to map the entire planet from a mosaic of the radar images. An American craft, Pioneer Venus, was the first to orbit and use radar in mapping the planet, beginning in 1978. It discovered large rift valleys on the Venusian surface and Maxwell Montes, a mountain one mile higher than Mount Everest. Two Soviet craft, Venera 15 and Venera 16, mapped much of the planet's northern hemisphere, finding numerous volcanoes and craters caused by meteorites. Magellan's more advanced radar is expected to produce images of almost photographic quality that should detect any surface features larger than the length of two and a half football fields. That may not be high resolution, but the images should be 10 times more detailed than any previous survey. In an article published yesterday in the journal Nature, Dr. James W. Head and Dr. L. S. Crumpler, planetary geologists at Brown University, said: ''Magellan will thus provide image coverage of extremely high resolution over the entire globe (a data set better than we have for the Earth's ocean floor!), and much-improved topography and gravity coverage and resolution. This will be a remarkable step in planetary exploration comparable to stripping the ocean cover off Earth's sea floor.'' | Craft Poised to Start Mapping Venus |
373141_0 | LEAD: Slipping a .38 revolver into the waistband of his blue jeans, Norberto Neves de Sousa led fellow environmental agents down a forest path to an Amazon gold-mining camp. Slipping a .38 revolver into the waistband of his blue jeans, Norberto Neves de Sousa led fellow environmental agents down a forest path to an Amazon gold-mining camp. In rapid succession, Mr. de Sousa's agents dismantled three mining camps that were polluting a stream with mercury. With more than half a million gold miners spread through the Amazon Basin, Brazilians are beginning to fear that their nation's largest gold rush could be sowing a new ecological disaster in a land straining to rescue its shrinking rain forest. In a diabolical exchange, for each pound of gold extracted from the rivers of the rain forest, the miners pour as much as two pounds of toxic mercury into the environment. How the Mercury Is Used The miners use liquid mercury to separate gold particles from river sediments. Mercury, a heavy metal, bonds with gold. The amalgam is heated, the mercury is burned off and pure gold remains. In the process, about half of the mercury escapes as vapor, which is inhaled directly by gold refiners or is returned to the earth with rain. The rest of the mercury, in the form of residue or ash, is generally dumped into rivers by miners. By some estimates, 100 tons of mercury is dumped annually in the Amazon Basin. ''If we do not take action now, we will have Minamata illness in Amazonia,'' warned Alberto Rojeiro Benedito da Silva, a geologist who is working to curb mercury pollution here in Para State. In Minamata, Japan, decades of dumping industrial mercury waste in a fishing area culminated in the 1950's when more than a hundred fishermen died, dozens of others were poisoned and scores of babies suffered birth defects. The raid on a mining camp here is part of spreading alarm over the danger of mercury poisoning. ''The small farmers downriver complained about the pollution from the gold mining,'' Mr. de Sousa said as his men confiscated the miners' water pumps. With Para responsible for almost half of Brazil's annual gold production of 100 tons, the state has become a focus for the battle over mercury. In mid-July, Brazilian officials started negotiations with the World Bank for a $200 million loan to diagnose and clean up mercury | Curionopolis Journal; Is Gold Worth This? Amazon Is Being Poisoned |
373197_0 | LEAD: The Nynex Corporation plans to spend at least $100 million to build a second cellular telephone network in Manhattan by Christmas of next year, company officials said yesterday. The Nynex Corporation plans to spend at least $100 million to build a second cellular telephone network in Manhattan by Christmas of next year, company officials said yesterday. The new network is intended for use by pedestrians using small, portable handsets, while owners of car telephones and currently available portable telephones would continue to use the existing network, said Robert G. Keller, the chief operating officer of the Nynex Mobile Communications Company. Nynex also plans to build second cellular telephone systems for Boston and Albany in 1992. By using radio frequencies that it controls for existing cellular phones, Nynex expects to put its system in service years before alternative networks proposed by other companies, which would use very high radio frequencies now occupied but which are being sought by these companies. Initially, the new Nynex phones will be a little smaller than bricks, but miniature models planned for 1992 would fit in a shirt pocket, said Harvey P. White, the chief operating officer of Qualcomm Inc., a cellular equipment manufacturer in San Diego that has a $3 million contract from Nynex to manufacture the handsets. The handsets will probably sell for less than $500, and the service will cost from 30 to 40 cents a minute, Mr. Keller said. By comparison, handheld telephones now sell for more than $1,000 each, while Nynex charges 60 cents a minute for service during peak hours and 40 cents off-peak. ''This is not just for rich people who put these things in their briefcases or their Gucci purses,'' Mr. Keller said. ''We intend for these things to be used by people who live or work in Manhattan.'' 20 Times More Calls The new systems would use 10 to 20 percent of the radio frequencies that Nynex uses for its existing cellular service. Telephones from the old system could not be used on the new system, and vice versa, because the old system uses a transmission method based on the wave pattern of the human voice. The new digital system pioneered by Qualcomm uses the encoded 1's and 0's of computer language and can handle 20 times more calls. Nynex also applied yesterday to the Federal Communications Commission for permission to begin using the lightly employed | Nynex Plans Pedestrian's Mobile Phone |
373136_1 | women who are 40 to 49 years old are urged to have a mammogram every year or two, and women 50 and older are urged to have one annually. For women from 35 to 39, a single exam is recommended as a baseline for use as a comparison with results of X-rays after age 40. A Test Often Avoided But all is not sanguine with screening mammography, which would be applied to millions of ostensibly healthy women. (Women with suspicious symptoms in their breasts are given diagnostic mammograms, which are more elaborate than the two-view x-rays taken when symptom-free women go through a routine screening.) Fewer than 40 percent of women over age 40 have ever had a mammogram, and only a relative handful of women have one annually. When women are asked in surveys why they do not have such tests, two answers predominate: They see no need for a mammogram, presumably because they have no symptoms or family history of the disease, and their physicians never advised them to have one. The potential influence of a woman's physician can be seen in another survey finding: Ninety-four percent of women whose doctors tell them to have mammograms had one in the previous two years, but only 36 percent of women whose doctors said nothing about a mammogram had one. Of course, many women are relieved not to be urged to get a mammogram, because they are afraid something might be found. They do not realize that 95 percent of women are given an immediate clean bill of health, and for the remaining 5 percent follow-up tests on most show no cancer. But if a cancer is present, it is best found and treated as soon as possible. The prognosis can only get worse if cancer is not detected early. A woman already uncertain about getting a mammogram can easily find other deterrents. One is concern about radiation. Although radiation exposure is not negligible, when a mammogram is done with modern, properly maintained equipment, the amount of radiation even from 30 years of annual exams is believed by experts not to be hazardous, particularly for women past menopause. But some experts are concerned that the accumulated radiation may be a greater risk to younger women, whose hormone-stimulated breast tissue is more sensitive to radiation. Furthermore, clear-cut benefits of screening mammography for women under 50 have not yet been demonstrated in | Health; Personal Health |
374648_0 | LEAD: Tomato Relish With Clout Tomato Relish With Clout Last year Paul Hagen, a potter who lives in Ogunquit, Me., began commercially producing the green tomato relish he'd been giving away to friends for years. He now calls it Bush Sauce, in honor of the illustrious politician who happens to have a house in Kennebunkport, the next town over. The label advises that the condiment is excellent with quail. If that's not enough, a tag on the neck of the jar says, ''Shower your taste buds with a thousand points of light.'' The relish comes in three flavors: ''Kinder, Gentler,'' spicy sweet with good texture, is better than the somewhat wimpy ''Wicked Good'' variety. The ''Hot and Spicy'' flavor is also delicious. In New York the product is sold at Grace's Marketplace, 1237 Third Avenue (71st Street) for $2.99 for a 16-ounce jar. Three jars are available by mail for $19.65, including shipping, from Hagen House, P.O. Box 893, Ogunquit, Me. 03907. From Pushcart to Big City Sharon Douglas began selling sorbet she made in a church kitchen in Champaign, Ill., from a pushcart. Eventually she began supplying restaurants. This summer the sorbet, in five flavors, is being sold retail in the New York area. Sharon's Sorbet products are made with fruit puree, sweeteners, water and a vegetable gum stabilizer. The raspberry is the best, with the most intense true fruit flavor. Passion fruit is tart and refreshing but the lemon is a trifle gummy-textured and the strawberry is too sweet. The coconut, also very sweet, is thin. The pints, in shocking-pink containers, are about $2.50 at some Associated and Pioneer supermarkets on the Upper West Side of Manhattan. The sorbets are also being sold from carts in midtown and at Giants Stadium, Brendan Byrne Arena and Monmouth Park racetrack in New Jersey. Fresh on Second Avenue Garden Market, 1510 Second Avenue (79th Street), opened last winter in a large barren space with bare brick walls and an inviting but limited assortment of fresh produce, most of it displayed near the front of the store. The decorating, so to speak, has now been completed and in addition to produce the market has been filled out with a limited but well-selected array of grocery and dairy products. There is a counter of prepared foods with some baked goods as well. But the produce is still the star. It is well priced, | Food Notes |
374648_3 | local white peaches, fragile at best but in reasonably good condition for $2.29 a pound. And there is no salad bar. T.L.C. for Salad Makings Summer is salad season. Here are some pointers to remember when preparing salads with grain products, vegetables and lettuces. Always rinse cooked pasta for salad in cold water to remove the starch, then drain it thoroughly. If you use a mayonnaise-based dressing with a pasta or rice salad, try adding some chopped raw tomato or cucumber. Their high moisture content will help keep the dressing from becoming too stiff and starchy. To improve the texture and color of green vegetables like beans, asparagus, snow peas and broccoli, blanch or steam them for a few minutes, just until they turn bright green, then rinse them in cold water. Because they contain an enzyme that reacts with the acid in many salad dressings, these green vegetables and others like green peppers and scallions eventually discolor when allowed to marinate for more than about an hour. The acid will also dull the color of herbs. Unless they have been cultivated hydroponically, locally grown lettuces and herbs from farm stands tend to have more grit or soil on them than those sold in stores. Rinse and dry them thoroughly before using. And if you can find iceberg lettuce, often called black seeded Simpson, at a farm stand, buy it. It is a deliciously sweet lettuce when it is very fresh and locally grown. Leftover green salad seasoned with a basic vinaigrette dressing is usually too limp and unappetizing to serve again. But it can be recycled by putting it into a food processor or blender and adding tomatoes, cucumber and onion and perhaps more liquid to make a gazpacho-like soup. Eating to Save the Rain Forest SAVING tropical trees is the latest in food marketing. First Ben & Jerry's introduced Rainforest Crunch candy and ice cream, made with nuts from rain forest trees, to show that more money can be made harvesting rain forest products than by cutting down the trees. A New York company, From the Rain Forest, has brought out Tropical Mix, snacks made with nuts and dried fruits from rain forests. Both companies donate a small percentage of profit to rain forest preservation. Now Dandy Doggie, a San Francisco company, has come up with Bowser Brittle, a snack for dogs with nuts from the rain forest. | Food Notes |
374534_3 | satellite craft by using less maneuvering fuel, and being ready to increase reliance on less capable weather satellites. Advanced satellites have operated continuously since 1974, beaming pictures to earth that appear in newspapers, are viewed on television weather shows and are used by meteorologists to forecast the weather and track storms. The pictures are especially important to track hurricanes and other powerful storm systems. Although vital, the advanced satellites have been plagued with problems, including the premature burnout of $1,000 light bulbs that help the satellites create photographic images. Only one satellite has outlived its five-year design life before its light bulbs burned out, and then by just seven months. In addition, one advanced satellite was lost in 1986 when the Delta rocket carrying it had to be destroyed in flight. Normally, Two Are in Orbit As a result, only one advanced satellite is in orbit. Usually, there are two. So too, the program to develop GOES-NEXT has been troubled from the start. The new spacecraft, rather than continuously spinning, is to remain pointed in one direction, like a spy satellite, in theory giving it greater powers of observation. But a report issued last year by the General Accounting Office, an investigative arm of Congress, found the program beset by technical and managerial troubles that caused the cost of the program to soar from $294 million to $725 million, exclusive of an estimated $426 million in launching costs. The current problem was discovered by the Aerospace-Communications division of ITT Corporation, an aerospace contractor. ITT's aerospace division, located in Fort Wayne, Ind., is a subcontractor to Ford Aerospace for development of sensors on the GOES-NEXT spacecraft. James R. Greaves, NASA's program manager for meteorological satellites, said the mirrors had been built correctly by the Applied Optics Corporation according to ITT specifications. Buckling in the Heat The trouble is the temperature sensitivity of an elliptical mirror measuring 12 by 20 inches. The perfectly flat mirror is meant to reflect images of the earth from a telescope into a sensor, moving and scanning the area under observation so the rest of the viewing apparatus can remain stationary. Each satellite has two such mobile mirrors, one for a large sensor to measure temperatures in the earth's atmosphere and one for a picture-taking camera. But a computer simulation by ITT showed the mirrors would repeatedly heat and buckle when exposed to direct sunlight twice a | A New Mirror Problem for NASA May Stall Vital Weather Satellites |
374503_3 | the manual system that used an epoxy composite material. ''In the previous method, 75 percent of the cost of the product was labor and every part was laid by hand,'' said Michael L. Basehore, director of engineering for Quadrax. Using the new method, Quadrax can produce the wing part for as little as $150 a pound, comparable to the cost of aluminum and far lower than the $250 bottom price of a composite material assembled by hand. Strong and Light The leading attributes of composites are their strength, their resistance to corrosion and their lightness, particularly when compared with steel. Composite material can cut the weight of an aluminum-frame airplane by 25 to 40 percent. But there are obstacles to more dramatic growth in the use of composites. Few composite products are made in a large volume and prices have generally remained higher than those for aluminum, a main competitor, manufacturers say. ''The major problem is that there isn't enough of anything being made of composite material,'' said James A. Cornie, director of the laboratory for inorganic composites at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology. ''If you could crank a lot of these things out all day and had a large quantity, these new processes in composite manufacturing would tend to be inexpensive.'' For automobile makers, for example, converting assembly plants and processing centers that use steel to composite-based technology would require large investments. ''There has been a great deal of hesitancy on the part of automobile companies to use new materials,'' said Stuart Munson-McGee, assistant director for manufacturing science at the University of Delaware's Center for Composite Materials. For their part, the auto companies say their use of composites has grown. The Chrysler Corporation, for example, said its use of composite materials had increased by about 10 percent in the last decade. ''We look at the differences in weight, and process and tooling costs, and we determine what material makes sense,'' said Thomas J. Kowaleski, a spokesman for Chrysler. ''The question is where does the majority rule? The cost of steel is cheaper than the cost of composites. But the tooling costs of composites may be cheaper than those of steel.'' Another concern expressed by automobile and aerospace companies concerns the potential for recycling these materials. Officials of such companies said they viewed composite materials as less capable of recycling than metals, whose manufacturers have established recycling systems. BUSINESS TECHNOLOGY | A Stronger Future for Composites |
373701_2 | school they will be attending, receiving counseling, taking remedial courses and some college courses and working at a job that is held for them there. Later they will be teamed with business and academic mentors, whose mandate is to help with their studies and social life, and assist them in starting careers. Sean Greene, for example, who was accepted at Trinity College in Hartford, said he had planned on working during the summer at a supermarket after graduating from Notre Dame High School in West Haven, Conn., this year. Instead he is working in the public relations office at Trinity. ''Now he knows where the library is, and where to find the magazines, and the layout of the campus,'' said Elizabeth A. Natale, the director of the office. ''He's also made a lot of contacts with students who've worked at Trinity a couple of years, who have offered to help him when he needs it.'' Higher Ground is an offshoot of Career Beginnings, another Brandeis program that is designed to help low-income minority students stay in high school and prepare for college or a job. So far, Dr. Bloomfield says, more than 90 percent of students enrolled in the high school program have graduated; more than 65 percent have gone on to college, nearly double the usual rate. Higher Ground will be offered at six sites this year, including five colleges under a program organized by the Hartford Consortium for Higher Education - Trinity, St. Joseph's, the University of Hartford, Hartford College for Women and Greater Hartford Community College; Bronx Community College, in New York City; California State University at Bakersfield; Indiana University Northwest, in Gary; the University of Tennessee, at Chattanooga, and Rancho Santiago Community College, in Santa Ana, Calif. Dr. Bloomfield said the sites, chosen from among 22 Career Beginnings sites, were deemed to have the best ideas for retaining minority students. Ruth W. Billyou, director of the Hartford Consortium, which is coordinating the program in Hartford, said Higher Ground came at the right time. Trinity and the University of Hartford have both emphasized minority recruitment as the pool of ''traditional'' college entrants has dropped. And Career Beginnings, in place four years, is turning out minority students in greater numbers, but ones who need a college transition program. ''Everything seemed to come together,'' Ms. Billyou said, ''so that we're beginning to accept more urban high school students.'' BLACKBOARD | Low-Income Leap to College |
373747_4 | Energy Regulatory Commission met and decided to postpone an expected decision in order to hold further hearings on the need for the pipeline and its rate structure. Last week, the commission said it will hold its next hearing on the project on Aug. 13; a decision is expected on Sept. 14. ''We are very happy there will be hearings held,'' she said. ''But we're very, very concerned that the topic of environmental impact has been dropped.'' On the day of the Federal regulators' meeting last month, the association's phone rang steadily, as reporters called for comments. In his nearby cubicle, the association's newsletter editor, John Summa, toyed with a new headline. Before the news of the regulators' action, he had typed, ''FERC Approved Pipeline'' on his word processor. He was delighted to erase it, he said. But, Ms. Werner said she knows that this is not the end of the fight. ''We're talking with our lawyers now to find out what our options are,'' she said. The fight against the pipeline has enabled the association to meet with officials, in communities like Stratford and Milford,with whom they had not worked before. ''So in a way, it's been good for us,'' said Ms. Werner. Eventually, the pipeline issue, ''became bigger than the Housatanic Valley,'' she said.''It became a real focal point of concern,'' bringing the group together with those in other states, like Vermont, New Hampshire and Ohio. No matter what happens with the Iroquois proposal, the association has many projects on tap, said Ms. Werner. One of its top priorities is the Groundwater Action Project, which is designed to help communities safeguard their underwater drinking supplies. And the group is working to teach youngsters about the importance of environmental protection. Everyone who works at the association's office tries to put its philosophy to work, said Mr. Summa. ''We recycle our newspapers,'' he said. ''Our newsletter is printed on recyclable paper. We try to get organic produce for lunch.'' And, he added with a laugh, ''we try not to park on the lawn.'' When he leaves work each day, he realizes the effort is worth it, Mr. Summa said. ''At night here, the stars are beautiful.'' he said, ''And as I drive home, I always see deer, and this time of year, the deer and the fawns. And the Housatonic River is real close.'' THE VIEW FROM: THE HOUSATONIC VALLEY ASSOCIATION | A Dedicated Sentry Guards a Watershed |
374103_17 | Ann, who is not at home. His three children by a first marriage - after a divorce, he remarried seven years ago -are grown, but Oliphant likes the work space in the attic. For years, Oliphant has drawn cartoons five and six times a week, plus taking on odd jobs like the ill-fated stint at Regardie's. But now he wants to spend more time with projects like the National Portrait Gallery show, so he has cut back to four times a week - still an awesome task when one considers that that means drawing well four times a week. It seems all the more daunting when you discover that Oliphant starts each day fresh, each dawn a tabularasa, in his case a very real and very blank sheet of paper on a tilted drawing board. ''You can't really get ahead, think of something the day before. You lose all freshness and immediacy. You have to do today today.'' Nor is it a daily ephiphany, Pat Oliphant struck with a vision on his way up the studio stairs. Instead, it is an intellectual and creative progression. Oliphant is always up by 7, often at 6, and he reads The Washington Post and The New York Times; his scope is national and international, and these are the arbiters. He also watches the morning news on television - ''in case something has happened overnight, like Pearl Harbor.'' Then he decides on his subject matter. ''The budget,'' he says, irritated. ''The budge-it.'' He says it as Joan of Arc might have said ''bonfire.'' 'Sometimes the only thing is the budget - how do you draw the budget?'' (Actually, he does fairly well, what with piggy generals gorging at the trough while schoolchildren stare at meager bowls and their parents look glumly at ''gored ox'' ladled out by Ronald Reagan.) This morning, his options are narrow. ''I've been doing the summit all week, and that was the big news, but Gorbachev is going home. Germany, I think, a reunified Germany is the big sticking point.'' The general topic is not new to Pat Oliphant. It is a hardy perennial in the weedy garden of the news. He has dealt with it before. ''Once I have the subject, I decide what I think about it.'' What he thinks about a reunified Germany is fairly clear: he is not wild about the idea. He has drawn East | What's so Funny About Washington? |
373955_0 | LEAD: The bear had the adenoidal breathing of an elderly man with a passion for cigars and a tendency toward emphysema. My first thought, when I saw him contemplating me through tiny eyes from a rise just beyond the back porch, was that he looked remarkably bearlike, like a close-up shot from a public television nature program. The bear had the adenoidal breathing of an elderly man with a passion for cigars and a tendency toward emphysema. My first thought, when I saw him contemplating me through tiny eyes from a rise just beyond the back porch, was that he looked remarkably bearlike, like a close-up shot from a public television nature program. I screamed. With heavy tread -pad, pad, pad, harrumph, harrumph - the bear went off into the night, perhaps to search for garbage cans inexpertly closed and apiaries badly lighted. I sat on the porch, shaking. Everyone asks, ''Was he big?'' My answer is, ''Compared to what?'' What I leave out when I tell the story is my conviction that the bear is still watching. At night I imagine he is staring down from the hillside into the lighted porch, as though he had a mezzanine seat for a performance on which the curtain had already gone up. ''A nice female, but not very furry,'' I imagine him thinking, ''I see the cubs have gone to the den for the night.'' Sometimes I suspect I think this because the peace and quiet of the country have made me go mad, and if only I could hear a car alarm, an ambulance siren, the sound of a boom box playing ''The Power'' and its owner arguing with his girlfriend over whether or not he was flirting with Denise at the party, all that would drive the bear clear out of my head. Sometimes I think it is because instead of feeling that the bear is trespassing on my property, in my heart I believe that I am trespassing on his. That feeling is not apparent to city people, although there is something about the sight of a man cleaning up after a sheepdog with a sheet of newspaper that suggests a kind of horrible atonement. The city is a place built by the people, for the people. There we say people are acting like animals when they do things with guns and bats and knives that your ordinary | Our Animal Rites |
373692_3 | of dollars. On display in the new museum are 90 Schiele designs, watercolors and oil paintings, a hitherto unpublished 1906 sketchbook and old family photos and documents. The museum, at 26 Donaulande, is open daily, except Monday, 10 A.M. to 1 P.M. and 2 to 5 P.M. Admission is about $2.50. Frequent local and express trains for Tulln leave from Vienna's Franz Josef Terminal, reaching the town in 30 to 50 minutes. Round-trip fare: $12. Rainforest Tours On Amazon A series of tours of Brazil focused on the importance of medicinal plants in the endangered rainforests of the Amazon are offered by the Rainforest Alliance, an environmental group based in New York. Travel arrangements for the 13-day trips, scheduled to begin Oct. 3, 10, 17 and 24, are being made by a tour operator, Destination Unknown (11 Penn Plaza, 10th floor, New York, N.Y. 10001; 212-769-1849). Participants will attend workshops, take part in guided forest walks and visit local specialists while learning about the region's medicinal plants and their importance to world health. Among the guest lecturers will be three botanists from the New York Botanical Garden, Dr. Douglas Daly, Dr. Michael J. Balick and Dr. Wade Davis, who have done research in the Amazon Basin. The itinerary includes Manaus, Rio de Janeiro and a two-day cruise aboard a yacht on the Negro and Amazon Rivers. An official of the Rainforest Alliance said that many drugs used for the treatment of childhood leukemia, heart disease and glaucoma come from rainforest plants that are threatened by the destruction of the forests. The plants have been used for medicinal purposes in Brazil for hundreds of years, he said. The tour price of $6,150 a person, one-fifth of which is a contribution - $1,230 - to the Rainforest Alliance (270 Lafayette Street, New York, N.Y. 10012; 212-941-1900) that is tax-deductible to the extent allowed by law. The cost also includes business-class air fares from Miami to Manaus and Rio and back to Miami, hotel accommodations and two meals a day. Kenya Warning Reports of an easing of political tension in Kenya prompted the United States State Department to cancel its advisory of July 9 urging Americans to defer nonessential travel there. However, the department continues to advise travelers to take precautionswhen traveling in Kenya's game parks. It says they should travel in groups with reputable safari companies and guard against the ''widespread street | Travel Advisory |
373928_2 | the pasture land in the 131-square-mile municipality of Paragominas has been abandoned, said Daniel C. Nepstad, an American biologist who is studying forest regeneration here. Selective logging, in which choice trees are felled leaving most other growth intact, is considered less damaging than clear-cutting by saw or by fire. Regeneration will take its course if a tract can survive a three-year vulnerability to forest fires. The shift toward timber has been eased by the relative proximity of Paragominas to the furniture and construction industries of southern Brazil. But its status as a middle-aged frontier town may offer insights into the future life cycle of newer Amazonian settlements. Indians Forced to Retreat As in North America a century earlier, the advent of roads and white colonization in the early 1960's forced Brazil's original forest dwellers, the Indians, to retreat. Today, the deculturated descendants of the Amanaje live west of here. The Tembe live to the east, on a reserve where they maintain some tribal traditions. And as in the American West, ranching shows signs of decline. In the early 1970's, Percio Barros de Lima was in veterinary school in Rio de Janeiro. ''My classmates were happy to stay in Rio and take care of society ladies' poodles,'' he recalled. ''But I said, 'I'm going to the Amazon to do something.' '' In 1974, the young graduate went west. Here on the edge of the Amazon forest, his father had bought a 13,433 acre spread. But on a recent morning as Mr. de Lima drove his pickup truck through corrals and pastures, the 38-year-old rancher cited a series of setbacks ranging from problems with range grasses to Government policies. A Rancher's Setbacks ''I feel like someone who was painting a wall and then had the ladder kicked out from under him,'' he said. In the 1980's, as protests grew outside the Amazon over the destruction of the forest, the World Bank and the Brazilian Government suspended loan credits and tax incentives. The latest sign of Government interest in Paragominas has been a move to open an office of the Brazilian Institute of Environment and Natural Resources. Earlier this year, visiting environmental agents banned wood burning within the city limits. Sawmills burn wood scraps, a practice that gives Paragominas the taste of a town cured in wood smoke. Before many mills complied with the ban, visibility on city streets dropped to 50 feet. | Amazon City With a Taste Of Wood Fire |
373921_1 | the Food and Drug Administration for gene therapy is still required, but is expected to follow the advisory committee's recommendations. This paves the way for Dr. Anderson to continue research aimed at developing genetic treatments for disease. It also brings the company he is associated with, GTI Inc. of Gaithersburg, Md., and others, closer to commercializing the procedures now under study. If gene therapy proves to be effective, researchers like Dr. Anderson believe, many diseases may eventually be treated without radical surgery or lifelong drug dependency. If advances in genetic therapy produce the results researchers hope for, the pharmaceuticals industry will be changed dramatically. ''After the year 2000, one of every two or three ethical drugs will turn genes on or off,'' said Wally Steinberg, chairman of the Health Care Investment Corporation, a Metro Park, N.J., venture capital firm hoping to commercialize Dr. Anderson's work. ''The end game of molecular biology will be genetic therapy.'' The potential benefits: cures for some types of cancer, AIDS, some forms of heart disease, Alzheimer's and other diseases. ''What gene therapy really is, in a business sense, is simply a very sophisticated drug delivery system,'' said Dr. Anderson. It allows a doctor to put a genetically engineered drug, ''exactly in the cells where it is needed. It is very probable that 15 years from now, genes will be the way that many biologics are delivered.'' If Dr. Anderson's hopes come true, hemopheliacs, for example, who must now take clotting factor four times a day, could receive a long-acting, genetically altered protein substance directly into their blood cells. With such breakthroughs come business opportunities, and new companies are springing up around the country. Applied Biotechnology Inc. and the Somatix Corporation in Cambridge, Mass., and Viagene Inc. in San Diego, Calif., are all pursuing new approaches to genetic therapy which are related to Dr. Anderson's. With last week's National Institutes of Health ruling, more companies are expected to enter the field. Applied Biotech, for example, is developing a polio vaccine as a delivery vehicle for therapeutics in treating AIDS. This approach, called ''vectoring,'' uses an altered virus to ''infect'' a cell with a genetic component it lacks, or to carry in a therapeutic agent, like a special protein. Somatix is using specially altered viruses as vectors to introduce new genes into skin cells. Once inside, reseachers at Somatix hope, the altered skin cells will produce specific | Technology; Lining Up for Potential Gene Therapy Profits |
374106_0 | LEAD: The first culinary reference to the tomato, as far as I know, is to its use by the Aztecs as an accompaniment, along with squash blossoms and peppers, to their cannibal feasts - a detail observed by one of Cortes's companions and reported by the anthropologist Marvin Harris in his book ''Cannibals and Kings. The first culinary reference to the tomato, as far as I know, is to its use by the Aztecs as an accompaniment, along with squash blossoms and peppers, to their cannibal feasts - a detail observed by one of Cortes's companions and reported by the anthropologist Marvin Harris in his book ''Cannibals and Kings.'' The plant itself originated in the Andes, but the Incas found no use for it and left it for the Aztecs to cultivate and name; they called it tomatl. By 1523, the plant had found its way to Europe, where the Italians took to it enthusiastically. Perhaps for this reason, the English glumly feared the tomato as an aphrodisiac, and declared it poison. ''The whole plant is of a ranke and stinking savour,'' said John Gerard in 1597. For two and a half centuries longer, the English continued to shun this allegedly amative fruit and, though Jefferson grew the tomato in his garden, most Americans shared the puritanical revulsion of their English cousins. Americans thought it to be suicidal to eat a raw ''love apple,'' as the tomato was once known. So not only was the tomato condemned as a deadly aphrodisiac, it was further tainted by the cannibal connection, and rumored to be eaten by ''the Feejeans . . . at their feasts of human flesh'' - a confirmation, if true, of the Aztec palate. (For more on tomato history read ''Lost Crops of the Incas,'' National Academy Press.) By 1860, this favorite delicacy of cannibals and amorous Italians had found its way at last to the American table, though ''Godey's Lady's Book'' warned that ''it should always be cooked for three hours,'' presumably to keep the dinner guests away from one another's throats or worse. Today, even the Florentines overcook their tomato sauces, simmering them for as long as two hours, with such flavorings as carrots, onions, celery and even cream and sugar - which in my opinion is a mistake. Tomato sauces should be cooked only long enough to extract some of their water and to soften but | Food; Oh Sweet Poison! |
373995_4 | quakes. Because of cash-flow problems, the work must be done in phases, port officials said. Ultimately, the Federal Emergency Management Agency and the State Office of Emergency Services are expected to pay for all but the retrofitting. But the city must lay out the money first and apply for reimbursement after each stage of work is completed. The planning and the letting of contracts are also slowed because the Ferry Building, modeled by Arthur Page Brown on the Cathedral Tower in Seville, Spain, is a historic landmark, and work must meet those special standards. ''I have a stack of correspondence this thick,'' said Cliff Jarrard, the chief harbor engineer, spreading his thumb and forefinger two inches apart as he described the process of seeking Federal, state and local approvals. ''We are constantly in a bargaining position with these agencies.'' Removal Plan Goes Awry Compared with repairing highways, casting and installing a new flagpole sounds like child's play. But the job is a risky one, as was evident in the removal of the flagpole after the quake. Witnesses said the October quake caused the clock tower to whip through the air like a car antenna. When the shaking stopped, the tower, which rests on thousands of wooden pilings sunk into bedrock, was still standing. But its flagpole was tilted, the clock had stopped because of the citywide loss of power and the recorded chimes that play a medley of songs each evening had fallen silent. About 10 days later, the flagpole was removed in an aerial operation that went awry. A steeplejack on the clock tower fastened a safety line between the flagpole and a hovering Marine helicopter, according to plan, and then used a pipe cutter to slice the flagpole free from its mooring. But the safety line got caught on a nearby roof antenna, and the flagpole snapped free of the line and fell through the roof of the Ferry Building's north wing, cutting water lines but causing no injuries. The plan to reinstall the 50-foot flagpole, two-thirds of which is imbedded into the tower, is similar to that for removing it. A helicopter will drop the pole through a hole at the tip of the tower, 17 stories from street level. The pole will be guided by the steeplejack, who will then fasten it into a pair of support collars. ''Just like threading a needle,'' Mr. Jarrard said. | San Francisco Limps In Repair of Damage Months After Quake |
376702_0 | LEAD: A conservationist vessel deliberately rammed two Japanese fishing boats in the North Pacific on Monday, disabling equipment used to recover drift nets, a crew member said. A conservationist vessel deliberately rammed two Japanese fishing boats in the North Pacific on Monday, disabling equipment used to recover drift nets, a crew member said. The action was part of a campaign to halt the killing of millions of sea birds, marine mammals and sea turtles that are killed by the nets, Chris Keyser, a freelance journalist on the conservationist vessel, said in a telephone interview. There has been a growing movement in the Pacific to ban drift nets, which can stretch for 30 miles and which are nearly invisible. The nets, known among critics as ''walls of death,'' trap a variety of marine life and birds as well as large schools of squid for which they were developed. The Sea Shepherd II, a British-registered 196-foot trawler operated by the Sea Shepherd Conservation Society, was reported to have met the Japanese fleet of six vessels on Monday about 1,500 miles north of Honolulu. The journalist said that after sideswiping the two boats, the Sea Shepherd II had gone after two others, but that they had escaped. | Conservation Vessel Rams 2 Ships in Pacific |
376723_3 | cells on which it acts,'' Dr. Weissmann said. ''When activated, these cells produce proteins, which can prevent the replication of a virus.'' Alpha interferon also modulates the immune response, which can contribute to the anti-viral effect, and inhibits cell growth, which explains its role in anti-cancer treatments, he said. When interferon failed to duplicate its ability to kill cancer cells in the test tube by shrinking tumors in the body, and exhibited a range of flu-like side effects that argued against its use for less serious diseases, investors and many others lost interest. But researchers continued to work with the drug, and by obtaining approval for treatment of hairy cell leukemia, a fatal disease with no other treatment, Schering was able to get alpha interferon to clinicians quickly. These doctors were then free to experiment with alpha interferon against a variety of other diseases, which led to the discovery of the drug's effectiveness against Kaposi's sarcoma, genital warts and hepatitis. 'A Hard Process' ''It turns out that biotech products do not reveal their secrets easily,'' said Hugh A. D'Andrade, Schering's executive vice president. ''We will find more uses for interferon, but it will be a hard process, just as it took time with hepatitis.'' Hepatitis alone will be a huge new market for alpha interferon. Mr. Drake of Vector Securities estimates that 1.5 million patients have been diagnosed with hepatitis B or C in the United States, of whom about 225,000 will become alpha interferon users. The recommended dose for B is five million units daily for four months, which at $6.50 in manufacturer's revenue per one million units equals $3,640 per patient. For C, the recommended dose is three million units three times a week for six months, for manufacturer's revenues of $1,404. The hepatitis market is complicated by the geographic distribution of the disease. While it is far more prevalent in the United States than is commonly realized, only 2 or 3 percent of the population tests positive for antibodies. In portions of Asia and the Southern Hemisphere, as much as 20 percent of the population is infected, but the ability to pay for the drug is uncertain. ''In these countries, you have to ask, 'Who is going to pay?' '' said Viren Mehta, a partner in Mehta & Isaly, Worldwide Pharmaceutical Research in New York. ''If alpha interferon is priced at Western levels, it would be out | Return of an Ex-Wonder Drug |
379009_2 | rates varied widely for the different countries, tumor types and age groups, a few patterns stood out. She said that among people 65 and over in all countries in the study, the rates of brain cancer and multiple myeloma, a cancer of the bone marrow, increased by 50 percent to 600 percent from 1968 to 1988, depending on the country. In that period, she said, kidney cancer, non-Hodgkin's lymphoma and breast cancer also increased 10 to 50 percent for people 65 and over in all seven countries. Dr. Davis said that many of the increases were too great to be explained by improved diagnosis alone, although screening technologies like CAT scans and magnetic resonance imaging devices had allowed physicians to identify tumors that might otherwise have been missed. She also emphasized that the increases were not merely a result of more people's living long enough to come down with cancer. ''The rate of older people contracting cancer has increased far more than their proportion in the population,'' she said. Experts say that to explain any increases in cancer deaths that are observed now epidemiologists must consider the past. ''The question is, Why the increase?'' said Dr. Irving J. Selikoff of Mount Sinai, who heard Dr. Davis present her results at a conference in Colorado recently. Looking Back 30 or 40 Years ''We know that there's a long period of latency between initial exposure and the appearance of cancer,'' Dr. Selikoff said. ''So if we can identify why these factors that people were exposed to 30, 40 years ago have led to an increase in cancer, then we can make changes for the sake of prevention.'' Dr. Davis and other experts suggest that some of the blame could lie with workplace hazards and certain preservatives once used in food, including traces of mercury and arsenic. Dr. Davis also mentions past practices like frequent use of diagnostic X-rays. ''People used to go around in trucks to factories and screen people with fluoroscopic radiation for tuberculosis,'' she said. Catherine C. Boring, an epidemiologist at the American Cancer Society's headquarters in Atlanta, said that, in seeking clues to apparent increases, scientists must consider each cancer independently. She said that the rise in breast cancer could be explained by the fact that women now over 65 were at their peak childbearing years during the Depression, when women often postponed motherhood or had no children. ''Not | Cancer Rates Are Rising Steeply For Those 55 or Older, Study Says |
379048_2 | public relations efforts and attempts to convince physicians and pediatricians that the hormone is safe, according to the board's internal documents obtained by the Foundation on Economic Trends, a Washington-based group that opposes the hormone. $500 Million in Development This week, The Journal of the American Medical Association published an article and an editorial asserting that all available scientific evidence showed that the genetically engineered drug was safe. The articles were written by scientists from the Washington University School of Medicine in St. Louis, and Cornell University in Ithaca, N.Y., who have received research grants from the Monsanto Chemical Company, one of the drug's manufacturers. More than $500 million has been invested in research and development of the drug by the manufacturers - Monsanto, the American Cyanamid Company, Eli Lilly & Company and the Upjohn Company - who say it will make dairy farming easier, keep milk prices down, and do so without any harm to health. The hormone's success or failure in the marketplace is seen by most industry analysts as pivotal to the future development of other products of genetic engineering intended for use on farms. Some Farmers Opposed Opposing the hormone's use is a coalition of farm groups and environmental organizations in the Middle West, New York, and New England led by Jeremy Rifkin, president of the Foundation on Economic Trends, a public research group. Mr. Rifkin began his campaign against bovine growth hormone four years ago in Wisconsin by asserting that it would drive up milk production, lower prices and cause thousands of dairy farmers to go out of business. Since last year, he has focused his criticism on the drug's effects on health, which he says have not been adequately evaluated by the F.D.A. The article in Science, by two scientists in the Center for Veterinary Medicine, Judith C. Juskevitch and C. Greg Guyer, summarizes more than 120 safety studies submitted by the manufacturers. The authors said that genetically engineered bovine growth hormone, which is produced by altered bacteria, is nearly identical in chemical structure to natural bovine growth hormone, which appears in minute concentrations in milk. Insulin-Like Growth Factor The article said the F.D.A. has paid particular attention to concentrations of another protein, insulin-like growth factor, that are higher in milk from cows treated with the hormone than in untreated cows. Insulin-like growth factor, a protein produced by the liver, helps to regulate production | F.D.A. Defends Milk-Producing Drug in Study |
376140_0 | LEAD: France's growing network of high-speed trains may be the envy of many Europeans, but plans to extend it to the country's southern Provence region are stirring more protests than pride. France's growing network of high-speed trains may be the envy of many Europeans, but plans to extend it to the country's southern Provence region are stirring more protests than pride. The Government's goal is to reduce the Paris-Marseilles train trip from the five hours it takes today to just three hours by the mid-1990's. And for this, a new track must be built through or near the vineyards, wooded hills and medieval villages of the Rhone Valley. But such is the opposition from local mayors, protest committees and residents that the political price of going ahead is growing. This month, in the biggest of several recent protests, the existing Paris-Marseilles railroad track was blocked for 10 hours. The main complaint is not only that the Train a Grande Vitesse - the T.G.V. - will disrupt Provence's bucolic way of life during construction and operation, but also that it will overload the region with still more tourists and outsiders. Lack of Consultation Resented Further feeding the protests is the resentment that outlying provinces often feel toward capital cities: in this case, local government authorities are outraged that Paris has barely consulted them on a matter of vital importance to their constituents. ''Until January this year, all we knew was that planes and helicopters were flying over the projected route,'' said Gilbert Pauriol, Mayor of Lambesc in the Provence area known as Bouches-du-Rhone. ''There was no discussion with us. When there are big decisions, they are taken by Paris behind our backs.'' For France's state railway, however, the plan to extend T.G.V. services from Lyons - now reachable from Paris in two hours - to Marseilles as well as east along the Cote d'Azur to Nice and west to Montpellier forms part of a much more ambitious nationwide project. The French railway system, the Societe Nationale des Chemins de Fer Francais, says the T.G.V., which already holds a world speed record of 320 miles an hour, will eventually crisscross France at speeds between 140 and 200 an hour, offering an attractive alternative to air travel as European airports are increasingly clogged. Beyond France's Frontiers Negotiations with neighboring governments have also resulted in agreements for the T.G.V. to link Paris with Brussels, | As Track Creeps South, Slow-Paced Provence Fights Fast Trains |
376056_0 | LEAD: Despite objections from the nation's tiny Protestant minority and qualms among senior Government officials, Poland's public schools will begin voluntary classes in religious education this fall. Despite objections from the nation's tiny Protestant minority and qualms among senior Government officials, Poland's public schools will begin voluntary classes in religious education this fall. The decision, reached earlier this summer, illustrates the continuing political influence of the Catholic Church in post-Communist Poland as it pursues its traditional agenda. But it also is graphic evidence of the Church's fear that it is losing touch with the younger generation of Poles, in a country in which more than 90 percent of the people identify themselves as Roman Catholic. Many here wonder whether the Church's success in the debate over schools is a harbinger of what will happen in September, when the Parliament returns to debate a draft law that would ban abortion, the main means of birth control in this country. Linking Two Key Issues The Rev. Henryk Jankowski, a priest in Lech Walesa's hometown of Gdansk and a leading supporter of the Solidarity movement, explicitly linked the two issues in a recent interview with the Polish weekly Polityka, saying: ''Schools are the property of the nation. The Polish nation is over 90 percent Catholic. I do not believe in intolerance, in persecution due to the fact that some attend religious classes and some do not. With due respect for other religions, religious instruction in the school will restore the authority of the teachers, and, in time to come, of the authorities because it deals with the ethical backbone of man. Let us stop discussing abortion, let us deal with man. Science has unambiguously determined that this is a human being, although some would rather not remember this. If this is a human being, then what is abortion? It is murder.'' In the 45 years of Communist rule in this country, religious instruction was permitted in the schools in the years immediately after World War II and again in the late 1950's, when liberalization in the Soviet Union lead to a temporary loosening of restrictions. But for the last three decades, classes in religion were limited to after-school sessions at local churches. About 80 percent of elementary school students attended, but there was a sharp dropoff among high school students. At the vocational high schools, training grounds for the working-class youths who have | Poland's Public Schools to Offer Classes in Religion |
376180_5 | before his death, as he leaps up in anger while watching a documentary on the greenhouse effect and the carbon dioxide spewing from the burning forests of the Amazon. ''I'm not protecting the forest because I'm worried that in 20 years the world will be affected,'' he said. ''I'm worried about it because there are thousands of people living here who depend on the forest, and their lives are in danger every day.'' While waving the Mendes banner is now de rigueur for those who are attracted by rain-forest chic, this is a useful reminder that the rubber tapper was no starry-eyed environmentalist. On the contrary, his struggle to create ''extractive reserves'' in the forest was directly born of the violent reality of Brazil. It is a reality well captured by Mr. Revkin when he evokes the strangeness of Amazonia: ''The look, feel and smell of the hunks of smoked latex seemed antiquated, anachronistic. It was a material from another time, but in the Amazon all times overlap. Here, rubber tappers still live as they did in the 19th century while ranchers hop to their properties in sleek twin-engine planes and watch television via satellite.'' Amid the media's discovery of the rain forest and Hollywood's fascination with it, the complexity of Brazilian society and the forces driving settlers into the Amazon has often been forgotten. Mr. Revkin does a good job of presenting all the issues. And although those charged with killing Mr. Mendes have not yet been brought to trial, he sounds a cautiously optimistic note. Large extractive reserves for rubber and nuts have been created since Mr. Mendes's death. Killings in Amazonia have fallen off in an apparent sign that the ranchers' sense of impunity has diminished. And the new Brazilian President, Fernando Collor de Mello, has committed himself to environmental defense amid a growing realization that the development of the Amazon has been hopelessly mismanaged. This is testimony to Mr. Mendes's achievement. The Amazon, 15 percent of the total mass of plant life, is still little known, and he stood up, almost alone, to preserve its treasures. As Mr. Revkin writes, in an image that is bound to encourage those continuing the struggle Mr. Mendes began, ''Where one tree has fallen to crumble and rot, dozens of green seedlings and saplngs suddenly spring up to vie for the blast of sunlight entering the hole in the canopy.'' | Books of The Times; A Man's Fight for the Rain Forest |
376019_3 | of further polar ice melting, forecast a rise of roughly 1.5 to 3.5 feet in the next century. Participants at the NASA meeting said much of West Antarctica's marine ice sheet is vulnerable to collapse and dispersal into the oceans when sea water penetrates it, causing it to break into icebergs. The proposed multidisciplinary project, called Searise, would monitor the grounding line, the place where ice flowing off the continent becomes waterborne and the spot where the penetration of ocean under the marine ice sheets would occur. Because the land slopes downward at the new grounding line, the ice ''would find itself in deeper water, where the ice needs to be thicker to maintain contact with the bed,'' the Searise report said. In such a situation, it explained, ''the grounding line retreats faster and faster as the entire ice mass is dispersed toward its margin and into the ocean.'' Possible Signs of Collapse Like water flowing off a continent, five ''streams'' of ice renewed by snowfall, up to 50 miles wide and 300 miles long, flow across the slow-moving West Antarctic ice sheet into the floating Ross Ice Shelf. These streams, which move half a mile a year, ''may be manifestations of collapse already under way,'' the NASA panel said. Specialists believe that if the Ross Shelf went to sea, no longer buttressing the inland ice, the ice might become ''unplugged'' and disperse. This might occur as well on the opposite side of West Antarctica if the Ronne and Filchner ice shelves went to sea, but only a small percentage of them has broken up in recent years. A contrary view, that the Antarctic ice may be growing, has been advanced by Dr. Charles R. Bentley of the University of Wisconsin at Madison. From measurements of snow accumulation and ice that broke off into the water, he has sought to estimate how much ice is being added to the ice sheet by snowfall and compare it with the loss by flow into the sea around the entire continent. From this he estimates that input exceeds output by 5 to 15 percent. He said global warming would produce even greater accumulation, since that would increase the humidity of air blowing from the sea, causing still more snow to fall. The accumulation that he estimates is already occurring would lower worldwide sea levels by one-tenth to four-tenths of an inch per year. | Antarctica Sheds Ice and Scientists Wonder Why |
376110_2 | in New York that paid similar salaries. Today, wage surveys show, the top salary is $110,000 and the bottom $42,000, a spread of $68,000. Electrical engineers in their early 30's, holding jobs in Silicon Valley, in California, earned within $12,000 of each other in 1980. The spread has grown to $25,000, greatly outstripping the increase in inflation, with the high end now $65,000. And until 13 years ago, mechanics at any of the nation's big airlines with the same seniority earned virtually the same wage. Today, a top-scale mechanic's hourly wage ranges from $16 at Pan American World Airways to $21 at American Airlines. Economists who say that the wider wage gap has been caused mainly by employers bidding up wages for the most skilled workers add that this situation makes United States companies more competitive. But paying sharply different wages to people with essentially the same job credentials is divisive for American society, some economists and sociologists argue. ''I'm not overly concerned about one lawyer who makes $35,000 and another who makes $100,000,'' said Richard Freeman, a Harvard economist. ''But for many others, the wage spread means they no longer make it into the middle class. And they are working just as hard as people did 30 years ago.'' Uniformity Exists Abroad The wage spread means, in effect, the disappearance of a sort of insurance policy that assured people they would receive roughly the same pay if they switched jobs, even if one shoe salesman, mechanic, secretary or engineer was not so skilled as another, Mr. Freeman said. Such uniformity exists today in other industrial nations, among them West Germany and Sweden, where government agencies or unions set pay guidelines. Christopher Jencks, a sociologist at Northwestern University, sees another dark side in the wage spread. More workers, finding themselves earning less than their peers, seem to be growing discouraged and leaving the labor force, Census Bureau data indicate. ''People get a set of wage expectations that become harder to fulfill,'' he said. Many theories are being offered to help understand a process that the studies show is 20 years in the making and that is only now getting the attention of many economists. Mr. Freeman and others think that union contracts had tended to keep wage scales uniform within many industries and that the decline in union membership and influence at the bargaining table has undermined this check on | Unequal Pay Widespread in U.S. |
376052_1 | biggest scandals of the military Government that ruled Brazil until 1985, a group of retired military officers received a contract to clear all timber from the area to be flooded by Tucurui, Brazil's second largest dam. Lacking business experience, the group harvested only 5 percent. Obeying a construction timetable, Eletronorte, the Amazon's electric power company, closed the dam on the Tocantins River in November 1984. Since then, six million cubic meters of wood have been entombed in a lake the size of Lake Champlain. Watching from the shoreline was Mr. Gomes. ''I thought it was absurd to lose all this wood, so I started working on a machine,'' he recalled. ''At first, we played white men and Indians with Eletronorte. We hid in the woods when their boat went by.'' Today, however, accusations of wood theft are a distant memory. The power company smiles benignly on Mr. Gomes's enterprise, and takes 10 percent of wood sales. Decomposition Is a Threat Decomposing wood produces ammonia and hydrogen sulphide - substances that could pit and corrode the turbines of the $5 billion, 3,370 megawatt dam, explained Tacachi Hatanaka, an Eletronorte biologist who monitors water quality. Corrosion threatens the two other new Amazon dams maintained by the power company, Samuel in Rondonia State and Balbina in Amazonas State. Meanwhile, on land, demand for wood increases. With a mountain of high-grade iron ore being mined 100 miles from here at Carajas, a steel smelter in Maraba at the southern end of the lake requires 500 tons of charcoal a day for production. This year, a second smelter in Maraba closed after the federal authorities imposed a $1 million fine for using charcoal without a permit. The smelters are part of a series that ecologists warn could chew up much of eastern Amazonia with their need for charcoal. Visiting Carajas in mid-July, Brazil's President, Fernando Collor de Mello, announced a freeze on new smelters and a plan to reforest 2.2 million acres with eucalyptus and other plantation trees. Charcoal Contract Signed This year, Mr. Gomes signed a contract with the remaining smelter in Maraba to supply half of its charcoal needs with charcoal burned from lake wood. The rest of the smelter's charcoal is to come from sawmill scraps. ''The part of the tree above the waterline is damaged and will go for charcoal,'' Mr. Gomes said. ''The submerged wood is still green and can | Tucurui Journal; In an Amazon Lake, Underwater Logging Blooms |
379542_0 | LEAD: WITH only a few more weeks of summer on the calendar, tomatoes top the shopping list. Is it possible to indulge in enough of them, to become sated now so they will not be missed as sorely after the season? WITH only a few more weeks of summer on the calendar, tomatoes top the shopping list. Is it possible to indulge in enough of them, to become sated now so they will not be missed as sorely after the season? Tomatoes are available all year, to be sure, but the quality of those grown locally and vine ripened in summer is unsurpassed. And the price, of course, is about a quarter of what it may be for top tomatoes out of season. Many cooks consign their crop of tomatoes or those purchased by the bushel to the canning jar. If this is a money saver, fine. But it is doubtful that in the final analysis there is a substantial difference in flavor between tomatoes canned at home and those commercially canned. In August it may be better to play the role of Aesop's grasshopper, eating the tomatoes fresh and not worrying about stocking up for winter. And the possible ways to use the tomatoes uncooked is endless. They can enhance sandwiches, soups, salads, pasta, pizza, relishes and condiments, fish and poultry with stunning flavor and color. Caprese Pasta Preparation time: 10 minutes Cooking time: 10 minutes 1/4 cup extra-virgin olive oil 3 cloves garlic, minced 3 to 4 medium to large ripe tomatoes, about 2 pounds 12 basil leaves, finely slivered Salt and freshly ground black pepper 1 pound thin spaghetti 1/2 pound fresh mozzarella, finely diced. 1. Start bringing a large pot of water to a boil for the pasta. 2. Heat the oil in a small saucepan, add the garlic and saute until the garlic is golden. Remove from heat. 3. Cut each tomato in eighths, then pulse in a food processor until they are finely chopped but not pureed, or chop the tomatoes by hand. Place the tomatoes in a colander briefly to drain excess fluid. The fluid can be reserved to use in soups, if desired. Mix the chopped tomatoes with the warm garlic and oil in a bowl and season with basil and salt and pepper to taste. 4. Add salt to the spaghetti water. Cook the spaghetti in the boiling water until al | Caution: Tomato Season Nearing End |
379753_1 | use in the emergency. The Air Transport Association said it was not allowed to say which airlines were involved and that the impact would depend upon how many were normally in North Atlantic serivce. The best advice for those traveling now is to be early and well prepared. For an international trip on a United States carrier, get to the airport at least two and a half hours before flight time and keep books, snacks and pillows accessible. Assume that anyone taking you to an airport abroad will not be able to enter the terminal to carry your bags or see you off. Expect that your ticket and passport will be inspected at the doorway and that you will be interviewed by security officials before you check in. The process will take longer if you arouse suspicion. Recent travelers who were stopped for further questioning included one who made a last-minute change of departure date from Europe, had a lot of luggage and lacked hotel receipts or other papers documenting a complicated itinerary. There are some attention-getters that you may not be able to control: your appearance, for example. In Frankfurt on Aug. 15, a reporter looked into a room where Lufthansa had put passengers who were pulled out of line. He saw many beards and backpacks and concluded that these aroused the concern of security officials. (On the other hand, some years ago, our son, to speed his way on a return home, shaved off his beard just before he left Bogota, Colombia, exposing an untanned jaw. The security people in New York went for him instantaneously.) In Madrid in May, a couple were delayed for extra questioning although there was nothing visibly unusual about them except that the man was white and the woman was Korean. The Picture Abroad Here is a rundown of security developments in Europe: Italy, after the invasion of Kuwait, put its airports and frontiers on alert for potential terrorism; security police have been reinforced and bulletproof vests are being more widely worn. Airport security there has been tight since an attack at Fiumicino Airport in Rome in 1985. Armed police officers guard all entrances and check passports at random. Sometimes nonpassengers are not allowed into the airport and in no case beyond passport control. Passengers are usually interviewed by airline employees and sometimes by the police. Athens International Airport was on ''a high | Security, Passenger Delays and the Gulf Crisis |
379540_0 | LEAD: WITH only a few more weeks of summer on the calendar, tomatoes top the shopping list. Is it possible to indulge in enough of them, to become sated now so they will not be missed as sorely after the season? WITH only a few more weeks of summer on the calendar, tomatoes top the shopping list. Is it possible to indulge in enough of them, to become sated now so they will not be missed as sorely after the season? Tomatoes are available all year, to be sure, but the quality of those grown locally and vine ripened in summer is unsurpassed. And the price, of course, is about a quarter of what it may be for top tomatoes out of season. Many cooks consign their crop of tomatoes or those purchased by the bushel to the canning jar. If this is a money saver, fine. But it is doubtful that in the final analysis there is a substantial difference in flavor between tomatoes canned at home and those commercially canned. In August it may be better to play the role of Aesop's grasshopper, eating the tomatoes fresh and not worrying about stocking up for winter. And the possible ways to use the tomatoes uncooked is endless. They can enhance sandwiches, soups, salads, pasta, pizza, relishes and condiments, fish and poultry with stunning flavor and color. Caprese Pasta Preparation time: 10 minutes Cooking time: 10 minutes 1/4 cup extra-virgin olive oil 3 cloves garlic, minced 3 to 4 medium to large ripe tomatoes, about 2 pounds 12 basil leaves, finely slivered Salt and freshly ground black pepper 1 pound thin spaghetti 1/2 pound fresh mozzarella, finely diced. 1. Start bringing a large pot of water to a boil for the pasta. 2. Heat the oil in a small saucepan, add the garlic and saute until the garlic is golden. Remove from heat. 3. Cut each tomato in eighths, then pulse in a food processor until they are finely chopped but not pureed, or chop the tomatoes by hand. Place the tomatoes in a colander briefly to drain excess fluid. The fluid can be reserved to use in soups, if desired. Mix the chopped tomatoes with the warm garlic and oil in a bowl and season with basil and salt and pepper to taste. 4. Add salt to the spaghetti water. Cook the spaghetti in the boiling water until al | Caution: Tomato Season Nearing End |
379383_0 | LEAD: WITH only a few more weeks of summer on the calendar, tomatoes top the shopping list. Is it possible to indulge in enough of them, to become sated now so they will not be missed as sorely after the season? WITH only a few more weeks of summer on the calendar, tomatoes top the shopping list. Is it possible to indulge in enough of them, to become sated now so they will not be missed as sorely after the season? Tomatoes are available all year, to be sure, but the quality of those grown locally and vine ripened in summer is unsurpassed. And the price, of course, is about a quarter of what it may be for top tomatoes out of season. Many cooks consign their crop of tomatoes or those purchased by the bushel to the canning jar. If this is a money saver, fine. But it is doubtful that in the final analysis there is a substantial difference in flavor between tomatoes canned at home and those commercially canned. In August it may be better to play the role of Aesop's grasshopper, eating the tomatoes fresh and not worrying about stocking up for winter. And the possible ways to use the tomatoes uncooked is endless. They can enhance sandwiches, soups, salads, pasta, pizza, relishes and condiments, fish and poultry with stunning flavor and color. Caprese Pasta Preparation time: 10 minutes Cooking time: 10 minutes 1/4 cup extra-virgin olive oil 3 cloves garlic, minced 3 to 4 medium to large ripe tomatoes, about 2 pounds 12 basil leaves, finely slivered Salt and freshly ground black pepper 1 pound thin spaghetti 1/2 pound fresh mozzarella, finely diced. 1. Start bringing a large pot of water to a boil for the pasta. 2. Heat the oil in a small saucepan, add the garlic and saute until the garlic is golden. Remove from heat. 3. Cut each tomato in eighths, then pulse in a food processor until they are finely chopped but not pureed, or chop the tomatoes by hand. Place the tomatoes in a colander briefly to drain excess fluid. The fluid can be reserved to use in soups, if desired. Mix the chopped tomatoes with the warm garlic and oil in a bowl and season with basil and salt and pepper to taste. 4. Add salt to the spaghetti water. Cook the spaghetti in the boiling water until al | Caution: Tomato Season Nearing End |
379541_0 | LEAD: WITH only a few more weeks of summer on the calendar, tomatoes top the shopping list. Is it possible to indulge in enough of them, to become sated now so they will not be missed as sorely after the season? WITH only a few more weeks of summer on the calendar, tomatoes top the shopping list. Is it possible to indulge in enough of them, to become sated now so they will not be missed as sorely after the season? Tomatoes are available all year, to be sure, but the quality of those grown locally and vine ripened in summer is unsurpassed. And the price, of course, is about a quarter of what it may be for top tomatoes out of season. Many cooks consign their crop of tomatoes or those purchased by the bushel to the canning jar. If this is a money saver, fine. But it is doubtful that in the final analysis there is a substantial difference in flavor between tomatoes canned at home and those commercially canned. In August it may be better to play the role of Aesop's grasshopper, eating the tomatoes fresh and not worrying about stocking up for winter. And the possible ways to use the tomatoes uncooked is endless. They can enhance sandwiches, soups, salads, pasta, pizza, relishes and condiments, fish and poultry with stunning flavor and color. Caprese Pasta Preparation time: 10 minutes Cooking time: 10 minutes 1/4 cup extra-virgin olive oil 3 cloves garlic, minced 3 to 4 medium to large ripe tomatoes, about 2 pounds 12 basil leaves, finely slivered Salt and freshly ground black pepper 1 pound thin spaghetti 1/2 pound fresh mozzarella, finely diced. 1. Start bringing a large pot of water to a boil for the pasta. 2. Heat the oil in a small saucepan, add the garlic and saute until the garlic is golden. Remove from heat. 3. Cut each tomato in eighths, then pulse in a food processor until they are finely chopped but not pureed, or chop the tomatoes by hand. Place the tomatoes in a colander briefly to drain excess fluid. The fluid can be reserved to use in soups, if desired. Mix the chopped tomatoes with the warm garlic and oil in a bowl and season with basil and salt and pepper to taste. 4. Add salt to the spaghetti water. Cook the spaghetti in the boiling water until al | Caution: Tomato Season Nearing End |
379425_2 | In this world, conversations are negotiations in which people try to achieve and maintain the upper hand if they can, and protect themselves from others' attempts to put them down and push them around. Life, then, is a contest, a struggle to preserve independence and avoid failure. I, on the other hand, was approaching the world as many women do: as an individual in a network of connections. In this world, conversations are negotiations for closeness in which people try to seek and give confirmation and support, and to reach consensus. They try to protect themselves from others' attempts to push them away. Life, then, is a community, a struggle to preserve intimacy and avoid isolation. Though there are hierarchies in this world too, they are hierarchies more of friendship than of power and accomplishment. Artphilohistocritisophory The inextricability of a work of art seems to be the theme of criticism now. This is from ''Encounters & Reflections: Art in the Historical Present'' by Arthur C. Danto (Farrar, Straus & Giroux). A lot of criticism simply consists in piling words up in front of art! In any case, for the past twenty-five years there has been a single omnibus problem that I have designated in my title: Artphilohistocritisophory. It is a historical moment in which art makers, art historians, teachers, philosophers, and critics of art are so interlocked in one another's activities that the making of any artwork whatever - even if it looks absolutely traditional - demands a complex philosophical justification and a critical apparatus it is often up to the artist also to furnish. One cannot raise a question of the role of criticism in abstraction from the entire complex. The right question to ask, I suppose, is: What is the function of artphilohistocritisophory? You cannot separate art from the complex and ask what its function in the society is: you have to take the whole complex and ask about it as a functioning whole. A Muscled Corner of the Heart Poets sometimes like to try out their dying on paper, where it isn't quite so upsetting. This is ''Naturally,'' in ''Between Angels'' by Stephen Dunn (Norton). When I die there'll be evidence such as this of a life, everything, all of it, arranged for effect, and only true if believed to be true, and no matter how sad a few people might feel, I know joy will be | NOTED WITH PLEASURE |
379674_0 | LEAD: Late last month, Chinese fishermen spotted a small oceangoing fishing boat that was stranded and seemed to be in trouble. Upon boarding they discovered the problem: the boat contained 25 corpses and a few more gasping passengers locked in several cabins below deck. Late last month, Chinese fishermen spotted a small oceangoing fishing boat that was stranded and seemed to be in trouble. Upon boarding they discovered the problem: the boat contained 25 corpses and a few more gasping passengers locked in several cabins below deck. Like many poor Chinese, the victims had sought a new life by sneaking onto Taiwan to find work. But they were captured, and in the process of repatriating them the Taiwanese authorities are accused of locking them into crowded cabins, where they suffocated before they reached the mainland. Chinese indignation over the incident was compounded after a Taiwanese military vessel accidentally rammed and sank a fishing boat on which 50 mainland Chinese were being repatriated. Twenty-one people died in the Aug. 13 incident, and some survivors charged that the rescue efforts were lackadaisical. ''Facts prove that responsibility for the two incidents should be borne completely by the Taiwan authorities,'' the official New China News Agency said in a commentary published Thursday in newspapers, next to a grisly photo of corpses from the first incident. The Government of Taiwan has not given an explanation of the latest incident, but an officer in the Government Information Office said in a telephone interview on Friday that repatriation is conducted humanely. On Wednesday, Prime Minister Hau Pei-tsun ordered a thorough investigation. According to an extensive account by the New China News Agency, the episode began July 21 when Taiwan's military police put 63 mainland Chinese into four cabins of the 57-foot boat. The police reportedly bound the hands of the mainlanders and ordered the boat's crew to seal the cabins with planks. ''We felt extremely thirsty, and in an hour we were suffocating,'' the news agency quoted Lin Licheng, who lived through the voyage, as saying. ''To survive, we tried to break the door with our heads and hands. But it was useless.'' Taiwan repatriates such illegal immigrants on private fishing boats because the Taipei Government disdains formal contact with the mainland. While the illegal immigrants were suffocating in the cabins, the crew steered the boat back to the mainland and then apparently fled. Twenty-three occupants of | Taiwan Accused in Deaths of 25 Refugees at Sea |
379762_0 | LEAD: To the Editor: Cuba's achievements - the eradication of illiteracy, the low rate of infant mortality, increased longevity and free education through the university level - are rarely the focus for reports in the U.S. press. Space is allotted to Cuba, however, when problems occur in Havana or when Cuban expatriates in the United States make outrageous statements of their plans to overthrow the Government of To the Editor: Cuba's achievements - the eradication of illiteracy, the low rate of infant mortality, increased longevity and free education through the university level - are rarely the focus for reports in the U.S. press. Space is allotted to Cuba, however, when problems occur in Havana or when Cuban expatriates in the United States make outrageous statements of their plans to overthrow the Government of Cuba. It was with particular interest, therefore, that I read Matthew Robbins's article ''Crumbling Cuba Still Loves to Rumba'' (Travel, May 6). It is sensitive and empathetic to Cuba's plight. Our Government has made it illegal for most U.S. citizens to travel to Cuba, to enjoy its culture so ''full of vitality'' . . . and to get to know its wonderful people to whom Mr. Robbins refers with ''envy.'' ''Some day the embargo will be lifted and trade will resume,'' Mr. Robbins says. Before that can happen, U.S. citizens will have to convince Congress that it is time to lift the embargo, restore U.S. citizens' rights to travel to Cuba and move toward normalized relations with Cuba. SYLVIA ORANS New York, N.Y. | Cuba |
374463_0 | LEAD: AFTER a 15-month voyage from Earth, looping the Sun one and a half times, the Magellan spacecraft is approaching Venus. Scheduled to arrive Friday, it is primed to conduct the first detailed mapping survey of the planet's mysterious surface, which lies beneath a perpetual covering of dense, acrid clouds. AFTER a 15-month voyage from Earth, looping the Sun one and a half times, the Magellan spacecraft is approaching Venus. Scheduled to arrive Friday, it is primed to conduct the first detailed mapping survey of the planet's mysterious surface, which lies beneath a perpetual covering of dense, acrid clouds. The first American interplanetary craft to be launched since 1978, the Magellan carries an advanced radar system designed to penetrate the clouds and produce images of a world that has only been briefly glimpsed. Scientists expect the maps made from the images to show how geological forces have shaped Venus, a planet so similar to Earth in size and density and yet so different - dry, lifeless and hellishly hot. No other planet has been visited so often by spacecraft: five American probes and 19 Soviet ones. But earlier observations, especially the crude radar images from the American Pioneer Venus craft in 1978 and the Soviet Venera 15 and 16 in 1983, could only raise questions that scientists say should now be answered by Magellan's radar. The spacecraft is designed to transmit images covering more than 90 percent of the planet and showing surface features 10 times more detailed than any previous data from Venus. Among the questions are these: What interior turmoil created those broad continental plateaus capped by peaks like the 35,000-foot Maxwell Montes? Are there traces of ancient seas? If so, where has all the water gone? Has the atmosphere always been so thick? Is lava still oozing out onto the surface, leaving the thousands of dome-shaped mounds that may be the most common geological feature on Venus? The National Aeronautics and Space Administration has more reason than usual to hope that the mission is an outstanding success. A summer of setbacks - the flawed optics of the Hubble Space Telescope, the grounding of the space shuttles and major design shortcomings in the proposed space station Freedom - and public and Congressional criticism of its competence have left the agency reeling. So far, the prospects for the $550 million mission are good. The 7,700-pound spacecraft is 760,000 miles | Magellan Nears Venus in Trip to Map Surface |
374464_7 | explaining why he took his device for reaming heart arteries overseas. ''That was impossible here. The preclinical evaluation it had to go through was unbelievably elaborate and expensive.'' In West Germany, he said, he simply needed permission from the hospital, which was quickly obtained. The F.D.A. subsequently approved the device for use in the United States. Officials at the Food and Drug Administration are accustomed to the complaints. ''In this country there is an overriding concern for the safety of the patient, and some feel it's excessive,'' Mr. Shaffer said. But, now that the F.D.A. accepts foreign data, he says there is sometimes a new outlet for the frustration. He said the agency's decision to accept such data was controversial and compared it to a court deciding how to regard evidence that was compelling but illegally collected. Scientists also feel that overzealous ethical review boards and, in particular, informed consent rules have driven science away. In the mid-80's, Dr. Richard Peto, a well-known epidemiologist at Oxford University, approached American cardiologists to enlist patients for a study of the drug streptokinase as a treatment for heart attacks. Although the Americans were enthusiastic, in the time that British doctors referred 6,000 patients, only 400 entered from the other side of the Atlantic. He holds consent procedures largely to blame. ''The American documents were three pages of legalistic junk,'' Dr. Peto said, who had written a single page consent form for British use. ''That's not the sort of thing you want to push under someone's nose as he's having a heart attack, terrified, with chest pain, on morphine. You want to tell him about the trial, but you want to be humane.'' Although countries in Europe require that researchers discuss a study with potential subjects, the requirement is far less formalized. Equally important, experts say the fragmented system of health care in the United States is poorly suited to organizing large patient trials. When Dr. Tord Naessen wanted to study the effect of hormone replacement on postmenopausal women in Sweden, he had easy access to the health records of all 23,246 women in the Uppsala health district who had been prescribed the medications. In the United States, that information would have been locked away in thousands of individual offices. Many cardiologists blame fragmentation for the relatively poor showing of American scientists in heart research. In this country, only about 10 percent of heart | For More Drugs, First Test Is Abroad |
378381_0 | LEAD: New York City's Landmarks Preservation Commission surely means to do good on Manhattan's West Side - but so far its good intentions risk paralyzing the welcome development in the large area bounded by Central Park West and Amsterdam Avenue and 62d and 96th Streets. New York City's Landmarks Preservation Commission surely means to do good on Manhattan's West Side - but so far its good intentions risk paralyzing the welcome development in the large area bounded by Central Park West and Amsterdam Avenue and 62d and 96th Streets. The commission has designated the entire area as a historic district, intending to call attention to the dramatic contrasts in buildings erected there in consecutive waves of settlement, the variety of architectural styles and the harmony of structural diversity. The West Side offers a remarkable display of architectural tastes of the past 100 years or more. But to designate a historic district requires more of the commission than a sigh of admiration. It must administer the results. In a historic district, building owners must secure approval for changes in their buildings. That means the commission must be prepared to rule expeditiously, defining permissible substitute components for exterior assemblies and fixtures, even down to air-conditioners protruding from windows or walls. After decades of moribund inactivity, the Upper West Side is now the site of lively public and private development. The district designated as historic covers 25 whole city blocks and parts of at least 27 more. Few sites appear likely to attract construction of major new buildings, and the commission's new head, Laurie Beckelman, has committed it to allowing existing structures to adapt to new uses. Since the demolition of the elevated railway in 1940, Columbus Avenue, the district's spine, has become one of the most rapidly changing shopping and restaurant areas in the city. On the side streets, row houses will surely present the commission with a stream of requests for approval of replacements and improvements. That means the commission will have to continue to simplify its procedures and, more important, take into account, in framing standards of appropriate change, the economic problems of commercial enterprises and homeowners. That's not impossible. But it will mean the commission will need to be as zealous about doing the work as it is about pronouncing virtue. | Landmark Challenge: West Side Story |
378496_0 | LEAD: TAMOXIFEN, a hormonal drug taken by thousands of women to help prevent recurrence of breast cancer, may also protect them against heart disease, according to a study reported in the current issue of the Journal of the National Cancer Institute. The two-year study, conducted among 140 women past menopause, showed that the medication helped reduce their blood levels of cholesterol and especially of harmful LDL cholesterol. TAMOXIFEN, a hormonal drug taken by thousands of women to help prevent recurrence of breast cancer, may also protect them against heart disease, according to a study reported in the current issue of the Journal of the National Cancer Institute. The two-year study, conducted among 140 women past menopause, showed that the medication helped reduce their blood levels of cholesterol and especially of harmful LDL cholesterol. Although the women experienced a small reduction in protective HDL cholesterol and a rise in possibly harmful triglycerides, the net effect of tamoxifen was to reduce their overall risk of developing heart disease, the researchers concluded. The team, from the University of Wisconsin Clinical Center in Madison, was headed by Dr. Richard R. Love. In an accompanying editorial, Dr. Ross L. Prentice of the Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center in Seattle suggested that the benefits of tamoxifen to the heart may be even more important than the drug's cancer-preventing effects. Among postmenopausal women who had been treated for breast cancers that were shown to be sensitive to estrogen, tamoxifen has been associated with a 20 percent reduction in cancer deaths. Given the changes in blood cholesterol patterns noted by Dr. Love and his colleagues, Dr. Prentice said the reduction in coronary risk was ''perhaps 40 percent.'' Many more women die of heart disease than of breast cancer. Jungle Biology Researchers are testing a standard tool of the construction industry - the tower crane - for its potential as a safer, more efficient way to study the teeming animal and plant life in the upper canopy of tropical forests. The first crane, installed by the Smithsonian Tropical Research Center, went into operation less than two weeks ago and rises 100 feet above the forest floor in Panama City's Metropolitan Nature Park to the top of the upper canopy. Dr. Alan Smith, a researcher with the institute, said the crane will allow scientists to examine the ''essentially unexplored'' and important upper canopy more closely than ever before possible. He | Breast Cancer Drug May Benefit the Heart |
378499_2 | methods of review authors who often reach a conclusion by intuition, or by tallying the number of studies showing benefits and those failing to do so or on the basis of subjective biases. ''The issue is the increasing recognition that scientists don't apply the rules of science when they do traditional reviews,'' said Dr. Iain Chalmers, a British expert on the new approach who is not related to Dr. Thomas C. Chalmers. His team from the National Perinatal Epidemiology Unit at Oxford University has written a two-volume summary of more than 300 of meta-analyses that are credited for beginning to change the practice of obstetrics. Their work has shown that scientists ''apply the rules of science in their laboratory and their studies, but when they come to do a review they throw those rules out the window, and they don't use proper statistical techniques,'' Dr. Iain Chalmers said. The Findings Old Wisdom Overturned The work of Dr. Iain Chalmers's team has rejected the value of many traditional obstetrical practices such as restricting movement of a woman during labor, trying to turn a baby around in the womb before the pregnancy reaches its full term and making a routine incision called an episiotomy during childbirth. One meta-analysis by the team has led some American and Canadian obstetricians to substitute polyglycolic acid sutures for others, inclusing chromic catgut, nylon and silk, which are more painful, Dr. Iain Chalmers said. Meta-analyses have re-established the value of some therapies that had fallen from favor, like electroshock therapy for mental depression, which had been criticized as ineffective and dangerous but is now undergoing a revival. After performing a meta-analysis on three new studies of breast cancer in 1988, the National Cancer Institute issued an alert that the drug tamoxifen vastly improved the prognosis for women whose cancer was confined to the breast. Earlier studies had been inconclusive about the benefit of tamoxifen for such patients. About 60 percent of the doctors who responded to a questionnaire from the National Cancer Institute said the alert led them to prescribe the drug. The impact of meta-analyses on medical practice cannot be distinguished precisely from the cumulative effect of individual studies. But meta-analysis has become a frequent topic at meetings throughout the world and medical journals regularly report meta-analyses of a widening array of perplexing health problems. Among the new targets for meta-analyses are epidemiological studies of the | New Method of Analyzing Health Data Stirs Debate |
377716_0 | LEAD: I recently returned to New Jersey after an absence of about 10 years. It won't come as a surprise to anyone that I was met with utter amazement every time I told people where I was going, and that I was doing it by choice. ''But why New Jersey? It is so dirty,'' was the general message. I recently returned to New Jersey after an absence of about 10 years. It won't come as a surprise to anyone that I was met with utter amazement every time I told people where I was going, and that I was doing it by choice. ''But why New Jersey? It is so dirty,'' was the general message. I was proud of our state when I arrived and learned that there was a mandatory recycling measure, and further delighted when I learned from ''Recycling: New Report, New Debate'' (July 15) that participation is much higher than expected. Senator William Gormley, however, has missed the point of the issue when he expressed doubts about recycling because of the cost. Sure, we should find the most economical way to recycle. Go ahead and put a surcharge on the sale of tires. The point is that recycling and other methods of safe waste disposal are vital to the future of the state. Let New Jersey pursue recycling and research on other methods of safe waste disposal regardless of the cost. New Jersey has the opportunity to set an example as being the state most committed to cleaning up our environment and redeem our reputation as being filthy in the eyes of the country. ANNE I. FAIRWEATHER Ridgefield | Recycling Measure: A Pleasant Surprise |
377796_0 | LEAD: Working in the jungle one degree south of the Equator, the heat on the set repeatedly hit 108 degrees. At dusk, tropical downpours washed out key shots day after day. Exotic ailments felled several of Hollywood's finest. During one week of night shooting, the call sheet warned actors of ''insects and crawly things around the set. Working in the jungle one degree south of the Equator, the heat on the set repeatedly hit 108 degrees. At dusk, tropical downpours washed out key shots day after day. Exotic ailments felled several of Hollywood's finest. During one week of night shooting, the call sheet warned actors of ''insects and crawly things around the set.'' Finally, the actor Tom Waits rose up one evening from the torpor of the Hotel Anaconda bar. Wild-eyed and disheveled, he angrily confronted Hector Babenco, the film's Argentine director. ''Don't jerk us around!'' the perspiring Mr. Waits ranted. ''We're American citizens! You got that? American citizens!'' Mr. Babenco, suppressing a smirk, replied in broken English: ''Please - complain it to your American Embassy. Use my radio - no charge.'' In the humid blur of the Amazon, it was not a revolt on the set, but practice for a scene of a movie version of Peter Matthiessen's 1965 novel, ''At Play in the Fields of the Lord,'' which is now being shot in the Brazilian jungle. The script features Indians, missionaries, gold miners and ''developers of the forest.'' But the assemblage of acting, writing, directing and producing talent guarantees that this will not be a rain forest quickie. The screenplay is by Mr. Babenco and Jean-Claude Carriere, who also wrote the screenplays for ''The Unbearable Lightness of Being'' and for a number of Luis Bunuel's later movies. Mr. Babenco, who is currently Latin America's most prominent director, also directed ''Pixote,'' ''Kiss of the Spider Woman'' and ''Ironweed.'' The producer is Saul Zaentz, who also produced ''One Flew Over the Cuckoo's Nest,'' ''Amadeus'' and ''Unbearable Lightness.'' The cast includes the largest collection of North American acting talent seen in South America in many years: Kathy Bates, Tom Berenger, Daryl Hannah, John Lithgow, Aidan Quinn and Mr. Waits. ''A film like this comes along once every 10 years,'' said Ms. Hannah, who plays a missionary's wife. ''Very few films really have the intention of being something. When you get an offer like this, you jump at it.'' From another side | In the Brazilian Jungle They Have a Story to Tell |
377852_7 | the affluent themselves employ servants. The income gap is visible in statistics showing that the top fifth of the population receives half of the national income. In 1988, the World Bank reported that half of the population lived in ''absolute poverty,'' their income unable ''to satisfy basic needs.'' The poverty is most glaring in rural areas, home to more than half of the country's 60 million people. To a large extent, the President herself personifies the contrasts and contradictions that characterize the Philippines. ''Cory would have made a tremendous moral impact if she had started out by giving Hacienda Luisita to the workers,'' says Raul Locsin, the editor of a Manila business journal, referring to her family's vast sugar plantation. Instead, Aquino's family has profited from a toothless agrarian reform law that permits landlords to keep their property by selling a minority share to the workers over a 30-year period - at prices set by the landlords. So Hacienda Luisita is shielded against reform. Its contract cane-cutters are packed into barracks located not far from airier pens that house the thousands of fighting cocks bred by the President's brother, Jose (Peping) Cojuangco. The plantation also boasts a superb 18-hole golf course. The Philippine Congress, whose election in 1987 Aquino hailed as a hallmark of democracy, is dominated by landed and business factions opposed to change. She has not introduced effective measures to streamline the snarled bureaucracy, whose underpaid employees are responsive only to bribes. Out of religious conviction, she has been slow to endorse birth-control programs aimed at curbing the soaring population. Aquino and her husband were victims of Marcos's despotism, but she has ignored human-rights violations by vigilante groups, whose creation she approved as a weapon to combat the Communists. Aquino's plans to privatize state-owned enterprises like the Manila Hotel and Philippine Airlines have crumbled, partly because the appointees who direct them have been battling to keep their jobs. Cool to ''unsolicited advice,'' as she puts it, Aquino often disregards or revamps her cabinet, which, in any case, has been chronically divided by rivalries. Her personal probity is above reproach, but rampant corruption costs the Philippine treasury some $2.5 billion a year - or about a third of the national budget. Shortly before his death two years ago, Joaquin Roces, a distinguished newspaper publisher and one of her early backers, startled Aquino at a reception by openly accusing her | Cory Aquino's Downhill Slide |
377943_4 | organizing. While Mr. Revkin has culled the slightest wisp of the first person from his text, Mr. Shoumatoff crashes around in ''The World Is Burning'' like a third-world Hunter Thompson. His account winds confusingly through time, switching back and forth like an Amazon tributary. But Mr. Shoumatoff, a student of Brazilian society for the last 14 years and the author of three other books on Brazil, excels at explaining that country's culture. Citing its inoperancia, or tropical breakdown, he accurately describes the slaying of Mendes as a sloppy mix of commission and omission: ''The Amazon has a soporific effect. It's a big part of the inoperancia problem. . . . So many things conspire against your remaining on schedule and on the ball. It's a constant struggle just to maintain consciousness, to fight off tropical entropy, torpid, rachitic, stultified, paranoid paralysis. . . . Tasks like apprehending perpetrators, keeping them behind bars, gathering evidence, trying them and sending them up the river, become too daunting, more than anything you think you could possibly get together.'' But in the spirit of fairness, he notes the perception of some Brazilians that they are being asked to bottle up the Amazon's wealth to meet the demands of Americans and Europeans who long ago destroyed their own forests. Many Americans see the building of a road from Acre through Peru to the Pacific as the beginning of the end of the western Amazon. Many Acre residents see the road as a means out of economic stagnation and isolation. Today, environmentalists, economists and government officials are struggling with the challenge of how to bring economic development and a higher standard of living to the Amazon's inhabitants without eliminating the region's forest cover. Tourism, mining and selective lumbering and produce harvesting may offer some answers. In retrospect, Chico Mendes's death marked a turning point for Brazilian environmental policy. Responding to domestic and international outcries, the Brazilian Government suspended tax subsidies for ranching in the Amazon and established a string of rubber reserves in Acre. In July, Brazil's military, which has long viewed ecologists as security threats, promised to lend helicopters to help repress fires in the rain forest. And Brazilian climatologists now argue that deforestation of the Amazon would throw Brazil's weather out of whack, jeopardizing the nation's position as the world's second largest food exporter after the United States. In June, the river town of | Why They Killed Chico Mendes |
377827_7 | mitts, periodically checking us out, then did an ungainly belly flop back into the water. Polar bears are the largest land carnivores in the world, with adult males hitting 800 to 1,000 pounds. They are big and impressive, striding through that ice world of theirs. Over the next few days upwards of 30 or 40 bears were spotted, most at quite a distance. But two or three times each day, a magnificent bear would quietly materialize, swimming strong and silent. It was primeval, this solitary bear passing through his territory. On the last day of our stay at Sila, when we thought we had achieved a sort of Polar Bear Nirvana, the unexpected happened. We had been out all day in the work boats, had seen some terrific big bears and were headed back to the lodge, understandably exhilarated over the bears we had seen both that day and all the other days. And then, suddenly, we saw three heads moving noiselessly through the water. It was almost too good to be true: a large female polar bear with two cubs, swimming in a silent line. Both cubs - probably about two years old and almost ready to leave her protective custody - hugged in close to their mother as they mounted an ice floe. But, as often happens in families, one of the kids was constantly lagging behind. So Mom and Sis would patiently wait for Junior to haul himself out of the water and slowly pad up to join them. Then they all strolled along, languidly looking at us. From time to time they would all flop into the water, sending waves of spray into the air. Then, slowly, they began moving away from us, out across the ice floes. Periodically, they would turn and look back at us. Then, ever so slowly, they retreated into their ice wilderness, growing smaller and smaller until they were finally swallowed up by the silence. ON THE SEARCH Dan Guravich, a polar bear photographer (Post Office Box 891; Greenville, Miss. 38701; 601-335-2444), plans three tours to Wager Bay in July and August next year. Schedules and prices are subject to change, but this year the 10-day trips, leaving from Winnipeg, were $3,750 including accommodations at Sila Lodge. Merv and Lynda Gunter of Frontiers North (774 Bronx Avenue; Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada R2K 4E9; 204-663-1411) also plan a 7-day to 10-day tour next | A Polar Bear's Picnic |
375880_0 | LEAD: THE changes wrought by airline deregulation since 1978 go on and on. Many fares were cut drastically. Routes within the nation were revamped. The industry became concentrated in the hands of nine major carriers. And now globalization is bringing a new upheaval. THE changes wrought by airline deregulation since 1978 go on and on. Many fares were cut drastically. Routes within the nation were revamped. The industry became concentrated in the hands of nine major carriers. And now globalization is bringing a new upheaval. Globalization means, in effect, that simply being a domestic airline is no longer enough. The new view is that long-term survival also requires a network of flights between the United States and numerous foreign cities. Some carriers, particularly American Airlines, believe in globalization more enthusiastically than others, like USAir. But willingly or not, all the big carriers are being drawn into overseas expansion. ''If you are going to take full advantage of your domestic market, then international growth is almost unavoidable,'' said Donald J. Carty, an executive vice president at American Airlines. The reasons are plain enough. One is that passenger traffic between the United States and other countries has been growing at more than 15 percent a year since 1987, while passenger traffic on domestic flights has hardly increased at all. Secondly, the fares are not subject to the discounting that cuts into profits on domestic flights, because international fares are mostly regulated through bilateral agreements. And finally the new hub-and-spoke route structure in the United States almost requires the airlines to expand overseas. The hub airports developed by the top airlines in recent years are usually in large cities and are fed by numerous ''spoke'' flights from smaller cities. Thus, Delta Air Lines channels passengers into its Atlanta hub for Delta flights to London, Paris and Frankfurt. USAir feeds into Pittsburgh for a recently inaugurated daily flight to Frankfurt. For example, five people bound for Frankfurt, fly in to Pittsburgh from Louisville, Ky., five more from Akron, Ohio, and so on. Without USAir's Pittsburgh-Frankfurt flight, each of these feeder trips might carry five fewer passengers, depriving USAir of the extra domestic revenue. The same Louisville passengers, wanting to get to Frankfurt, might instead travel via Delta to Atlanta. ''If the airlines don't have international operations, they are depriving themselves of the opportunity to carry those passengers over their domestic legs,'' said William Boyd, | Business Scene; Airlines in Pull Of Global Magnet |
377037_0 | LEAD: International outrage has squeezed drift-net fishing fleets out of the South Pacific and forced them to accept supervision in the North Pacific. But there are signs that these vandal vessels are now shifting to Atlantic waters. The fleets' host nations, Taiwan in particular, need to monitor their boats' behavior much more closely. International outrage has squeezed drift-net fishing fleets out of the South Pacific and forced them to accept supervision in the North Pacific. But there are signs that these vandal vessels are now shifting to Atlantic waters. The fleets' host nations, Taiwan in particular, need to monitor their boats' behavior much more closely. Drift nets are walls of nylon mesh 30 feet deep and up to 40 miles long. Left to drift at night, they catch the target species and a great many others as well. Dolphins, seals and seabirds all get tangled in the nets and drown. Large species like swordfish and marlin are also at risk. Last December, the United Nations called for an end to deep-sea drift-net fishing in the South Pacific by July 1991 and for a worldwide moratorium elsewhere after 1992, until appropriate catch limits and conservation measures could be established. The precise damage caused by drift nets is not yet known, but observers accepted by Japan last year on its North Pacific squid fishing fleet report that 984 marine mammals were caught in the 4 percent of the catch they sampled. That means that altogether some 25,000 dolphins, seals and other mammals were caught in Japanese drift nets. The U.N. resolution bars further expansion of drift-net fishing. Taiwan, though not a member of the U.N., says it accepts the resolution and prohibits its ships from drift-net fishing in the Atlantic. But as William Stevens reports in The Times, Taiwanese fishing boats with drift nets visible on deck have recently been seen in the Caribbean, near important breeding grounds and migration routes. No Taiwanese boat has yet been seen deploying the nets, which in theory could be for use in other oceans. But to avoid a storm of protest, the Taiwanese Government needs to insure that its vessels refrain from drift-netting the Atlantic. Besides killing unwanted species, drift nets probably trap excessive quantities of the target fish. Countries that depend heavily on fishing, like Japan, South Korea and Taiwan, should be leading, not lagging, in conservation efforts; they will suffer most when stocks | Vandal Vessels Invade the Atlantic |
379205_0 | LEAD: Woman to Head Alliance An American Presbyterian scholar has become the first woman to head a worldwide communion of churches. Dr. Jane Dempsey Douglass was elected president of the World Alliance of Reformed Churches, an association of churches rooted in the 16th-century Reformation theology of John Woman to Head Alliance An American Presbyterian scholar has become the first woman to head a worldwide communion of churches. Dr. Jane Dempsey Douglass was elected president of the World Alliance of Reformed Churches, an association of churches rooted in the 16th-century Reformation theology of John Calvin. The alliance includes 178 Presbyterian, Reformed and Congregational denominations with 50 million members in over 80 countries. Two-thirds of the denominations are in the third world. Recently, the alliance, which has a small staff in Geneva, has been most visible for its advocacy of human rights in South Africa and Rumania. Dr. Douglass, a 57-year-old professor of historical theology at Princeton Theological Seminary in New Jersey, had been a leader in the alliance for more than a decade. She will replace the Rev. Allen Boesak of South Africa, who resigned after revelations of an extra-marital affair. Interviewed by telephone, Dr. Douglass linked her election this month to a decision last August by the alliance's General Council to emphasize the ''full freedom of women in the church.'' Almost half the alliance's member denominations do not ordain women as ministers, she said, and the General Council, the group's highest decision-making group, asked them to reconsider that position. Reactions on Invasion Religious groups that have recently been among the most outspoken critics of American military interventions and armaments are generally supporting the nation's position in the Persian Gulf crisis. The National Council of Churches, the president of the National Conference of Catholic Bishops and the World Council of Churches, all of which have questioned previous military actions, have strongly condemned Iraq's seizure of Kuwait and supported resistance to it. Most of the statements stressed the need for international cooperation, and they are wary about directly endorsing any specific military action by the United States. The American Jewish Committee went a bit further, commending President Bush's ''forceful leadership'' and urging a ''firm and collective response.'' Mohammed T. Mehdi, Secretary General of the National Council on Islamic Affairs, condemned the Iraqi invasion immediately after it took place. Last week, he criticized both President Bush and President Saddam Hussein of Iraq, saying | Religion Notes |
380626_0 | LEAD: A growing number of experts are questioning the usefulness of the animal tests used to decide whether chemicals cause cancer. These animal tests, they say, can themselves cause conditions that give rise to malignancy. A growing number of experts are questioning the usefulness of the animal tests used to decide whether chemicals cause cancer. These animal tests, they say, can themselves cause conditions that give rise to malignancy. The National Academy of Sciences will consider the issue next week at a meeting of its committee on risk assessment. Although experts have criticized the tests for years, there is ''now more of a scientific basis'' for their complaints, said Dr. Bernard D. Goldstein, the committee's chairman. ''There is a growing feeling that we need to look again at whether this is the way to do it,'' he said. The emerging criticism is outlined in two papers being published today in the journal Science. The researchers argue that the testing methods provoke unnaturally high levels of cell division, and this is known to increase the risk of mutations leading to cancer. In particular, the critics say, the idea that there is no safe dose of a carcinogen must be re-examined in light of an increasing body of evidence. Many chemicals that cause cell division and thus cancer at high doses are perfectly safe at lower doses, these experts say. Other experts said the questions raised by critics were important but cautioned that it was far too soon to consider changing present testing methods. They say the system now in use has protected the public, and they note that cell proliferation is not the only cause of mutations leading to cancer. Further, they say, there is no obvious substitute for the testing methods now in use. In one of the papers in Science, Dr. Bruce Ames, director of the National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences at the University of Calfiornia at Berkeley, and Dr. Lois Swirsky Gold, director of the Carcinogenicity Potency Database Project at the Lawrence Berkeley Laboratory, describe what they view as the crux of the problem with standard animal tests. Dr. Ames and Dr. Gold explain that animal tests look for cancer by giving rodents enormous doses of suspect chemicals. But at these high doses, many chemicals cause excessive cell division because, quite often, they kill cells or chronically irritate tender tissues, leading other cells to start dividing to | Scientists Question Methods Used in Animal Cancer Tests |
374784_2 | had 16.1 million people, while Kuwait's population totaled 1.87 million in 1987. Neither embargo is total. The United Nations action allows food shipments to Iraq only under ''special humanitarian circumstances,'' while the American embargo permits food shipments only if they are ''donations of articles to relieve human suffering.'' The presence of many foreigners in Iraq and Kuwait, including several thousand Americans, may make it difficult to impose a total and prolonged food embargo. Canada May Ban Shipments According to the State Department, Brazil, Australia, the 12-member European Community and the United States have banned food shipments to Iraq, and Canada may do so soon. Argentina, China, Saudi Arabia and Thailand have not made a decision on food shipments, while Turkey is continuing them on the humanitarian grounds specified by the United Nations. Together, these countries account for three-quarters of Iraqi food imports. Saudi Arabia spent heavily in the 1970's to improve its agriculture after American discussions in 1973 of halting grain exports to the Mideast, but Iraq did not follow suit. If the embargos prove prolonged, American farmers and car makers are likely to be among the first exporters affected, other Government and industry experts said. But shipments to Iraq and Kuwait represent a small fraction of American agricultural and motor vehicle production, so that with few exceptions, the embargos' effects are unlikely to be severe, they added. 10th-Biggest Customer Iraq was the 10th-largest foreign customer for American agricultural products last year, accounting for about $1 billion of the United States' $37.2 billion in agricultural exports, said Sally A. Klusaritz, an Agriculture Department spokeswoman. The primary purchases were of wheat, rice and feed grains, she said. American rice growers are particularly dependent upon the Iraqi market, which accounted for nearly a fifth of the industry's $1 billion in exports last year, said James W. Willis, the vice president for foreign market development at the USA Rice Council, a Houston trade group. But American agricultural exports to Iraq have almost stopped in recent months even without the embargo, pending Federal investigations into an Agriculture Department program that guarantees bank loans used to finance food sales to Iraq, Ms. Klusaritz said. The Iraqi Government owes $2 billion to the United States under the program, she said. Car Purchases at $250 Million Kuwait bought about $250 million in cars, trucks and vehicle parts from the United States last year, according to Commerce Department | Food Supply Is Vital in Embargo |
373428_2 | in the Vatican Non-leftists, including the Vatican through its newspaper, L'Osservatore Romano, expressed dismay over the verdict and the fact that four terrorist bombings, responsible for 122 deaths from 1969 to 1980, now remain unresolved. Today, on the 10th anniversary of its disaster, Bologna shut down for three hours, with some 40,000 people filling the square in front of the rebuilt railway station to demand justice. Frustration has also been voiced by President Francesco Cossiga, who was Prime Minister in 1980 and who implied last week that culprits must be rooted out wherever they are found, on the left or the right. Italy, he said, needed ''the truth, not a truth.'' But dietrologists were not mollified, especially after a second event refueled conspiracy theories. Several weeks ago, Channel One of the state television network broadcast allegations that the United States Central Intelligence Agency had supported the P-2 in terrorist acts in Italy and in assassinating Prime Minister Olof Palme of Sweden in 1986. This week, a magazine suggested Mr. Cossiga himself was linked to the P-2. Although much of the supporting evidence seemed at first blush to be thin, the accusations have become the summer's journalistic sensation. They also have produced denials about knowledge of any conspiracy - from the C.I.A., from Mr. Cossiga and from Prime Minister Giulio Andreotti. The Mystery of Ustica Still, when combined with the Bologna verdict, the charges were enough to persuade a few Italians that something unholy is afoot. They were doubly convinced when they also contemplated the 10th anniversary of a mysterious air crash that haunts Italy more than any other disaster. On June 27, 1980, a DC-9 on a flight from Bologna to Palermo crashed into the Tyrrhenian Sea near the tiny island of Ustica, just north of Sicily. All 81 people on board were killed. Ustica, as the incident is called here, has led to at least six formal investigations. Experts have studied the plane's wreckage, but they are divided over whether the crash was caused by a terrorist bomb or a missile. If it was a missile, whose? There have been countless theories pointing variously to the United States, Britain, France, Libya and Italy itself, all of which deny they know anything. Rarely does a week pass without a news article offering yet another slant. In the meantime, pertinent Italian radar records have managed to disappear. Senator Libero Gualtieri, head | For Italians, Some Horrors Will Not Die |
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