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364772_1 | the earth from dangerous solar ultraviolet radiation. An alarming thinning of the ozone layer in recent years has been caused by pollution, scientists believe, chiefly in the form of chlorofluorocarbons. Danger of Skin Cancer These have been used since their invention in 1930 as refrigerants, plastic foam-blowing gases, solvents and propellants, and scientists are now developing substitutes for them. These chemicals are used in refrigerators, all types of air conditioners, foam packing and upholstery, dry cleaning and other products. Scientists say that as more ultraviolet radiation penetrates the atmosphere, it is likely to cause an epidemic of skin cancer and cataracts, as well as damage to agriculture. Two nations, China and India, which had refused to accede to the 1987 treaty, the Montreal Protocol, were satisfied by the latest agreement. Their delegation leaders plan to recommend ratification. Besides banning the production and use in new products of the five main types of dangerous chemicals, the new agreement calls for a ban by the end of the century of three fire-extinguishing chemicals called halons. Two other chlorine-based chemicals used as solvents and cleaning agents, methyl chloroform and carbon tetrachloride, are to be sharply restricted. The participants agreed to reduce methyl chloroform production by 70 percent by the year 2000 and by 100 percent in 2005. Production of carbon tetrachloride is to be reduced 85 percent by 1995 and 100 percent by 2000. Aerosol cans with chlorofluorocarbons, no longer manufactured in the United States and Western Europe, are still made in some of the other countries that joined in today's agreement. The agreement reached today, in line with the Montreal Protocol, gives the poor nations a 10-year grace period to give up chlorofluorocarbons, requiring them to halt production before the year 2010 rather than 2000. The agreement creates a new international body with a 14-member executive committee. It will administer a new fund that will be used to help poor countries make the transition to technologies free of chlorofluorocarbons. Rotating members of the executive committee, each serving three-year terms, will always include seven industrial and seven poor nations. Makeup of New Panel Initially, the committee will consist of Canada, West Germany, Finland, the Netherlands, Japan, the United States, the Soviet Union, Brazil, Egypt, Ghana, Jordan, Malaysia, Mexico and Venezuala, with Finland as chairman for the first year. The fund will total $240 million for the first three years. The United States has | 93 NATIONS MOVE TO BAN CHEMICALS THAT HARM OZONE |
364780_0 | LEAD: They say young people don't read the papers anymore. There are scientific studies to prove it. Magnificently calibrated polls. Incredibly accurate laboratory simulations. Everything absolutely sure, statistic-wise. Young people numb. They say young people don't read the papers anymore. There are scientific studies to prove it. Magnificently calibrated polls. Incredibly accurate laboratory simulations. Everything absolutely sure, statistic-wise. Young people numb. Numb generation. Twenties, we had lost generation. Thirties, hungry generation. Forties, war generation. Fifties, silent generation. Sixties, rebellious generation. Seventies, greedy generation. Eighties, generation of swine. All leading up to. The numb generation. Scientifically demonstrated. Impeccable polls. Astounding lab simulations. Today's youth: numb. Why? Science fears today's youth suffer from herky-jerky brain. Effect of watching stroboscopic film pictures with bang-bang, clang-clang music. Need new picture every half-second. Need new bang-bang, clang-clang. Need amp . . . Bang-bang, clang-clang . . . . . . lification. Bang-bang . . . More ampli . . . Clang-clang . . . . . . fication. Bear with me, golden-oldie people. (Golden years and senior citizenship, what a crock, eh, creakers?) Bear with me, middle-agers and thirtysomething people. I am trying to create in print something that might just possibly be read by somebody suffering from herky-jerky brain, in order to demonstrate why anyone so afflicted might give up ever reading anything. How sad these poor young people should make us feel with their indifference to practically everything on the planet that is interesting, infuriating, maddening, exhilarating, fascinating, amusing and nutty. Herky-jerky brain makes them vulnerable to the 10-second sound bite, which leaves them defenseless against demagogues. Unable to entertain two sequential thoughts, they are powerless to conclude that a politician saying ''Read my lips'' must be trying to distract their attention from whatever he has on his mind. Skimming the papers, I am saddened to think of all they are missing. Here, for instance, is news that Canada is breaking up. Imagine: a whole country coming apart, and it hasn't even had decades of Marxist governance to destroy it. Here's an old Stalinist talking in Moscow. She yearns for the past, believe it or not, when Communism knew how to make Russians toe the line. For this woman, the golden age was a time when thinking for yourself could get you arrested in dead of night and exported as slave labor in the Arctic. It's amazing what old-timers can pine for when | Herky-Jerky Bang-Bang |
364719_0 | LEAD: Women Turn to Humor The invitation that came in the mail the other day was for an event on June 31, 1990, a day that does not exist. ''The Women's Ordination Conference,'' the invitation reads, ''cordially invites you not to attend the First Annual Non-Ordination.'' Women Turn to Humor The invitation that came in the mail the other day was for an event on June 31, 1990, a day that does not exist. ''The Women's Ordination Conference,'' the invitation reads, ''cordially invites you not to attend the First Annual Non-Ordination.'' ''Not scheduled to be ordained: Women.'' After 15 years years of angry protests against the Roman Catholic Church for refusing to allow women to serve as priests, the Women's Ordination Conference has turned to humor. The group, based in Fairfax, Va., advocates equality for women in the Christian ministry. The non-event will be followed by a non-reception that will not be held at the Cathedral School, the invitation says. Placido Domingo will not perform with the Vatican Boys' Choir. And John Cardinal O'Connor will not give the homily. Hill & Knowlton, the public relations firm hired by the Catholic bishops for $5 million to work against abortion rights, is not handling publicity. The only semi-serious part of the inviation is the request for contributions. It is, after all, a fund-raising non-event. Those not coming are asked to contribute $15. But if you don't bring a friend, it is $25. Gay Ordination Dropped Bishop John S. Spong, the head of the Episcopal Diocese of Newark, who ran into some trouble last year after he ordained a homosexual, dropped plans earlier this month to ordain another gay man. Ordaining sexually active homosexuals is not permitted in the Episcopal Church, although several bishops have done so in violation of church rules. In December, Bishops Spong was widely criticized after he ordained the Rev. Robert Williams, who spoke openly about his sexual relationship with antoher man. The bishop later dissociated himself from Mr. Williams when the new priest said he did not believe in either celibacy or monogamy and used crude language referring to Mother Teresa of Calcutta. Bishop Spong had planned to ordain a second gay candidate on June 2, but both he and the candidate, Barry Stopfel, canceled plans for the ceremony at the request of Presiding Bishop Edmond L. Browning. Bishop Browning issued a statement lauding the decision not to | Religion Notes |
364744_0 | LEAD: Nelson Mandela's plea for Western countries to maintain economic sanctions against South Africa has galvanized the debate over their effectiveness in hastening the end of apartheid. Nelson Mandela's plea for Western countries to maintain economic sanctions against South Africa has galvanized the debate over their effectiveness in hastening the end of apartheid. It is increasingly apparent that the cumulative damage of sanctions will be difficult for a post-apartheid government to correct. But many whites here say that sanctions have outlived their intended purpose - to shock the Government into change - and that their economic impact has been overrated. Many South African blacks, on the other hand, value such measures as symbols of international support for their struggle, though the sanctions hurt their incomes more than those of their white employers. Frederik van Zyl Slabbert, a liberal white who quit Parliament to promote more direct dialogue between whites and blacks, described the debate on sanctions as ''a quagmire of confusion, half-truths, platitudes, provocation and deception.'' ''It is also riddled with laudable intentions frustrated by reality,'' said Mr. Slabbert, speaking last week in Port Elizabeth. He added that the argument would endure, ''if only because of its ability to generate more heat than light.'' Opponents Are Derided Some blacks who question the efficacy of sanctions, like the Zulu leader, Chief Mangosuthu Gatsha Buthelezi, have been vilified as collaborators. ''It is automatically assumed,'' Ismail Lagardien wrote in The Sowetan, the largest black newspaper, ''that if someone is opposed to economic sanctions against South Africa, this person is in favor of apartheid, white domination and capitalism. On the other hand, the person who supports the call for sanctions is seen as sound of mind and character, and most definitely part of the liberation struggle.'' The white minority Government fueled the argument by initially dismissing the effect of sanctions, even while it enacted a law declaring it a crime to publicly advocate the curbs. ''They would not make it illegal if it didn't hurt,'' said Max Sisulu, chief economist for the African National Congress. More recently, officials have conceded that sanctions restricted growth and limited access to foreign loans. Because of sanctions, Finance Minister Barend du Plessis said, ''we lost a few yards in the 100-meter race.'' Shrinking of Economy A study released in May by the Investor Responsibility Research Center in Washington said sanctions had cost South Africa between $15 billion and | As Mandela Stumps for Sanctions, South Africa Debates Them |
359323_1 | and a touch of fat and the veal modifies the coarser texture of the beef. Lamb is commonly used in Middle Eastern and Indian dishes. Any meat used should be relatively lean, although a little fat helps keep the loaf moist. In the recipe here, finely diced mushrooms are added to subtly enhance the flavor. One of the most common faults home cooks make in preparing meat loaf is overseasoning, especially with nutmeg. A quick, fresh tomato sauce makes sense at this time of year, as the local produce markets are stocking some good-looking ripe tomatoes. If you cannot find good ones, use canned, crushed imported tomatoes. Veal and Pork Meat Loaf 1 tablespoon butter 2 tablespoons finely chopped shallots 2 tablespoons finely chopped onion 1 teaspoon finely chopped garlic 1/4 pound mushrooms, finely chopped 3/4 pound ground lean veal 3/4 pound ground lean pork Salt and freshly ground pepper to taste 1/2 cup fresh bread crumbs 1/2 cup crushed fresh or canned tomatoes 1 egg 1/4 teaspoon freshly grated nutmeg 1/4 teaspoon ground cumin. 1.Preheat oven to 450 degrees. 2.Melt butter in a skillet. When hot, add shallots, onion, garlic and mushrooms. Cook, stirring over medium heat, for 8 minutes. Let cool. 3.Place veal and pork in mixing bowl and add onion and mushroom mixture. Add remaining ingredients and blend well. 4.Spoon mixture into a loaf pan measuring 9 by 5 by 3 inches. Place the pan in a larger heat-proof dish and pour boiling water around the pan. 5.Cover lightly with foil and bake for 45 minutes. For the last 15 minutes, remove the foil and bake uncovered. Serve with tomato sauce (see recipe below) or cold with a salad. Yield: 6 servings. Fresh Tomato Sauce 1 1/2 pounds fresh ripe tomatoes or 3 cups canned crushed tomatoes 2 tablespoons olive oil 4 tablespoons finely chopped onion 1 tablespoon finely chopped garlic 1 tablespoon chopped fresh rosemary or 1 teaspoon dried 1/8 teaspoon hot red-pepper flakes Salt and freshly ground pepper to taste. 1.If fresh tomatoes are used, cut and discard the core and cut them into 3/4-inch cubes. There should be about 3 1/2 cups. 2.Heat oil in a saucepan, add onion and garlic. Cook briefly, stirring. Do not brown the garlic. Add tomatoes. Bring to a boil and add rosemary, pepper flakes, salt and pepper. Simmer for 10 minutes stirring. 3.Place mixture into a food processor | 60-MINUTE GOURMET |
359141_0 | LEAD: Big Gamble on Art News from the annual American Booksellers' Association convention is often dominated by the major houses, because they have the money to buy, publish and promote the best-selling authors. Big Gamble on Art News from the annual American Booksellers' Association convention is often dominated by the major houses, because they have the money to buy, publish and promote the best-selling authors. But the organization's 90th convention, a four-day event that ended June 5, demonstrated again that hundreds of small publishers are issuing books of imagination and daring. One such book, among the more beautiful and expensive books displayed here, is ''Masterpieces of Japanese Screen Painting,'' to be published in September by George Braziller Publishers. The $150 book contains 120 pages of color and reproduces 13 screen paintings on gatefold pages that extend more than four feet when opened. The book was originated by Braziller, a small New York house that specializes in literature and art books, at an investment of $300,000. ''It's an enormous gamble,'' said Mr. Braziller, who founded the company 35 years ago. Mr. Braziller recalled that years ago Stanley Unwin, a noted British publisher, told him, ''Take lots and lots of gambles - but small ones.'' Mr. Braziller said he had heeded that advice, until this book. Yet three months before its publication there are signs his investment may be paying off. He has already sold the book to publishers in Britain, France and Germany, and the Metropolitan Museum of Art bought the book and will list it in its Christmas catalogue. Environmental Titles Judging from the thousands of titles on display at the convention, hard-cover fiction will be in short supply. But children's books and cookbooks will be published in abundance, as will travel guides. There also appears to be no diminution in so-called recovery books, that is, books about addictions. But there will be many new books on the environment, including a number on the destruction of the tropical rain forests. These include ''The Decade of Destruction,'' by Adrian Cowell (Henry Holt), a companion volume to a forthcoming five-part television series; ''One Earth: Portrait of a Fragile Planet'' (Collins Publishers); ''Tropical Rain Forest,'' by Arnold Newman (Facts on File); ''Audubon Perspectives: Fight for Survival,'' by Robert DiSilvestro (John Wiley), and ''One Earth, One Future'' (National Academy Press). In addition, Houghton Mifflin, which has published books on the environment for years, will | Book Notes |
359321_2 | lessons were learned. The most important: Think grilled; think steamed; think for yourself. And beware of restaurants that mark items on their menu as healthful. A Chinese restaurant had a separate menu of ''diet dishes'': ''no salt, no sugar, no cornstarch and no MSG added.'' The white chicken and vegetables and the fillet of sole with vegetables had been steamed, but no seasonings were used to replace the flavors lost because the usual soy sauce, ginger (and stir-frying) were not added. You might try flavoring the food after it arrives. The Italian menu had little hearts beside a number of dishes. These were ''heart-saver selections'' that were ''low in cholesterol and polyunsaturated fats.'' Don't be misled. ''Low in polyunsaturated fats'' does not guarantee that the dish is low in fat. Several dishes were made with pesto, a sauce full of fat. Other heart-saver dishes contained mozzarella and Parmesan cheeses, both of which are high in saturated fat. Some general rules apply, no matter what kind of food it is: * Always ask for the sauce and dressing on the side. * If the restaurant does not remove the skin from the chicken, do it at home. * Steamed vegetables and baked potatoes are safe as long as you tell the restaurant not to dress them with butter or sour cream. * Don't let ''vegetarian'' fool you: it's what the vegetables are cooked in that counts. * Plain bread fits in with your low-fat efforts. * Fruit in the form of chutneys, salsas or relishes work well, and certainly for dessert. So do meringues and angel cakes, if you are lucky enough to find them. Sorbets would be fine, but they don't travel well. Some specific rules apply when dealing with different cuisines: Italian If the menu has no pasta that is not made without cheese or lots of oil, order plain pasta and ask for tomato sauce on the side. Marinara is also a possibility. Minestrone and pasta e fagioli should be very good choices, If, however, the soup comes with ringlets of fat on the top but is otherwise appropriate, pick up the grease with paper towels. Bread sticks and salads with dressing served separately work well. Mexican Fajitas without the sour cream are appropriate, but go easy on the guacamole. Salsas and tortillas, wheat or corn, are excellent for low-fat diets. Beans are a fine choice, as long | EATING WELL |
359161_1 | of the crowd, a group of men who had been invited to sit in smiled nervously. A Tradition of Servility These are words rarely heard in rural areas of Uganda, where, as in many parts of Africa, 14-year-old girls are married off for a dowry of cattle. It is the women, not the men, who do the back-breaking physical labor, lugging enormous containers of water on their heads or on their backs, carrying firewood, digging in the fields, cooking and caring for a multitude of children. In this southern region of Uganda where the Baganda are the dominant people, the submissiveness so common among of African women is compounded by cultural traditions that dictate that a woman kneel when meeting a man, even her own son. The plight of African women and their lack of reward for their overwhelming contribution to food production has prompted numerous calls for reform. Little has changed, but there are signs of new attitudes. For more than a year, a group from the Uganda Association of Women Lawyers has been trying to inform women in the countryside, where 80 percent of Ugandans live, that life doesn't have to be this way. A few months ago, New Vision, the main newspaper in Uganda, ran a cartoon lamenting a woman's life. It showed a woman as an ox, being driven by a husband, whip in hand. A Progressive Government The Ugandan Government of President Yoweri Museveni, struggling to rebuild the war-ravaged country after 20 years of brutality, is one of the most progressive on the continent on the subject of women. Each of the 34 parliamentary districts has an at-large seat reserved for a woman. Women are members of the Cabinet, and the Ministry of Agriculture, one of the most vital posts, is held a woman. But in a male-dominated society where polygamy is common, Mr. Museveni's sentiments are difficult to translate on a broad scale. Thus, the Lawyers Association has found it necessary to publish a leaflet entitled ''Wife-Beating Is Against the Law.'' The leaflet warns women not to believe that it is part of Ugandan custom to accept a beating. It tries to demolish the idea, prevalent among some women, that a woman is beaten as a sign of love. ''In traditional societies a woman was treated with great respect and beating a woman was despised,'' the leaflet says. AIDS Epidemic a Factor Reflecting the | Buwunga Journal; For the Oppressed Sex, Brave Words to Live By |
362063_2 | Nevertheless, only 300,000 people are in registered apprenticeship programs, roughly unchanged since 1950. Most programs are the fruit of union agreements, although the military trains 50,000 of the apprentices as an inducement to re-enlist. From colonial times until well into the Industrial Revolution, being an apprentice was standard job training. With the advent of the assembly line, millions of jobs were limited to two or three simple, quickly learned tasks. As a result, apprenticeship training retreated to crafts like carpentry and electrical work, which still required complex skills. But now, with the rise of a flexible workplace -one that requires ingenuity and complex skills to carry out a variety of tasks - apprenticeship training is coming back into vogue. Reacting more quickly to the change, West Germany, Sweden, France and other European countries are well ahead of the United States in government-sponsored apprenticeship training, often financed through special taxes. ''You can sustain profits in two ways in the international arena,'' said F. Ray Marshall, a Labor Secretary during the Carter Administration. American companies opted for cost-cutting through layoffs and limits on wage increases, he said, while other industrial nations sustained wages, but trained workers so they could produce more. Lately, however, some big American companies, like Motorola, Ford, General Electric and American Express, are spending tens of millions of dollars on job training that resembles apprenticeships. They are, in effect, beginning to adopt the European approach. But from a corporate executive's viewpoint, incorporating this individual company training into a national apprenticeship program has two big drawbacks as well as one big advantage. The advantage is that the companies could pay a training wage with Government sanction. Ironworker apprentices, for example, currently start at between 35 percent and 50 percent of a journeyman's wage, moving up each year toward full pay. One drawbacks is that companies would have to comply with Federal regulations, particularly rules that insist upon minority hiring for the programs. And they would have to issue nationally recognized certificates to newly graduated apprentices, who could then depart with their licenses for new jobs, just as journeymen carpenters move among employers, offering their licenses as proof of their skills. Whatever the pros and cons, other leading industrial nations are moving to train their workers and increase their productivity. ''We do this for college-educated people,'' Mr. Marshall said. ''But we do virtually nothing for people who don't go to college.'' | Business Scene; Reviving a Role For Apprentices |
362112_0 | LEAD: Hundreds of thousands of jobs, once performed creditably without a college degree, are going to college graduates today as employers take advantage of an oversupply of them. Hundreds of thousands of jobs, once performed creditably without a college degree, are going to college graduates today as employers take advantage of an oversupply of them. College graduates are being found more and more among the nation's bakers, traveling salespeople, secretaries, bookkeepers, clerks, data processors and factory supervisors. And they are shutting out qualified high school graduates from many jobs, according to Labor Department officials, corporate executives and economists. There are several reasons why this is happening. One, of course, is the growing complexity of many jobs that were once much simpler to perform. But more important is the current oversupply of college graduates. More Graduates in Work Force At roughly 25 percent of the work force - higher than in any other industrial nation - college graduates outstrip the demand for their skills, the Labor Department reports. And the proportion of college graduates in the work force is continuing to increase. Given this oversupply, many experts, including the authors of a report on the American work force being released today, say that employers are reluctant to gamble on high school graduates. In an age when public schools are accused of turning out many illiterates, corporate America has come to rely on the college degree as the safest guarantee that an applicant has the skills, discipline and maturity to tackle a job. ''The college degree, or even the evidence of having participated in college, has become the nation's major form of job certification,'' said William B. Johnston, a senior research fellow at the Hudson Institute. ''It is a rather expensive and extravagant sorting mechanism, to send people off to schools to learn skills that might not be necessary for work, but it is all that we have right now.'' The emphasis on hiring college graduates has helped to open a huge gap between the incomes of the college educated and the high school educated. Many recent studies show that the standard of living of the high school graduate fell in the 1980's for the first time since World War II, while the college graduates' standard of living, or real wage, rose by nearly 8 percent. No other industrial nation has such a wide wage gap between the two groups. That wage | Surplus of College Graduates Dims Job Outlook for Others |
362391_0 | LEAD: To the Editor: To the Editor: ''Loss of Tropical Forests Is Found Much Worse Than Was Thought'' (front page, June 8). We would like to bring to your attention the destruction of a rain forest much closer to the border of the United States. The Major Peten, the forested areas of southern Mexico, the Peten in Guatemala and the northern portion of Belize, constitutes the second largest tropical forest area in the Americas. At the present rate of destruction, these forests will disappear in 70 to 75 years. The loss would seriously diminish the genetic pool and have a dramatic impact on natural productivity throughout the hemisphere. Equally tragic is the impact of increased deforestation on the indigenous peoples of the rain forest. The Major Peten, for example, has been home to the Maya culture for more than 3,500 years. As well as deforestation, this region is subject to destruction and suffering from the civil war raging in Guatemala. This rapid deforestation will mean the end of a way of life for such rain forest cultures as the Mayan Lacandon of southernmost Mexico. We should remember the words of ''Our Common Future,'' a 1987 report of the United Nations World Commission on Environment and Development: ''The starting point for a just and humane policy is the recognition and protection of rights'' - of indigenous peoples - ''to land and the other resources that sustain their way of life.'' IGNACIO MARCH, KURT RUSSO Bellingham, Wash., June 13, 1990 The writers are, respectively, vice president of Ecosfera (Mexico) and director of the Lummi tribe Lacandon Rain Forest project. | In South Mexico, a Forest and Culture Die |
362495_1 | offices in North America that will report directly to the headquarters in Akron, rather than the current structure, under which 43 district offices report to five regional divisions, which in turn report to the headquarters. Goodyear has been burdened in recent years by continued sluggishness in North American automobile production, higher operating expenses and losses related to its All-American Pipeline. Economic conditions in Brazil, where Goodyear has production operations, have also contributed to company problems. On the New York Stock Exchange, Goodyear fell 25 cents yesterday, closing at $33.75. Tire Industry Competition Competition in the tire industry has intensified as a number of large, international producers have acquired smaller companies, primarily in the United States. The most recent was last year's $690 million acquisition of the Uniroyal-Goodrich Tire Company by Groupe Michelin of France, making it the largest tire maker. That came a year after the Firestone Tire and Rubber Company, formerly the second-largest producer in the United States, was purchased by the Bridgestone Corporation of Japan for $2.6 billion. Since then, Goodyear has moved to cut costs and reduce layers of management. In April, the company said that it would create two new business units: one for consumer tires serving the passenger tire market and one for commercial tires, primarily non passenger tires. The company has announced several personnel reductions in the last three years, but yesterday's represented the largest number of workers furloughed since the company fought a failed takeover attempt in 1986 by Sir James Goldsmith, the British investor. In the company's announcement yesterday, Goodyear said that it was eliminating five field region offices in the United States to achieve ''a flatter, more efficient and responsive organization.'' The company said it was realigning wholesale operations, retail subsidiaries, field sales and home office support groups. In an interview yesterday, Tom H. Barrett, chairman of Goodyear, said that the restructuring was necessary because Goodyear had been unable to recover much of its sales and administrative costs in some areas in North America. ''We think we can correct this with this restructuring,'' Mr. Barrett said. ''We can recover more of our costs with a more effective organization and with fewer people.'' Mr. Barrett said that the quarterly loss was ''difficult for us.'' But, he added: ''Even though we're unaccustomed to it, we have to think in the long term. We could put it off, but that would serve no purpose.'' | Goodyear Plans to Cut 1,100 Jobs |
362511_0 | LEAD: Like many young couples on Long Island, Kenneth and Sharon Jaeger both work, he during the day and she at night. Whoever is home looks after the baby. Like many young couples on Long Island, Kenneth and Sharon Jaeger both work, he during the day and she at night. Whoever is home looks after the baby. ''As I'm walking in the door, she's walking out,'' Mr. Jaeger said. ''We have to do it to make ends meet.'' The Jaegers are sick of it. They are tired of scraping by to pay taxes and the mortgage when together they earn more than $42,000. They are tired of the traffic and tired of the house they bought three years ago as a fixer-upper and are still trying to fix up. Like many young couples on Long Island, the Jaegers want to move. And that is why Mr. Jaeger spent a recent afternoon at the Florida Development Corporation here listening to a talk on life in Florida. Florida real-estate promoters, pursuing their decades-old quest for Northerners tired of the cold and familiar, are finding a growing market in people like the Jaegers. Increasingly, through seminars and real-estate showcases, they are introducing the young families of Long Island to the opportunities of Florida. In the past, most of the Long Island immigrants to Florida were older people hoping to cash in their Long Island dream and retire. But people moving there today are almost as likely to be young families who never found the dream in the first place. ''In the past two years, we have found a real change in the market,'' said Ann Levitt, the associate director of marketing for Florida Development, which acts as a broker for various Florida developers. ''Fifty percent or so of the families are young working people. They say they can't afford to buy a home or are getting taxed out of their houses.'' Search for the Good Life Long Island used to be a land of opportunity for the young, with good jobs, clean air and a way of life that was easier and friendlier than New York City's. But many Long Islanders say the good life is no longer within reach here, and they are looking elsewhere. Florida, they believe, is what Long Island once was, only with better weather. Among the most popular forums that bring together people who want to move out | Fed Up, L.I.'s Young Are Thinking Florida |
357910_1 | grew complicated. To get the very same services he'd always had, Mr. Kazakeris now needed an extra remote and two converters, at a cost of $7 more a month. ''Look what I do now,'' he said, grabbing three remotes. ''I need this cable remote to turn the converter on. Then I need the TV remote to put on the TV. I raise my volume like this (Dan Rather was saying, ''the whole shape of Europe to come . . .'') and now I have to go back to my cable remote to change channels, (a reporter said, ''struck by a man with an AK-47 . . .''). I feel ridiculous.'' Local officials used to control cable service and rates, but that ended during the business euphoria of the 1980's, with Federal deregulation. Since then, cable companies, which are granted town-by-town monopolies, have been pretty much free to do as they please. As cable executives switch policies (scrambling New Jersey, blacking out the Knicks on Long Island,) protests flare. But cable officials usually win; the law is on their side. Recently viewers in Riverview-controlled towns, (North Bergen, West New York, Union City, Weehawken, Hoboken) rose in protest. They held meetings, shouted down their legislators, filed suit against Riverview. ''We talked about throwing our converters into the river,'' said Edward Nadasdi. Five days of hearings were held before the state's public utility board. Riverview officials argued that $2 million a year was being lost to cable piracy and scrambling the signal was the best way to remedy theft. They called any inconveniences or extra charges minor. ''People say they're inconvenienced by three remotes,'' said Greg Arnold, Riverview general manager. ''If they can handle two remotes, what causes problems to grow exponentially at three?'' ''With time,'' said Robert Smith, Riverview's public relations man, ''people will see our credibility on this and calm down. This is part of a modernization that will bring 78-channel capacity. We're planning for digital audio services. We're making room for things people haven't heard of.'' ''The cowboy channel,'' said Mr. Arnold. ''Things people can't even fathom,'' said Mr. Smith. In mid-May the utility board ruled it had no power to stop Riverview. Another victory for the cable industry. The utility board president, Scott Weiner, could have stopped there, but did not. He said that this wasn't just a matter of a few extra remotes, that there are ''important public | Our Towns; Cable Ready When the World Is on the Blink |
358442_4 | oxide, so they are used in applications requiring higher voltage, despite the more costly material. In ''cordless'' appliances the rechargeable batteries use cadmium for an anode and nickel oxide for the cathode. Other types of batteries that have come into use include zinc air cells, which use zinc as the anode and the oxygen in air as the cathode. Cells using lithium have also been developed, with an impressive energy density of 8.7 watt hours per cubic inch. All, however, have environmental drawbacks of some kind. Cadmium and mercury have been been linked to cancer and neurological disorders. Manganese is associated with respiratory problems and zinc compounds can endanger wildlife. Lithium compounds have neurological effects. Some batteries, notably the button cells with large amounts of mercury and silver, are currently being recycled in this country. Environmentalists, noting that all kinds of batteries are being reclaimed in Europe and Japan, say more needs to be done. ''Batteries should be taken out of the solid-waste stream,'' said Jan Beyea, a scientist with the Audubon Society. He said recycling both prevents dangerous materials from getting into the environment and reduces pressure to mine more raw materials. Industry officals counter that, with the exceptions of silver and mercury, recycling has been uneconomic wherever it has been attempted. ''You have to look at value received for value paid,'' said Terry Telzrow, manager of standards and product safety for Eveready. ''If it costs 10 times the market price of zinc and manganese to recycle, where is the benefit?'' Battery makers also contend that gathering large quantities of old batteries for recycling increases environmental and safety risks. Because old batteries in a container could discharge each other, creating a danger of leaks of corrosive fluids and emissions of explosive hydrogen gas, batteries are safer when they are dispersed in the overall mass of solid waste, industry officials say. ''If you follow their advice, you would throw batteries out the window of your car as you drive down the road,'' said Tim Forker, an official of the Environmental Action Coalition in New York. ''That way they're dispersed.'' Mr. Forker, whose organization is collecting button cells to reclaim mercury, said a broad environmental goal is to get as many toxic materials as possible out of municipal waste before it goes into the ground or an incinerator. That reduces the need to control pollutants from waste disposal sites, he said. | Technology; Trying to Make Batteries 'Green' |
358333_1 | goods they produce themselves) and public markets (in which items may also be sold through a merchant intermediary) are both reliable sources of fresh goods. As more consumers demand food that is neither dried, frozen, nor canned, as well as accurate information about how and where it's grown, established markets, such as that on Cleveland's West Side, are being revitalized. New York City's own Greenmarket network has been delighting food lovers since the first one opened in 1976. Meanwhile, more new markets, such as the one started last summer in Charleston, S.C., are springing up. Super-efficient, well organized American cooks, however, may find themselves a little disconcerted by a farmers' or public market, especially when the stalls are starting to swell with abundance. Unlike the Europeans, we tend to make lists and plan exactly what recipes we're going to prepare. Away from the grocery store, where we know which aisle has the tomatoes and whether the dairy section comes before or after the frozen foods, the chaos, blissful though it is, can be bewildering. The most important step to successful marketing, then, is to emulate those French chefs and be flexible - build up a repertory of basic recipes that can be adapted to different ingredients. The dishes suggested here, for instance, allow you to choose from whatever is fresh at the market. The macedoine of spring vegetables in a pie calls for four to five cups of produce, ranging from shelled peas to radishes. Cooking times must be adjusted - longer for firm-textured root vegetables, shorter for juicier ones like zucchini and asparagus - but the basic preparation is the same for each ingredient. As for the clafoutis, the French dessert from the Auvergne region, many other fruits besides the berry mixture shown can be used to create its fine flavor. If you approach the market with an open mind, you may also be dazzled by the unexpected: the sight of the first gorgeous black morello cherries, little bundles of fragrant green herbs, a basket of the mixed young salad greens called mesclun, or half a dozen varieties of peppers piled in a brilliant heap. Give yourself plenty of time, too. Shopping in a farmers' or public market can take almost twice as long as a typical trip to the grocery store. If you're planning a dinner party, go several days ahead just to see what's likely to be | URBAN OASES: A HOST'S GUIDE TO FARMER'S MARKETS |
358643_6 | a communications consultant, said many employers arrange generous discounts for their workers to buy computers for their personal use. ''But part of me wonders if that just makes it easier for them to extend the work day,'' Mr. Gordon said. ''You can get creeping expectations on the part of managers that it should be the norm for people to put in two or three extra hours a day on home computers.'' Maureen Pearce, a 50-year-old secretary in the Third Avenue offices of the New York law firm of Debevoise & Plimpton, said that when she started there nine years ago she had an I.B.M. Selectric typewriter on her desk, a Dictaphone and a telephone. Today she has a Canon memory typewriter-printer, a Compaq computer, an Amdek monitor, a Hewlett-Packard laser printer, a Dictaphone and a multiple function telephone. ''I didn't like the change,'' she said. But Debevoise & Plimpton helped her along. ''They gave wonderful training, and then refresher courses, and they paid me overtime to attend them,'' she said. Thoroughly hooked on the hardware, she has become hooked as well on working overtime with her boss, Christopher Smeall. ''My hours are 9:30 to 5:30,'' she said, ''but we schedule most mornings to get in at 8. I get a kick out of doing even what he is not sure I can handle.'' But others find that the quickening pace of the volley is burning them out. ''They're in a time-compressed state,'' said Joseph Ruffin, a psychiatrist in Oklahoma City. ''They've got more bellyaches and more headaches. They've got more diarrhea. I ask my patients: 'What if you were an automobile? What shape would you be in?' They say, 'I wouldn't last three weeks.' '' Boris Rifkin, a psychiatrist in New Haven, said anxiety disorders have mushroomed. ''I tell these people: 'Change your behavior pattern. Go to the supermarket and wait in the longest line. Do the relaxing things. Come into work late and don't be uptight about it.' '' Many analysts suspect that the extra work does no more good for the economy than it does for the health. Indeed, they ask, if people are producing more with their labor, why is the economy so sluggish? And why is American productivity - the value of goods and services workers produce - growing so much more slowly than in Asia and Europe? One explanation might be that many people are | The Work Week Grows; Tales From The Digital Treadmill |
358300_1 | it. The most satisfactory arrangement is in the furthermost gallery in the school building, where the mix is roughly half sculpture, half painting and the color generally muted. Facing each other diagonally are two sculptures, both of them out of Cubism - Steve O'Brien's ''Morning, Noon and Night'' and James Jackson Burt's ''Reckless Tango.'' Mr. O'Brien's is a compact mass of steel arcs and hemi-cylinders welded together, enameled white and poised on a shiny black pedestal. It is illuminated to great effect by lights set below the pedestal's surface, which is transparent. Suggesting torsos from some angles, Mr. Burt's abstraction is a chunky, angular shape of pitted, pinkish stoneware bestriding a column made of the same material that leans as sharply as the Tower of Pisa. Behind this stands Sandra Zell's screen made of four trapezoidal canvases, each of them painted with fleshy pink and reddish black or brown shapes that oppose their geometry to that of the structure. The conventional member of the party is Shaw Stuart's ''Arcadian Memories,'' which is a campanile without bells that is made of wood impastoed with white. Judi Church contributes two paintings, both interiors composed of subtly shaded forms that also derive from Cubism. The counterpoint to all this geometry is supplied by three artists who, among them, do not muster a single straight line unless it is the edge of a canvas. Shirley Kraus's landscape-like abstraction is more or less quartered in different whites and relieved at the borders by narrow gray and tan shapes and a touch of blue. Falling like shadows over these is a collage of gray tissue. ''Congo Crown,'' by Alexandra Carmel, is a large black canvas ''combed'' with gold streaks and surmounted by a smaller, reddish-toned canvas that is treated in the same way. Transforming the two of them into nests of snakes is a collage of rope cut into roughly six-inch lengths and, on the small canvas, tipped with blobs of gold. More a craft item than a sculpture, Siglinda Scarpa's bronze and stoneware composition involves plant forms and shells that resemble fungi and is a virtuoso performance as well as the gallery's one touch of vivid color. In the adjoining gallery, Daniel Morrissey's ''I Still Haven't Found What I'm Looking For'' seems addressed to all those who search for the lost object (or thought) convinced that it is there, somewhere, and in the process discover | Juried Show: Best of a Good Lot |
358447_0 | LEAD: To the Editor: To the Editor: ''Farewell to Those Old Printing Ink Blues, and a Few Reds and Yellows'' (May 13) states: ''The first stage of recycling is to pulp the material [waste paper] in water.'' A common first stage, but not the only one. We are bringing a process to market that turns virtually any grade of waste paper into construction materials without pulping. Pulping is generally used to turn old paper into new recycled paper. A pulping mill is expensive and may contaminate the environment through its use of chemicals to remove inks. And with a glut of virgin paper-making facilities, it appears pointless to build more paper-making facilities. Our process uses any grade of paper to make products competitive in price and function with particleboard, fiberboard, dunnage and block without generating potentially hazardous waste. And the process takes paper out of the waste cycle for years at a time. PHILLIP GELMAN Sho-Pro Services Inc. Wilmette, Ill., May 15 | Recycled Paper Is Not the Only, or Best, Answer |
358464_3 | on a van outside a army recruiting center in north London, and seven people were wounded when a bomb exploded in southeast London outside the headquarters of the Royal Army Education Corps. Divisions in the I.R.A. The attacks come amid signs of divisions within the I.R.A. and Sinn Fein over their strategy in Northern Ireland. Analysts say that many in the two groups worry that without violence, popular support would vanish. But at Sinn Fein's annual convention in Dublin in early February, several delegates said the party had to broaden its image so it was not only associated with armed struggle. There were rumors earlier this year that the I.R.A. might be prepared to declare a cease-fire. But this is speculation that the latest round of violence has extinguished. Many in Sinn Fein and the I.R.A. have acknowledged that their biggest problem is the unintentional killing of innocent civilians and the bombing of economic targets that might provide badly needed jobs for poor Catholics in West Belfast and the Bogside district of Londonderry. ''Obviously we have an image problem,'' Gerry Adams, Sinn Fein's president, said in an interview in February. Mr. Adams is a Member of the British Parliament from West Belfast, but refuses to take his seat in London. The party's support has almost disappeared in the Irish Republic. It got only 1.2 percent of the vote and won no seats in the general elections there last June, even though it reversed its policy and said its candidates would take their seats in the Irish Parliament if elected. Sinn Fein Support Slips While Sinn Fein's support in Northern Ireland has held up better, it has nonetheless slipped - from a peak of 13.4 percent of the vote in the 1983 general elections to 11.2 percent in local elections held in May 1989 and 9.1 percent in elections for the European Parliament a year ago. The Social Democratic and Labor Party won 21 percent and 25.5 percent in the last two votes. It is generally acknowledged that a particular attack in November 1987 caused the I.R.A. to rethink its military tactics. People throughout Ulster and the Irish Republic were repulsed when 11 were killed and 63 wounded by an I.R.A. bomb that went off before a war-memorial ceremony in the Protestant town of Enniskillen. The I.R.A. has now largely limited its targeted victims to the police, British Army, judges and | Britain Says I.R.A. Appears to Be Stepping Up Its Attacks Outside Ulster |
358459_3 | the support group, said she was overwhelmed when her son, Robby, now 8 months old, was born. ''I was devastated from the lack of sleep I was getting. I began thinking things that my friends and family would have been suprised about. For instance, I kept thinking to myself; When are this baby's parents going to come and take him home?'' ''It was great to find out that other mothers thought the same thing at times,' she said. ''I learned from them how to handle Robby. Now, I'm just winging it.'' These groups also give parents a chance to decide if their child has a developing psychiatric or emotional problem. Cory and Albert Yim of Searingtown have a 4 1/2-year-old boy and a 9-month-old girl. They came to the parenting program at North Shore with a purpose. ''We wanted to make sure we weren't missing anything,'' said Mr. Yim. He and his wife thought their son ''was too crazy, perhaps even hyperactive.'' ''Now we doubt it,'' he said. ''The more we learn about hyperactivity, the more we think our child is normal.'' Mrs. Yim said, ''I think we expected too much from such a young child. Now, when he gets frustrated, we give our son time off to play.'' Julie Economou, program coordinator in social work at New York Hospital-Cornell Medical Center in Manhattan, said, ''There are so many complexities to being a parent. Most of us don't prepare for it in a systematic way. We usually do like our parents did or others do.'' Mr. Yim said, ''We're living in a different time than our parents. We can't compare what we should do with what they did. I'm glad we came to the parenting program.'' Normal Problems The programs also offer ways to deal with the normal problems of growing up. Mark and Hillary Spector of Briarwood, Queens, have a 2-year-old daughter and a 1-year-old boy. Mrs. Spector said, ''We were really looking to learn how better to deal with them. That's why I came to a parenting program. Because the kids are so close in age it can be frustrating. A lot of times I can't give my daughter the attention she needs because I'm taking care of our son.'' After one evening in a parenting class, Mrs. Spector said, they ''began to understand how our kids see the world and where the problems originate from.'' ''I realized | Parents Learn to Accent the Positive |
358506_8 | over the tires. Another one-of-a-kind custom-coach-built car is Rudolph Valentino's 1926 Tipo 8A Isotta-Fraschini roadster, built by the Fleetwood Body Company of Pennsylvania. The body was painted in two tones of lavender, while the hood was engine turned, to create a kaleidoscope pattern of circles against bare aluminum. The tires are entirely white, not just whitewalls. In 1954, Lady Norah Docker was married to the chairman of Daimler Motors Ltd., and she had the Hooper coach-building company build a Daimler DK 400 limousine to her specifications. Most notably, she wanted a galaxy of small white stars stenciled over the midnight blue finish, from the side of the hood back to the rear wheels. The car drew attention and was useful at charity garden parties, where Lady Docker offered a prize to anyone who could spot the single upside-down star. Hint: look on the hood. Behring Auto Museum (Camino Tassajara and Blackhawk Road, Danville, Calif. 94506; 415-736-2277). Open Tuesday to Sunday, 11 A.M. to 5 P.M.; entry fee: $8, $6 for senior citizens, $5 for students, $10 for a guided tour. Henry Ford Museum The Henry Ford Museum is meant to convey a theme: ''The Automobile in American Life.'' Exhibits are rich in nostalgic detail and sweeping in the manner of Henry Ford himself, who would buy a whole town to obtain a single building. To portray the roadside, as well as the road, familiar ikons have been reconstructed: a Texaco gas station, a New England diner, a room from a Holiday Inn, a movie theater. In between are cars and signs, all of which suggest the swirl created at roadside by the advent of the automobile in this country. The cars are not necessarily Fords, and one of the finest in the collection - certainly the most valuable - is a French-made 1931 Bugatti Royale. Only seven of the enormous Royales were made, and the six that are left have been commanding prices exceeding $10 million. The car in the museum is a convertible coupe, basically a two seater with a wheelbase of 187 inches. It was discovered in a junkyard in 1943 and bought for scrap. The light brown 1929 Packard speedster, sitting meekly to the rear of the more flashy exhibits, was originally advertised with a top speed of 110 miles an hour. It was ordered by a Chicago bootlegger who considered it a necessity - and perhaps | 5 Museums With a Feel for the Road |
358321_3 | governmental decision makers. The environmental department is pro-incineration. Certain advisers to the Governor and State Senate advocate incineration. The state has excessively financed incinerators over the three R's. Many in the incinerator business seek understandable self-interest remuneration. That does not make them evil. But the three-R businesses are just beginning to develop and need nurturing and a chance to gain an equal opportunity against years of prejudicial funding by government in favor of incineration. The three R's are economically and environmentally sound. Reducing the amount of trash we create prevents a problem before it starts. Who has not bought a small item in a hardware store wrapped in plastic and cardboard? Who has not bought packages triply wrapped only to be given a paper bag to take it home in? Each of us can think of many too many examples of excessive packaging. In our grandparents' day reuse was common. Rubber bands were stored on the door knob, used string in the drawer next to the sink and the Sears and Roebuck catalogue went to the outhouse. And recycling was an every day occurrence. Kitchen wastes went to the compost, grass clippings stayed on the lawn as fertilizer and old rags were made into rugs. Society is just beginning to revisit the 3 R's and the savings will be significant if incinerator contracts do not remove the incentives for their adoption. It is time that the state and the Town of Brookhaven break through these inequities and give the three R's an unfettered chance to succeed. The taxpayer will benefit by cheaper alternatives, the environment will benefit by smaller amounts of hazardous materials being created as ash and emissions from incinerators and the state will have for the first time obeyed both the spirit and the letter of its own recent solid waste laws. Our grandparents understood and practiced the new three R's but it is yet unclear whether the state has learned the same lesson. Brookhaven Town leaders have the opportunity to relearn the wisdom of our grandparents by developing a solid waste management plan without relying upon incineration. However, they need additional time, encouragement and approval from the State and diligent pressure from their citizen-taxpayers before they can make the new three R's the focal point of a non-incineration plan. It is up to the grandchildren to convince government of the wisdom of their grandparents. LONG ISLAND OPINION | Today's 3 R's: Reduce, Reuse and Recycle |
359840_0 | LEAD: A Federal judge in Manhattan ruled on Thursday that the Palestine Liberation Organization could be sued in United States courts for the October 1985 attack on the Achille Lauro, an Italian passenger liner assaulted by commandos in the Mediterranean Sea. A Federal judge in Manhattan ruled on Thursday that the Palestine Liberation Organization could be sued in United States courts for the October 1985 attack on the Achille Lauro, an Italian passenger liner assaulted by commandos in the Mediterranean Sea. The decision clears the way for two tour companies that had been sued by the family of Leon Klinghoffer and by other passengers on the ship to continue with a lawsuit against the P.L.O in a United States court. Mr. Klinghoffer was shot to death by terrorists who seized the ship; his body was dumped into the sea. In making his ruling, District Judge Louis L. Stanton said the P.L.O. was not a state, as it had argued, and was not protected by international law. ''Although it claims the attributes of a state, it controls no defined territory or populace and is not recognized by the United States,'' Judge Stanton wrote. He said that because of this there was no justification in ''treating it as a foreign sovereign or state in this litigation. ''Rather, as its name indicates, the P.L.O. is an organization,'' he said. | Evolution i Europe; Judge Rules P.L.O. Is Liable In Raid on the Achille Lauro |
359900_1 | black underachievement is caused by white oppression, rather than some endogenous factor - is precisely the sort of things philosophers do. In addition, a central question of the philosophy of science - one of my areas of expertise - concerns the criteria by which scientists accord existence to unobservable, theoretical entities, such as quarks or magnetic fields. The reality of an all-purpose problem-solving ability never more than partly manifest in behavior is such a question; its discussion by a philosopher would raise no eyebrows were his conclusions more fashionable. The second criticism is a purported inconsistency between my opposition to affirmative action and my endorsement of race-conscious responses to crime. Forget that the endorsement of affirmative action and a disregard of race in considering crime is at least as problematic; common sense recognizes different criteria for apportionment of compensation and avoidance of attack. Since compensation must be for some wrong that occurred, and since the cost of compensation to the tort-feasor who has done that wrong is normally high, compensible wrongs must be shown to have occurred with a high degree of probability. By contrast, the harm done by an assault is so great, and the burden imposed by avoiding an innocent perceived threat is so minute, that a much lower threshold of probability warrants evasive action. The right not to be attacked is generally regarded as overriding. The use of suspect profiles and search for probable cause is universally tolerated. Driver's licenses are withheld before a certain age because testing every adolescent for suitable maturity is impractical. No one doubts that injustices are done by such group classifications, but the injustices prevented outweigh them. The idea that preventing great injustice can warrant small injustice allows the theoretical possibility of justifying affirmative action if the moral cost was correspondingly small and the moral benefits were great. The point of my attack, however, is that the moral costs are great and the moral benefits nonexistent, since there are no wrongs to compensate. I recognize that even discussing these issues may cause distress and suspicion on the part of blacks. On the other hand, many academics publicly endorse affirmative action and seem not to worry about the distress and suspicion that this may cause to their white students. So perhaps calls for my job should end, and discussion should continue. MICHAEL LEVIN Professor of Philosophy City College New York, May 16, 1990 | Affirmative Action Bears Great Moral Costs |
360305_0 | LEAD: TEN years have passed since Local Law 10 was enacted to protect pedestrians in New York City from falling masonry. Over the decade, not only has it achieved its primary public-safety aim, but it also has preserved the integrity of many building facades. TEN years have passed since Local Law 10 was enacted to protect pedestrians in New York City from falling masonry. Over the decade, not only has it achieved its primary public-safety aim, but it also has preserved the integrity of many building facades. Even those in the real estate industry and preservationist groups who earlier had worried about the effects of the law - the industry about costs and the preservationists about facade defacement - now are in agreement that the law has largely been a success. ''It's probably the most successful law that the Buildings Department has ever had to implement,'' said Rudolph J. Rinaldi, the Buildings Commissioner. ''It has probably saved lives and it has preserved the integrity of the facades.'' ''Everybody feels the law is an appropriate requirement and poses an appropriate responsibility on property owners,'' said Steven Spinola, president of the Real Estate Board of New York, an industry group. ''I've never heard any real complaints about it.'' ''The law has been very effective in getting people to think again about the requirements of taking care of our older buildings,'' said Kent Barwick, president of the Municipal Art Society, a preservation-oriented civic organization. ''There's a much higher awareness today than 10 years ago, both as a practical matter and in an historical sense.'' Local Law 10, which governs the maintenance of building facades in the city, was passed by the City Council in 1980 and signed into law by Mayor Edward I. Koch on Feb. 21, 1980. It covers all buildings of seven stories or more of which there are about 8,000 in the city, three-quarters of them in Manhattan. The law was prompted by the death of Grace Gold, a Barnard College freshman, who was struck in 1979 by masonry that fell from a Columbia University building at Broadway and 115th Street. Enforcement of the measure was spurred in 1982 by the death of Mayda Alsace, a young Legal Aid Society lawyer, who was hit by bricks that fell from 66 Court Street, near Livingston Street in downtown Brooklyn. Since then, no pedestrian has suffered serious injury or death in an | Assessing the 10-Year-Old Facade Law |
360237_0 | LEAD: To the Editor: Kenneth Lahn of New York (Letters on Travel, April 1) wrote about the confusion of luggage codes. In actual fact, there should be no confusion whatsoever, assuming the passenger knows where he/she is going. To the Editor: Kenneth Lahn of New York (Letters on Travel, April 1) wrote about the confusion of luggage codes. In actual fact, there should be no confusion whatsoever, assuming the passenger knows where he/she is going. When a passenger checks in for an international flight, he/she, as a matter of common sense, should confirm with the passenger agent that the checked baggage is headed for the same destination. It takes no more than 10 seconds to watch that the correct tags are being attached to the luggage. For security reasons, aside from the obvious convenience in having one's own baggage upon arrival, most international airlines, such as British Airways, prohibit passengers and checked baggage to travel separately. Most frequent travelers are well aware of these destination codes, and travel agents also advise their clients so as to avoid any confusion. It is more important that heads-up travelers check in for their flight in plenty of time prior to departure and have their bags clearly marked with owner's labels or tags. To clear up the confusion regarding British Airways flights to London, BA flight 174 operates from JFK to LHR - London Heathrow Airport. BA flight 172 operates from JFK to LGW - London Gatwick Airport - not GTW as stated in Mr. Lahn's letter. JOHN W. LAMPL Director, Public Affairs USA British Airways Jackson Heights, Queens | Letters on Travel; Luggage Codes |
359958_0 | LEAD: One has to give the residents of West Sayville who oppose the installation of the National Weather Service's new weather radar installation (''Warning Sounded Over Weather Radar Station,'' April 22) the benefit of the doubt that they are generally concerned for their health and are not zealots. In exercising their rights of opposition they also have the responsibility to become informed, and the scientific community has the responsibility to educate. One has to give the residents of West Sayville who oppose the installation of the National Weather Service's new weather radar installation (''Warning Sounded Over Weather Radar Station,'' April 22) the benefit of the doubt that they are generally concerned for their health and are not zealots. In exercising their rights of opposition they also have the responsibility to become informed, and the scientific community has the responsibility to educate. The fact of the matter is that no one can avoid being exposed to electromagnetic radiation. The sun is a huge generator of all forms of radiation of which electromagnetic is just one. Tens of thousands of lighting strikes from thunder storms around the world propagate into our homes and a local thunder storm generates electromagnetic radiation millions of times greater than any man-made source. Radio and television electromagnetic radiation is designed to penetrate our homes so that we can watch and listen to this radiation processed into intelligible form. Power lines and the wiring in our houses produce electromagnetic radiation as do the appliances we use in our everyday lives. As for radar, the airport surveillance radars that watch surface traffic movements have been operational for decades at all major airports. These radars are designed to illuminate the ground with no apparent ill effects on local residents. By contrast the Nexrad radar (an acronym for the Next Generation Radar System) is designed to look into the sky to obtain reflections from rain, hail and clouds. This radar is specifically designed to minimize the radiation of ground structures to enhance its performance. What would be helpful is a table of sources of electromagnetic radiation and their strengths so that those concerned can make an educated assessment of the relative effect of a Nexrad installation. The information for developing such a list is readily available and is a relatively simple matter to generate. The Nexrad radar system is a vital step to monitoring severe weather such as tornados and micro | No One Can Avoid Exposure to Radiation |
360275_9 | parts. They identified those regions of the DNA that produce crown gall and proceeded to remove them. This took the better part of two years. It was now time to devise a system for testing their theory. Using another bacterium, E. coli, Fraley and his colleagues isolated the gene that makes E. coli immune to an antibiotic called kanamycin. They tinkered with that gene so that it could make petunia cells resistant to kanamycin, which is normally lethal to the plants. They inserted this gene into the Agrobacterium. Fraley's group then put cells from a petunia - a simple species, well suited to experimentation - into a petri dish containing kanamycin. They added the altered Agrobacterium. If the system worked properly, the Agrobacterium would transfer the immunity gene to the petunia cells and they would survive. In a few weeks, Fraley recalls, new, healthy petunia cells began to appear in the petri dish. ''I was looking at the plates in the laboratory one day and saw the colonies growing there and ran down the hallway yelling, 'It worked! It worked!' '' In 1983 Fraley announced that Monsanto had produced a petunia that was the world's first genetically engineered plant. Since then, Fraley's group has used the same system for more elaborate, and commercially important, plant transformations. Monsanto has conducted 28 of the 77 outdoor experiments in the United States approved by the Department of Agriculture since July 1987, more than any other company. Its first successful gene-altering experiment with a staple crop came in 1987 with soybeans, which were modified to resist damage from the company's herbicide, Roundup. Monsanto scientists also have developed an array of crops - tomato, potato, alfalfa, tobacco and cucumber - that are resistant to viral infections. (See diagram.) And the company has altered cotton, tomatoes and potatoes with bacterial genes that produce proteins fatal to budworms, bollworms and other pests. The insect- and viral-resistant plants are intended to sharply reduce a farmer's need to use insecticides. According to Monsanto, genetically engineered cotton could save farmers hundreds of millions of dollars a year. ''Two years from now every crop in the world will be easily manipulated,'' says Fraley. ''Ten years from now, in some plant we'll know every gene, every protein, every function. There are no longer any technical restraints.'' There may be other types of restraints, however. Many environmentalists, for example, oppose Monsanto's decision to | BETTING THE FARM ON BIOTECH |
360222_4 | tickets and give change. Short tram trips cost $1.05, longer ones $1.40. Taxis are at least 30 percent more expensive than in New York. Radio dispatched taxis, 272-44-44 (cabs for the handicapped 461-55-55). A two-hour sightseeing bus tour with an English-speaking guide leaves at 10 A.M. and 2 P.M. daily from the Zurich Tourist Office at the south side of the Hauptbahnhof (211-40-00); also at noon and 4 P.M., June 1 to Sept. 30. The tour costs $13.20, children half price. The Lake Gleaming lake boats, often with bunches of fresh flowers tied to their bows, sail from the landing stage on Burkliplatz at the south end of Bahnhofstrasse. A 90-minute boat tour of the lake costs $5.60. Boats leave 16 times a day. Passengers may break their journey twice (for instance, in the suburbs of Kusnacht and Thalwil on either shore) and board a later boat. A grand tour of the lake takes four hours and costs $21.40 in first class, $13.30 in second. Three boats a day leave Monday to Saturday, five or six on Sunday. A restaurant is on board. The flagship Helvetia sails on a ''fondue trip'' (other dishes also available) at 8:15 P.M. every Sunday until Oct. 23. Fare $10.40 (food extra). Information: 482-10-33. Art Art lovers should spare time for the Kunsthaus, 1 Heimplatz (251-67-55). One of Europe's great modern-art collections, it boasts important Impressionist and post-Impressionist works as well as works by Munch, Kandinsky, Klee, Giacometti, Picasso, Rauschenberg, Rothko and others. Open 2 to 5 P.M. Monday, 10 A.M. to 9 P.M. Tuesday to Friday, 10 A.M. to 5 P.M. Saturday and Sunday. Admission $2.10, children $1.40. Also not to be missed: Chagall's stained-glass windows in Fraumunster, the 13th-century church on the west bank of the Limmat. Free admission 9 A.M. to noon and 2 to 6 P.M. Monday to Saturday; 2 to 6 P.M. Sunday. Entertainment The Zurich Opera will perform Verdi's ''Trovatore'' on June 16 and Wagner's ''Rheingold'' on June 22, ''Die Walkure'' on June 24, ''Siegfried'' on June 28 and ''Gotterdammerung'' on June 30. Tickets $54 to $77. Music by brass bands will be heard in the Munsterhof Square (near Paradeplatz) on June 22, 23 and 24. For details of these and other events, consult Zurich News, the official bulletin of the city's Tourist Office, available free at all hotels. Where to Stay Among Zurich's seven top hotels two veterans | What's Doing In; Zurich |
360041_1 | graduation. The survey, commissioned by American Express Gift Cheques, a unit of the American Express Travel Related Services Company, questioned 150 high school seniors from Burlington, Mass., Deerfield, Ill., and San Diego, asking them to name what gift they would like for graduation. Money Is Preferred Forty-one percent of those surveyed said they would like to receive money for graduation, and it was the favorite gift choice with seniors on the East and West Coasts. Another 28 percent said they would like a car, with the greatest number of those in Illinois. Ten percent preferred computers, 9 percent wanted stereos or compact-disk players, 7 percent asked for a trip or vacation and 4 percent mentioned a TV. ''In our acquisitive society a lot of students already have a lot things,'' said Laura Gross, director of marketing for American Express Gift Cheques. ''It's interesting that money beat cars and stereos. Psychologically, giving money used to be impersonal, but now it's considered more thoughtful, letting them choose exactly what they want.'' Yet what were once considered large presents for graduates - a trip to Europe or a new car - are more often given earlier or have become items planned by a family. Finding a gift for graduates brings angst to parents, friends and relatives in June, when most high schools and a few colleges have graduation. If graduates don cap and gown hoping to receive a set of car keys, parents are increasingly choosing gifts that reflect graduates' hobbies or interests. Aussie and David Geer of Manhattan gave their son, Dave, a course on rock-climbing in Wyoming for his graduation. His two sisters, who received pearls for their high school graduations, gave him a tent. ''A few graduates still get cars, but I think he was rather surprised because our gift was so unusual,'' said Mrs. Geer, who works for Unistar Radio Network. Her son will be attending Ohio Wesleyan University in the fall. Gifts for Hobbyists Specialized gifts are becoming more popular for graduates who already have many electronic toys. Often they want to upgrade a computer or stereo system, which requires more knowledge and careful selection by parents. Ms. Gross said, ''A lot of people have very specific hobbies, like photography or serious computers.'' Friends and relatives of graduates often have a more difficult time choosing a gift. Their price range tends to be from $30 to $150 and | Lifestyle; Graduates' Wish Lists and Gift Givers' Actualities |
360206_0 | LEAD: Administrators from Harvard University and Radcliffe College will meet this week to review documents submitted by student advocates petitioning for a women's center to be built in or near Harvard Yard. Administrators from Harvard University and Radcliffe College will meet this week to review documents submitted by student advocates petitioning for a women's center to be built in or near Harvard Yard. Petition organizers, who have gathered more than a thousand signatures in the last three weeks in support of the center, will give the list to university officials before the meeting in an effort to convince them there is widespread undergraduate and graduate interest in a fully staffed and financed center. ''We want to show the administrators that the women's center is an issue of wide concern,'' Serena Volpp, a junior from Princeton, N.J., majoring in women's studies and biology, said. The advocates will continue the petition drive in the fall, she added. Supporters of the center are pushing for substantial space with meeting rooms and offices in the center of campus, Radcliffe's president, Linda S. Wilson, said in an interview last week. They also hope that the building will be called the ''Women's Center,'' to encourage students and faculty to use it to participate in women's and related issues. 'Let's Get Started' Jill Casid, a first-year graduate student in fine arts at Radcliffe, who has been among the petitioners, said a new center would also be used as an advocacy center for issues pertinent to women. And center organizers said they also hope to pressure the administration to increase hiring and granting tenure to women and minorities. ''The students have in mind a multiyear approach, knowing that one can't create such a space and amenities overnight,'' Ms. Wilson said. ''They also understand that there is expense involved but are saying, 'Let's get started.' '' Harvard, which Ms. Wilson said is the only Ivy League institution lacking a substantial women's center, offers a modest single room within the Agassiz House for Women's Programming. But many supporters of a new center consider it too small and inadequate to the needs of the students. Ms. Wilson said she finds that most higher-education institutions are designed by men for men. She said she understands that the women want a center designed by women for women. Despite Ms. Wilson's stated enthusiasm, many students said they think she and other administrators support the | Campus Life: Radcliffe; Students Organize Campaign to Build A Women's Center |
360320_1 | a recent evening. 'Under Control' ''It's appropriate for a boat, yes, because of its simplicity. But you could do this at home,'' she said, preparing a pate. Ms. Wheeler, 34 years old, demonstrated cooking tips, advising the students to chop food right into the pan, to save a step and extra cleanup, and to make sure that a cutting board has a handle. ''When you're on a boat, moving, you've got to keep things under control,'' she said, assembling a dish of roasted summer vegetables with swift compact gestures. When she is not concocting hard sauce on the high seas, Ms. Wheeler is a free-lance food editor and busy caterer in Rowayton. ''In Connecticut, people are into a lot of catered things onboard,'' she said, ''such as weddings, or club cruises, where a group of boats take a 45-day trip to say, Nantucket and back. They will order a menu of things for dinner and breakfasts. ''There's more entertaining on board, not just cocktails. People are doing day sails, having dock parties or taking a dinner cruise across the Sound.'' Grub for Racers ''People do a lot of business on boats,'' Ms. Wheeler said. ''They need a place for private discussions.'' ''Another thing that people do a lot of here is racing,'' she said. ''There are all kinds of competitive events. People have to eat. When people try to get a crew for a race, the crew's going to go where the grub is the best. It behooves you to compete in that way.'' Ms. Wheeler, who grew up in Puerto Rico, studied at the Culinary Institute of America. From there, she went to sea. ''I was working as a chef on various charter boats in the Caribbean,'' she said. ''In those situations, people would charter the boat, and I would cook all the meals, hors d'oeuvres, do all the food shopping and running around to all these crazy markets in the islands.'' After that, she said, she ''bounced around a lot of different restaurants and met a lot of people.'' 'Stepped Off the Boat' In 1979, ''I literally stepped off a boat in Rowayton and haven't left since,'' she said. She worked for Martha Stewart (Ms. Wheeler's hands appear in Ms. Stewart ''Entertaining'' cookbook) and was hired away by the Good Food Store in Darien to start its fresh-food catering business. One of her more unusual jobs, she said, | Seafaring Cook Shares Her Secrets |
364376_0 | LEAD: Sugar futures prices bounced sharply higher yesterday on New York's Coffee, Sugar and Cocoa Exchange after the Agriculture Department predicted world sugar consumption would outstrip production for the sixth straight year. Sugar futures prices bounced sharply higher yesterday on New York's Coffee, Sugar and Cocoa Exchange after the Agriculture Department predicted world sugar consumption would outstrip production for the sixth straight year. On other commodity markets, oil futures fell; grains and soybeans were mixed, and livestock and meat were mixed. Sugar futures settled 0.20 cent to 0.28 cent higher in New York, with the contract for delivery in July at 12.66 cents a pound. The surge followed the release yesterday morning of an Agriculture Department report pegging world sugar production at 107.2 million metric tons and consumption at 109.5 million metric tons for the marketing year beginning Sept. 1. Harry Schwartz, a sugar analyst with Cargill Investor Services Inc., said the heavy buying of sugar futures may have had less to do with the report than with the market's 23 percent decline from prices near 16 cents a pound over the past two months. ''Sugar is on sale,'' he said. ''This is a limited-time-only, get-it-while-it's-cheap type of sugar sale.'' Sugar futures generally have been sinking since early May, following forecasts by private trade houses for shrinking consumption and rising production. The recent decline was helped by statements from the Soviet Union indicating it could not afford to buy more sugar, cocoa and other commodities on the world market. But with the recent sharp drop in sugar prices, speculation is mounting that the Soviets might find the money to make some purchases, Mr. Schwartz said. Energy futures prices continued their downward drift on the New York Mercantile Exchange, led by a steep slide in wholesale gasoline prices. Weekly statistics released late Tuesday by the American Petroleum Institute indicated gas demand is running about 5 percent behind last year. Jim Fiedler, an energy specialist for E. D.&F. Man International Futures Inc., said the selloff in gasoline was the catalyst for the market's overall weakness. FUTURES/OPTIONS | Sugar Prices Rise Sharply; Grain and Soybeans Mixed |
363753_3 | they have to establish church policy. One of the most unusual scenes of the retreat occurred Saturday when the bishops encountered the married priests after a noon Mass. Several of the demonstrators and the bishops recognized one another; some had been seminary students together; others had worked together as priests. There were awkward handshakes and warm embraces. A moment's conversation brought them up to date after decades apart. A demonstrator, Robert Charpentier, came with a photograph of himself and Donald E. Wuerl taken 23 years ago, when they were classmates at the North American College in Rome. St. Peter's Basilica was in the backround. Handshake, Then an Embrace Mr. Charpentier, the father of two young daughters and a psychotherapist in Oakland, Calif., is now the vice president of the married priests' group, Corpus. Mr. Wuerl, a rising star in the American heirarchy, is the Bishop of Pittsburgh and the chairman of the bishop's committee on priestly life and ministry. After the prayer vigil, Bishop Wuerl and several other members of the committee met with a delegation of the demonstrators, including Mr. Charpentier. The two shook hands when they met and embraced when they parted. Both sides characterized the meeting as friendly and said no guarantees were sought or given. It was the first official meeting between the married priests and the bishops in a decade. Any change in the status of the married priests would have to come from Rome. Another issue out of the hands of the American Bishops is women in the priesthood. Among the prelates who joined the women's liturgy were Bishop Joseph Imesch of Joliet, Ill., chairman of the bishop's committee writing a major pastoral letter on women, and Bishop Matthew Clark of Rochester, a member of the committee. In an informal liturgy on the campus, the women read from the Scriptures, sang in English and Latin and blessed water ''to remember our baptism.'' At the end of the service the participants, including several bishops, came forward, dipped their hands in the water and made the sign of the cross on their foreheads. The bishops who met with the demonstrators said they would take up the issues presented to them with their colleagues in the future, but not necessarily at the retreat. ''We like to think of ourselves as a family,'' said Archbishop Francis T. Hurley of Anchorage. ''We are spending quality time with no agenda.'' | World Follows Bishops on a Retreat |
363828_0 | LEAD: To the Editor: To the Editor: The police corps bill, discussed in ''Fresh Blood for the Thin Blue Line'' (editorial, June 3), is a misconceived proposal that would do nothing to advance law enforcement or educational policy. Under the plan, high school students would receive $40,000 in college loans, which would be forgiven by the Federal Government if they served as police officers for four years after college graduation. On behalf of more than 105,000 rank-and-file police officers in the United States represented by my association, I testified against the bill before the House of Representatives Subcommittee on Crime last Nov. 2 and made the following points: (1) A major assumption underlying the police corps proposal is that there is a national problem in recruiting qualified police officers. While we agree that in certain areas in which police wages are low it is difficult to find qualified officers, in others there are far more qualified applicants than there are positions. For example, Detroit's Mayor Coleman Young recently ordered the layoff of 500 highly qualified police officers for budgetary reasons. And in New York City, Mayor David N. Dinkins imposed a moratorium on hiring new police officers. Police corps graduates could not be hired under these circumstances. And even where there is a shortage of officers, improved police compensation would quickly succeed in solving the problem. (2) Another assumption of the proposal is that college graduates entering police service for four years after graduation would contribute to the quality of police protection and service. But it is usually only after at least four years that police officers are considered to have enough seasoning not to be prone to errors of inexperience. The departure of police corps members after four years would forfeit their best potential years of service. True career officers could not be expected to give the kind of support to short-term ''cadets'' that they normally provide to new recruits. (3) The idea that the corps would be a cheaper way of providing police protection because police corps recruits would be gone after four years is also wrongheaded. Under the proposal pending in Congress recruits would receive the same benefits as other officers. That they would not be around to collect a pension would not mean that pension contributions would not be made in their behalf. We need better trained and educated police officers, but on-the-job experience and training | Law Enforcement and Education Both Lose in Police Corps Plan |
361591_0 | LEAD: Long accustomed to playing keeper of the peace in its former colonies, France hardly blinked last month when the Government ordered troop reinforcements to Gabon in response to anti-Government riots in the tiny West African nation. Long accustomed to playing keeper of the peace in its former colonies, France hardly blinked last month when the Government ordered troop reinforcements to Gabon in response to anti-Government riots in the tiny West African nation. As in the past, insisting that it was not taking sides, Paris said it was protecting French lives and property, in this case oilfields providing 4.7 percent of France's oil import needs. And indeed, within days, hundreds of French citizens had been evacuated from the focus of disturbances in the city of Port-Gentil. But local Gabonese took note of the bigger French military presence. The riots soon dissipated, people went back to work and President Omar Bongo emerged with only his image bruised from the most serious crisis since he came to power in 1967. In France, however, this most recent intervention in Africa was not immediately forgotten. Rather, with signs that democracy may at last be stirring in parts of Africa, the show of force set off a rare debate about French policy in its former colonies. ''Deep down, we have remained colonialists,'' said Jean-Paul Fuchs, a conservative opposition deputy and expert on Africa. ''We want to continue running these countries. Perhaps colonialist is not the right word, but it certainly captures the spirit of things.'' Sustaining Dictators? Specifically, critics of past and present French policy toward sub-Saharan Africa have accused the Government of sustaining a host of unsavory dictators and one-party states and with condoning large-scale embezzlement of development aid by officials in some countries. They also stress that despite France's guiding hand before and after independence, the 14 French-speaking African countries most dependent on Paris's support are gravely impoverished, their economies undermined as much by mismanagement and corruption as by low commodity prices. A French journalist, Andre Chambraud, writing in L'Evenement du Jeudi, the Parisian weekly, put his finger on what many French citizens believe still inspires policy toward Africa, noting that ''the glorious big sister'' constantly wants to use Africa to show the world ''that it is still a first-rung power.'' Apparently taken aback by the reaction at home to the events in Gabon, the Socialist Government of President Francois Mitterrand has so | French Debate Armed Role in Africa |
361744_0 | LEAD: THE thousands of college graduates who start touring personnel offices this month should know their rights as employees as well as the rights of their prospective employers, says Felix J. Springer, an employment litigation specialist in the Hartford law firm of Day, Berry & Howard. THE thousands of college graduates who start touring personnel offices this month should know their rights as employees as well as the rights of their prospective employers, says Felix J. Springer, an employment litigation specialist in the Hartford law firm of Day, Berry & Howard. Mr. Springer has handled cases of wrongful termination, civil rights, and employment discrimination in state and Federal courts. He was editor in chief of the Law Review at the University of Connecticut Law School and clerk to State Supreme Court Justice John P. Cotter before he went into private practice. He has taught at Columbia University and at the Hartford Graduate Center. In an interview at his office in the Cityplace Building, Mr. Springer discussed some of the rights of a job applicant and the employer. Here are some excerpts from the conversation: Q. What kind of information can a potential employer reasonably seek? A. The employer is caught in a dilemma. He really needs to avoid an unreasonable or illegal investigation to avoid the applicant's suing, and the applicant can sue for invasion of privacy, discrimination. Those are typically the two areas. But if he doesn't do enough, he may face a lawsuit for negligligent hiring. So if he goes overboard, he has problems, and if he goes underboard, he has problems, such as a negligent hiring suit. You need to do enough to insure you're getting the employee you want - honest, loyal, technically competent at the least. What you want is information that is job related: past work history, education. What you particularly want to do is investigate gaps in information, and notice them. If there's a hiatus where the person wasn't employed, you ought to ask the person about it, and then follow up. Q. What is negligent hiring? A. Negligent hiring is the negligence of the employer that made an injury or loss reasonably forseeable. The employer's focus must be on the nature of the position, the risk of injury to others. One of the famous cases was in Minnesota: somebody hired, on very short notice, somebody to run an apartment complex. That person | In Job Interviews, Both Sides Have Rights |
361727_3 | might find that a coat will come in handy, especially at night. The weather for both places is practically identical. In Buenos Aires the average high temperature in August is 60 degrees and the average low is 43. There are nine rainy days in August, and afternoon humidity averages 74 percent. In Montevideo the August high is 59 and the low is 43, with seven rainy days and afternoon humidity averaging 67 percent. Marrying in Paris or Rome Q. Can you tell me what will be necessary for a couple to marry in either Paris or Rome? - Maria Lujan, New York A. To marry in Italy, you must first go to the nearest Italian Consulate in the United States (in New York, 690 Park Avenue; 212-737-7100) with four witnesses, who must not be related to you or each other, and obtain a certificate of your intention to marry, about $15 at the current exchange rate. You must present, accompanied by Italian translations, birth certificates, which must be originals or certified copies, and any divorce decrees, or death certificates if either of you has been widowed. These all must be accompanied with a seal from the state that issued them. In New York, seals, $10 each, are issued at 270 Broadway; 212-587-4389. Once in Italy, you must get a certificate of your single status from the United States Consulate. Then you can make arrangements at the city hall or town hall where you will marry. Marrying in France requires a stay of at least 40 days by one of the couple: a 30-day residency requirement in the city or town in which you will marry before a marriage announcement can be posted, and then a 10-day waiting period before the wedding. All marriages in the country must be performed by a civil authority before any clergy can perform a religious ceremony. Before the posting of the announcement, you will need to present at the city hall certified birth certificates and divorce decrees or death certificates if applicable, along with certified French translations. You will also need certificates of health, with blood test results, issued within two months of the wedding (the French Consulate in New York will provide a list of doctors approved to perform the examinations here, or they can be done in France), and an affidavit written in French by a lawyer certifying that you are United States | Q and A |
361770_6 | incantations.'' Those systems, powers and incantations are not just to be found behind what used to be called the Iron Curtain. Mr. Havel's sense of crisis is global and embraces Western civilization, too - the people of London and New York as well as Prague and Moscow, the workers at America's I.B.M. as well as Czechoslovakia's Skoda automobile plant. For the ''totality'' that Mr. Havel perceives is spreading throughout the world, in every form of confining system, ''from consumption to repression, from advertising to manipulation through television.'' To combat and resist it, Mr. Havel enjoins us to rediscover and reaffirm the old-fashioned values that represent our truly human qualities: to speak difficult truths without fear, to adopt strong principles and stick to them, to expose all forms of hypocritical cant, to resist encroaching tyrannies - and never to lose a sense of absurdity even at the risk of ostracism or ridicule. The exemplary witness of his bad time, he inspires us with the courage and confidence to bear witness to our own. HELPLESS BEFORE THE MYSTERY Personally, I think [theater of the absurd is] the most significant theatrical phenomenon of the twentieth century, because it demonstrates modern humanity in a ''state of crisis,'' as it were. That is, it shows man having lost his fundamental metaphysical certainty, the experience of the absolute, his relationship to eternity, the sensation of meaning - in other words, having lost the ground beneath his feet. This is a man for whom everything is coming apart, whose world is collapsing, who senses that he has irrevocably lost something but is unable to admit this to himself and therefore hides from it. He waits, unable to understand that he is waiting in vain: ''Waiting for Godot.'' He is plagued by the need to communicate the main thing, but he has nothing to communicate: Ionesco's ''The Chairs.'' He seeks a firm point in recollection, not knowing that there is nothing to recollect: Beckett's ''Happy Days.'' He lies to himself and those around him by saying he's going somewhere to find something that will give him back his identity: Pinter's '' The Caretaker.'' He thinks he knows those closest to him and himself, and it turns out that he doesn't know anyone: Pinter's ''The Homecoming.'' Obviously these are model situations of man in decline. These plays are often inspired by quite trivial everyday situations, such as a visit | SPEAKING THE TRUTH |
361593_0 | LEAD: Fearing the high long-term costs of adolescent pregnancies, more than two-thirds of the states have taken steps to reduce their incidence and enhance the lives of teen-age mothers and their children, according to a new study by the National Governors' Association. Fearing the high long-term costs of adolescent pregnancies, more than two-thirds of the states have taken steps to reduce their incidence and enhance the lives of teen-age mothers and their children, according to a new study by the National Governors' Association. State officials and experts on adolescent pregnancy said in interviews that these programs resulted in a reduction in the frequency of such pregnancies, in healthier mothers and babies and in more job opportunities for the young mothers, as well as fewer repeat pregnancies and school dropouts. ''Teen pregnancy is a bellwether statistic,'' said Jeffrey J. Koshel, who directed the governors' association's study, released earlier this month. ''It sounds an alarm. The results are not confined just to our school system or welfare system or criminal justice system. It raises questions about what to do with unemployed, undereducated adults and women who give birth at 16 and stay on welfare for 10 years.'' The study found that the number of states with coordinated efforts to reduce adolescent pregnancies more than doubled, to 17 from 7, while the number of states with individual agencies working on the problem increased to 27 from 20. Of the 37 states that increased programs since 1985, 6 added supervision or resources for localities, 3 others formed study groups to plan initiatives and 11 started programs to address some aspect of adolescent pregnancy and parenthood. Programs Criticized as Too Small But some experts say the expanded programs, although ambitious, still fail to reach most of those in need. Dr. Karen Pittman, director of the Adolescent Pregnancy Prevention and Youth Development Division of the Children's Defense Fund, an advocacy and research group, said, ''The problem isn't that we don't know what to do, but that we don't do it broadly enough to make a real difference.'' Many special health, education and training programs are limited to communities where there is a high incidence of adolescent pregnancy. In New York State, 24 communities, including eight in New York City, are served by a coordinated adolescent pregnancy program; in California, 32 communities are served. Some states, including California, are now considering making these programs available to virtually | More States Trying to Curb Teen-Age Pregnancies |
361830_3 | developers to re-use parts of programs that are valuable and to add new programs and features incrementally. Using objects as building blocks, software can be developed relatively easily, quickly and inexpensively; it can be fixed and upgraded more easily, and it can be re-used, said Christopher M. Stone, president of the Object Management Group, an international consortium of 70 computer makers, software developers and corporate computer users. An object, in the computer sense, is a combination of executable computer code and a set of data. In a conventional computer system, the two are separate. For example, in Windows there might be an icon representing a word processing program, and a separate icon for a document that was created with the application. The document is really just a text file that is essentially lifeless without the application. To the New Wave user, the document is an object that contains not just the data, but also a dynamic hook to the application that created it. When the user clicks the mouse on the document icon, New Wave automatically begins the application. Windows and Apple Macintosh computers can do that but only in a limited way, by looking for something called a file extension and matching the extension with the application that created it. But they can do it only with a single application. In the era of multiple media, business documents are increasingly composed of parts from several applications. A monthly sales report might include text from a word processor, a table from a spreadsheet, a list of names from a data base, a chart from a graphics program and so forth. With object orientation, the action of the creating application or multiple applications is bound to the data. No matter where the document object goes on the network, it will have a link back to its applications. This shields a user from the tedium of loading applications, exiting a program and loading another. The ''agent'' function allows the user to perform an operation once, record it and then activate the agent whenever it is needed. For example, an executive might want the agent to gather and assemble the sales report described above and send it automatically to a list of senior officers by electronic mail. New Wave also allows the creation of ''hot links'' among objects, so that if the sales figures in the spreadsheet are changed, those changes will be | The Executive Computer; A Program That Harnesses Other Software's Strengths |
358739_1 | 100,000 boats to less than 6, or about 1,000 deaths annually. But estimates for the number of accidents are far more elusive. James Ellis, chairman of the National Safe Boating Council, a non-profit organization that organizes safe boating week, says that less than 10 percent of accidents are reported. Coast Guard figures indicate that about 6,000 accidents occur each year in United States waters. But Ellis says that the number is more likely to be more than 60,000 accidents. ''Even though the boating industry may be having a soft year,'' Ellis said recently, ''there are thousands and thousands of new boats being sold, and new people going into the sport.'' Boating laws tend to be difficult to enforce. If you are a recreational boater, you don't need a license to operate your craft. Waterways are extensive, and there are no roads to keep boaters in check. Congestion in some areas has prompted legislators to seek controversial solutions to the overcrowding and problems that result. Efforts have failed so far in Florida, for example, to tie drinking violations among boaters to offenders' automobile records. Connecticut, however, has succeeded in passing a mandatory licensing bill for recreational boaters that will go into effect in 1991. Alcohol abuse has been a major concern to boating officials. Within the last five years, about 40 states have enacted stringent laws relating to drinking while driving a boat. Fines in the New York metropolitan area vary from $350 to $1,000 for a first offense; in New Jersey and Connecticut, the law also provides for jail terms. Coast Guard Capt. Robert North, captain of the port of New York, said in a recent interview that the majority of fatality cases involve alcohol. ''It's a good idea not to drink when you're out on a boat,'' said North, who owns a sailboat and cruises in the metropolitan area. The waterways of America are changing, he said, noting that the newer powerboats move as fast as a car on a highway. ''It takes all of your faculties to be out there,'' he said. Boating in New York Harbor presents its own set of safety problems. Barges ply the waters day and night, and commercial traffic is common. But North insists that a knowledge of boat handling, best acquired through classes and experience, need not make the harbor off limits to the recreational boater. Harbor events like the annual Liberty | Outdoors: Boating With Eye on Safety |
358857_1 | A. Hills, the United States trade representative. Many officials in this nation of 32 million people have become bitter toward the United States. ''If President Bush is offering cooperation, why doesn't it filter down to the bureaucracy?'' the economic minister asked in an interview before she left for Washington on Thursday. Referring to a recent move by the United States trade representative to place Colombia on ''a watch list'' of unfair traders, another senior Government official said, ''Carla Hills is becoming one of the most difficult foes of the drug war.'' Colombia would like to join a group of about eight countries that use the framework of the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade to resolve export-subsidy disputes with the United States. Colombia is also seeking American guarantees for a $1 billion bond issue that would ease budget problems caused by the drug war. This week, an agreement is expected that would give Colombia a portion of the assets seized in drug raids in the United States that result from information furnished by Colombia. Exports to U.S. on Rise American diplomats here note that this year the duties on imports of Colombian flowers have been reduced, barriers to Colombian textiles have been removed and imports of Colombian tropical fruits have been promoted. Later this year, the United States is expected to increase Colombia's sugar export quota by 30 percent. ''Last year, Colombia's exports to the United States increased by 17 percent,'' one American official said. ''We think Colombia should keep an eye on the results, and not on the debate and anxiety surrounding the process. We are Colombia's best and fastest-growing market.'' On the Colombian side, anxiety is fueled by a growing sense that the drug war is proving longer and more costly than many Colombians bargained for. ''Colombia is paying a high cost,'' Cesar Gaviria, the nation's president-elect, said in his victory speech on May 27. Without international aid and foreign reduction in cocaine consumption, Mr. Gaviria warned, ''It will be increasingly difficult for the Colombian people to understand that their sacrifice is not being matched and could be in vain.'' Tourism to Colombia's Caribbean beaches has been hit hard, said Oscar Rueda Garcia, president of the National Association of Tourism. Since traffickers began a campaign of assassination and bombing last August, 100,000 fewer tourists have visited Colombia, costing the country $80 million, Mr. Rueda Garcia said. Domestic air | High Cost of Fighting Drugs Strains U.S.-Colombian Ties |
360829_1 | growing sales volume is encouraging progress. Primarily by using industrial robots, the Solarex Corporation's factory here turns out cells with one-third the manpower of three years ago. Another Solarex plant is automating the complicated task of producing ''thin film'' cells that use less costly materials in small amounts. Studying Ease of Fabrication Other manufacturers are considering the ease of manufacturing when developing designs for cells. Some are expanding production, and in the process are discovering efficiencies that cut the cost per unit. Photovoltaic cells use the energy in sunlight to shake loose electrons from atoms of silicon or other materials. The electron, with a negative charge, and the atom that gave it up, with a positive charge, migrate to separate terminals, creating an electric current. The technology, which was born in 1954 and got its first big boost from the space program, has found growing applications in everything from wristwatches and hand-held calculators to remote microwave communications relays and navigation buoys. But photovoltaic power is still far too expensive to compete with coal or even oil for making electric power in the amounts useful to utilities. Electricity from solar power still costs more than 25 cents a kilowatt-hour; residential customers in the United States pay an average of about 10 cents. Costs have fallen, however, because the efficiency of the cells - the ratio of the energy deposited as sunlight to the electricity produced -has risen to 28 percent from 6 percent for the first silicon crystal cells. Thin-film cells, a more recent development made by applying to glass small amounts of materials that convert light to electricity, have achieved efficiencies of 15.6 percent in the lab and are competing successfully with crystalline cells because they are cheaper to produce. In fact, it is production cost, rather than wattage per square foot, that is developing as the key variable, industry officials say. ''You're seeing the focus going from the lab, on being science-driven, to being one where, if we're going to succeed, we're going to be good at manufacturing,'' said John Corsi, the president of Solarex, a subsidiary of the Amoco Corporation of Chicago and the largest American-owned photovoltaic producer. Indeed, the Bush Administration has proposed a $43 million budget for solar research next year, up from $35.5 million this year and the first increase in eight years. Nearly all of the increase would go into studying the technical roadblocks | Next Challenge for Solar Power: Cheaper Cells |
362220_1 | of an intensive 11-month program and the 15-month program offered at some American graduate schools. Dr. Rosenblum said there are some creative alternatives. ''A few of us on the commission discussed a year program right after college, a second year about six years later in a person's career, followed by a two-month program in another six years,'' he said. ''I think the idea is worth considering. It would help free ourselves from the paradigm, or box, of the traditional two-year M.B.A. program.'' Such a plan would allow students to gain experience, while giving experienced managers an opportunity to continue their formal educations. ''Managers need to constantly reinvent themselves,'' Dr. Rosenblum said. Another concern has been that some business school professors spend too much time on research that is not helpful to business. In its report, the commission stressed that business schools had tended to concentrate on ''elegant, abstract models'' that seek to unify world economic systems rather than help students understand ''the messy, concrete reality of international business.'' The commission, while stressing the importance of ''effective scholarship,'' urged that professors acquire more business knowledge to ''relate their scholarship to problems facing business leaders.'' The report also noted that some knowledge and skills ''may be best provided by faculty with managerial experience.'' Dr. Rosenblum agreed wholeheartedly with that last point and said he had added experienced corporate managers to his faculty - not just as adjunct professors but as full players. ''Faculty are enriched by diversity,'' he added. One of those managers is Thomas C. MacAvoy, 62 years old, a former president of Corning Inc., the upstate New York glassware company. ''He is a chaired professor who teaches a course called 'Innovation and Technological Management,' '' Dr. Rosenblum said. ''And he has collaborated in the design of our new course in leadership, which will be given this fall for the first time.'' Another is Robert J. Sack, 56, who was a partner for 25 years in the former accounting firm of Touche Ross, which is now Deloitte Touche, and was also chief accountant for the Securities and Exchange Commission. ''He has come here to teach international financial reporting and also a course on communicating corporate value,'' Dr. Rosenblum said. ''In both cases they are the kind of professionals that would fit well as members of the tenured faculty.'' Dr. Rosenblum also said that many graduate business schools should find niches. He | Careers; Rethinking Business Education |
362198_0 | LEAD: To the Editor: To the Editor: Your article on Alaskan natives whose poverty may force them to sell land they were given by Congress to make them self-sufficient (front page, June 1) sheds needed light on a grave threat to Alaskan wildlife. Politically blocked from conveying their aboriginal lands to Federal refuge managers in exchange for royalty interests in the Arctic National Wildlife Refuge, Kodiak Island native corporations will be forced to sell off the world's finest brown bear habitat. Japanese fishing interests, European and South African trophy hunters and other developers are lined up for a land rush, ecstatic over the prospect of owning and commercializing the best lands within the remarkable Kodiak bear refuge. The selloff can begin next year, the 50th anniversary of President Franklin D. Roosevelt's executive order creating the Kodiak National Wildlife Refuge ''for the purpose of protecting the natural feeding and breeding ranges of the brown bears and other wildlife on Kodiak Islands.'' Surely, President Bush will not be able to call himself the environmental President if he allows the bear refuge to be trashed by developers. The President and Congress must find a way quickly to allow the Kodiak native corporations to place their lands under the permanent protection of the Fish and Wildlife Service in exchange for a reasonable economic return. TIM RICHARDSON Washington, June 4, 1990 | Alaskan Brown Bear Faces Greatest Peril |
362356_11 | a separate satellite for all the instruments.'' Nevertheless, in response to the concerns, NASA planners are re-examining the wisdom of grouping the instruments, although they still plan to do so on the first series of three platforms. With five-year lifetimes each, these will monitor the globe for 15 years. In a report in March, a special panel of the National Research Council, reviewing the project at the request of the Bush Administration, endorsed the placing of all instruments on a single satellite in the first series. The panel said there is a scientifically ''convincing'' need for simultaneous observations from several instruments together. Otherwise, the report said, the processes of global change cannot be properly understood. But the panel questioned whether such an approach will be desirable for a second series of satellites, to be launched at five-year intervals, alternating with the first series platforms, beginning in 2000. A likely alternative now being explored by NASA is to divide the second series of instruments into groups of three, according to their scientific compatibility, and place them on three satellites instead of one. Other Measurement Needs ''We're asking NASA to go back and look at the options,'' said D. James Baker Jr., an oceanographer who heads the review panel. Dr. Baker is the president of Joint Oceanographic Institutions Inc., a consortium that coordinates academic research. The interim report of the Baker panel also said that some Earth characteristics ''must be measured by space-borne instruments in other orbits'' besides that of the Eos satellites, and that many others ''must be measured on the surface of the earth or in the ocean.'' Dr. Baker cited as examples deep ocean currents, ocean chemistry and sediments, plus some geologic features and surface areas that are obscured by clouds. One of the most serious unresolved issues, the report said, is how the continuity of data, a vital factor in research, would be affected if a big platform or one vital instrument failed. The panel is scheduled to make a final report next month. Viewing the Earth As a Single System The Earth Observing System will enable scientists to monitor simultaneously, for the first time, many of the complex interactions of air, sea, land and living things in the Earth's environment. The goal is to make more precise and reliable forecasts about global warming and other environmental factors, especially changes brought about by human activity. (source: NASA; NOAA) | Huge Space Platforms Seen as Distorting Studies of Earth |
362209_1 | it was sad to leave my old village,'' Chen Wenxue, a wiry 25-year-old man, said as he showed off the plain mud hut into which he moved a year ago with his wife and infant child. ''Even though it wasn't a good place, and it was poor, it was still home. But this is better for the child.'' A Better House Is Next A short walk way, the family of Yu Liujin is planting a vegetable garden and planning how to spend the money from this year's harvest. Should they save for a bicycle, a television, or a better house? It is a novel problem for a family that used to spend all its money to survive, but Mr. Yu, 34 years old, decides that the priority is to build a fancier house with plaster walls and a concrete floor. ''After some others came here and found a good life, I made up my mind to move as well,'' said Mr. Yu, who arrived a few months ago with his wife and four children. (The last baby was unauthorized, but officials judged him so poor that instead of fining him they settled for sterilizing his wife.) ''I decided that our lives could be improved,'' he said. ''For now it's not much better here. But give us a few years, and things will get better.'' This faith that life will improve is nurtured by the experience of those who moved earlier to this valley about 25 miles southwest of Yinchuan, the capital of the Ningxia autonomous region in northwestern China. Some 160,000 people have been resettled in six years and 50,000 more are scheduled to move before the project is completed in 1992. Projects to relocate peasants from places of endemic poverty are under way in other parts of China, but this is one of the most ambitious. About 5 percent of Ningxia's population will be relocated. Yet migration to escape poverty is a Chinese tradition; most of today's migrants are descendents of peasants who fled war and turmoil in Shaanxi Province in central China in the 19th century. The resettlement programs may also be a test case for the removal of vast numbers of people if the Government goes ahead with a proposal to build a huge dam on the Yangtze River. Depending on the height of the dam, known as the Three Gorges Project, 200,000 to 1.4 million people | Jiucun Journal; In a Chinese Desert, Once-Barren Lives Bloom |
362755_1 | Government could eventually end direct rule, which was imposed in 1972, three years after the sectarian strife known as ''the troubles'' began. The talks about talks are not expected to involve Sinn Fein, the political arm of the outlawed Irish Republican Army. The British Government's current position is that it will not negotiate with the group unless it renounces violence. The current thinking is that there will be three sets of talks, at least two of which would take place concurrently: those among the province's political parties and others between the British and Irish Governments, which would deal with their relations and with the Anglo-Irish agreement, which was signed in November 1985, giving Ireland a consultative role in running Northern Ireland. A third set of talks would be between leaders of Ireland and Northern Ireland and would focus on the relationship between the two parts of the island. These talks would probably be held after the two others were either concluded or at least well-advanced. Minor Local Power Since London's direct rule was imposed in 1972, local governments in Northern Ireland have had only minor power - over things like park maintenance and garbage collection. Britain's Parliament and the ministers appointed by the British Government have overseen security, housing, education, economic development and other things. Various attempts in the 1970's and early 1980's to return political power to Northern Ireland all ended in failure. The two main unionist parties, which represent most of the Protestants in Northern Ireland, are adamant about not wanting Dublin to have any say running the province and want to get rid of the Anglo-Irish agreement. The Social Democratic and Labor Party, led by John Hume, represents most Catholics in Northern Ireland and seeks a united Ireland through nonviolent means. There is even a split between the two main Protestant parties. The larger, the Ulster Unionist Party, is led by James Molyneaux, an ''integrationist'' who does not want Northern Ireland to be treated any differently than the rest of the United Kingdom. If a provincial government were set up, he is believed to prefer that it be relatively weak in its legislative powers. Strong Power Urged The leaders of the smaller Democratic Unionist Party, which was once also integrationist, have recently been sounding more like ''devolutionists,'' who favor a provincial government with relatively strong administrative and legislative powers. The Social Democratic and Labor Party has not | British Hope for Talks on Ulster Rule |
363974_2 | as rabbis must approve that which the present culture proclaims.'' Rabbi Berger implored his colleagues to reject the resolution saying, ''Do not desecrate all of that for which I stand.'' ''For the life of me,'' he added, ''I cannot see how homosexual rabbis can be the role models our people need and want.'' Rabbi Yoel H. Kahn of San Francisco was equally impassioned in pleading for approval. ''I believe that our understanding of what God wants of us has changed,'' said Rabbi Kahn, who said he leads a congregation ''with a special outreach to gay and lesbian Jews.'' ''Change is always difficult,'' he continued, ''but we are serving God, the Torah and the Jewish people when we heed the prophetic call of our tradition.'' Referring to the verse in Leviticus, Rabbi Kahn asked, ''Why only on this verse do we become fundamentalists? We haven't been afraid to dissent from Leviticus before.'' More than a century ago, Reform Judaism rejected laws on keeping kosher and on menstrual purity that are spelled out in the Bible. A 4-Year Study After the vote by the gathering of about 500 rabbis, Rabbi Samuel E. Karff of Houston, the president of the rabbinical body, called the action consistent with the liberal traditions of Reform Judaism. ''This decision both stretches and respects the boundaries of Judaism,'' he said. The resolution strongly endorsed ''the view that all Jews are religiously equal regardless of their sexual orientation,'' and it recognized ''loving and committed relationships between people of the same sex.'' The decision was reached after a four-year study by a committee of 17 rabbis who explored Jewish teachings on homosexuality, scientific studies of sexual identity and the experience of Christian groups in dealing with the issue. As a matter of national policy, only two smaller groups, the Unitarian Universalist Association and the Reconstructionist movement in Judaism, accept homosexual as member of the clergy. Individual bishops and churches of some Protestant denominations have ordained gay members of the clergy, in violation of their national church policies. These include the Episcopalians, Presbyterians and Lutherans. The United Church of Christ allows for the ordination of homosexuals, but leaves the decision up to its regional bodies. Attack From Orthodox Branch The move was immediately condemned by spokesmen for Orthodox Judaism, which adheres to traditional Jewish law and considers the Bible as the word of God. ''I don't know where they're going,'' Rabbi | Reform Judaism Votes to Accept Active Homosexuals in Rabbinate |
363946_0 | LEAD: THE New York City Human Resources Administration held a graduation ceremony on Friday for nine women moving from public assistance to private employment with wages of $13,000 to $19,000 a year. They completed a five-month course that taught them the computer, telephone and clerical skills needed to work in debt collection. THE New York City Human Resources Administration held a graduation ceremony on Friday for nine women moving from public assistance to private employment with wages of $13,000 to $19,000 a year. They completed a five-month course that taught them the computer, telephone and clerical skills needed to work in debt collection. In all, 46 students have completed the course, one of several public and private programs dedicated to helping members of minority groups to develop careers. Part of the training involved collecting $560,000 for the H.R.A.'s Bureau of Client Fraud Investigation, which seeks the return of overpayments to welfare recipients. Most graduates take jobs with private collection agencies. Richard Finkelstein, director of the city's program, said he sends out 1,000 flyers to welfare recipients before each session - a total of 5,000 since the program began in January 1989 - urging them to take the job training. ''Most have been women, ranging in age from the 20's to the 50's,'' he said, although the newest class of 13 includes three men. Inroads, a nationwide group supported by a thousand corporations and headed by Robert D. Kennedy, chairman of the Union Carbide Corporation, celebrated its 20th anniversary recently. It selects talented young members of minority groups for intensive training and counseling. They receive salaries for summer corporate internships during college, with a possibility of jobs after graduation. So far, more than 1,900 Inroads students have become managers or professionals. In Chicago, the National Action Council for Minorities in Engineering Inc. issued ''The Amazing Spider-Man'' comic book to minority students. Its president, George Campbell Jr., said the comic book is intended for fifth through seventh graders and conveys the career opportunities in engineering. The objective, he said, is to convince students to choose the academic track in school, taking subjects like algebra, a vital building block for engineers. The National Foundation for Teaching Entrepreneurship to Handicapped and Disadvantaged Youth this month announced a venture capital fund to provide grants ranging from $100 to $10,000 to those who have ''a viable business idea.'' The three-year-old foundation, a creation of Steve Mariotti, | Careers; Minority Opportunity Programs |
363902_3 | disappears. The company plans in 1994 to begin launching inexpensive 700-pound satellites, up to 11 per rocket, that are built to last five years; it will own the satellites but will license the right to build handsets that use them. Motorola has named the project Iridium, after the element iridium, which has 77 electrons orbiting the atomic nucleus. Although calls could be made from one handset to another, Motorola expects that most users would place calls to conventional wire-line telephones or cellular phones served by ground radio towers. Motorola says it will need at least 700,000 users to break even. After having consulted many international organizations about the proposed venture, company officials forecast that the system could attract as many as five million subscribers worldwide paying at least $100 a month by the year 2000. Partners Sought While Motorola plans to build much of the system itself, including almost all of the electronics, it is looking for partners to help finance Iridium and to operate it. The company is negotiating with British Telecom in London and companies in Japan, Australia, and Hong Kong, Mr. Hillis said. Besides the commercial challenges, Iridium will need the permission of many governments to receive calls from their soil. ''Whether it'll be delivered on time, I'm not sure,'' said Michael J. Zuliani, the president of Telesat Mobile Inc., a Canadian satellite company that has agreed to work with Motorola on the system. The technical issues represent ''a challenge, but we're up to it,'' he said. Mr. Zuliani said that A.T.&T. had also approached Telesat Mobile to discuss a possible alliance to establish satellite-based mobile communications, but that the discussions had not been detailed and did not result in any agreement. Telesat Mobile controls the most readily usable microwave frequencies for such a system in Canada. An Electronics Wizard The technical problems involved in Iridium's construction may be the smallest of the obstacles facing Motorola, analysts said. Motorola is the nation's third-largest electronics company and the world's largest producer of cellular telephone equipment, and is known for its technological wizardry in developing mobile communications products. The company envisions Iridium as a worldwide cellular telephone system that supplements conventional radio antennas. Cellular telephones acquired that name because the service areas are divided into cells a few miles across, each with a low-power radio transmitter. A motorist moving from one area to the next is automatically transferred from | Science Fiction Nears Reality: Pocket Phone for Global Calls |
363902_4 | calls from their soil. ''Whether it'll be delivered on time, I'm not sure,'' said Michael J. Zuliani, the president of Telesat Mobile Inc., a Canadian satellite company that has agreed to work with Motorola on the system. The technical issues represent ''a challenge, but we're up to it,'' he said. Mr. Zuliani said that A.T.&T. had also approached Telesat Mobile to discuss a possible alliance to establish satellite-based mobile communications, but that the discussions had not been detailed and did not result in any agreement. Telesat Mobile controls the most readily usable microwave frequencies for such a system in Canada. An Electronics Wizard The technical problems involved in Iridium's construction may be the smallest of the obstacles facing Motorola, analysts said. Motorola is the nation's third-largest electronics company and the world's largest producer of cellular telephone equipment, and is known for its technological wizardry in developing mobile communications products. The company envisions Iridium as a worldwide cellular telephone system that supplements conventional radio antennas. Cellular telephones acquired that name because the service areas are divided into cells a few miles across, each with a low-power radio transmitter. A motorist moving from one area to the next is automatically transferred from one transmitter to the next, usually without interruption because computers tell the transmitter when to pass along a call to the next transmitter. Each Iridium satellite will cover 37 cells on earth, said Bary R. Bertiger, the chief engineer and assistant general manager of Motorola's satellite communications division. Each cell will be 400 miles across and have a capacity of 336 simultaneous conversations if Motorola uses only those microwave frequencies already set aside for sea-to-shore and air-to-ground satellite communications; that number could be increased substantially if other frequencies are obtained. Because of the limited capacity, the handsets will also be compatible with terrestrial cellular service and are intended to send signals to satellites only in remote areas, he said. #3 1/2-Inch Antenna The handsets will be 7 1/2 inches long and thicker than conventional handsets, with a 3 1/2 inch antenna. Sending a signal to a low-orbit satellite requires a tiny fraction of the power to send a signal to current communications satellites, which orbit 50 times higher above the earth's surface. Motorola's strategic electronics division, which Mr. Hillis used to run, has produced communications equipment for virtually all NASA space programs. The company's equipment helped relay the first words | Science Fiction Nears Reality: Pocket Phone for Global Calls |
361057_0 | LEAD: Seeking to strike a compromise between environmentalists and the timber industry, the Senate overwhelmingly approved legislation today to prohibit logging on 673,000 acres of pristine Alaskan land in the Tongass National Forest. Seeking to strike a compromise between environmentalists and the timber industry, the Senate overwhelmingly approved legislation today to prohibit logging on 673,000 acres of pristine Alaskan land in the Tongass National Forest. The bill would also discourage logging in other areas of the forest by modifying contracts with local pulp mills that had allowed them to buy trees at well below market price. But the Senate measure, approved 99 to 0, did not leave either environmentalists or Alaskan timber industry executives happy. Both sides will be looking anxiously to see what version emerges when lawmakers meet in conference to work out differences between the Senate bill and a House-approved measure that calls for much stronger action to protect the Tongass.. The House bill, approved last year, designated 1.8 million acres of the forest as a wilderness area where no roads or any commercial development, including logging, could be established. The measure would also cancel long-term logging contracts in the Tongass and subject future timber sales to competitive bidding. Effort to Save Jobs The Senate bill was devised as a compromise aimed at preserving jobs. It bars logging from a much smaller area, 673,000 acres, and would allow some limited commercial activity like mining. The Tongass, the largest national forest in the United States, is the last major expanse of temperate rain forest in North America. Protection of the forest, which occupies an area the size of West Virginia, has been a major priority of environmentalists. They argue that it is inconsistent for the United States to criticize Brazil for the destruction of its rain forest while allowing overharvesting of trees from the Tongass. ''We are no longer embarrassed,'' said Senator Tim Wirth, a Colorado Democrat who was a major proponent of the Senate bill. ''Last year I was in Brazil and met with President Jose Sarney, and the first thing he said was, What about the Tongass?'' But the debate did not turn on purely environmental issues. There were also concerns about the loss of jobs in Alaskan cities like Sitka and Ketchikan, whose economies are heavily dependent on logging, and some Alaskan legislators resented what they see as the dictates of outsiders. ''Alaska is an area | Senate Passes Measure to Protect Alaskan Forest |
359382_0 | LEAD: Pediatricians throughout the 50 states are rejoicing at the remarkable success of a once-revolutionary screening program and diet therapy to prevent mental retardation in the nearly 300 American babies who are born each year with an inherited metabolic disorder called phenylketonuria. Pediatricians throughout the 50 states are rejoicing at the remarkable success of a once-revolutionary screening program and diet therapy to prevent mental retardation in the nearly 300 American babies who are born each year with an inherited metabolic disorder called phenylketonuria. But the doctors are now mobilizing to combat a new problem generated by their very success. They are seeking to prevent mental retardation in the next generation of children, those born to women who have been saved by the original program. Among the many beneficiaries of the original program are these: * A 20-year-old junior at a Minnesota college who plays varsity football and maintains a B average. * A 17-year-old Long Island youth with an I.Q. of more than 140 who is about to graduate from high school with honors and will enroll in an Ivy League university in the fall. * A 10-year-old boy in upstate New York who is in the top mathematics and reading groups in school and plays all-star baseball and hockey. In the past, all three would probably have been doomed to severe mental retardation and life in an institution. Heel-Prick Screening Test Instead they are among thousands of young Americans who were saved by the simple heel-prick screening test in which a few drops of blood are taken to detect the condition in the first days of life. The test, first introduced in 1961, became mandatory in most states by the early 1970's. Within weeks of birth, children found to have phenylketonuria, or PKU, were placed on a special diet that protected their developing brains from irrevocable damage by phenylalanine, a nutrient their bodies could not process. The low-protein formula-based diet severely limits intake of phenylalanine. But now the physicians who have given such children the chance for a normal life face a new problem. Hundreds of girls with PKU who have been spared retardation are growing up, marrying and wanting to have children of their own. Once they are grown, they may no longer need to stay on the restricted diet, and most have long since gone off it. As a result, they have abnormally high levels of phenylalanine | A Search to Bar Retardation in a New Generation |
394340_1 | stood amid metal tree sculptures and hanging fisherman's nets, which framed a series of exotic limited-edition items. There was a "basket" coat that was woven from straw; a silk flower bustier that was done in the manner of the dried-flower arrangements that are popular today, and a fluid shrug jacket that was in the Gigli manner, but it was also made of finely woven copper. "It's really very light and comfortable," he said, holding the gossamer jacket up. But how do you clean it? With Brasso? It Depends What You Read You can bet executives at the House of Balmain read Tuesday's papers in the middle of the night. Alain Chevalier, who bought Balmain last year, said everything depends on the reviews of the first collection by Alistair Blair, an Englishman hired to kick-start the sputtering ready-to-wear business. An agent in New York is standing by to fax reviews from newspapers in New York, which Mr. Chevalier said were most important. Since the death of Pierre Balmain in 1982, the company's collections of classic French suits and little black dresses have inspired mostly yawns. A Louvre Fashion Palace Jack Lang, the Minister of Culture, announced details Monday of a Government-sponsored project for a fashion showplace beneath a Louvre courtyard. The $200 million project is being built by the Sari Group, a consortium of French companies, for completion in 1993. A 75,000-square-foot excavation is to made for four big rooms for fashion shows and areas for dressing rooms, photo labs, studios, offices and restaurants. Access would be through the I. M. Pei pyramid, which now serves as an entrance to the museum's galleries. Sari will be given an 80-year lease on the project, which includes about 40 commercial boutiques. In other words, in the future, American buyers and journalists will feel right at home: in a mall. Diana's Daughter Whatever induced Diana Ross to walk down the runway for Thierry Mugler 's fashion extravaganza Thursday night? Three separate shows were held in a packed, sweltering room and called for lots of nudity and carrying on. The fashions were mostly in vinyl, often head-to-toe. It was neither money nor free clothes, said Alix Malka, a spokesman for Thierry Mugler. Ms. Ross is a friend of Mr. Mugler's and wanted to be part of the fun; also, her daughter Tracy, who is trying to break into modeling, got a part in the show. | Patterns |
396612_3 | that consistently illuminated the earlier book. In the middle section, "Teachers," Mr. Bloom pays tribute to three mentors: Leo Strauss, a philosopher who taught at St. John's College in Annapolis, Md.; Raymond Aron, the French intellectual whom the author calls "the last of the liberals"; and Alexandre Kojeve, a brilliant Russian emigre best known for his commentary on Hegel. What is disappointing is that at the heart of "The Closing of the American Mind," Mr. Bloom, who is now co-director of the John M. Olin Center for Inquiry into the Theory and Practice of Democracy at the University of Chicago, seemed to hold out the promise that he would soon get around to applying the disciplines of classical philosophy to contemporary problems, a task that he so strongly feels American higher education has abdicated. But all he has done in "Giants and Dwarfs" is reiterate the primacy of the classical tradition without ever acknowledging how various revolutions in scientific thought have affected our outlook on the world. Granted, he keeps hinting that science may have nothing to contribute to the debate over how men should live, what constitutes the good and all those other great questions that Plato's Socrates seems to have posed for the ages. But one wishes he would explain outright why Darwinian evolution really has nothing to do with our perception of the human soul, or why Einstein's discovery of relativity ought not to affect how we perceive time and eternity. (On the other hand, Freud's revolution consistently informs the author's thinking.) Still, one has to grant Mr. Bloom this much. In his essay on his teacher Leo Strauss, he describes what an ideal intellectual voyage involves. "I recently reread 'Thoughts on Machiavelli' and realized that it is not at all a book as we ordinarily understand a book. If one sits down and reads it as one reads a treatise, its contents are guarded by seven seals; it provides us with a few arid generalizations that look like oases in a sandy desert. But the book is really a way of life, a sort of philosophy kit." "One must constantly stop, consult another text, try to penetrate another character, and walk around the room and think. One must use a pencil and paper, make lists, and count. It is an unending task, one that continually evokes that wonder at what previously seemed commonplace which Aristotle says | Books of The Times; Further Grim Reflections on the American Mind |
396747_0 | Rules on Whales | |
396873_2 | Torrance, Calif., said the company believed about 36 1990 Acura Legends used the bags. Jay Amestoy, a spokesman for Mazda Motor of America in Irvine, Calif., said the company knows thus far of only one 1990 RX-7 convertible involved in the recall. A spokesman for Chrysler Corporation, the country's largest user of air bags, said it was not affected because it gets inflators from other suppliers. A Violent Reaction An air bag inflator is a doughnut-shaped device that contains sodium azide and other chemicals. In an accident, a sensor sends an electrical pulse to the inflator and the chemical mixture, which is under high pressere. burns violently. The reaction produces hot gases that rush through a filter and inflate the air bag in less than a 20th of a second. Because of faulty machine threads at the center of the inflators, some devices do not fit properly on support posts, said Mr. Gianino, the TRW spokesman. As a result, the violent reaction produced when the chemicals are ignited could cause the inflator to seperate, allowing gases to escape into the car, and the bag may not inflate. Sodium azide gas, which has a temperature of about 600 degrees, and copper oxide gas, a highly corrosive substance, could escape from the unit, Mr. Gianino said. Discovery of Problem The problem with the TRW inflator first came to light in April at Ford when a bag failed during the crash test of a non-production car. Mr. Gianino said TRW attempted to find the cause of the failure, but could not duplicate it. It was only in July that TRW first reported the incident at Ford to the National Highway Traffic Safety Adminstration, but in its report TRW did not term the problem a safety-related one. "We advised them of the failure and told them we could not duplicate it, but that we were continuing our investigation." said Mr. Gianino. Michael Brownlee, the safety agency's acting associate adminstrator for enforcement, said the agency typically does not get involved in company investigations unless the problems are deemed to be safety-related. In early October, after the failure of another inflator during tests, TRW investigators began to realize that manufacturing techniques used by the company to cut threads on inflator parts may be at fault, Mr. Gianino added. Then, when several inflators taken from cars were tested and failed, the company confirmed its theory and moved | DEVICE IN AIR BAGS PROMPTS RECALLS |
396898_0 | IN this time of recession concerns, the accounting profession, like many others, is undergoing cutbacks in pay or staffing. Yet accounting might be one of the best careers for the future. The Bureau of Labor Statistics, reporting on occupations with the largest growth prospects, says that the army of 963,000 accountants and auditors it estimated in 1988 needs to increase by 22 percent, to 1,174,000, by the year 2000 to meet growing needs from both accounting firms and businesses. Last spring, graduates with accounting majors received job offers at salaries averaging $26,496, up 5 percent from the previous year, according to the College Placement Council. Too few college students, however, major in accounting and too few with graduate degrees are entering the profession, possibly because it is not considered glamorous. Also, many who earn master of business administration degrees with an accounting specialty tend to take jobs with businesses. To insure a better supply of talent, the half-dozen big accounting firms have been providing money for scholarships, professors and programs. Dr. Ronald J. Patten cited this situation in a recent interview, saying part of his job is "making accounting popular" to attract more young people. As dean of the College of Commerce at De Paul University in Chicago, he heads one of the largest undergraduate business schools and the nation's fourth-largest graduate business program. There are 2,646 students in the daytime undergraduate business program and 1,174 in the evening program, plus 2,995 students in graduate programs working for master of business administration degrees or master of science degrees in accounting. "The fact that fewer students major in accounting is a national phenomenon," he said. He added that De Paul was not experiencing it so much, however, " because our enrollment of accounting majors is down less than 1 percent in recent years." At the graduate level he called accounting enrollment at least "stable." Many students, he said, had a perception that accounting courses could be "boring." To combat that, Dr. Patten said, "we're using the interactive mode -- case studies to supplement analytical techniques they must learn." He added: "Students defend their judgments after reading case histories, and this results in more interaction with classmates and the professor. That's our prime tool." For example, he explained, one case study he wrote involved a large Trinidad company that makes batteries in Barbados. To help increase sales, an incentive system was begun | Careers; Popularizing Accounting For Students |
388259_0 | LEAD: Of all the special interests battling for political advantage here, perhaps the group giving its supporters the biggest public relations headache is 225 or so black bears who have appeared in force on suburban streets just as animal-rights adovcates are trying to plead the bears' case before the Legislature. Of all the special interests battling for political advantage here, perhaps the group giving its supporters the biggest public relations headache is 225 or so black bears who have appeared in force on suburban streets just as animal-rights adovcates are trying to plead the bears' case before the Legislature. As the Assembly and the Senate convened today for the first voting session of the fall, some legislators representing urban areas, where fresh bear prints have not been sighted in centuries, had hoped to pass a bill that would make it impossible for the state enviromental agency to declare bear hunting legal. The state banned bear hunting in 1971, when the bear population may have dwindled to as low as 10. With the bear population now growing, groups like the Fund for Animals say they fear the Department of Environmental Protection will cave in to the pressure of hunters. A Shortage of Acorns But the plans of animal advocates have been complicated by a poor acorn crop in the wilds, which has sent the hungry hulking animals scouring suburban lanes in a search of garbage cans that may affect Trenton's delicate political ecosystem. '' I think the animal-rights community has read the politics all wrong,'' said Robert C. Lund, the supervising biologist at the environment department's Division of Fish, Game and Wildlife, which opposes the bill. ''The animal-rights groups are very astute politically and they get to their legislators. But there is another group, maybe larger, that is frightened by bears and really does not want bears. The suburban homeowner who has moved from the city has never seen anything larger than a cat in his yard. Now he has bears.'' Assemblyman David C. Kronick, a Democrat of North Bergen, who represents a number of largely urban communities near New York City, introduced the bill last year, with the support of the Fund for Animals and the Humane Society. The bill was part of a national effort by animal-rights groups to protect the black bear from hunters. ''From what I understand, New Jersey can accommodate 500 bears,'' Mr. Kronick said. ''Roam | Instead of Nuts, Bears Gather Foes in Trenton |
388991_2 | in no fewer than four of the current Mexican shows, which may not speak well for the number of strong critical voices in Mexico.) From this exhibition and the one at the Exhibition Space, it is possible to make some generalizations about contemporary Mexican art. There is no stylistic or ideological orthodoxy. The body as a source of pleasure and an object of suffering and pain is one theme. The mask is another. In some of the most interesting work, a love of ancient Mexican art is combined with a sense of the oppressive weight of tradition. As in contemporary American art, personal, artistic and cultural identity is a big concern. 'Aspects of Contemporary Mexican Painting' The Americas Society 680 Park Avenue (at 68th Street) Through Dec. 31 This show does not pretend to be a comprehensive survey. Organized by Dr. Sullivan, it includes works by nine artists. Rodolfo Morales is the elder statesman (several of his paintings are on display at the Vorpal Gallery in SoHo), although the exhibition could be clearer about why he is important. He paints the dreams, customs and human interrelationships of village life in nice enough colors and a style that suggests early-15th-century Florence. A number of artists in this show have an edge. Rocio Maldonado works with body fragments. Sometimes she avoids an easy sense of victimization; sometimes she doesn't. When she draws a hand, it almost always asks what a hand is; she is not making a statement about the godlike artist's hand that is a prevalent motif since Rodin. ''Sad Angel'' is more predictable. It includes a voluptuous blue-eyed virginal nude, part Greek and part pre-Columbian (the profile of the head in her hair). She has no arms, her wings are cracked, and she is trapped by symbols of evil and torment, all of them male. Julio Galan is a clever provocateur who as a painter is a bit of a lion tamer, a bit of a high wire performer and a bit of a wistful but defiant clown. He may paint himself as a female alter ego. In ''China Poblana,'' he paints an elaborate dress but cuts a hole out of the canvas where the head would be so that we can, in principle, place our heads in the opening. In the process, we also become a target for sponges, apples, balls or whatever else is hurled at faces in | Review/Art; Where the Physical and the Spiritual Both Meld and Clash |
388957_0 | LEAD: The section on environmental protection in Gov. Mario M. Cuomo's first State of the State message, in 1983, was barely a page long and included proposals to modernize fish hatcheries and build more boat launches. The section on environmental protection in Gov. Mario M. Cuomo's first State of the State message, in 1983, was barely a page long and included proposals to modernize fish hatcheries and build more boat launches. This year, that section ran 12 pages and featured one of the prime initiatives of the Governor's agenda, a $2 billion environmental bond act, the largest in the state's history. In speech after speech since then, Mr. Cuomo has championed the preservation of New York's open spaces for future generations, sometimes describing it as the ''ultimate selfless act.'' The environment has clearly come to occupy a greater share of both Mr. Cuomo's oratory and his legislative program. Even his critics, while questioning whether this emphasis is derived from political astuteness, commitment to environmental principles or a combination of both, credit the Governor with several important environmental accomplishments. Among these are tougher limits on auto emissions and stricter enforcement of water-quality standards and acid-rain controls that have reduced New York's sulfur dioxide emissions by almost half. Nevertheless, many of the state's environmental problems remain formidable, if not intractable, despite major steps Mr. Cuomo announced to deal with them. As the Governor campaigns for a third term, the record on major parts of his environmental policy appears to best be judged as incomplete. Cuomo administration officials say that many of the initiatives begun by the Governor will require years of lead time to work, and that other problems are due to factors - including the behavior of a society that wastes too much and drives too much - beyond his control. Some environmental leaders, however, question whether the Governor has backed up his initiatives with adequate resources or with sufficient urgency. In 1987, for instance, Mr. Cuomo announced with great fanfare that the state would set the ambitious goal of cutting its solid-waste stream in half by 1997, largely through recycling and waste-reduction efforts. In subsequent years, his proposals to finance recycling through special collections like unclaimed nickels from returnable bottles died in the Legislature, and general spending on local recycling programs averaged about $20 million annually, one-tenth of the figure obligated to incinerator projects. #21 Million Tons of Trash The | On Environment, Cuomo Goals Still Elusive |
392200_0 | LEAD: Taiwan expects to be among the world's 10 largest trading nations by 1996 when its foreign trade is expected to hit nearly $200 billion, the Board of Foreign Trade said Sunday. Taiwan expects to be among the world's 10 largest trading nations by 1996 when its foreign trade is expected to hit nearly $200 billion, the Board of Foreign Trade said Sunday. Last year, Taiwan, with a population of about 20 million, was the world's 13th-largest trading country, with two-way trade totaling $118.5 billion. Exports were $66.2 billion, and imports were $52.3 billion. From 1991 to 1996, Taiwan's exports will grow an average 7.7 percent a year and imports will average 9.1 percent, the board's deputy director, Lee Chang-lu, said. He said Taiwan's two-way trade would reach $198.6 billion by 1996 with exports valued at $104.1 billion and imports at $94.5 billion. ''We believe we could be among the world's 10 largest trading countries by that year,'' Mr. Lee said. ''The average export and import growth is reasonable and not difficult to achieve,'' Lu Ming-jen, economics professor at the National Chengchi University, said. He said Taiwan had experienced a double-digit growth in its two-way trade except in 1989, when exports grew at 9.3 percent and imports at 5.3 percent. | Taiwan Sees Trade Growth |
392356_1 | the Bay of Whales. From a sheltered mooring in this ice-girt bay, Roald Amundsen set out in 1911 on his successful dog-sled trip to the South Pole, and in the 1930's and 1940's, Rear Adm. Richard E. Byrd of the Navy based his Little America camps on the ice shelf near the bay. B-9's immense size attracted scientific interest from the moment it was spotted in a satellite picture. At the time it was 96 miles long, 22 miles wide and 750 feet deep. It contained 287 cubic miles of fresh water, enough, Lamont-Doherty estimated, to provide everyone on earth with two glasses a day for the next 1,977 years. Dr. Stanley S. Jacobs, an oceanographer at Lamont-Doherty, said that although the iceberg was under observation by aircraft and ships, the best measurements of its dimensions and progress were made by satellites, including Landsat and polar-orbiting satellites operated by the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration and the Defense Department's meteorological satellite program. Tracking of B-9 became especially accurate after a radio beacon was dropped onto the iceberg. ''Ships very rarely sail completely around bergs of this size, which stretch from horizon to horizon,'' he said. ''Shipboard estimates of size are notoriously inaccurate and lead to exaggerated fish stories.'' Surprising Directions B-9's movements over a three-year period demonstrated the existence of four separate currents in the region, the scientists said. One current, which flows from east to west close to the Antarctic coast, proved to be only about seven miles wide, and as the berg passed through it, the current pressed successively against different sections of the ice, causing it to gyrate and change course. This narrow current is directly opposite to the much larger west-to-east circumpolar current that flows farther north. Another pair of currents was found to bring relatively warm water southward, where it flows under the gigantic Ross Ice Shelf, sinks, turns around and flows north again at a different depth. All these currents moved B-9 at speeds and in directions that surprised oceanographers. When the iceberg first broke loose it drifted slowly northward, and some scientists believed it would eventually move into the Drake Passage between Ross Island and New Zealand. But instead, the coastal current turned the berg around and thrust it into a southward warm-water current that carried it all the way back to the Ross Ice Shelf, with which it collided in August 1988. | The Wanderings of a Gigantic Iceberg Uncover Polar Currents |
392231_0 | LEAD: A Greenpeace crew detained by the Soviet Union for nearly a week was expelled on Saturday after their ship was seized off an Arctic island, State Department officials said today. A Greenpeace crew detained by the Soviet Union for nearly a week was expelled on Saturday after their ship was seized off an Arctic island, State Department officials said today. Greenpeace, an international environmental group, said they were protesting Soviet plans to resume use of the island as an underground nuclear test site. State Department officials said they could not comment on whether the island had ever been a site for weapons testing. Crew members said their 190-foot ship was stopped by a Soviet border guard ship on Oct. 7 after warning shots were fired across the bow . The ship was seized four miles off Novaya Zemlya, a two-island archipelago in the Barents Sea. During a four-hour standoff, the crew launched three inflatable boats in the dark. One of the boats slipped past the Soviet ship and landed on the northern island, which Greenpeace says served as an underground nuclear test site as recently as four years ago. ''We found high levels of radiation near the tunnel,'' said the ship's foreman, Ted Hood, who traveled inland to the test site. ''It appeared the whole island was contaminated.'' After hiding behind rocks and ice, the landing party was eventually spotted by helicopter and picked up by the Soviet military. | Soviets Expel the Crew Of a Greenpeace Ship |
394784_0 | The Rev. Ivo Schmitt, a Roman Catholic priest here, was discussing celibacy when his wife, Adulina, walked in from the vegetable garden carrying the couple's clean laundry. "From what we know, at least 10 of the apostles were married," the priest said as his wife heated water for a pot of tea. Long nurtured in a cozy blue and white cottage here, the Schmitts' domestic life suddenly became the focus of international attention this month as a worldwide synod of bishops debated in Rome whether priests should be allowed to marry. For over a millennium, the Catholic Church has maintained that a priest's best companions -- indeed, his only companions -- should be God and the church. Recently, however, growing numbers of Catholics have blamed this celibacy rule for a worldwide shortage of priests. 2 Married Men Ordained Last week, apparently sensing that the Vatican wanted to sidestep a discussion of the issue, Aloisio Cardinal Lorscheider, Archbishop of Fortaleza, Brazil, publicized the fact that two married men were recently ordained in Brazil with Vatican approval. In addition to Father Schmitt, the Rev. Jorge Cabral Falcao serves a parish in Heliopolis in Bahia State. Father Falcao, who was ordained in 1986, has lived apart from his wife for more than a decade. It was the case of Father Schmitt that Cardinal Lorscheider knew best. Both are descendants of German immigrants and both grew up here in Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil's southernmost state. In the five-hour drive from Porto Alegre, the state's coastal capital, radio stations fade into static and oxcarts become increasingly common. Windbreaks of eucalyptus and pine divide a patchwork of emerald pastures and ocher fields. In this remote farming center, the paperwork of chastity was a topic of conversation Monday behind the white lace curtains of the tiny cottage on November 15 Street. A Life of Celibacy The Schmitts married in 1947, and six years later they conceived a child. Because of malpractice by a midwife, Mrs. Schmitt not only lost the baby, but also suffered problems that resulted in a hysterectomy and further complications that the Schmitts said left her physically unable to have sex. At that point, Father Schmitt said, they began living in celibacy. When her husband applied in 1986 for permission to be ordained, Mrs. Schmitt was required to submit medical records certifying her inability to have sexual relations. "I had to sign a | Frederico Westphalen Journal; In Footsteps of Apostles: Married Priest's Story |
393415_0 | LEAD: Pirelli of Italy is negotiating a joint venture to produce car tires in the Soviet Union, a Moscow-based Pirelli official said. Finding quality tires is difficult in the Soviet Union, where motorists drive on poorly maintained streets full of bumps and potholes. Soviet-made tires have a reputation of shredding easily and have a short lifespan. Pirelli of Italy is negotiating a joint venture to produce car tires in the Soviet Union, a Moscow-based Pirelli official said. Finding quality tires is difficult in the Soviet Union, where motorists drive on poorly maintained streets full of bumps and potholes. Soviet-made tires have a reputation of shredding easily and have a short lifespan. Output from the proposed joint venture would be sold on the Soviet market. The partners hope to sell some of their tires to a proposed Fiat automobile plant near Moscow, but the tire venture is not dependent on a contract with Fiat, the Pirelli official said. The Pirelli official said that the company would pay about $250 million to own a one-third stake in the new plant. COMPANY NEWS | Pirelli in Talks On Soviet Deal |
393567_2 | tire marketing, ordered Federal regulators to develop a tire-rating system to help consumers. The results are the present Uniform Tire Quality Grading System, which rates tires on two safety factors, traction and temperature resistance, and one economy factor, tread wear. For traction, measured by a tire's ability to stop on a wet surface, the grades are A, B and C. An A-graded tire stops the most quickly. Temperature resistance is also graded A, B and C and indicates a tire's ability to withstand heat. A tire graded A is the most heat-resistant and the least likely to suffer a blowout under the same conditions as a tire graded B or C. Tread wear is the most controversial factor. To measure a tire's life, cars are driven 6,400 miles over public roads near San Angelo, Tex. To minimize variables in tread wear because of different driving styles, the cars travel in convoys of four at constant speeds, and drivers regularly change between cars. Tires are graded on an index, which indicates relative tread wear. A tire graded 150 should provide 50 percent more mileage than one graded 100. Under average conditions each 50 points represent a life expectancy of about 10,000 miles. The tire industry took issue with the index and went to court in 1975 to block it. Producers argued it was of little value because a tire's life varied sharply, depending on factors like road conditions and the type of driving. ''It is a meaningless system,'' said Thomas Cole, the president of the Rubber Manufacturers Association, a trade group in Washington. A Federal court in Washington rejected that argument, and the rating system took effect in 1979. But in 1983, the tread-wear index was dropped again, this time by the traffic safety agency, which echoed the industry's earlier argument that grading was a tricky business. The Center for Auto Safety filed suit against the agency, and in 1984 a Federal appeals court in Washington ordered the agency to reinstate the index. The traffic safety agency, which used to publish a guide to help consumers convert the index to expected mileage, no longer does so. Barry Felrice, the assistant administrator for rule making, said the agency now believes that differences in road conditions vary too much to make mileage figures meaningful. And he insisted that ranking tires was impossible because buyers must balance a tire's tread wear against the safety | Debate Over Federal Tire Ratings Just Keeps Rolling Along |
393589_0 | LEAD: To the Editor: To the Editor: The attempt to ''save the rain forests'' is largely a futile campaign owing to a confused idea of property rights. Having collected medicinal plants in some tropical regions since 1969, I write with the knowledge that independent countries do not want outsiders like United States environmental organizations telling them how best to utilize their resources. Various forestry and resource administrators argue that they owe their people the best possible standard of living and that hardwood is their commodity to sell on world markets. Aside from the fact that too many of these officials are often the principal recipients of most of the revenue from the sale of these desirable woods, as in Sarawak, this argument is flawed on another level. The Malaysian Government, for example, has told the indigenous nomads of Sarawak that they have no claim to the land, that it is owned by the Government. The nomads cannot understand how they can be forced to leave forests they and their ancestors have inhabited since the beginning of their oral histories. Herein lies the solution. We can argue that just as governments claim that nomads have no authentic territorial claim to the rain forests, neither do they! Mere possession of land does not necessarily make an adequate claim to ownership. In the case of the world's remaining rain forests, where a good percentage of the earth's oxygen is generated, we might claim them as a global, not a national, resource. The shortsighted exploitation of a rain forest like that of Sarawak - a 160-million-year-old ecosystem that has been decimated by 50 percent in only a few decades and will be gone forever in another 10 years - is not the right of any country. By destroying this ecosystem, the Malaysian Government is destroying one of the planet's primary survival pumps. We the outsiders whose existence is affected by the destructive actions of a few greedy individuals or countries have every right to insist that such decimation be halted. Oxygen belongs to the plant, not to countries. If we send our troops to defend the world's oil supply, arguing that global economic health is at stake, surely we can do the same to protect global survival on a health level. MICHAEL WEINER Exec. Dir., Fund for Ethnic Medicine Larkspur, Calif., Oct. 8, 1990 | Don't Let Redwoods Fall to Corporate Greed; A Global Resource |
393565_2 | buyer could be locked in with one service provider and cannot change to another to get better service or a lower price until the period ends. Because cellular phone owners pay for both incoming and outgoing calls, providers are offering a slew of service plans encompassing the monthly charge and the per-minute use charge to attract customers. One plan combines a $35-a-month service charge with a use charge of 60 cents a minute in peak periods and 40 cents in off-peak periods. Another offers a $55-a-month charge and a use charge of 45 cents a minute at all times. ''Beware of come-ons,'' said Robert B. Miller, vice president of merchandising for Radio Shack. ''There are a lot of gimmicks in the marketplace. You want to be sure of not entering into a five-year agreement with a carrier'' that limits switching to a more attractive deal. The Federal Communications Commission licenses two providers in each area. Find out whether a package of extras is included. They are often bargains. For example, the Nynex Mobile Communications Company, a service provider, is currently offering a $400 package encompassing a mobile phone, antenna, installation and a microphone. Purchased separately, an antenna could cost $60 or more and installation could cost about $100. Cellular phones also have warranties, similar to those on other electronic equipment. Most manufacturers offer a one-year warranty on parts and labor, plus another 2 to 4 years for parts alone. Questions have been raised about exposure to the radiation that is emitted by cellular phones. Prof. Theodore S. Rappaport of the Virginia Polytechnic Institute in Blacksburg, said that in general the low power and relatively low UHF transmission frequency is not viewed as a health hazard. But he said it is an issue that requires further study, even though cellular phone emissions are a small part of the total radiation the average person encounters each day. Professor Blacksburg is the director of the institute's mobile and portable radio research group. As for insurance, coverage for mobile phones attached to a car and drawing power from it is not usually a part of standard auto policies. But you can buy a special electronic equipment endorsement to an automobile or homeowner policy, or a separate policy, called a floater. Transportable phones that can be operated through either a car's electrical system or an independent rechargeable battery pack are also not generally covered under | Cellular Phone Deals for Alert Buyers |
392672_1 | conferees. ''It's the first time we've dealt with cancer-causing chemicals.'' The agreement to control emissions of toxic substances would broaden the authority of the Environmental Protection Agency to regulate thousands of businesses and hundreds of pollutants that have never before come under Government restrictions. Roughly 12,000 incinerators in the nation, for instance, will be required to control emissions of the pollutants that the Government considers most hazardous. Paint shops, machining businesses and other small industrial plants that use some 30 toxic solvents will be required to change materials or install equipment to control emissions. One of the most difficult obstacles the conferees overcame was regulating toxic chemicals emitted in the baking of coal into coke for making steel. The agreement today will require 30 steel plants around the country to install modern pollution control equipment and take other actions to upgrade coke ovens by 1998 to reduce toxic emissions to levels attained by the best new coke ovens. No New Curbs on Mercury But the conferees bowed to pressure from the nation's electric utility industry and took no action to require additional controls on emissions of mercury and other toxic chemicals from coal-burning power plants in the Great Lakes region. Emissions of mercury produced by the burning of coal from electric power plants have been identified in several scientific studies as a primary cause of water pollution and contamination in fish in the Great Lakes and throughout the upper Middle West. Representative Gerry Sikorski, Democrat of Minnesota, proposed more stringent regulation of toxic emissions from all industrial plants in the Great Lakes region, but the conferees exempted power plants from the stricter regulation. They decided to direct the Environmental Protection Agency to conduct another study of toxic pollution of the Great Lakes to determine whether additional regulation of power plants is necessary. One novel section of the agreement calls for a new independent safety agency to be established to investigate chemical accidents. Such a new Chemical Safety Board, modeled after the National Transportation Safety Board, which investigates transportation accidents, will have teams of inspectors ready to be dispatched to the scene of chemical accidents to determine their causes. In addition, the E.P.A. will require industrial plants to prepare formal safety reviews that are available to the public. The E.P.A. will also be authorized to set new safety standards at chemical plants and other industries where bulk amounts of toxic chemicals | Conferees Back Stiff Curbs on Chemical Emissions |
392711_0 | LEAD: A Roman Catholic Cardinal attending the worldwide synod of bishops has disclosed that two married men in Brazil became priests with papal approval. A Roman Catholic Cardinal attending the worldwide synod of bishops has disclosed that two married men in Brazil became priests with papal approval. The disclosure by Aloisio Cardinal Lorscheider of Fortaleza, Brazil, appeared to revive the question of married priests after Vatican officials sought to keep it out of the synod discussions. Church officials said on Wednesday that they knew of no other such cases, although the Vatican has approved married priests who converted to Roman Catholicism from other Christian denominations. Unlike these converts, who continue to live normal married lives, the two married Brazilians were ordained on condition that they live with their wives as ''brother and sister,'' meaning they must abstain from sex, Cardinal Lorscheider said. Catholic Church rules require priests to be celibate and forsake marriage, although widowers are eligible for ordination and medieval church annals tell of spouses who separated, the husband to seek the priesthood and the wife to enter a convent. Eastern Orthodox and some Eastern Rite Catholic churches allow married priests, while Protestant churches rejected celibacy for ministers at the time of the Reformation. The celibacy requirement has been blamed in part for the decline in the number of priests in the United States and many other parts of the world. Cardinal Lorscheider made his disclosure in an interview published in this week's issue of the Italian magazine Famiglia Cristiana and made available to the press in advance. The interview came out during the third week of the monthlong assembly called by Pope John Paul II to discuss the formation of priests. At least three bishops at the synod have called for changes in the celibacy rule, which had precedents in the first centuries of Christianity but was not clearly established till the early Middle Ages. But Vatican officials said the requirement was not up for debate. Cardinal Lorscheider said the Pope had approved the ordination of two married Brazilians described by the church as ''viri probati,'' a Latin term referring to men who have proved themselves to be spiritually mature. The Cardinal did not identify the priests or say when or where in Brazil the ordinations occurred. A Vatican official attached to the synod, Msgr. Piero Pennacchini, was said to be seeking more information from other Vatican offices | Vatican Approves 2 Married Priests in Brazil |
392883_4 | of a ''control'' wall that has had no special protection or treatment - ''amendments,'' as they say in the adobe game. These techniques are being explored as ways of preserving historic adobe buildings, but they might eventually be found useful in new construction. Mr. Taylor has found, for example, that it does not help to top a wall with a cap of regular bricks overhanging the sides. A cap but serves only to dribble rainwater right into the mud, badly eroding the upper part. Another concern is water entering from below by capillary action. No concrete apron or foundation has worked, Mr. Taylor said. ''We have not come up with anything better than keeping the water away with a good slope away from the walls.'' Nearby is a more elaborate experiment started two years ago by the Getty institute. Lined up in three rows, 51 test walls are subjected to a variety of stresses including spraying and wind. Each wall has a different protection, like a chemical treatment or a textile canopy, except for one control wall of adobe. Mr. Agnew of the Getty institute said that injecting either of two chemicals into the walls proved highly effective in consolidating the adobe and retarding decay. These are alkylalkoxysilanes, similar to bathtub caulking, and diisocyanates, used in the manufacture of certain paints. These chemicals react with moisture and bind to the clay. One of the test walls stands under a tentlike structure made of a special synthetic knitted cloth, dun colored to match the desert, originally developed for horticulture. The wall under this ''aerotextile'' will be examined for wear over the next year or so. Another approach to preservation is to rebury excavated structures, so Mr. Agnew is also testing ''geotextiles'' to wrap around archeological materials to protect them from moisture, roots and insects until they are dug up again for study. But debate rages among experts over the use of chemical or other irreversible preservation methods on archeological sites. ''To experiment on an object is a very serious thing; you can totally destroy it,'' said Alejandro Alva Balderrama, an architect with the International Center for the Study of the Restoration and Conservation of Cultural Property, an international agency in Rome. He cited the case of earthen remains at Gela, in Sicily, that were destroyed because a plastic tent put up to protect them created an unexpected microclimate. He and other | For Adobe, Whether Humble or Fashionable, It's Mud to Mud |
390570_0 | LEAD: Protestant and Roman Catholic leaders are beginning to raise moral questions about American policy in the Persian Gulf, edging away from the general support they voiced for it two months ago and opening up a gap with their Jewish counterparts. Protestant and Roman Catholic leaders are beginning to raise moral questions about American policy in the Persian Gulf, edging away from the general support they voiced for it two months ago and opening up a gap with their Jewish counterparts. Virtually all American religious groups have condemned President Saddam Hussein's invasion of Kuwait and continue to support the economic embargo aimed at forcing him to withdraw Iraqi forces. But in recent weeks many church leaders have warned against further military actions, against including food and medical supplies in the embargo, against a long-term American military presence in the gulf and against a way of life at home that leaves the nation so dependent on Middle Eastern oil. They have also argued that a resolution of the gulf crisis demands steps toward settlement of the Israeli-Palestinian conflict, linkage that the Administration and Jewish leaders disavow. If this attitude runs counter to the historic tendency of churches to bless the weapons and the war aims of their governments, it fits with a strong pacifist strand in American Christianity that flourished after World War I, died down with the war against Hitler and the Cold War, and has been reinvigorated in the years since Vietnam. Church leaders' questioning of America's gulf policy still falls short of outright opposition, and no one knows how widely these concerns are shared by average clergy members. But the movement is not limited to the traditional peace churches like the Quakers or to antiwar groups. Last month the generally liberal National Council of Churches, which brings together 32 Protestant and Eastern Orthodox churches, spelled out many of these strictures on United States policy in a long resolution. The Roman Catholic Archbishop of Los Angeles, Roger M. Mahony, who is chairman of the Catholic bishops' international policy committee, told Secretary of State James A. Baker 3d that Iraqi civilians should not be deprived of ''essentials,'' especially food and medicine, by the economic sanctions. The United Nations embargo allows Iraq to acquire as much food, medicine and medical spare parts as it needs, so long as it meets United Nations conditions. Several influential Catholic moralists sharply condemned the statement | Church Leaders Voice Doubts on U.S. Gulf Policy |
390556_2 | plans in Federal and provincial courts and through a public relations campaign. Hydro-Quebec, which had hoped to complete work in 1998, also faces government environmental reviews that could delay construction for several years. In the meantime, the company wants to start building a 100-mile-long road north to Great Whale next year, but that also faces an environmental review. Great Whale would be constructed north of Hydro-Quebec's La Grande complex, already one of the world's largest hydroelectric projects. Another hydroelectric project, called Nottaway-Broadback-Rupert, is planned south of La Grande. The combined expansion would add 41 percent to the utility's generating capacity. Expansion is necessary, the utility says, because Quebec's energy demand is growing quickly. 'It's All Under Water' The La Grande River, which powers the huge complex's turbines, empties into James Bay, the fingertip jutting from Hudson Bay that has become identified with Hydro-Quebec's Northern Quebec push. Since construction of La Grande got under way more than 15 years ago, Cree and Inuit leaders say, the native communities and environment have changed for the worse. ''The Cree life was more at ease before the coming of the white man,'' John Petagumskum, a 70-year-old Great Whale resident, said through a translator. Reservoir creation eliminated or disrupted many traditional hunting and trapping grounds, the Crees say. In Chisasibi, near La Grande, many Crees can't go back to where their ancestors used to hunt. ''It's all under water,'' said Matthew Coon Come, Grand Chief of the Grand Council of the Crees, who number 10,000 in Quebec. Mercury released from rotting vegetation in the new reservoirs has contaminated fish, a Cree staple. More than anything, though, the native culture has been buffeted. In less than a generation, people have gone from living in shacks with no electricity to fully furnished homes. Hydro-Quebec officials acknowledge some environmental damage - they have no immediate solution to the mercury problem - and elimination of some traditional hunting grounds. But they say the concerns have been overstated and that native people have been helped by the James Bay project. Roads have made the territory more accessible for hunting, they say, and health services and education have also improved. Land Rights for $263 Million Change came fast after Hydro-Quebec began building a 375-mile road north into Cree country in the early 1970's to permit construction of the La Grande complex. The Crees wanted no part of development and fought it | Quebec Indians Ponder True Cost of Electricity |
387999_1 | of how to reinforce the regulation. Their goal would be to help seminary students and priests overcome, as one senior official put it, ''any hidden frailties, poor motivation or deep resistance'' that they may have. Nonetheless, church leaders acknowledge that the issue of sex and the clergy cannot be ignored if they are to end a crisis in the recruitment of priests that is especially conspicuous in the United States and Western Europe. It is also a problem, in many poor countries, like those in Africa, where the Catholic Church is growing rapidly but where the ''formation'' of priests lags, partly because the celibacy rule collides with cultural traditions. ''Some priests question this requirement, and some candidates leave formation for this reason,'' said the synod's working paper, made public in July. ''The problem becomes more serious as priests seek to live in a world characterized by eroticism.'' More broadly, the working paper said, many priests suffer from overwork, loneliness and isolation, ''to the point of becoming deeply demoralized.'' Helping them cope, through improved theologicial and even psychological preparation, is expected to be an important synod topic. Archbishop Jan P. Schotte of the Netherlands, who is general secretary of the bishops' gathering, used phrases like ''identity crisis'' and ''burnout'' to describe problems that he said ''priests of all ages seem to suffer.'' The Pope ceremonially opened the synod at a Mass today in St. Peter's Basilica, but real sessions do not begin until Monday. He did not mention specific issues he wants discussed. The synod is the 11th to be held since such assemblies were created in the 1960's by the Second Vatican Council as a way to enhance the collegiality between the Vatican and the 4,100 bishops who work in the field. Although the synod is an important forum for analyzing church problems, it is purely an advisory group to John Paul and has no power to set policy. Even though church officials are heartened by a recent increase in the number of men studying for the priesthood, shortages persist. Worldwide, according to the most recent Vatican statistics, there were 401,930 priests in 1988, compared with 406,376 in 1983. In the United States, the clergy-lay ratio is more favorable than in many countries - nearly 55,000 priests for an estimated 55 million Catholics. Even so, new diocesan seminarians totaled 4,981 in 1988, roughly half the figure of a decade earlier. | Vatican Meeting Studies 'Burnout' Among Priests |
388043_0 | LEAD: Leaders from more than 70 nations came together here today in an extraordinary show of concern for the world's poorest children. They adopted a declaration and a plan of action committing them to drastically improving the lives of those children. Leaders from more than 70 nations came together here today in an extraordinary show of concern for the world's poorest children. They adopted a declaration and a plan of action committing them to drastically improving the lives of those children. The declaration of the World Summit for Children pledged the participating nations to work together in an effort to save the lives of at least a third of the 14 million infants who now die each year before the age of 5. The summit leaders also agreed to seek to cut malnutrition among children in half by the year 2000, reduce the number of women dying in childbirth and provide clean water and primary education for all. ''The children of the world are innocent, vulnerable and dependent,'' the declaration said. ''They are also curious, active and full of hope. Their time should be one of joy and peace, of playing, learning and growing. Their future should be shaped in harmony and cooperation. Their lives should mature, as they broaden their perspectives and gain new experience.'' ''But for many children, the reality of childhood is altogether different,'' it said. [Excerpts, page A12.] The halls of the General Assembly reverberated during the day with lofty and often poignant language about the plight of children, not only in the most destitute countries of the world but also in urban communities in richer lands. $20 Billion Needed Despite the high level of concern expressed, none of the leaders attending the summit pledged fresh money to meet the cost of achieving the goals that experts said were likely to require an extra $20 billion a year for the rest of the decade. ''A better world for children is within our reach but, as many heads of state have pointed out today, it is too early to say whether it is within our grasp,'' Prime Minister Brian Mulroney of Canada, a co-chairman and a catalyst for convoking the conference, told the closing session. ''The real work starts now.'' The world leaders, including President Bush, were limited to four minutes each to allow everyone a chance to speak today. [Excerpts from leaders' addresses, page A13.] Mr. | World Leaders Endorse Plan To Improve Lives of Children |
388050_0 | LEAD: Following are excerpts from the declaration on children issued here today: Following are excerpts from the declaration on children issued here today: We have gathered at the World Summit for Children to undertake a joint commitment and to make an urgent universal appeal - to give every child a better future. The children of the world are innocent, vulnerable and dependent. They are also curious, active and full of hope. Their time should be one of joy and peace, of playing, learning and growing. Their future should be shaped in harmony and cooperation. Their lives should mature, as they broaden their perspectives and gain new experience. But for many children, the reality of childhood is altogether different. The Challenge Each day, countless children around the world are exposed to dangers that hamper their growth and development. They suffer immensely as casualties of war and violence; as victims of racial discrimination, apartheid, aggression, foreign occupation and annexation; as refugees and displaced children, forced to abandon their homes and their roots; as disabled; or as victims of neglect, cruelty and exploitation. Each day, millions of children suffer from the scourges of poverty and economic crisis - from hunger and homelessness, from epidemics and illiteracy, from degradation of the environment. They suffer from the grave effects of the problems of external indebtedness and also from the lack of sustained and sustainable growth in many developing countries, particularly the least developed ones. Each day, 40,000 children die from malnutrition and disease, including acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS), from the lack of clean water and inadequate sanitation and from the effects of the drug problem. These are challenges that we, as political leaders, must meet. The Opportunity Together, our nations have the means and the knowledge to protect the lives and to diminish enormously the suffering of children, to promote the full development of their human potential and to make them aware of their needs, rights and opportunities. The Convention on the Rights of the Child provide a new opportunity to make respect for children's rights and welfare truly universal. Recent improvements in the international political climate can facilitate this task. Through international cooperation and solidarity it should now be possible to achieve concrete results in many fields - to revitalize economic growth and development, to protect the environment, to prevent the spread of fatal and crippling diseases and to achieve greater social and economic | Excerpts From the United Nations Declaration on Children |
388050_9 | as enumerated in the World Summit Declaration and this Plan of Action. (iii) Each country is urged to re-examine in the context of its particular national situation, its current national budget, and in the case of donor countries, their development assistance budgets, to ensure that programs aimed at the achievement of goals for the survival, protection and development of children will have a priority when resources are allocated. Every effort should be made to ensure that such programs are protected in times of economic austerity and structural adjustments. (v) Each country should establish appropriate mechanisms for the regular and timely collection, analysis and publication of data required to monitor relevant social indicators relating to the well-being of children - such as neonatal, infant and under-5 mortality rates, maternal mortality and fertility rates, nutritional levels, immunization coverage, morbidity rates of diseases of public health importance, school enrollment and achievement and literacy rates - which record the progress being made towards the goals set forth in this Plan of Action and corresponding national plans of action. Statistics should be disaggregated by gender to ensure that any inequitable impact of programs on girls and women can be monitored and corrected. The following goals have been formulated through extensive consultation in various international forums attended by virtually all Governments, the relevant United Nations agencies including the World Health Organization (WHO), UNICEF, the United Nations Population Fund (UNFPA), the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO), the United Nations Development Program (UNDP) and the International Bank for Reconstruction and Development (IBRD) and a large number of NGO's. These goals are commended for implementation by all countries where they are applicable, with appropriate adaptation to the specific situation of each country in terms of phasing, standards, priorities and availability of resources, with respect for cultural, religious and social transitions. Additional goals that are particularly relevant to a country's specific situation should be added in its national plan of action. I. MAJOR GOALS FOR CHILD SURVIVAL, DEVELOPMENT AND PROTECTION (a) Between 1990 and the year 2000, reduction of infant and under-5 child mortality rate by one-third or to 50 and 70 per 1,000 live births respectively, whichever is less. (b) Between 1990 and the year 2000, reduction of maternal mortality rate by half. (c) Between 1990 and the year 2000, reduction of severe and moderate malnutrition among under-5 children by half. (d) Universal access to safe | Excerpts From the United Nations Declaration on Children |
388080_1 | this extraordinary gathering,'' said Dr. Rosenfield, an obstetrician-gynecologist. ''I think we will see greater allocation of resources for child protection and survival in some countries.'' Skeptics asserted that world leaders would carry out the commitments made here today only if they were held strictly accountable by their own citizens and by lobbyists for nongovernmental organizations. It was, in any event, remarkable to hear presidents, prime ministers and kings talking about the statistics of infant mortality instead of the number of missiles or warplanes in their arsenals. For example, the President of Uganda, Yoweri K. Museveni, observed that 21 of the 30 countries with the highest mortality rates for children under 5 years old were in Africa. Japan boasted that it had slashed its infant mortality rate to 5 deaths for every 1,000 live births, the lowest in the world, while the President of Mozambique, Joaquim A. Chissano, acknowledged that the rate in his country, 159 per 1,000, ''ranks among the highest in the world.'' Goals Called Achievable Dr. Robert E. Black, chairman of the department of international health at the Johns Hopkins University School of Hygiene and Public Health, said it was ''a significant achievement, a great event, to bring all these world leaders together to talk about a very important issue.'' Moreover, he said, the goals adopted at the conference, like a one-third reduction in infant mortality by the year 2000, are ''quite achievable.'' ''We have the means to do it,'' he said. ''The disease conditions are well known,'' he said, adding that so are the techniques to prevent death from those diseases. The five leading causes of child deaths around the world are pneumonia, measles, whooping cough, tetanus and the dehydration resulting from diarrhea. Doctors say most of the deaths could be prevented with vaccines, with antibiotics and with a mixture of sugar, salts and water fed orally to children dehydrated from diarrheal disease. Budget Cutting Is Noted In Washington, Representaive George Miller, the California Democrat who heads the House Select Committee on Children, Youth and Families, said, ''The summit is good because it is an opportunity to once again raise the visibility of children.'' But he added: ''I think the net effect will be that very little is improved in the lives of children as a result of this conference. At the same time President Bush was at the World Summit for Children, his agents were inside | Will the Children Really Be Helped? |
389074_2 | area to offset the pollution they generate by purchasing old vehicles. Offer to Aerospace Companies In Southern California, the air quality district has instituted a similar program in which aerospace companies can earn credits toward meeting clean-air regulations by buying and junking old cars. No company has yet taken up the offer. Unocal executives hope that their program has put a good face on the company, as well as proving that there are ways to reduce automobile pollution besides costly new regulations that could hurt gasoline sales. Southern California's air is the worst in the country, dirtied by more than two million tons of pollutants annually. Local, state and Federal agencies here have adopted a variety of stringent rules to bring air quality into compliance with Federal standards, and more are being considered in California. Unocal decided to attack the pollution problem by getting some of the more than 400,000 pre-1971 cars and trucks off the roads of Southern California. The company announced it would pay $700 for the first 7,000 vehicles offered it by people who could prove they had owned them at least six months. The junkyard owners crush the cars and sell them for scrap metal, getting $15 to $20 a car. The Air Resources Board, which sets pollution regulations in California, called Unocal's program a welcome contribution. But the board maintained that the plan was no substitute for regulation. Beyond Measurement When tested by Unocal for emissions of hydrocarbons and carbon monoxide, the old vehicles were 49 to 67 times dirtier than new cars - indeed, the company estimates that altogether the cars it has taken off the road would emit about 5,600 tons of pollutants annually, including hydrocarbons, carbon monoxide and nitrogen oxide. On one recent morning, about a dozen cars turned into the junkyard parking lot, festooned for the effort with Unocal corporate logos. With 1961 Lincolns lining up next to 1966 Ramblers, the scene looked like an outtake from an episode of ''Dragnet.'' ''It's time to let go,'' said Brandan Smoke, preparing to turn in her beloved 1962 Ford Galaxy with 133,000 miles. Rust-spattered, dirty and no longer able to run in reverse, the car was seldom used but still had a place in its owner's heart. Nevertheless, Ms. Smoke was pleased to get $700 for giving up her car in the name of cleaner air. ''I called it the great white whale,'' | Give Me Your Tired, Your Rusty . . . |
392076_2 | jarring drumbeats of salsa screamed from passing cars. The outpouring of affection for Ms. Rodriguez, whom neighbors described as the heartbeat of their Puerto Rican community, stood in sharp contrast to the brutality of the neighborhood. Residents say dealers hustle crack, cocaine and heroin, and drug turf wars are weekly occurrences. 'Always Been Worried' ''You name it, they got it,'' Mr. Cruz said about neighborhood drug dealings. ''They peddle drugs like jewelry. I've always been worried, but I thought if you kept away, it would never happen to us.'' He said playing dominoes and cards or just talking was almost a ritual for Ms. Rodriguez and her friends. The gatherings became a world unto themselves, with some people playing guitars and singing melodies from Puerto Rico, and others listening to salsa on their radios. Ms. Rodriguez and Mr. Cruz lived at 517 Underhill Avenue in the Clasons Point section, but Ms. Rodriguez worked as a hair-stylist at a salon on East 138th Street, and all their friends and relatives lived and socialized on that block, said Mr. Cruz, a retired engineer for the city. Ms. Rodriguez has a 33-year-old son from her first marriage. On Saturday, Ms. Rodriguez left work at 9 P.M. and joined her two sisters and her husband and at least a dozen friends and children in front of the tire store, Mr. Cruz said. Just before 1 A.M. the adults put several children to sleep in nearby cars, he said. Mr. Cruz said that shortly after that, two men on an opposite corner whipped out guns and aimed them at some men across the street. The gunmen then chased those men up the street toward the tire store. 'Bullets All Over' ''Maybe it lasted two minutes,'' Mr. Cruz said. ''Everyone started screaming. There were bullets all over the place.'' Leaning against fences, holding hands or just sitting on car hoods, friends expressed grief yesterday in tales of two different worlds: one full of picnics and parties with Ms. Rodriguez, the other full of muggings, stabbings and shootings. Relatives were expected today from Puerto Rico, Florida, South Carolina and New Jersey. ''They were just trying to have a nice weekend,'' said Hector Rodriguez, a neighbor. A nephew of Ms. Rodriguez, David Rubero, 27, said drug dealers were a permanent fixture on East 137th and St. Ann's Streets. ''It's a 24-hour service,'' Mr. Rubero said, adding that minutes | Bronx Woman Killed as Shots Erupt on Street |
392077_2 | jarring drumbeats of salsa screamed from passing cars. The outpouring of affection for Ms. Rodriguez, whom neighbors described as the heartbeat of their Puerto Rican community, stood in sharp contrast to the brutality of the neighborhood. Residents say dealers hustle crack, cocaine and heroin, and drug turf wars are weekly occurrences. 'Always Been Worried' ''You name it, they got it,'' Mr. Cruz said about neighborhood drug dealings. ''They peddle drugs like jewelry. I've always been worried, but I thought if you kept away, it would never happen to us.'' He said playing dominoes and cards or just talking was almost a ritual for Ms. Rodriguez and her friends. The gatherings became a world unto themselves, with some people playing guitars and singing melodies from Puerto Rico, and others listening to salsa on their radios. Ms. Rodriguez and Mr. Cruz lived at 517 Underhill Avenue in the Clasons Point section, but Ms. Rodriguez worked as a hair-stylist at a salon on East 138th Street, and all their friends and relatives lived and socialized on that block, said Mr. Cruz, a retired engineer for the city. Ms. Rodriguez has a 33-year-old son from her first marriage. On Saturday, Ms. Rodriguez left work at 9 P.M. and joined her two sisters and her husband and at least a dozen friends and children in front of the tire store, Mr. Cruz said. Just before 1 A.M. the adults put several children to sleep in nearby cars, he said. Mr. Cruz said that shortly after that, two men on an opposite corner whipped out guns and aimed them at some men across the street. The gunmen then chased those men up the street toward the tire store. 'Bullets All Over' ''Maybe it lasted two minutes,'' Mr. Cruz said. ''Everyone started screaming. There were bullets all over the place.'' Leaning against fences, holding hands or just sitting on car hoods, friends expressed grief yesterday in tales of two different worlds: one full of picnics and parties with Ms. Rodriguez, the other full of muggings, stabbings and shootings. Relatives were expected today from Puerto Rico, Florida, South Carolina and New Jersey. ''They were just trying to have a nice weekend,'' said Hector Rodriguez, a neighbor. A nephew of Ms. Rodriguez, David Rubero, 27, said drug dealers were a permanent fixture on East 137th and St. Ann's Streets. ''It's a 24-hour service,'' Mr. Rubero said, adding that minutes | Bronx Woman Killed as Shots Erupt on Street |
391971_1 | run from incidents of Government mismanagement and outright thievery to the flight of customers and investors alike in the face of violence, neglect and decay. ''We have had a succession of Governments without economic plans,'' Raymond Lafontant, president of the Haitian Industrial Association, said of the five regimes, all undemocratic, that the country has seen since 1986. ''That has hurt us as much as any strikes, riots or other social problems.'' Elections are planned for Dec. 16, and Mr. Lafontant and others see them as a sort of last call for the revival of Haiti's once-robust economy. ''If we can't honorably pass the hurdle of true elections, we are going to have a major economic crisis here,'' he said. By the standards under which most countries measure economic performance, Haiti is the Western Hemisphere's poorest nation and already has a big crisis. Largely cut off from foreign aid since the 1987 elections, the economy has steadily shrunk. According to official trade data, exports contracted to an estimated $153 million last year, from $223 million in 1985. Imports suffered a similar decline, falling to $259 million last year, from $345 million five years ago,. The Central Bank, in its annual report, has warned of a ''growing pauperization of the Haitian people.'' While neighboring islands and some Central American countries rushed to take advantage of the Caribbean Basin Initiative, a United States regional trade incentive program, Haiti has been left behind. Much the same has happened in tourism. Once a haven for sophisticates who relished its cultural and historical richness even before many of its neighbors had international hotels, Haiti is now plagued by a lack of investment and a reputation for violence. Even though foreigners have rarely been victims, Haiti has all but disappeared from the tourist map. Sugar, once a big export, is now imported, and coffee and several other agricultural products are also in steep decline. Elemental Weaknesses Before they can entertain rosy thoughts of an economic takeoff or even plan for a modest economic turnaround, Haitian businessmen say, much needs to be done to stop the country's steep slide. Lacking its own oil and having lately had low rainfall, Haiti this year began to experience a severe energy crisis that has included long electrical blackouts and shortages of gasoline. The decrease in rainfall has hampered hydroelectric generation. The Government recently had to patch together deals with the United | 5 Years After Duvalier, Haiti Is Still in Shambles |
395911_2 | Professionals have subjected the question to excruciatingly complete analysis. The entire issue has undergone thorough ethicization. What blessings progress has brought us. Remember back when Susskind was relying on dollar-a-head amateurs to guide America along the treacherous path between the good and the bad? Talk about the Dark Ages. They hadn't even dreamed of ethicists in those days. You couldn't get a heart transplant, either. You couldn't even have a baby after menopause. The wonderful advances in the baby field have played a big role in the creation and development of ethicism. When a woman's fertilized egg can be kept in deep storage until she and her husband can afford to have a baby, the questions become so profound that only ethicization can answer them: Is it right for a potential person to be kept on hold in egg form? If so, for how long? Without scientific data, isn't it wrong to risk the possibility that prolonged storage during the fertilized-egg years might result in a human afflicted with cruel psychic scars, such as fear of cedar closets? If husband and wife divorce while the fertilized egg is on hold, who is entitled to custody? It is laughable to think of the old Susskind panelists trying to solve such questions. Those amateurs could agonize, and they could sympathize. They could even empathize, but they could not ethicize. The ethicizing discipline grew out of an antique college philosophy course called "ethics." Philosophy having withered away in America, ethics had withered with it, and the result has been a century and more of philosophical drift. This was especially hard on politicians. With no ethics courses available in their college years, they grew up not knowing what to do when offered money for their votes. While the value of philosophy had withered in America, however, the value of money had not, so naturally the politicians equated the money with goodness. They do so to this day, which explains why they are just as easily purchased by PAC commanders now as they were by railroad tycoons 120 years ago. To repair these poor wretches' ignorance of philosophy, committees on ethics have been set up in Congress, but ours is a modern age. Public men are naturally resistant to old Greek fogy ideas. Perhaps the new-fangled ethicists can fetch them to goodness as soon as they clear up the problem of storing potential humans. OBSERVER | Ethicizationism |
392445_1 | diets provide less than half the Recommended Dietary Allowance. That recommendation, set by the National Academy of Sciences, calls for 800 milligrams of calcium a day for adults older than 24. In the study, 301 postmenopausal women, none of whom were taking estrogen, were given either a placebo or one of two kinds of calcium supplement for two years. One form, calcium carbonate, the most common supplement, slowed bone loss in the hips and wrists of most of the women. Calcium citrate malate, used to fortify orange juice, reduced bone loss in the spine as well. ''This is the first demonstration in women more than five years past menopause that you get a favorable effect of added calcium at the spine and hip,'' said Dr. Bess Dawson-Hughes, chief of the calcium and bone metabolism laboratory at the Agriculture Department's Human Nutrition Research Center on Aging at Tufts. Fractures of the spine and hip are common among people with osteoporosis. Dr. Robert Heaney, professor of internal medicine at Creighton University in Omaha, said the Tufts findings were pivotal. ''There have been some people who have been skeptical of the importance of calcium intake later in life,'' he said. ''If this kind of study doesn't put that skepticism to rest, I don't know whether anything will.'' While this latest study may provide convincing evidence that extra calcium helps prevent bone loss in older women, experts lock horns over how much calcium is needed for maximum protection and whether supplements are necessary. The consensus at the 1984 conference was that all women should eat 1,000 to 1,500 milligrams of calcium each day - the amount in three to five eight-ounce glasses of milk. The conference also concluded that postmenopausal women who take estrogen, a hormone that can prevent bone loss, need less calcium than those who do not. Only about 15 percent to 20 percent of postmenopausal women take estrogen. By contrast, the Recommended Dietary Allowance for all women over age 24 is 800 milligrams, the amount in two and a half eight-ounce glasses of milk. Government surveys have found that American women, on average, consume only 500 to 600 milligrams of calcium a day. Dr. Heaney believes that the R.D.A. for calcium should be 1,000 milligrams. But he conceded, ''If we could get all women up to even the 800 milligram R.D.A., we would be doing a lot.'' Dr. Heaney is speaking | EATING WELL |
395267_0 | To the Editor: Figures released by the Bureau of Labor Statistics through August 1990 show 1.842 million white-collar workers unemployed, an increase of 364,000 in 12 months. With an average wait between jobs of 7 months, the prospect for most of an early return to employment is not good. These figures show a large continuing waste of the country's trained intellectual talent. Much of this talent has been fine-tuned over the years to meet the needs of a particular corporate situation. This specialization makes job changing at the same level of skill difficult. The obvious reason for the slow return to employment is an economy in the doldrums, without clear movement toward growth. The deeper reasons for prolonged unemployment are important to grasp, if the United States is to set its course toward full employment of both white-collar and blue-collar workers. To be kept in mind are implications of the familiar truism in economics that corporations are governed by short-run self-interest. With a slump in sales, streamlined operations from mergers or improved technology, corporations cut their employment to make as much profit as they can. They are unmoved by the problem of those pushed into prolonged unemployment or by the economic principle that such cuts bleed the purchasing power that generates full employment and prosperity. Why should corporations share economic opportunity with those out of work unless it is profitable to do so? Somehow, in the decade of the 1990's, we must develop a strategy for using our full work potential within the framework of self-interest. What started pulling the economy out of the Great Depression was sharing enough money with the jobless through unemployment compensation and made-work projects for consumer spending to rise, and thatbrought the jobless back to their regular work. Then World War II generated full employment. Giveaways or wars are costly ways of getting out of a recession. The same result can be gained by providing immediate incentives for each corporation to hire those out of work and qualified to work. Such employer incentives are easily understood and readily enacted as part of tax laws. (1) The incentive can take the form of giving the employer credit against the tax for unemployment insurance for each unemployed person hired. (2) Or, as a stronger incentive, let the employer receive a tax-credit amounting to 10 percent or 20 percent of salaries paid to the unemployed people they hire. | Give Tax Incentives to Hire the Unemployed |
395143_1 | by Goodyear, the nation's largest tire maker. It came despite an 8.2 percent increase in sales and a 3.8 percent rise in the number of tires sold. The company reported sales of $2.9 billion for the quarter, compared with $2.68 billion in the corresponding period last year. The quarter's results underscored the deep financial troubles of Goodyear, once the world's largest tire producer. The company is burdened with $3.5 billion in debt that it assumed in 1986 to thwart a takeover attempt by Sir James Goldsmith, the British investor. Equally crippling was the cost of operating a 1,750-mile crude oil pipeline between California and Texas that is not generating profits. The company has been trying to sell the pipeline, a business it entered in an effort to reduce its dependence on the tire operations. Goodyear, which is now the world's second-largest tire producer behind Groupe Michelin of France, has lost its dominance of the international market because of the consolidation in the global industry in the last few years. That consolidation has led to severe price competition as the remaining companies try to win market share. Tom H. Barrett, Goodyear's chairman, said the problems indicate troubles within the global tire industry. "I am comfortable that we have developed and are implementing plans that provide the foundation for our company's long-term leadership in the tire industry," Mr. Barrett said. He attributed the loss to sharp price competition in the consumer market, reduced demand from auto makers and higher costs. Some Special Factors The third quarter included unusual pretax charges of $46.4 million from the realignment of the European tire marketing, distribution and production operations. That realignment will result in the elimination of about 1,200 jobs by the middle of 1992. It also includes the costs associated with closing operations in Quebec that produced medium- and heavy-duty truck tires. Another pretax charge, of $22.2 million, involved the costs of environmental cleanups related to operations closed in 1986. The pipeline business had an operating loss of $19.8 million in the quarter, compared with a loss of $700,000 in the period last year. The figure a year earlier, the company said, excluded depreciation and operating expenses, which were being capitalized at that time. Recognizing those items would have increased the pipeline's operating loss by $11.1 million in the 1989 quarter. On the New York Stock Exchange yesterday, Goodyear's stock gained 50 cents, to $16.50. | |
395051_0 | In a remarkable advance, researchers have shown that older women who have gone through menopause can easily become pregnant using donated eggs. The results, being published today, give women who have been considered hopelessly infertile an unexpected second chance, the researchers said. "It turned their lives around," said Dr. Mark V. Sauer of the University of Southern California, who led the group that conducted the study. Dr. Sauer and his colleagues at the university reported in The New England Journal of Medicine that four of seven post-menopausal women 40 to 44 years old became pregnant and gave birth to healthy babies. One of the women gave birth to twins. Of the three remaining women, one had a stillborn baby and is trying again, another had a miscarriage and the third, whose husband's sperm were defective, did not become pregnant, researchers said. This is the sort of pregnancy outcome that would normally be expected in younger women with no fertility problems, Dr. Sauer said. The eggs for the older women were donated by younger women and fertilized with sperm from the older women's husbands in the laboratory, then implanted in their wombs. "So long as the woman is in good health, there is no reason why she shouldn't be able to do this," Dr. Sauer said. "There may be 50-year-old women who should be able to do this." The women had gone through menopause at least two years before entering the study. There have been no detailed studies indicating how long after menopause a woman would be able to bear a child. Doctors used donated eggs in recent years to help women in their 30's or younger who had gone through menopause prematurely. But most researchers had been reluctant to try this fertilization method in older women because they thought that after the age of 40, a woman's uterus was not as capable of sustaining a pregnancy. Women in their 40's miscarry half of their pregnancies, Dr. Sauer said, while those in their early 30's miscarry 15 percent. Dr. Marcia Angell, an editor at the medical journal, wrote in an accompanying editorial, "The limits on childbearing years are now anyone's guess; perhaps they will have more to do with the stamina required for labor and 2 A.M. feedings than with reproductive function." Dr. Joseph Schulman, director of the Genetics and IVF Institute in Fairfax, Va., and a pioneer in laboratory fertilization, | Menopause Is Found No Bar to Pregnancy |
395065_0 | For the last eight years researchers have clocked and gauged the experiences of several thousand single mothers here and in three other cities, trying to answer one of the most elusive questions in social policy: how to turn welfare recipients into workers. As a result they are praising the approach of a San Jose program that stresses tangible job skills, rather than the popular back-to-basics regimen of remedial English and mathematics. No matter how well the women here are able to read or compute, they quickly get their hands on circuit boards, printing presses, typewriters and frying pans. This approach is markedly different from the one that most states are using to carry out the Federal welfare-to-work law that took effect this month. Early reports show most states are emphasizing basic education. The backers of the experiment here say the basic-education approach may prove less productive and undermine the efforts at welfare reform. Praise for the Approach "There's something that's so motivating about thinking you are going to be in the real world, doing a real job, earning a real wage," said Phoebe Cottingham, an associate director at the Rockefeller Foundation, which paid for the $12 million study. "That, to an adult, is so much more important than going back to a situation where you've failed before: sitting in a classroom." Ms. Cottingham said the San Jose program in some ways recalled the vocational training in vogue decades ago, before the rise of the basic-education movement. But the program eliminates aptitude tests, she said, and offers counseling, child care and other supportive services that help disadvantaged adults adapt to the workplace. Three of the four cities' programs supported by the Rockefeller Foundation stressed the basic skills, but made no difference in the women's lives, according to an independent evaluation. Those programs were run by private organizations in Atlanta, Providence, R.I., and Washington. The single mothers there who received the training were no more likely to be employed, or to see their earnings rise, than a control group of similar women who did not join the program. By contrast, women at the Center for Employment Training in San Jose were 27 percent more likely to have jobs a year later than those in a similar group who received no training. And their earnings were 47 percent higher. The women in all four programs were members of minorities, and all had young | Skills-Training Policy Opening Doors to Jobs |
388787_4 | States Cigarette Export Association estimates that the Thai market, once open, could produce $150 million in sales for United States companies. Bootlegged American cigarettes already have a share of the Thai market estimated to be 5 percent. The trade representative's office is now considering what retaliatory action will be taken against Thailand if that market does not open soon. Retaliatory Tariff A first measure may come even before Thailand has a chance to negotiate the issue. The trade office on Oct. 15 may publish a list of Thai products against which the Government will levy a retaliatory tariff of up to 100 percent if needed. The publication of a list of potential targets of retaliation is considered extremely serious by the Thais, because companies using or selling those products may elect to stop using them from uncertainty about their future price and supply. Among the exports likely to be on the list are jewelry, canned tuna, tobacco, coffee, rubber, sugar, canned pineapple and baby corn, which account for $350 million to $500 million a year in trade. Mr. O'Leary at the trade office said no decision had been made on whether to publish the list. In addition to the Government's complaint before GATT, cigarette manufacturers have asked the trade representative to take action to force the Thai Government to allow advertising and wide distribution of their cigarettes. A spokesman for the trade office said it had made no decision yet on whether to try to force Thailand, separate from the GATT action, to end its ban on cigarette ads. The United States can retaliate separately on those issues. Canada's Beer Barrier GENEVA, Oct. 3 (Reuters) - The United States complained in world trade talks today that Canada was discriminating against beer imports from America, despite a two-and-a-half-year-old ruling to end unfair marketing practices. The deputy United States trade representative, Rufus Yerxa, told a panel for the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade that Canadian provincial marketing boards used discriminatory listing practices and restrictions on points of sale and marked up the prices of imported beer above reasonable estimates of distribution costs. Canadian Ambassador John Weekes said a petition submitted by a United States brewery contained many errors of fact, and he denied that provincial listing practices discriminated against imported beers. He said Canada had asked the United States for details of their specific concerns but that Washington had not replied. | Thailand's Cigarette Ban Upset |
397010_0 | To the Editor: In "Sex Asks Its Due at Vatican Synod on Priests" (news article, Oct. 7), you quote Bishop Valfredo Bernardo Tepe, a Brazilian, pleading the need for married priests in an area and at a time when "needs and expectations exceed all human possibility." In the 1971 Roman Catholic synod, under a different pope, bold statements were less rare. Franjo Cardinal Seper of Zagreb could then say, "I am not at all optimistic that celibacy is in fact being observed." At that synod, nearly half the bishops voted in favor of a married priesthood. My 25-year study of the practice of celibacy among Catholic priests in the United States, "A Secret World: Sexuality and the Search for Celibacy" (New York) demonstrates that Cardinal Seper's misgivings were well founded. Celibacy is not a very successful discipline. Other bishops, like Joseph Cardinal Bernardin of Chicago, did speak up recently at the Vatican and are to be commended for their honesty in attempting to address problems related to sexuality and priesthood. But most statements avoid the key issues -- the celibate structure of the church hierarchy, which defends, encourages and in some cases produces psychosexual immaturity and even sexual aberration in clergymen. A more sophisticated selection of candidates will not solve that problem. To concentrate on a "better image" of the priesthood, in the phrase of Bishop John Marshall of Burlington, Vt., or to argue defensively that the church is countercultural, as does Archbishop Daniel E. Pilarczyk, head of the United States Bishops' Conference, misses the point: celibacy in the Roman Catholic priesthood needs a fundamental reformation -- for the whole church, both clergy and laity alike. A. W. RICHARD SIPE Baltimore, Oct. 16, 1990 | Women Priests? Rome Would Sooner End Celibacy; Reformation Needed |
397111_0 | The stock of Genetics Institute fell $2.50 a share yesterday, to $34.125, and the company attributed the drop to the fact that one of its products would not be reviewed by a Food and Drug Administration advisory committee on Dec. 12 and 13. The committee is expected to review two similar products by its competitors. Genetics Institute's product, GM-CSF, raises the count of white blood cells in cancer patients undergoing chemotherapy treatment. COMPANY NEWS | Genetics Institute |
397011_0 | To the Editor: Your otherwise judicious article on the prospect of the ordination of women to the priesthood in the Church of England (Oct. 14) states that Anglican traditionalists oppose ordination of women partly on the ground that such ordinations would inhibit Anglican reunion with the Roman Catholic Church; you then state "that argument overlooks the fact that Anglican clergy members can marry." The presence of married priests in the Church of England and elsewhere in the Anglican Communion does not affect reconciliation with Rome, because the Roman Catholic Church itself has married priests in good standing within its own jurisdiction. It is true, of course, that priests in the Roman Rite, the largest of all rites within the Roman Catholic Church, are enjoined to embrace celibacy; however, the Eastern Rite churches (also known as uniates) in communion with Rome are served by priests who have the option to marry or not. These Eastern Rite churches employ the Eastern liturgies characteristic of the Eastern Orthodox Church, but deviate in recognizing the authority of the pope in matters of faith and morals. Their priests, like those of the Eastern Orthodox Church, are permitted to marry and have families. Certainly, clerical celibacy may be defended on many pragmatic and pastoral grounds, and Pope John Paul II has stressed his commitment to maintaining this discipline for priests of the Roman Rite; but there do exist under his jurisdiction priests of other rites who have wives and children and remain members of the clergy in good standing. In the unlikely event that the Anglican Communion were reconciled with the Roman Catholic Church, such a reunion might establish a separate Anglican Rite, whose priests, like the priests of the Eastern Rite churches, would have the option to remain single or "to marry at their own discretion, as they shall judge the same to serve better to godliness" ("Of the Marriage of Priests," Articles of Religion of the Church of England, 32). (Rev.) WARREN C. PLATT New York, Oct. 15, 1990 | Women Priests? Rome Would Sooner End Celibacy; Eastern Rite Priests |
397147_0 | China announced today that the most thorough census in the nation's history had found that the country's population is 1.133 billion. The official New China News Agency announced a precise figure -- a population of 1,133,682,501 -- as of July 1, "zero hour" for the fourth national census. But in the four months since then, China's population has grown by another 5.5 million or so, based on the reported annual growth rate of 1.47 percent that the press agency disclosed. The figure was about 13 million higher than China's previous estimates, but almost precisely in line with United Nations calculations. It contradicted a series of rumors about Beijing in recent weeks that the census had found a total of nearly 1.4 billion inhabitants. In fact, the figure reported by the New China News Agency for China's total population was 1.16 billion. But that included areas like Taiwan and Hong Kong that Beijing does not administer even though it claims sovereignty over them. Only in the second paragraph of the dispatch did the agency disclose that the population over the part of mainland China that the Government controls is 1.133 billion. Enforcing One-Child Policy The growth rate of 1.47 percent per year is in line with previous estimates. But the census also reported sharp differences in the growth rates of various nationalities, and that might lead the Government to impose tougher family planning measures on ethnic minorities. For Han Chinese, the ethnic majority accounting for 92 percent of the population, the annual growth rate is 1.08 percent. But the census found that for the ethnic minorities -- including Tibetans, Mongols, and peoples in northwestern China who speak languages related to Turkish -- the growth rate was 3.55 percent per year. The Government has been far tougher in carrying out its one-child policy in Han areas than in minority regions, partly to avoid antagonizing the minorities. But in the last few years, there have been increasing signs that the leadership would like to curb the rising population in minority areas, and the census results could encourage them to go ahead with such restrictions in Tibet and other regions. | CENSUS BY CHINA FINDS 1.13 BILLION |
397002_0 | To the Editor: An interview with Dr. Graham Leonard, Anglican Bishop of London, who sees the ordination of women as inevitable (news article, Oct. 14), gives the impression that the ordination of women and the marriage of the Anglican clergy are equal obstacles to eventual reunion with Rome. This is not the case. Clerical celibacy has long been practiced in the Western Roman Catholic Church, increasing in popularity after the Cluniac (monastic) reform movement in France in the late 10th century. The most notable attempts to encourage celibacy were those of the Council of Toledo in 633, which decreed that clerics could marry only with the permission of their bishops, and of Gregory the Great and Leo IX to ameliorate the widespread problem of simony. Clerical celibacy was not universally imposed on the secular clergy, however, until the reign of Gregory VII (1073-85). It was further encoded as part of church discipline by the Second Lateran Council of 1139, which nullified any marriage attempted by a cleric. Hence, the celibacy of the clergy is a matter of discipline, rather than of doctrine, unlike the opposition to the ordination of women, which is held to be doctrinal in nature. Thus, the Western Catholic Church could change this disciplinary practice at any time to accommodate a married clergy (and indeed it allows Anglican clergymen who join Rome and take orders to retain their spouses, although they may not remarry), but is far less likely to alter what is considered by many to be a dogmatic and therefore a theological opposition to the ordination of women. EDWARD T. SHARKEY Washington, Oct. 15, 1990 | Women Priests? Rome Would Sooner End Celibacy |
388402_1 | resources of our area,'' said Sergio Campos, a retired businessman and president of the local committee supporting the project. ''We want the right to work and improve our standard of living,'' he said, pointing out that at least half the male labor force of Corral has no steady source of income. ''If they are not going to let us eat, they are going to have to apply the same rules in other areas,'' said Miguel Hernandez, a teacher and the secretary of the committee. Almost half of Chile's territory is forest land, with the most important concentration of forests extending several hundred miles north and south from here. Chile's native forests, together with less extensive ones in neighboring Argentina, make up the most important temperate rain forest in the Southern Hemisphere. Since the days of Darwin, scientists and environmentalists have considered the Chilean south a genetic treasure. Much of the area has not been explored by man. Tree Plantings Promoted Some of the world's oldest trees inhabit the area, including the alerce and the araucaria, and the Government has set aside about five million acres as national parks and protected forests. In addition, legislation protects all alerces against cutting. At the same time, successive Chilean Governments for more than two decades have been promoting tree plantings on uncovered land. These are primarily pine and eucalyptus plantations, which benefit from soil and climatic conditions that produce adult trees in a fraction of the time required in most other countries. Forestry exports are expected to earn $800 million this year, almost 10 percent of total exports, and they are likely to grow steadily through the end of the decade. A big unresolved question - and the one that the Corral project has brought into the limelight - is whether to allow cutting, and subsequent replanting, of the nearly 14 million acres of native forests under private ownership. Two years ago, a company called Terranova, 60 percent owned by the Pacific Steel Company of Chile and 40 percent by Marubeni Corporation of Japan, paid $5 million to buy the forest near here and drew up a plan to exploit the property. A Promise of Roads It called for leaving untouched, as required by law, the 55,000 acres of alerces. Of the remaining area, 57,500 acres of native trees other than alerces would be subject to clear-cutting on the ground that they are in | Corral Journal; Chile's Woodmen Fret at Cry 'Spare That Forest!' |
390054_4 | the most modern methods of genetic engineering: the introduction of synthetic genes that can improve the already high nutritional value of the potato and confer resistance to a wide range of diseases and pests. In collaboration with Dr. Jesse Jaynes at Louisiana State University in Baton Rouge, Dr. Dodds of the Lima center is using a bacterium that causes plant tumors to act as a genetic engineer. In nature, this microorganism, Agrobacterium tumefaciens, inserts a small fragment of its DNA into the nucleus of plant cells, which accept the new genetic material as part of its own. So, the scientists reasoned, why not use Agrobacterium to insert their own synthetic gene segments into the potato cell? Since potato plants grow readily in laboratory tissue cultures, the job of the microscopic genetic engineer can be accomplished under highly controlled, germ-free conditions. So far the scientists have synthesized about 80 genes, some of which greatly increase the potato plant's resistance to disease-causing organisms. The genetically engineered plants are now being tested in the greenhouse before the best ones are moved into field tests. No Risk in Artificial Genes Dr. Dodds explained in an interview that there was no risk associated with eating potatoes infected with artificial genes, since the proteins for which these genes provide the codes are not toxic and would be broken down in the course of digestion. The geneticist said potato researchers were particularly eager to introduce genetic resistance to bacterial diseases, because such resistance is rare among wild species. The researchers turned to antibacterial genes naturally present in the cecropia moth, a giant silk moth that manufacturers about three dozen different proteins to defend itself against bacterial invaders. A Swedish medical scientist had isolated antibacterial genes from the moth in his search for new treatments to fight infections in burn victims. He sent them to the potato researchers, who found them to be very effective against the bacterial enemies of the potato as well. In Louisiana, Dr. Jaynes modified the moth genes to enhance their antibacterial activity. Disease resistance is especially important to the current effort to make the potato a major crop in the tropics, where high humidity and warm temperatures greatly increase the plant's vulnerability to pathogens, Dr. Sawyer explained. The researchers are also pressing hard to change the way potatoes are planted. While potato plants produce beautiful flowers and plentiful seeds, the seeds do not | As Its Virtues Emerge, The Potato Goes Global |
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