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297790_7 | Mr. Lucchesi, is a glaze that can be removed if it interferes with proper viewing of the fresco. As for that other ailing monument of the Piazza dei Miracoli, inclining from the base by more than 14 feet and at a rate of about half an inch every 10 years, the tower is a center of controversy. Italia Nostra, the conservation organization, recommends it be closed to tourists to prevent further tilting. Most Pisans are against the estimated loss of $100 million a year in tourist revenues. Some observers maintain that modern engineering and computer projections could render the leaning tower of Pisa vertical. The problem is that its incline has increased considerably in the past century. The cultural properties department has kept a record of all suggestions, some 500 since 1972. Solutions have been offered by scientists and amateurs from around the world, including an engineer from the Soviet Union who believes that the marble tower could be righted by hydraulic jacks. A Richard Ramsey of New Jersey is also on record for suggesting the tower be straightened by a helicopter pulling it in the opposite direction. Perhaps the ultimate word of wisdom was offered by a former archbishop of Pisa, Pietro Maffi, when he proclaimed that the righting of the tower would be as big a disaster as its collapse. The current and contested plan, announced in January 1987, is to straighten the tower by only 0.7 degrees, allowing, the base to restabilize. After the proposed circular cement scaffolding is removed, the change would be scarcely visible. But as long as the tower leans, the three museums will remain obscurely in the shadow, unless the unthinkable happens. MUSEUM VISITS The telephone number for information on all three museums is 560547. They are open every day except Christmas and New Year's. Museo dell'Opera del Duomo is at Piazza Arcivescovado. Summer hours are 8 A.M. to 8 P.M.; the rest of the year open 9 A.M. to 5 P.M. Admission is about $3. Museo delle Sinopie is on the Piazza del Duomo. Summer hours are 9 A.M. to 12.45 P.M. and 3 to 7 P.M.; open other times 9 A.M. to 12.45 P.M. and 3 to 5 P.M. Admission is 75 cents. Museo Camposanto, also on the Piazza del Duomo, is open in summer 8 A.M. to 8 P.M. and the rest of the year 9 A.M. to 5 P.M. | In Pisa, a Jewel of a Museum |
297987_4 | the natural vibration frequency of the highway. If that occurred, the ground movement would have reinforced the movement of the highway, just like a child's swing can be made to go higher by pushing it at just the right time. * A previous effort to strengthen the highway by tying adjacent slabs of the roadway together could have made the collapse worse. When one slab of the roadway started to fall, it would have helped drag down the adjacent section as well. * The reinforced concrete columns supporting the roadway were not strong enough. Modern techniques require that vertical steel reinforcing rods in a column be tied together by numerous horizontal steel rings. Otherwise, the rods can buckle like a pile of soda straws, and break out of the concrete. Still, engineers from the University of California at Berkeley, the University of California at San Diego and a separate team of university and private engineers have all tentatively concluded that the primary cause of the collapse was that the upper columns came apart from the lower columns at the point where they are joined. As evidence for this, they note that at many points of the collapsed highway, the columns supporting the upper deck are still intact. But instead of being attached to the upper columns, they are lying on the ground or hanging out from the upper deck like the legs of a dancer doing a split, said Jack P. Moehle, associate professor of civil engineering at Berkeley. The double-decker freeway is like one long table sitting on top of another. The legs of the lower table stick up a little bit above the tabletop, and the legs of the upper table rest on top of the legs of the lower table. Two different types of connections between the upper and lower columns were used. In the strongest connection, steel rods ran all the way from the bottom of the lower column to the top of the upper column. In effect, the two columns were one continuous column. But on the other side of the freeway, opposite the strong connection, there was often a much weaker one. In this weaker connection, the upper and lower columns were linked by only four steel dowels that extended only a couple of feet up into the upper column and a couple of feet down into the lower column. Such a weak connection | The Highway Collapse: Some Columns and Some Assumptions |
298153_3 | dialogue on the issue. (It is interesting to note that, in our case, public hearings were later ordered by an administrative law judge.) But, the devil's advocate says, you've picked a peculiar enemy, in that utilities are public bodies too. A major argument of the power companies is that to bury new lines underground - a possible alternative to the objectionable giants - would impose unnecessary costs on the rate-conscious public. Granted, no one wants to pay more than what is absolutely necessary for power. But we can't help wondering about the motives of a company that proclaims its concern for customers' pocketbooks while mounting a lavish public relations campaign with newspaper ads, cable television commercials and fancy mailers. And it is clear that as power line litigation grows around the country, the cost of fighting town after town may itself become a significant factor. I'd be the first to agree that elected officials should not be fearmongers. However, I believe we have a responsibility to be ''cautionmongers.'' While the health hazards of electromagnetic fields have never been proved, they have never been disproved, either. So long as this is the case, should we not, as a society, be willing to slow the rush toward ''progress'' - just long enough to insure a thorough exploration of alternative power routes, transmission vehicles and technologies? The problem with power lines is that once they're in, it's awfully hard to get them out. It's been shown that we can quickly abandon or switch the additives to our food or the pesticides on our produce if they are found to pose significant dangers. But what are we to do if in 10 or 20 years the electromagnetic fields emitted by high-voltage transmission lines are conclusively linked to cancer? Pull them down? At whose expense? A Florida judge recently ruled that children may not play in a schoolyard near overhead power lines because of potential health effects. Does this mean we could eventually be told power lines are all right - as long as no one plays, works or lives anywhere near them? Even the risk of possible brownouts between now and the year 2009 seems preferable. It is somewhat silly to insist that a challenge to high-voltage power lines amounts to a short-sighted, unrealistic obstruction of ''progress.'' Because the question isn't whether we want progress. The question is: progress toward what? NEW JERSEY OPINION | Power Lines and Battle Lines |
297901_1 | Texas border town and 6 tons aboard a freighter in the Gulf of Mexico. What is going on? United States officials insist that Colombia's drug war is not faltering; the military, they say, has seized 160 drug-smuggling aircraft and so disrupted the business that Peruvian coca growers are selling their harvest at half price. But smugglers are regrouping. ''These traffickers are clever,'' a State Department official said last week. ''They figure out where the choke points are.'' For example, traffickers once routinely flew straight from Colombia to the Florida coast and the Bahamas, where they made airdrops to boats below. But those areas are now heavily patrolled, and transfer points off Puerto Rico and inside Mexico are favored. At warehouses in northern Mexico, big shipments are broken up, then smuggled in pieces across the border. Smugglers also are switching from airplanes to ships. While aircraft are closely watched by narcotics agents, big freighters are ubiquitous. Some act as ''mother ships''; in mid-ocean rendezvous, they transfer drugs to smaller boats that make the riskier run north. Smugglers also conceal drugs in the huge metal containers used for ocean freight. These must be completely unloaded for a thorough search, often at immense cost. Hidden in hollowed-out support beams and under hundreds of bags of cement or coils of barbed wire, the cocaine can be all but undetectable in an ordinary shipboard search. These trends are apparent in the accompanying map, which depicts the Coast Guard's large cocaine seizures since July 1. The Coast Guard and the Customs Service often work hand in hand at sea; Customs agents also inspect freight arriving at shipping ports and international air terminals, not shown here. July 6: The Panama-registered Barlovento, ostensibly a cement carrier, had left Tampico, Mexico, for the Dominican Republic when the Coast Guard intercepted it. Inside are 3,359 pounds of cocaine. Such ''mother ships'' transfer durgs to smaller boats for the run to the United States. August 12: The Bahamas is a favored transshipment point for cocaine smugglers, but a joint United States-Bahamas narcotics effort has made the area risky for them. Shortly after the Customs Service found 572 pounds of cocaine on a 26-foot American cruiser near Grand Bahama Island, traffickers began to shift to areas near Puerto Rico and the Virgin Islands. August 18: The day President Virgilio Barco of Colombia declared war on his nation's cocaine industry, Coast Guard agents | How the Cocaine Is Coming In This Time |
297663_2 | of a fully employed labor force, we can only grow at about 2.5 percent and that is more or less what we've been doing, subject to measurment problems with the statistics. The softening of the manufacturing sector does not reflect any change in underlying demand but instead shows that worldwide supplies are ample and inventories have built up. In the current quarter, we won't make the 2.5 percent growth rate because of the strike at Boeing, the damage from the earthquake in California and the aftermath of Hurricane Hugo. We'll have only about 1.5 percent growth this quarter. The first quarter of 1990 will be better. The decline of the stock market has had no effect on the economy except that lenders are more cautious about lending. Lawrence Chimerine Economic consultant and senior economic adviser, WEFA Group Inc. The economy has slowed further and the underlying growth rate is now 1 to 1.5 percent. It is softer than three to four months ago. We are not in a recession, not yet. But we are losing some of the pockets of strength. Growth in exports is slowing and capital spending has also really slowed down. There is nothing propelling the economy upwards. Retail is weak, construction is weak. But I think we'll get through this without a recession. Consumer confidence has held up. Spending on cars is off, but consumer spending is up. It's not strong, but there are no cutbacks. Robert B. Reich Professor of political economy, John F. Kennedy School of Government at Harvard University and author of ''The Resurgent Liberal.'' The third quarter is disappointing. Purchasing managers are slowing down their purchases and there are early signs of a softening if not a recession over the next six months. The Federal Reserve is not in a stimulative mood and Mr. Greenspan has signalled his interest in reducing inflation to zero. The fiscal stimulus is also slowing down, not because of a budget compromise, but because there are reductions in outlays on the Federal and state levels. The trade picture also looks bleak. Exports have picked up, but imports are also high. Already, there are signs of a recession in New England and California. Third quarter profits in high tech are a disaster. Even in mature industries like steel, there is a slowdown. And I'm concerned about American automobile companies. It's not going to be a very merry Christmas. | Prospects; An Even Slower Economy |
298007_2 | of the poor. Conflicting Interests Of course many efforts launched by the United Nations have suffered because there was no real way to enforce them. The economic plans are guidelines not mandates. Any call for more market-based economies or other changes could run afoul of the interests of some countries' ruling elites. But drafters of the new plan are considering ways to encourage governments to adopt reforms and stick to them. In return for changes, some countries might be offered more aid and debt relief from industrialized countries. Discussions of the strategy began during this year's General Assembly and will conclude next year. Dropped from consideration so far are the approaches of the past, which The Economist recently described as ''based on the idea that the rules of orthodox economics do not hold in developing countries.'' In the 1950's and 60's the United Nations efforts promoted the ideas of Raoul Prebish and other economists who suggested that the way to propel the third world toward economic take-off was with import barriers, large-scale aid, centralized planning and other artificial means of propping up economies. The efforts were not a complete failure. Taken as a whole the third world achieved the 5 percent growth rate set for the 1960's and narrowly missed the 6 percent target adopted for the second decade. But the countries' industries were uncompetitive and the growth was largely urban, bringing little help to the rural poor. Growth was especially spectacular in a few East Asian countries. While an Indian's average annual income rose from $150 to $250 between 1950 and 1980, a South Korean's climbed from $350 to $2,900. City vs. Country Some goals expected to be included in the new plan would be troubling to more affluent and influential city dwellers. Improving health and educational standards in the countryside could mean fewer hospitals and universities for the cities. Realistic exchange rates would make imported luxuries more expensive but exports cheaper. Professor Griffin argues that a pragmatic new approach could yield results because several trends will be moving the third world's way, reversing setbacks suffered in the 1980's. Easing population pressure in many countries should allow poor families to start improving their lot, while reduced military tensions could release more resources for development. But the next United Nations development strategy will be more modest than the ''banner of hope'' President Kennedy raised in a more hopeful age. In | For the U.N., New Thinking on The Third World |
297795_1 | Andean range in the center of Ecuador to its borders with Colombia and Peru. This area, half the size of Colorado, has been opened by the discovery of oil, and by tourism. However, El Oriente also includes La Ceja de la Selva or the Eyebrow of the Jungle. These are the cloud forests of the highlands, which, to the inhabitants who named them, loom watchfully above the Amazon. Much of it, accessible only on foot, is still as untraveled a place as we had hoped. In the steep mountains of the north, which descend through three distinct ecosystems, trekking the cloud forest is particularly dramatic. Barricaded behind a 13,000-foot pass and largely unknown, except to the few hundred Quechua Indians who live there, the cloud forest has hardly changed from the time the Incas blazed the only existing trails. While the 1985 earthquake turned many of them into rubble and mud, you can still trek an Inca trail from the headwaters of the Amazon down to El Chaco, a town on the edge of the Amazon basin. As we were quick to learn, this is not genteel Nepal-style trekking. No specially trained sherpa cooks baked apple pie over the open fire. Veterans of those pleasant Himalayan rambles might experience a moment of doubt when they inspect the cans of tuna that will make up their cuisine. Or, worse, when they get fitted out with serious rain gear. My husband and I were shaking in our high rubber boots by the time we reached our point of embarkation, Cochapampa, a hamlet a few miles beyond the road's end. Our guides were the two Ecuadorean mountaineers - Ivan Rojas, who runs Quito's major camping equipment store, and Marco Suarez, his second in command - and an American tropical ecologist named Peggy Stern. They explained that we would have to walk the entire 17 miles over the pass to the village of Oyacachi that first day. Never having hiked more than 11 miles, we'd petitioned to make camp half-way, but they had just learned that the pack horses wouldn't have sufficient pasture until Oyacachi. It was 8 A.M. We'd driven two hours from Quito. With my head still reeling from only one day's acclimatization to Quito's 9,500 feet, I heard myself saying things like, ''Did we mention we're over 40?'' But Ivan, our deft and sagacious leader, just said ''vale la pena'' (''it's | Adventuring In the Cloud Forests Of Ecuador |
297801_0 | LEAD: THERE'S a wealth of investments available for financing college, and the choice doesn't end with selecting an investment. THERE'S a wealth of investments available for financing college, and the choice doesn't end with selecting an investment. You can buy in your own name or in a custodial account for your child. There are tax advantages to custodial accounts: the first $500 earned is tax-free, and earnings between $500 and $1,000 are taxed at the child's marginal rate (15 percent). Any earnings above $1,000 are taxed at the parent's marginal rate until the child turns 14. But there are drawbacks, too: You can't take back the money - your child could decide to blow it on a Porsche instead of going to college. Also, the greater the child's assets, the less financial aid he or she is eligible for. The same amount invested in your name would have much less impact on aid eligibility. U.S. Savings Bonds Series EE: Backed by full faith and credit of the U.S. Government. Interest is exempt from state and local taxes; Federal income tax is deferred until the bonds are redeemed. For bonds issued after Jan. 1, 1990, interest escapes some or all Federal tax too, for qualified buyers over age 24: married couples filing jointly with income below $90,000 and single filers with income below $55,000 who use the proceeds to pay for their children's or their own tuition bills. Married couples filing separately don't qualify for the tax break. Denominations range from $50 to $10,000. Cost is half the face value; maturity is 12 years from purchase date, but the bond may reach its face value earlier, depending on the yield variability. The yield, which has been hovering around 8 percent, is adjusted every six months and guaranteed not to fall below 6 percent if bonds are held at least five years. Available at banks and credit unions. No sales or redemption charges. Zero-coupon Treasury bonds: Instead of periodic interest, zeroes pay one fixed sum at maturity. For example, you could pay $269.60 for a bond that pays $1,000 in 2005 - an effective yield to maturity of 8.39 percent. You can match bond maturity to college years. Although not paid until maturity, interest is taxable every year. Bonds are federally taxable, but you pay no state or local tax. They fluctuate more in value than conventional bonds as interest rates change, | Making College Ends Meet: Terms of Endearment A Guide to Useful Tuition Tools |
298172_0 | LEAD: To the Editor: To the Editor: While I concur with your assessment of ''Art of the Western World,'' the new PBS television series, as a ''notable accomplishment'' (review, Oct. 2), I was appalled at elements of the first program that echoed the widespread, but clearly erroneous, view that ''Western'' art and culture began with the early Greeks. A distinctly contrary view is provided by the ancient Greeks themselves. Herodotus, Aristotle, Plato, Socrates and others, some of whom journeyed to Africa to study under African teachers, freely acknowledged their debt to the Egyptians -whom Herodotus described as having ''thick lips, broad noses, woolly hair'' and being ''burnt of skin'' - as the primary source of Greek culture. According to Martin Bernal, a professor at Cornell University, in ''Black Athena: The Afro-Asiatic Roots of Classical Civilization'': ''no one before 1600 seriously questioned either the belief that Greek civilization and philosophy derived from Egypt, or that the chief ways they had been transmitted were through Egyptian colonizations of Greece and later Greek study in Egypt.'' While PBS, in its ''Nature'' series, has recently acknowledged evidence of the African origins of humankind, it has missed an important opportunity to recognize the long-known African beginnings of what is erroneously called ''Western'' (white?) art and culture, rather than cling to Aryan racist myths of the relatively recent past. WILLIAM B. BRANCH Professor, Africana Studies and Research Center, Cornell University Ithaca, N.Y., Oct. 17, 1989 | The Cradle of Western Art (Not Greece) |
297660_0 | LEAD: Yoshito Kimura has a $23.5 billion headache. Yoshito Kimura has a $23.5 billion headache. As director of development policy at the Export-Import Bank of Japan, that's how much he has to help the Government lend to the third world as part of Japan's ambitious effort to ''recycle'' its cash surpluses to heavily indebted countries. Mr. Kimura's problem is that he has a mere five professionals and a handful of personal computers to evaluate the dozens of exceedingly complex loan proposals that cross his desk. Kanetaka Kijima, deputy director of the department recycling Japanese capital to countries in Europe, the Middle East and Africa, also has a problem; he has discovered that, as the Export-Import Bank studies loan proposals from poor African countries, a part of the world all but ignored by the Japanese previously, he does not have enough officials who speak French, the region's most common language. These are just a few examples of the hurdles, both large and small, that the Japanese Government must overcome as it faces a challenge unlike any it has tackled before - helping Japan by helping the world. It is nearly three years since former Prime Minister Yasuhiro Nakasone set the nation on this new course, in response to heavy criticism from the United States and other industrial countries over its one-sided trade policies and growing trade surpluses. Since then, Japan has surpassed the United States as the world's largest aid donor and has set a goal of recycling a total of $65 billion over the next three years to countries drowning in debt. The principal lesson, however, is that it is one thing to declare such worthy intentions and something else to carry them out. The effort is requiring a new range of skills, the retraining of bureaucrats, the cooperation of many departments used to squabbling and a more generous attitude among the Japanese. There is even a problem getting the resources to do the job. ''These loans are more one-by-one, hand-crafted work, and that is more difficult,'' said Takashi Tanaka, the Export-Import Bank's president. ''But because we're a Government institution our resources are limited, and we have to just emphasize a greater effort on the part of our existing people.'' In fact, all of these changes are proving difficult. ''The Prime Minister has said that Japan should make some contribution to global economic management, and we should praise the Government | Japan's Foreign Aid Problem |
301542_1 | Rock, the boulder marking the spot where the Pilgrims are said to have landed 369 years ago, is in danger of splitting in two. But a mason says he will restore it in time for Thanksgiving. Plymouth Rock, the boulder marking the spot where the Pilgrims are said to have landed 369 years ago, is in danger of splitting in two. But a mason says he will restore it in time for Thanksgiving. ''I don't look at it as a job,'' said the mason, Paul Choquette, who started work on the rock today. ''I look at it as a privilege to preserve something that means a lot to people all over the United States.'' The work was interrupted by high tide early in the afternoon, but Mr. Choquette planned to continue the job on Thursday. The 42-year-old mason from South Dartmouth, Mass., bid $1 to win the contract to patch up the historic landmark. The only other bid was $99 higher. Ronald Hirschfeld, a geotechnical engineer hired by the state's Department of Environmental Management to analyze the rock, concluded that its cracks would worsen if left unattended. ''It would look terribly embarrassing if it split in half,'' said Peter O'Neil, a department spokesman. In 1774, the six-ton rock was broken during an attempt to move it to Plymouth's town square. The base of the rock stayed put, but the smaller piece was displayed on the square, where it fell prey to souvenir hunters. So in 1880, the smaller piece was glued back onto the larger portion. The rock now stands under a fenced-in granite portico, designed by McKim, Mead & White and erected in 1921. Because the mortar that was used to glue the rock together has deteriorated, state and town officials had feared that water, which seeps in and then freezes in cold weather, would cause further damage. The main crack is about 2 1/2 feet long. In making the repairs, Mr. Choquette is not using high-tech glues or epoxies because scientists want to be able to undo his work without damaging the rock if more substantial repairs become necessary. Instead, he prepared a special mortar mixed to match the color and consistency of the 19th-century repairs. Mr. Choquette, a mason for 22 years, said he would also fix a series of hairline cracks that have developed within the main fracture and in some other areas of the rock. | Plymouth Rock Is Repaired |
303680_0 | LEAD: Fearful that waste gases may alter the world's climate, European countries have proposed a deadline for limiting worldwide emissions of carbon dioxide. The Bush Administration was heavily criticized when it resisted that idea at a recent international conference. The criticism is partly deserved: despite President Bush's campaign pledges, Fearful that waste gases may alter the world's climate, European countries have proposed a deadline for limiting worldwide emissions of carbon dioxide. The Bush Administration was heavily criticized when it resisted that idea at a recent international conference. The criticism is partly deserved: despite President Bush's campaign pledges, Washington is still months away from developing a policy on global warming. But the White House has reason to hesitate. The computer models that predict global warming are still rudimentary. The President's science adviser, Allan Bromley, was chided when he said the models' predictions keep changing. But because of the vast economic consequences of setting a limit on carbon dioxide emissions, Dr. Bromley has a particular duty to keep the argument honest. The forecasts of global warming will remain uncertain for several years. But there's every reason to take the greenhouse effect extremely seriously. Computer models aside, the earth's climate has been closely related to the amount of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere over the last 60,000 years, as judged by ice cores from Antarctica. Carbon dioxide is increasing steadily, and a warming effect seems inevitable at some stage. When proof of the warming finally arrives, the climate will already be locked into a significant temperature rise, one that could alter crop patterns and sea level. Washington should already be taking out insurance. Banning coal-fired electric plants would be a drastic remedy. But there are many actions to reduce carbon dioxide that are worth taking for other reasons. Chief among these reasons is the need to improve energy efficiency. The United States still uses energy recklessly compared with Europe and Japan. In America, oil is very cheap; abroad, it is heavily taxed, inducing conservation. The fear of greenhouse warming alone might not yet justify a carbon-based tax or a tax on oil or gasoline, since such levies would curb economic growth. But there are other compelling arguments for such a tax. A tax on gasoline, for example, would reduce dependence on foreign oil and the military costs associated with keeping the oil flowing. Each cent of a gas tax would produce about $1 | Hot Air and the White House Effect |
303839_1 | that Gutzon Borglum recognized when he carved the mountain was that there were a number of cracks,'' Mr. Wenk said. ''We've never known the long-term impact of those cracks.'' Each fall, workers seal the cracks with a mixture of granite dust, white lead and linseed oil to reduce the damage when cool weather causes the rock to contract. The engineering study will be used to develop a more comprehensive maintenance plan, Mr. Wenk said. ''We want to find out what the structural integrity is and what we can do if there is a problem,'' he said. The study is being conducted by RE-SPEC Inc., a Rapid City, S.D., engineering firm. A staff geologist, Tim Vogt, said the company is using a technique called photogrammetry, or measuring with photographs. ''What we're doing is making a very detailed precision map of the sculpture area,'' he said. ''Once we have that very detailed map, we can determine the structural stability of the mountain.'' Work May Start Monday On Monday, if weather permits, engineers will chart reference points on the faces with black markers 15 inches in diameter. Close-up photographs will be taken Tuesday. ''The faces will look funny for a couple of days,'' Mr. Vogt said. He said the entire structural analysis should be completed by summer. Mount Rushmore is not in immediate danger of disintegrating, Mr. Vogt said. ''The Park Service is just doing its job to make sure there's no long-term degradation.'' Mr. Vogt said an engineering project of Mount Rushmore's scale is a challenge. ''It's a unique application of an engineering problem,'' he said. At least one piece of Mount Rushmore lore stems from the cracks in the granite faces. Jefferson: Higher Plane? ''President Jefferson's likeness appears to be looking at a higher plane than the other Presidents,'' Mr. Wenk said. ''The romantic view of that situation is that Gutzon Borglum saw him as a visionary. The reality is that there was a crack in the granite that ran through Jefferson's nose. Borglum had to keep tilting the head back in order to ensure that the crack would not cause the sculpture to fail prematurely.'' The $50,000 first phase of the structural analysis is being financed by the Mount Rushmore National Memorial Society, a private, nonprofit group formed 60 years ago to support and promote the monument. A drive is under way to raise $40 million for the improvement project. | A Face Lift for Mount Rushmore? |
303795_0 | LEAD: The East German Government announced a series of measures today that are intended to combat widespread smuggling and speculation with this country's severely battered currency. The East German Government announced a series of measures today that are intended to combat widespread smuggling and speculation with this country's severely battered currency. The measures, which are to take effect Friday morning, include more frequent and thorough customs controls at border crossings; confining the sale of some consumer goods to citizens of East Germany and foreigners who work here on condition that they provide some identity papers, and restriction of travel by foreigners in transit across the country to designated routes. . In another issue of paramount importance in this country, A.D.N., the Government press agency, announced today that the ruling Communist Party would investigate Erich Honecker, who was ousted as its leader Oct. 18, and Gunter Mittag, one of his top aides, to determine if they had committed criminal acts. The agency did not make clear when or exactly how the investigation would be conducted. But it noted that Mr. Mittag, who was ousted from the Politburo last month and later from the Communist Party Central Committee, had now been thrown out of the party on suspicion of misappropriating funds and other actions contrary to party statutes. Cries Against Honecker Calls for legal proceedings against the Honecker leadership have grown in volume and intensity in the party ranks in the last week. On Wednesday, at an open meeting in the Central Committee building in downtown East Berlin, several party members stood up to demand that the party oust Mr. Honecker and investigate Egon Krenz, his successor as party chief and head of state. Mr. Krenz was Mr. Honecker's lieutenant and likely political successor for several years. He is accused of having been responsible for manipulating elections last May. The problem for the Communists is how or whether to draw a line between the ousted leadership of Mr. Honecker and those Honecker cronies who still hold power, including Mr. Krenz. It is a problem that may be partly resolved at an extraordinary party congress scheduled for mid-December. In describing the new measures to curb speculation in currency and smuggling, Wolfgang Meyer, the new Government spokesman, said that the Cabinet meeting that approved the measures today ''reflected the gravity of the situation.'' Officials may also be worried about capital flight. A West German | Clamor in the East; Smuggling Curbs By East Germany |
303778_0 | LEAD: The body of a woman was found today in the Genesee River Gorge, where the bodies of three other women who were slain have been found in the last month, the police said. The body of a woman was found today in the Genesee River Gorge, where the bodies of three other women who were slain have been found in the last month, the police said. An autopsy on the body was planned. The woman was not identified. The Rochester police supervisor, Timothy Wixom, said a man walking his dog through Turning Point Park along the gorge found the body about 11 A.M. The police have not determined the cause of death, and the body was too decomposed to estimate the woman's age, investigators said. The woman died about four weeks ago, they said. The three other bodies found along the gorge are among 10 unsolved murders of women in Rochester in the last two years. Nine of the victims have been identified as prostitutes, but the police have been unable to identify the 10th victim. The police said they do not know if the death of the woman found today is related to those slayings. | Fourth Woman's Body Found in River Gorge |
303739_2 | interview. Professor Lardy said that the central government is no longer redistributing resources among regions the way it once did, and that this will limit Gansu's ability to bridge the gap. Under Mao, China's economic planners milked rich areas such as Shanghai for the benefit of other parts of the country. The planners also tried to build up the industrial capacity of the interior, partly for national security reasons, so that the country could continue to produce if it were attacked. Even so, China's industry is geographically lopsided. Of the nation's 500 largest industrial enterprises, 111 are either in Shanghai or in northeastern Liaoning Province, while only 25 are in the six provinces and autonomous regions of China's west. The Government in recent months has expressed increased concern about the plight of the hinterland, and there is no longer as much conviction as there used to be that some areas should get rich first and then spread the wealth to the interior. But there is still not much of an economic strategy for China's interior. ''Opening the door on the northwest frontier'' read the headline of a front-page editorial in the semi-official China Economic News last month, but the article contained few specific ideas for how to develop the frontier. While rich in mineral resources, the northwest lacks the entrepreneurial tradition of coastal areas, as well as their wealth of overseas relatives and other links. The People's Daily and other official publications have recently called for developing overland trade with other Asian countries and even rebuilding a ''land bridge'' to Europe. This revived form of the old Silk Route will take shape around the end of next year when China completes a rail link across its northwestern border with the Soviet rail system. Officials here in Gansu Province are optimistic that the rail link will allow them to export their products to European ports, so that Gansu too can participate in the opening to the outside world that has left the coastal region so flush with wealth. Much of China is now alarmed at the prospect of recession, because of an economic retrenchment, but Gansu seems less worried. In September, industrial production in the province was 8 percent higher than a year earlier, while in cities such as Shanghai production actually fell. Officials note that the local economy was never particularly overheated, so the slowdown will not be very painful. | China's Frontier: The Search for Development |
300978_4 | charged electrons, positively charged protons, or their antimatter equivalents - using devices called radio-frequency cavities. Each cavity is an empty space between a positive and a negative electrode; a charged particle entering such a cavity is drawn toward the electrode with an opposite electrical sign, and can be catapulted past the electrode into a second cavity, where the particle is further accelerated. Clothesline Effect If many such cavities are arranged in a straight line (a ''linac''), the plus-or-minus polarity of alternate electrodes can be reversed very rapidly by an oscillator, and this affects the empty space in the cavities the way shaking of one end affects a clothesline: it creates a wave. A charged particle injected into a trough of such a radio wave is carried along at nearly the speed of light, picking up energy from the wave. Because nothing can travel faster than light, the particle gains mass rather than velocity as it is accelerated toward the light-speed limit, and in this massive condition, the particle becomes a useful projectile for experiments requiring collisions. Radio-frequency cavities are also used in the ring-shaped accelerators called synchrotrons, including the four-mile proton-antiproton Tevatron ring at Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory in Illinois, the 17-mile Large Electron-Positron collider ring recently completed near Geneva, Switzerland, and the future S.S.C., a proton-proton collider. The wake-field technique accelerates particles in an entirely different way. In a wake-field machine, a cluster of many electrons is shot down a straight accelerator beam line, and as the bunch speeds along, it leaves an electromagnetic wake. If a second cluster containing relatively few electrons is shot down the line a tiny fraction of a second later, the second batch is pulled along by the oppositely charged wake of the first batch, as if it were a small car tailgating a large truck. The second batch gains energy at the expense of the first batch, just as the large truck loses gasoline mileage to the tailgating car. Dr. Rhon K. Keinigs of Los Alamos National Laboratory, one of the research groups working on wake-field acceleration, described the phenomenon as a kind of transformer, in which high-current, low-voltage electrical power is transformed into low-current, high-voltage power. The first electron batch, the ''driver,'' contains many electrons, each of which carries relatively little energy. But the tailgating bunch, the ''witness,'' distributes the energy it draws from the driver among relatively few electrons. Since each | Scientists Test Radical Accelerator Technology |
300990_0 | LEAD: FROM Central Africa to Indonesia to Brazil, the world's rain forests are under attack by chainsaw and by fire. But a study under way here in the heart of the Amazon may help naturalists preserve representative parcels of rain forest for the 21st century. FROM Central Africa to Indonesia to Brazil, the world's rain forests are under attack by chainsaw and by fire. But a study under way here in the heart of the Amazon may help naturalists preserve representative parcels of rain forest for the 21st century. ''The future of the world's rain forests is fragmentation,'' Richard O. Bierregaard, an American biologist, said while wrestling a jeep down a rutted dirt road cut through the jungle here. ''And no one knows what is the impact of fragmentation.'' About 65 miles north of Manaus in northern Brazil, Brazilian and American scientists are studying how much of the local rain forest ecology survives in four island sizes: 1 hectare, 10 hectares, 100 hectares and 1,000 hectares. A hectare is 2.47 acres. Under Brazilian law, a landowner must preserve half of his or her dense forest acreage. While the law is often ignored, scientists have long suspected that it may be pointless to save small, unconnected scraps of forest. To discover the minimum size needed to preserve most species of flora and fauna, botanists, ornithologists and foresters started studying 900 hectares here a decade ago. In one of the largest trail grid systems in a tropical forest, miles of narrow foot trails divide the study area into a precise checkerboard of one-hectare squares. Today the nearly 10-square-mile area is undoubtedly the most studied patch of Brazilian rain forest. The research project is mainly financed by the World Wildlife Fund and the A. W. Mellon Foundation. 320 Bird Species Identified Using fine nylon nets mounted about six feet high in the forest, ornithologists have made 41,000 bird captures, resulting in 21,000 individual bandings. Foresters have tagged 57,000 adult trees. So far, scientists have identified about 320 species of birds, 800 species of trees and 460 species of butterflies, highlighting the Amazon's extraordinary diversity. ''In 25 acres of Amazonian forests, you can have 300 species of trees,'' Mr. Bierregaard, the project's senior scientist, said. ''In the same area of a Pennsylvania forest, you might have 15 different species.'' Seated under a tarpaulin at the forest camp here, Thomas Lovejoy, a Smithsonian Institution ecologist, | Saving Scraps of the Rain Forest May Be Pointless, Naturalists Say |
304453_0 | LEAD: When severe drought threatened his crops this year, Qu Binshen stretched a hose up a dry mountainside and pumped water onto the parched wheat on his allocated land. But the drought was so severe that despite his efforts, he lost a third of his grain crop this year. When severe drought threatened his crops this year, Qu Binshen stretched a hose up a dry mountainside and pumped water onto the parched wheat on his allocated land. But the drought was so severe that despite his efforts, he lost a third of his grain crop this year. Partly because of the drought, which affected this tiny village in the eastern part of Shandong Province and nearly 90 percent of the farmland in northeastern China, the Government has lowered its estimate of annual grain output to 400 million metric tons, 10 million short of the estimate published in the summer. The latest estimate is still very good, but it is not the record that 410 million tons would have been. Instead it will rank third, behind 1987 and the record of 407 million tons set in 1984. The grain harvest is particularly important for China in its effort to become self-sufficient in feeding its 1.1 billion people. Last year China imported about 15 million tons of wheat, and it is expected to devote scarce foreign exchange to import a similar amount this year, Western agricultural experts say. The Government this year has faced not only the perennial challenge of raising grain output when some farmers would prefer to plant other crops that earn more money, but also the more recent difficulty of paying farmers for the grain. Last year, the Government angered many farmers by issuing millions of dollars worth of i.o.u.'s as payment for grain. The practice is being repeated this year, and while the i.o.u.'s so far do not appear to be as numerous as last year, the Government acknowledges that they exist, despite its pledge in July that they would be eliminated. Government purchasing stations in some parts of the country are simply closing their doors because they lack the cash to pay for crops. Many peasants are not near any market town and thus have no alternative way of selling their grain. In the Qingdao region, which includes Songshanhou village, Government officials say that this year, the Government has not issued any i.o.u.'s for the purchases of | In a Dry China, a Huge Grain Crop Is Not Enough |
304421_6 | but to the jungle. This is because of the environmental destruction inflicted by settlers who have flocked to Rondonia in recent years over BR-364, the highway connecting Porto Velho to central Brazil and the industrialized south. Indiscriminately felling trees and burning the land, they have already destroyed almost 20 percent of the jungle in Rondonia. And, as elsewhere in the Amazon Basin, prospectors using mercury to separate gold from worthless ore have poisoned many of the rivers and streams in the world's largest freshwater system. After about an hour our train lumbers into Santo Antonio and turns lazily around on a siding. Passengers clamber down, and Eddie and I head for one of the half-dozen shacks that sell soda and guarana, the locally popular drink made from the seeds of a native Amazonian plant. Beneath the shade of a wooden roof we watch the picnickers flock toward the several large piles of graffiti-marked rocks high and dry on sandbars. In the rainy season, from about January to June, the river rises as much as 40 feet in these parts, hissing, boiling and crashing against the tips of the submerged rocks as it roars past the rapids at Santo Antonio. But now the river is so placid it looks possible to wade the couple of hundred yards to the bank on the other side. And the rocks are a site for sun worshipers, the sandbars a playground for weekend athletes. Soon we walk to the nearest rock pile and climb five or six feet to the top. From our vantage point, little imagination is required to envision the area as Tomlinson saw it decades ago, when there was only wilderness for 1,000 miles in each direction. Afterward we walk back up the hill and visit the whitewashed church built by Americans in 1913. A narrow, one-room structure, it consists of a simple raised altar flanked by 10 wooden benches with backrests and another 20 backless benches. A half-dozen of the faithful are praying silently, and I offer a prayer for the preservation of what is left of the jungle. We spend another hour or so exploring and watching the sunbathers, almost none of whom venture into the water. When the train returns, disgorging its overflow load of sun worshipers, only a handful of us board for the return trip. Back in Porto Velho, Silas and his brother Paul (who with brother | By Train to the Middle Of the Amazon Jungle |
304405_0 | LEAD: Each morning, hundreds of Vietnamese-born fishermen cast off in refitted wooden boats from piers here and in the harbors of Monterey and Los Angeles to sail far out into the Pacific to cast their nets for kingfish and rock cod. Each morning, hundreds of Vietnamese-born fishermen cast off in refitted wooden boats from piers here and in the harbors of Monterey and Los Angeles to sail far out into the Pacific to cast their nets for kingfish and rock cod. Most are continuing the trade they began as teen-agers in South Vietnam before fleeing to this country. Their boats have been purchased by pooling the funds of three or four families, and they bring each man a hard-earned income of about $20,000 a year. Now, after a decade of such work, the sudden enforcement of a 200-year-old law requiring the owners and pilots of most commercial fishing vessels to be United States citizens may force these fishermen to sell their boats and to try to find work with non-Vietnamese employers or to learn another trade. In recent months - until a Federal court stopped it on Nov. 7 - the Coast Guard had boarded fishing boats and begun citing Vietnamese-born owners, who as refugees are legal United States residents. Some stopped fishing, but others paid the $500 fine and continued to fish. Some say that after citing them several times, the Coast Guard threatened to confiscate their boat-registration documents, without which their vessels cannot be legally operated. National Security Is Cited While neither the Justice Department nor the Coast Guard would answer questions about the dispute, the Government contended in court papers that the concerns about national security that helped lead to passage of the law in 1789 remain valid today. The papers said, ''In this modern age, rife with terrorism and threats to United States citizens from foreign extremist groups, the presence in United States coastal waters of foreign-owned and operated vessels has the potential to present a clear and present threat to the national security.'' But the fishermen say the Government has no grounds for that argument and contend that they are being discriminated against. ''The law is the law, I know,'' said Chieu Pham, the executive director of the Vietnamese Fishermen Association of America. ''We have an old law, and the intent was for the national defense and to prevent foreigners from fishing in U.S. waters. | 18th-Century Law Snares Vietnamese Fishermen |
304175_0 | LEAD: The 20-story headquarters Carrere & Hastings created in 1912 for the U.S. Rubber Company at 1790 Broadway, at 58th Street, is a building of discreet qualities. It cannot claim any superlatives, and most of the guidebooks omit it, but it has what many better known buildings lack, good manners. The 20-story headquarters Carrere & Hastings created in 1912 for the U.S. Rubber Company at 1790 Broadway, at 58th Street, is a building of discreet qualities. It cannot claim any superlatives, and most of the guidebooks omit it, but it has what many better known buildings lack, good manners. Now, after some rough handling over the years, it is being cosseted and given a civilized shine. And the changes planned for the lower floors constitute what may be the most radical restoration since the marketing of older office buildings for their historic architecture began several years ago. Longacre - later Times Square - developed as a center of the carriage industry in the mid-19th century.Later, the automobile transformed Broadway north of 42d Street and by 1910 there were at least 75 automobile businesses up to 59th Street. But the evolution of Times Square into a theater center beginning in the first decade of the century also forced up values on Broadway frontages. Automobile companies moved as far north as 70th Street. In 1911, the U.S. Rubber Company, a major tire company needing a presence in this automobile center, bought a plot at the southeast corner of 58th Street and Broadway and commissioned as architects Carrere & Hastings, then just finishing their monumental building for the New York Public Library on Fifth Avenue at 42nd Street. As at the library, the architects used Vermont marble over the entire structure, unusual for New York commercial buildings, which were typically faced with brick, limestone and terra cotta. According to Channing Blake, a landscape gardener and expert on Carrere & Hastings, the company's use of the Modern French style was also unusual in a city that favored the Italian Renaissance and Gothic styles for its tall buildings. A grand arcade covered the first two floors. Above that, the building rose with a dramatic verticality, emphasized by the tall marble tiers alternating with metal and glass window bays. Most of the delicate, carved marble ornament was kept toward the lower floors. Up close the building is all debonair urbanism - it could be a Paris | Streetscapes: U.S. Rubber Company Building; Restoring Luster to a 1912 Lady |
304194_0 | LEAD: Food manufacturers and diet marketers are seeing to it that the demand for low-calorie foods does not go unsated. The selection of ''light'' foods is limitless: mayonnaise, canned fruit, popcorn and dog food. Even Ben & Jerry's Homemade Inc., usually a super-rich ice cream, recently announced a new light version. Food manufacturers and diet marketers are seeing to it that the demand for low-calorie foods does not go unsated. The selection of ''light'' foods is limitless: mayonnaise, canned fruit, popcorn and dog food. Even Ben & Jerry's Homemade Inc., usually a super-rich ice cream, recently announced a new light version. No fewer than 839 low-calorie products have been introduced so far this year, up from 475 for 1988. And new fat substitutes are expected to expand the category's potential. The Procter & Gamble Company's Olestra, a synthetic fat that it claims has the taste and texture of natural fats without the calories and cholesterol, now awaits the approval of the Food and Drug Administration. The company believes Olestra will someday replace 75 percent of the fats in fried snack foods and 75 percent of the fats used in restaurants for deep frying. Food marketers' success in distancing low-calorie products from the images of self-denial and deprivation they conjured when they were labeled as ''diet'' has helped sales. Retail sales of these ''light'' foods have doubled since 1979, to $2.5 billion last year. And the market is expected to reach $4 billion by 1992, according to Marketdata. Companies like Weight Watchers have brought their expertise to bear in the supermarkets. To mine the lucrative light market, flash its brand name before the buying public and give its dieters an added service, Weight Watchers, for one, has expanded its food line. At Heinz, it is now the fastest-growing line of foods and accounts for 60 percent of the Weight Watchers division's $500 million in sales. The company's new entrees tend to the gourmet image, with such desserts as raspberry mousse. ''They're not selling diet food; they're selling feel-good eating,'' John McMillin, a food industry analyst at Prudential-Bache, said. Taking a cue from its rival, the Diet Center has test marketed a line of entrees that will be released early in 1990. Still, their competition as fierce as ever. The Stouffer Foods Corporation, a subsidiary of Nestle Enterprises Inc., leads the light pack with its under-300-calorie Lean Cuisine brand of frozen foods. | Light Mayonnaise, Light Dogfood, and Now Light Ice Cream |
298726_0 | LEAD: SMALL variations in the density of the ground could account for the results of recent geophysical experiments that seemed to produce evidence for a fifth force in nature, scientists reported in the current issue of the journal Nature. SMALL variations in the density of the ground could account for the results of recent geophysical experiments that seemed to produce evidence for a fifth force in nature, scientists reported in the current issue of the journal Nature. For almost four years physicists have been puzzled by findings indicating the possibility of a basic force besides the four accepted fundamental forces: gravity, electromagnetism and the ''strong'' and ''weak'' forces that hold together the nucleus of an atom and cause radioactive decay of atoms. The putative fifth force, in defiance of Newtonian laws of gravity, tends to weaken the pull of gravity at short range. A new analysis of experimental data showing gravitational anomalies that seemed to support the idea of a fifth force did not rule out the possibility, the scientists concluded. Instead, the data showed that, as had been speculated, variations in local geology and topography are sufficient to explain the irregularities. The scientists, Robert L. Parker and Mark A. Zumberge of the Scripps Institution of Oceanography at the University of California at San Diego, said more sensitive geophysical experiments might still uncover some reason to believe in the fifth force. They suggested places where such tests might be carried out, like a radio tower high above a level sedimentary plain, or in the ocean depths. SCIENCE WATCH | Finding of Fifth Force Questioned |
298529_3 | the teaching will be in English - a move to attract more English-speaking students. They are expected to pick up sufficient Italian late in the program to be literate in Italian. He also mentioned a new master's program for those not wanting an M.B.A. but needing management background for jobs with organizations like the International Monetary Fund. '' I am going to Boston to Harvard Business School to persuade some professors to teach at our school during their sabbaticals next year,'' he said, indicating the difficulty for foreign schools at a time of a worldwide shortage of teachers with doctorates in business subjects. The length of the programs varies as widely as the nationalities of the schools. For example, I.E.S.E., the Insituto de Estudios Superiores de la Empresa, which is affiliated with the University of Navarre and is in Barcelona, Spain, offers a two-year bilingual course in Spanish and English, with a summer in between for working on a company project, very much like traditional two-year programs at most American graduate business schools. Two - namely Insead and the International Institute for Management Development, or I.M.D., in Lausanne, Switzerland - offer accelerated M.B.A.'s that can be completed within a year of intensive work. The cost of these schools is roughly in line with American business schools, although the comparison is not exact because of different student housing and eating arrangements as well as the length of study. For example, the I.M.D. program costs about $20,000 for the intensive yearlong program with free lunch and a month's vacation. Interest in the foreign business schools has grown this year for varied reasons. More and more American companies recruit at major European business schools for international staffs. Some applicants want short, intense programs. Many like the idea of studying in Europe, looking ahead to 1992, when trade barriers drop - an economic challenge for business worldwide. Some of the eight schools consider students on the basis of personality and experience, as well as the Graduate Management Admission Test. Most require personal interviews. But the number of openings is relatively small. Europe in recent years has been graduating 3,000 M.B.A. students a year from its leading schools compared with 70,000 in the United States. The other schools represented at the forum were the Institut Superieur des Affaires, or I.S.A., in Jouy-en-Josas, France; the London Business School, London, and the Manchester Business School, Manchester, England. | Careers; Europeans Seek M.B.A. Candidates |
302894_3 | carved during the Ming Dynasty, which lasted from 1368 to 1644. Local monks guarded the caves continually, but the treasury was only ''discovered'' by the world in 1900, after a Taoist monk accidentally found a sealed-off cave containing 40,000 to 50,000 documents from eight dynasties. Foreigners made their way to the area and carried away not only the priceless manuscripts but also some outstanding examples of sculptures and murals that are now in Britain, France, India and the Soviet Union. After the Communists took over in 1949, Prime Minister Zhou Enlai became a great patron of Dunhuang. He authorized money to buttress the cliff face with cement and install locked doors on all the caves, changing the site's appearance but also protecting it from erosion and earthquakes. The opening to foreign tourists led to the construction of a small airport nearby and to growing numbers of visitors, both domestic and foreign. The overseas tourists, 60 percent of whom are Japanese, are particularly valued because of the money they spend. They have been a tremendous boon to the local economy - per capita income is about $100 a year -but unfortunately, the tourists breathe. The moist carbon dioxide they exhale is thought to be unsettling to murals that for centuries have been accustomed to desert air. Long Trip for the Reward A crucial question, of course, is whether foreigners will be willing to travel so far - 1,150 miles west of Beijing, approximately as far from the capital as Omaha is from New York - to see mostly reproductions, and a small but so far undetermined number of real caves. Local officials, who have relatively little experience with overseas tourists, are optimistic; indeed, they seem surprised even at the question. They emphasize that conditions in the copied caves will be much better than in the real ones: not only will these be among the best examples of the artistic treasures at Dunhuang, but lighting will be better and there will be special audio-visual presentations to explain the history of the caves. The mock-up caves will be in an exhibition hall facing the cliff. ''There won't be much impact on tourism,'' said Ying Guangling, an official of the local tourism bureau in the modern town of Dunhuang, whose 10,000 residents live 25 miles across the desert from the caves. ''Visitors will still see some of the real caves, so they'll be satisfied.'' | Tourists Threaten Buddhist Murals in Ancient Chinese Caves |
302922_1 | items. So it's fair to ask: Is there no limit to what George Bush will do to placate the zealots peering over his shoulder? Ironically, the bill he vetoed with such disastrous consequences did not contain even one dollar for abortion, in any country or under any circumstances. What produced Mr. Bush's veto was only $15 million for the U.N. Population Fund, which devotes itself to badly needed family planning -not including abortion - to help stem the worldwide population explosion. Once, the United States was properly a leader in pointing to the dangers of rising world population, which threatens to overwhelm economic growth and an already endangered environment. But under Ronald Reagan, as obsequious as Mr. Bush in the service of abortion extremists, U.S. aid to the U.N. fund was cut off, as well as any aid that might go to abortion services anywhere. That left Washington in an untenable position. It could not maintain the strong position, much less the lead, against mushrooming population growth that it once had taken if it was unwilling to spend any money for that purpose. To put an end to that dilemma, and to restore the nation to its rightful role in the population effort, the Senate voted earlier this year to renew aid - the $15 million -to the U.N. fund. The fund, however, supports population programs in China, which authorizes abortion and sterilization -though none of the U.N. money is spent for those purposes. To avoid the false charge that the $15 million would support Chinese abortion services, even indirectly, the Senate provided that none of the U.S. money could be used to aid China; and that it must be kept in a separate account that Washington could audit at any time. That did not satisfy anti-abortion fanatics to whom Mr. Bush listens; they charged that the $15 million was abortion money. In the House, Representative Christopher Smith, Republican of New Jersey, proposed an amendment to leave it to the President to determine whether the $15 million actually would be contributed to the U.N. Though that in effect gave Mr. Bush a line-item veto, the House voted 219 to 203 to accept the Smith amendment. Proponents of family planning, notably the Population Institute in Washington, fought back; and the Senate, given another vote, defeated the Smith amendment, 52 to 44. Crucial help came from three changed conservative votes, cast by | A President Beholden |
302536_2 | genoise cake and butter cream. ''I love it,'' Mr. Drake said. ''Those blue-blue heart-shaped swimming pools, that glistening, spun-sugar Niagara Falls.'' Architects, whose projects often take years to move from the drawing board to real life, are not used to such immediate gratification, or such simpatico interpretation. The accord between designer and baker is not surprising. ''Gingerbread'' and ''wedding cake'' are terms frequently used to describe architectural detail and buildings. ''I think it must be a lot easier to do detail with butter cream than with concrete,'' Ms. Montenegro said. As she described the feel of a butter cream that will hold the shape of a Corinthian column, two architects continued to ponder the artistic significance of edible art. ''Definitely a history of food reference,'' said one. ''By tradition, a pejorative one,'' said the other. ''Never a literal connection.'' They nodded, and each reached into a brioche baked in the shape of circular tower and stuffed with egg-salad finger sandwiches. Mr. Drake said, '' 'Pocono Palace' was actually inspired by Hispanic wedding cakes.'' Other pieces were less indebted to the rococo tradition. A chandelier made of multicolored gumdrops showed a Victorian influence. Milton Glazer's ''Pear Cafe'' harked back to the Googie roadside architecture of the 50's. The marzipan easy chair by William Raftery recalled the same period. ''Boy, could I eat my way out of that chair,'' said Brooke Lampley, age 9, who was viewing the show. The stern, modernist lines of Richard Meier's ''Bridgeport Center'' were brought to life in chocolate cake (''the most sturdy cake,'' said its maker, Colette Peters, of Cakes by Colette) and tiled with more than 5,000 white Chiclets. ''You can buy them in bulk on 60th Street,'' Ms. Peters told Betty Van Nostrand, a fellow confectioner. A passing architect had other concerns: ''They have a nice sheen and give the building a finished look,'' he said. The architect Roger Ferry said, ''This is the most exciting architectural exhibition I've ever seen'' as he walked by the leaning tower of genoise and butter cream titled ''A Pisa Cake'' and toward ''A House of Cards,'' a rendition of Trump Tower done in gingerbread playing cards. ''Usually we are so serious,'' Mr. Ferry said. The architect Michael McDonough said, ''It's so gratifying to get built.'' The facades he had designed for cottages in a never-constructed Florida vacation community were being displayed in gingerbread and icing. Ms. Peters, | Lifestyle; Buildings of Marzipan, Not Marble, For a Show of Edible Architecture |
302503_0 | LEAD: To the Editor: To the Editor: The proposed addition to Fort Worth's Kimbell Art Museum [ ''Sincerest Flattery or the Subtlest Form of Dishonor?'' Sept. 24 ] must be reconsidered. No building designed by Louis I. Kahn and completed during his lifetime better reflects his genius, and surely no building in the United States better deserves careful preservation. Rarely have such works of art been achieved in human history, and never have they fully survived such modification as is now proposed. As an examination of the documents reveals, Kahn considered several variations before concentrating on his final design. Some of these earlier schemes were close in scale to what would result if the proposed addition were built. But in the end Kahn did not design the building at that scale, and further believed that any additions would need to be conceived as separate entities. Such an approach would preserve the classic balance of Kahn's design. There is clear evidence that Kahn did not conceive of the vaults as repeatable modules; to engulf the building in this manner would forever obscure the record of genius that is now fully apparent. The critical relationship of the building to its surrounding streets would be impaired, its superbly comprehensible scale would be lost, and the sense of original detailing would be compromised. Romaldo Giurgola is an architect of extraordinary ability in whom we have great confidence. Yet his own skills cannot be properly demonstrated under the conditions imposed. He, too, deserves more understanding consideration. An addition designed as a separate entity could preserve Kahn's building, provide a suitable opportunity for Mr. Giurgola's individual expression and create an extraordinary dialogue that might reflect the parallel dialogue Kahn and Mr. Giurgola maintained as teachers at the University of Pennsylvania. We urge the board of directors of the Kimbell Art Foundation to reconsider. DAVID G. DE LONG DAVID B. BROWNLEE JULIA MOORE CONVERSE Philadelphia The writers are affiliated with the University of Pennsylvania. Mr. De Long is a professor of architecture, Mr. Brownlee an associate professor of the history of art and Ms. Converse the director of the Architectural Archives and curator of the Louis I. Kahn Collection. THE KIMBELL MUSEUM | Preserve the Classic Balance . . . |
302399_0 | LEAD: David Margolick exaggerates the contrast between American and Polish perceptions of Basia Johnson (''Lech's American Angel,'' Oct. 8). He writes that ''to Americans she may always be a chambermaid.'' Why would anyone, besides the stepchildren and their lawyers, consider such a highly educated woman always to be a chambermaid, merely because that was the first job she held in the United States? David Margolick exaggerates the contrast between American and Polish perceptions of Basia Johnson (''Lech's American Angel,'' Oct. 8). He writes that ''to Americans she may always be a chambermaid.'' Why would anyone, besides the stepchildren and their lawyers, consider such a highly educated woman always to be a chambermaid, merely because that was the first job she held in the United States? ''But in her native Poland she is treated like a queen,'' he continues. The presumed royal treatment of men kissing Mrs. Johnson's hand and women giving her flowers is not unusual in Poland, a country of eloquent social customs. The people of Poland do not idolize Basia Johnson; rather, they treat her with the admiration due a person who has come to help the country in troubled yet hopeful times of drastic change. TIMOTHY KERNER Narberth, Pa. | U.S. CHAMBERMAID, POLISH QUEEN |
302511_0 | LEAD: To the Editor: To the Editor: William B. Branch's letter (Nov. 5) arguing African origins for Western civilization is the latest entry in a campaign to expropriate the achievements of Caucasians by Negroes. Much of his argument depends on the precise racial category of the ancient Egyptians, who were one of several Near Eastern civilizations that influenced the ancient Greeks. The ancient Egyptians, as is true of all the peoples of Northern Africa, were basically Caucasoid, though there were Caucasian-Negro mixtures in Southern Egypt. Archeological and anthropological evidence demonstrates that Caucasians have lived in Northern Africa since at least Neolithic times. The ancient Egyptians depicted themselves as brown, the peoples to the south as black. The great achievement of the Greeks, which has earned them the title of the first Westerners, lies precisely in their breaks with the traditional and intellectual systems of the ancient Near East. Their quantum jumps in science, philosophy, mathematics and other forms of knowledge were unprecedented in the ancient world. Their art, with its refinement of realism, is far different from that of their neighbors and readily distinguishable from the static Egyptian styles. Greeks studying in ''Africa,'' that is, Egypt, did so in Alexandria, a Greek city, largely inhabited by Greeks, teaching Greek knowledge. If peoples before 1600 believed Greek civilization derived from Egypt, as Mr. Branch suggests, they were reticent about it. The Romans extolled everything Greek, but took only the cult of Isis from Egypt. Medieval Europe looked to Rome as the pinnacle of human achievement. Interest in things Egyptian took hold in the West only after 1800. Black Africans and African-Americans have enough to be proud of in their contributions to the world not to engage in spurious attempts to create a false genesis for Western civilization. RICHARD F. WELCH Huntington, L.I., Nov. 7, 1989 | The World Has Room for African and Greek Achievements |
302192_8 | newly developed wharf. Rejoin the river to your left and the museum is the large white building straight ahead. The river bus does not run from Butler's Wharf pier. You can either retrace your steps to London Bridge City Pier, or else take the ferry to Tower Pier (the pleasure cruise boats run from here) and then walk or take a taxi to Swan Lane Pier. Either way means a fairly long and irksome walk, but it is worth persisting with your tour east along the river because from here the vast scale of the redevelopment of London's riverside becomes apparent. After London Bridge City, the river bus stops at West India Pier, Greenland and Greenwich. On this stretch of the river, the contrast between the old and the new - and between good and bad design - becomes even more extreme. Beautifully restored old buildings rub shoulders with modern, smoked-glass giants; there are some stunning new buildings, but also some ghastly futuristic eyesores, which have given rise to the criticism that the body that controls Docklands, the London Docklands Development Corporation, has allowed developers too free a hand in its rush to bring prosperity to the area. BUILDINGS are going up at a remarkable rate. As the hydraulic cranes, which used to unload the cargo, stand rusting beside the crumbling dock walls, giant new cranes dominate the skyline. Construction workers balance on scaffolding high above the river and the air that once rang with the cries of dockers now reverberates with the sounds of drills, saws and hammers. Some derelict factories, power stations and warehouses still linger, but most are marked out by developers or have signs informing prospective buyers that this is ''the last remaining waterside warehouse and site.'' One starts to wonder what has been lost. The immense dock system dated to the 17th century and played a vital role in the British economy for more than 250 years. Only 30 years ago the docks were handling more than 50 million tons of goods a year, but, because of changes in cargo handling and trade patterns they declined dramatically in the 1960's. By 1982 every one of them had closed. Many of the men who work here today (including some who skipper the river bus and pleasure boats) come from families that have been working on or beside the river for generations. Along both banks of the | London Embraces the Thames Again |
302182_0 | LEAD: WHEN Hurricane Hugo struck inland North Carolina, I was in bed in a snug new motel along I-85 listening to the wind build up and tiny branches strike the window. After one howling burst near dawn, the lights on the highway went out, the restaurant in the parking lot went dark, alarms went off in the motel corridor and WHEN Hurricane Hugo struck inland North Carolina, I was in bed in a snug new motel along I-85 listening to the wind build up and tiny branches strike the window. After one howling burst near dawn, the lights on the highway went out, the restaurant in the parking lot went dark, alarms went off in the motel corridor and I knew that the power was gone. Most disturbing to me was that the indicator light went out in the smoke detector in the ceiling over my bed. Mystified, I lay there in the rainy dawn wondering whether a battery could burn out in a storm. Learning that the desk clerk did not know why the smoke detector was out of commission and that he had no flashlight, portable radio or telephone lines, I decided that being in a car in the rain suited me better than being in an unheated motel with no smoke detector and no breakfast. While driving to the Charlotte airport, I resolved that I would not undertake trips in the future without packing a small flashlight and that I would find out about smoke detectors. The answer to the shutting-off of the smoke detector is simple. Smoke detectors in motels and hotels are commonly hard-wired, that is, wired into the electrical system of the lodging place, and they operate on electricity, unlike the battery-driven home models that are simply attached to the ceiling. If the hotel has an emergency power source, the detector system is one of the priority items to be kept operating in a power failure. Clearly, the small motel where I stayed had no emergency generator. Prof. Fritz Hagenmeyer, who teaches engineering in the School of Hospitality Management at Florida International University in Miami, explained what he taught to future hotel general managers: ''We recommend that smoke detectors be wired to the main electrical system. Batteries are a pest. They have a limited life span, and the life depends on the temperature and the humidity, and if one battery wears out ahead of | In Case of Fire: Why All Hotels Aren't the Same |
302352_0 | LEAD: A robot spacecraft swinging high over the earth's poles today began a search for the beginning of time. A robot spacecraft swinging high over the earth's poles today began a search for the beginning of time. Pushed into space by the thrust of a Delta rocket launched flawlessly today from Vandenberg Air Force Base in California, the craft moved into a circular 559-mile-high orbit that swings top-to-bottom around the earth 14 times a day. From that height, the Cosmic Background Explorer is to use its cold eyes to take sweeping looks at the black sky, seeking faint, warm traces of the first light. Over the next year, the 4,850-pound craft is to map the entire sky twice in search of remnants of the Big Bang, the theoretical birth of existence that sprang from the explosion of unknown, primordial material about 15 billion years ago. The COBE satellite, which contains the most sensitive detectors ever flown on a space mission, is to sweep the sky for ''fossil'' radiation generated in the period between the first minutes of creation and the time the first stars and galaxies formed. Its polar orbit will keep the reflections from the Sun and Earth from affecting instruments. The project is one of the most important to date for the science of cosmology, the study of the earliest beginnings of the universe. 'Before the Lights Came On' ''With COBE, we can see things before the lights came on,'' said Dr. John C. Mather, chief project scientist. ''While we probably will not rewrite the book of cosmology with this mission, we will write another chapter.'' The solar-powered spacecraft was designed and built at the National Aeronautics and Space Administration's Goddard Space Flight Center in Greenbelt, Md., which will control and monitor the $400 million mission. While the space agency plans to operate the 16-by-28-foot craft for two years, the satellite is designed to complete its mission within a year. At the start, a month's shakedown is scheduled for checking the spacecraft's condition and position and calibrating its three supersensitive main instruments. These surveying instruments include a differential microwave radiometer that will distinguish faint microwave radiation from the early universe from that produced within the Milky Way galaxy. The other instruments, the far infrared absolute spectrophotometer and the diffuse infrared background experiment, will examine different wavelenghts of infrared light. To enhance their sensitivity, the infrared instruments are cooled | Supersensitive Satellite Starts Search for Echoes of the Universe's Birth |
302385_15 | Perhaps most extraordinary, he shows no interest in wielding the kind of direct influence that Greenberg had, and that so many contemporary critics so clearly covet. ''I'd hate to have any power,'' he says, and you can tell he means it. ''I really don't want any at all.'' The abstract painter David Reed, who sometimes accompanies Danto to museum exhibitions, says: ''I came to New York when Greenberg and his followers were telling everybody what they could and couldn't do. Arthur isn't doing that. He doesn't beat people up.'' ''He's fed up, I think, with a particular kind of polemical or a sort of in-group voice that becomes part of art writing,'' says Adam Gopnik, an art historian and New Yorker staff writer. ''He's interested in writing criticism that's reflective and contemplative. It's an incredible gift to the art world.'' But not everyone is grateful. The formidable art historian and critic Rosalind Krauss, one of the editor-founders of October, a rigorous journal of critical theory, finds virtually nothing of value in his end-of-art theory: ''When art turns into philosophy, sometimes it looks like Warhol, and sometimes like Mondrian. Like many serious abstract artists, Mondrian had in high school been given a sort of Hegelian education. So the idea that art might be knowledge somehow becoming conscious of itself was a very common idea. The idea that art can transcend its own condition as matter and become self-knowing was what Mondrian's work was about. But that has nothing to do with the issue of 'indiscernibles.' Danto is saying that the inevitable form of art turning into philosophy is the indiscernible; but Mondrian tells us that it's not inevitable.'' ''As for this philosopher talking to artists,'' she adds caustically, ''spreading the pearls of philosophy before the swine of the art world - well, they're just pop-it beads.'' Another serious charge against Danto is that his Nation reviews rarely emphasize the visual or esthetic features of works of art or make them count as positive values. He is more likely to discuss a painting's title or subject matter than he is to analyze its surface. ''He has no feeling for the guts of the work,'' says an artist who preferred not to be identified. ''He's skimming off the top and avoiding a deep emotional involvement.'' ''He has a very dense response when he's describing a work of art,'' says another artist. ''But he | ART'S OFF-THE-WALL CRITIC |
303951_0 | LEAD: The United States Agriculture Department increased the nation's sugar quota today by 13.5 percent, the second time in three months that the Government has increased imports to combat tight supplies and high domestic prices. The United States Agriculture Department increased the nation's sugar quota today by 13.5 percent, the second time in three months that the Government has increased imports to combat tight supplies and high domestic prices. The announcement by Agriculture Secretary Clayton K. Yeutter was praised by American food processors, which have been paying between 28 and 31 cents a pound for sugar this year - the highest level since 1981. The retail price of sugar sold in grocery stores has also increased to about 40 cents a pound this year from 36 cents in 1988. Effective Monday, the United States sugar import quota will be increased by 272,915 metric tons, to 2,259,865. The increase is in addition to a 861,695-ton rise announced on Sept. 12. Department officials also said today that they would liberalize rules that currently limit how much sugar that countries with large quota allocations can deliver to the United States at different times during the quota period. Industry groups have said the restrictive delivery schedule has forced some nations to wait until late in the period to deliver their sugar, creating artificial shortages that increase prices. The Agriculture Department supports domestic sugar prices through production loans and an import quota. As American sugar production has grown and the use of sweeteners has increased, the import quota has been reduced from its high of about five million tons in 1981. | Sugar Quota Is Increased |
304022_1 | also could be used to ban the publication here of foreign news reports, films or photographs deemed harmful to the public order. And it would impose terms up to 20 years in prison for participating in transportation boycotts or other common forms of civil disobedience. ''We are back to a totalitarian Government,'' said Geraldo LeChevalier, a senior member of the opposition Christian Democratic Party, which has denounced the laws as a ''fascist project,'' adding: ''They're doing what they've always done - what Somoza did in Nicaragua, what Franco did in Spain and what Pinochet did in Chile.'' Such fierce opposition had prompted Mr. Cristiani's party to reconsider an early draft of the legislation after it was proposed in June. But a revised legislative package was reintroduced in the Assembly on Thursday in the wake of the offensive by leftist guerrillas and was approved in principle by a vote of 45 to 0. Members of the Christian Democratic Party abstained from Thursday's vote. Under Salvadoran law, the measures were taken up for debate and final amendment by the Assembly today and will be transmitted to President Cristiani for his signature. If Mr. Cristiani should veto the measures, the Assembly could override his veto by a three-fourths vote - or 45 deputies, the number that supported the legislation on Thursday. In pressing the new laws forward, supporters denied that they would greatly strengthen Government power. Defended by Assembly Officer ''Maybe some crimes have been added, for example, the occupation of churches, schools, etc.,'' said Julio Adolfo Rey Prendes, the vice president of the Assembly, who is a leader of the Authentic Christian Movement and was a close aide to former President Jose Napoleon Duarte. ''But this will not produce the destruction of the opposition or impede freedom of information. Those will not be touched.'' But leftist leaders condemned the proposed laws as part of a Government attempt to force permanent security measures on the country under the cover of the current crisis, when civil rights have been limited by the provisions of a stage of siege. ''There is less space, less possibility of a dialogue,'' said Ruben Zamora, a prominent leftist politician allied with the guerrilla movement. ''But there is more need for those things than ever before.'' ''The Government has been trying for at least four months to approve this fascist law,'' Mr. Zamora said. ''Now, under the state of siege, | Salvador Moves Toward Broad Curbs on Dissent |
303937_0 | LEAD: The nation's exports of farm products in the fiscal year that ended on Sept. 30 came close to the $40 billion forecast by Agriculture Department experts three months ago. The nation's exports of farm products in the fiscal year that ended on Sept. 30 came close to the $40 billion forecast by Agriculture Department experts three months ago. According to a detailed report by the department's Economic Research Service, the value of shipments in the 1989 fiscal year was almost $39.7 billion, up 12 percent from $35.3 billion in 1988. That was the biggest export value since the record $43.8 billion in 1981. It also marked the third consecutive year-to-year increase since exports plunged to $26.3 billion in 1986. Officials said the 1989 export surge came despite a sharp cutback in the department's Export Enhancement Program, which subsidizes selected exports to designated overseas markets. Agricultural imports, meanwhile, were valued at a record $21.5 billion, up from about $21 billion in 1988, the previous high. Vegetables, grain and grain products, sugar and rubber showed the largest increases, the report said. As expected, the actual volume of 1989 exports of key commodities was down from the previous year. But higher unit prices for many items offset the decline in shipment tonnages. | Farm Exports At $39.7 Billion |
304069_1 | humans burn, pave or drain their habitats. The World Resources Institute of Washington has begun a campaign to slow the destruction. It aims to develop by 1992 a worldwide strategy for identifying and conserving the planet's plant and animal kingdoms. The losses of living species are heaviest in the world's rapidly dwindling tropical forests, where a small patch of ground may contain as many different kinds of life as would a temperate country. Tropical forests may be losing 5 to 10 percent of their species each decade. Native species are also especially vulnerable in the world's islands and in freshwater rivers and lakes. This heritage should be preserved for its own sake. But since builders, farmers and governments have little time for that argument, biologists have turned to pointing out the substantial economic value, mostly untapped, that lies in the world's biological cornucopia. In the profusion of tropical forests, many new foods, fibers and medicines doubtless await discovery. Only 1 percent of the Amazon's plants have yet been tested for their chemical activity, yet tropical forests have already added many invaluable drugs to the world's pharmacopoeia. The many spices, fruits and nuts that originate in tropical forests are only a sampling of their treasures. Arracacha, a long forgotten Inca crop that tastes like a blend of cabbage, celery and roasted chestnuts, is now reaching American markets, but many plants may perish before their value can be recognized. The world's staple crops benefit from constant genetic replenishment from their wild counterparts. That's one critical reason for preserving habitats in the regions of the plants' origin. The Institute's campaign should encourage both the countries that lack the resources to preserve their biological patrimony and wealthier nations that could provide funds and advice. Japan has a particular duty, since its avidity for tropical timber has driven deforestation in Indonesia and other countries. But the U.S. cannot comfortably lecture Brazil while it steadily depletes tropical forests in Hawaii and destroys the Tongass rain forest in Alaska. Charles Darwin surmised that the Creator must be inordinately fond of beetles: the earth is home to some 30 million different species of them. Maybe not every one is necessary. But the present massive destruction of living species, in many cases before they have even been identified, is a permanent loss to knowledge. Otherwise the book of evolution, 3.5 billion years in the making, will perish in chapters. | The Editorial Notebook; Burning the Book of Nature |
297640_2 | Iranian affairs in London. ''It could be strengthened only if he dramatically improves economic conditions by improving relations with the West, something that militant clergy members are blocking. Being the pragmatist he is, Rafsanjani may move in the end to become the leader of the radicals intead of sinking.'' Plan to Display U.S. Embassy The rally planned for Saturday is to coincide with the start of a trial for a number of former Iranian officials accused of being spies in the employ of the American Central Intelligence Agency, according to reports from Teheran. Iranian officials also said they might open the gates of the captured American Embassy compound to the public for the first time. The Iranian press agency said the embassy would be open for five days as a museum for American spying. The takeover of the embassy provoked a break in diplomatic, economic and strategic American-Iranian relations, bringing an end to decades of cooperation between the two countries. It also brought about the fall of the moderate Government of former Prime Minister Mehdi Bazargan. The holding of 52 American diplomats as hostages for 444 days has left a bitter memory that neither Iranians nor Americans have been able to overcome over the last decade. Militants Oppose Ties to West The revival of hard-liners in Teheran comes after many months in which President Rafsanjani has tried to end the estrangement of Iran by signaling his desire for better relations with neighboring Arab countries and the West. But the militant members of the ruling clergy, including Mr. Mohtashemi and a substantial part of Parliament, as well as the new revolutionary guide, Ayatollah Ali Khamenei, failed to support the Iranian President, or acted against his will. Ayatollah Khamenei was considered an ally of President Rafsanjani, but a few days ago he appointed a militant member of the Iranian Revolutionary Guards, Ali Shamkhani, as commander of the Iranian Navy. On Wednesday, Ayatollah Khamenei called on Iranians to ''wage perpetual struggle against arrogant powers headed by the United States,'' and on that same day, the Iranian Parliament enacted a law allowing the arrest of Americans anywhere in the world who are accused of harming the interests of Iran. The law was in response, the members of Parliament said, to the United States move to allow the Federal Bureau of Investigation decision to arrest suspected terrorists without seeking permission of the countries they reside | Iran Notes Anniversary Of Fall of U.S. Embassy |
299177_0 | LEAD: New breast cancer studies show that exposure to radiation in infancy significantly increases a woman's risk of later developing the disease, but that chest X-rays after the age of 35 pose little risk. New breast cancer studies show that exposure to radiation in infancy significantly increases a woman's risk of later developing the disease, but that chest X-rays after the age of 35 pose little risk. In one study, researchers found that women who received X-ray treatments for enlarged thymus glands when they were infants were nearly four times as likely to get breast cancer once they reached their 30's than were their sisters who did not receive such treatment. In a second study, Canadian researchers confirmed the view that the benefits of mammographies, a diagnostic procedure that uses X-rays to detect tumors in the breast, far outweigh the small risks associated with the procedure. Both studies, published today in The New England Journal of Medicine, found that the risk of developing breast cancer increased as the dose of radiation increased, regardless of the age of the women when they were exposed to it. Breast cancer is the second most common cause of death from cancer among American women.About 142,000 American women develop the disease each year and 43,000 die of it. Only lung cancer causes more cancer deaths among American women. Data on Japanese The study on exposure to radiation in infancy was conducted at the University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry. It confirms other recent findings showing that exposing prepubescent girls to X-rays increases their risk of developing breast cancer. Though the link between radiation and breast cancer has been known for some time, it was once thought that there was no danger before adolescence. But a recent study of women who were exposed as children to radiation from the atomic bombs dropped on Japan in World War II showed an increased incidence of breast cancer. The study looked at 1,201 women who received radiation treatment as infants for what were believed to be life-threatening enlarged thymus glands. The procedure was common from the late 1920's until 1957, when it was largely abandoned after it was determined that there was no such thing as an enlarged thymus. It found that those women were 3.6 times as likely to develop breast cancer by age 36 as their sisters, 2,469 women who did not receive the radiation | HEALTH: Radiation Safety; Childhood X-Rays Linked to Breast Cancer Risk |
299077_6 | for an emergency can usually be left with the school nurse. The other children at school can be helped to understand the problem through puppet shows, films and books. Invite healthy children and their parents to your home to play after school or on weekends. The sick child should be warned about possible teasing, good-natured or otherwise. Arm the child with appropriate responses. Usually it is best to ignore the teasing at the moment but to encourage the child to discuss it with a parent later in the day. Parents who handle their children well may still have trouble dealing with physicians and medical establishments. Insist on a full explanation of the condition, the child's status and the treatment options. If you are not sure you understand, ask again and write down the answer. Discuss any disagreements or dissatisfactions you have about the child's care with the medical team. But avoid airing your grievances in front of the sick child. Keep a dated log of all medical visits, treatments, tests and medications for tax purposes. Keep all relevant bills and receipts in one place. If you have difficulty with your insurance, ask for help (from the hospital's financial staff, for example) in filing or resubmitting health insurance claims. Some Books That Can Help The Association for the Care of Children's Health recommends several publications for parents and others coping with the care of a chronically ill child. Most are available through the association at 3615 Wisconsin Avenue N.W., Washington, D.C. 20016, (202) 244-1801. ''Organizing and Maintaining Support Groups for Parents of Children With Chronic Illness and Handicapping Conditions,'' a loose-leaf book by Minna N. Nathanson, published by the association, $18.50 including shipping. ''Living with a Brother or Sister With Special Needs: A Book for Sibs,'' by Donald J. Meyer, Patricia F. Vadasy and Rebecca R. Fewell, available from the University of Washington Press, P.O. Box C-50096, Seattle, Wash. 98145, $10.95 plus $2 for shipping. ''When Your Child Has a Life-Threatening Illness,'' by Thomas T. Frantz, published by the association, $5.50 including shipping. ''Understanding Your Health Care Options: A Guide for Families Who Have Children With Special Health Care Needs,'' by Margaret A. McManus, published by the association, $3.75 including shipping. ''New Directions for Exceptional Parenting,'' by Pat Downey, published by the association, $5.50 including shipping. ''Parent Resource Directory,'' edited by Barbara Steele, published by the association, $7.50 including shipping. HEALTH | Personal Health |
297178_3 | part more in keeping with the traditional role of Greek women, who often assist a father or husband but get little personal credit or recognition of their work. Although laws now protect women's rights in Greece, feminism here has made little headway. Of the 300 members of Parliament, 13 are women, and the Greek press tends to prefer to turn women's presence in public life into an occasion for satire or gossip. As a recent widow, though, Mrs. Bakoyannis has been spared scathing comment. She also clearly sees her role as an envoy of her husband and not as an agitator for women's equality. Feminists have taken her position in stride. ''We will support her,'' said Rena Lamsa, who heads the Government's Bureau of Women's Affairs. But she noted with satisfaction: ''When Dora had to register as a candidate she was asked to write 'Dora, widow of Bakoyannis' and she protested. I appreciated that.'' Mrs. Bakoyannis feels concerned with other, delicate issues. ''It is difficult for her to find the right path between decency and publicity, between her need for privacy and mourning and her need to be photographed and have a public face,'' said Alexandra, her younger sister. There is the worry for her two children, Alexia, 13, and Kostas, 11, whom she has kept by her side since that morning when they heard the news of their father's death on their school bus radio. A Tiring Campaign She says she has not enough time and strength to visit all 130 communities of her district. Her 16-hour days are taken up with visits to party offices, shops and other work places. ''I have been on many campaigns,'' she said this week between meetings, ''but never one like this.'' But her tired, drawn face lights up when she talks of her and her husband's project in Evritania. ''We realized that not all the little villages are viable,'' she said. ''Some have only old people. Some have younger generations and they can continue to exist.'' She talked of plans to attract investment, to develop tourism. She stiffens when the subject of who killed her husband comes up and declines to endorse the widely heard comments here that the so-called Nov. 17 Group, who call themselves Leninist revolutionaries, are in reality a loosely knit gang with ties to military or police officers of the past Government of Andreas Papandreou. Mr. Papandreou has | Athens Journal; Woman in Mourning Proudly Picks Up a Banner |
304892_0 | LEAD: ACTING out of desperation, many of the poorest people in the world are cutting down forests, razing grasslands and slowly destroying fragile ecosystems to survive, environmental researchers say. ACTING out of desperation, many of the poorest people in the world are cutting down forests, razing grasslands and slowly destroying fragile ecosystems to survive, environmental researchers say. Poor farmers in the Sudan clear trees at the headwaters of the Nile, and by destroying these valuable watersheds, cause floods up and down the river. Peasants in Brazil with no fields of their own hew down the Amazon rain forests and indirectly threaten the climate of the globe by reducing the production of oxygen. ''For centuries, there has been moral outrage about disparities in standards of living,'' said Alan Durning, a staff member of the Worldwatch Institute, an environmental research organization. ''Today we find poverty is not just a moral issue, because we now have a situation where poor people endanger the well-being of the better-off.'' 'Landless People' The poor in Costa Rica have dealt a heavy blow to the rain forests that once covered most of their country, said Sheldon Annis, a member of the Overseas Development Council, an organization that researches economic issues affecting developing countries. In Costa Rica, as in most of Latin America, there are two types of poor, Mr. Annis said. Those in the first group have a small parcel of land or some community that helps sustain them. Though these people must fight daily for their food and livelihood, they are finding a political voice, he said. But those in the second category live in despair, he said. ''These are landless people, children, deculturated tribal people,'' he said. ''They are people whose lands have already been developed throughout the world. They are the ones who are moving up the sides of hills.'' Excess in affluent communities drives most of the world's environmental problems, Mr. Durning said, but as the numbers of the impoverished have grown by more than 200 million people worldwide in the last decade, so has the detriment of starvation and homelessness to the environment. To subsist, the poor must consume or shatter the very resources that give them life, he said. Mr. Durning is the author of a recent report ''Poverty and the Environment: Reversing the Downward Spiral.'' U.N. Efforts The relationship between poverty and environment has been apparent to development workers at | Land Is Losing to the Poor's Fight for Short-Term Survival |
304866_0 | LEAD: France today set off its largest underground nuclear blast this year, at Fangataufa in French Polynesia, New Zealand Government scientists said. The 90-kiloton explosion was the fourth since testing resumed on Oct. 24. It brings to 111 the number of underground tests at sites near Tahiti. France today set off its largest underground nuclear blast this year, at Fangataufa in French Polynesia, New Zealand Government scientists said. The 90-kiloton explosion was the fourth since testing resumed on Oct. 24. It brings to 111 the number of underground tests at sites near Tahiti. | French Conduct Nuclear Test |
299438_0 | LEAD: Brazil borders on California in the music of Djavan, a leading Brazilian songwriter, who performed last Friday night at the Ritz. Djavan has pitched his recent repertory at the place where jazz-influenced Brazilian pop overlaps jazz-tinged, Brazilian-influenced American pop - the glossy, gently percolating pop-funk that has come out of Los Brazil borders on California in the music of Djavan, a leading Brazilian songwriter, who performed last Friday night at the Ritz. Djavan has pitched his recent repertory at the place where jazz-influenced Brazilian pop overlaps jazz-tinged, Brazilian-influenced American pop - the glossy, gently percolating pop-funk that has come out of Los Angeles since the mid-1970's. Djavan's loamy, yearning voice, syncopated melody lines and lyrics in Portuguese (although his recent songs are in English) preserve a Brazilian flavor, and for older songs, he picked up an acoustic guitar to pluck bossa nova-based rhythms. But his newer material plays down regional touches while Djavan reaches for a world audience as a pop-jazz crooner. Most of his songs are romantic, but recent ones have taken up topics like apartheid (''Stephen's Kingdom'') and the destruction of rain forests (''Amazon Farewell''), in the manner of Peter Gabriel and Sting. On stage, Djavan is a relaxed, genial performer. His voice is a little more earthbound and fallible than those of his elders, Caetano Veloso and Gilberto Gil, and his band leans closer to American pop than theirs do; on Friday, the lead guitarist seemed eager to become Brazil's answer to Carlos Santana. Even diluted by pop-jazz, Djavan's songs have the catchy, uplifting melodicism of the best Brazilian pop, and the audience's large Brazilian contingent sang along happily. English-speaking songwriters don't have exclusive rights to internationalism. The question is whether Djavan will give up even more of his heritage or reclaim it as his popularity continues to rise. | Review/Music; Djavan's Brazilian Pop-Jazz |
283451_0 | LEAD: To the Editor: To the Editor: Dr. Selig Strax (letter, Aug. 25), disagreeing with the headline conclusion ''Menopause Hormone Linked to Breast Cancer'' (front page, Aug. 3), presents one-sided information. It is true that most of the women in the Swedish study reported in the New England Journal of Medicine used a form of estrogen not commonly prescribed in the United States. However, more American women are now given combination therapy - estrogen plus progestin - to prevent os-teoporosis. (The progestin is to counteract estrogen's potential to cause uterine cancer.) The Swedish study shows that the women who used combination therapy for extended periods had the highest risk of breast cancer. Because their representation among the participants was comparatively small, a large-scale study of such women is plainly in order. Dr. Strax ends with: ''Women and their gynecologists should be encouraged to continue to use replacement estrogens to reduce the risk of heart disease and osteoporosis.'' With so many unknowns, a more cautious approach is called for. Long-term hormone replacement therapy is not given to treat a disease, but to prevent one that may cause disability and death in 20 to 30 years. It should be reserved for women at high risk for osteoporosis, and they should be told that evidence suggests that the addition of progestin may negate estrogen's protective effect against heart disease. MARYANN NAPOLI Associate Director Center for Medical Consumers New York, Sept. 1, 1989 | Unknowns Abound In Hormone Therapy |
283421_0 | LEAD: Jackie R. See and William E. Shell, two cardiologists who founded See/ Shell Biotechnology Inc. in Los Angeles, won a patent this week for what they call ''Fat Magnets'': diet pills that prevent the body from absorbing some of the fat and cholesterol in food. Jackie R. See and William E. Shell, two cardiologists who founded See/ Shell Biotechnology Inc. in Los Angeles, won a patent this week for what they call ''Fat Magnets'': diet pills that prevent the body from absorbing some of the fat and cholesterol in food. The ''magnet'' in each pill is bovine bile, the liquid secreted by the liver that attaches to fats and cholesterol. Ordinarily, bile serves as a carrier that transports fat molecules into the bloodstream. In making the pills, however, the inventor has attached the bile to cellulose, a nondigestible fiber. As a result, Dr. Shell said, the compound binds to five times it weight in fat molecules and passes out of the body through excretion. Dr. Shell, who is also an associate clinical professor of cardiology at the University of California at Los Angeles, said the pills had been submitted for testing in both animals and humans at independent labaoratories. In one case, he reported, patients who took the pill while on a 1,200 calorie-a-day diet lost an average of 8.1 pounds after three weeks. Patients on the same diet who took placebos lost only 3.8 pounds. He also said that in a separate study, with 14 volunteers, cholesterol levels dropped about 5 percent in one week. Dr. Shell said that because the pills were made from only natural ingredients, the Food and Drug Administration had thus far not considered them a drug that requires testing for safety and efficacy. The pills are being manufactured under license by DNF Industries of Orange, Calif., and have been on the market for 18 months. Dr. Shell and Dr. See, an assistant clinical professor at the University of California at Irvine, received patent 4,865,850. | Patents; Diet Pills Said to Curb Fat and Cholesterol |
285587_1 | ''Plan to Revamp Special Education Draws Criticism,'' Aug. 6: The article about proposed changes in New Jersey's special-education program made clear the complex issues that have to be addressed in educating perceptually impaired, handicapped and emotionally disabled students. However, it largely ignored the positive impact the reorganization might have on the ever increasing number of unclassified students who are marginally functioning. As psychiatric consultant for several South Jersey districts, I am aware that an increasing number of school-age children need ''special'' help, yet might not fit neatly into one of our current classifications. The magnitude and multitude of problems that children face growing up in our contemporary culture is staggering. This alone creates a tremendous need for attention, guidance and nurturing during the school day. On the grade school level, most districts are seeing an increase in the need for special services. Partly, this is because of early detection of perceptual and emotional difficulties. It is also due to an increasing number of children in this age group who are at special risk: children born prematurely; children born to addicted mothers; children of unwed teen-age mothers who did not themselves complete school; children who live in poverty or are homeless; and children who are abused. I have seen a dramatic change between 1985 and 1989 on the high school scene. Four short years ago, my typical evaluation might have been for depression, anxiety or slipping grades. Now, a consultation is quite often prompted by violent behavior, a suicide attempt, a threat on a teacher's life or drug abuse. It is a daily heartbreak to work with these students. Many receive little or no parenting. Others live for the moment without hopes or dreams for the future. And still others are violent, threatening or impulsive. It leads me to wonder how society can expect schools to fill this void: there is, after all, no easy ''school intervention'' that can solve the difficulties of the pregnant 15-year-old, the addicted 10-year-old or the homeless and disheveled 8-year-old. Will revamping special education mean that more of our children can get help, advice and support during the school day? Will we really give our teachers and school administrators the necessary time, money, community support and training to accomplish this? I fervently hope so, as so many of our students are very much in need with nowhere else to turn. MARY ANN AGER, M.D. Cherry Hill | An Increasing Need For Special Education |
285499_2 | Blood'' for 11 years, is himself the child of a white mother and a Potawatomi Indian father. Over all in 1987, about 39 percent of the mixed-race children were born of black-white unions; 36 percent were born of Asian-white unions and about 18 percent were born of Indian-white unions. The remaining 6 to 7 percent were mixed-race children born of Asian-black or black-Indian unions. Wrenching Search for Identity The new policy of the National Center for Health Statistics will have only minimal impact on the Census Bureau's population statistics, on private or government job application forms or school and college application forms, almost all of which allow a a person to identify his own race. No American birth certificate lists the race of an individual, though they do list parents' races. For people, particularly adolescents, who fall between the definitions, the search for a racial identity can be wrenching, often involving conscious or unconscious denial of one parent. ''In our society, when everybody wants you to have a label, there isn't any label for mixed children,'' said Jewelle Gibbs, a clinical psychologist and an associate professor at the University of California at Berkeley. ''These labels are important and our society is one where ethnicity is a very important part of someone's identity, said Professor Gibbs. ''It determines in large part how you are perceived by others, particularly if you are perceptibly black.'' Professor Gibbs, who with Lark Wang, wrote ''Children of Color,'' a new book published by Jossey Bass Inc. that is aimed at mental-health professionals, said the mixed-race child will want to identify with a white parent instead of a minority parent at least until adolescence. Children With Torn Loyalties ''But particularly at adolescence the reality sinks in that society labels and defines you as a minority,'' Professor Gibbs said. ''That's when a lot of the problems begin for a mixed-race child - the feeling ambivalent about your identity, feeling like a marginal person, having torn loyalties.'' In adolescence, often in college years, the child's sense of identity shifts from the majority group to the minority group, she said. ''I don't know if it's my daughter's fortune or misfortune,'' said Gabriella Grosz's mother, Candice Mills. ''But if you could see her you would not know what to classify her. When people find out she has a black mother, they are amazed. Her hair is beautiful straight hair. Gabriella is | Mixed-Race Generation Emerges but Is Not Sure Where It Fits |
285712_0 | LEAD: I AM a 40-year-old physically disabled woman. I've been disabled since birth and get around on crutches or in a wheelchair. I have an undergraduate degree in sociology and a graduate degree in education, and I'm employed as a switchboard operator at the headquarters of a local bank. I enjoy going out with friends, writing and listening to soft rock music. I AM a 40-year-old physically disabled woman. I've been disabled since birth and get around on crutches or in a wheelchair. I have an undergraduate degree in sociology and a graduate degree in education, and I'm employed as a switchboard operator at the headquarters of a local bank. I enjoy going out with friends, writing and listening to soft rock music. Over the years I've observed that many people who are not disabled tend to regard those who are as an enigma. They are uncomfortable in our presence, they don't know how to act, what to say or not to say and they don't even know what to call us. My purpose in writing this is to inform the nondisabled population, young and old. I want to advise on the currently acceptable reference terminology, to correct some gross misconceptions by citing situations in which I have been involved with the nondisabled, and to offer solutions to make future encounters mutually pleasant. Further, I want to stress the similarities between disabled and nondisabled people, for they outweigh the differences. Are we disabled, are we handicapped or are we just people? People who, by virtue of a congenital abnormality, chronic debilitaing illness or accident at some point in our lives have body parts that don't function as they should. The currently acceptable term in rehabilitation circles is ''people with disabilities,'' the emphasis being on the person first, their disability, second. I find the term to be a mouthful but whatever term you prefer, please remember that disabled people, like nondisabled, are all members of the human race. Usually a child's introduction to society and interaction with other children comes when he or she begins school. I attended special education classes and had tutors at home for my elementary schooling. Aside from relatives and neighborhood children, I had little contact with nondisabled children until I attended high school. Because of a hip fusion in the early '60's, I can sit only in my wheelchair, which has an extended back for my | The Bridges Between Able and Disabled |
280816_4 | while simplifying Federal subsidy programs. A bill in the United States Senate would try to make current spending more efficient, but it would not increase overall Federal spending. . It has 54 sponsors, including its initiator, Senator John H. Chafee, Republican of Rhode Island. A House version of the bill, sponsored by Representative Henry A. Waxman, Democrat of California, has less support, and its future is less certain. Pennsylvania officials estimate that if the Senate bill becomes law their state will get $125 million and $200 million a year in additional Federal subsidies for community- and home-based care, respectively. The state budget for mental retardation services this year is $791.4 million, up from $760.7 million last year. Nationally, Pennsylvania ranks 13th in per capita spending on retardation. But even if Pennsylvania and other states had enough money, there is a question of whether enough suitable programs could be developed. ''There are pilot programs, scattered around the country, for the mentally retarded living at home, but they are islands of excellence in a sea of need,'' said Dr. Van Vandergriff, deputy director of the Quality Assurance Monitoring Group, a private corporation appointed by Federal courts to monitor Louisiana's compliance with court orders on care of the retarded in institutions. Dr. Vandergriff is a New Orleans specialist in retardation. A Patient and a Family Since the Philadelphia program's money ran out, David Brian Fialkowski, 27 years old, has sat in his family's living room, most of the time clutching two green tennis balls. He is severely retarded and has cerebal palsy that impaired his legs. He attended special education programs in public school until he was 23, and, after a two-year wait, he took physical therapy. He now has nowhere to go and nothing to do. ''David really misses his program,'' said Leona Fialkowski, his mother, ''and he desperately needs physical therapy because the tendons in his legs don't extend.'' Mrs. Fialkowski and her husband, Marion, a retired factory worker, raised David and nine older children in a two-bedroom house in Bridesburg, a poor section of Philadelphia. ''I know the cost of these programs is awful,'' she said, ''but what are we to do? I'm 66. I've had two strokes, and I've got such bad arthritis I sometimes can't move for days. Daddy is 77 - and he's had two cancer operations. We can't do much for David.'' The only option, placing | Suit Over Care for Retarded May Bring Wider Challenges |
280767_5 | has been able to duplicate all of them.'' Sugar adds bulk and texture to baked goods and caramelizes at high temperatures to add a distinct color and fresh-baked aroma. In addition, scientists said, sugar has a preservative effect and helps to prevent spoilage, helps determine the freezing point of ice cream, and serves as food for fermenting organisms important in making things like alcoholic beverages, bread and pickles. Another reason for numerous sweeteners is the discovery 20 years ago that combinations of low-calorie sweeteners can produce sweetness that is greater than the sum of the individual products. Combinations can also help cancel out unpleasant aftertastes of some of the compounds and flavors can be manipulated to find what is best for different products. Saccharin, which was discovered in 1879 and was declared a safe food in World War I, was the lone artificial sweetener until 1951, when the F.D.A. approved cyclamate as a food additive. But in 1970 the F.D.A. banned cyclamate when tests indicated large doses caused bladder tumors in rats. Later, other rodent studies linked saccharin to bladder tumors and the F.D.A. proposed banning it in 1977. Faced with the prospect of having no artificial sweetener on the market, a public outcry arose and Congress placed a moratorium on the ban to allow more research. Later Cyclamate Studies Further studies appear to have exonerated cyclamate of any cancer risk and the F.D.A. said in May that it is considering reapproving the sweetener, which is still used in 50 countries, perhaps as early as next year. The agency said it was evaluating studies that show a weak link between the chemical and adverse blood pressure effects, possible genetic damage and reduced testes size in animals. Aspartame, under the brand name NutraSweet, was approved in 1981 for tabletop and other uses, and its uses were expanded to carbonated beverages in 1983. The product, made by the Nutrasweet Company, a division of the Monsanto Corporation in St. Louis, rapidly became the nation's leading sugar substitute. Last year the F.D.A. approved acesulfame potassium as a calorie-free sweetener. The chemical, marketed under the name Sunette by the Hoechst Celanese Corporation, in Somerville, N.J., is 200 times sweeter than sugar. Sunette, which is not metabolized by the body, is approved for dry mixes, but the manfacturer has not petitioned for its use in beverages and baked goods. While the F.D.A. said no health problems | For Dieters With a Sweet Tooth, Scientists Offer New Choices |
287019_0 | LEAD: Seeing Voices A Journey Into the World of the Deaf By Oliver Sacks Illustrated. 180 pages. University of California Press. $15.95. I Raise My Eyes to Say Yes A Memoir By Ruth Sienkiewicz-Mercer and Steven B. Kaplan Illustrated. 225 pages. A Richard Todd Book/Houghton Mifflin. $17.95. Seeing Voices A Journey Into the World of the Deaf By Oliver Sacks Illustrated. 180 pages. University of California Press. $15.95. I Raise My Eyes to Say Yes A Memoir By Ruth Sienkiewicz-Mercer and Steven B. Kaplan Illustrated. 225 pages. A Richard Todd Book/Houghton Mifflin. $17.95. Reading about two different worlds of the handicapped - deafness and cerebral palsy - you quickly learn that being handicapped should not imply that a person with a physical disability isn't mentally sharp. In fact, it often works the other way: if part of the body doesn't respond normally, the mind seems to compensate by developing greater instinctual awareness. Human communication is heightened because it is so much more precious to someone who cannot hear or who is confined to a wheelchair. Both books under review and a third in the same field of rehabilitative medicine (''Going the Distance: Living a Full Life with Multiple Sclerosis and Other Debilitating Diseases,'' by Moira Griffin, published by Dutton) appear at a time when there is renewed attention to equality of access in buildings, schools and the workplace for the physically impaired. In a symbolic touch earlier this month, a sign-language interpreter for the first time translated a Senate debate for hearing-impaired viewers at home on a bill that bars discrimination against disabled Americans. In ''Seeing Voices,'' Oliver Sacks, professor of neurology at the Albert Einstein College of Medicine, takes a fresh look at deafness and sign language. As he demonstrated in the best-selling ''The Man Who Mistook His Wife for a Hat,'' Dr. Sacks has a strong narrative sense. Fortunately, he now turns his keen eye on what it means to be deaf. After reading his latest book, it will not be possible to watch deaf people communicate without gaining new respect for their language abilities. ''To be deaf, to be born deaf, places one in an extraordinary situation,'' he writes. ''It exposes one to a range of linguistic possibilities, and hence to a range of intellectual and cultural possibilities, which the rest of us, as native speakers in a world of speech, can scarcely even begin to imagine. | Books of The Times; Two Accounts of What It Means to Be Disabled |
287049_0 | LEAD: To the Editor: To the Editor: Your editorial ''Forest Murder: Ours and Theirs - Brazil's Season of Shame'' (Sept. 20), on the burning of the Amazon forest, is inaccurate, naive and does not help the serious efforts that are being made in Brazil to stop it. What has taken place in that area in the last 15 years is indeed disgraceful, since the development projects encouraged by Government incentives proved to be uneconomic and not sustainable in the medium term. That does not mean land speculation has not enriched a handful of the privileged. However, the approval of new incentives has been stopped as of 1988 and the Government must be credited for that. As a result, deforestation has been decreasing and 1989 promises to be a particularly good year in that respect, although a lot of burning still takes place due mostly to ancient agricultural practices (queimadas) in the cerrado region, or already deforested areas. The total cleared area in the Amazon region was measured by the Brazilian Space Research Institute in 1988, and it is close to 5 percent, not 12 percent as frequently quoted in World Bank reports. The naivete in your editorial lies in the idea that ''extractivism'' of fruits, rubber and raw materials for medical or beauty products can yield good economic results. That might indeed be true on a small scale, but it ignores the fact that in a free enterprise system it is difficult to avoid exploitation of others by a few rich landowners, as is the case in the Amazon area. Destructive burning in the Amazon region (as contrasted with the queimadas, which are not destructive in the same sense) has to stop. The burning contributes some 4 percent to the world's present carbon dioxide emissions, and efforts to reduce emissions in other countries are also needed. Brazilians will need real help, not admonitions, to open up new development options for the population already in place. Acting otherwise is hypocrisy! JOSE GOLDEMBERG Sao Paulo, Brazil, Sept. 22, 1989 The writer is the rector of the University of Sao Paulo. | Letter: On Ecology; Help Brazil Preserve the Amazon |
281514_0 | LEAD: The Senate approved sweeping legislation tonight that would prohibit discrimination against disabled Americans, including AIDS victims, in employment, access to public accommodations, transportation and communication services. The Senate approved sweeping legislation tonight that would prohibit discrimination against disabled Americans, including AIDS victims, in employment, access to public accommodations, transportation and communication services. The measure passed on a 76-to-8 vote with all the opposition coming from conservative Republicans. The House version of the bill is expected to win passage within the next few months and President Bush is expected to sign the resulting legislation. The bill is the product of months of negotiation by the Bush Administration, the business community and groups representing the disabled. Enormous Costs Cited Business and trade organizations have raised concerns about the legislation's enormous potential costs and the possibility of legal tangles, but they have generally lined up to support it. Most politicians, reluctant to be seen as being opposed to the needs of the disabled, have done the same. Under the legislation, disablility is broadly defined as ''a physical or mental impairment that substantially limits one or more of the major life activities of an individual.'' To assist such activities, both private employers and public agencies might be required to install ramps, elevators and other special equipment in buildings or vehicles, as well as add things like hearing devices to telephone equipment. Dispute Over Who Is Included In addition to covering people with commonly recognized disabilities like paralysis, blindness or hearing loss, the bill's definition includes people who, while not technically disabled, may have disfigurements or characteristics that cause them to face discrimination or barriers because others perceive them as impaired - for example, somebody with severe scars from old burns. The bill also covers people already ill with AIDS as well as those infected with its virus. Because the definitions are so broad, sponsors have estimated the bill could affect some 43 million people, or one out of every six Americans. The bill's backers described it as a long overdue effort to extend civil rights to a segment of society not previously covered. ''For too long individuals with disabilities have been excluded, segregated and otherwise denied equal, effective and meaningful opportunity to participate in the economic and social mainstream of American life,'' said Senator Tom Harkin, the Iowa Democrat who is the chief sponsor of the mesaure. ''It is time we eliminated these | Senate Adopts Sweeping Measure To Protect Rights of the Disabled |
281495_2 | retarded teen-agers in Orange and Ulster Counties. The children will attend homeroom, gym and lunch with the rest of the school's 735 students. Integrating handicapped children into regular classrooms is a national trend that most New York schools have resisted. Of the 3.1 million school-age children in the state, about 25,000 are mentally retarded. Only a fraction of those, however, have been integrated into regular public school classes. ''New York is the most segregated state in the country in terms of special-education programs,'' said Dr. Jay Gottlieb, an educational psychologist at New York University who helped Warwick Valley create its new program. ''There's no reason these kids should not be in a public high school.'' School officials here have been working hard to prepare for Jodi and her classmates. Over the summer, district officials and Dr. Gottlieb met with the high school's teachers, administrators and staff for ''sensitivity sessions'' intended to dispel stereotypes about the handicapped and replace them with information about their actual capabilities and limitations. Students volunteered to serve as ''buddies'' to help the new students around. ''It's a schoolwide effort,'' said Brad Gibson, the district's director of pupil personnel services. Wednesday was the big day, the first day of school. Hallways swirled with bodies. Friends showed off new clothes and new shoes. Freshmen looked like freshmen: totally lost. In Room 19, Medie Ann Close, the special-education teacher, dealt with first-day jitters by having Jodi and her classmates describe their feelings. ''Happy,'' said Jodi, who is tall with glasses and whose brown hair is tied in a ponytail. ''Nervous and confused,'' said Amy. ''Hyped up,'' said Colleen. ''Worried,'' said John. For these students, the toughest part of school isn't mastering algebra or French verb conjugations. It's little things like remembering the combination to a hall locker, choosing between the salad bar and the hamburger line in the cafeteria, and dealing with money instead of a ticket to pay for lunch. ''It's O.K. to be confused. It's O.K. to be nervous. You're going to be just fine,'' said Ms. Close, a teacher who knows just when to coax and just when to calm. The first day did go fine. In gym, they found out where the swimming pool was. At lunch, they discovered there is a north cafeteria and a south cafeteria. They also discovered something about themselves. ''I like the atmosphere here,'' Amy said. ''I'm not scared anymore.'' | Our Towns; Jodi's in School And, You See? Not So Different |
281455_1 | procedures, and adherence to safety procedures were found within the weapons department, the exhaustive tests and duplication of the type of blast that occurred have conclusively demonstrated that these shortcomings did not cause the explosion. Accountability for the identified shortcomings will be addressed in the cases of those officers and petty officers responsible for the associated duties. At the time of the incident, the center gun room of Turret 2 was fully manned with four individuals. Confronted with evidence that brought into question a possible wrongful act, the Naval Investigative Service (N.I.S.) conducted an exhaustive investigation into the backgrounds and recent behavior of not only center gun room personnel but of all relevant U.S.S. Iowa crew members. Results of those interviews and other circumstantial evidence are contained within the enclosures to this report. For purposes of completeness, additional exhibits submitted by N.I.S. since 28 July 1989 are included in enclosure (295). Laboratory Tests The thought of an intentional, wrongful act is repugnant to all professional seagoing men and women; however, this consideration had to be pursued when information surfaced that introduced its possibility. Extensive laboratory tests using optical and electron microscopy revealed the existence of foreign elements not normally present in the 16-inch gun charge. An attempt by separate F.B.I. analysis to correlate these elements with material associated with an improvised explosive device proved inconclusive (exhibit 306 of enclosure 295). Additional hard factual evidence such as the position of the projectile/powder rammer and the subsequent delay in retracting the rammer to allow closing of the breech provides credibility to the theory that an intentional human act caused the ignition of the powder charge. The critical controlling station within Turret 2 to allow the aforementioned factors to occur was that of the center gun captain. These factors, when combined with circumstantial evidence associated with the individual manning that gun captain position at the time of the explosion, strongly suggest that an intentional human act most probably caused the premature ignition. The evidence amassed includes; (1) irrefutable facts on conditions in the center gun room at the instant of the explosion, such as the position of the rammer, (2) the fact GMG2 Clayton M. Hartwig was in the gun captain position, and (3) significant circumstantial evidence documenting the life style and thought patterns of GMG2 Hartwig over a lengthy period of time. Most Likely Cause The combination of these factors leads me | Excerpts From Iowa Blast Findings |
281509_0 | LEAD: The Department of Energy announced yesterday that it will reopen one of its crippled nuclear reactors late next year, resuming the production of tritium, a perishable gas vital to nuclear weapons, after a two-year hiatus. But the department refused to commit itself to completing safety testing or an environmental analysis before reopening the South The Department of Energy announced yesterday that it will reopen one of its crippled nuclear reactors late next year, resuming the production of tritium, a perishable gas vital to nuclear weapons, after a two-year hiatus. But the department refused to commit itself to completing safety testing or an environmental analysis before reopening the South Carolina plant. The schedule represents a defeat for the department, which has been seeking to reopen the reactors at the weapons complex as soon as possible. The reopening would apparently come two years before the department finishes a tower that would cool 190-degree water, which in the past has been released into a nearby stream, killing fish and plant life. In briefings for members of Congress, the department refused to say whether it would complete testing of the reactor for cracks with ultrasonic probes, or complete an environmental statement, before the reopening. In addition, thousands of problems have to be evaluated before the 35-year-old reactor can be run. Westinghouse Plan Approved In a brief public statement, the department said that Secretary of Energy James D. Watkins had approved a plan submitted by the Westinghouse Electric Corporation, the contractor that operates the 300-square-mile Savannah River Site, near Aiken, S.C., to reopen the K reactor late next year, with two other reactors reopening at three-month intervals. The department had complained in July to Westinghouse, which operates the site for the Government, that the company's earlier target for reopening in September 1990 was too late. Mr. Watkins, a retired admiral, is struggling to restore a crippled network of 17 weapons plants in 12 states that suffers from massive decay and environmental problems. The Departments of Energy and Defense said in October 1988 that unless one reactor was restarted by the end of that year, the readiness of the nation's nuclear arsenal could be compromised. Tritium is used in both fission bombs and fusion bombs. The department did not say whether the reactor would go into a full-power operation. The power level was cut three times in the mid-1980's, as successive reviews demonstrated that the | Making of Gas for A-Bombs Scheduled to Resume in 1990 |
285289_1 | taken private in 1987 by its owner, the New York investment firm of Clayton & Dubilier Inc. Under antitrust laws, the transaction must be approved by American and Canadian regulators. In buying Uniroyal Goodrich, Michelin is adding to its expanding sales and marketing muscle in the United States and strengthening its competitive position in an industry that crosses international boundaries. Strong in Private Labels Uniroyal Goodrich has had particular strength in the private-label market, supplying tires to retail chains. That is a growing area of the business in which Michelin, which already sells to Sears, Roebuck & Company, has long sought a deeper foothold. For Uniroyal Goodrich, the acquisition will enable the company to modernize at a faster pace, using the vast financial resources of the French tire giant, which is also known for its red travel guides to hotels and restaurants and its green guides to tourist sites. Uniroyal Goodrich's plants -five in the United States and two in Canada - are generally considered less efficient than those of its leading competitors. And because of its huge debt, the company has not been able to keep pace in capital spending or research and development. ''Michelin is getting a stronger presence in the United States,'' said a senior executive of a European tire company that once considered buying Uniroyal Goodrich. ''But they are getting a fantastically high level of debt that makes one question whether it will be worth it.'' Two Venerable Names Nonetheless, Michelin is acquiring a company that includes two venerable tire names. Uniroyal Goodrich comprises the tire operations of the former B. F. Goodrich Company, which made the first tire for passenger automobiles in 1896, and of the former Uniroyal Inc. In recent years, the B. F. Goodrich brand has developed a reputation for high-performance tires. Uniroyal is known as a large supplier to the American automobile industry. It is the largest supplier to the General Motors Corporation. The tire operations of Uniroyal were acquired by Clayton & Dubilier in 1985. Those operations were merged with the tire business of B. F. Goodrich a year later when Goodrich formed a 50-50 partnership with Clayton & Dubilier. But after management problems and difficulties in fusing the two staffs, Clayton & Dubilier bought Goodrich's 50 percent stake in 1987 for about $250 million. German and Italian Moves The Michelin acquisition of Uniroyal Goodrich follows the purchase last year of | Michelin to Acquire Uniroyal Goodrich |
285287_0 | LEAD: A report issued today by the United States Commission on Civil Rights asserts that children born with severe disabilities ''continue to be denied'' adequate medical treatment in violation of Federal anti-discrimination law. A report issued today by the United States Commission on Civil Rights asserts that children born with severe disabilities ''continue to be denied'' adequate medical treatment in violation of Federal anti-discrimination law. The report, published after several delays and four years of internal debate over whether the issue should be studied by the commission, does not document the number of children who may have been victims of such discrimination. Robert A. Destro, a commission member, defended the report even though it lacked hard numbers. He estimated there may have been hundreds of such cases. ''Illegal discrimination in the provision of medical treatment, food and fluids still remains a significant civil rights problem for children with disabilities,'' he said. Dissent by the Chairman While the report was endorsed by seven of the eight members of the panel, the commission chairman, William Barclay Allen, characterized its lack of evidence today as irresponsible. Mr. Destro conceded that the report's conclusions were based largely on an extrapolation of data compiled in a 1987 survey by the Department of Health and Human Services' infant care review committees at 10 hospitals. That survey, by the department's office of inspector general, identified 20 to 36 severely handicapped newborns and found that only three of them were reported to state child protective agencies as potential cases in which infants needed court protection to save their lives because they had been denied treatment. The author of the department's survey, Joy Quill, a deputy regional inspector general, said today about the report: ''I don't think they could draw that conclusion. That's really a great leap and not justified from what we found.'' Mr. Allen, in an interview today, agreed with that assessment, saying that the report was based mostly on old data and ''did not contain any information whatever as to the rate of incidence of medical neglect'' of handicapped newborns. Also missing, he said, were any ''raw numbers of the total births and deaths of severely afflicted infants in the United States.'' But other commissioners asserted that it should be viewed positively if only to refocus Government attention on a long unresolved debate over whether severely handicapped newborns should be denied treatment or nourishment and allowed | Rights Panel Is Critical of Care of Disabled Newborns |
282437_1 | for outpatient rehabilitation. Most are physically disabled from causes such as fractures, sprains, musculoskeletal and connective-tissue diseases, cardiovascular disease, paralysis and amputation. Our clients include those who have suffered stroke, head injury, spinal cord injury, visual and hearing impairment, and mental illness. Services include diagnosis and treatment by physicians (in psychiatry, neurology, internal medicine, orthopedics, ophthalmology, otolaryngology), physical therapy, occupational therapy, behavioral medicine, prosthetics and orthotics. Our most recent study on lengths of stay shows: * Average duration of treatment was 64 visits over seven months. * Twenty-seven percent of clients had a single diagnosis, including nonparalytic-orthopedic impairment, neuromotor-neuromuscular, brain dysfunction, missing extremities, disfigurement and heart disease; 73 percent had multiple diagnoses. Clearly, the Medicaid utilization threshold of 14 visits in a benefit year is not applicable to the needs of the vast majority of the disabled we serve. Waivers to exceed the 14-visit cap would need to be submitted for all of our Medicaid clients, estimated at more than 1,000 annually. Valuable staff time would be needlessly squandered on waiver-related work. My agency does not provide pharmacy services, primary medical care, dental care or laboratory services. I am concerned about the potential impact threshold ceilings may have on our clients' access to these services. For example, more than 25 percent of our clients have mental-emotional disabilities as a primary or secondary diagnosis and often require continuing medication. With prescriptions limited to 60 a year, medication disruptions are certain. Further, we recommend to all our clients that they have a primary (outpatient) medical care provider. Usually, this is a hospital-based clinic (for example, Bellevue's clinic) because private physicians rarely accept Medicaid clients. I fear that few clinics will be equipped to cope with the waiver system, will likely deny care and will, as a result, drive clients to emergency rooms and costly inpatient programs. The goal of the Social Services Department must be to help disadvantaged New Yorkers become self-sufficient - to secure employment and, if that is not feasible, to help people at least to live independently outside of institutions. The Medicaid program has made it possible for the disadvantaged to become self-sufficient despite disability and illness. It is important that access to Medicaid be improved, not reduced, as it would surely be if the Medicaid utilization threshold program is allowed to be implemented. JOHN B. WINGATE, Executive Director International Center for the Disabled New York, Aug. 23, 1989 | Medicaid Rationing Will Cost More in the End; Rescind the Program |
283187_0 | LEAD: One-third of the new graduates of New York University Law School have decided to donate part of their income to a fund to enhance salaries of law graduates who take public service jobs. One-third of the new graduates of New York University Law School have decided to donate part of their income to a fund to enhance salaries of law graduates who take public service jobs. The idea is to encourage law graduates to choose careers in public service law despite its low pay and despite tuition debts they may owe, This is the work of the Public Service Fellowship Fund, whose 12 organizers say they modeled it on one begun at Harvard Law School 10 years ago as well as on a fellowship started in 1988 by Skadden, Arps, Slate, Meagher & Flom, a top New York law firm. Students were encouraged to contribute 1 percent of their salary each year for the first five years. One graduate has given $5,000, which is being matched personally by the law school's dean, John Sexton, and James Eustice, a tax professor. $225,000 Is Already Pledged Already, a third of the May 1989 graduates have agreed to pledge a total of $225,000. The first fellowship is to be awarded in December. With that fund, the law school expects to quadruple its efforts in helping public service careers. This week, Mel Weiss, a 1959 N.Y.U. Law alumnus who is a New York securities lawyer, announced a gift of $250,000 to back public service fellowships and agreed to lead an effort to raise $5 million for the law school. The organizers of the program include John F. Kennedy Jr., a member of the graduating class. Next year, the organizers say, they hope to establish more than four $30,000 fellowships in public service. Five-Year Commitment ''This sends to students a very clear message,'' said an organizer, Jeremy Ben-Ami, a third-year law student. ''It says that there are ways of pursuing a career in public service and have your peers support you.'' The students are asked for a five-year commitment rather than a commitment for one year, as at other law schools. And New York University's administration has agreed not to conduct any more fund raising among the contributors until the five-year period has passed. Like many top law schools, N.Y.U. has found it difficult to encourage graduates to enter government or other public service. | N.Y.U. Offers a Boost Toward Public Service |
283274_3 | were on the front and back of the body. ''Among other possibilities,'' the report stated, ''the foregoing bruises are consistent with causation by impacts with a nightstick or similar instrument or some other modality of blunt trauma.'' Commenting on the autopsy, the commander of the inspectional services bureau of the police, Chief Daniel F. Sullivan, said, ''It appears at least based on what the Medical Examiner told us, any restraint the cops did in handcuffing Mr. Hughes had no bearing on the death.'' Inquiry by Prosecutor The officers in the incident, relieved of their weapons and shields, remain on modified assignment and have refused to discuss the case while it is being investigated, police officials said. A spokesman for the Bronx District Attorney's office said it was continuing an inquiry into Mr. Hughes's death. The spokesman, Edward McCarthy, said a decision whether to put the case before a grand jury would be made after evaluating witnesses' accounts and reviewing the official autopsy report and an independent pathology report commissioned by Mr. Hughes's family. Dr. Dawson, as well as other pathologists familiar with the public report and press accounts of the incident, said strenuous police actions in restraining Mr. Hughes were likely to have contributed to his death. At least one witness told reporters that an arresting officer stood on Mr. Hughes's neck while he was lying face down on the sidewalk. The autopsy report describes facial scrapes and bruises, but said the absence of neck injuries ''negated'' the likelihood that the action described by the witness could have caused death by asphyxiation. 'Prolonged Struggle' With Police Other pathologists, including Dr. Werner Spitz, professor of forensic pathology at the Wayne State University Medical School in Detroit, said the action described by the witness could have sufficiently restricted respiration to cause death when coupled with cocaine intoxication. Such an action would not necessarily leave neck injuries, he said. Dr. Dawson, who said he had not reviewed the detailed toxicological findings or independently interviewed witnesses, said that assuming a significant level of cocaine in body tissues, ''the fact that the person was in a prolonged struggle with the police before his death is highly relevant, because that is part of the process that leads to exhaustion and cardiac arrest.'' ''These violent encounters with the police are probably the worst thing in the world that can happen to such an individual,'' Dr. Dawson said. | Bronx Suspect Died From Cocaine, Not Injuries, Autopsy Report Says |
286396_8 | career programs, to give them a clearer picture of the work place. ''A lot of students here just need someone to look up to,'' said Trina Williams, a 16-year-old junior at Redford High School, where she is a member of the varsity tennis team and a good student. ''I went back to my eighth-grade class one day and saw the same thing there. How do you talk about jobs and school when the person they look up to most is a drug dealer?'' To help address the growing shortage of skilled workers in Michigan, the Governor's Commission on Jobs and Economic Development formed a study group of employers last spring, who then composed an inventory of the kinds of skills that businesses say they will require of young people coming into the labor market. While the foundation of the report involved academic skills, like the ability to read graphs, charts and displays, and to write, read and understand the language in which business is conducted, most of it the report addressed the developmment of better personal management and teamwork skills. It said schools must do a better job turning out workers who exercise a sense of responsiblity, are fair and honest, demonstrate self control, show pride in their work and are able to function well in groups. Broad Changes May Be Needed To develop these kinds of skills better, said Gary R. Bachula, a co-author of the report, public schools may have to make changes that go well beyond tougher academic standards and more time in the classroom. ''We may eventually have to move toward more flexibility, more site-based management in the classroom, the same way the American manufacturing process has changed in recent years,'' he said. But among some of the products, and the failures, of the urban public school system, there is a great deal of doubt about how much substantial change is possible. James Snow is 25, a high school dropout who, after four years in the Marines and a succession of jobs as a security guard, is now enrolled in the machinists' training program with Gaylon Jefferson. ''I have a 3-year-old daughter of my own,'' Mr. Snow said. ''I've been in the Detroit public schools, and I think I know what the answer is. I'm going to put my child in Catholic schools. There is no way she will go to the schools I did.'' EDUCATION | Schools Trying to Link Good Jobs and Skills |
280934_1 | findings may not apply to younger women who took the pill throughout their teens and early 20's. The researchers also noted that the women in their study are only beginning to enter the years when breast cancer is most common. Some experts worry that taking the pill during the early reproductive years may somehow increase the risk of breast cancer. Others note that the amount and ratio of sex hormones in birth-control pills have changed since the pill's introduction in the early 1960's. ''The epidemiologists are all confused, myself included,'' said Dr. Samuel Shapiro of Boston University. In another study, he found that users under 45 who took oral contraceptives for 10 years or more had higher risks of breast cancer. A study from University Hospital in Lund, Sweden, found that women who took the pill while teen-agers in the 1960's have about five times the usual incidence of breast cancer before they reach menopause. An Oxford University study of women under 35 who had been early users of the pill found a 74 percent increase in the incidence of breast cancer after eight years. Effects May Be Very Different ''Our study does not directly contradict those studies,'' Dr. Willett said. ''It's possible that the effects really are different in very young women.'' The Harvard team plans this week to begin enrolling 100,000 to 150,000 nurses who are 25 through 43 in another study to include women who began taking the pill in their teens. The recently concluded 10-year study was published in Wednesday's issue of The Journal of the National Cancer Institute. Although the study examined other health and dietary issues, its primary purpose was to look for the effects of the pill on breast cancer. Forty-eight percent of the women had used oral contraceptives, but because of their age when the pill was introduced, most of them were over 25 when they started. While 1,799 of the participants developed breast cancer, there was no difference in the cancer rate between those who had taken the pill and those who had not. The study found about a 50 percent increase in the risk of breast cancer among women who took the pill after 40. Dr. Willett said this was ''biologically interesting'' but ''not of great practical importance.'' Because the pill increases the risk of heart attack among older women, those over 35 are generally urged not to use it. | STUDY DISCOUNTS PILL-CANCER LINK |
280976_1 | official of the United Nations Conference on Trade and Development, referring to the reductions in social spending and the drop in living standards the austerity measures have caused. That is one of the conclusions of the conference's annual report, scheduled for release Wednesday. The Geneva-based body is the main United Nations agency promoting the economic interests of the developing countries. The agency has often criticized the ways that industrialized countries have responded to economic conditions in poor nations. Foreign Debt The report says there is a troubling split in world economic performance. While healthy growth has continued, both in the industrialized countries and in several developing countries - mainly in eastern Asia - the economies of the developing countries of Africa and Latin America have stagnated or worsened. The report attributed much of their plight to their large foreign debts. Recent initiatives, particularly by the United States and France, to forgive part of the debt are ''extremely welcome and positive,'' Mr. Lawrence said. However the conference argued that these measures would provide only about half the minimum debt reduction needed to spur economic growth. The report examined the results of the adjustment programs adopted by the least developed countries to qualify for new I.M.F. loans. The United Nations has put 42 nations, with a combined population of more than 400 million, in this category. They all have very low per-capita income levels. The report found that of the 12 least developed countries, which have applied such programs for most of the 1980's, the growth rates of only three - Bangladesh, Gambia and Mali -were above the average for all the least developed countries. ''The adjustment programs in the least developed countries have so far produced mixed results and achieved, at most, limited success,'' the report said. Detrimental Effects The adjustment programs usually involve cutting public spending, devaluing the national currency to stimulate exports and reducing imports. By causing governments to reduce subsidies on food staples, such programs have provoked rioting, most recently in Venezuela. The report said that often the main result of these programs had been a contraction of economic activity. Currency devaluation ''had little effect in stimulating exports in the least developed countries, but certainly created hardship, particularly to vulnerable groups,'' by raising prices, the report said. What is needed, it continued, is increased debt relief, more flexible adjustment programs and better access to industrialized countries' import markets. | U.N. Critical of I.M.F. Austerity Plan |
279780_1 | detection device, defended the false alarm rate. He said spotting such small amounts of explosives in a suitcase would result in a rate of false alarms of about 10 to 15 percent. The normal false alarm rate of the device when used with an associated X-ray machine is about 2 percent, and, he said, ''the system is usable under these conditions.'' Dr. Gozani emphasized that the machine would have much more success evaluating a radio or other electronic device that concealed a small amount of explosives. Experts say the bomb that brought down Pan Am Flight 103 in December was in a radio. ''We will have extremely high detection capability'' for a radio sent through the machine on its own, Dr. Gozani said in a telephone interview from Santa Clara, Calif., where he is the chief scientist for the manufacurer of the detector, the Science Applications International Corporation. The F.A.A. on Wednesday ordered airlines to install the machines at 40 airports in the United States and abroad over two years. The agency has begun a test program that would use six of the machines, which cost about $750,000 each and are as big as a small truck. The first one has been installed at Trans World Airlines's baggage-handling area at Kennedy International Airport. Dr. Gozani said it is scanning luggage as it is calibrated. The machine in use at Kennedy ran tests on 12 simulated radio bombs and detected 10, this week's Science magazine said. Dr. Gozani said the tests were performed before full calibration of the machine, which bombards luggage with neutrons and analyzes gamma rays given off by different materials. ''The calibration has to be done at the airport,'' he said. Science magazine also reported that Lee Grodzins, a professor of physics at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology has called the device impractical for detection of small bombs. Noting that the F.A.A. rule came after the bombing of the Pan Am plane, Ms. Collins wrote to the agency, saying the machine ''has not demonstrated that it could have detected the bomb which brought down that plane.'' ''It is premature for the F.A.A. to make a 10-year committment requiring the airline industry to install one specific and very expensive technology which has disturbing limitations in its detection of plastic explosives - the explosives of choice of international terrorists,'' added Ms. Collins, who has scheduled a hearing about the device. | Excess Alarms Feared From Bomb Detector |
284520_0 | LEAD: INTERNATIONAL A3-15 The Vatican supported relocation of a Carmelite convent from the site of the Auschwitz death camp in Poland. It said it was willing to pay part of the cost of a new interfaith prayer center outside the camp. Page A1 INTERNATIONAL A3-15 The Vatican supported relocation of a Carmelite convent from the site of the Auschwitz death camp in Poland. It said it was willing to pay part of the cost of a new interfaith prayer center outside the camp. Page A1 Move applauded in U.S. A12 Vatican acts after persuading Glemp to ease stance A12 A U.S. move to advance arms talks with Moscow was announced by Secretary Baker. He rejected charges that the Bush Administration is cool to changes in the Eastern bloc. A1 President Gorbachev's new policy on the growing issue of nationalist agitation was announced. It invites conciliation but draws the line firmly against the separatist hopes. A8 Communists and foes back a multiparty in Hungary A14 Opposition forms in East Germany A9 Vietnam has intensified a crackdown in ideological and intellectual life, warning against Western subversion. Changes in the Communist world seem to have shocked the leadership. A1 Vietnamese says rebels have 23,000 troops in Cambodia A10 Deng, looking fit, sees a Japanese politician A13 Japan limits ships with huge nets A3 Man in the news: Joseph Garba, a Nigerian diplomat, was unanimously elected President of the 44th General Assembly of the United Nations. A3 Lebanon peace plan stalls as Christians insist Syrians go A9 French DC-10 lost over West Africa A5 220 DC-10 engines are to be inspected for possible defects A5 Namibia election rivals accuse Swapo of torturing detainees A15 NATIONAL A16-25, B6-9 A hurricane passed the Bahamas and inched its way north toward the East Coast of the United States. The storm has caused a lot of destruction but relatively few deaths. A1 Small storm nearby may sap Hugo B8 Consumer prices were unchanged in August, making it the first month in more than three years that the Consumer Price Index did not rise, the Labor Department reported. A1 New housing department policies, which Secretary Kemp plans to propose next month, include eliminating discretionary funds and requiring consultants to disclose fees. A1 Pierce considers citing the Fifth Amendment B6 An AIDS drug has had good results, said the director of a private study of the drug. But he warned | NEWS SUMMARY |
284628_0 | LEAD: EVEN as President Bush cheers Colombia's brave effort to stamp out exports of cocaine, others in the Administration are making it more difficult for Colombians to profit from exports of coffee and cut flowers. EVEN as President Bush cheers Colombia's brave effort to stamp out exports of cocaine, others in the Administration are making it more difficult for Colombians to profit from exports of coffee and cut flowers. Colombian farmers, driven from these legal markets, are not likely to turn to cultivating coca. Indeed, they could not: the soil and weather conditions in coffee and flower-growing regions are not right for coca. But these two crops are crucial sources of export earnings for Colombia. It seems an inopportune moment to make life more difficult for the nation's legitimate farmers and deprive the struggling nation of foreign exchange. Colombia does not grow much of the raw material used to make cocaine; it imports most of it from Peru and Bolivia. But the Medellin cartel controls most of the world's cocaine-manufacturing capacity. Much of the estimated $1.5 billion earned from cocaine is invested abroad and never finds its way back to Colombia, points out Peter Reuter, an economist at the Rand Corporation. But enough certainly does to provide work for tens of thousands in the city of Medellin, and to provide hundreds of millions of dollars to offset the country's bills for imports and foreign debt. Thus if current attempts to disrupt the cocaine trade are successful, Colombia, with a per capita income just one-fifteenth that of the United States, will be even harder pressed to met basic human needs. That is why American positions on coffee and flowers can make a significant difference. Colombia and the United States are both members of the International Coffee Agreement, a 74-nation group of producers and consumers that regulates coffee prices by regulating total exports. According to Takamasa Akiyama, an economist at the World Bank, the group has successfully stabilized prices in recent years, But in July the agreement collapsed when the organization refused to meet American demands. There was some reason for the demands, but rather than negotiate further, the United States pulled out. The United States delegation wanted an increase in export quotas for higher-quality arabica coffees, which Americans consume in disproportionate quantities. And it wanted tougher policing of exporters that cheat on the quotas: Mexico, Guatemala and Indonesia have reportedly been | Economic Scene; Fighting Cocaine, Coffee, Flowers |
284654_0 | LEAD: When visiting U.S. senators urged President Jose Sarney of Brazil earlier this year to stop the burning of the Amazon's wondrous rain forest, he asked: ''But what about Tongass?'' When visiting U.S. senators urged President Jose Sarney of Brazil earlier this year to stop the burning of the Amazon's wondrous rain forest, he asked: ''But what about Tongass?'' A shrewd question. For years the U.S. Government has subsidized the pointless, wasteful destruction of the Tongass National Forest - North America's largest temperate rain forest and, for biological value, the closest thing to the tropical rain forests of Latin America. The abuse of Tongass is hardly as calamitous as the rape of Rondonia. But it represents the kind of ecological recklessness that undercuts Washington's authority to lecture others. It is also a terrible deal for the taxpayer. Tongass covers much of Alaska's southern panhandle and is slightly larger than West Virginia. Its remote location and poor weather make logging uneconomical. Without Federal intervention it would likely have remained a sanctuary for bald eagles, grizzly bears, great stands of Sitka spruce and hemlock, salmon fishermen and occasional backpackers. In 1947, however, Congress authorized the Forest Service to sign 50-year contracts with timber companies that promised to build pulp mills and create jobs. In exchange the Forest Service would guarantee the mills a steady supply of Tongass timber at low prices. In 1980 Senator Ted Stevens fought successfully to lock in the deal. The pulp mills, one Japanese-owned, have been able to buy Tongass timber at prices averaging about $2 per 1,000 feet. The same timber, depending on quality, would fetch from $200 to $600 on the open market. In effect, the Forest Service has been selling 500-year-old trees for about the price of a cheeseburger. The Forest Service recovers only a fraction of the subsidy, which costs the taxpayers about $40 million a year. The companies note they'll pay higher prices under new contracts. But these prices will still be way below market. Alaska's Congressmen say the subsidy secures 1,500 jobs. But it would be cheaper just to pay each logger $36,000 a year - and it would protect the environment besides. Last summer the House passed a bill that would subject the subsidy to annual review, end the sweetheart 50-year contracts and create new wilderness areas. The prospects for a similar bill in the Senate are, as usual, gloomy. That's | Forest Murder: Ours and Theirs; Tongass Trees Aren't Cheeseburgers |
284565_0 | LEAD: To the Editor: To the Editor: ''Orange Juice, Not Cocaine'' (Editorial Notebook, Sept. 3) observes that our protectionist policy actually protects the raw material for cocaine and proposes that we make oranges a more attractive crop to Bolivian farmers. Protectionist American farm policies have not only damaged the economies of Bolivia, Colombia and Peru, but have also helped fuel America's greatest social problem -drugs. It might be worth thinking about protectionism's human, as well as economic, consequences. Your suggestion of oranges as an ideal substitute for coca plants is good. I submit that there is a better one - sugar. In 1983, the United States imported more than 200,000 tons of sugar from Bolivia, Colombia and Peru. Today we import less than 85,000 tons. Because of our sugar subsidy and import quota program, these three countries have seen their sugar exports to the United States slashed. According to the Department of Commerce, Bolivia, Colombia and Peru have lost more than $100 million in revenue between 1983 and 1987 because of our sugar program. In a Washington Monthly article two years ago, State Department officials warned the Reagan Administration that sugar farmers in tropical countries would practice an ''unfortunate style of crop diversification'' if sugar trade with the United States was cut. Diversify they did. Today, Colombia, Peru and Bolivia produce most of the cocaine coming into the United States. On Sept. 5, President Bush announced his $8 billion solution to the drug problem, with more than $300 million for military and economic assistance to these countries. The assistance is, no doubt, needed. But it might just be beneficial if we thought about enabling these farmers to make an honest living. If we buy their sugar again, we'd give them a good start. And we'd make sugar cheaper for the American consumer. Time, however, is running out. If we don't revamp our sugar program soon, Bolivia, Colombia and Peru (not to mention other countries that have traditionally exported sugar to the United States) could be cut out of the American market. Coca plants will be more attractive than ever. Clearly, just saying no to drugs could be a lot more effective if we said no more to the United States sugar program. THOMAS J. DOWNEY Member of Congress, 2d Dist., N.Y. Washington, Sept. 6, 1989 | Our Sugar Protectionism Spurs Coca Growing |
284650_1 | evolve are destroyed in a day. Moreover, the fires emit huge amounts of carbon dioxide, contributing to the feared warming of the atmosphere known as the greenhouse effect. The horrifying destruction does not even have the excuse of economic necessity. Most of the burning is by ranchers turning the forest to cattle pasture. But cattle rearing in the Amazon is inherently uneconomic. It persists only because of a web of subsidies and tax incentives offered by the Brazilian Government and Sudam, its agency for the development of Amazonia. The poor farmers who hope to hack a living out of the forests are invariably disappointed. When stripped of its trees, the land becomes inhospitable; the soil can support no more than a couple of years' crops. Then it turns to mud. Even then, the farmers and ranchers keep on clearing and burning. Forest land is taxed at a lower rate if the trees are cut down. Less than 1 percent of Brazil's forests had been cleared in 1975, but by last year 12 percent was gone. That is not the full extent of Brazil's folly. Instead of turning its natural patrimony into a desolation, it could be harvesting its biological riches at a profit. Only 5 percent of the trees are sold as lumber; the rest are burned or left to rot. Sustainable forestry and rubber tapping are only two of the profitable and benign alternatives. One hectare of forest in Peru, for example, has been found to produce fruit worth almost $650 a year and rubber yields of $50, according to Charles Peters of the New York Botanical Garden. That's even more than the $490 that he estimates is the sustainable value of its timber. Last year, when satellite photos recorded 170,000 fires in the western Amazon alone, President Jose Sarney called them a ''red light.'' Despite the world's growing horror, Mr. Sarney has done little to halt the annual torching that so besmirches Brazil's reputation. Mr. Sarney's Government, due to leave office in six months, presides over an irreparable ecological catastrophe, destroying the richest assemblage of plants and animals created in the planet's history. The Government pleads economic necessity; yet its projects are inherently uneconomic. It ignores alternative approaches that would provide income while preserving the forests. It encourages a desolation that will, unless the next government is wiser, become an enduring monument to the limits of human wisdom. | Forest Murder: Ours and Theirs; Brazil's Season of Shame |
284178_2 | mobilized. Somber Warning Gov. Rafael Hernandez-Colon, in a somber radio broadcast this afternoon, said Puerto Rico's fate lay ''in the providence of Almighty God.'' Information was sketchy from the islands already struck by the storm, which the Weather Service called the worst to strike the Caribbean since 1979. And with outlying areas cut off, it may be days before the full toll is known. At least one tiny island, La Desirade, was completely isolated, lacking even shortwave radio contact with the outside. Guadeloupe's government radio said five people were killed. In Paris, French officials also gave that figure. Neither report provided details. Jocelyne Vandvurdenghe, a French Government official in Martinique, said 80 people were reported to have been injured in Guadeloupe. Report of 155-M.P.H. Wind ''Overall, I get the reading that it is a very bad situation in Guadeloupe,'' said David J. Rosen, who was monitoring shortwave radio transmissions from the Caribbean at the United Nations headquarters in New York. ''Damage to property seems to be everywhere. One report said the wind got up to 155 miles per hour.'' The storm hit Guadeloupe shortly after midnight, tearing down power lines and interrupting the island's 30,700 telephones, Government radio and television and Telex service. Officials said the eye of the storm passed over St. Francois, a major tourist area on the eastern end of the island. The Mayor of the village of St. Francois, Ernest Moutoussamy, said on Radio Caraibe Internationale that ''there's nothing left of St. Francois,'' adding that several tourist hotels, notably the Meridien, were seriously damaged. Antigua, an island of 100,000 people just north of Guadeloupe, reported no deaths or serious injuries. But power was out, and shortwave radio operators said flooding there was extensive. #10-Inch Rains, 10-Foot Waves On Montserrat, a British dependency northwest of Guadeloupe, Joe Dominique, an editor at Radio Antilles, said the storm blew down trees and ripped off the galvanized roofs of houses in the capital, Plymouth. Rainfall from the hurricane varied from 10 inches on some islands to 5 inches on others. Waves on some islands were reported to be crashing to shore at heights of 10 feet above normal. A sixth death attributed to the storm occurred in Puerto Rico before the hurricane arrived. The A.P. reported that in Utuado, in central Puerto Rico, the police said a man was electrocuted when he touched a power line while removing a television | Hurricane Pummels Resort Islands of Caribbean |
284172_3 | produces a protein that binds with poisonous heavy metals like cadmium and renders them harmless. Dr. Wagner said the system could be used with lettuce and other vegetables to counteract the effects of fertilizers with high concentrations of heavy metals - municipal sludge, for example. But some environmentalists suggest that it would be wiser simply to stop using such fertilizers. Safety From Weed Killers But the experiments that have attracted the most scrutiny from environmental groups are those in which row crops like tomatoes, soybeans, cotton and tobacco are designed to resist chemicals that kill weeds. Nine of the field experiments approved in 1989 were to develop such plants. Generally this is done by inserting a bacterial gene that produces a protein that detoxifies the chemical in the herbicide. The Monsanto Company in St. Louis is developing corn, soybeans, tomatoes and cotton resistant to its weed killer, glyphosate. The Environmental Protection Agency considers glyphosate, first marketed in the 1970's, to be among the safest chemicals used in agriculture; studies show that it breaks down quickly in soil and does not pollute water. Critics wonder whether the development of herbicide-resistant crops could lead to wider use of weed killers. ''Such applications of biotechnology are troubling because they suggest a continuation of chemical toxicity in agriculture and the extension of the pesticide era,'' said Jack Doyle, director of the Agriculture and Biotechnology Project for the Environmental Policy Institute in Washington. Monsanto scientists reply that farmers will use the new generation of safer compounds selectively, a position supported by Federal agricultural scientists. Creating the New Plant Of all the work in plant biotechnology, scientists and environmentalists are most enthusiastic about projects to modify crops to resist plant diseases. Until now, breeders have protected crops from viruses by finding a wild variety of the plant that is resistant to the disease and crossing it with a commercial variety. This technique can take years. For example, when a wild South American tomato was crossed with a commercial variety to produce a plant resistant to tomato mosaic virus, the resulting fruit was hardy but tasteless. Breeders had to cross the plant with commercial ones again and again to produce a marketable tomato. The new technology has given scientists the tools to make genetic modifications far more quickly. The beauty of the technology, they say, is that desired genetic traits can be inserted into a plant's chromosome | Biotechnology's Harvest: Plants That Stay Healthy |
284091_1 | to lure small investors who are being given cash grants in a national antipoverty program to invest in small industries. Education Seen as Key Factor ''We feel we can do this because we have an educated population,'' Mr. Athulathmudali said. The country's literacy rate of about 88 percent is South Asia's highest, and its school system the most extensive. For an island barely 300 miles long and less than 200 miles wide at its widest point, Sri Lanka has a remarkably varied topography, from semi-desert in the north to rain-drenched coconut groves in the south. In the northeast and southwest, flat farmland abuts South Asia's best beaches, while the central area has steep hills leading to cool highlands where tea is grown. Except for the tea-growing region, no area is big enough for large-scale agriculture - plantation-size tropical fruit orchards, for example. ''We have been a rice culture for the last 40 years, and our productivity is good,'' said Mr. Athulathmudali, a former Minister of National Security. But Sri Lankan rice does no sell well abroad, and so it will be grown now only to provide self-sufficiency. Farmers will be encouraged to take some ricefields out of production. Old statutes prohibiting farm families from putting ricefields to other uses -measures taken to insure that Sri Lankans would always have food - will be withdrawn. Alienation Among the Young A shortage of jobs and land for rural young people has contributed to alienation in the countryside, where anti-Government rebels look for recruits. Sri Lanka has 16.8 million people, most scattered in small towns and villages. Noting how Japan and South Korea had absorbed rural people into industry, Mr. Athulathmudali said that ''our success will depend on how many people we can get off the land.'' The Agriculture Ministry has surveyed the island and produced a guide to what products might grow best on what terrain. Experts have gone to the Philippines for help in terracing hillsides for crops. The Government is looking for international agribusinesses willing to experiment with new crops and teach farmers new techniques. Agriculture, including plantation crops, account for 27 percent of the country's gross domestic product, Mr. Athulathmudali said. Industry contributes about 26 percent and services 43 percent. The Agriculture Minister acknowledged that ethnic and political violence that has taken thousands of lives in the last few years has disrupted transportation, occasionally slowing the movement of produce. | Seeking Relief, Sri Lanka Turns to the Land |
282578_1 | around the world that handle flights to or from the United States to meet the new standards. But even these new machines have weaknesses and blind spots that could limit their effectiveness. In one series of tests in California, they detected 95 percent of the simulated explosives that passed through them, a high rate of accuracy but far from perfect. Critics in Congress and in the aviation industry have warned that widespread adoption of the new machines could lull the public into a false sense of security and discourage the development of even more promising technologies that could provide greater protection. An F.A.A. consultant, Dr. Lee Grodzins of the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, says that with enough money to build prototypes and continue tests, two different nuclear probes could be ready for airports in three years, either one of which ''will make it almost impossible to bring an explosive in luggage onto a plane.'' A third technology that detects molecules of explosive material in vapors given off by bags or passengers is already in use at a few airports abroad, and several companies are developing advanced versions of it under Federal contracts. Bomb makers continue to make their own kind of progress, of course. ''That's what's led to a race between the technologists and the terrorists,'' said John W. Wood Jr., the president of Thermedics Inc. of Woburn, Mass., a company developing a vapor sniffer. ''And we plan to stay ahead of them.'' Meeting yesterday and today in Washington, a National Academy of Sciences committee is evaluating the aviation agency's research effort on bomb detection. It expects to have a final, classified report in May. A member of the committee, Harvey E. Wegner, a physicist at Brookhaven National Laboratory in Upton, L.I., said, ''The F.A.A. has really been supporting every kind of research you can think of toward this problem.'' Dr. Grodzins and researchers racing to perfect a variety of new machines will discuss the issue of explosives detection before a Congressional committee Sept. 25 and 26. First Device Using Nitrogen To Spot Bombs The new thermal neutron analyzer at Kennedy Airport passes suitcases through a cloud of subatomic particles and analyzes the radiation produced for signs of nitrogen, which is a component of virtually every commercial and military explosive. Unlike X-rays, the machine will detect bombs no matter how innocuous their shape, and unlike metal detectors, it will detect | New Machines Can Detect Terrorists' Bombs, Usually |
282622_0 | LEAD: Five supermarket chains in the United States and Canada and a food distributor in California announced today several efforts to reduce the levels of toxic pesticides on fruits and vegetables. Five supermarket chains in the United States and Canada and a food distributor in California announced today several efforts to reduce the levels of toxic pesticides on fruits and vegetables. The stores said they would ask food suppliers to disclose all pesticides used to grow fruits and vegetables and would encourage growers to phase out by 1995 the use of 64 pesticides considered potential carcinogens by the Environmental Protection Agency. The program, announced at a news conference here, was immediately criticized as alarmist and unnecessary by both the E.P.A. and influential food industry trade associations. The dispute, which evolved at competing news conferences and in a flurry of press releases, captured the conflicting forces at work in the late 1980's as farmers, food retailers, environmentalists and the Federal Government seek to calm or exploit consumers' concerns about chemicals in food. Battle Over Synthetics Increasingly, supermarkets are being drawn to the center of the battle over synthetic substances in food, in some cases acting as de facto regulators. Last month, for instance, several of the nation's largest grocery chains barred use of milk in dairy products carrying their own brand names that was produced with a genetically engineered drug, bovine somatotropin, a growth hormone designed to increase milk production. The Food and Drug Administration insists that the drug, which is undergoing tests in herds around the country, is nearly identical to natural somatotropin already in milk and is harmless. The program to reduce the number of pesticides came after nearly a year of negotiation by the six food companies and the National Toxics Campaign, a Boston-based environmental group. The six-point agreement calls for growers to phase out the use of pesticides considered by the E.P.A. to be the most hazardous to human health. These substances include chemicals that can cause nervous system damage and may be carcinogens. Executives of the companies said they were taking the action because the environmental agency was moving too slowly in removing hazardous pesticides from the market. Chain Operator Frustrated ''For more than two years we have taken actions to address our customers' concerns and reduce the level of pesticides on produce,'' said Frank McMinn, vice president of advertising for Raley's Supermarkets, a $1-billion-a-year chain | 5 Supermarket Chains Open Effort Against Pesticide Use |
286662_1 | Scotland in December, killing 270 people. The Government is paying for the first six machines, which bathe suitcases in radiation and measure the distinct chemical signature of bomb ingredients. Airlines must pay for future purchases, although Congress is considering making more money available for the machines. #95% of Explosives Detected The design used at Kennedy is the only one that meets the new Federal detection requirements. It is made by the Science Applications International Corporation in Santa Clara, Calif. In three weeks of screening hundreds of bags a day, the 10-ton machine has detected 95 percent of test explosives, and false alarms have amounted to less than 5 percent, Mr. Belger said. Operators who monitor the machine, which is housed in a special addition to the T.W.A. baggage handling area, said the number of false alarms was halved by passing suspect bags through the machine a second time. Although the machine screens bags automatically, the operators said they must still use their own judgment on the 2 to 3 percent of bags from each flight that remain suspect after two passes through the machine. The operators evaluate information like the concentration of nitrogen, an important ingredient in all commercial and military explosives. Using an associated X-ray device, they can zoom in on areas shown by the radiation analysis to have a lot of nitrogen. If wires or other metal parts suggesting a bomb show up, the operators would ask the passenger to open his or her bag. Only 6 Bags Were Opened The operators said the machine approves so many bags so quickly that they have the time to study the computerized displays of data from the suspect bags. Thus they are able to approve virtually all bags found suspect in the automatic screening without having them opened. Only six passengers had to open their bags in three weeks, the operators said, and no bombs were found. The second machine in the United States is to be used by Pan Am in Miami. Northwest Airlines will use the machine at Metro airport at Detroit to check international flights, which go to Frankfurt, Paris, Tokyo and Seoul, South Korea. The machine at Dulles airport outside Washington is to be installed in the United Airlines area. Airlines would like the first machines to be used in foreign airports, said Tim Neale, a spokesman for the airline lobbying group, the Air Transport Association. | 3 More Airports to Get Advanced Bomb Detectors |
285025_2 | such exploding numbers of people, particularly as they crowd into megacities such as Mexico City, Calcutta and Cairo. Moreover, the growing numbers of desperate poor implied in these figures will accelerate the ferocious assault on the environment under way in Africa, Asia and Latin America. Unless these population trends are altered, our descendants will witness misery, mass migrations and violence born of desperation on a scale we can scarcely imagine. We should call for an international effort to make information and means of family planning available to all persons in the child-bearing years. (At present, contraceptives are used by only 30 percent of couples in developing countries outside of China.) Achieving this goal would substantially reduce the ominous U.N. population projections, but would require a tripling of the resources devoted to family planning in the developing countries. Such increased efforts would need to be accompanied by strengthened programs of health care and education and measures to enhance the rights of women. In 1962, under our first Roman Catholic President, John F. Kennedy, we told the General Assembly we would support international family planning programs. We became a leader in these efforts under later Presidents. But Ronald Reagan, deferring to the right-to-life movement, cut off all aid to the International Planned Parenthood Federation and the U.N. Fund for Population Activities. One reason given for this reversal was to discourage abortion as a population control measure. But the multilateral programs we have defunded do not finance abortions. The denial of family planning assistance to poor people in developing countries increases the number of abortions, putting at risk the lives of women without access to medical care. Another reason given was that China, a U.N. fund recipient, sought to control population growth by coercive means. Recent assessments by Congress confirm that Beijing's population policy is not coercive. If the U.S. wishes to maintain its reservations about China's program, U.N. fund population aid to China can be held at current levels and U.S. contributions can be earmarked for other countries. Let us hope that by his second address to the U.N., Mr. Bush will be ready to say, as he did as U.N. Ambassador in 1971, that population trends in developing countries are ''a prescription for tragedy and chaos'' and that the U.N. fund ''should grow rapidly . . . to a point where it will be making an important impact on world population.'' | Bush, the U.N. and Too Many People |
282134_1 | the same thoroughgoing techniques to analyzing the event. The result is a book rife with detail, but unfortunately drained of mystery. ''Exit the Rainmaker'' begins with a brief, vivid portrait of the college president awakening at his country estate, readying himself as if for an ordinary morning at the office. It is a few days shy of graduation ceremonies. But instead of going to work, he heads for his bank, empties his secret account and drives to the airport. He has little idea where he's heading or what he's going to do, other than leave. He mails notes: to the college trustees, resigning; to his wife, telling her she can keep everything; to a few friends, apologizing. He gets on an airplane, traveling first class. After this intriguing opening, the book documents the confusion that first strikes Mr. Carsey's co-workers, friends and wife. Their uneasiness turns to fear, concern and, finally, anger, when the disappearance is finally recognized for what it is. Mr. Coleman tries to probe the emotions of all involved at the same time that he explicates the devilish logistical problems confronting those who had had dealings with Mr. Carsey (who was nicknamed ''the rainmaker'' because he once acted in Richard N. Nash's play of the same name). The author then delves into Mr. Carsey's childhood and adolescence, trying, without great success, to find some psychological link to his abrupt act of leaving. Mr. Coleman then switches back to a description of how Mr. Carsey eventually made his way to El Paso, purchased a small bar, spent or lost his nest egg, found another woman and started teaching math part-time at another community college. It all turns out to be a sad tale of alcohol abuse. Eventually, Mr. Carsey decides that perhaps he gave up too much, and he tries to regain a portion of his estate through divorce proceedings. Ultimately, he ends up teaching abroad on a series of military bases, where he seems dedicated to a quiet, ordinary life. There are many problems with the method Mr. Coleman has used to present this story. In the world of journalism there is a phrase - ''dumping your notebook'' - to describe a piece of writing that endlessly quotes people to little advantage and lists detail after detail to no apparent end. It seems sometimes that this is what the author has done in ''Exit the Rainmaker.'' While | HE SAW HIS CHANCE AND HE TOOK IT |
281933_1 | eagles, of the estimated 5,000 that live in and around the sound, have been found dead. But that number, as with 33,000 dead seabirds and 980 sea otters, may represent only 10 to 30 percent of the amount poisoned by the spill as the oil has made its way up the food chain, Federal biologists say. Salmon fishermen, kept from much of their fishing grounds by oil this summer, netted only half of what was supposed to be a record salmon run. In the days following the spill, Exxon officials promised to clean the 1,100 miles of beach that were stained with oil as much as possible, but over the summer they said they would make sure the beaches were ''environmentally stabilized'' in that they posed no further threat to fish and wildflife. Will Not Be the Same Vice Adm. Clyde E. Robbins of the Coast Guard, the highest-ranking Federal official in Valdez, said in an interview Friday that the sound would never be as it was before the spill. But he said he doubted if any company, or government, could have done better than Exxon did. The Coast Guard, which has been responsible for keeping Exxon to its promises about the cleanup, has allowed the company to wrap up its effort here. Admiral Robbins said the beaches that Exxon considered stabilized were in many cases ''not clean at all.'' ''But we've lowered the environmental risk,'' he said. ''Frankly, we've been in a time vise.'' Company officials said that if they could be sure the good weather would last longer, workers would be able to do more to clean the worst-hit areas. Even Exxon said 50 of the 1,100 miles of beach remained covered with heavy layers of oil, and the State Department of Environmental Conservation said more than 300 miles of treated shoreline still was coated with muck that in some cases is three feet deep. The harshest official criticism has come from the state. Steve Provant, an environmental official who is monitoring the cleanup efforts, said Friday, ''This term 'environmentally stabilized' is an Exxon term, and as far as we're concerned it's meaningless.'' The toughest critics, however, have been the fishermen. Today, about 50 of them clogged the pipeline terminal in Valdez harbor with their boats to protest use of the port by foreign-owned tankers. The fishermen say foreign tankers have little liability in case of an accident. | ALASKA OIL CLEANUP NEAR END, BUT BEACHES REMAIN FOULED |
281931_1 | Development's mission in Kenya. The agency financed the survey conducted by the Kenyan Government's Council for Population and Development. Mr. Sinding said the results should help demonstrate that Africa is not the ''hopeless case'' many demographers suggest it is. More Data Needed It was hoped that the results of a national census taken last week would confirm that the total population-growth rate had fallen, Professor Okoth-Ogendo said. But it will not be possible to calculate growth until after full census results, due at the end of the year, because population growth involves the number of deaths as well as births. One of the reasons for Kenya's population increase, specialists say, has been the combination of fewer infant deaths, the result of a better health-care system, with the higher number of births. The World Bank estimates Kenya's annual population growth rate at 4.1 percent, based on data from the 1979 census. Kenya's Planning Ministry says the growth rate is 3.7 percent, a figure based on indirect measurements taken since the last census. By comparison, the population-growth rate in the United States is 0.7 percent a year, and in France, 0.4 percent. There are 23.3 million people living in Kenya, according to 1988 official figures. Population experts said the decline in the number of children Kenyan women are having was attributable to several factors. Will and Prosperity These include the political will of President Daniel arap Moi's Government to promote family planning, a well-developed rural health system that can deliver contraceptive services, and the widening realization that families are financially better off with fewer chldren. Traditionally in Africa, large families have been viewed as a sign of economic well-being and as a way to better insure a secure old age. ''Economic performance has a lot to do with it,'' Professor Okoth-Ogendo said. ''We find women who are working are contracepting at a higher rate. The economy is a powerful stimulus to fertility decline.'' The survey showed that 27 percent of married women are using some method of birth control. Two-thirds were using ''modern methods'' - the pill, intrauterine devices, injections, sterilization or periodic abstinence. The diaphragm is rarely used, and the condom has been very unpopular until the advent of AIDS, which has caused an increase in its use. Some Things Never Change Traditional methods of birth control range from prolonged breast-feeding, periodic abstinence due to taboos and herbal remedies. In 1984, | Birth Control Making Inroads in Populous Kenya |
281739_0 | LEAD: Hour after hour, around the clock, bundles of old newspapers rumble along a conveyor until they drop into a large vat at the Garden State Paper Company's recycling mill here along the Passaic River. In a few hours they will emerge as rolls of blank newsprint, ready to be used again. Hour after hour, around the clock, bundles of old newspapers rumble along a conveyor until they drop into a large vat at the Garden State Paper Company's recycling mill here along the Passaic River. In a few hours they will emerge as rolls of blank newsprint, ready to be used again. The company, a subsidiary of Media General Inc., has been turning old newspapers into new newsprint since 1961 without much fanfare. But now municipalities are vying to sell their newspapers to Garden State. And they are hoping that more mills will follow in the company's footsteps and do so quickly. In response to the shortage of landfill space and pressure from environmentalists, municipalities across the nation have mandated newspaper recycling programs. The trouble is, there is a dearth of recyclers. Paper makers have been slow to face the facts: Recycling is the way of the future and is already shrinking the market for their traditional product. But switching to recycling is no easy task. The industry, encumbered by huge and costly plants, has never been one to react quickly. Paper makers face other obstacles, too, like remote locations and depressed prices. It remains to be seen whether these manufacturers will wake up and catch the recycling trend - by building recycling mills or converting existing ones that use trees - or whether recyclers like Garden State will move in to fill the gap. A Common Challenge But other industries are no doubt watching the drama unfold. After all, the challenge to recycle is sure to be repeated throughout American business as the public demands stronger conservation measures. In the aluminum industry, which has been struggling with the issue for some time, there already is a range of recyclers. For now, supply of old newspapers has simply overwhelmed the capacity of recyclers, paper industry officials say. The eight mills in this country capable of recycling newspapers are already running at full capacity and sell all they produce. ''There are a million tons of old newspapers in warehouses, mills and waste paper packing plants now,'' said J. Rodney Edwards, | Old Newspapers Hit a Logjam |
280464_2 | and introduce the product in 1990 into a worldwide market pegged by analysts at about $250 million. Chiron should earn $1.33 a share in fiscal 1991, up from a loss of $1.32 a share in fiscal 1988, said Ms. Gilbert, who recommends buying the stock at any price up to $33 a share. On Friday, Chiron closed at 24 3/4. Biogen has already introduced a major product, interferon, a cancer treatment therapy with a potential market of $200 million a year. Under an agreement with the Schering-Plough Corporation, which is licensed to market the product, Biogen receives a 10 percent royalty on sales. This year, interferon should generate at least $70 million in revenues for Biogen. And by 1991, the product should help lift the company into the black, with earnings of 13 cents a share, up from a loss of $1.17 a share in 1988, said Jeff R. Swarz, an analyst at Goldman, Sachs & Company, who believes shares will climb to 20 over the next 12 months. On Friday, Biogen's shares closed at 13 1/2. Amgen should has begin reaping the benefits of its first product in the early 1990's. This summer, the company released erythropoietin, a treatment for anemia that could generate a lucrative $225 million annually in the United States alone, said Ms. Gilbert, who recommends the stock. Prudential-Bache estimates that the company will earn $1.50 a share in fiscal 1991, ending in March, up from a loss of 49 cents a share in fiscal 1989. However, two pending lawsuits against Amgen make it a risky stock. Genetics Institute Inc., another biotechnology company, has sued Amgen for patent infringement, and Johnson & Johnson is taking the company to court for breach of contract. ''They could lose all rights to their only drug,'' said Robert Kupor of Kidder, Peabody & Company. While Mr. Kupor recommends the stock only if the company settles the patent suit, Ms. Gilbert, for one, believes Amgen has ''a strong and defensible position'' in both cases. And Prudential-Bache believes the stock has already fully accounted for the company's legal problems. With the patent trial now under way and the contract suit coming to trial this fall, Amgen shares in the last several weeks have dropped 10 points. On Friday, they closed on 39 5/8. But Prudential-Bache believes they could climb to 55 or 60 over the next 18 months. Mr. Kupor likes shares | Will Biotechnology Finally Deliver? |
280182_1 | 1781, a British fleet under the command of Benedict Arnold attacked and burned New London. The city was rebuilt and has since experienced a rocky ride through prosperity and hard luck. After its summer tourism was eclipsed by Newport, R.I., in the late 1800's and the casino was closed in 1900, New London fell into a period of decline. During World War II, the town's fortunes turned, and New London's waterfront boomed with shipbuilding. e At Coast Guard Academy The Coast Guard Academy in New London, near Exit 83 on Interstate 95, is celebrating its 200th anniversary this year, and the academy has a number of museums and exhibits, including the 295-foot Eagle, a training bark. Ocean Beach Park, the largest of New London's 28 parks, is another recently renovated attraction. Its crescent-shaped beach on the Long Island Sound, just off Ocean Avenue, and its boardwalk, amusement park and Olympic-size saltwater pool draw 400,000 people a year. Eugene O'Neill wrote eloquently if sadly of his life in New London, and Monte Cristo, his boyhood home at 325 Pequot Avenue, is now a museum, open on weekdays from 1 P.M. to 4 P.M. Several theatrical and musical groups make their home in New London, including the Eastern Connecticut Symphony, the Coast Guard Band and a number of theater groups. Connecticut College also sponsors an annual concert series of prominent soloists and musical groups. Groton lies a stone's throw away, just across the Thames, a briskly flowing river named in the 1650's after the one that flows through London. But the similarities end there. The name of the river is pronounced thaims, and nuclear-powered submarines glide through its waters. In fact, Groton is synonymous with submarines. About 150 have been constructed there since 1896, when the United States Navy built the first underwater vessel. General Dynamics' electric boat division, on the east bank of the river, has more than 20,000 employees at work on new Trident submarines. Just up the river lies the United States Naval Submarine Base and its ''sub school,'' where 65,000 men are trained each year. While the General Dynamics plant and the Navy base are off-limits to the public, adjacent to the base are a sub-shaped museum and the U.S.S. Nautilus, the world's first nuclear submarine, both open to the public at no charge. The museum has a collection of miniature attack subs, scale models and other exhibits. | LIFE STYLE: Sunday Outing; Southeastern Connecticut: Old Melds With New |
280352_0 | LEAD: BY ordering the airlines to begin screening passenger luggage with a new type of bomb detector, the Government hopes to prevent terrorist attacks like the bombing of Pan Am Flight 103 over Lockerbie, Scotland, that killed 270 people last December. But the new procedures, which were announced last week, are also expected to intensify the debate over who should shoulder the growing cost of airport security: the BY ordering the airlines to begin screening passenger luggage with a new type of bomb detector, the Government hopes to prevent terrorist attacks like the bombing of Pan Am Flight 103 over Lockerbie, Scotland, that killed 270 people last December. But the new procedures, which were announced last week, are also expected to intensify the debate over who should shoulder the growing cost of airport security: the Government, the airlines or, most likely, the passengers. In the months after the Pan Am bombing, the Transportation Department ordered several new security measures. But the Government's latest attempt to seal the security gap is by far its most ambitious. Over the next decade, the United States-based airlines will have to install a total of 860 bomb detectors at airports around the world. Kennedy International Airport alone will need 19 of them. Developed under a Government contract, the machine, called a thermal neutron analyzer, can supposedly detect all types of explosives, including the plastic kind that investigators believe destroyed Flight 103. But critics, including airline officials and airport operators, said the device is still unproven. The detector bombards suitcases with radiation and then analyzes the results for nitrogen, which is common in most explosives. But the machine can be fooled by other substances that contain small amounts of nitrogen, such as cheese, wool and leather. Also, it is unclear whether the machine can detect a bomb that weighs less than two pounds, such as the one that investigators believe was abiard the Pan Am flight. Each of the 10-ton machines costs $750,000, and when maintenance, labor and other expenses are taken into account, the Federal Aviation Administration estimates that the cost for all the machines will total $896 million over the 10-year installation period. 'Surrogate Targets' The airlines already pay $500 million annually for security. Unlike foreign airlines, whose security costs are often subsidized by their governments and therefore by the public, United States carriers must absorb or pass on nearly all such costs to | Who Is Going to Pay For Airport Security? |
280428_1 | could produce the opposite result, helping a malevolent nation to plan and carry out an attack on hard-to-find targets. The spread of space surveillance technology is also expected to alter the diplomatic equation, freeing many nations from reliance on the current space powers for data. Analysts say many nations are already using civilian ''remote sensing'' spacecraft as makeshift spy satellites. These craft routinely photograph the Earth for scientific and commercial uses, like map making and forestry management. Although their images are far fuzzier than those of spy satellites, they offer some ability to view tanks, ships, missiles, aircraft, military sites and arms factories. A Deterrent to War Shedding the customary cloak of secrecy surrounding space espionage, some nations are openly calling for the spread of spy satellites as a deterrent to war. Both Canada and Sweden have proposed international peacekeeping satellites that could police East-West arms control treaties, checking, for instance, to see whether missiles had been dismantled as promised. The Western European Union, a nine-nation security organization, has said Europe should find a way to verify American-Soviet treaties independently, arguing that Europeans can otherwise be ''manipulated politically.'' Private experts, meanwhile, offer mixed appraisals on the import of the technology's diffusion. ''These satellites have a dark side,'' Michael Krepon, a space reconnaissance expert, wrote recently in the journal Foreign Policy. ''They can assist countries in attacking neighboring and even distant states.'' On the positive side, he said, the satellites can help deter surprise attacks and monitor cease-fire and disengagement agreements. Some analysts say the trend could upset old spheres of influence shaped by the fact that nations with spy satellites have often shared space photographs with allies to win loyalty and influence behavior. ''The proliferation of national observation satellites could indirectly affect the superpowers by reinforcing tendencies toward greater independence among the European states, thereby complicating alliance management,'' Hugh De Santis, a senior staff member of the Rand Corporation in Santa Monica, Calif., wrote in the summer issue of The Washington Quarterly. Adm. Stansfield Turner, Director of Central Intelligence under President Jimmy Carter, said in an interview that America should lead the trend, not fight it. ''Openness in the world is going to be unavoidable,'' he said. ''We need to adapt before it arrives.'' He said one way would be for the United States to share some of its spy-satellite photographs through an ''open skies'' agency that would warn governments | Non-Superpowers Are Developing Their Own Spy Satellite Systems |
280624_2 | in America, said Robin M. Williams Jr., Henry Scarborough professor emeritus of social science at Cornell University. 'Pressing in on Their Turf' Dr. Williams, who has studied and written on racial violence since the 1940's, said such killings typically occur when ''young lower middle-class men who are themselves struggling to find a place in the world begin to feel that other groups are pressing in on their prerogatives or turf.'' For many socially isolated people living in all-white areas, Dr. Williams added, ''stereotypes and cultural precepts act to define young black men as dangerous, and therefore, somehow legitimate victims of assault.'' In New York City, violent incidents of this type include the 1982 murder of Willie Turks, a transit worker who was killed by a group of whites in the predominantly Irish-American Gravesend section of Brooklyn. In 1986, another young black man, Michael Griffith, was killed when struck by a car while fleeing an attacking gang of white youths in Howard Beach, Queens. Last October, another black man, Derek A. Tyrus, was run over by a car and killed in Rosebank, Staten Island, by a group of whites shouting racial epithets. In Mr. Hawkins's murder, experts who study racial violence say, the ''electric current'' was one of the most time-honored motives for violence against blacks: their presumed rivalry for the attentions of a woman. Police accounts have said that Mr. Hawkins's killers were inflamed by reports that a neighborhood resident, Gina Feliciano, had begun to date black and Hispanic men. ''When I was quite young I learned that it was dangerous for a black man to whistle at a white woman,'' said Adele Dutton Terrell, program director of the National Insitute Against Prejudice and Violence, in an allusion to the infamous lynching of Emmett Till, a 14-year-old who was killed after he whistled at a white woman in Mississippi in 1955. ''All these years later, what this case says to me is that just the rumor of interracial dating remains dangerous. ''In this society women are frequently pointed to as the excuse for violent male emotionalism,'' Ms. Terrell said, commenting on the belief among many Bensonhurst residents that Miss Feliciano is to blame for Mr. Hawkins's death. Easier to Visualize Violence While housing segregation and lack of social contact was pointed to by virtually every expert as major contributors to racial killings, many experts also asserted that in recent years | Hatred and Social Isolation May Spur Acts of Racial Violence, Experts Say |
280630_0 | LEAD: Tens of millions of television viewers in more than 100 countries have followed the adventures of a sultry 19th-century Brazilian slave named Isaura who endures all sorts of adversity after falling in love with her master's son but eventually triumphs. Tens of millions of television viewers in more than 100 countries have followed the adventures of a sultry 19th-century Brazilian slave named Isaura who endures all sorts of adversity after falling in love with her master's son but eventually triumphs. ''It's outsold 'Dallas,' '' said Jorge Adib, managing director of Globo International, producer of the series ''Slave Isaura.'' Globo earned $15 million from sales of this and other ''tele novelas'' last year, and expects to earn $20 million this year, he said. Brazil, which has other ''tele novela'' exporters besides Globo, is among the growing number of developing countries that are finding gold in the export of services, a trend that is likely to have significiant implications for the world trading system. The third world's increasing stake in nonmanufacturing activities - like data processing, engineering, and construction, computer software, advertising and tourism, as well as entertainment - is giving impetus to world trade liberalization, many trade officials say. Developed countries, led by the United States, have long pressed for such liberalization, but until now developing countries had resisted. Curbing barriers in services trade is one of the main goals of the 106-nation Uruguay Round of trade negotiations scheduled to wind up next year. Third-world service exports have grown to a point where, some private estimates contend, they account for a quarter of the $500 billion-a-year service trade volume. As a result, many developing countries have a rising interest in knocking down barriers to encourage exports. ''We now have coalitions of interest cutting across the old dividing lines between north and south,'' said Arthur Dunkel, director general of the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade, the global trade organization sponsoring the Uruguay Round. Interviewed at a recent Aspen Institute Forum on the United States and the World Economy, Mr. Dunkel predicted that a ''substantial agreement'' would be reached next year, reflecting the ''happy coincidence'' of the greater reliance on market forces in developing countries and the services bonanza. India, for instance, turns out nearly twice as many feature films as Hollywood and earns what is estimated to be more than $100 million a year exporting many of them, especially to | Developing Nations Benefit As Service Exports Grow |
283878_14 | in bridging the social and cultural chasms between Old World and New. A girl falls behind in her studies because, an administrator finds, her parents are threatening to send her abroad for an arranged marriage. A boy defaces a bulletin board decorated with photographs of Leningrad with the lone word ''Infidels!'' A boy writes in a journal for his bilingual English class: ''Right now I am listening to the radio and thinking what am I going to do in Christmas Eve. I guess I'll be sleeping because I have no Friends to give presents or cousins, uncles or aunts to give presents. They are all in my native country Guatemala. I guess this Christmas I'll be very sad.'' DEC. 23. On the day before Christmas vacation begins, when a school ought to be at its most genial, a trail of blood runs across the third-floor hallway. In the middle of fifth period, one student slashed another across the forehead with a box cutter, and it took paramedics an hour to control the bleeding enough to move the victim to a hospital. The incident leads me to a surprising discovery: that violence is rare at Seward Park. During the entire academic year, Seward Park files 28 ''incident reports'' with the Board of Education, or one for every 128 pupils. The most troubled high schools submit the reports at rates of one to every 30 or 50 pupils. The vast majority of Seward Park's incidents involve trespassing, small thefts and false alarms. As for today's slashing, it was the product of a convoluted feud between two extended families, which began in a housing project and evolved through insults and threats to various cousins, nephews and brothers-in-law. Seward Park simply had the misfortune of being the convenient crossroads for these Montagues and Capulets. That is a distinction worth remembering. ''School violence'' is a misnomer, at least at Seward Park, because the school stands as a comparative refuge from the incessant violence and drug trafficking in the surrounding neighborhoods. The number of serious incidents in schools citywide, for that matter, was actually declining until the crack epidemic struck in the late 1980's. Should it surprise anyone, or reflect any sudden breakdown in school security, that the same drug that caused an abrupt upsurge in violent crime across New York has made its presence felt in the city's schools? The method of discipline popularized by | Snapshots of Hope and Hopelessness |
283719_2 | black lace top over snug stretch pants. Helping the Rain Forests ''We've carried Gigli since he started four years ago, but he has peaked this season,'' Miss Mello said. Conservation International, which is concerned with preserving the rain forests, was the beneficiary of the show. With tickets at $300 each, about $100,000 was expected to be collected to help preserve the tropical forest of Madagascar, said Spencer Beebe, a vice president of the conservation group. Blaine Trump, Susan Sarandon and Holly Solomon, who owns the art gallery that bears her name, were among the committee members who worked on the event. Mrs. Solomon, who was wearing a black lace Gigli dress, said she first met the designer when he came into her gallery to buy art. She volunteered her gallery at 724 Fifth Avenue and 56th Street as the site for dinner after the show for some of the 500 guests. Glorious Food produced the veal and pasta meal. Some of the audience members, in their Ungaros and their Ferres, looked mystified as the wistful-looking models with cornrow-inspired hairdos drifted down the runway in Mr. Gigli's tasseled shawls and rounded brocade coats. But many were enthusiastic. ''He's talking about one world,'' Mrs. Solomon said. ''He's taken ideas from the Middle Ages, from Africa and India and made clothes that are so easy to wear.'' 'Like Watching Art' Bianca Jagger, wearing a black Versace jacket with a Gigli blouse and pajama pants by ''nobody famous'' called him ''the most exciting designer I have seen in a long time because he makes women wear men's clothes with a great deal of femininity.'' American designers who attended the show were also enthusiastic. ''The show was extraordinary, like watching art,'' Donna Karan said. Isaac Mizrahi agreed with Victor Costa, who said Mr. Gigli's clothes express an ''amazingly individual point of view.'' Mr. Gigli's success represents the growing acceptance of Italian designers outside their own country. While he has a reputation for shyness and avoids photographers - he did not take a walk down the runway after his show as most designers do - he said he enjoyed working with customers. ''He's been in the store for four days and we never can find him,'' Miss Mello said. ''He always is on the sales floor talking to customers.'' The designer said he is learning a lot that way about what American women want. LIFE STYLE | With Striking Fashions, Gigli Reaches New Heights |
283757_1 | As a former member of the New Jersey Special Education Study Commission, which drafted the Plan to Revise Special Education in New Jersey, I would like to call attention to erroneous allegations in the article ''Plan to Revamp Special Education Draws Criticism'' (Aug. 6). As a former member of the New Jersey Special Education Study Commission, which drafted the Plan to Revise Special Education in New Jersey, I would like to call attention to erroneous allegations in the article ''Plan to Revamp Special Education Draws Criticism'' (Aug. 6). In its deliberations, the commission was guided primarily by such goals as the need to improve quality service, to remove unnecessary negative labeling and to replace categories based upon clinical etiologies by more educationally relevant classification. The allegation by critics that the plan is a ''ruse to save money'' at the time when ''the number of students being classified as handicapped is soaring nationwide'' is based upon lack of elementary information. Data from the United States Office of Education show that from the school year 1976-77 to 1984-85, there was no increase in the prevalence of such categories as health impaired, hard of hearing and deaf, visually handicapped, multiple-handicapped, speech impaired and mentally retarded. The only category where the prevalence more than doubled was learning disabled, from 797,213 to 1,839,282. In a nation that spends more on special education than any other nation, as well as has the best-trained teachers and the most sophisticated research, a twofold increase in prevalence should raise questions. Is it possible that most of those labled learning disabled in order to receive help have educational difficulties related to inadequate motivation, poor study habits or inappropriate educational strategies? Why cannot they receive help for mild learning problems without being labeled? It is difficult to understand, as the Parent Information Center of New Jersey maintains, that the Plan to Revise Special Education in New Jersey violates state and Federal law. There is nothing ''a priori'' legal about clinical or educational labels. Labels differ from time to time, from culture to culture and from country to country. The plan will only replace etiological labels by more relevant educational labels. An allegation that the plan is ''a ruse to save money'' implies a negative intent on the part of the study commission. It is not even worthy of comment. IVAN Z. HOLOWINSKY, Ed.D. Professor of Educational Psychology Rutgers University New Brunswick | On the Plan to Revise Special Education |
283733_3 | disability rights movement go back to the years after World War II, when thousands of handicapped veterans returned. Leaders of the movement count the reaction to the polio epidemic of the early 1950's as the first real awakening of society to the needs of a sizable disabled population. Convinced at one time that institutions were the proper place for disabled family members, more and more people began to challenge orthodoxy and to care for them at home. The demands for equal access to education, employment, transportation and housing followed. In 1978, after disabled groups staged sit-ins at Federal buildings, regulations were written to carry out the laws enacted in the early 1970's. In 1981 the advocates for the disabled formed a coalition with civil rights groups and spent most of the 1980's trying to prevent the Reagan Administration from dismantling the regulations. Their main ally was George Bush, who headed a group set up by Mr. Reagan to streamline and eliminate regulations. Mr. Bush's son Neil is dyslexic and his son Marvin has had a colostomy. As a Presidential candidate in 1988, Mr. Bush endorsed legislation that would extend civil rights protection to the disabled. And late that year, the first version of the bill that passed the Senate this month was introduced by Lowell Weicker, then a Senator from Connecticut, who has a child with Down's syndrome. Negotiations on a revised version reached a showdown in late July, when Senate sponsors and Administration officials including John Sununu, the White House chief of staff, and Attorney General Dick Thornburgh argued over the scope of the rules on public access and over provisions that would have required violators to pay punitive and compensatory damages in addition to fines. Arguing that small businesses would find costs too burdensome, Mr. Sununu urged that the requirements apply only to hotels, restaurants, theaters and the like. Senator Tom Harkin, the Iowa Democrat who was the chief sponsor of the bill, countered with the words of a disabled witness who had testified before his subcommittee: ''It makes no sense for a law to say that people with disabilities cannot be discriminated against if they want to buy a pastrami sandwich at the local deli but that they can be discriminated against next door at the pharmacy where they need to fill a prescription.'' Mr. Harkin has a deaf brother and a quadriplegic nephew. In the end, | How the Disabled Sold Congress on a New Bill of Rights |
283874_8 | average woman between 2 and 92 necessarily be eating this diet? I don't know.'' I T IS ALSO UNCLEAR whether women should take an aspirin every other day to help prevent a heart attack. A much-publicized study using 22,000 healthy men has shown that doing so decreases the heart attack rate. But cardiologists are uncertain about dispensing this advice to women. ''We tell our female patients to take aspirin, but we're not entirely comfortable with that,'' says Dr. Richard C. Becker, a cardiologist at the University of Massachusetts Medical Center, who organized a ''consciousness raising'' symposium on heart disease in women earlier this year. A number of small studies provide evidence that regular aspirin use may lead to a higher risk of undesirable side effects, notably stroke. Several studies now being designed or just underway aim to develop preventive measures specifically for the female population, especially postmenopausal women. Working on the theory that the cardiac advantage enjoyed by younger women has something to do with estrogen production, which slows after menopause, the studies see whether the advantage can be sustained in older women who are administered hormone supplements. This approach looks promising. Women in the Nurses' Health Study who took hormones to control postmenopausal symptoms turned out to be only one-third as likely to develop heart disease as those who didn't. This month, after five years of preparation, the National Institutes of Health will open the Post-Menopausal Estrogen Progestin Intervention (P.E.P.I.) Trial, its first large-scale clinical trial specifically directed at evaluating risk factors for heart disease among women. According to Irma Mebain, director of the study, 850 female volunteers between 45 and 64 will receive hormone therapy, and researchers will assess its effect on women's cardiac risk factors, including HDL cholesterol. R ESEARCHERS ARE also at work on improving the diagnosis of heart disease in women. At the moment, diagnosis is notoriously difficult, because the standard early warning signs of progressing heart disease - a squeezing chest pain during exercise, for example - have proved far less reliable as indicators of blocked arteries in women than in men. And the time-honored ''exercise tolerance test'' of heart function, in which a patient walks on a treadmill while attached to a cardiogram machine, tends to set off false alarms for women. In one typical study conducted at Baylor College of Medicine, only 40 percent of women with chest pain and a ''poor'' | Body and Mind; DIFFERENT BUT DEADLY |
283801_3 | of its security regulations. The disclosures could also play an important role in lawsuits brought by relatives of the bombing victims. In those suits, lawyers for the plaintiffs said, Pan Am is being accused of neglecting to insure the security of its flights from Frankfurt. The new audit was intended to determine whether the security measures in place in Germany and in London on Dec. 21, 1988, complied with the requirements included in Pan Am's official security plan, a document that is approved by the aviation agency. Shortly after the bombing, the agency imposed even tighter security rules, with a requirement that all checked baggage at European airports be examined by hand or using X-rays. The special inspection was not intended to address how well Pan Am was meeting the new standards. The company has long contended that its security is among the tightest in the industry. In October 1988, the routine audit by aviation agency inspectors at the Frankfurt airport did not result in any penalties against the airline, although Pan Am was told to alter some baggage security procedures. One official involved in the latest investigation explained the discrepancy between the two inspections by saying that the second inquiry, coming after the bombing, was much more thorough than the October visit to Frankfurt, and indeed was more rigorous than the agency would conduct under normal circumstances. Differences on Technical Issues The second investigation was completed early this year, and Pan Am was notified months ago of preliminary findings. The matter has been under discussion since then between the company and the general counsel's office of the aviation administration. To some extent, the differences between the company and the agency involve such technical issues as whether specific ways of keeping records and tracking baggage comply with the security plan. In some cases, the measures varied but were considered to be equally thorough. Still, the Government investigators considered some of the flaws that were detected in Pan Am's security system serious enough to warrant fines against the airline. The Federal Bureau of Investigation also is reviewing the aviation agency's actions to insure that an announcement does not compromise the continuing criminal investigation of the bombing, bureau officials said. The aviation agency has the option of issuing administrative remedies instead of civil fines, in effect chastising the company and spelling out what steps have to be taken. If fines are levied, | U.S. FOUND PAN AM LAX ON SECURITY SOON AFTER BLAST |
283963_0 | LEAD: I would like to offer my reactions on the Plan to Revise Special Education as a principal of a pilot high school. The Bergen County Vocational-Technical Schools district was one of 10 districts selected to pilot new special-education initiatives. Of the 650 students in the high school, probably 20 to 25 percent have a classification in the perceptually impaired and neurologically impaired range. I would like to offer my reactions on the Plan to Revise Special Education as a principal of a pilot high school. The Bergen County Vocational-Technical Schools district was one of 10 districts selected to pilot new special-education initiatives. Of the 650 students in the high school, probably 20 to 25 percent have a classification in the perceptually impaired and neurologically impaired range. The objectives of the Plan to Revise Special Education consisted of changing the classification titles of students, emphasizing the mainstreaming of special-education students and developing mechanisms to reduce the number of students being classified. The element of this plan that has had an impact on instructional strategies is the effort to mainstream special-needs students. This program places special-education youngsters, whenever possible, into regular classes. These students are supported anywhere from one to five times a week by a special-educationteacher in a mainstreamed class. As a result of special-education teachers' working with regular teachers, subject matter and tests have been modified. Together, the teachers discuss student behavior and work habits and implement appropriate interventions for handicapped students. The special-education teachers and regular teachers team teach, and as a result regular-education teachers observe the teaching skills of the special-education teachers. The special-education teachers also provide study skills techniques to the students in all content areas. An important aspect of this plan is that special-education teachers have reduced the anxieties of regular-education teachers about teaching classified students. Key elements to the success of this program were training, during the summer for all teachers involved, in developing instructional strategies, and special-education and regular teachers' having consulting periods for planning and evaluating. A major benefit of this program is that teachers are planning and teaching together. The typical feeling of teachers' being isolated from other teachers no longer exists among the 20 teachers in this program. Some of the problems I anticipated did not materialize. For example, what about a teacher entering the ''turf'' of another teacher? This was not a problem. What about the reactions of the | On the Plan to Revise Special Education |
283914_0 | LEAD: BIG SUGAR Seasons in the Cane Fields of Florida. By Alec Wilkinson. 263 pp. New York: Alfred A. Knopf. $18.95. By Richard J. Margolis IN 1951, President Harry S. Truman's Commission on Migratory Labor examined farm worker conditions nationwide and concluded that what held the system together was human misfortune. BIG SUGAR Seasons in the Cane Fields of Florida. By Alec Wilkinson. 263 pp. New York: Alfred A. Knopf. $18.95. By Richard J. Margolis IN 1951, President Harry S. Truman's Commission on Migratory Labor examined farm worker conditions nationwide and concluded that what held the system together was human misfortune. ''We depend on misfortune to build up our force of migratory workers,'' declared the commission, ''and when the supply is low because there is not enough misfortune at home, we rely upon misfortune abroad to replenish the supply.'' The cane cutters of south Florida - more precisely, of the south shore of Lake Okeechobee, some 60 miles west of Palm Beach - are a melancholy case in point. As Alec Wilkinson tells us in ''Big Sugar,'' the growers there at first depended on black men recruited throughout the South to harvest their crops. But during World War II the economic circumstances of Southern blacks inconveniently improved. So the growers looked elsewhere for misfortune, and found an apparently inexhaustible supply in Jamaica and the surrounding islands. In consequence, ''West Indians have cut the sugar cane crop in south Florida for more than forty-five years.'' Unlike sugar cane in Louisiana and Texas, most of the Florida crop is harvested by hand (the soil is too soft for machines), and it accounts for more than 40 percent of all the sugar cane grown in the United States. Miserly piecework wages plus generous Federal Government price supports have made many of the Florida growers rich. Mr. Wilkinson speaks of ''the fine, fine, superfine living they have known with sugar.'' A writer for The New Yorker and the author of ''Moonshine: A Life in Pursuit of White Liquor,'' he started visiting the Florida cane fields in 1984, and over the next four years kept going back. From his catch-as-catch-can explorations Mr. Wilkinson has assembled a vivid collage of the cutter's world - the perilous work, the pitiable pay, the enforced isolation that borders on peonage. ''The cutters live in camps maintained by the growers. . . . Some are surrounded by chain-link fences, a | THE BUZZARDS ABOVE, THE CANE BELOW |
283773_0 | LEAD: Plumes of gray smoke are once again rising over the green sea of Amazonian rain forest surrounding this city. But preliminary survey figures from this year's dry season point to a new trend: a marked drop in burning. Plumes of gray smoke are once again rising over the green sea of Amazonian rain forest surrounding this city. But preliminary survey figures from this year's dry season point to a new trend: a marked drop in burning. Rain, fines and reversals in public policy are combining to slow deforestation by fire, according to Brazilian and American environmentalists interviewed at a scientific conference here in late August. ''In 1989, there has been a considerable reduction in burning,'' Alberto Setzer told the gathering. Mr. Setzer directs a three-year-old Brazilian project to monitor Amazon forest fires through photographs taken by a satellite of the National Oceanic Atmospheric Administration. Smaller, but Still Huge In June, to the surprise of many Amazon watchers, Mr. Setzer's researchers reported that fires during the 1988 dry season destroyed 37 percent less forest than in 1987. The drop was from 80,000 square miles to 50,000 square miles. The downward trend appears to be continuing. During the first half of this year's four-month dry season, the satellite recorded that 59,000 fires destroyed 13,000 square miles of forest. Although reduced, this area is still large - the equivalent of New Jersey and Connecticut combined. Fires in the Amazon became a worldwide concern last year after studies showed that the burning produces about one billion tons of carbon dioxide annually. Many climatologists believe that carbon dioxide building up in the atmosphere will trap the earth's heat, producing the greenhouse effect. Rain, the Great Preserver Despite international protests over the fires, rain - not people - appears to be a major factor in preserving the forest. Last year, the Amazon received little rain during the traditional dry season, mid-June through early October. This year, preliminary reports indicate that much of the Amazon - a region that covers 1.9 million square miles in Brazil, an area about the size of the United States west of the Mississippi - is undergoing the wettest ''dry season'' in a decade. Generally, a farmer needs five consecutive days without rain before he can burn a stretch of jungle. ''This is going to be an unusually wet year,'' said Paulo Nogueira Neto, an ecology professor at the University of | Rain and Fines, but Mostly Rain, Slow Burning of Amazon Forest in Brazil |
285926_2 | can still hunt. The more Anderson resents people harping on his age, the more determination he'll have to show he's not really that old. And the more yards he'll gain. ''Bill has told me, 'When you're done playing for the Giants, there won't be nothing left of you' and I'm starting to believe him,'' Anderson said. ''I carried the ball 23 times in the first game, 25 a week ago and 21 in this game. I'm tired, I'm sore. Every week Bill says, 'We're only going to give you the ball about 15 times,' but they haven't given me the ball only 15 times yet.'' Not that Anderson is complaining. The more a running back is used, the more he gets into the flow of the game. And the more he's likely to break a touchdown run, as he did yesterday. ''With that Old Red stuff, Bill is trying to find the right button to push with me,'' he said. ''But he doesn't have to find the right button with me. I just want to play. You get me close to the goal line, if they don't have my legs, I believe I can get in there.'' In discounting his age, Anderson has argued that three seasons of virtual inactivity have recycled the strength and stamina in his legs, just as Muhammad Ali and Sugar Ray Leonard were refreshed by their absences from boxing for about the same number of years. Anderson's inactivity developed after the Giants, concerned over what turned out to be a brief blood disorder for Joe Morris, traded second-round and seventh-round draft choices to the Cardinals for an experienced running back who was being phased out in St. Louis. ''We knew we had a chance for the run for the roses that season,'' recalled George Young, the Giants' general manager. ''We wanted to make sure that if Joe couldn't play, we had a running back who would be an impact player for us later in the season.'' As it developed, Morris quickly returned, the Giants won Super Bowl XXI and Anderson was an expensive bench-warmer. He earned $475,000 annually until this season, when he accepted a $250,000 contract that contained several incentive clauses now within reach. ''The Cardinals traded me because they felt I couldn't do it anymore,'' Anderson said. ''They could have been right.'' The Cardinals had drafted Anderson in 1979, the same year the | Old Red Hunts Another 98 Yards |
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