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290215_0 | LEAD: The National Transportation Safety Board, pressing a campaign to more closely regulate cruise ships, today called for extensive changes in safety standards aboard vessels operating from United States ports. The National Transportation Safety Board, pressing a campaign to more closely regulate cruise ships, today called for extensive changes in safety standards aboard vessels operating from United States ports. Among the measures the board recommended were improvements in firefighting equipment and training, increases in the number of lifeboats and life preservers, stiffer licensing requirements for ship captains and improvements of navigation equipment. Safety board members and investigators said such measures are needed because of what they called a dangerous lack of regulation in the cruise industry. The board's recommendations are not binding unless they are adopted by the Coast Guard in regulations or by Congress in legislation. If put into effect, the changes would affect vessels that carried some seven million people through United States ports last year. But the issue's history suggests that changes will be slow in coming. The Coast Guard, for example, has been reviewing for more than three years far more modest regulations, which have drawn stiff opposition from the cruise industry. Jim Burnett, a member of the board, pointed out that the safety of cruise vessels was an issue that ''no other constituency, other than the board, has drawn attention to.'' Plans for Foreign-Flagged Ships Many of the proposals cover ocean-going ships, almost all of which fly foreign flags even if they are owned by American companies and primarily carry American citizens. Other proposals apply to smaller vessels on inland waterways like Lake Champlain or the Mississippi River. The changes stemmed from a study of 36 accidents in the last 15 years, in which 176 people died and 364 were injured. Although only five of those who died were killed in accidents involving ocean-going cruise ships under foreign flags, several board members and staff investigators warned of a potential for disasters in the rapidly growing industry if preventive measures are not taken. Among recent accidents, the Scandinavian Star flying the Bahamian flag caught fire in the Gulf of Mexico on March 15, 1988. The Liberian-flagged vessel, Celebration, rammed a Cuban freighter on Feb. 10, slicing it in half and killing three of its crew members. The owner of the Celebration, Carnival Cruise Lines, has refused to cooperate in the safety board's investigation of the accident, | Stricter Rules Urged for Cruise Ships |
290304_3 | at everything.' '' As their children venture into public schools, some attending regular classes, but many more in special-education classes in the schools, parents speak of conflicting emotions. On the one hand, they are excited to see their children growing up in the real world. On the other, they are fearful that the real world may not be ready to accept them. Such fears are not unfounded, judging by the results of an informal survey of 81 parents of teen-agers and young adults by Emily Perl Kingsley of Chappaqua, N.Y., a writer whose 15-year-old son, Jason, has Down's syndrome. Roughly two-thirds of the young people experienced some form of harassment in public schools, the survey found, ranging from name-calling and teasing to physical aggression. One child was regularly surrounded by classmates and spit upon. Even so, most parents rated their children's school experience as ''very positive'' or ''mostly positive,'' although things were different after school. ''Kids who had cordial relations with mainstream kids were never invited to the parties or the movies,'' Mrs. Kingsley said. ''The frustrating thing is that our kids have the same adolescent emotional needs but very few opportunities, and it's heartbreaking.'' Parents have always created opportunities for Down's syndrome teen-agers by enrolling them in special recreation and social programs for the mentally retarded. Because of their mainstreaming experience, adolescents in these special programs are beginning to socialize much like others their age. ''They're on the phone all the time,'' Mrs. Stimell said. ''They're going to slumber parties. They're tuned into the culture and it's wonderful.'' What is not so wonderful, in the view of some parents, is seeing once tractable children turn into difficult teen-agers. ''They can be fresh, can say 'no,' can refuse to do their homework,'' Mrs. Stimell said. ''But that's adolescence. Special education has tended to make our kids very robotic. They're beginning to think and feel more on their own.'' For parents of Down's syndrome teen-agers, mainstream life carries the risk of sexual abuse or exploitation. Since the children tend to be affectionate and trusting, parents say they must be warned repeatedly about avoiding unwanted sexual contact. Many were shaken by the recent Glen Ridge, N.J., case in which several high school youths were accused of participating in a sexual assault on a retarded 17-year-old girl. ''That's our worse nightmare,'' said Barbara Boss of Greenwood Lake, N.Y. ''But just because something like | Opening the World to a Generation |
290316_0 | LEAD: REPAIRING old Ronsons, Dunhills, Duponts and Zippos is a dying art. Many cigarette lighter companies have gone out of business, and some who are still around do not fix old models, encouraging customers to buy new ones instead. Luckily, there are a few independent repair shops that specialize in the task. REPAIRING old Ronsons, Dunhills, Duponts and Zippos is a dying art. Many cigarette lighter companies have gone out of business, and some who are still around do not fix old models, encouraging customers to buy new ones instead. Luckily, there are a few independent repair shops that specialize in the task. Finding parts is the biggest obstacle. But since many of these shops have been in business for years, they usually have extensive lighter collections and can cannibalize the unfixable for parts. Those who treasure old lighters are thrilled when they find Goldfield's Jewelers and Repair Center in midtown Manhattan. Some people come in saying they have been ''everywhere,'' said Giuseppe Fideli, who owns the shop with Gino Signore. Mr. Fideli and Mr. Signore started repairing lighters in Italy and bought the 30-year-old business in 1985. It came with thousands of lighter parts: tiny wheels, ratchets, valves and springs. The owners continue to add to their inventory by buying old lighters at flea markets. Antique lighters have become collectibles in recent years, and many of the lighters Mr. Fideli repairs have been passed down from generation to generation. Like any heirloom, they require proper maintenance. But sometimes the caring owners are the lighters's worst enemies. Instead of polishing silver-plated Ronson lighters with a special cloth treated with polishing fluid, as Mr. Fideli recommends, people often use silver polish, which gets stuck in the wheel and the ratchet. ''It dries and becomes like cement, and when they go to ignite the lighter, it's stuck,'' he said. ''If that doesn't function, the wheel doesn't strike the flint, there'll be no spark, and you won't be able to light the wick.'' He also advised against leaving the flint in when a lighter is not used for a long period. ''Humidity expands the flint, which can crack the flint channel,'' Mr. Fideli said. Repairs on Ronson lighters usually start at $30; for a Dupont, the average repair charge runs between $50 and $70. If parts are available, repairs can usually be done the day a lighter is brought in. Authorized Repair Service | New Spark For Classic Cigarette Lighters |
290162_6 | It is also not known whether the benefits to the heart observed among women taking estrogens by mouth will apply to women who use the recently introduced estrogen patches, which allow estrogen to be absorbed through the skin, resulting in less loss through metabolic processes. The patches produce lower blood levels of estrogen and permit estrogen to enter the blood without first being processed by the liver, the body's main cholesterol factory. Dr. Wulf Utian, who organized the conference, said in an interview, ''The agents, the doses and the methods of administration are changing so fast, we don't yet know which method of hormone replacement is better and which may be worse.'' Dr. Utian, founder of the new society, is director of obstetrics and gynecology at the University Hospitals of Cleveland. Other Considerations When asked who should not take postmenopausal estrogens, Dr. Utian said he would not prescribe them for any woman who has had breast cancer or who recently suffered a blood clot or who once had a clot while taking birth control pills. Dr. Isaac Schiff, gynecologist at Massachusetts General Hospital in Boston, said women with a strong family history of breast cancer should be advised that while the hormones per se would probably not add to their risk, they might be inclined to blame the treatment if they later developed breast cancer. He and the other experts discounted a recent Swedish study suggesting long-term treatment with estrogens can raise a woman's breast cancer risk, especially if the woman took both estrogen and progesterone. What the study really showed, they said, was that women on hormones who get breast cancer are more likely to survive than breast cancer patients who have not taken estrogens, possibly because estrogen users are more closely monitored and their cancers are detected earlier. As for cancer of the uterus, this is no problem for women who have had a hysterectomy. In many parts of the country, as many as 40 to 50 percent of postmenopausal women have had the uterus surgically removed, Dr. Bush said. For those who still have a uterus and are taking estrogens without progesterone, Dr. Utian insists on annual sampling of the uterine lining to detect abnormal growth of endometrial tissue and head off a potential cancer. He pointed out that uterine cancer is a slow-growing disease that is highly curable, especially when treated at an early stage. HEALTH | Personal Health |
291946_0 | LEAD: Urban community colleges have the potential to improve the quality of life substantially in cities and spread equality of opportunity among their residents, but they need more government money and greater coordination of effort, a new report says. Urban community colleges have the potential to improve the quality of life substantially in cities and spread equality of opportunity among their residents, but they need more government money and greater coordination of effort, a new report says. The report, by the nation's leading association of community colleges, asserts that amid the pressing social and economic problems of many inner -city neighborhoods, these two-year institutions have become ''the best hope for a generation of Americans that has virtually no other opportunity for education, training, and in some cases, economic and social survival.'' The study, ''Who Cares About the Inner City: The Community College Response to Urban America,'' maintains that improving those opportunities is crucial. It urges the Federal Government to consider creating a ''National Urban Extension Act'' to provide job-training and academic preparation for high school students. Dale Parnell, president of the American Association of Community and Junior Colleges, which produced the document, said that an urban extension act would encourage greater cooperation between city governments and community colleges. A National Focus Officials from the Federal Departments of Housing and Urban Development and Education said that while it was too early for the Bush Administration to commit itself to such a measure they do want to increase Federal support to the colleges. ''Who Cares About the Inner City,'' released Friday at a Washington news conference, is the latest example of an increasing national focus on the role of community colleges. K. Patricia Cross, a professor of education at the University of California at Berkeley and an expert on community colleges, said these institutions have gotten ''short shrift from the general public in terms of both their achievements and their needs.'' That has particularly hurt urban community colleges, said Ronald Temple, chairman of the committee that produced the report. Copies may be obtained by writing to the American Association of Community and Junior Colleges, Suite 410, One Dupont Circle, Washington, D.C. 20036-1176. Not Winning the Battle The document listed numerous programs that community colleges in the Bronx, Los Angeles and Miami have begun in response to community needs. But Dr. Temple said, ''We don't think we're winning the battle at all.'' Dr. | 2-Year College Viewed As Vital to Life in City |
291989_0 | LEAD: President Roh Tae Woo of South Korea told President Bush today that his nation would take significant steps to curb its trade surplus with the United States by the mid-1990's. President Roh Tae Woo of South Korea told President Bush today that his nation would take significant steps to curb its trade surplus with the United States by the mid-1990's. The measures would provide the United States with access to South Korean markets equivalent to that it receives from other leading industrial countries. The pledge, which entails cutting tariffs in half and sharply reducing nontariff barriers - like the requirement that importers to South Korea have Government licenses - was made at a White House meeting of the two leaders. American officials, while welcoming steps South Korea has taken to increase American imports, are looking for speedier progress in the future. More Study Required The officials said the pledge -which would open markets in South Korea to a degree equivalent to that of the nations of the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development, a Paris-based club of industrial countries - requires more study before any comment could be made. ''We just noted it,'' a State Department official said. Differences over timing of the new access were highlighted in remarks the two leaders made as they adjourned for lunch, according to Richard Solomon, the Assistant Secretary of State for Asia and Pacific Affairs, who briefed reporters later. ''President Roh said that if an apple is picked before it is ripe, it is tough and sour. But if you wait, it is nice and sweet,'' Mr. Solomon said. ''President Bush,'' Mr. Solomon added, ''noted that you don't want the ripening to take so long that you're too old to enjoy the fruit.'' Many Protectionist Barriers As a newly industrializing country, South Korea has retained a large number of trade barriers to protect its infant industries and large farm population from import competition. President Roh, a former four-star general who came to power after elections in 1987, is under strong domestic political pressure not to yield too much too quickly to the United States. For example, farmers have demonstrated against American efforts to sell more beef to South Korea; snakes have been freed in Seoul theaters that show American movies, and the residence in Seoul of the American Ambassador, Donald P. Gregg, was broken into last Friday by South Korean students who | South Korea Offers Plans To Ease U.S. Trade Surplus |
292039_3 | a percentage point, to 83.6 percent. Mr. Logan and others also took little comfort in the fact that much of the import rise was in capital goods, items used to make other goods and that thereby expand the nation's own long-term productive capacity. Many of these capital imports, Mr. Logan said, were electronics and other goods used in the service sector of the economy. The broader question than whether the imports represent investment or consumption, he added, should be ''why doesn't the United States produce its own capital goods?'' Imports Soar by 6.4 Percent Today's report showed that imports soared by 6.4 percent, to a new high of $41.18 billion, as exports edged down by two-tenths of 1 percent, to $30.41 billion. Capital goods imports rose by $1.3 billion, vehicles and parts increased by $600 million and foods and beverages were up by $200 million. Among exports, the biggest changes were a $500 million decline in industrial supplies and materials, a $300 million drop in capital goods and $400 million increases for vehicles and parts and the category of ''other'' merchandise. The nation's deficit with Japan was practically unchanged in August, at $3.98 billion, despite a 2.4 percent decline in imports of Japanese cars. However, the deficit widened significantly with all four of the newly industrialized areas of the Far East -Taiwan, South Korea, Hong Kong and Singapore - with the aggregate deficit at $2.71 billion, up 23 percent from July's $2.20 billion. The deficit with Western Europe eased by $133 million, but this included a huge, unexplained deterioration in the trade account with Britain - to a $100 million deficit from a July surplus of $579 million. Deficit With Canada Jumps The deficit with Canada, the biggest American trading partner, soared to $1.16 billion from $471 million, partly reflecting the resumption in August of automobile production in both countries, analysts suggested. Imported oil cost the United States the same $4.3 billion that it spent in July, as a 17-million-barrel rise in consumption was offset by a 98-cent decline in the average price, the Commerce Department also reported. Exports of manufactured goods climbed by $600 million, to $22.6 billion, in August while imports of manufactured goods rose $1.5 billion, to $32.8 billion. On a three-month seasonally adjusted moving average, the August deficit reading was $9.01 billion, up from $8.78 billion in July and the highest level since May's $9.28 billion. | Trade Deficit Widened by Import Surge |
291955_0 | LEAD: Should the public worry about attempted airline takeovers, like Donald Trump's aborted bid for American Airlines? Such takeovers inevitably saddle new management with huge debt. That, in turn, raises fears that the company will go bankrupt or else skimp on safety. Should the public worry about attempted airline takeovers, like Donald Trump's aborted bid for American Airlines? Such takeovers inevitably saddle new management with huge debt. That, in turn, raises fears that the company will go bankrupt or else skimp on safety. Congress seems to think the fears are justified. A Senate committee bill would empower the Secretary of Transportation to block airline takeovers for reasons of safety. A House bill scheduled for committee vote today would also enable the secretary to block takeovers that sap an airline's competitive strength. Neither measure is necessary. The Senate bill might help calm fears about safety. But the House bill gives the secretary powers best left to the market. The gigantic debt involved in the attempted takeovers raises two concerns. First, airlines might reduce maintenance. But airline safety is tightly regulated by the Federal Aviation Administration, which sets standards so high that minor reductions in maintenance do not threaten public safety. Second, debt burdens could leave airlines vulnerable to economic recession. Unable to pay its creditors, an airline might declare bankruptcy or be forced to sell off some assets. But bankruptcy or asset sales do not make the planes, gates or air routes disappear. Another airline will fill in, causing only temporary disruption. Nor is new regulation needed. Deregulation has worked. Careful studies by Steven Morrison and Clifford Winston at the Brookings Institution show that deregulation has brought the public lower fares, increased safety, greater convenience - and even more competition. Only eight carriers dominate the industry nationwide. But on individual routes - where it matters - the average number of effective competitors has increased since 1978. In the last two years, some gains have been lost. Competition has fallen; fares have risen. But the trend is too new to be worrisome. Both bills would make a useful administrative change. The Transportation Secretary may now protect the public from an unfit carrier by revoking its certificate - but only after a takeover is complete. That's a Draconian process. The Senate and House bills require approval before an airline reorganizes. The constructive result would be negotiation instead of protracted battle. The public wouldn't | Unnecessary, or Worse, for Airlines |
291993_0 | LEAD: A new agency responsible for rebuilding New York City's crumbling schools has adopted procedures it says will speed a $4.3 billion construction program and reduce corruption. A new agency responsible for rebuilding New York City's crumbling schools has adopted procedures it says will speed a $4.3 billion construction program and reduce corruption. Officials of the agency, the city's School Construction Authority, said in interviews this week that the procedures will focus on removing bureacratic snags that they say had inflated costs and created delays of up to eight years in the building and renovation of city schools. The officials said the red tape also gave mobsters and corrupt employees opportunities to extort payoffs from contractors through rigged bids and promises of larger contract payments. The authority was established in December by Gov. Mario M. Cuomo and State Legislature to replace the Board of Education in the awarding and supervision of construction contracts. The independent agency was formed after repeated complaints by civic groups and prosecutors that school construction and repair programs were hobbled by shoddy work and overcharging. Authority officials said the first major administrative policies adopted by the agency include the following: One Project, One Manager * Assigning a single manager to supervise on-site work, a practice widely used by private developers. The project manager will have the authority to authorize or deny job modifications - known as change orders - that are requested by contractors after work has begun. In the past, delays created by disputes over change orders have slowed school construction and increased costs. * Providing contractors full payment within 30 days of the completion of a specific segment of a project. Previously, some payments have been withheld for a year or more. Authority officials say that slow payments discouraged many qualified companies from seeking school work and that the lack of competition encouraged other contractors to inflate bids. * Creating an inspector general's office with extensive powers to investigate corruption and racketeering and to advise the authority on internal policy matters. In addition to an in-house staff of about 60, mainly investigators and auditors, the unit will be reinforced by prosecutors and investigators from the Manhattan District Attorney's office, the state's Organized Crime Task Force and the State Police. Charles E. Williams, the authority's president and chief executive, said yesterday that a state prosecutor, Thomas D. Thacher 2d, has been appointed inspector general. Mr. | School-Building Agency Changes the Old Rules |
292853_0 | LEAD: Venezuela is subsidizing exports of aluminum sulfate and selling it in the United States at less than fair value, the Commerce Department said today. It said that if the International Trade Commission finds that the shipments have injured the United States industry, countervailing duties would be imposed. Venezuela is subsidizing exports of aluminum sulfate and selling it in the United States at less than fair value, the Commerce Department said today. It said that if the International Trade Commission finds that the shipments have injured the United States industry, countervailing duties would be imposed. Aluminum sulfate is used for water purification and waste water treatment. Venezuelan shipments to the United States last year totaled $634,000. | U.S. Critical on Export |
294088_1 | officials say they view the two speeches as their answer to critics, in particular the Democrats, who have contended that the Bush team not only has no enthusiasm for the changes initiated by the Soviet leader but also has no coherent strategy for responding to them. Mr. Baker's speech clearly comes down on the side of those who want to engage Mr. Gorbachev - not only despite the uncertainties of his future, but also because of them. ''Soviet 'new thinking' in foreign and defense policy promises possibilities that would have been unthinkable a decade ago, such as deep stabilizing cuts in strategic forces and parity in reduced conventional arms in Europe,'' Mr. Baker said. ''Yet perestroika's success is far from assured.'' . But he immediately added: ''Any uncertainty about the fate of reform in the Soviet Union, however, is all the more reason, not less, for us to seize the present opportunity. For the works of our labor - a diminished Soviet threat and effectively verifiable agreements - can endure even if perestroika does not.'' The Secretary said that over the last 40 years political differences between the two nations prevented substantial progress in arms control, and that Western deterrence provided stability during this period. ''Now perestroika in Soviet domestic and foreign policy could, in part, lift that shadow,'' he said. ''The political prerequisite for enduring and strategically significant arms control may finally be materializing.'' He then went on to detail what he called the four principles that ''guide our search for a stable, predictable strategic relationship.'' First, Mr. Baker said, the United States was seeking arms control agreements that would reduce the ''capabilities and incentives'' for either side to mount a first strike, a surprise attack. He cited American efforts in Vienna to reduce the Soviet edge in tanks and artillery and efforts in Geneva to reduce ''the most destabilizing weapons, especially vulnerable, silo-based intercontinental ballistic missiles.'' A second principle, he said, was the Administration's intention to broaden the arms control agenda with Moscow. Mr. Baker for the first time voiced his concerns about intelligence evidence that North Korea has stepped up efforts to develop nuclear weapons. A third principle guiding the Administration in arms control, he said, was to seek ''a new relationship in which Soviet military power is open to the naked eye, not just satellites in the sky.'' The Secretary of State cited President Bush's ''open | Baker Sees in Gorbachev a New Chance for Peace |
291375_0 | LEAD: The amount of sugar available for export from some nations in the coming year will be reduced by strong local demand and bad weather conditions, delegates to the annual meeting of the Group of Latin American and Caribbean Sugar Exporters said last week. The group said in a report that world sugar consumption for the year that began Sept. The amount of sugar available for export from some nations in the coming year will be reduced by strong local demand and bad weather conditions, delegates to the annual meeting of the Group of Latin American and Caribbean Sugar Exporters said last week. The group said in a report that world sugar consumption for the year that began Sept. 1 is expected to total 109 million tons, which exceeds the projected production of 107 million tons. | Sugar Shortfall Seen |
291350_0 | LEAD: To the Editor: To the Editor: Allow a consumer to sound a note of dissent regarding the miracles of biotechnology in the plant world (''Biotechnology's Harvest: Plants That Stay Healthy,'' front page, Sept. 18). I long for the crisp, acidulous apples -the Dutchess and the Jonathan - of childhood. Why have pitiful, helpless giants, filled with livid pulp, replaced the tomatoes of Minnesota and France, seamed and knobby perhaps, but, when you cut them open, bright red to the core and exuding a faintly skunklike pungency? Whose magic wand has turned the luscious little strawberries of yesteryear into pincushions stuffed with pallid cotton? How do Mexico and France manage to produce slim, crunchy haricots, while our string beans have swollen into pods bursting with seeds and scratchy pulp, ideal for the abuses of nouvelle cuisine? Genetic engineering may replace chemical pesticides, but I get little comfort from your report that commercial and wild tomatoes have been crossed to produce an indestructible fruit with no discernible taste. Must we look forward to grocery shelves of the 21st century loaded with huge fruits and vegetables, resistant to blight, symmetrical and brightly colored, loaded with riboflavin and devoid of savor? JOHN BOVEY Cambridge, Mass., Sept. 25, 1989 | Whatever Happened to Tiny, Tasty Fruit? |
287686_0 | LEAD: With environmental concerns rising and the influence of the European Community growing, the nations of Western Europe have begun to take united action to curb air pollution from automobiles. With environmental concerns rising and the influence of the European Community growing, the nations of Western Europe have begun to take united action to curb air pollution from automobiles. In June, environmental ministers from the community's 12 member nations agreed to impose emission standards for new small cars in 1992 similar to those in place in the United States since 1983. In general, Europe has lagged well behind the United States in auto emissions rules. In addition, there is talk about tightening the currently lax pollution standards for trucks and other heavy-duty vehicles and imposing a communitywide speed limit. Some countries are taking or considering other actions, like tolls at the entrances to big cities, expanded rail and bus systems and restrictions on driving in congested areas. There are currently no mandatory communitywide standards for emissions from small and medium-size cars which account for 60 percent and 25 percent, respectively, of the approximately 10 million cars a year sold in Western Europe. Standards for large cars are scheduled to go into effect on Oct. 1, but some countries, notably Britain, are resisting them. The attitudes of European governments toward auto emissions have varied greatly in the past. In countries like Britain, France, Italy, Portugal and Greece relative indifference reigned until recently, and smaller cars with polution control systems were a rarity there. But in some countries the damage to forests and other parts of the environment by auto emissions has increased the strength of the environmental movement and encouraged stiffer regulations. These countries, including West Germany, Scandinavia, Austria, Switzerland and the Netherlands, have encouraged the use of unleaded gasoline as a precursor to other actions to reduce pollution. Since lead in gasoline poisons the catalytic converters that are essential to most pollution removal systems, the switch to unleaded fuel needs to be made before emissions standards are toughened. West Germany and the Netherlands have tax breaks and lower fees for cleaner cars. By Oct. 1, 1990, all new cars sold in Denmark will have to meet American-style emissions standards. In the last year or two, emission standards like America's have also gone into effect for all new cars in Austria, Sweden, Switzerland and Norway, which belong to the European Free | Europe Takes On Auto Pollution |
289009_1 | psychologist with a private practice in Hastings-on-Hudson, who recently retired as the chief psychologist of the Pleasantville Cottage School in Pleasantville. Consultant to County Dr. Sakheim is a regular consultant to the county's Department of Social Services and the County Medical Center on juvenile fire-setters and has published several articles on the subject. Other participants are to include Dr. Jessica Gaynor, assistant clinical professor of psychology at the University of California in San Francisco. She is the co-author (with Chris Hatcher) of ''The Psychology of Child Firesetting, Detection and Intervention,'' a handbook published in 1987 by Brunner/Mazel that is regarded as a pioneering effort in the field. The third speaker is to be Dr. David Kolko, associate professor of child psychiatry, Western Psychiatric Institute and Clinic at the University of Pittsburgh Medical School. Dr. Kolko, author of numerous articles on the subject, is collaborating on a five-year treatment study of childhood fire-setters financed by the National Institute of Mental Health. Waiting Lists for Treatment Among other issues the conference will be addressing, said Dr. Arthur J. Swanson, the conference chairman, is ''the distinct disadvantage'' that children who have set fires experience when seeking residential treatment. The four residential treatment units in the Westchester area all have waiting lists, and Dr. Swanson said: ''These places are overfilled anyway, and they can be selective. A child who has set a fire can be considered dangerous to whatever open setting they may be in, and those children are put on the 'hold list' more quickly.'' At the County Medical Center, where Dr. Swanson serves as a clinical psychologist at the Psychiatric Institute, children with a history of fire-setting must often remain longer than necessary awaiting placement in one of the residential treatment units. The Case of an Abandoned Boy One boy, less than 8 years old, remained at the Psychiatric Institute for more than a year while Dr. Swanson and others tried to find room for him in one of the residential treatment sites that provide intensive care. The child had come to the institute after he had burned down his foster parents' home in a rage over being abandoned by his natural parents. ''This kid prompted the whole idea of this conference,'' Dr. Swanson said. ''We need to learn more about the high-risk factors that can be useful for placement.'' The child was eventually accepted in one of the special units, where | Children Who Set Fires Prompt a Conference |
289362_6 | other parts of the central nervous system. The chief villain in the N.R.D.C. report was Alar, a growth regulator that, as of last spring, was sprayed on about 15 percent of the nation's apple orchards to make the fruit ripen at the same time. A number of studies had found that when the treated apples were processed - to make apple juice, for instance - Alar broke down into a potent carcinogen called unsymmetrical dimethylhydrazine, or UDMH. There was evidence, too, that Alar itself was carcinogenic. Alar quickly became a symbol, and the actress Meryl Streep spearheaded a crusade against it. In television and newspaper interviews she urged parents to buy organic produce. And in passionate testimony before the Senate, she suggested that the Government's failure to take Alar off the market amounted to little more than a laboratory experiment on the nation's children. The public responded with a vengeance. School cafeterias stopped buying apples. Supermarkets stopped doing business with Alar-using growers, and growers got stuck with warehouses full of suddenly unsalable fruit. As a result, Uniroyal, the manufacturer of Alar, stopped selling it in the United States last June. (The company still sells it abroad.) But that was only one step toward safer food. As an indication of the scope of the problem that remains, the National Academy of Sciences has listed more than a dozen foods in which pesticide residues present potentially significant risks. Tomatoes top the list. Next is beef, because the grains fed to cows contain pesticides that accumulate in the animals' tissue. The other foods cited by the academy are potatoes, oranges, lettuce, apples, peaches, pork, wheat, soybeans, all other beans, carrots, chicken, corn and grapes. The academy believes that these foods account for 95 percent of the health problems associated with pesticides. One reason the academy considers pesticide residues so dangerous is that they can't all be washed off. Apples, tomatoes and cucumbers, for example, are typically coated with a fungicide mixed with wax to keep them looking fresh and prevent them from spoiling. The wax makes it impossible for the fungicide to be rinsed off. And, while peeling fruits and vegetables may get rid of pesticides on the skin, it doesn't remove those that are absorbed by the plants' leaves or taken up by the roots. These pesticides, known as systemics, become part of a plant's chemistry. Bananas, potatoes and melons are among | America Tackles The Pesticide Crisis |
288991_0 | LEAD: A HIKER in the woods accustomed to rounding a corner and coming upon a deer or other wild animal is just as likely these days to confront a rusting Ford or a rotting La-Z-Boy. Across the state, many of the remaining unspoiled areas are fast becoming spoiled by the illegal dumping of automobiles, tire, furniture and major appliances. A HIKER in the woods accustomed to rounding a corner and coming upon a deer or other wild animal is just as likely these days to confront a rusting Ford or a rotting La-Z-Boy. Across the state, many of the remaining unspoiled areas are fast becoming spoiled by the illegal dumping of automobiles, tire, furniture and major appliances. State park officials and other custodians of public and private lands say the closing of many municipal dumps and the imposition of fees for such items as washing machines and refrigerators have brought an increase in the illegal dumpings. ''Durable goods - that's what they're called when they're made and that's what they are when they end up on our land,'' said Gerard E. Loiselle Jr., a spokesman for the Bridgeport Hydraulic Company, which owns 20,000 acres of largely undeveloped land throughout Fairfield County. ''We're seeing a dramatic increase in the amount of waste products being dumped on our land.'' Keith R. Cudworth, the superintendent of the White Memorial Foundation, the 4,000-acre wildlife sanctuary in Litchfield, said the problem becomes more obvious at this time of year. ''Once the leaves come off the trees, you'll notice a lot more - the miscellaneous trash bags, the major appliances,'' he said. A Problem With Tires ''We've had refrigerators and stoves, a car one time, and our biggest problem has been tires.'' Mr. Cudworth said the dumping of tires increased after a nearby landfill stopped accepting them last year. He said someone once dumped 70 tires at one time. Because of the illegal dumpings, White Memorial this year closed most of its roads and trails to motor vehicles. ''The state forests and state parks, in particular, have become an inviting place to dump off unwanted stuff,'' said John H. Spencer, the eastern district manager for the State Department of Environmental Protection. He said his crews have already hauled 65 cars out of the woods of eastern Connecticut this year, at a cost of about $200 each. ''Some of the things people do are just unbelievable,'' Mr. | Into the Woods: Junk Cars and Old Stoves |
289358_5 | loss. Some patients who received very high doses of the drug were left with longstanding nerve damage that resulted in varying degrees of hearing loss and numbness of the extremities. Castillo recalls dropping a subway token on the way to a clinic visit about a year after he had finished his chemotherapy treatment, and having to call his wife in helpless frustration because he didn't have enough sensation in his fingertips to pick the token up. Survivors are philosophical. ''Look, I'm a little clumsy,'' says Pfeiffer. ''But I'm alive.'' Larynx-preservation patients today don't have to worry about hearing loss or nerve damage, because the doses of chemotherapy they receive are much lower - and just as effective. MANY PEOPLE AS-sume that breast surgeons were the first to develop less drastic means of treating cancer. Mainly because of the number of people involved - approximately 150,000 new cases each year - changes in breast-cancer treatment have received a tremendous amount of publicity. Indeed, in the last 10 years, most breast surgeons have stopped performing disfiguring radical mastectomies - in which the patient loses the normal contour of the upper arm and chest wall - in favor of modified-radical mastectomies or, in selected cases, breast-conserving lumpectomies. But many doctors within the cancer community regard orthopedists, in their treatment of bone and connective-tissue tumors, as the true founding fathers of modified surgical techniques. Orthopedists have come a long way since 1973, when newspapers reported the story of 12-year-old Ted Kennedy Jr. He heroically endured high doses of chemotherapy with methotrexate, a particularly toxic drug, in addition to the amputation of his leg from above the knee, to treat a malignant tumor. His chance for a cure was 25 percent. But he beat the odds. Although bone cancer is relatively uncommon - there are fewer than 7,000 new cases each year - most of the people who get it are between the ages of 15 and 30. ''When I got out of residency in 1960 everybody with bone tumors got an amputation, and no one lived longer than a year or two,'' recalls Dr. Henry J. Mankin, chief of the orthopedic service at Massachusetts General Hospital in Boston. ''By 1980 we had a survival rate in the 60 percent range and half the kids kept their limbs. Now almost everybody lives and at least 80 percent keep their limbs.'' Bone tumors originally had a | The Cancer War: A Major Advance |
288978_1 | which Mr. McKibben considers to be a sure thing, is another. We may be able to avert disaster by delaying or adapting to the greenhouse warming, just as international action has been taken against the chemicals that chew up the ozone layer. But Mr. McKibben is not happy with this outcome, for it would lead us into managing the globe's climate and into using technologies like genetic engineering, both of which will further erode the independence of nature. This is the second sense in which he believes nature is ending. Instead of continuing the unchecked materialism of our economic march, Mr. McKibben says, we should now accept limits to our rights over nature, even if that means consuming less. ''This could be the epoch when people decide at least to go no farther down the path we've been following - when we make not only the necessary technological adjustments to preserve the world from overheating but also the necessary mental adjustments to ensure that we'll never again put our good ahead of everything else's.'' It would be easy to dismiss the thesis as a restatement of the limits-to-growth debate or as yet another instance of how everyone uses the greenhouse effect to promote his own agenda. It is tempting to note the contrast between Mr. McKibben's ascetic message and his easy life style - he tells the reader about his Honda car, his large house in the woods, his heating system, his new fax machine and his recently purchased telescope. It would be reasonable to argue with his unmitigated trust in the computer models used to predict the greenhouse warming and his exaggeration of the present powers of genetic engineering. But all such pretexts for dismissing the book would be easy ways of avoiding the hard questions it raises. The economic frame of reference in which most public debate takes place sets no intrinsic value on natural beauty or uniqueness. Unless protected by special laws like the Endangered Species Act, natural habitats almost always yield to the bulldozer. The South Platte River in Colorado would have been dammed, but for the decision of the chief of the Environmental Protection Agency, William K. Reilly, who overrode the routine decisions made by local officials. Biologists and environmentalists want to save the world's tropical rain forests for one reason - the intrinsic value of these ancient nurseries of life. But they know they | THE SKY IS MELTING |
289046_0 | LEAD: The recent article ''Plan to Revamp Special Education Draws Criticism'' provided valuable information to parents of educationally handicapped pupils and special-education professionals. The article presented a balance of the different points of view expressed by a variety of people. The recent article ''Plan to Revamp Special Education Draws Criticism'' provided valuable information to parents of educationally handicapped pupils and special-education professionals. The article presented a balance of the different points of view expressed by a variety of people. The Plan to Revise Special Education in New Jersey is an important initiative, and open public debate on the issues is necessary to the integrity of the project. To assure that readers receive accurate information, I would like to correct and clarify certain statements made to the reporter and repeated in the article. Contrary to comments by Marilyn Arons, this project has been carried forward in a completely open and honest manner. The New Jersey Department of Education is working collaboratively with 13 school districts to test the Plan to Revise carefully before any decisions are made about statewide implementation. The goal of this pilot project is to assure that the result is improved programs for handicapped pupils. We have contracted with an outside agency, the Educational Testing Service, to evaluate the pilot project. Literally hundreds of people are being interviewed or surveyed by this independent organization, including every single parent of a handicapped pupil in the pilot districts. Parents and professionals alike have had and will have the opportunity to complete anonymous surveys in which they are free to express their opinions. In addition, meetings have been held throughout the state to keep parents and professionals fully informed and to hear their perspectives on the Plan to Revise. The Division of Special Education has worked hard over the last several years to establish and maintain positive and open communication with parents of handicapped children. A State Parent Advisory Council has been created to assure ongoing opportunities for constructive dialogue between parents and the department. The Plan to Revise is a regular topic of discussion at the council meetings. The pilot project will be completed in June 1990, at which time we will carefully analyze the evaluation information to determine those aspects of this innovative project that have had a positive impact on the education of handicapped pupils. Based on that analysis, recommendations regarding statewide implementation will be made to the | Great Care Taken In Education Plan |
296092_0 | LEAD: Two ''peace trains'' that were formed to protest Irish Republican Army bomb attacks on the Dublin-Belfast rail link have been halted by a bomb threat. Two ''peace trains'' that were formed to protest Irish Republican Army bomb attacks on the Dublin-Belfast rail link have been halted by a bomb threat. Most of the 1,000 passengers were forced to take buses to complete their journey on Saturday night, but eight members of the Irish Parliament refused to move and joined an overnight sit-in on one of the trains. ''I feel we had no alternative but to stay on the train and tell the Provos we will not be bullied,'' said Austin Currie, one of the legislators, referring to the Provisional I.R.A. The rail link between Northern Ireland and the Republic has been closed more than 60 times this year in an I.R.A. campaign aimed at flushing British soldiers out of their heavily fortified border observation posts to search for bombs. Bomb Reported on Line Politicians, trade unionists, churchmen and community leaders joined a cross-border demonstration against the I.R.A. campaign, boarding two trains for the 200-mile round trip on Saturday. The trains were halted after the Irish police received a telephoned threat that there was a bomb on the line near the border town of Newry. Following the familiar pattern of disruption on the line, passengers were transferred to buses. Security forces had to wait until dawn today to make a detailed search of the tracks. The eight members of Parliament were among 40 people who staged an all-night protest on the train. ''We are fed up with the arrogance of the I.R.A.,'' said Senator David Norris, one of the eight. ''These people have a perfect right to travel by train and visit their friends and relatives across the border. The I.R.A.'s bullying tactics do not represent the ordinary people of the south of Ireland.'' The protesters were brought tea and sandwiches on the train by leading Unionist politicians representing the one-million-strong Protestant majority in British-ruled Northern Ireland. The line normally carries about 30,000 passengers a month and up to 10 freight trains a day. But passenger and freight figures have tumbled because of the bombing campaign. | Irish 'Peace Trains' Halted by Bomb Threat |
296098_0 | LEAD: David Savage, an expert in direct-response advertising and a managing director of Krupp/Taylor USA, a subsidiary of Foote, Cone & Belding, died of a heart attack on Friday in his Manhattan office. He was 60 years old and lived in Manhattan and East Hampton, L.I. David Savage, an expert in direct-response advertising and a managing director of Krupp/Taylor USA, a subsidiary of Foote, Cone & Belding, died of a heart attack on Friday in his Manhattan office. He was 60 years old and lived in Manhattan and East Hampton, L.I. Mr. Savage had been the owner and president of Response Industries Inc., an agency specializing in introducing major companies to mail-order operations; the vice president of operations and corporate development of Wunderman Worldwide, a subsidiary of Young & Rubicam; the senior vice president of McCann-Erickson, and the founder and president of Mattel Direct Marketing Inc. Early in his career, at CBS, he helped acquire television rights to feature films. He was the manager of film program procurement and development at NBC and the manager of marketing and merchandising at RCA Records. Mr. Savage was a native of Manhattan and a graduate of Stuyvesant High School and the Rochester Institute of Technology. He was a former board member of Recording for the Blind. Surviving are his wife, Evelyn; two sons, Eric and Daniel, both of Manhattan; a sister, Charlotte Schiller of Whitestone, Queens, and a grandson. | David Savage, 60, a Specialist in Mail Ads |
289857_2 | Recruiting publications are growing longer, in part because colleges are throwing in more information on financial aid and the attractions of their towns. This has led to a proliferation of factoids, brief items of information that may or may not be related to the text around them. ''Students today read less,'' said Robert A. Sevier, director of marketing for Stamats Communications in Cedar Rapids, Iowa, which has designed brochures for many nonselective colleges. ''You try to develop certain selling points and hit them again and again.'' Mr. Volkmann sometimes wonders about what comes out of the minds of the brochure designers. He cited a recruiting letter from Transylvania University in Lexington, Ky., that began ''Dear Prospective Transylvanian'' and a University of Kansas booklet that opened with a description of campus museums. A University of Michigan publication pointed out that ''all buildings have central heating and snow covers the ground for most of the winter.'' Colgate described itself as just the place for ''one who can become aware of hidden passion and powers.'' Mr. Volkmann warns that extremely expensive brochures like those with elaborate photographs or other art work, can be a turnoff. ''Do you want the first reaction to be, 'Gosh, that looks like an expensive college?' '' he asked. Yes, as a matter of fact. The new brochure for Menlo College in Menlo Park, Calif., has a full-page picture of students' loading a ski rack on a BMW. ''If that doesn't appeal to you, you'd better look elsewhere,'' said Pegi A. Anton of Stamats, which designed the brochure. Whether to depict colleges the way they are or the way they would like to be is a serious concern. The director of admissions at DePauw University in Greencastle, Ind., David C. Murray, drew scorn at a panel discussion at a meeting last week of the National Association of College Admissions Counselors. DePauw is eager to sell itself for its academic standards. Its new booklet has just a passing reference to a fraternity and sorority system that, as it happens, involves three-quarters of the students. The DePauw book is also full of testimonials from students, professors and alumni, run under headlines like ''Prepare to Lead.'' Conspicuously missing is a testimonial from its most famous alumnus, Vice President Dan Quayle, who concedes that his commitment to the life of the mind as an undergraduate was casual. The only mention that one of | Lessons |
295490_1 | Almost every company has the capacity for such improvements. And these gains can change the very basis for longer-range planning. The Pennwalt Corporation, for example, was seriously considering closing a major plant and getting out of a troubled line of business. But, when the comany substantially reduced the cost of several key product ingredients, the business became a winner. Pennwalt's planning assumptions now reflect a new view of its capabilities. Managers should experiment with making major strategic changes through a series of small-scale advances, instead of the usual go-for-broke decisions. Example: When one of Motorola Inc.'s divisions was considering ways to sell mobile radios to fast-food restaurant chains, so employees could talk to each other from different parts of the restaurant, the managers of the division decided not to go through formal strategic analyses, justifications and prototype production - a year-plus process. Instead, they took an existing radio and in a few weeks modified it to match what they thought was needed by the employees of fast-food restaurants. A few tests gave them the information they needed to rapidly enter into the market. Through such pilot projects, major strategic innovations can be implemented on a small scale, tested in the marketplace, and assessed in less time than it takes to labor through formal planning studies. A third pathway to long-term success via short-term achievement is collaboration with customers in developing new applications and new products. PPG Industries' Fiber Glass Products division persuaded one of its customers to share some confidential information about its operations. PPG then simulated the customer's manufacturing conditions in the laboratory and quickly developed product modifications that opened major new markets for the customer and for PPG. Repeated success in such action-oriented undertakings expands managerial confidence. It also provides managers with new skills and insights into how to carry out change, how to make things happen - and how to exploit our American ''do it now'' style. There is overwhelming evidence that basic performance capability is a much greater factor in the success or failure of companies than is formal strategic planning. The Xerox Corporation, after all, developed the personal computer years before anyone else. The International Business Machines Corporation, on the other hand, did not develop a personal computer until years ''too late.'' It was I.B.M.'s ability to make make up for lost time that made the difference. Similarly, Detroit didn't need strategic planning to see | Don't Waste Time Planning - Act |
295691_2 | success in reducing the flow of Bolivian cocaine paste to the cocaine refineries in Colombia. One reason is corruption. During a recent raid on a drug site on the banks of the Yacuma River 75 miles northwest of the navy base at Trinidad, the police came under fire from what they later said were Bolivian Navy forces collaborating with the drug traffickers. Numerous instances are also cited in which officers from the Rural Police Unit accepted payoffs from the drug traffickers. United States officials say Gen. Lucio Anez, the newly appointed head of the anti-drug task force, is making an effort to weed out corruption, but at this time it remains a large impediment to any successful anti-drug strategy. Another reason the strategy has been failing is because the Government uses its anti-drug task force primarily to eradicate illegal coca cultivation. But the coca fields are so extensive in the Chapare region where the campaign is focused that without herbicides they could never be completely eradicated. Also, the authorities go about the job halfheartedly because they fear that if they get too tough, there will be political unrest among the local farmers whose livelihood depends upon coca. The United States wants the Bolivian anti-drug units to spend more time going after drug manufacturing sites. United States officials contend that a successful campaign to destroy coca paste laboratories and interdict shipments of the paste will drive down the price of raw coca to the point that farmers will abandon the market. A Difficult Strategy The interdiction strategy advocated by the United States will be difficult to pursue in Bolivia because most of the coca paste laboratories and their associated airstrips are in the remote northeastern province of Beni. The operations have been hampered by the size and remoteness of the region and the limited resources available to Bolivian anti-drug forces. To help the Bolivians, the United States plans to construct a large helicopter base for the anti-drug task force near the town of Trinidad in Beni. A series of smaller satellite refueling bases will also be built. But even with advances bases, the task of locating active drug manufacturing sites will be difficult. Most intelligence comes from informers and is frequently inaccurate or misleading. The anti-drug police are also hampered in spotting small airplanes used to transport drugs from Bolivia to Colombia. There are more than 700 known airstrips in the | In Bolivian Drug War, a Question of Will |
295716_0 | LEAD: Both his father, a glass blower at the Corning Glass Works, and his wife's grandfather, a Norwegian glass blower, may have had something to do with William Warmus's interest in contemporary glass. Both his father, a glass blower at the Corning Glass Works, and his wife's grandfather, a Norwegian glass blower, may have had something to do with William Warmus's interest in contemporary glass. But, said the 36-year-old freelance writer and curator, it was only when he was well on his way to becoming an Egyptologist and then veering toward modern art and philosophy that he really became interested in glass. ''As a child I did have the best chemistry set around, but it was not until 1978 that I got involved with glass in earnest,'' Mr. Warmus said. That year he became a curator of contemporary glass at the Corning Museum of Glass in Corning, N.Y. That also coincided with what he described as ''the flowering of studio glass.'' The last decade, he says, has produced a growing interest in glass among both craftspeople and collectors. Mr. Warmus's approach is unusual. ''I'm not interested in history,'' he explained, ''but in ferreting out the masterpieces that tell history.'' Mr. Warmus, who lives in Lansing, N.Y., said: ''I feel that at this point glass should be respected as a work of craft and not art. The ultimate determination about what is craft and what is art will be made by history.'' For the last few months he has been organizing an exhibition of Italian glass titled ''The Venetians: Modern Glass 1919-1990'' for the Muriel Karasik Gallery, 1094 Madison Avenue, at 82d Street, in Manhattan. The exhibition, which opened Friday, continues to Dec. 2. ''Glass,'' Mr. Warmus said, ''is full of contradictions, has none of the preservation problems of paintings and will last forever, unless you break it.'' STYLE MAKERS | William Warmus: Curator of Glass |
295862_2 | to charge into the urban jungles of Southeast Asia: ''Here was another frontier that invited exploration,'' Mr. Kelly writes in the introduction. ''For all either of us knew about them, the people of these countries might have been Indians from the remotest rain forest. Yet more than the Amazon, the Four Little Dragons were beginning to have a profound effect on the United States. From the trade deficit figures to the unemployed steelworkers to the almond-eyed math geniuses at MIT, it was apparent that the world no longer belonged to the Caucasian race. What we wanted to know was 'who are those guys?' '' With this premise, and an oversupply of breathless prose, our two travelers set out for Dragonland. Their passage through each destination seems to have followed a pattern. First they obtained the services of local government public relations officials, whom they would use as foils for various quips and pleasantries about the country involved. Then, obviously too shrewd to be taken in by mere propaganda, they found some knowing friends or acquaintances who would tell them what was really going on. These volunteer Sherpas ranged from successful local businessmen with American college educations to fellow drinkers the authors ran into in the evidently innumerable local bars, nightclubs and hostess spas on their tour. This on-the-spot reporting is then buttressed with copious quotations from various authorities like James Clavell, Anthony Burgess, Robert Elegant, John le Carre, Theodore H. White and ''The World of Suzie Wong.'' Mr. Kelly and Mr. London's sweeping generalizations are made the more distasteful by an air of condescension bordering on racism. About South Korea, for example, they declare: ''As was only hinted in our first plunge into Seoul nightlife, alcohol is the great stimulant of the Korean economy. It numbs the pain of the workingman so he can make it through another 10-hour shift of tedium. But it also binds the office workers, from stock boy to director - each drinking on his own stratum, of course, in a modern tribal ritual that is not so far removed from the tribe.'' Or here they are visiting a Government office in Taipei: ''We were escorted into a waiting room where we watched a procession of young men dressed in blue suits darting in and out of several doors, waving telexes and newspapers and shouting to one another. . . . After 15 minutes of watching | DROPPING IN ON A DRAGON |
295656_2 | for the river is at the heart of everything; in that vast arid landscape it lies like a cool narrow miracle. So crucial to the Egyptian sensibility is the Nile that it serves as the orientation point instead of the North Pole. Its inexorable current, flowing from south to north, determines what is up and what is down: southern Egypt, lying upriver, is Upper Egypt; to the north is Lower Egypt. To make this trip, some comfortable assumptions must be abandoned - history as positive numbers, for example, and north as up. Accept that the First Dynasty (around 3000 B.C.) is the beginning of things, that south is up, and that the current of the Nile is more important than the compass. Historically, the center of Egyptian power moved up and down the river, and so, too, do you, as you examine the remnants of this extraordinary past: the pyramids, the tombs and the temples. Through changes in architecture, paintings and carvings, the history takes on order. Names and faces recur, and the patterns of politics, war and religion appear. Sightseers still tour Egypt by boat. Traveling on land is chancy: the roads are poor, accommodations are tight, and reservations unreliable. On the boat everything is seen to: The food is good, the rooms are clean, and, moreover, you have a guide to lead you gently and knowledgeably through history. Our trip took 11 days, including one each for arrival and departure. We spent two nights in Giza, then flew to Luxor, where we spent the night, and then boarded a cruise boat for a four-day trip up the Nile. From Aswan, our last stop on the boat, we flew to Abu Simbel, and then back to Cairo for three last days. Luxor was the center of power twice, most magnificently during the New Kingdom (about halfway down the time line of Ancient Egypt). Today it is full of palm trees, hotels and temples. Horse-drawn carriages compete for the streets, rather desperately, with huge tourist buses and thundering, smoky trucks. Across the river, to the west, are the great lion-colored hills of Thebes. Our first day there we went downriver to the wonderful temple at Dendera. The next morning, we boarded our boat. The Oberoi Shehrazad, despite its name, is anything but exotic. Owned by a luxury hotel chain, it was designed for comfort, and looks like an apartment building | On the Ancient Nile, a Modern Voyage |
295759_0 | LEAD: The police have found evidence that the bomb on Pan American Flight 103 that killed 270 people was planted in Malta, The Sunday Times of London reported. The police have found evidence that the bomb on Pan American Flight 103 that killed 270 people was planted in Malta, The Sunday Times of London reported. The newspaper said the evidence was found in a computer list of all luggage put aboard the flight when it originated in Frankfurt, West Germany, on Dec. 21. The passengers and luggage later were transferred to a Boeing 747 at Heathrow Airport in London. All 259 people aboard the airplane and 11 people on the ground at Lockerbie, Scotland, were killed when the plane exploded and crashed. The Sunday Times, citing British sources, said the baggage list showed that a suitcase was transferred to Flight 103 from an Air Malta plane, Flight KM-180. That flight originated in Malta. No passenger accompanied the bag onto the Pan Am flight, the paper said, adding that forensic evidence suggests the bomb was in this suitcase. Detectives have contended for months that the bomb was put aboard in Frankfurt. | Paper Says Lockerbie Bomb Possibly Originated in Malta |
295669_2 | and services represents half of world trade. Under current conditions, said United States Trade Representative Carla A. Hills, ''corn growers in Iowa, lawyers in New York, citrus farmers in Florida, high-tech manufacturers in California, and a host of our best and most competitive entrepreneurs from coast to coast are denied the chance to do what they do best - compete fairly and squarely in international markets.'' Yet while the proposals won the strong backing of American businesses from American Express to construction companies, the farm plan is stirring anxiety. More than 30,000 peanut growers, shielded from foreign competition by strict import quotas, would be ''devastated,'' said Walter H. Mitchell, executive director of the Georgia Peanut Producers Association. The nation's 160,000 dairy farmers, while facing limited foreign competition, have been content with the current price supports, enacted to insure ample milk supplies. ''Producers want predictability,'' said James C. Barr, chief executive of the National Milk Producers Federation. ''We're pretty nervous right now.'' Though foreign sugar production is far cheaper, only one million tons of sugar is being allowed into the United States this year - a tiny portion of domestic consumption - compared with five million tons in the early 1980's. Quotas and price supports cost American consumers $3 billion a year. The growers say they would change their ways if other countries did. But they are skeptical. ''Our country's proposal is theoretically wonderful, but practically it's pie in the sky,'' said Pete de Gravelles, general manager of the American Sugar Cane League in New Orleans. Predictably, farm groups with the biggest chance for export gains -the great mid-continent grain and soybean producers and the cotton and rice growers of the South - are the biggest backers of freer trade. Largely reflecting such interests, the 3.5 million-member American Farm Bureau said that it ''strongly supports'' more market-oriented agriculture, but that other countries must make concessions. It is widely expected that a farm bill due to clear Congress next year will continue all existing programs. But there could be fierce battles on Capitol Hill if an agreement is reached in Geneva, for the lawmakers would then be called on to remove American farmers' protections to meet the new international obligations. On one point there is agreement: liberalization would greatly benefit the world's taxpayers and consumers. The Administration assesses the cost of current farm policies at almost $200 billion a year for the | Tearing at the Deep Roots of Protectionism |
295625_0 | LEAD: After 10 years of negotiations, the first comprehensive Convention on the Rights of the Child is expected before the General Assembly for approval next month. After 10 years of negotiations, the first comprehensive Convention on the Rights of the Child is expected before the General Assembly for approval next month. The convention consolidates international law on the basic rights of children and establishes new standards for such things as protection from drug abuse and sexual exploitation, safeguards in adoptions between countries, and access to juvenile justice. As it now stands, the document is a careful fabric of compromises and unresolved moral issues, drafted by a 42-nation working group of the United Nations Commission on Human Rights. United Nations officials hope the draft convention will be adopted on Nov. 20, the 30th anniversary of the Declaration of the Rights of the Child, and then be ratified by at least the 20 nations needed to make it binding on the ratifying nations. ''The convention makes it clear that children are persons with inalienable human rights and that the violation of these rights is unacceptable,'' James P. Grant, Executive Director of Unicef, the leading United Nations agency for aiding children, said recently. The problems of many of the world's children are critical and likely to worsen in the coming decade, according to a report published by Foster Parents Plan International and Defense for Children International. The two groups belong to a coalition of 120 private American groups that support the ratification of the convention. More than 38,000 children die daily from lack of food, shelter or primary health care, the report says. About 100 million children work under hazardous conditions; 80 million children are homeless, and there are more than 10 million child refugees. The only hurdle seen to the approval of the convention is how to finance the Committee on the Rights of the Child, which is to review compliance with the convention. A majority of the drafting nations feel the monitoring system should be financed from the United Nations budget, while some countries, including the United States, have insisted that the ratifying countries should pay. American officials, however, said this week that they were reviewing their position on financing as ''part of a policy review and fresh look'' by the Bush Administration. ''We believe that this is a popular issue favored by a majority of Americans,'' a senior American official | Long Talks Bring Child Rights Charter to U.N. |
295683_1 | I can't find anyone who can remember the last time anyone asked for a can of paint at Cabrini-Green.'' The ''Cabrini Alive'' effort took shape last summer at a church group in the Gold Coast neighborhood a few blocks east of Cabrini-Green on the North Side. Parishioners were looking for a way to improve relations with their neighbors. Now groups of 70 to 100 volunteers, joined by a handful of tenants, gather each Saturday in two buildings that are watched by guards. So far they have reclaimed 41 apartments that had been made uninhabitable by gangs, vandals, drug dealers and squatters. The total work force is now about 500 people, including suburban volunteers. 'People Already Feel Safer' Dave Koenig, a financial consultant who is a congregant of Trinity Lutheran Church in suburban Evanston, said he had made several trips to the Cabrini complex since July. ''To me this is the very essence of community, of being a good neighbor,'' said Mr. Koenig, whose face and hair were spattered with paint. ''I feel good about what I'm doing and know the people here do too, because a lot of them have come up and thanked me and told me so.'' Gracie Armstrong, who lives in the building and is the president of the tenants' organization, rolled paint onto a concrete ceiling in a fifth-floor stairwell last Saturday. ''Where we have painted, you don't see them covering it again with graffiti like they do in other buildings,'' she said. ''I know people already feel safer inside the building. Now it seems they don't want to spoil what's been fixed up either.'' Cabrini's towers are bleak fortresses near the affluent neighborhoods just north of downtown Chicago. The towers are home to more than 10,000 people, many of them black and almost all on some form of welfare. They live scattered among 31 high-rise and 55 row-house buildings, which among them have 3,514 apartments; more than 1,400 apartments are unoccupied. To cut vandalism and crime, housing officials at Cabrini-Green have arranged to move tenants into the lower floors and have sealed off the top floors. The complex is plagued by drug dealers and gangs. Gunfire is a familiar sound. In that atmosphere, the church volunteers' progress is easily overlooked. But at least 35 of the restored and repainted apartments are occupied by new families. Housing officials say they hope to fill all 140 units | Effort to Repair an Old Project Lifts Tenants' Spirits (and Paintbrushes) |
295863_2 | - was faintly ridiculous. ''Interferon,'' one scientist told a Forbes magazine reporter in 1980, ''is a substance you rub on stockbrokers.'' Mr. Teitelman, a writer for both Financial World and Oncology Times, begins his tale with the story of Genentech, the largest and most ambitious of the fledgling biofirms. Genentech was the creation of Herbert Boyer, one of the fathers of gene splicing, and Robert Swanson, a venture capitalist turned entrepreneur. Based in South San Francisco, Calif., Genentech was to be an entirely new species of company, one that ''could combine both the pure science of the academic world and the product development of the drug industry.'' It hired employees from the legions of post-doctoral fellows being churned out by the universities and it cultivated a freewheeling atmosphere with Friday afternoon beer bashes, during which Mr. Swanson, Genentech's chief executive officer, often dressed up in a grass skirt or a bumblebee outfit. The quirky, folksy formula looked like the future of corporate America. And though Genentech had nothing immediately salable, Wall Street wanted it. On Oct. 14, 1980, Genentech and its underwriters offered one million shares of stock at $35 each. That was quite high for an untested company - but not high enough. Within 30 minutes after market opening, the stock had been bid up to $89 a share by eager buyers - a record for an initial public offering - before dropping down to $70 on the final bell. The Genentech offering was a revelation to many other biologists and entrepreneurs, including those who started up Genetic Systems, a Seattle-based operation and the primary object of Mr. Teitelman's attention. In the Genentech mold, Genetic Systems was the dual creation of a scientific luminary: Robert Nowinski, then with the Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center in Seattle, and David and Isaac Blech, brothers and financial wizards. Yet it was the ''strong, aggressive'' Bob Nowinski, with his ''quick wit, boundless confidence, and a real talent for articulating the romance of science,'' who was to wheel and deal so relentlessly that his little company became someone else's. Genetic Systems was built around Mr. Nowinski's specialty, monoclonal antibodies - designer molecules or ''magic bullets'' that can home in on specific targets, such as viral proteins and cancer cells. Mr. Nowinski had a two-fold plan: to develop monoclonals for the diagnosis of venereal and other infectious diseases; and to use the profits from the | THE SELLING OF DNA |
295659_3 | in the Veranda, a glass-enclosed room on the ship's uppermost deck or in individual cabins. Passengers can help themselves to fresh fruit, yogurt and freshly baked croissants and Danish, or have one of the ever-present waiters fetch a plate of eggs and bacon, or even blueberry pancakes. By late morning passengers had to face up to what would be the day's most difficult task. Would they slip into their bathing suits and stretch out on one of the chaises by the boat's two tiny pools, pretending to read a book, but more often than not dozing or staring into the bright-blue ocean swells, fruit punch in hand? Or would they wander down to the lower deck and borrow one of the boat's wind surfers, free of charge? Or get one of the crew to take them water-skiing? Or perhaps simply go for a swim? For those who were land-bound, there was the option of strolling through the back alleys of ancient towns, staring at the size of eggplants in bustling open-air markets, nibbling on garlic-drenched olives while watching the locals play an intense game of boules, or giving their credit cards a whirl in the occasional store. The truly energetic might choose to set out on a two-hour climb to a 400-year-old church hovering on top of a nearby knoll or simply to wander through the local countryside. For those staying close to home lunch consisted of a bountiful salad bar accompanied by several hot dishes, like paella or pasta. And lest anyone get hungry later, afternoon tea was available from 4 till 5. On the one overcast day we encountered, when many passengers remained on board, the chef whipped up some wicked honey and cream-filled crepes to hold everyone until dinner. The evening meals were actually disappointing, in that they were perfectly ordinary. Ingredients were always fresh and the meats tender, but most dishes were covered with sauce that had been allowed to stand too long and pastas were overcooked and underseasoned. The good news was that the wine list offered a varied and reasonably priced selection. Other than evening meals, the only other disappointment that passengers expressed concerned the day trips that the ship had arranged for passengers wishing to explore farther afield. From the town of Calvi in Corsica, for instance, passengers could take a bus tour through the rugged countryside to the old towns of Calenzana | Under Full Sail From Monte Carlo To Italy's Coast |
293847_1 | get done.'' Mr. de la Garza said there was still ''basic agreement that we should try to ease out of major trade-distorting activities,'' adding, ''If other countries do it, then we should do it also.'' Among the American programs most affected would be those for dairy products and sugar, where price supports are set well above market levels, leading to overproduction, Administration officials said. The plan, a high-priority undertaking several years in formulation under both the Bush and Reagan Administrations, calls on governments to stop making payments to farmers eventually, except in cases where the money would not distort either production or trade. Uneasy About Proposals Other American lawmakers were uneasy about the proposals. Senator Max S. Baucus, Democrat of Montana and chairman of a Senate trade subcommittee, said the ideas ''seem to be as much aimed at eliminating portions of the U.S. farm program that they oppose as at opening foreign markets. '' For this round of trade talks, Washington has changed strategy. Most obstacles take the shape of quotas, variable levies and government licensing systems. These would be converted into tariffs, which are generally considered the barrier that least distorts trade. The tariffs would then be negotiated down in stages. The proposals, which are being made at the start of a new phase of the three-year-old global trade talks known as the Uruguay Round, also call for eliminating market access barriers in farm products over 10 years and dismantling export subsidies over 5 years. Administration officials briefed Congressional staff members and farm associations on the plan last week and expect to present it formally on Wednesday at a Geneva meeting of the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade, or GATT, the 97-nation trade agency that is sponsoring the international negotiations. European Criticism Seen Although many nations have already agreed that the Uruguay Round should achieve ''substantial and progressive'' reduction of trade-distorting agricultural programs, the Administration's plan is likely to run into criticism in Europe, which seeks a slower pace of change. Washington has been sharply critical of the community's agriculture policies, which use variable levies that curb imports and high price supports that stimulate production. Export subsidies then unload the excess production on world markets, depressing world prices. But the United States, chiefly in dairy products and sugar, and Japan, chiefly in rice, also maintain tough barriers to market access. A community official declined to comment on the | U.S. to Offer Plan to Curb Farm Support |
293861_2 | and tons of semi-refined cocaine are piling up in jungle redoubts. As demand from Colombia has fallen, the officials say, the price for a kilogram of semi-refined cocaine, or base, as it is called, has plunged from $1,400 last August to about $600. Prices in U.S. Remain Steady ''There's been a lot of disruption in Peru's cocaine production as a result of the pressure in Colombia,'' said a senior American official. ''The planes aren't flying and the decision makers are dispersed and moving around, making it harder to orchestrate these loads.'' United States officials in Washington and Miami say, however, that neither cocaine supplies nor prices in the United States have changed significantly since the Colombian President, Virgilio Barco Vargas, declared war on drug traffickers on Aug. 18; this is partly because of huge stockpiles in Latin America, the Caribbean and the United States. When cocaine prices drop, American and Peruvian officials say, other crops like coffee and cacao become more attractive to farmers. But Peruvians and Americans who have been in the Upper Huallaga Valley, Peru's main cocaine-growing area, in the last few days say that farmers there seem to regard the current price decline as a temporary phenomenon and give no indication they plan to abandon their illicit crops. Waning Support for Drug War Both American and Peruvian officials worry that waning public support in Colombia may curtail anti-drug efforts there. Furthermore, law enforcement officials say they have evidence that new smuggling routes on roads, rivers and in the air are being established and they speculate that Colombia's traffickers may move their laboratories into northern Peru and parts of Brazil. Colombia has been the main battlefield of the drug war as narcotics squads have retaliated for Government raids with bombings and assassinations. But no drug lords have been captured in Colombia and the Government has had few dramatic anti-drug operations in recent weeks, prompting a growing perception among Colombians that the battle is being lost and that negotiations should be considered. American officials say that traffickers in Bolivia, which grows perhaps 25 percent of the world's coca, have their own refineries and shipping networks and have been little affected by the actions in Colombia. Strapped for Money Some American officials say it is unrealistic to expect more from Peru, where the economy declined by 20 percent last year and where cocaine production yields are estimated at equal to | War on Cocaine in Peru Is Sputtering |
293821_1 | German and her native Catalan, but also issues the fishing licenses. I wanted special permission to fish, a permit she was reluctant to grant since one had never been issued before, ever. She realized I was going to appeal to the Prime Minister in the course of an interview about local economics, and considered it a waste of his valuable time; she quickly offered a deal. ''I'll speak to the Minister of Agriculture and if he approves I'll grant you a license to fish for one day that will permit you to catch one fish, only one,'' she said. I agreed. The Minister agreed. So after the interview we both went to Senora Jordana's office so she could write the license. ''What is your nationality,'' she asked. ''I'm American; you know that,'' I said. ''Yes, but you have to be French, Spanish, English or German,'' she said. ''The application says so. For the day let's just say you're a Frenchman, you don't really have to speak French to the French.'' I agreed to be a Frenchman for a day. ''What is your marital status?'' she asked. ''Why is that needed for a special fishing license?'' I retorted. ''In Andorra, a Catholic country, I would be considered married but in the United States I am considered to be divorced. Besides, I want a fishing license, not a marriage license.'' The diminutive Senora Jordana shot me a piercing look and said: ''O.K., for the record let's say you're single. License approved. We'll skip the requirements for triplicate photographs and wave the license fee of 2,000 pesetas in the interest of Andorran-American friendship.'' She handed me two official looking documents containing sealed stamps and pointed me on the road to Llac, whose real name is Engolaster, a favorite among the 60 lakes in Andorra that are stocked with fish. The view of the mountains and valleys was almost enough to take my breath away, and at an altitude of 5,360 feet, it almost did. I drove several miles up a mountain until the road ended, then made it on foot for half an hour to a woodcutter's bunkhouse maintained by the local hydroelectric power authority. I immediately flashed my special pass to the chief woodcutter, Senor Francisco, who regarded it with some suspicion until phone calls were made to the authorities. I then ingratiated myself with Senora Francisco by giving vivid descriptions of | Outdoors: A Reel of Diplomacy |
292489_4 | between the Giants and Athletics, since it is the only roadway spanning San Francisco and Oakland - the Bay Bridge broke in only one section, along the seam of an expansion joint. ''I would be surprised if there is any real structural weakness in the bridge,'' Dr. Buckle said. ''If you consider the height of the bridge pier and the substructure, you have what is in effect a tall building.'' Tall buildings sway in earthquakes, he said, and this section swayed just enough that the roadway slipped out of its supporting socket. It was the city's newer and larger buildings that fared best in the earthquake. The relatively low level of damage was gratifying to structural engineers, who saw it as testimony to both modern technology and California's increasingly tough building codes. ''I think the safest place in San Francisco in a major earthquake is the Bank of America,'' said Mario Salvadori, a New York engineer who has written several standard texts on structural engineering. He was referring to the dark brown granite tower that is one of the city's tallest skyscrapers. ''We design high-rises so that their structures will stand up,'' he added. ''They are flexible enough to vibrate and sway, but not break up. If there are cracks, they are in things like partitions and windowpanes, not the basic frame. '' In planning for earthquakes, engineers today have come to value flexibility more than strength. For example, small elements of the infrastructure like gas lines and water mains are often designed with elastic loops so they bend rather than break. Buildings are more flexible too. Dr. Salvadori compares a faulty building to a dry old tree, strong but liable to break under heavy winds, and a well-engineered one to a reed, lighter, more resilient and less likely to snap. ''A building's ability to absorb motion is as important as its ability to withstand collapse,'' said Robert Silman, a New York structural engineer. Wright's Foresight The need for flexibility was well understood by one architect who lacked the benefits of today's advanced engineering. In his design for the Imperial Hotel in Tokyo, completed in 1923, Frank Lloyd Wright placed the building on on a foundation that resembled floating pads. The hotel was virtually the only major downtown building to survive the earthquake that devastated Tokyo that year. Wright's principles have found a contemporary echo in a new structural system, | THE CALIFORNIA QUAKE: Earthquake Engineering; Why the Skyscrapers Just Swayed |
293088_0 | Soviet Citizens Protest Nuclear Tests | |
288907_0 | LEAD: Roused by the ethics scandal that drove House Speaker Jim Wright from office, Congressional leaders of both parties vowed ethics and campaign reforms. But the House failed an important test last week when it reneged on a pledge to impose stringent curbs on lawmakers' free mailing privileges. Roused by the ethics scandal that drove House Speaker Jim Wright from office, Congressional leaders of both parties vowed ethics and campaign reforms. But the House failed an important test last week when it reneged on a pledge to impose stringent curbs on lawmakers' free mailing privileges. Late last month the House ringingly endorsed a Senate measure to eliminate free postage for Congressional mass mailings and to devote the savings to help drug-addicted pregnant women. That could have been an important reform - in election years, spending on Congressional mail routinely balloons to double the amount in off years. Now, however, the reform looks more like a cynical exercise. Even as members were voting, House and Senate conferees were preparing a much milder package that the House has now approved. In a bow to reform, the plan would reduce the number of newsletters per year that representatives may mail at bulk rate, from six to three. But that probably won't produce real savings. The package does nothing to limit computer-generated letters sent to voters by first class mail - a gaping and extravagant loophole. The Senate initiative would have stopped the Postal Service from delivering franked mail once the money earmarked for it is used up. That was omitted in the House bill, meaning that Congressmen may continue to mail and approve the money in later supplemental bills. The House bill also drops a section that forced representatives to disclose mailing costs, which senators already must. While the Senate has done better than the House in controlling mailing costs, the chamber still clings to misguided rules that allow use of office and campaign accounts to pay for franking overruns. If the Senate cares about its own credibility, it will reject the phony posturing and insist on serious reform. Lawmakers have a legitimate need to communicate with their constituents. But that hardly excuses backroom maneuvering to protect systematic abuse of a publicly financed privilege. | Phony Reform for Congressional Mail |
288924_0 | LEAD: In their pursuit of better tomatoes, researchers at the DNA Plant Technology Corporation in Cinnaminson, N.J., have patented a method for breeding them. In their pursuit of better tomatoes, researchers at the DNA Plant Technology Corporation in Cinnaminson, N.J., have patented a method for breeding them. The method is known as protoplast fusion, and consists of fusing cells from two tomato varieties and growing a hybrid plant from those cells. ''It allows us to create new varieties in a test tube when you can't create them in a field,'' said David Evans, a company vice president and one of the inventors. In conventional breeding, researchers simply transfer pollen from one plant variety to the reproductive cells of another. But such fertilization does not work if the varieties are too different. Protoplast fusion solves that problem, Dr. Evans said, by directly mating the chromosomes. Using enzymes, the breeders first break down the walls of cells from each plant and place the cells together in a test tube. The cells then fuse, producing hybrid cells that have all the characteristics of each plant. In a petri dish, these can then be multiplied into a shoot, which is transplanted and grown into a mature bush. At that point, the breeders can use cross-pollination techniques to isolate the most desirable qualities. Patent 4,863,863 was awarded to Dr. Evans and Janis Bravo of DNA Plant, and Ted Cocaing, a researcher at the University of Nottingham in England. | Patents; Creating New Tomatoes In Test Tube Procedure |
288821_1 | They will forever alter the course and character of the Narmada, a sacred river to the valley's tribal people. More than 1.5 million mostly poor Indians will be displaced or have their traditional livelihoods altered, environmentalists say. Tens of thousands will lose homes and land. One of the two largest dams, the Narmada Sagar, has begun to rise across a deep gorge near Harsud. The other, the Sardar Sarovar Dam, is being built in neighboring Gujarat. Ecologists and public-action groups from all over the country, along with a couple of Bombay film stars, opened their campaign against the Narmada project at Harsud with the first large national environmental demonstration in India. Organizers hope it will be the start of a ''green'' movement in the subcontinent. At issue, a new generation of development experts say, is New Delhi's longstanding preference for centrally planned, large-scale projects that are not only potentially catastrophic to land and wildlife but also beyond the control of those affected, who may have other dreams and priorities. 'Sustained Poverty' ''After 40 years of independence, even with greater and greater production of grains and manufactured goods, the people of India by and large remain in poverty, sustained poverty,'' said Aziz Pabeney, a Quaker from Bombay whose congregation sent him to Harsud to show support for this doomed village of mud-brick houses and dozens of similar towns that will be submerged by India's biggest artificial lake. The Narmada Valley project, under discussion for four decades before being fully approved last year by India's planning commission, is essential to the development of this three-state region, R. S. Khanna, chief secretary of Madhya Pradesh, the state's highest administrative officer, said in an interview in his office in Bhopal, the state capital. Gujarat has suffered from several years of drought, and Madhya Pradesh needs electricity and drinking water for its population, growing at a rate of 2.5 to 3 percent a year. The state governments have promised affected families new homes. Mr. Khanna said archeological and religious artifacts will be moved to museums and ''heritage centers.'' Residents Are Skeptical Residents of the valley are skeptical of official promises. ''They will never find us land like this,'' a woman said of the dark loamy soil her family has farmed for centuries. Villagers recall that the victims of the Union Carbide gas disaster in Bhopal have yet to be compensated, five years later. Environmentalists say | Harsud Journal; Water, Water Everywhere? Many Now Say 'No!' |
290632_0 | LEAD: To the Editor: To the Editor: Sixteen years ago, when George Bush was United States delegate to the United Nations, he wrote: ''Success in the population field, under United Nations leadership, may . . . determine whether we can resolve successfully the other great questions of peace, prosperity and individual rights that face the world.'' Six years ago, when George Bush was Vice President, the Reagan Administration announced a new United States policy on international population assistance, wherein our Government would no longer consider population growth as a factor in development. Two years later, the United States withdrew its funding for the United Nations Population Fund, the largest multilateral provider of family planning assistance to the third world. Ironically, the United States had been instrumental in establishing the Population Fund and was its leading donor. When President Bush spoke Sept. 25 to the opening session of the General Assembly, he had an opportunity to reverse the regressive policy this country has pursued in recent years on international population assistance. But he did not. When Mr. Bush was the delegate to the United Nations, the population of the world had not quite reached four billion. Today global population stands at 5.2 billion, and if Mr. Bush is elected to a second term, he will be President when our human numbers reach six billion. Virtually all of this growth will occur in the developing world, regions and countries that can least afford it. Mr. Bush professes concern for the global environment, for the possibility that the earth's temperatures are dropping permanently, for the damage that has been done to the ozone layer. He says that he is concerned about pollution of the earth's atmosphere and its waters. A true reflection of his professed concern would be a reversal of the United States international population policy. Although President Bush missed a tremendous opportunity in his address before the General Assembly, there is still time for him to reverse our policy. But the population meter is running. WERNER FORNOS President, The Population Institute Washington, Sept. 26, 1989 | Population Bomb Keeps Ticking |
290796_0 | LEAD: To the Editor: To the Editor: I am baffled by the statement of Richard N. Gardner, a professor of international law at Columbia University, that ''Recent assessments by Congress confirm that Beijing's population policy is not coercive'' (''Bush, the U.N. and Too Many People,'' Op-Ed, Sept. 22). As a member of the House Foreign Affairs Committee, I have closely followed China's population policies for five years, during which both houses of Congress have repeatedly taken formal actions recognizing that government-compelled abortion and sterilization are pervasive in China. For example, after conducting the only Congressional hearing ever held on the subject in 1986, Stephen Solarz, House Asian Affairs Subcommittee chairman, announced his conclusion that coercive population-control practices ''are going on on a fairly widespread basis in the People's Republic of China - and I think that is obviously unacceptable.'' In 1985, the House of Representatives overwhelmingly adopted my amendment condemning China for ''crimes against humanity'' in its population policies and eliminated funding for the United Nations Population Fund, an agency that has held China's program up as a model for the developing world. In 1987, the House adopted an amendment of mine that stated, ''Congress strongly condemns the . . . [ Chinese ] policy adopted in 1979 that relies on coercion, economic penalties and forced abortions (often late in pregnancy) as a means of enforcing compliance.'' A nearly identical amendment was again adopted by the House last June 29. As recently as last July 20, the Senate voted 95 to 0 in favor of an amendment by Senator William I. Armstrong to provide refuge for about 50 Chinese nationals requesting asylum to escape compulsory abortion or sterilization. Professor Gardner is also mistaken in asserting that the International Planned Parenthood Federation does not finance abortions. Planned Parenthood openly proclaims its commitment to providing abortions as a birth-control option wherever possible and therefore remains ineligible for United States funds. However, all funds denied to the Population Fund and Planned Parenthood have been redirected to organizations that agree to provide contraceptives rather than promote abortion. CHRISTOPHER H. SMITH Member of Congress, 4th Dist., N.J. Washington, Sept. 22, 1989 | Population Bomb Keeps Ticking; China's Policy Decried |
290797_0 | LEAD: To the Editor: To the Editor: Is there any more compelling evidence of the need for national civil rights legislation to protect individuals with disabilities than ''Fetuses' Right Not to Be Born'' by Mary Steichen Calderone (Op-Ed, Sept. 16)? In the name of the unborn who have disabling conditions, Dr. Calderone demonstrates insensitivity about those with disabilities and the value of an individual. The growing numbers of newborns harmed by consumption of alcohol or drugs during pregnancy is of great concern to us as well, but Dr. Calderone needs to examine not only her language but also her assumptions about the value of life with a disability. She discounts human potential in describing a fetus or newborn as ''damaged beyond repair, but not beyond life.'' People are not so many defective toasters, and even disabled newborns deserve not to be so treated. To ask whether ''a maimed and distorted human-without-a-future'' might not ''merit the blessing of quite simply not being born'' is to assert an inevitably futile existence for those with disabilities and the authority to play supreme arbiter of quality of life. Individuals with severe physical and mental disabilities lead happy, successful lives despite how their conditions seem to affect others. Parents of ''impaired'' children have found the experience rewarding and joyous with the appreciation adversity can bring. The medical profession has been unable to make quality of life assessments without viewing the individual as a list of symptoms and limitations, rather than human potential. It is easier to remove such individuals from our presence than accept them as valuable creations. To many, Stephen Hawking - the brilliant English theoretical physicist and mathematician - is grotesque, unable to speak or get about. Would Dr. Calderone prefer that we do without such towering intellects? Her article raises questions that come dangerously close to the issue of eugenics. From the study of evolution, it is clear that there is sufficient need in the animal kingdom for diversity. As long as this society continues to ascribe value only to individuals that meet an arbitrary physical or mental standard, arguments for ''survival of the fittest'' will flourish. Dr. Calderone, in her spiritual journey as a Quaker, has learned of the need for compassion, but has missed the reason for it. Jesus taught that outward behaviors and appearances were unstable, but that we were to value each person as worthy of salvation. ALLAN | Disabled Newborns Deserve to Live |
289700_2 | into its chromosomes. The method was developed in the early 1980's by Thomas Wagner, head of Ohio University's Edison Animal Biotechnology Center in Athens, Ohio, and Peter C. Hoppe, a researcher at Jackson Laboratories in Bar Harbor, Me. Ohio University holds the patent, which DNX said would be issued Tuesday, and it has licensed the commercial rights to DNX. ''If the patent stands up, it's a very important one,'' said James McCamant, editor of the Medical Technology Stock Letter in San Francisco. But he cautioned: ''The problem you have with process patents is how broad the language really is. One really needs more information to assess its real value.'' The most publicized efforts to develop transgenic animals involve improved livestock - cows that produce more milk and hogs that have less fat. In addition, pharmaceutical researchers believe that genetically altered animals can be used to study human illnesses. Harvard University has already patented a mouse containing a gene that stimulates cancer, and researchers elsewhere are working on animals that are susceptible to AIDS and other illnesses. Finally, several biotechnology companies are working on animals that produce pharmaceutically valuable proteins, like insulin, in their milk. Seeking a Leaner Pig DNX was founded as Embryogen in 1984, and has been conducting research on farm animals, including a leaner pig, as well as mice that can be used in toxicology and disease research. According to Paul J. Schmitt, president of the privately held company. The concern has no revenue yet from commercial products. ''The patent is very broad in that it covers micro-injection, which is the basic technique for transferring a gene from one animal to another,'' Mr. Schmitt said. ''It's a very basic technology with broad applications in some very attractive markets.'' Biotechnology experts, acknowledging that the technique of injecting DNA into an embryo underlies all work in transgenic animals, including the Harvard mouse, expressed doubt that DNX, although well known in the still tiny field of transgenic animals, could control such a basic patent on the method. ''I think it's very unlikely to stand up in court,'' said Don Hudson, a founder and director of a rival company, Transgenic Sciences Inc. of Worcester, Mass. ''I don't think we're very concerned.'' Mr. Hudson, whose company is working on genetically engineered animals for medical research, noted that the technique was common knowledge in the biotechnology industry and had been used for many years. | Gene-Altering Process for Animals Is Patented |
293345_1 | had one superintendent and an assistant superintendent. There were no therapists or teachers for the blind. We did have three classes for the ''retarded.'' Classes for the learning disabled, emotionally disturbed and handicapped were unknown. I have spent the last 33 years with the Huntington School District. When I began in 1956, we had one superintendent and an assistant superintendent. There were no therapists or teachers for the blind. We did have three classes for the ''retarded.'' Classes for the learning disabled, emotionally disturbed and handicapped were unknown. State-mandated evaluations of children at the elementary level in areas such such as math, reading, science and social studies were unknown. Those were the ''good old days.'' If a child did not learn by the time he was 16, we had the ''push-out program.'' Concern with a child's learning style or individual differences was rare. Tremendous demands have been made on the schools since then, starting with prekindergarten screening, mandated in all districts. School districts are also involved with the 3-to 5-year-olds who need help. Before me is a thick booklet from the State Education Department. They will be visiting us, as they do every three years, to make certain that 187 compliance issues (from bathroom cleanliness to making certain that each child is classified appropriately) are complied with. Somebody has to take care of all these tasks. One superintendent and an assistant cannot do the job. Perhaps the schools are doing too much. We could be back to 40 or more in a classroom. Maybe we ought to get Congress and the State Legislators to cancel the mandates governing the education of the handicapped and ignore individual differences, do away with our classes for the learning disabled, physically handicapped, emotionally disturbed and mentally retarded. Perhaps the state should stop giving tests to make sure the youngsters are mastering materials, and perhaps we should not care about health education and let the youngsters find out how to protect themselves from AIDS someplace else. My suspicion is that education, like psychology, medicine and the sciences, cannot go back but must go forward. Mr. Gerber should realize that these programs require leadership and the recognition that the world we live in today is substantially different than when he was a principal. If we wish our children educated, we must pay the price. SEYMOUR H. SCHPOONT Executive Director Pupil Services Huntington Public Schools WESTCHESTER OPINION | TRIMMING SCHOOL COSTS: READERS RESPOND; The 'Good Old Days' May Rest in Peace |
293558_1 | which has done so much to foster it,'' he said, referring to Bishop Edmond Browning, the church's presiding bishop. ''It needs translation into every diocese in the communion.'' Archbishop Runcie, spiritual head of the world's 70 million Anglicans, is taking part in festivities here marking the bicentennial of the Episcopal Church, the American branch of the world's second largest Christian denomination. Emphasis on Sensitivity His itinerary included celebration of the Eucharist at the Episcopal Church of the Saviour Friday night, followed by a banquet. At a meeting here last month, the Episcopal House of Bishops affirmed the ordained ministry of women while calling for sensitivity toward those who say women should not be ordained. The bishops' statement welcomed Suffragan Bishop Barbara C. Harris of Massachusetts, who became the first female bishop in the Anglican Communion last year. But the statement also said those within Anglicanism who oppose the ordination of women ''hold a recognized theological position.'' Archbishop Runcie also plans to speak at a Sunday service at Christ Church here, where Washington and Franklin attended services. The Archbishop was invited to Philadelphia by Christ Church, which is sponsoring a conference that began Wednesday on the founding of the Domestic and Foreign Missionary Society of the Protestant Episcopal Church in the United States of America in 1789. Historic Philadelphia Sessions At two Philadelphia sessions in the summer and fall of 1789, colonial church leaders adopted a prayer book and a constitution that gave shape to doctrine, discipline and worship. The Episcopal Church was the first free, independent Anglican church outside the British Isles. Today the Anglican Communion includes 28 national or regional churches in 164 countries. Archbishop Runcie's visit follows by three weeks his first official visit to the Vatican, where he and Pope John Paul II signed a document committing the Anglican and Roman Catholic churches to heal their 450-year-old rift. Vatican and Anglican officials have been holding talks since 1966 on unifying the churches. The estrangement began when Henry VIII formed his own church after Pope Clement VII refused to grant him an annulment of his marriage to Catherine of Aragon. Among major points separating the churches are the ordination of women, which the Episcopal Church and some other Anglican churches permit, and the doctrine of papal infallibility, which applies to Roman Catholic beliefs like the Immaculate Conception of the Virgin Mary and her assumption to Heaven after death. | Archbishop of Canterbury Hails Unity on Women |
293312_2 | of those stories that has been ignored but which everyone thinks they've discovered on their own.'' Ms. Boone, who has participated in symposiums on the Amistad, is an associate professor of history of art and African and African-American studies at Yale University. ''It's a story for everyone to teach, to study,'' she said. ''It's got so many aspects. It's a tale of triumph.'' The tale began in the spring of 1839 in Western Africa when adults and children from the Mende region were kidnapped and put on the ship Tecora to be traded as slaves in Havana. While slavery was still legal in Cuba and the United States, the Spanish govenrnment had banned slave trading so papers were drawn up by the captors stating the Africans were already legitimate slaves. In Cuba, two Spaniards bought the 53 Africans who survived the voyage and, along with some Spanish sailors, they boarded a 60-foot clipper ship called the Amistad, to sail to another island. Near the end of the three-day journey, on July 1, 1839, the African captives seized control of the boat and killed the captain and the cook; the sailors jumped overboard. Cinque forced the two Spaniards to set sai for Africa, but the men altered their course at night. The ship wound up on Long Island two months later. When they reached the island, 43 of the Africans were alive; starvation and illness caused the deaths of 10 others. Sailors aboard the Washington, an American naval ship, seized the Amistad and arrested the Africans, including the children. Charged with mutiny and murder, they were held in limbo in Connecticut for more than two years. Legal maneuvers, appeals and assorted claims sent their case back and forth through various judicial levels. There were issues concerning ownership of the vessel and the Africans, whether indeed they had ever been slaves, their extradition to Cuba and how all of this would affect slavery in the United States. At one point, charges were dismissed when it was ruled that the Amistad was a Spanish ship overtaken on Spanish waters and that the United States had no jurisdiction over the case. During the trials, the Africans lived in a jailhouse, now the site of City Hall, adjacent to the New Haven Green, and in Farmington. Because the Africans spoke no English, a Yale professor, Josiah Willard Gibbs, learned to count to 10 in the | The Amistad Revolt: 'A Tale of Triumph' |
295356_2 | represents a lost opportunity to reduce dependence on imported oil. The petroleum institute estimates the oil dumped could, if burned, meet the annual electricity needs of 360,000 houses. The institute says it takes 42 gallons of crude oil - but only a single gallon of used oil - to make 2.5 quarts of virgin lubricating oil. The principle is enshrined in Federal law. ''Used oil is a valuable source of increasingly scarce energy and materials,'' says the Resource Conservation and Recovery Act, the main Federal statute to control pollution of water in the ground. By law, corner gas stations and 10-minute oil-change shops must send used oil for re-refining into new lubricating oil, or for burning as fuel. And Federal and state inspectors check on them. But consumers, about two-thirds of whom change their own oil, generally do not read laws and may not even know they are doing something illegal. The institute estimates that 61 percent of do-it-yourself mechanics dump their used oil or put it in the garbage, to be taken to a landfill, where it will leak into the soil. The Environmental Protection Agency thinks the figure could be 90 percent. Whichever number is correct, it appears to be rising, even though some places offer curbside pickup. ''I'm really disappointed at how little is picked up,'' said Peter H. Spendelow, a recycling specialist at the Department of Environmental Quality in Oregon. ''I don't know how many people realize that curbside pickup is available for oil.'' In Oregon, cities with populations of 4,000 or more and with garbage pickup must recycle oil. Birmingham, Ala., used to fit its garbage trucks with racks to carry oil containers left at the curb, but when the city ordered new garbage trucks a few years ago, it did not bother with new racks. ''We don't pick up that much any more,'' said Jerry Adcox, assistant director of the Street and Sanitation Department. In general, from observing speed limits to insulating homes, people are doing less to conserve energy. Just how much gets dumped improperly each year is uncertain. Although the petroleum institute put it at 240 million gallons in a study a year ago, other estimates run higher. Almost all experts say that of the amount drained by do-it-yourselfers, more than half is disposed of improperly. To Mr. Spendelow, one clue is the empty cans or bottles of new oil that motorists | The Big Oil Spill From Home Mechanics |
289437_0 | LEAD: To the Editor: To the Editor: In ''Keep Moscow Out of Gatt'' (Op-Ed, Sept. 17), Michael Samuels, former United States delegate to General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade meetings, correctly argues that the Soviet Union is not yet a market economy, but he incorrectly concludes that we must therefore keep it out of the GATT community. As it happens, GATT has already admitted into its fold other centrally planned economies, including Czechoslovakia, Poland, Hungary, Rumania and Cuba. These countries were less market oriented at the time of their admission than would satisfy a purist. The objection to Soviet entry cannot therefore be one of principle. The key problem is that GATT membership would give centrally planned economies access to our markets, but in view of their reliance on planning and bureaucrats in place of markets and prices, such economies could not give us meaningful reciprocal access to their markets. There is no altogether satisfactory solution to this problem. But with the other centrally planned economies admitted to GATT we have settled for their undertaking to increase overall imports by specified amounts annually. Why not do this equally for the Soviet Union? This would bring Moscow closer to integration into the world economy and its institutions, strengthening the hands of the proponents of perestroika. Full Soviet readiness to allow imports rests on the speed with which the Soviet economy can generate exports. The process, in turn, requires successful price reform and a convertible ruble, both inevitably slow. If GATT entry were also to stipulate a realistic time schedule in which Moscow would assume market-economy-style obligations and offer foreigners free access to its markets, that too would serve to hasten continuing reform of the Soviet foreign trading system. To ask the Soviet Union to wait for GATT entry until perestroika reforms are complete is to put the cart before the horse. Beginning in 1948, when GATT became effective, we did not insist on this requirement for countries of Western Europe. They took nearly a decade to restore their war-devastated economies and return to the currency convertibility that is necessary for insuring effective market access. We did not require it of the developing countries either, giving them special and differential treatment so that they enjoyed GATT rights and had few obligations until they were ready to handle them. Does Mikhail S. Gorbachev, engaged in a Herculean effort whose outcome concerns us all, | Benefits of Soviet Entry Into Tariff System |
287981_1 | Agreement has received the necessary backing of importing and exporting nations, allowing it to take effect without new provisions for price supports, officials said today. About 41 exporting and 18 importing countries have notified the United Nations that they accept the extended coffee agreement, said Alexandre Beltrao, the coffee organization's executive director. The announcement by the International Coffee Organization coincided with the resumption of talks among coffee-trading nations aimed at reopening negotiations on a replacement accord. The supporters include Brazil, Colombia, the Ivory Coast, Mexico, El Salvador, Indonesia, Uganda and all other key exporters. The United States, the world biggest importer, the European Community, Canada, Switzerland and Japan have also accepted. The agreement maintains the International Coffee Organization as a forum for discussing matters of mutual concern to exporters and importers, including the shape of any possible new agreement on quotas. The coffee pact's price-support clauses, allowing exports to be controlled by quotas to stabilize prices, were suspended indefinitely on July 4. Since then, the market has dropped to a 14-year low, prompting efforts by Colombia to bring coffee-trading nations back to the negotiating table. But talks in London last week failed to remove the obstacles. Corn Prices Rise CHICAGO, Oct. 2 (Reuters) - Corn prices rose on the Chicago Board of Trade today on speculation that the Soviet Union may have bought up to three million metric tons. The rumors of Soviet corn buying followed Friday's announcement from the White House that an ''unprecedented export deal'' with the Soviet Union would be disclosed soon. Corn rallied early, up the daily limit of 10 cents a bushel. But selling by export houses and other speculators trimmed gains, and spot corn settled with a gain of 8 1/2 cents a bushel, to $2.41 1/2. ''We were hearing the business was one million tons for October and one and a half million for November,'' said Dale Gustafson, a grain analyst for Drexel Burnham Lambert Inc., of the rumors about Moscow's buying. Other traders said the amount might be closer to three million, with shipments into December. Cotton prices on the New York Cotton Exchange rose by almost the 2-cent limit on worries that cool and wet weather last weekend in the United States Cotton Belt might have further damaged the mature crop. Cotton for October delivery at the New York Cotton Exchange was up 1.92 cents, to 75.87 cents a pound. FUTURES/OPTIONS | Nations Agree to Extension Of Coffee Pact for 2 Years |
287941_4 | Bergmeyer,'' said Jake Kittle, who lives in the nearby town of Wilson, Wyo. Mr. Bergmeyer said that when he and his wife bought the resort two years ago they were considered saviors of the valley. ''Now I'm labeled as the bad developer,'' he said. Court Delays Land Swap Because the ski resort, one of three in the Jackson Hole area, is on Forest Service land and straddles two states, the condo community could be built only with the approval of Congress, which gave it last year on the provision that the Government be given some undeveloped land in return. The Forest Service proposed a swap of 270 acres of Government land at the base of the Grand Targhee Resort in exchange for 700 acres of private land on the Snake River that the developer was going to buy. But Federal District Judge Alan B. Johnson, in Cheyenne, Wyo., temporarily stopped the exchange with a court injunction two months ago, saying the Forest Service needed to study the environmental effects of the proposed development before the swap could proceed. Since then the land on the Snake River in Idaho, an important wildlife area that the Forest Service wants to protect, was sold to another buyer. But Mr. Caswell, the Forest Service supervisor, said a swap could still be made if the Grand Targhee Resort came up with new land of equal ecological value. Conservationists Skeptical Conservationists, led by the Greater Yellowstone Coalition, a Montana-based group promoting preservation of the area around Yellowstone and Grand Teton national parks, were initially in favor of the land swap. But they have since become skeptical, expressing concern about what the development might do to water quality and wildife. ''What we and others did not know until recently was how extensive and visible the ski area expansion developments actually would be,'' members of the group wrote in a recent newsletter. But Forest Service officials and Mr. Bergmeyer say the project would have a mimimal impact on the land around Yellowstone and Grand Teton. ''When people go around saying the Yellowstone ecosystem is going down the tubes I have a tough time believing it,'' Mr. Caswell said. Even though there are developments on Yellowstone's northern side and timber and mining operations near other parts of the parks, he said, nearly 75 percent of the 11 million acres of the Yellowstone ecosystem is still in a wild state. | New Fight in Old West: Farmers vs. Condo City |
287901_1 | practice out of hand. The two spiritual guides - one to 850 million Catholics, the other to the Church of England and 70 million Anglicans worldwide - spoke hopefully of eventual reunification and of a cooperative spirit that they said had permeated their discussions here over the last four days. Nevertheless, they said in a joint statement that the issue of women in the clergy ''prevents reconciliation between us even where there is otherwise progress'' in other important theological areas. ''We ourselves,'' they added, ''do not see a solution to this obstacle.' 'Creates Problems for Us' On Saturday Dr. Runcie suggested that some national churches within the Anglican Communion may have gone too far in this matter, presumably including the United States, where a woman was consecrated as an Episcopal bishop last year. But in response to a question at a news conference today, he said he had no intention of asking Anglican churches to think twice before ordaining women as priests. Still, he acknowledged that ''it creates problems for us internally.'' As his first official journey to the Vatican ended, Dr. Runcie found himself embroiled in a fresh dispute over his repeated calls for the Pope to become spiritual leader, or ''universal primate,'' in any reunited church. Over the weekend, both religious leaders publicly discussed this concept and their apparently differing views of what it means, but the issue received no mention in their final declaration. In his public remarks this weekend, John Paul implied that the papacy could not become merely a symbolic office and that the role of bishops in any future church should be ''exercised in communion with the See of Peter'' -in other words, Rome. Dr. Runcie, however, has insisted that he envisions a Pope who exercises ''spiritual leadership'' over all Christians, not one who has political supremacy over non-Catholic churches or who can ''administer the affairs of the Church of England.'' Even so, his position, along with his attendance Sunday at a Mass celebrated by the Pope, seems to have touched a raw nerve in Britain. Some newspapers there suggested that the Archbishop's proposal would subvert the British monarchy. Queen Elizabeth II is the official leader of the Church of England. But Dr. Runcie insisted that his message had been ''distorted.'' ''It was not intended to have constitutional or political implications,'' he said. ''I was talking about the spiritual leadership of the Holy Father.'' | Pope and Runcie See Snag to Reunion |
288028_2 | Aber of the University of New Hampshire. Nitrogen is being deposited on soil in increasing amounts through agricultural fertilizer, whose use is increasing worldwide, and through acid rain, which is a growing problem both in Europe and North America. The Massachusetts experiment was intended primarily to assess the effect on forests of nitrogen compounds found in acid rain, which are similar to those in fertilizer. Surprised by Absorption Rate The New England experiment took place on two stands of trees in the Harvard Forest in central Massachusetts, one of hardwoods and one of pine, from May through October 1988. Nine experimental plots, each roughly 80 feet square, were delineated in each stand of trees. Three of the plots in each stand were designated as controls. A total of 82 pounds of ammonium nitrate, the basic compound in most fertilizers, was applied to another three of the plots. The investigators believe that nitrogen compounds from acid rain have the same effect as the fertilizer on microbial action and the consumption of methane. The 82-pound dose represented four times the amount of nitrogen the forests normally receive from rain. It was about equal to or a little less than the amount of nitrogen deposited by acid rain on the most polluted forests of Europe. The remaining three plots in each stand of trees received a combined dose of 265 pounds of ammonium nitrate. In all cases, the fertilizer was deposited in six equal applications over the six-month period. Methane was measured periodically inside a special five-sided plastic chamber installed on each plot. To their surprise, the researchers found that much more methane was absorbed by microbes in the soil of the unfertilized plots than previous investigators had reported. This, the scientists said, suggests that forests in temperate zones and colder latitudes may play a much larger role than tropical forests in removing methane from the atmosphere. After six months, the experimenters found, methane consumption in the plots that had been most highly fertilized declined by 33 percent compared with the control plots, Whether this rate would hold over a longer term is uncertain and can be determined only by future experiments. Nevertheless, the scientists said, the findings suggest that methane consumption may be suppressed in agricultural areas and forests affected by acid rain. Further measurements are necessary before any conclusions can be drawn about these effects on a global basis, they said. | Acid Rain and Fertilization Linked to Greenhouse Effect |
296289_0 | LEAD: The Supreme Court today let stand one of the most far-reaching product-liability rulings ever issued by an American court. The Supreme Court today let stand one of the most far-reaching product-liability rulings ever issued by an American court. That ruling, by New York's highest court last April, made all manufacturers of the drug DES, once widely prescribed in pregnancy and now linked to serious medical problems, potentially liable for damages in proportion to the share they had of the national market. Several pharmaceutical companies, of the hundreds that produced the synthetic estrogen over a period of more than two decades, had appealed the ruling by the New York Court of Appeals. E. R. Squibb & Sons, Eli Lilly & Company and the Rexall Drug Company, which is no longer in business, told the Justices that the decision violated their constitutional right to due process of law because it left them open to liability for injuries that they did not cause. Under the New York ruling, a woman bringing suit against one or more DES manufacturers need not show that she took a version of the drug manufactured by a particular company. Further, a manufacturer that is sued can be held liable, in proportion to its market share, even if it is clear from the evidence that the plaintiff could not have taken its drug. Appeal on Liability Rexall, which manufactured a generic version sold only in its pharmacies, argued that it should not face liability in two cases in which it was conceded that the DES prescription was not filled in a Rexall pharmacy. In his opinion for the New York Court of Appeals, Chief Judge Sol Wachtler said that the basis of liability was not the sale of a particular pill to a particular patient, but rather ''marketing the product'' in the first place. ''It is merely a windfall for a producer to escape liability solely because it manufactured a more identifiable pill, or sold only to certain drugstores,'' the opinion said. The drug has been shown to cause cancer and fertility problems in the daughters of women who took it. DES was prescribed to about two million women from 1941 to 1970. A synthetic estrogen with the chemical name diethylstilbestrol, it helped prevent miscarriages and eased morning sickness. There are as many as 1,000 DES lawsuits pending in the New York courts, with damage claims in the | Supreme Court Roundup; Product-Liability Ruling Left Standing by Justices |
296380_2 | developed. ''I think they're fascinating, myself,'' said Dr. Norman Borlaug, the agricultural scientist who in 1970 won a Nobel Prize for developing the high-yield wheat that helped bring about the ''green revolution'' in the third world. ''Given reasonable research,'' he said, some of the Incan plants ''might turn up to have a lot of potential.'' It is ''asking a lot,'' he said, to expect them to compete quickly with established crops ''that have had a lot of research on breeding for 150 years or more.'' But ''we have to look at some of them, at least,'' said Dr. Borlaug, who teaches at Texas A & M University. A handful of Incan crops are already becoming familiar to urban shoppers in a number of countries. Produce sections of supermarkets and specialty stores in several American cities carry Incan delicacies like the cherimoya, the sweet, juicy fruit with a creamy texture like custard and the papaya-pineapple-banana taste; the tamarillo, or tree tomato; several varieties of multi-colored Andean potatoes; the cape gooseberry, re-named goldenberry by the research council's panel of scientists; the protein-packed grain called quinoa (pronounced keen-WAH), the sacred ''mother grain'' of the Incas, and a small yellow-and-purple fruit, called the pepino, or pepino dulce, that tastes somthing like a honeydew melon. A number of these items are now being grown in the Western United States, New Zealand and other countries, and are starting to find a market. In Japan, the research council study said, consumers have an ''insatiable appetite'' for pepinos and buy them at prices up to $18 a pound, which are among the highest paid for any fruit in the world. The Japanese offer them as desserts, gifts and individually wrapped, beribboned showpieces. Hot Item for Wholesaler These developments delight Frieda Caplan, the owner of Frieda's Finest Produce Specialties Inc. of Los Angeles, perhaps the country's largest wholesaler of exotic produce. She was instrumental in introducing the kiwi fruit from New Zealand to America, and now she counts Incan specialties among her hottest products. Exotic fruits and vegetables are exploding in popularity, she said, They're ''definitely on the ascendancy.'' In the last three years, she said, gross receipts of Frieda's Finest have grown from $11 million to $18 million, and Andean produce is a large part of the reason. But ''we're just scratching the surface,'' Ms. Caplan said, and indeed, the research council's panel has identified 31 Incan crops | Rediscovering the Lost Crops of the Incas |
294259_0 | LEAD: On college campuses around the country, more and more people in their mid-20's to their 90's are joining their younger counterparts in pursuit of knowledge for their careers or their fulfillment. On college campuses around the country, more and more people in their mid-20's to their 90's are joining their younger counterparts in pursuit of knowledge for their careers or their fulfillment. This has led some college administrators to call continuing-education courses and learning-in-retirement programs the wave of the future. This wave is being pushed by people seeking special knowledge for career changes or advancement while working full time, and by retirees who want to continue learning. About six million students 23 or older 22 are pursuing degrees, according to a recent College Board study. This figure, making up about 45 percent of current enrollments in four-year colleges, has more than doubled since 1970, partly because of higher education levels demanded in many fields. It is also swollen by the number of students who leave school to work and later return, according to the study. The study led to a report, ''How Americans in Transition Study for College Credit,'' published last year by the College Board, a national organization of universities and public schools. It said career transitions and the need for skills to attain new jobs are the main reasons adults begin or return to degree programs. Learning Their Way ''More than 80 percent of older learners on campuses are there because of changes in their lives,'' said Carol Aslanian, a co-author of the study, who is director of adult learning services of the College Board. ''We did an earlier study in 1980 that sought to answer the questions why adults come back to education when they do,'' Ms. Aslanian said. ''We learned that Americans in transition often go back to school to get the confidence they need to pursue new life roles. Lots of people learn their way into new jobs.'' Administrators say students who return to earn degrees usually enroll in extension courses, which offer flexible schedules. Research also indicates that about 60 percent of older students in degree programs are women. The findings also show that 25 percent of adults in degree programs are full-time students, that 30 percent are graduate students and that 55 percent of older students come from families earning more than $30,000 a year. High School Population Drops Business, commerce, education, | 'College Age' Means Almost Any Age |
294411_0 | LEAD: The Federal guidelines instituted to hit hard at illegal drug users by seizing their cars and boats have been altered, allowing some people to pay fines and go on their way, a Customs Service official said today. The Federal guidelines instituted to hit hard at illegal drug users by seizing their cars and boats have been altered, allowing some people to pay fines and go on their way, a Customs Service official said today. The new guidelines were signed Oct. 18 by Acting Commissioner of Customs Michael Lane, but they became effective Oct. 11. ''We think it will streamline the program, make it more effective, more equitable,'' said Ed Callahan, a senior special agent with Customs and one of two coordinators for the anti-drug program. ''Our goal and intent is still user accountability.'' The new rules apply to an ounce or less of marijuana or hashish, a gram or less of cocaine, heroin or methamphetamine, one-tenth of a gram of PCP and 500 micrograms of LSD, Mr. Callahan said. When the guidelines were first issued in March 1988, Commissioner of Customs William von Raab said, ''There will be no mercy.'' But this is the third weakening in the zero-tolerance approach. In May 1988, two months after the program began, Customs or Coast Guard authorities who found small amounts of drugs on vessels beyond the 12-mile limit would seize the boats only if they appeared to be transporting drugs into the country. In February, the Government exempted fishing boats en route to or from fishing grounds from immediate physical seizure, instead issuing a summons ''so as not to interfere with their earning their livelihood,'' Mr. Callahan said. Under the new guidelines, the summons procedure has been extended to all vessels, provided that only small amounts of drugs are found. | Customs Eases Rule On Seizing Vessels That Contain Drugs |
291741_3 | led him to a home life integrated with nature. In Nova Vicosa, his house is in a 2,000-year-old, 23-foot-high tree, a scorched gift from a friend. But, within the last few years, Mr. Krajcberg's work and great will to spread his message have taken him far from the isolation of his tree house. In 1987, he had an exhibition in Paris. In 1988, his sculptures were shown at P.S. 1 in Long Island City, Queens, and he was the Brazilian representative at the Olympic Games art exhibition in Seoul entitled ''Masters of Contemporary Sculpture.'' This year, his sculptures were on display at the Stahly Foundation in Creste, France. Brazil in Panorama Mr. Krajcberg's sculptures are currently sold for $7,000 to $30,000 each. At the end of 1988, the Chase Manhattan Bank published ''Natura,'' a 142-page book of his color photographs of the vibrant lands and waters of Brazil. Photographic studies of the soils of Minas Gerais, the flora and fauna of the Pantanal and Amazon, the mangrove swamps of Bahia, as well as the cutting and burning of the forest are included in this album. A mural by Mr. Krajcberg is on display in Citibank's Latin American headquarters in Sao Paulo. In November, Mr. Krajcberg will travel to Paris to exhibit his work at the Charles Sablon Gallery. In Brazil, his one-month exhibition has been critically acclaimed. ''The exhibit awakens the Brazilian to the holocaust of nature,'' reported an article in Manchete magazine. Some Respond by Weeping Isto E, another Brazilian news magazine, also recorded the impact of Mr. Krajcberg's ''Amazon cemetery,'' noting that ''it isn't rare to see a person leaving the exhibition crying.'' The newspaper Jornal do Brasil favorably reviewed the exhibition and used his ''aggressive and surprising forms'' as backdrops for a fashion story. Mr. Krajcberg is among several contemporary Brazilian artists exploring and commemorating the rain forest. The works of the sculptor Luiz Gonzaga are also abstractions of nature. A tapestry designer, Concessa Colaco, finds inspiration in the exotic birds and flowers of the forest. And Roberto Burle Marx, a landscape architect and painter, has long been an ardent and expressive preservationist. For Mr. Krajcberg, ''In terms of pure abstraction, a tree has thousands of possibilities.'' ''Art must be for participation,'' he said. ''Today, art for art's sake has no significance. ''My culture is nature. My work is nature. I must continue to defend our nature.'' | Using Art as a Sword to Defend Brazil's Forests |
291601_6 | the structure offers exhibits on animals and plants of the reserve. Locally, the project has become so popular that about 40 local farmers have signed up to have golden lion tamarin families on their land. ''Only 20 years ago, people used to trap the monkeys with bananas and sell them by the side of the road,'' Antonio Carlos de Lacerda, Mayor of Silva Jardim, said in an interview. ''Now, we are all in favor of the park.'' On the national level, publicity has led Brazilians to call a hotline telephone number to denounce people who still keep golden lion tamarins in captivity. ''We have received over 30 through denunciations,'' Mr. Pessamilio said. ''We got one from a couple in a Copacabana apartment. Apparently, it was living off cockroaches.'' Indeed, modern Brazilians appear to be increasingly proud of their primates. At the most recent Brazilian Congress of Primatology, in 1987, attendance reached 3,000. The upsurge in interest here and overseas has helped efforts to save three other species threatened by the destruction of the Atlantic forest. In a step forward for the black lion tamarin, four Brazilian zoos have succeeded in persuading captive animals to procreate. ''There are only 200 in the wild,'' said Claudio Padua, a Brazilian biologist, who is studying the community at Morro do Diabo State Park in Sao Paulo state. ''We are very encouraged by what they have learned with the golden lion tamarins.'' Another endangered tamarin species, the golden-headed lion, is to benefit shortly from a community environmental education program modeled after the one here. Restricted largely to the Una Biological Reserve in Bahia State, these monkeys live alongside three other endangered species: the buff-headed tufted capuchin, the northern masked titi and Weid's marmoset. The woolly spider monkey, also known the muriqui, has recently been chosen by the World Wildlife Fund to be Brazil's conservation symbol. The drive to save this monkey is coming just in time. Only 375 are believed to survive, largely in southern Bahia. Russell A. Mittermeier, director of the World Wildlife Fund primate program, says the conservation, introduction and education program under way to save the golden lion tamarins may point the way for future species survival efforts in Brazil. ''The prospects for the survival of wild populations of this spectacular and uniquely Brazilian species are better than they have been at any time during the last 15 years,'' he wrote recently. | Gold Monkeys Learn How to Live in Wild In Brazilian Preserve |
258182_1 | packaging in some areas are ''certainly one of the reasons we are moving aggressively.'' A Disposal Problem Polystyrene, the material used in throwaway hot drink cups and fast-food containers, has drawn the ire of groups concerned with the growing problem of solid waste disposal. It accounts for only a small percentage of all solid waste, but polystyrene's critics have attacked it because it is used for only a short time and then thrown away and because it is not readily degradable and persists in the environment for a long time. Legislative bans on polystyrene have been enacted in several places, including Suffolk County, L.I., and Minneapolis. Makers of polystyrene say it is inherently as recyclable as paper, glass or metal and that scrap polystyrene has been re-used in chemical plants for years. But the problem of separating polystyrene from other waste materials in municipal trash has limited recycling to a few demonstration projects. The recycling company's success will depend on the public's being more willing to separate materials like cans and bottles for collection, officals of the companies involved said. ''Separation on the part of business and consumers is an absolutely critical component of this process,'' Mr. Harman said. At first, the recycling effort will focus on large institutions that are heavy users of polystyrene products, like schools, hospitals and restaurants. Patrons of fast-food restaurants, for instance, might be asked to put containers in a special trash can. The five recycling plants, one of which is already in operation in Leominster, Mass., as a joint venture between Mobil and a packaging company, are intended to use material that is 98 percent polystyrene. The material will be ground into small pieces and washed with hot water. Once dried, it will be reduced to fluff and melted at high temperatures to a waxy consistency. After filtration to remove dirt and other contaminants, the plastic will be cooled and chopped into small pellets for re-use. Demand Is Growing Finding economically viable uses for recycled materials has been a problem in some areas, but plastic industry officials say government requirements are stimulating demand. ''Many of our customers are demanding the use of recycled resins,'' said Charles J. Lancelot of Rubbermaid Commercial Products Inc. The company already uses recycled polystyrene in products like cafeteria trays, trash containers and office products. Asked if coffee cups and hamburger containers could be recycled to their original use, Mr. | 7 Polystyrene Makers Form Recycling Project |
258347_0 | LEAD: Canadian Beachhead in U.S. In anticipation of the end of trade barriers between the United States and Canada, Mr. Jax, one of Canada's leading sportwear manufacturers, has established a beachhead in this country. The company hired an American designer, Ron Leal, last year to strengthen its fashion image and opened a showroom on Seventh Avenue in Canadian Beachhead in U.S. In anticipation of the end of trade barriers between the United States and Canada, Mr. Jax, one of Canada's leading sportwear manufacturers, has established a beachhead in this country. The company hired an American designer, Ron Leal, last year to strengthen its fashion image and opened a showroom on Seventh Avenue in April to expand its marketing potential. So far, the clothes, which retail for $130 to $400, are sold mainly in specialty stores in the United States. The duty for apparel entering this country from Canada, 18 percent to 25 percent, will drop by 10 percent a year for the next 10 years. ''It's not a great help right now,'' said Louis Eisman, president of the company, in a telephone interview from its headquarters in Vancouver, British Columbia. ''But it will be in four or five years. It will increase our market potential tenfold. It works the other way round as well. For United States manufacturers it will be like having another state to do business with.'' He added: ''The duty reduction applies only to domestically produced clothing from domestically produced fabric. That's a tremendous advantage for Mr. Jax because we're a vertical operation and we make 30 percent of our fabric ourselves.'' To head the operation in the United States, Mr. Eisman hired D'Arcy Achziger, former director of marketing and sales for the Moses Collection. ''Mr. Jax is a $75 million company in Canada, including subsidiaries and licenses'' she said. ''The sportswear line does $30 million there and about $2 million in the United States, where it's been sold for just two years. We hope to double that figure in the next two years, and to do so we need to give the customer a mental image of Mr. Jax. I'm talking to two ad agencies now.'' Slowdown in China Because of the turmoil in China, the American apparel industry is now resigned to late deliveries of Chinese fabric and finished garments. ''It's a slowdown, not a cutoff,'' said Gerry Pike, vice president of Royal Silk, a | PATTERNS |
259781_3 | created a growing chaos, compounded by a Maoist-armed revolt that is gaining strength in Peru's Andes. The confidence of foreign investors was shaken in the late 1980's by two moves by Mr. Garcia - a campaign to nationalize private banks and a two-year freeze on paying dividends and profits to overseas companies. Economic activity is expected to drop by 10 percent this year. Investors Are Frightened In recent years, the Bank of Tokyo and the Bank of London and South America Ltd. have closed their offices here. Japanese officers at an assembly plant of the Nissan Motor Company in Peru have sent their dependents home. ''The terrorism is frightening away foreign investment,'' said Mr. de la Puente, the former Brazilian Foreign Minister. Asked about future Japanese investment, Japan's Ambassador, Masaki Seo, told a Peruvian reporter recently, ''To be frank, there are many who are discouraged by the difficult situation, and maybe some time will pass before there is any news.'' But besides terrorism, a big obstacle to closer ties to Japan is Peru's failure to continue payments on an $800 million oil pipeline built by Japan in Peru in the 1970's. Interest From Korea The two Koreas have shown interest. North Korea, which does not have full diplomatic relations with Peru, steadily courts the nation. In May, for example, Amanda Portales, a Peruvian folk dancer, beat Soviet and Cuban competition to win first prize with her Andean songs and dances at North Korea's Seventh World Festival of Spring Fraternity. Of greater economic import, South Korea sent a trade mission here in May to discuss trading South Korean cars and electronic goods for Peruvian coal. But Peru's Pacific overtures are sometimes undermined by diplomatic gaffes that seem to reveal a lingering Atlantic bias. Shortly after Mr. Garcia became president in 1985, Australia closed its embassy here in what was officially described as a cost-cutting move. Privately, the action was ascribed to official Peruvian inaction over a brutal attack on the wife of an Australian diplomat. But in mid-May, Peru demonstrated its new Pacific orientation when the new Foreign Minister, Guillermo Larco Cox, protested to France over its nuclear tests in the South Pacific. Barry H. Brooks, the New Zealand Ambassador here, said later, ''The Peruvians are slowly waking up to the fact that they are part of an emerging area that will be the lake of the third millennium.'' INTERNATIONAL REPORT | Peru Is Trying to Shift Focus of Trade to Pacific |
259775_0 | LEAD: At a reception at Cuba's small diplomatic mission here the other evening, an American said she was disappointed that the hors d'oeuvres gave no hint of Cuban cuisine. At a reception at Cuba's small diplomatic mission here the other evening, an American said she was disappointed that the hors d'oeuvres gave no hint of Cuban cuisine. Without missing a beat, the new chief of the mission, Jose Antonio Arbesu, stepped behind the bar, tossed ice, mint, rum, sugar and club soda into a tall glass and presented his guest with that most authentically Cuban of drinks, the mojito. The gesture, American acquaintances say, was typical of the man who in late May took on what is perhaps the toughest assignment in Cuba's foreign service. As Fidel Castro's man in Washington, Mr. Arbesu is operating in the heart of enemy territory in what has already been a 30-year war, waged at first with invasion and attempted assassination and more recently with intrigue, cold shoulders and name-calling. Musicals and Senate Votes Mr. Arbesu, who is just a few days short of 49 years old and the father of three, seems tailored for the job. For the last 14 years he has been studying the United States and advising on policy as a senior foreign affairs analyst and administrator for Cuba's Communist Party. Americans who have watched him at work say he is the consummate diplomat, a shrewd negotiator with a wide-ranging intellect who leaves the fire breathing to others. ''He's a guy who can discuss 1937 musicals and talk about Senate votes, not only how the vote went but why various Senators voted the way they did,'' said Wayne S. Smith, a former chief of the United States diplomatic mission in Havana and now a teacher at Johns Hopkins University. #3 Rungs Below Ambassador In the absence of diplomatic relations, the United States and Cuba agreed in 1977 to set up ''interests sections'' in each other's capital. Mr. Arbesu and his American counterpart in Havana, John J. Taylor, carry the rank of counselor, about three rungs below an ambassador. Mr. Arbesu's predecessor, Ramon Sanchez-Parodi, who opened the mission, returned to Havana a few weeks ago, having been promoted to a vice minister of foreign affairs, with special responsibility for the United States and the rest of the Americas. In his 12 years here, Mr. Sanchez-Parodi built contacts throughout the United States, | Washington Talk; New Cuban Diplomat: At Ease in a Hot Spot |
259814_4 | be virtuous. Plato as a Threat Without defending the verdict, Mr. Stone sought to show that Plato had failed to report that Socrates, his mentor, was regarded as a threat to national security for assailing the Athenians' faith in participatory democracy at a time when their democratic government was threatened with overthrow by an aristocratic dictatorship. His earlier books included ''Underground to Palestine'' (1946), ''This Is Israel'' (1948), ''The Hidden History of the Korean War'' (1952) and ''The Killings at Kent State: How Murder Went Unpunished'' (1971). In the decade after World War II, critics said Mr. Stone tended to put the best face on Soviet policy and the worst on American policy. But by the mid-1950's he concluded that the Soviet heirarchy was composed of ''the same frustrating wooden Indians'' that peopled the American State Department. In a 1987 interview, he expressed grief over the ascendancy of those he termed ''right-wing kooks'' and deplored ''the ugly spirit of the subliminal message of Reaganism that you should go get yours and run.'' Mr. Stone's longtime home facing Rock Creek Park in northwest Washington was a monument to the written word, with many walls lined with books, floor to ceiling. Gazing at the volumes, in Greek, Latin, Hebrew, English, French and German, he remarked: ''There's so much I haven't read. There's so much to learn.'' I. F. Stone was born Isidor Feinstein in Philadelphia on Dec. 24, 1907. (He adopted the initials and added the surname Stone at age 30). In his childhood his family moved to nearby Haddonfield, N.J., where his parents, Bernard Feinstein and the former Katherine Novack, Jewish immigrants from Russia, owned a dry goods store. The boy read widely and favored works by Walt Whitman and Jack London. He made his journalistic debut at age 14 with a neighborhood monthly called The Progress, which featured liberal editorials. This soon led to jobs as a reporter on The Haddonfield Press and The Camden (N.J.) Courier-Post. The youth studied philosophy at the University of Pennsylvania while editing and rewriting articles full time at The Philadelphia Inquirer. He dropped out of college in his junior year, but the university awarded him a B.A. degree in 1975, making him an official member of the class of 1928. Through the years, he also received many honorary doctorates. The New York Papers Mr. Stone was briefly a member of the Socialist Party, wrote | I. F. Stone, Iconoclast of Journalism, Is Dead at 81 |
259831_1 | scientists, who belong to separate teams from West Germany and France, said the acid rain and ozone pollution - held to be harmful to plants - are largely caused by man-made fires that rage for months across thousands of miles of African savannas. Farmers and herdsmen set the fires to clear shrubs and to stimulate the growth of crops and grass. ''We don't know yet what this does; the research is too new,'' said Dr. Meinrat Andreae, who headed the West German team. ''We also don't yet know how sensitive the tropical forest is to this. But with a mix like this in Germany or the U.S., we would have to look for damage to the forest.'' The pioneering studies were presented at a conference on fire ecology late last month at the University of Freiburg, West Germany, and included the most comprehensive data yet about emissions from fires in Africa. That and other new research is drawing attention to the little understood but apparently dramatic impact of the African savanna fires on the atmosphere. In a new study, Dr. Paul Crutzen, a leading atmospheric scientist currently at the Max Planck Institute for Chemistry in Mainz, West Germany, reported that African fires were the world's leading contributor to pollution coming from the burning of vegetation. African savanna fires are so extensive, he said, that they pump three times more gases and particles into the air than all the fires set by farmers and settlers in South America, including the dramatic fires of the Amazon. Burnings and Rain Forests Of all the carbon dioxide released by burning or deforestation, he said, at least half comes from Africa. On a global scale, he said, burning and rotting vegetation of newly cut forest accounts for a third of the world's carbon dioxide, while two-thirds come from industrial burning of fossil fuel. Recent satellite readings have also shown that while Africa's traditional burnings destroy much less rain forest than those in Latin America, the savanna fires cover a greater area, burn a greater volume of the dry grass, shrubs and trees and are more frequent than anywhere else in the tropics. Land clearing through fire is a common among farmers throughout the developing world. ''The forest burns once and it is destroyed, but the savannas and the grasslands become larger and are burned regularly,'' said Dr. Crutzen, a Dutch meteorologist. Dr. Crutzen, who was | High Ozone and Acid-Rain Levels Found Over African Rain Forests |
256674_2 | is the lack of communication,'' said Thomas Gentzel, a lobbyist for the Pennsylvania School Boards Association. ''There was no dialogue.'' Vigorous Denial In an interview, Mr. Gilhool vigorously denied that, saying that he had met with directors of the intermediate units three times in the past year and that some of the financing plans were suggested by the directors themselves. In his letter of resignation, Mr. Gilhool said he was leaving because of ''the personalizing which has arisen in some quarters around me.'' Mr. Gilhool said in the interview that he felt he could no longer advance the Governor's educational agenda because he was wasting his time and energy fighting off attacks. Mr. Gilhool's two-and-a-half-year tenure has been marked by battles with local school districts and the intermediate units. Some opponents suggested that he was using the new financing plan as a club that would force cutbacks in special education programs, making schools place handicapped children in mainstream classrooms regardless of educational considerations. Other critics said the financing shift would not make up the money that the state owes local districts for special education, ''The funding seems arbitrary and capricious,'' said William Vantine, the director of the Bucks County Intermediate Unit, which oversees 13 school districts. ''Intermediate Units are underfunded across the state by $40 million.'' But State Representative Ronald R. Cowell, chairman of the House Education Committee, said: ''I think it's a mistake to try to identify any one single issue which led to his resignation. At the root of the problem has been the failure to establish a useful working relationship with the education community in this state.'' In 1975, as a lawyer and advocate for children with special needs, Mr. Gilhool played an important role in Congress's adoption of the Education of All Handicapped Children Act. Points of Contention The law assures the rights of children with physical or mental handicaps to as much free public education as appropriate to their circumstances. Before that law, public schools often refused to enroll such pupils and parents had to put them in special private schools. But there have been sharp disagreements between educators, politicians and parents over the issue of mainstreaming. Advocates say the Federal law clearly mandates that handicapped pupils be educated whenever possible with a school's non-handicapped pupils. Critics of this approach say it often results in schools' virtually ignoring the special needs of the students. EDUCATION | Pennsylvania Schools Chief Quits Amid Criticism |
258559_0 | LEAD: Citing the need to find ways of meeting new environmental regulations, the Ford Motor Company said it would spend $97 million to expand its laboratories in Dearborn, Mich., southwest of here. A new building containing 125,000 square feet of floor space will be erected within four years next to the existing plant and will accommodate Ford laboratories for physics, chemistry and metallurgy research. Citing the need to find ways of meeting new environmental regulations, the Ford Motor Company said it would spend $97 million to expand its laboratories in Dearborn, Mich., southwest of here. A new building containing 125,000 square feet of floor space will be erected within four years next to the existing plant and will accommodate Ford laboratories for physics, chemistry and metallurgy research. Renovation of the original building, built in 1957, will be completed a year later. John P. McTague, Ford's vice president for research, said more space was needed for research in lightweight materials, which help cars save fuel, as well as for the recycling of materials based on plastics and composites. Additional work must also be done to design cars that can meet tighter standards for fuel efficiency and emissions, he said. COMPANY NEWS | Ford to Expand Research Center |
258579_2 | run high that Venice gets too much attention and that tax revenue could be better spent. For some, independence is a matter of civic pride, and there are those in Venice who agree. It would be good for Mestre to stand on its own, they say. A few, it must be noted, also recoil at the idea of their jewel of a city going through life hand in hand with its more pedestrian neighbor. A similar split was tried in 1979, when separatists drew 28 percent of the vote. Opinion polls and political commentators say they will probably do better this time, but should still fall short of victory. Even if they win, the result will be nonbinding, and the decision on what to do next would fall to the Veneto regional government, which supervises this stretch of northeastern Italy. If nothing else, the spirited but gentlemanly battle has focused attention on the problems of a special area with special needs. As Mestre has grown, so has Venice declined. Concern runs high that it could cease to function as a true city, doomed to serve as a high-priced museum for the endless flow of Germans, Japanese and Americans in tank tops and with potbellies who jam its narrow lanes and bridges. Center's Population Shrinks Only 80,000 people live on the canal-threaded islands of the historic center, compared with 175,000 in 1951. The shrinkage continues at a rate of nearly 2,000 residents a year. Many who left over the years went no farther than Mestre, and 25,000 of them go back every day as commuters, driving their cars or taking the bus to the Piazzale Roma on Venice's western fringe and continuing by boat to jobs in the city government or tourist-related businesses. Often, those who fled had given up on trying to find an apartment that could accommodate a family and a normal assortment of modern appliances at a price appreciably lower than the national debt. Venice has no shortage of stores selling carnival masks or expensive leather bags and coats. But try finding a reasonably priced butcher or neighborhood barber. Try finding one at all. According to a Government-sponsored survey issued late last year, there are only eight plumbers left in a city notorious for leaking. For a typical family, Mestre more than compensates with practicality what it may lack in Renaissance grandeur. So it has swelled while Venice | Mestre Journal; Life With Glamorous Venice Isn't All Romance |
258603_0 | LEAD: The Coast Guard has taken custody of a Taiwanese fishing vessel in the middle of the North Pacific after collecting what American officials say is the first hard evidence of large-scale pirating of West Coast salmon by foreign boats. The Coast Guard has taken custody of a Taiwanese fishing vessel in the middle of the North Pacific after collecting what American officials say is the first hard evidence of large-scale pirating of West Coast salmon by foreign boats. The stakes are so high in the escalating conflict over the huge nets dragging the ocean every night, that the crew of the Taiwanese vessel tried to bribe Coast Guard officers when they first boarded the ship last week, American officials say. The Coast Guard in Alaska, which patrols an area the size of continental America, has been trying to catch ships from Taiwan, South Korea and Japan that are fishing in the North Pacific. Foreign officials say those vessels are fishing for squid, but American fishermen and environmentalists accuse them of ''strip mining the sea'' of dolphins, seals and sea birds as well as millions of American-bound salmon. Videotape of Fish Dumping Last week, for the first time, a Coast Guard helicopter was able to videotape a foreign vessel dumping tons of illegally caught salmon overboard as a Coast Guard cutter approached. Although the Taiwanese ship, the Ta Chieh 3, was fishing in international waters, about 500 miles south of the Aleutian Islands, it was in an area where such boats are prohibited by international agreements. Officers on the Coast Guard cutter Midgett requested permission to board. Once on deck, officers found logs that indicated the boat had been illegally fishing for salmon for the past three years and was planning to continue to fish through the summer, the Coast Guard said. ''The crew of the Ta Chieh 3 tried to bribe our boarding officers with gold, money, alcohol and sexual favors,'' said Chris Haley, a spokesman for the Coast Guard in Alaska. ''We found plenty of evidence of illegal fishing. What we're waiting for now is the bureacracy to turn its wheels.'' Because the United States maintains no formal relations with Taiwan, negotiations over the fate of the seized boat have been slow, the State Department said. Late today, though, Taiwanese officials assured the State Department that they would take over the investigation that could lead to prosecution once | U.S. Says It Has Hard Evidence of Salmon Pirating by Foreigners |
261619_0 | LEAD: To the Editor: To the Editor: In a June 9 news article in which you characterized the new United States ban on ivory imports as one of the greatest triumphs of a relatively young wildlife lobby, you also referred to dissension among conservation groups. The real issue is that, despite different approaches, the conservation groups have now mounted an unprecedented worldwide campaign to save the elephant. The approach of all conservation groups has been to inform the public of the elephant crisis and to curb the ivory trade. But how does one curb that trade without sending it underground? After all, rhinos have been classified as endangered since the early 1970's, but a trade ban under CITES (the Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species) has not stopped its numbers falling from 60,000 in 1970 to 3,800 in 1988. The weaknesses in the CITES trade ban has been the sticking point. A year ago, the African nations still argued persuasively that the ivory trade could be regulated, that ivory revenues helped save elephants and other species. Since then, opinions have changed in Africa as poaching has degenerated into open warfare. Further, new information produced by the Ivory Trade Review Group (jointly supported by all the major international conservation groups working in Africa) has been decisive: it shows that there is no option for any sustainable trade, given the imminent collapse of elephant populations across Africa. The review group's call for an immediate ban in all importing countries goes well beyond earlier demands for a unilateral U.S. ban, which would have done little to halt the global trade. More to the point, the call for a ban supports the appeal recently made by Tanzania, Kenya, Somalia, Zaire and other countries taking the brunt of a brutal trade. It would not have been possible to act decisively without a strong African voice or a thorough understanding of the trade. Similar collaborative efforts by the major conservation organizations over the last year led to an $18 million Africa-wide plan to save the elephant by beefing up government wildlife agencies across the continent. The plan, which uses the elephant as a symbol to conserve biological diversity throughout Africa, is an even greater tribute to the growing collaborative efforts of the conservation organizations worldwide. DAVID WESTERN P. M. OLINDO Nairobi, Kenya, June 13, 1989 The writers are, respectively, director of Wildlife Conservation International and | Conservationists Worldwide Are Determined to Save the Elephant |
261561_4 | presented in the report, the country's per-capita gross domestic product has fallen to roughly $300 a year. That figure is less than the comparable figure of $330 a year for Haiti, long the hemisphere's poorest nation. According to World Bank data, it would put Nicaragua on a par with such very poor nations as Somalia, the Sudan and the Central African Republic. Nor does the near future appear to hold much hope. The study predicts that Nicaragua's overall production, which fell by 8 percent last year, will fall by at least that much again in 1989. Industrial production in 1989 is predicted to shrink by about 20 percent. The report's predictions, moreover, were made before a new round of devaluations and inflation this month cut the remaining value of its currency by more than two-thirds against the American dollar. Trade Embargo Cited The report notes that the process of reviving the Nicaraguan economy has been greatly hindered by the continued United States trade embargo, as well as by American diplomatic pressure aimed at preventing lending or aid from institutions like the International Monetary Fund. The report asserted that the new austerity measures would almost certainly earn Nicaragua ''an I.M.F. standby loan plus additional international support, under normal political circumstances.'' In addition to guiding the Government's own policy, the report's findings were presented last month to a special meeting of potential donor countries in Stockholm and were reportedly presented by President Ortega on a recent trip seeking new aid from European countries. But Sandinista officials have said that the trip and meeting produced only a fraction of the aid that the Government needs to avoid a worsening crisis. After reaching a high of $1.197 billion in 1985, foreign aid and credits to Nicaragua slumped abruptly to only $385 million in 1987, the report found. Of the 1987 amount, about 81 percent of credits and 51 percent of foreign aid came from the Communist bloc. Ortega Defends Expropriations MANAGUA, June 25 (AP) - President Ortega has defended the expropriation of three major sugar concerns, saying they planned to halt production. The expropriations have been sharply criticized by business. The Government seized the sugar concerns on Wednesday, saying they had adopted ''irresponsible attitudes in the face of the economic crisis confronting the country.'' On Saturday, Mr. Ortega accused the business council and the sugar concerns of planning to halt productionand said they were | NICARAGUAN STUDY DEPICTS ECONOMY IN DRASTIC DECLINE |
260498_1 | discriminating against the handicapped in hiring and promotions. A major provision of this sweeping package of civil rights measures would prohibit a private employer of 15 or more workers from discriminating against a qualified job applicant or worker because of a handicap. The proposed Americans with Disabilities Act, sponsored by Senator Tom Harkin of Iowa, and a companion bill in the House have wide bipartisan backing, and Attorney General Dick Thornburgh is expected to announce the Bush Administration's support when he testifies today before the Senate Committee on Labor and Human Resources. But the Administration will probably seek changes to meet concerns that the bill will lead to widespread litigation and increase small businesses' expenses. The bill already makes some provisions to ease the business burden, including the exemption of small businesses. It also requires employers to make ''reasonable accommodations'' for the disabled, unless it would result in an undue burden on the employer. Employers already have the right to inquire about medical conditions that might limit a person's performance in a specific job. #43 Million Impaired Advocates for the rights of the 43 million Americans with physical or mental impairment, while generally encouraged, maintain that there is a long way to go. Senator Harkin has said his bill would move toward helping about 8.2 million handicapped who want jobs but cannot find them. Their ranks include those with sensory impairment, like the deaf or blind, and those who use wheelchairs and otherwise have limited mobility. Federal regulations also protect those with disabilities that cannot be readily observed, like epilepsy, diabetes, cancer and heart disease as well as recovering alcoholics and people with AIDS. The improving job prospects for the handicapped, a group that grows as an estimated 500,000 Americans become disabled each year, were a recurring theme at a recent New York conference that brought together advocacy groups, scores of the disabled and leaders of philanthropic organizations, which are showing an increasing interest in the issue. Among the speakers was Paul G. Hearne, executive director of the National Council on Disability, a group appointed by Ronald Reagan when he was President. ''Until very recently, society was not able to deal with the issue of disability,'' Mr. Hearne said. ''What I see now is policy makers and power brokers moving to integrate the disabled into the mainstream, to promote their independence, to make them people who pay taxes and consume | As the Labor Pool Dwindles, Doors Open for the Disabled |
260423_0 | LEAD: Scientists have found a previously unknown way in which gene defects can lead to cancer, a discovery that may eventually offer improved ways of detecting some forms of cancer in the earliest stages when treatment can be most effective. Scientists have found a previously unknown way in which gene defects can lead to cancer, a discovery that may eventually offer improved ways of detecting some forms of cancer in the earliest stages when treatment can be most effective. The research showed evidence of a class of cancer-promoting genes that function in an unexpected way, said Dr. Ronald M. Evans of the Salk Institute for Biological Studies, in La Jolla, Calif. The genes inactivate other genes that would ordinarily prevent the cancer process from starting, he said. ''I believe it is a new transforming principle,'' said Dr. Evans. In transformation, cells lose their normal controls over growth and become cancerous. The research by Dr. Evans, Dr. Klaus Damm and Dr. Catherine C. Thompson, all of the Salk Institute, is reported in the issue of the journal Nature being published today. Scientists at Princeton and Johns Hopkins universities have discovered a similar effect that is produced by a different cancer-related gene that is believed to play a role in colon cancer. Genes' Role in Cancer In the past decade, scientists have discovered several dozen genes in human tissues that contribute to cancer formation when they become abnormal or are abnormally activated. In many cases they are abnormal versions of genes that have natural functions in orchestrating the growth and proliferation of tissues. The genes that contribute to cancer are called oncogenes. Specialists have demonstrated that there are two types of oncogenes. Those of one type, dominant oncogenes, contribute directly to excessive and unregulated growth of cells. A more recently discovered class, recessive oncogenes, actually protect against abnormal cell growth. Cancers develop only when the patient's cells lose all the protective effect because both copies of the normal gene are either lost or have become changed enough to make them ineffective. Laboratory experiments by Dr. Evans's group, as well as the research at Princeton and Johns Hopkins, have produced evidence that a third class of oncogenes exists. Such oncogenes appear to be capable of inactivating normal genes that would ordinarily keep cell growth under control. Third Type of Oncogene The scientists at Salk found this unexpected type of activity in an oncogene | Researchers Discover New Way Gene Defects Can Lead to Cancer |
260479_2 | a nation that is manifestly weary of what the Prime Minister called ''political fanaticism'' - the partisan squabbling between right and left. Pact for New Caledonia In an extensive interview in his grand office in the Hotel Matignon, Mr. Rocard noted that journalists had the obligation to write but that he had ''the right to be silent from time to time.'' ''It is necessary to put on a show in politics,'' he acknowledged. ''You have to have a symbolic relationship with the public - it's indispensable - but that's not the same thing as managing the currency, straightening out the balance of payments or negotiating an exit from a strike.'' Looking back on the accomplishments of ''the 10th Prime Minister of the Fifth Republic,'' as he likes to call himself, Mr. Rocard proudly singled out the political pact he negotiated for the troubled Pacific territory of New Caledonia granting autonomy to its native population. It was, he said, ''the first civil war of decolonization stopped in the middle.'' Then there was a blitz of public-sector strikes that paralyzed Paris through Christmas and a protracted protest on the disaffected island of Corsica. The Rocard method for dealing with those classic French outbursts of discontent was to keep open a discussion, avoid confrontation and wait until the protesters had run out of steam before striking an agreement. A Role in Foreign Policy The explosion of strikes was aggravated by ''the cultural shock of discovering that just because the left has won the elections it isn't going to go about distributing money any old way,'' he said. Indeed, Mr. Rocard has been accused of making the French economy sound less healthy than it is to stave off a new round of wage demands. Foreign policy is largely Mr. Mitterrand's preserve, but Mr. Rocard is not excluded altogether. It was the Prime Minister, for example, who announced to the National Assembly this month that France was freezing its relations with China after the bloody repression of the student-led movement for democracy. Asked about a recent report in the American magazine Foreign Policy that the United States had over the years given covert assistance to France's nuclear-weapons program, Mr. Rocard said he could not comment on past French administrations. Jokingly, he observed that he had not spoken about the matter with his father, a scientist who helped develop the French bomb. But the Prime Minister | Paris Leader Speaks Little, Does Much |
257372_0 | LEAD: The millions of Americans who hope for a salary increase might well expand their horizons. Incentives and perquisites are the most rapidly growing areas of executive compensation, and they are starting to filter down to middle management, said Avery E. Neumark, a partner in Ernst & Whinney. The millions of Americans who hope for a salary increase might well expand their horizons. Incentives and perquisites are the most rapidly growing areas of executive compensation, and they are starting to filter down to middle management, said Avery E. Neumark, a partner in Ernst & Whinney. A compensation package that relies heavily on incentives to reward performance can be advantageous for both the employee and the corporation because it rewards results, Mr. Neumark told the Annual Financial Planning Forum of the New York chapter of the International Association for Financial Planning on Thursday. ''Have you increased the value of the company, increased shareholder value?'' Mr. Neumark asked rhetorically. The answer is more likely to be yes from those who have an incentive to do so - in contracts that detail goals and the rewards for surpassing them. A well-designed executive compensation program will include a base salary, annual incentives, long-term incentives, and benefits and perquisites. In the past, salary was about two-thirds of a chief executive's pay, while incentives and benefits were about one-third, he said. Today the reverse is true, and incentives and benefits account for two-thirds of the compensation at that level, he said. The new ratio does not hold true at lower levels, but the trend is toward more incentives, and many executives and managers of large companies, as well as of smaller, privately held companies, are in a position to negotiate personalized compensation packages. Mr. Neumark advised people who are negotiating employment contracts to emphasize supplemental pension benefits and incentive stock options. The supplemental benefits are to offset cutbacks that are occurring in many pension plans as a result of sweeping changes in tax laws since 1986. The incentive stock options ''can be very advantageous to an executive'' financially, and they give added motivation to work to increase shareholder value, Mr. Neumark said. From the company's point of view, stock options cost less than salary increases, he added. The favorite perquisites and benefits, which are filtering down to middle management as well, are supplemental retirement plans, company cars, dining and country club memberships, executive physical examinations, supplemental | Your Money; Popularity Grows For Incentive Pay |
257401_5 | Peak rates are in effect on weekdays, usually during a 12-hour period starting at 6, 7 or 8 A.M., and off-peak rates are usually 25 to 50 percent less. Rates vary considerably from market to market, and within markets carriers - the Government requires two in each market - offer packages tailored to different amounts of use. A consumer in New York City, for example, can choose a package with a $29-a-month access charge and a peak rate of 55 to 60 cents a minute and an off-peak rate of 40 cents a minute. In Atlanta, a similar package costs $35 a month plus 35 cents for each minute of peak-time use and 25 cents a minute in off-peak periods. The lower off-peak rates will help many consumers rationalize a mobile phone purchase, said Robert B. Miller, a vice president of Radio Shack. ''We're a talking society,'' he said. ''A phone in the car or a phone in your hip pocket, that's what dreams are made of.'' FOR SOME, IT'S TRAVEL INSURANCE Mobile phones are increasingly being marketed as security devices. They are still primarily a business tool, but cellular phone companies are now promoting the use of mobile phones with rates designed for people who like the idea of having a phone in their car, pocket book or shirt pocket in case of an emergency. The package usually includes the carrier's least expensive access charge, sometimes as low as $5 a month, coupled with its highest rate for daytime calls, as much as 90 cents a minute. ''I put a phone in my wife's car,'' said Robert B. Miller, a vice president for merchandising at Radio Shack. ''She rarely uses it, but we both feel very much safer knowing that she could call the police, a tow truck or me.'' Jim Morewood of Albuquerque, N.M., credits his mobile phone with saving his life last July when he had a heart attack in his car. Before losing consciousness, he was able to call the police. ''When the ambulance arrived, I was essentially dead,'' he wrote to Metro Mobile, his carrier. Carriers also hope the rates based on limited use will tempt consumers to use mobile phones at night and on weekends, when lower rates are in effect. Nynex Mobile Communications, for example, offers service to New York City customers for $15 a month, plus 90 cents a minute of daytime | Mobile Phones, as Prices Drop, Aren't Just for Work Anymore |
255599_0 | LEAD: Traditionalist Episcopalians who oppose their church's approval of women as priests and bishops today founded a new national association that could become an independent denomination if they felt their views were not respected. Traditionalist Episcopalians who oppose their church's approval of women as priests and bishops today founded a new national association that could become an independent denomination if they felt their views were not respected. Organizers of the association, the Episcopal Synod of America, said they were determined to remain within the denomination, but were looking for a way to prevent abandonment of the church's ''historic faith.'' They also question the validity of sacramental acts performed by ordained women or men ordained by female bishops. Bishop John-David Schofield of San Joaquin, Calif. said: ''We must do all we can to remain within this church and do all we can to transform this church. If it will not be permitted, then we will have to take the next step when it comes.'' About 2,000 people attended the meeting that founded the association, which will be headed by Bishop Clarence Pope Jr. of Fort Worth. Twenty-one other Episcopal bishops, 16 of them retired, endorsed the synod. Although a number of small groups have left the Episcopal Church since its 1976 approval of ordaining women, they were not joined by any bishops. Wide Range of Attacks Along with other speakers, Bishop Pope attacked the ''seemingly unstoppable impact of radical feminist theology,'' permissiveness toward practicing homosexuality, the revision of liturgical language to be gender-inclusive, and divorce and remarriage among the clergy as well as laity. Expressions of loyalty to the Episcopal Church in the United States and the world Anglican tradition accompanied fierce denunciations of the liberal theology that was said to prevail. ''The reigning new spirit in the Episcopal Church cannot be of God,'' said the Rev. Andrew Craig Mead, rector of the Church of the Advent in Boston. He warned that the church was falling into ''the grip of a counterfeit gospel,'' amounting to ''idolatry.'' Speakers at the meeting repeatedly said that the conflict over ordaining women was only a ''symptom.'' 'Loss of Respect' Is Seen ''The underlying problem,'' Bishop Pope said, ''is the loss of respect for the authority of Holy Scripture'' and the treatment of Scripture and church tradition ''as personal possessions to be tried on from time to time.'' Last September, after the Massachusetts Episcopal Diocese voted | NEW GROUP FIGHTS EPISCOPAL CHANGES |
255535_0 | LEAD: To the Editor: To the Editor: There you go again. In your May 23 editorial on trade, you claim that U.S. sugar quotas serve as a good example of why we should not accuse anyone else of unfair trade practices. As the lawyer who wrote the briefs in the case you cite with regard to the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade, I can assure you that no one claimed the sugar quotas were wise policy. Indeed, the U.S. position in the Uruguay Round of trade negotiations concerning the unwinding of all agricultural trade restrictions implicitly stated that such quotas were unwise. However, the U.S. should not be required to disarm itself unilaterally in the highly restricted world sugar market. You ignore two important aspects of the GATT case. First, the country bringing the case, Australia, has had an absolute ban on imports of sugar for 70 years. Last year it announced a ''reform'' with a proposal to change from a ban to a tariff. However, Australia admitted to the International Sugar Organization that, at least for the next several years, the tariff will be so high that it will have the same effect as a ban. Now that is hypocrisy. Also, during the GATT panel proceeding, the panel asked just how widespread restrictions such as the U.S. sugar quota were. The U.S. quotas were administered under a tariff provision negotiated in a GATT round almost 40 years ago. We found many such restrictions in others' tariff schedules, including an illegal local content rule on tobacco in Australia. In particular, the European Community had so many quotas in its tariff schedule that we had a list several pages long after reviewing only a fraction of the E.C. schedule. Why are you so quick to blame America and cry mea culpa? Remember, in sugar the major price depressant in the world is not the U.S. quotas, it is the massive dumping of highly subsidized sugar into the world market by the European Community. The lesson of the sugar case is not that we are as bad as everyone else; it is that an exception to our general practice is the rule for most of our trading partners. JOHN C. KINGERY Simsbury, Conn., May 23, 1989 The writer was associate general counsel, U.S. Trade Representative's Office. | Letter: On Trade; Sugar Quota Our Exception, Their Rule |
255608_1 | murder, rape or robbery. Soaring Juvenile Crime Questions about the program are being raised at a time when the deterrent value of New York's juvenile offender law is being debated because of the April attack on a woman jogging in Central Park. Five of the six youths charged in the attack are 14 or 15 years old and will be tried under the juvenile offender law. And after a 10-year decline, felony arrests in New York City of youths under 16 soared 43 percent in 1988 and have continued to rise this year. Nine of 10 youngsters confined in the state's juvenile prisons are from New York City, and all current residents at Goshen were convicted there. ''I never heard of the juvenile law'' before being arrested in Brooklyn, said another youth, who, like the other inmates, spoke on the condition, set by the prison authorities, that the youths' full names not be used. ''I thought you could commit crimes and get away with it.'' Beginning at age 14, he led a gang in the Williamsburg section that robbed street drug dealers. His arrest came after he shot and killed a rival gang leader with a .45-caliber handgun at close range. At Goshen and the state's four other ''secure centers,'' juvenile offenders receive what administrators call the ''carrot-and-stick approach'' of behavior modification. The offenders, serving average sentences of a year and a half to four years and eight months, are subjected to strict discipline and tight security. For serious infractions, they can be placed in an isolation cell. But they are also entitled to vocational and academic tutoring, psychological therapy and an assortment of recreational privileges, like use of a 60-foot-long outdoor swimming pool. Supporters say the programs at the secure centers contribute significantly to rehabilitating young criminals. ''Some people might think we are too soft, with all these educational programs and a swimming pool,'' said Horace Belton, Goshen's director and a former marine sergeant with a master's degree in social work. ''These kids have committed vicious crimes, and they deserve to be punished. But our philosophy is punishment without cruelty. Because they are so young, they are malleable, and personality changes can take place.'' Other criminal-justice experts, however, believe the centers are too lenient and note that the state has never studied whether they reduce criminal recidivism, or the rearrest rate. ''If juveniles who are found guilty of savage | Youths With Brutal Pasts, in a Prison 'Without Cruelty' |
255513_0 | LEAD: Although Amgen Inc. won a major victory Thursday, when the Food and Drug Administration gave it exclusive permission to market the drug epoetin alfa, under the name Epogen, the company still faces two serious challenges to its patent position. Although Amgen Inc. won a major victory Thursday, when the Food and Drug Administration gave it exclusive permission to market the drug epoetin alfa, under the name Epogen, the company still faces two serious challenges to its patent position. The drug is a form of erythropoietin, a naturally occurring hormone that stimulates production of red blood cells and is now produced through genetic engineering. The F.D.A. approved its use for patients undergoing kidney dialysis, who generally become anemic because their diseased kidneys stop producing the hormone. About 100,000 patients undergo dialysis in the United States, and 90 percent suffer from anemia. The drug might also prove useful for cancer and AIDS patients who develop anemia. Amgen's patent battles are now on two fronts, both against Genetics Institute Inc. of Cambridge, Mass. Amgen has a patent on the DNA coding sequence that stimulates the drug's production in genetically altered mammalian cells. But Genetics Institute has a competing patent on uses of the original natural compound. Each company says the other is infringing its patent, and the case is scheduled to go to trial on Aug. 7 in Federal court in Boston. Amgen's original patent is also being challenged. On May 9, the Patent and Trademark Office opened a legal proceeding, known as an interference, to consider claims by Genetics Institute that it was the first to identify the DNA code for making the drug. A final decision will probably take several years. Amgen's stock rose by $3.75, to $44.75, yesterday in over-the-counter trading. In a footnote, Genetics Institute won patent approval this week for a new variation of the drug that it says is more stable chemically during purification and storage. The new drug still faces years of testing, however, and is not expected to affect the other patent disputes. Charles B. Shoemaker, a former senior scientist at Genetics Institute, received patent 4,835,260. PATENTS | Amgen Faces Challenges on Anemia Drug |
257074_0 | LEAD: A Brazilian film company has won the rights to the life story of the slain Brazilian ecologist Francisco (Chico) Mendes. A Brazilian film company has won the rights to the life story of the slain Brazilian ecologist Francisco (Chico) Mendes. The announcement, made at a news conference on Wednesday by the producer Jofre Rodrigues, ended a two-month struggle between international movie companies - including Warner Brothers, United Artists and 20th Century-Fox, represented by Robert Redford - for the rights to the story. The company, JN Filmes, has signed a $1.76 million contract with the Chico Mendes Foundation to produce an English-Portuguese film, a television series, an autobiographical book and a videocassette on Mr. Mendes's life. The movie is expected to cost $10 million. Shot by Rancher's Son The 44-year-old Mr. Mendes, who as the leader of a rubber tappers' union fought to save the Amazon jungle from deforestation, was shot and killed by the son of a cattle rancher in December outside his house in the jungle town of Xapuri. The death of Mr. Mendes, who had won a United Nations award for his struggle against Amazon ranchers eager to clear the rain forest for grazing, struck a deep chord worldwide. Hollywood producers made a series of offers to purchase the film rights, but a four-member panel from the Mendes Foundation, an organization made up of ecologists, rubber tappers and family members, chose the Brazilian company. ''The foundation wants the film to be seen around the world but the Hollywood proposals were badly offered and illusory,'' said Gilson Pescador, a panel member. ''Also, we thought a Brazilian film company would best show the destruction that's going on and the reality of the people of the region.'' Novelist to Write Script The script is to be written by the Brazilian novelist Marcio de Souza, author of ''The Emperor of the Amazon.'' Jose Claudio Padilha, who is to be the director, said filming would begin in May 1990 on location in Xapuri. Mr. Mendes's widow, Ilzamar, her two children and his brother and sisters would receive $210,000 in royalties. An additional $400,000 would go to public education and health projects for Indians and rubber tappers throughout the region. The remainder would be donated by Mrs. Mendes to the rubber tappers union and other such organizations in Brazil's western jungle state of Acre, Mr. Pescador said. | Film Planned On Brazilian Ecologist |
257196_1 | much less than its current production. On Wednesday, the Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries had signed a new production agreement that set Kuwait's new quota at 1.093 million barrels a day. It is now producing nearly 2 million barrels a day. West Texas Intermediate crude oil was 15 cents to 33 cents higher, with the July contract at $20.00 a barrel, up 33 cents; heating oil was 0.19 cent lower to 0.17 cent higher, with July at 48.66 cents a gallon; unleaded gasoline was 0.57 cent to 0.66 cent higher, with July at 64 cents a gallon. Wheat futures, which have been declining because of the political turmoil in China, were off for the third consecutive session. Analysts said the problems in China might make new orders for American wheat unlikely. Soybean futures were mixed, getting a lift from a threatened sales boycott by Brazilian farmers who say they are worried about their Government's exchange-rate policy. In addition, dock workers in Brazil are threatening another nationwide port strike, which would hamper soybean exports. Corn prices were under pressure from light demand and reports of improved growing conditions in important growing areas. In copper, speculation about supply disruptions pushed futures prices higher on the Commodity Exchange in New York. Copper settled 1.1 cents to 2.5 cents higher, with the June contract at $1.11 a pound. Prices rose because of the start of contract talks next week between United States producers and their unions, with the possibility of strikes, and the continued closing of Bougainville Copper's mine in Papua New Guinea, said Bette Raptopoulos, an analyst with Prudential-Bache Securities in New York. The prices of precious metals declined as the dollar showed renewed strength. Gold settled $2.60 to $3.10 lower, with June at $373.50 an ounce; silver was 2.1 cents to 2.7 cents lower, with June at $5.443 an ounce. Livestock and meat futures were mixed in lackluster trading on the Chicago Mercantile Exchange. Sugar futures were up strongly on New York's Coffee, Sugar and Cocoa Exchange, settling 0.22 cent to 0.39 cent higher. The July contract was at 11.72 cents a pound. The political tension in China, which spurred selling earlier in the week, was set aside as rumors spread that India might enter the market, said Kim Badenhop, an analyst with Merrill Lynch Capital Markets in New York. China had been expected to buy 300,000 metric tons of sugar. FUTURES/OPTIONS | Kuwait Statement on Output Spurs a Rally in Oil Prices |
255637_1 | at his feet, a hush seemed to fall in the mesquite and paloverde, as if the bright early-morning desert had died with the shot. Guided Tour of Heavy Thoughts To read philosophy through Arthur C. Danto's eyes, with most of the difficulty peeled away, is like a stolen pleasure. Here's a wry example from his ''Connections to the World: The Basic Concepts of Philosophy'' (Harper & Row). Anti-philosophical philosophies have marked the present century. Twentieth-century philosophy has characteristically conceived philosophy itself, in its most general terms, as something to be dealt with and dissolved so totally, discredited so completely, that there will never be philosophy again. Thus the whole of Western philosophy is conceived of as a great aberration, a rupture of an intimate connection between man and being, according to Martin Heidegger, and we must return to this healing unity if we are to be saved. Philosophy must devote itself, according to John Dewey, to the practical problems of human life and abandon any pretense of having problems of its own. A Farewell to Crullers Posterity has not yet judged whether it is flattering to Hemingway or a terrible weakness in him that makes people so fond of parodying his style. This is by Corinne Latta, from ''The Best of Bad Hemingway'' (Harvest/Harcourt Brace Jovanovich). The door of Harry's Bar & American Grill opened and two men came in. They sat down at the bar. ''What's yours?'' Harry asked them. ''Crullers,'' one of the men said. ''We want crullers.'' ''I don't know if I want crullers,'' the second man said. ''I don't know what I want to eat.'' Outside it was getting dark. The two men at the bar read the menu. ''I'll have two crullers,'' the first man said. ''We don't serve crullers,'' Harry said. ''Why the hell do you call yourself an American Bar and Grill? Crullers are American. Americans eat crullers!'' ''Not here they don't,'' Harry said. ''This is Florence.'' ''Who the hell is Florence?'' the second man said. ''We're not interested in broads. We want crullers.'' ''Sorry,'' Harry said. ''No crullers.'' He looked at the clock on the wall behind the bar. In the Hired Darkness Poets are generally kind to neurotics, identifying with them to a degree, but Philip Larkin is an exception in this, as he is in so many other ways. This is his poem ''Neurotics,'' from ''Philip Larkin: Collected Poems'' (Farrar, | NOTED WITH PLEASURE |
255654_4 | undisclosed and unexamined doctrine to underpin the literary project that I call sociological. This doctrine holds that the identity of the literary work is such as to allow it free and transparent passage through different historical and cultural moments. Ms. Smith expresses this in contesting Hume's observation that ''the same Homer who pleased at Athens and Rome 2,000 years ago, is still admired at Paris and London.'' She supposes that over time we find ourselves responding to different things about Homer's writing, and that in consequence its value has naturally varied. Now, maybe this is a correct enough report on the vagaries of our culture's understanding of Homer. However, it would be quite wrong to think that changing readings of an author automatically preserve genuine or correct understanding of his work and afford proper appreciation of it. That understanding is something a culture easily loses, and as we come to lose it our newfound evaluations of his writing diminish any prospect of a proper and true evaluation of it - not because truth is the wrong idea here, but because our evaluation is not really of the work we (mistakenly) take ourselves to be addressing. Having learned that lesson, we can see that the relativistic account of value should not go together with a view that the work's value is essentially variable. The moral I draw, speaking very much as a conservative in these matters, is not one with which Ms. Smith will have much sympathy: when we study literary works we need to have a close eye to the particular audience their author intended writing for and to understand what he or she wrote in relation to that audience. Coming to see what is in literary works in this way (a phrase that need really occasion no suspicion) cannot in the end be divorced from understanding what values they really possess, or lack. If traditional literary criticism aims at helping us understand the objects of its study and appreciate them for what they are, as I believe it does, then it is an activity to be preserved rather than abandoned in favor of the sociological alternative offered in this book. Moreover, the relativistic account of value espoused in the book poses no threat whatever to that endeavor. It is merely a salutary reminder that no single canon of literary values can be serviceable for all purposes. But then only | BUT SOME BOOKS ARE STILL BAD |
256045_9 | book called, ''Unveiling the Mysteries.'' ''The orders of the dictatorial state of Riza Shah,'' he declared, ''are valueless and all laws approved by the Parliament must be burned.'' The book, foreshadowing the Ayatollah's later campaign, accused Riza Shah of persecuting the clergy, destroying Islamic culture and submitting to foreign domination. It also had the first known outline of the Ayatollah's Islamic state, which he came to regard with increasing fervor as the only legitimate form of government. ''God,'' he wrote, ''has formed the Islamic Republic. Obey God and his Prophet and those among you who have authority. It is the only government accepted by God on Resurrection Day. We don't say that the Government must be composed by the clergy but that the Government must be directed and organized according to the divine law, and this is only possible with the supervision of the clergy.'' Polemics Attracted the Young The book created an uproar. Students applauded it but the older, more conservative mullahs were uneasy. Although he continued to speak out and was gaining a zealous following, the Ayatollah's campaign was overshadowed in 1951 when the National Front Government of Dr. Mossadegh came to power and when, in 1953, the Shah was briefly driven into exile. The Ayatollah sympathized with the opposition to the Shah but he regarded the Mossadegh Government as too secular and yearned for an Islamic state. It was in the years after the Shah was restored to the throne by the C.I.A. that Ruhollah Khomeini acquired the honorific Ayatollah, or Reflection of Allah, a title that is bestowed by acclamation of a mullah's followers. It is held by more than a thousand mullahs in the Shiite world. By the time he took the lead in the opposition to the Shah, he had received the title of Grand Ayatollah, held by only six other mullahs in Iran at the time. That was 1962, when the Ayatollah led a general strike against a ruling that witnesses in court no longer had to swear by the Koran. Opposed the Shah's Modern Society In 1963, the Shah announced his White Revolution to modernize Iran swiftly and from top to bottom, a program that included emancipation of women and seizure of the vast lands controlled by the clergy. The Ayatollah spoke out forcefully against it. He won support from the students at Teheran University, who distributed as many as 200,000 copies | Ayatollah Ruhollah Khomeini, 89, the Unwavering Iranian Spiritual Leader |
255704_2 | at about 50 service stations that have converted to the new fuel. The movement is spreading easterly through Canada, Dr. Durbin says. Now that he is hooked on the concept, Dr. Durbin speaks of it with the impatient zeal of a crusader who is ahead of his time. He notes with gloom that the swing to automotive natural gas has yet to catch on significantly in the United States. According to the Federal Department of Energy, about 25,000 vehicles owned by utilities in this country now use the technology. In addition, a few experimental buses are being tried in Tacoma, Wash., central Ohio and Brooklyn. No automotive service stations sell natural gas. ''We, in general, have zero interest in the future,'' Dr. Durbin said in a recent interview in his campus office. ''The auto industry is interested in the next 10 days - how many cars am I going to sell? ''It's our lack of interest in the future that's causing trouble in all industries. The Japanese make an investment that won't pay off for 10 years; we won't make an investment unless it pays off in three months.'' The auto makers take exception. A General Motors spokesman in Manhattan, Peter J. Peterson, said: ''All the auto companies are doing a lot of research on alternate fuels, including natural gas. But right now, gasoline is the most practical fuel to use in an automobile. It works the best.'' The industry's hand may be forced. The days of uninhibited use of gasoline are already numbered in some ways. Last month regional officials in Southern California adopted a strict air-quality program that could, by the year 2007, ban all motor vehicles that burn gasoline or diesel fuel. The plan is widely regarded by environmental leaders as a forerunner of measures that other urban regions will have to take. In 1991 the Federal Environmental Protection Agency will put into effect air-quality standards for buses that no diesel engine now on the market can meet. Similar rules for trucks are due in 1994. Asked to Help West Virginia West Virginia is moving to set up a National Center for Alternative Transportation Fuels, Dr. Durbin said, and Representative Bob Wise of that state has asked him to become part of a steering committee to organize the center. Dr. Durbin, who goes on another sabbatical next year, plans to accept. Meanwhile, he observed, other countries are | Professor Backs Natural Gas for Autos |
256006_1 | in the White House and evidence of disorder in at least some of the Congressional record-keeping, particularly in the House committee, which was unable to find some of its correspondence with the White House and had to ask for copies from the Bush Administration. Review Still Under Way While their review is not yet complete, Congressional officials have already found these things: * The original copy of a document that was missing from the National Security Council files in 1987 has since turned up among the papers set aside for the Reagan library in California. The document showed Mr. Reagan's personal approval of a plan to make increased American aid to Honduras conditional on that country's support of the rebels fighting the Nicaraguan government. * The House and Senate Iran-contra committees separately signed receipts for a batch of documents said by White House records to include a memorandum suggesting Mr. Reagan had personally approved the airdrop of rifles to the contras. But that document has not been found in the records of either panel and is missing from the computer list onto which Senate investigators entered each document delivered by the White House. * Documents taken from Mr. North's office were kept in a room to which various people in the White House had access. Congressional officials said that conditions were sufficiently lax that the possibility of tampering with the documents could not be ruled out. * The Iran-contra committees and the White House worked under fundamentally different assumptions about the search for documents. When it came to the trove of papers found in Mr. North's office, Reagan Administration officials did not personally search for documents requested by the committees. Rather, they believed the Congressional request could be met by sending the committees copies of documents deemed relevant by the Federal agents who were searching for documents for the independent prosecutor in the case, Lawrence E. Walsh. Aides to the House Iran-contra panel say they never accepted this arrangement and believed their requests for documents were not the same as those of the independent prosecutor. One document at issue is the memorandum of Feb. 19, 1985, that bears President Reagan's initialed approval for the plan to reward Honduras for its support of the contras. White House records show that the original was missing from the National Security Council files searched in 1987 by an archivist seeking documents relevant to the | Lapses Found in Handling of Iran-Contra Material |
255669_1 | of 1,240 out of 1,500 points on the Scholastic Aptitute Test, David has maintained a B-minus average since 1984 when he started attending classes full time in the Amity regional school system. He has also taught disabled students how to use computers, discussed his experiences as a disabled student in public schools with educators and worked as a bookkeeper for his father's landscaping business. 'A Lot of Actors' His mother, Sue Clark, a professor of social work at Southern Connecticut State University, attributes some of her son's success to private and state agencies and to individuals who have recognized his potential. ''There are a lot of actors in David's story,'' Mrs. Clark said. ''His life is actually a tribute to a system that is often unresponsive to the disabled. But because of the creativeness of a lot of people, somehow it all came together.'' Cerebral palsy results from brain damage before or during childbirth. It most commonly affects muscle coordination and speech patterns, and in some cases it can result in mental retardation. Fran Farber was a school psychologist and the director of special services for the Orange pubic school district in 1979 when she met David, who was 8 years old. He was then attending the special education program at the Area Cooperative Educational Services in North Haven. A Federal Mandate By then, Mrs. Farber said, Federal legislation had mandated that public school systems educate disabled students regardless of the disability's severity. But, she added, ''it was still considered fairly rare to bring a student with a disability as severe as David's into a public school classroom.'' After running a series of intelligence tests, Mrs. Farber, who is now the assistant superintendent of human services for the Rye Neck, N.Y., public school system, found that David possessed above-average intellectual and social skills. ''As soon as our session was over, I went back to my office and called his mother because I felt here was a boy who could really profit from being put into the mainstream. To her surprise, I told her that David needed to attend regular public school because, after all, one day he was going to go to college.'' Skeptical at First Though skeptical at first, the Clarks agreed to a program arranged by Mrs. Farber in which David would spent part of the week attending the special education program and the rest assisted by an | In a Wheelchair but in the Mainstream |
255748_10 | sits down to breakfast in her home in suburban San Mateo, thanks to an E-mail system that she can phone into from her personal computer. Her E-mail directory routinely includes status reports from night-shift employees who run data and telecommunications centers under her supervision. She might also find suggestions from colleagues for proposed meetings or requests for comments on their ideas. There may also be notes from subordinates about spending decisions they have made or want to make. ''There are lots of simple, quick questions that occur to people at odd hours,'' said Ms. Evans. ''Instead of jotting them down on a piece of paper that gets lost, they send them out on E-mail.'' Ms. Evans deals with some matters immediately, often by sending an electronic reply. The ability to get a jump on the workday at home, or to extend it there, helps her juggle responsibilities at the bank with the life she shares with her husband and 4-year-old son. ''A lot of us use the system to be able to spend more time with family,'' she said. Currently, the 6,600 Wells employees on the E-mail system send 15,000 to 20,000 messages daily. ''It's more informal than a written memo and less intrusive than a phone call,'' said Shirley Moore, an information systems manager. ''That means you're more likely to communicate and include more people in the loop.'' Ms. Moore added: ''The informality is well suited for developing business proposals. You feel freer to contact people who have information, no matter where they are on the corporate ladder, and you're more likely to get a timely response.'' The spreading use of E-mail also has secretaries doing less typing and more administrative work. According to Mr. Zuendt, it also allows executives to get a much better view of the variety of jobs in the bank, which makes it easier for up-and-coming managers to move to new assignments. It is also making life more difficult in some respects for Andy Anderson, who heads a staff of historians at Wells. ''E-mail doesn't leave the kind of paper trail that would have existed prior to the 1980's to show how a project developed,'' he said. ''We have had to do more things like oral interviews to document recent subjects, such as how the Crocker merger was accomplished.'' That does not mean Mr. Anderson is opposed to the information technology revolution. Computerized data bases | GETTING THE ELECTRONICS JUST RIGHT |
255741_0 | LEAD: To the Editor: To the Editor: The interview with Remy Carle, assistant director general of Electricite de France, on the French nuclear power program (''France Stands by Nuclear Power,'' Business Day, May 8) was interesting for the public-policy aspect of nuclear power. However, it missed the mark on what's really behind the so-called economic ''success'' of the French program. First, look at what ''state control'' over the French nuclear power program means: heavy, taxpayer-funded subsidies for the nuclear power industry, which grossly distort the real costs of nuclear-generated electricity, and total Federal pre-emptive authority over all local and state bodies for licensing, site selection and construction of nuclear reactors. Furthermore, there is no requirement that nuclear plants be economically or environmentally preferable to alternative energy sources. Continued construction of nuclear reactors in France has led to substantial electricity surpluses, which create a need for further electrification in home, office and industry. France has become a veritable electricity junkie, whose policy has all but discouraged efforts to promote the efficient uses of energy. It is doubtful that those Americans who last fall read George Bush's lips are going to embrace such a concept. Since Americans account for 5 percent of the world's population but consume 25 percent of its energy, we should be exploring the benefits of energy efficiency. France's ride on the nuclear-power rollercoaster might be just the thing we want to avoid. MARY O'DRISCOLL Washington, May 15, 1989 The writer is national press coordinator of the Safe Energy Communication Council. | Let's Not Do as the French Do on Nuclear Power |
259250_0 | LEAD: Americans bought 13.2 million tons of newspapers last year, then put 4.7 million tons of them out on the curb to be recycled and advance the cause of conservation. But public officials say a growing glut of used newsprint, brought on by an increase in recycling programs, has thrown many of the programs into disarray and dashed some hopes for keeping recycling costs down. Americans bought 13.2 million tons of newspapers last year, then put 4.7 million tons of them out on the curb to be recycled and advance the cause of conservation. But public officials say a growing glut of used newsprint, brought on by an increase in recycling programs, has thrown many of the programs into disarray and dashed some hopes for keeping recycling costs down. This spring many municipalities, which were getting up to $40 a ton a year ago for old newspapers, are paying contractors up to $25 a ton to haul them away. In one case, no one would take paper at any price and hundreds of tons were burned or dumped. The collapsing market has been hardest on new recycling programs with no experience in marketing newsprint and rural programs that are distant from newsprint dealers. ''The inventory of waste newspaper is at an all-time record high,'' said J. Rodney Edwards, a spokesman for the American Paper Institute, a trade organization. ''Mills and paper dealers have in their warehouses over one million tons of newspapers, which represents a third of a year's production. There comes a point when the warehouse space will be completely filled.'' A Taxpayer Burden If the newsprint glut is not absorbed, it could force governments to raise taxes or disposal fees to cover the unexpected costs of marketing it, said Dr. William M. Ferretti, director of energy conservation services at the New York State Department of Economic Development. ''Municipalities can't absorb the costs of waste management any longer,'' he said. The newsprint mountain has been building for over a year as more and more municipalities collected newspapers with no increase in the capacity of paper mills to recycle them. Newsprint is reused to make new newsprint, cereal boxes, construction paper, egg cartons, insulation, paper board, animal bedding and cat litter. Some recycling program managers blame the mills for the glut. But industry analysts say that since the market for recycled newsprint has been flat for a decade, the mills | Flood of Newsprint Erodes Success Of Recycling |
259180_1 | cut raw-ivory imports here from about 110 tons a year to about 15 percent of that level. Also banned would be ivory products from non-African countries, which were recently running in the range of 30 tons a year. Message to Ivory Syndicates Those imports have led Japan to consume about 40 percent of the world's ivory every year, far more than any other country. The ivory is used to make personal seals, parts of pianos and other musical instruments, carvings and ornamentations for women's traditional kimonos. ''We're delighted with this announcement,'' said Tom Milliken, director of Traffic Japan, which monitors trade in products from endangered wildlife. ''It will help to send a message to the illegal ivory syndicates that things are getting a lot tougher for them.'' The Japanese action was also considered significant because it came at a time of rising global criticism of Tokyo's policies toward endangered species and natural resources. In perhaps the most well-known example, Japan continues to permit the hunting and killing of whales for what it says are research purposes. Environmental critics say that is a subterfuge for commercial whaling, since ''researchers'' sell whale meat and oil to defray expenses. Japan and Endangered Species In San Diego on Thursday, Japanese officials reiterated Tokyo's intention to kill at least 400 minke whales next winter, despite demands from the International Whaling Commission that it completely observe the moratorium on whaling imposed in 1986. With scores of other countries, Japan is a signer of the Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species, which was signed in 1980. But Japan has the distinction of imposing more ''reservations'' on specific species than any other country, enabling it to continue trade in products of species that are considered endangered. Besides six species of whales, Japan also engages in trade of skins or products of the Himalayan musk deer and certain species of sea turtles, monitor lizards and crocodiles. In addition, environmentalists accuse Japan of hastening the destruction of the Amazon rain forest by importing tropical timber products from Brazil. HONG KONG CURBS IVORY IMPORTS HONG KONG, June 16 (AP) - The government announced a moratorium on imports of raw ivory today in an effort to protect the African elephant. Hong Kong is the world's largest importer of raw ivory. A government statement said that until further notice, the Agriculture and Fisheries Department will stop processing of applications for licences to | JAPAN TO CURTAIL ITS IVORY IMPORTS |
261109_1 | all too familiar. A legislative effort to aid such families has led to a division among educators, state officials and others. Under the law, if a local school district cannot provide the educational services a handicapped student needs, it can place him in a private-school special-education program that is approved by the state. Special-education advocates say the list of approved schools is adequate for most handicapped students, since severe learning disabilities are often accompanied by limited academic needs. But, they say, there are no approved facilities that can academically challenge the small number of students who are both learning disabled and intellectually gifted. All that might change if Gov. Thomas H. Kean signs legislation that was approved by the Assembly in March and by the Senate last week. The measure, which has attracted the attention of parents across the country who are seeking to introduce similar legislation in their home states, would permit the placement of handicapped pupils in accredited private schools that are not on the state's list of approved special-education facilities. The state reimburses local school districts for a portion of private-school tuition charges. Proponents of the measure say that many excellent schools do not seek approval because they deal primarily with nonhandicapped students and could not possibly conform to all the standards the state imposes. ''The number of letters I've got, by God, what a stack,'' said Assemblyman Gerard S. Naples, Democrat of Trenton and sponsor of the legislation. ''I started introducing a bill for one parent, and it has spread like wildfire beyond the pales of New Jersey.'' Mr. Naples said his bill would benefit handicapped children of average intelligence as well as those who were gifted. ''Only a part of the child is handicapped,'' he said. ''There is another part of that child that we're trying to develop so that he can rise above his handicap.'' It was after a parent walked into his office three and a half years ago complaining that her child could not be intellectually challenged in a typical residential special-education setting that Mr. Naples, an elementary school principal in Trenton, began to draft his bill. ''She said I should not assume that unapproved was synonymous with unaccredited,'' Mr. Naples said. ''That's what broke my thinking.'' To be approved by the state, private schools for the handicapped must adhere to a number of standards relating to teacher certification, class size and | Debate on Aiding Gifted Disabled Pupils |
261292_3 | attacks and hostile reception they face if they are lucky enough to reach shore in Hong Kong, Malaysia or Thailand. They also hear about the shrinking chances of being accepted by the United States, Canada, Australia or France, the principal countries of asylum. The fact that the exodus from Vietnam continues despite these high risks has led many refugee officials and leaders of private aid organizations to conclude that simple economic hardship is not the main cause of the migration. Vietnamese also note that theirs has not been a nation of migrants, despite a long history of war and poverty. The post-1975 exodus is the first of its kind. Rising impatience with this unending stream has brought about a reversal in attitude in Hong Kong, the one port of first asylum that over the years had enabled the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees to hold it up an example of humanitarianism. Since last year, Hong Kong has stopped freely admitting boat people and has started placing them in prison-like detention camps, subjecting them to such critical screening that in the last 10 months only 3 of 1,327 requests for refugee status were granted. At the conference in Geneva, Britain led a movement for forced repatriation of Vietnamese who fail to qualify in such screening, starting no later than October. Many delegates and official observers expressed fear that the countries on the shores of the South China Sea would follow Britain's lead. Only the United States, the Soviet Union and Vietnam spoke against forced repatriation. Britain points out that the vast majority of Hong Kong refugees come from North Vietnam and stand virtually no chance of acceptance by the United States, which takes most of the boat people who are resettled. Britain argues that to hold them indefinitely in camps is more cruel than to repatriate them. Refugee officials noted that the conference virtually ignored the problems that continue to take the lives of boat people. Most ships continue to violate the rules of the sea by passing refugee boats in distress, but neither the speeches nor the plan that was adopted touched on this. The piracy that continues off southern Thailand and northern Malaysia was also passed over in silence, as was the fact that in these countries, among others, many of the boats are pushed off shore, their passengers thrown on the mercy of the sea. THE WORLD | All the World Stands Ready To Turn Away The Boat People |
261368_3 | the P.L.O. is given a role - and Mr. Shamir says yes to elections, provided the P.L.O. is not given a role? Before the Bush Administration figures out how to untie this Gordian knot, though, the whole rope could unravel in its hands because of the dialogue of deeds. The Palestinian uprising against the Israeli occupation of the West Bank and Gaza Strip that initially moderated the P.L.O. and created the political conditions for its dialogue with Washington is developing into an intercommunal war between Israelis and Palestinians throughout Israel and the occupied lands. Almost every day Israeli Jews are being shot or stabbed by Palestinians, and Palestinians are being gunned down by Israeli troops. With each act of violence, it becomes more difficult for Mr. Arafat or Mr. Shamir to restrain their constituencies or make concessions. No Time for Concessions United States diplomacy had assumed that pain from the rising violence and economic disruptions would ultimately pressure both sides to make concessions previously considered impossible. But what has happened instead is that the violence and disruptions produced not only pain but fear - fear among both the Israelis and the Palestinians that their communal, and even individual, survival is at stake, and therefore this is no moment to be conceding anything to the other. Because of this, it may already be too late to salvage the election proposal. While technically speaking it is possible to imagine Israel and the P.L.O. indirectly agreeing to some arrangement, it is hard to imagine it sticking. The passions and fears now running riot on the land are likely to set ablaze any diplomatic edifice placed on them. Nevertheless, it is unlikely that the election plan or the United States-P.L.O. dialogue will vanish, even if they don't produce results. The Israelis need the election proposal to maintain an impression in the United States that they are taking the offensive in seeking peace. The P.L.O. needs the dialogue to prove to Arabs in the West Bank and Gaza that the P.L.O. organization can translate the uprising into political gains. The United States needs the discussions with the P.L.O. to fend off Soviet demands for an international conference and the election proposal to prevent a fight with Israel. So the dialogue and the proposal will live on, with everyone having an incentive to talk and no one having an incentive to make a decision. THE WORLD | For the Palestinians, Washington Is Losing Promise as a Peacemaker |
261731_2 | the future.'' While companies are increasing their inside training staffs, they are also using more outside consultants for special projects. Another indication of greater emphasis is the growing role of the training director in management. Still another trend is for more top human resource directors to have a background in what Ms. McNamara called the ''hot areas'' like organizational design, career development and training, rather than coming from areas like labor relations and compensation and benefits. ''At the top level this has been happening,'' she said. As an example, she cited Paul H. Chaddock, senior vice president, personnel, for the Lechmere division of the Dayton Hudson Corporation, the big retail chain. Another is David L. Dotlich, senior vice president for human resources at Bull H N Information Systems, in Billerica, Mass., near Boston, The society's study, titled ''Training America,'' advocates a different approach by high school teachers from what is currently used. They should stress applied aspects of subjects like mathematics, physics, history, English and others, using examples and applications from the real world of work, the study said. More than a million college seniors graduate with bachelor's degrees each year, about twice as many as 30 years ago. They enter the labor market at a time when there are fewer middle-management jobs because of mergers and downsizings. Many need additional training to move laterally as well as upward. In fact, many will have to be content with middle-management jobs rather than top jobs because of the competition. At the same time, the gap between what beginning technicians receive in wages and what graduates receive right out of college has been narrowing. Indeed, pay for airline technicians, auto mechanics and laboratory technicians often matches what college graduates receive as starting salaries because of shortages of such technical personnel. This indicates, Ms. McNamara said, that many college graduates must think in terms of a master's degree if they want to advance in corporate jobs. These educational needs could be helped if Congress changes what Ms. McNamara considers an unfair aspect of the tax laws. If a company provides money to improve the ability of an employee to handle a particular job that money is tax-free to the employee, but if a company pays for training that enables an employee to qualify for another field, such as a secretary becoming an accountant or lawyer, then that money is taxable to the employee. | Careers; Companies Urged to Add To Training |
255101_3 | the production of a hormone that could be used for the development of new drugs, space-policy experts were predicting a rush of similar ventures and the opening of a new business frontier. McDonnell Douglas and Ortho announced plans to have an orbiting production plant aboard shuttle flights within a few years, and a number of studies predicted that hundreds of millions, even billions of dollars' worth of drugs would be manufactured in space by the early 1990's. Today McDonnell Douglas and Ortho have shelved their project in favor of old-fashioned lab work on the ground. ''We found that earth-based production was comparable in purity and easier to perform,'' a spokesman for Ortho said. Much the same is true in the production of gallium arsenide, a substance used in advanced computer chips, and in other research that once held the promise of a concrete payoff from space. Most of the research being conducted at NASA's commercial centers focuses on long-term basic research rather than on specific projects that could soon yield profits. 'Not in This Century' ''I don't know of anyone who has a clue as to what commercial production processes are going to come out of this, and that's a real change from five years ago,'' Mr. Pike said. ''If you ask materials-processing people when any of this is going to pay off, 90 percent of them will say not in this century.'' The payoff for some other sectors of the fledgling space industry may be nearer at hand. The prospects are considered healthy for remote imaging - taking pictures and gathering other data about the earth from space. The fastest-growing segment of that business is in analyzing and packaging the visual and other data generated by satellites like the Landsat spacecraft operated by the United States and the French Spot Image satellite. Customers include the Federal Government and oil, timber and other natural resource companies. But it is the business of launching telecommunications satellites that will get the most publicity and involve the greatest amounts of money, at least through the mid-1990's. The emergence of the private launching business is a result of a decision by the Reagan Administration three years ago to take responsibility for launching most nonmilitary, nonscientific satellites away from the troubled space shuttle program and turn it over to industry. Moderate Profits Expected Government officials, industry executives and analysts say that launching telecommunications satellites is | Private Space Projects Lagging |
255087_0 | LEAD: Until 1985, U.S. law prohibited the sharing of nuclear weapons design with any other country except Britain. Yet for a decade, American officials had been secretly helping France design nuclear weapons. The extensive help secured France's tacit cooperation in NATO plans, despite its supposed independence, and many other benefits. Until 1985, U.S. law prohibited the sharing of nuclear weapons design with any other country except Britain. Yet for a decade, American officials had been secretly helping France design nuclear weapons. The extensive help secured France's tacit cooperation in NATO plans, despite its supposed independence, and many other benefits. It's less clear that the secrecy was so necessary. The covert assistance program is described in a Foreign Policy magazine article by Richard Ullman of Princeton. To avoid giving away weapons design information, prohibited by law, U.S. officials would have the French describe their weapons program and then respond, indicating which lines of research were unpromising. The exercise was known as ''20 Questions.'' In this way the French learned how to miniaturize nuclear warheads for use on multiple-warhead missiles, and how to protect them from the electromagnetic pulse of nearby nuclear explosions. Besides design information, they were told how to conduct underground nuclear tests, and how to prevent accidental detonations and unauthorized launches. They were given information on missile guidance and propulsion, and on Soviet targets and defense measures, Mr. Ullman reports. The exchange policy was begun by President Nixon and Henry Kissinger. Its logic was that since France had a nuclear force anyway, it might as well be as safe and efficient as possible, and the French saved from wasting money on false leads. French Governments, both conservative and Socialist, seem to have greatly appreciated the sharing of nuclear secrets. In return, Mr. Ullman relates, they coordinated their nuclear targeting plans with NATO, made supply routes and airfields available to NATO forces, shared intelligence data and even cooperated with American efforts to curb the proliferation of nuclear weapons. Was the assistance legal? The 20 Questions routine may have fallen within the letter of the Atomic Energy Act but hardly within its spirit. Succeeding Administrations seem to have kept Congress, or at least certain members, informed. But the program was not given a clear legal basis until 1985. The program, if of the extent Mr. Ullman describes, brought great benefits to both sides. Why, then, did it have to be kept | The Nuclear Version of 20 Questions |
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