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227271_4 | to crowd more densely onto reservations, the woodlands there are knocked out and the browsers and primates disappear. Something similar appears to happen in dense tropical rain forests. In their natural state, because the overhead forest canopy shuts out sunlight and prevents growth on the forest floor, rain forests provide slim pickings for large, hoofed plant-eaters. By pulling down trees and eating new growth, elephants enlarge natural openings in the canopy, allowing plants to regenerate on the forest floor and bringing down vegetation from the canopy so that smaller species can get at it. In such situations, the rain forest becomes hospitable to large plant-eating mammals such as bongos, bush pigs, duikers, forest hogs, swamp antelopes, forest buffaloes, okapis, sometimes gorillas and always a host of smaller animals that thrive on secondary growth. When elephants disappear and the forest reverts, the larger mammals give way to smaller, nimbler animals like monkeys, squirrels and rodents. ''As the forest becomes more mature,'' Dr. Western said, ''one loses the abundance of large animals in the forest, and it's quite possible that in some places they would disappear as the elephant disappears.'' On the savanna, he said, zebras, wildebeests and gazelles ''would disappear in some very important areas that are now grassland.'' Governments Join Effort The new African Elephant Conservation Coordinating Group includes 12 governments and such conservation groups as Wildlife Conservation International, Dr. Western's organization; the World Wildlife Fund, the European Economic Community and a number of organizations that deal with endangered species and international trade in animal products. The United States, which last year enacted tough measures against the illegal ivory trade and is starting to carry them out, has also expressed interest in joining the association. The action plan adopted by the group in London starts from the premise that it will be impossible to save all 650,000 remaining elephants. Human population growth and the pressures of development make this certain even if poaching could be stopped immediately. Rather, the goal is to select up to 40 target populations of elephants in key habitat areas and to focus efforts and resources on them. By saving the 200,000 to 300,000 elephants in those areas, the group hopes to preserve the ''essence of the species'' and maintain essential habitats for other large mammals. The plan envisions a new effort to curb trade in illegal ivory and to help combat poachers by enlisting local | Huge Conservation Effort Aims to Save Vanishing Architect of the Savanna |
227394_1 | developing as well as developed, to increase energy efficiency, expand forest cover and curb population expansion - a particularly important subject in the third world. ''We cannot sit on the sidelines anymore,'' said M. S. Swaminathan, president of the International Union for Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources. This was tacit recognition that though the industrialized world is a major environmental offender - in carbon emissions from automobiles, for example - the third world not only suffers the consequences but causes some itself: notably the destruction of forests, and population growth rates too high for the planet to sustain. George Woodwell of the Woods Hole Research Center reciprocated with the admission that the United States had not ''put its own house in order.'' Indeed not; Mr. Woodwell may not have known when he spoke that the move toward energy efficiency has slowed and stopped in the U.S., following the drop in oil prices in 1986. Energy efficiency - the ratio of energy used to goods and services produced - rose by 24 percent from 1976 to 1986, but thanks partially to a renewed American demand for gas-guzzling cars, it failed to increase in 1987 and retrogressed in 1988. The New Delhi conference followed closely on the release of the 1989 State of the World report from the Worldwatch Institute, in which global warming was one topic of much concern. In a summary chapter outlining a ''global action plan,'' the authors -Lester Brown, Christopher Flavin and Sandra Postel - warn that no ''quick fixes'' are available to prevent global warming - which endangers ''food production, water supplies, forest products industries and fisheries'' within ''the next several decades.'' The authors discount nuclear energy as a ''practical response,'' owing to its increasing expense and safety problems, and the lack of acceptable means of radioactive waste disposal. In their judgment, the needed global action to cope with global warming must therefore concentrate on improving energy efficiency and developing ''renewable'' energy sources. Improved energy efficiency is the most promising approach. The nearly 400 million automobiles in the world today emit about 547 million tons of carbon into the atmosphere annually; by 2010, if nothing is done, these emissions will nearly double, greatly hastening global warming. But if by that year there are no more than 500 million cars on the roads, averaging 50 miles per gallon instead of 20, carbon emissions from auto exhausts could | Decade Of Decision |
227381_4 | Mr. Tower last week by an 11-to-9 vote that went along party lines. Conservative Southern Democrats, who might have formed a natural constituency for Mr. Tower, are following the lead of Mr. Nunn. The drinking issue, which has raised particular concerns in the South, has also left Democrats from the region hesitant to support Mr. Tower. For example, Senator Richard C. Shelby, a conservative Alabama Democrat who is a member of the Senate Armed Services Committee, called Mr. Tower's abstinence pledge ''a belated effort to win the confidence'' of the panel and the full Senate. Moreover, Mr. Tower is suffering from fractured support on the Republican right. Evangelicals are suspicious of the twice-divorced Texan's style of living, and some strongly anti-Soviet Republicans are upset about his lack of support for President Ronald Reagan's missile defense plan. With such party stalwarts as Mr. Helms offering support only as a matter of form, Mr. Tower today found himself a man without a committed constituency within his party or among former colleagues on Capitol Hill. Senator David Durenberger, a Minnesota Republican who had been viewed as wavering, told reporters that he would support Mr. Tower. Asked what had made up his mind, Mr. Durenberger replied, ''Because I'm a good Republican.'' Quayle Would Break Tie The Administration must hold all 45 Senate Republicans and gain at least five of the Senate's 55 Democrats to secure Mr. Tower's confirmation, with the knowledge that Mr. Quayle would break the tie. Mr. Tower's extensive contacts in the military industry also became the focus of discussion on Capitol Hill today, with some people accusing Mr. Nunn of adding a new condition to Mr. Tower's nomination. But Mr. Nunn had expressed concern about the issue since the first day of Mr. Tower's confirmation hearings, and in casting his vote against the nominee last Thursday, Mr. Nunn said Mr. Tower had crossed an ill-defined line in his consulting work. The Georgia Senator said his vote ''reflects a fundamental policy judgment as to whether the individual can command the public confidence which is required if he is to lead the effort'' to reform Pentagon procurement practices. The White House appeared to be losing ground among the Democrats. In Miami today, Senator Bob Graham, a Florida Democrat, said he was leaning against Mr. Tower despite the abstinence pledge. ''I think it helps, but it's not just the drinking which is a problem | TOWER PROSPECTS FOR CONFIRMATION SEEM TO BE DIMMER |
227358_1 | up Hanford. And they noted that the agreement, now open to public comment, would not be made final for at least 60 days and could be altered. Delays at Other Sites Critics also wondered how difficult it might be to enforce the pact. Officials of the Environmental Protection Agency have repeatedly criticized the Energy Department for failing to abide by requirements in similar agreements for cleaning up the Rocky Flats Plant near Denver and the Feed Materials Production Center near Fernald, Ohio. The Energy Department said it is dissatisfied with some provisions of the agreements and the environmental restoration projects have been delayed until the disputes are resolved. Washington State, mindful of the difficulties in Ohio and Colorado, had sought a firmer commitment from the Federal Government in the form of a court-approved plan overseen by a Federal judge. Last year the Energy Department submitted to court-ordered agreements to clean up the Portsmouth Uranium Enrichment Complex in Piketon, Ohio - although it briefly tried to back out of its commitment there - and the Savannah River Plant in South Carolina. Today the Energy Department would not respond to questions about why it would not accept such a consent decree for the Hanford cleanup. ''We wanted a consent decree because if there is a problem it's easier to solve,'' said Jay Manning, a Washington State assistant attorney general and its principal negotiator. ''The Energy Department basically said if we want a consent decree, we might get one ultimately. But it was going take a war before we won.'' A Test of Commitment Critics and supporters both said today the agreement was the most detailed plan for cleaning up a Federal nuclear weapons plant ever prepared by a state or the Federal Government. They said the pact could become an early test of Congressional resolve and President Bush's promise to address widespread environmental destruction by the nuclear weapons industry in 12 states. The agreement calls for spending $560 million annually over the next five years on environmental programs at Hanford, double the amount that will be spent this fiscal year. Of particular concern at the plant, which was established in 1943 to produce the plutonium used in the bomb dropped on Nagasaki, Japan, are radioactive wastes in leaking underground steel tanks. Scientists have yet to decide what is the safest method for disposing of the wastes and much of the money will | Agreement Set For a Cleanup At Nuclear Site |
225488_1 | has value when recycled. The motive is to curb any widening of sentiment among environmentalists and politicians to ban polystyrene from use as a food container. Technology already exists for recycling the more valuable types of plastics, used in soda bottles and in clear jugs for milk, water and fruit juices. Before tackling polystyrene, the center helped perfect the machinery that shreds those plastics into flakes, washes and separates them from remnants of bottle caps and paper labels. But recycling of plastics lags far behind newspapers and glass bottles. Widespread use of plastic packaging is only about a decade old, and the public, the industry says, has little awareness that discarded plastic containers are recyclable. As a result, economical methods of collecting and sorting discarded plastics are all but non-existent. ''We can't get anywhere near enough soda bottles,'' said Dennis Sabourin, vice president of Wellman Inc., the New Jersey-based leader of the plastic-soda bottle recycling industry. Deposit Laws in Nine States Of the 750 million pounds of plastic soda bottles used and thrown away in the country annually, only 150 million pounds, or about 20 percent, are recycled, Mr. Sabourin said. Nearly all come from the nine states that have deposit laws for plastic bottles: New York, Connecticut, Massachusetts, Vermont, Maine, Delaware, Michigan, Oregon and Iowa. Wellman handles about two-thirds of that volume, he said, transforming the flaked plastic into polyester fiber used in wall-to-wall carpeting, furniture cushions and as insulating fill in comforters and ski jackets. Besides fibers, chips of soda-bottle plastic, polyethylene terephthalate, more commonly called PET, can be reused to make bathtubs and shower stalls, boat hulls, electrical wall sockets and plastic panels for cars. Uses for chips of milk-jug plastic, known as high density polyethylene, or HDPE, include toys, trash cans, flower pots, pipes and pails. Only 1% is Recycled Still, the industry estimates that 99 percent of all discarded plastic containers wind up in landfills, in large measure because only soda bottles and milk jugs have proven new uses. Because the containers are, in essense, bulky plastic bubbles, they use considerable landfill space. Hence, the value of the research into plastic lumber at the center here. Ten benches matching the center's hallway ornament were recently shipped from the center to Palm Beach, Fla., the end product of junked plastic packages gathered there last summer in a beach-combing bee. Piled in the center's workshop are eight-foot | A Second Life for Plastic Cups? Science Turns Them Into Lumber |
225433_4 | from the same source arrive at the receiver at slightly different times, reflected from buildings, weather or other natural objects. Because the signals do not arrive at precisely the same time, they tend to interfere with one another. When multipath occurs, most FM stereo receivers fade in and out or switch over to the standard monophonic FM that has a much higher range and is less susceptible to the effect. Multipath also plagues mobile cellular telephone conversations because those signals also bounce off obstructions and arrive at a mobile phone at slightly different times. Mr. Torick contends that FMX doubles the stereo reception area because it contains an extra channel of stereo information that is transmitted to the receiver. Current FM stereo signals contain two channels that create the left and the right sound. An FMX signal contains three channels. The additional FMX channel is compressed before being broadcast and is expanded to full stereo sound when it reaches the receiver, thus eliminating a lot of the background noise characteristic of FM stereo. In his research report, Dr. Bose said that based on mathematical models and experimental results at the M.I.T. student radio station, the multipath effects were more pronounced with the FMX system than without. He said he had taken 15,000 samplings using an FMX transmitter and an experimental FMX receiver. The readings were taken continuously from a moving automobile and then put in a computer model to remove the effects of motion from the car. He concluded that multipath effects on current FM stereo equipment were greater with FMX transmissions than with current FM stereo. ''The current FM stereo, with all its evils, is better than what we would have if everyone ran out and bought FMX receivers,'' Dr. Bose said. ''The public is liable to spend a fortune buying these new receivers and succeed in only widening the gap between what they hear on their stereo tape recorders at home and on the radio.'' A spokesman for the National Association of Broadcasters said that although the N.A.B. was a partner in the FMX venture, it had not taken a position on the dispute between Bose and Torick. Len Feldman, a technical consultant for the Electronics Industry Association who attended the M.I.T. seminar, said that if the demonstrations performed at the university were correct, the additional interference and degradation caused by the FMX system were ''severe enough to | New FM System Is Challenged |
221981_1 | certain. The Census Bureau insisted that its ''prediction'' was only what its experts considered the ''most realistic'' of numerous possible population paths. The forecast might even be too optimistic; such variables as war, pestilence, immigration restraints, starvation, contraceptive techniques and guns can and probably will confound even the ubiquitous computer. Or the curve might go the other way. After many centuries of low population growth worldwide, after all, a declining death rate attributable mostly to medical advances was a major factor in the population explosion that began about 1950. It took more than a century before that year for the number of people in the world to double from 1.25 to about 2.5 billion people; but in the mere 38 years since, and despite considerable emphasis on birth control, world population has doubled again, to approximately five billion people. The Census Bureau's ''most realistic'' estimate for the United States contrasts sharply with other population experts' predictions for the world. Globally, three billion more people will be added by 2025, if a United Nations projection proves accurate; and the world's population will have doubled again, to just over 10 billion, by the end of the 21st century. Most of that population growth would take place outside North America and Europe, but that's nothing new. The so-called ''developed'' countries (including Japan) had about a third of the world's people until 1950, but by 1985 that proportion had fallen to less than a quarter - suggesting that relative population decline won't necessarily signal a similar decline in ''power.'' Instead, the countries of greatest population growth - mostly in Asia, Africa and Central America - have found their resources less and less adequate to feed and care for their increasing numbers of people. For that reason, a U.S. population about to peak and turn down could be a double blessing: more American resources would be available for distribution to a needy world, and the nation would be in a more compelling position from which to argue for stiffer measures of population control elsewhere. The Census Bureau also projected a drastic drop in the number of Americans under 35, from 55 percent of the total now to 41 by the year 2030. That's the so-called ''crime-prone age group''; so a decline in crime rates may be some compensation for the many problems to be caused by a rising proportion -up to 22 percent -of people | The World of 2038 |
221997_0 | LEAD: Heightened airport security measures ordered in response to the recent bombing of a Pan American jetliner will take many months or even years to put into effect, Government aviation security officials said today. Heightened airport security measures ordered in response to the recent bombing of a Pan American jetliner will take many months or even years to put into effect, Government aviation security officials said today. At hearings before two House committees, members of Congress and the relatives of some of those killed when Pan Am Flight 103 blew up over Scotland in December urged the Government to spend more money on newly developed equipment to detect sophisticated bombs hidden in baggage. ''Had the orders been placed sooner, perhaps we would have had some of these available to save Pan Am 103,'' said Robert P. Berrell, father of a Syracuse University student, Steven Berrell, who was among the 259 people killed on board the plane. Machines Ordered After investigators determined that a plastic explosive probably destroyed the jet, the Federal Aviation Administration ordered quicker delivery of six machines that can detect such explosives. The machines work by bombarding the luggage with subatomic particles and then analyzing the gamma rays emitted by the bags. Since every substance has a distinctive emission, explosives hidden in the bags could be discovered. The six devices, costing nearly $1 million each, are to be delivered within a year. But the Government officials told members of Congress at the hearings, and told reporters afterward, that no more than 50 of the devices could be built in 1990, and that several of them would have to be installed at each airport before comprehensive searches of baggage could be done. There are 73 international airports where the threat of terrorism is rated high, said Raymond A. Salazar, director of aviation security at the aviation agency. Even less advanced measures ordered by the agency, such as X-raying and physically searching baggage, are taking time to carry out. The Federal Aviation Administrator, T. Allan McArtor, speaking to reporters after a hearing of the House Science and Technology Subcommittee on Aviation, said that the measures his agency imposed at the year's end on American airlines operating in Europe and the Middle East were not yet fully in place. Caution on Expectations ''There are limits on equipment and limits on facilities at some airports,'' he said. ''I hope nobody thinks that | Aviation Officials Warn of Delays In Steps to Tighten Flight Security |
220124_0 | LEAD: Brazil owes the world $115 billion. The world wants Brazil to stop recklessly destroying the Amazon rain forest, an extraordinary natural wonder. Those two conditions invite a deal, a grand debt-for-nature swap that would ease Brazil's burden of foreign borrowing and preserve the Amazon forests. What stands in the way of so compelling a solution? Brazil owes the world $115 billion. The world wants Brazil to stop recklessly destroying the Amazon rain forest, an extraordinary natural wonder. Those two conditions invite a deal, a grand debt-for-nature swap that would ease Brazil's burden of foreign borrowing and preserve the Amazon forests. What stands in the way of so compelling a solution? Brazil's President, Jose Sarney, for one thing. Last month his Foreign Minister, Roberto de Abreu Sodre, received an American delegation that included Thomas Lovejoy, a tropical biologist, and Senators Tim Wirth, Albert Gore and John Heinz. Mr. Sodre enthusiastically endorsed the idea of a Brazilian foundation to administer a debt-for-nature swap. But when the group reached the presidential palace, Mr. Sarney rejected the idea as foreign interference. ''We don't want the Amazon to become a green Persian Gulf,'' he said. Mr. Sarney's notion of foreigners taking possession of the Amazon is a groundless fear concocted by his military advisers. His nonchalance toward the state of the forests does not accord with his own Government's data. Amazonia is fast being torched by landless settlers. The province of Rondonia, which holds one of the world's richest ecosystems, is already 17 percent deforested. The destruction is a bitter waste because the forest soil is for the most part too poor for farming. The settlers raise a few years' crops and then move on. Even cattle ranches are uneconomic and survive only through Government subsidies. Loss of the forests destroys both their Amerindian inhabitants and the livelihood of the rubber-tree tappers, who exploit the forest without destroying it. Last December the leader of the rubber tappers' union, Francisco Mendes Filho, was murdered after he campaigned to protect the rain forest from settlers' bulldozers. Despite death threats, the Government failed to protect him. How can Brazil's forests and their rich dowry of rare plants and animals be saved? The means are at hand in Brazil's debt. Suppose donors in the West could raise $4 billion to save the Amazonian rain forests. They would then buy discounted Brazilian debt with a face value of, say, | Brazil's Debt Can Save the Amazon |
220037_3 | palm oil, which accounts for 11 percent of the country's gross national product, Mr. Bek-Nielsen said. More than a million people, out of the total population of 16 million, are employed either directly or indirectly by the palm oil industry, he said. Among the most vigorous campaigners against tropical oils in this country has been the American Soybean Association, which represents soybean farmers. Soybean oil contains much less saturated fat than tropical oils, and is often used as a substitute by food companies. The association has organized letter-writing campaigns to food processing companies urging them to remove tropical oils from their products, and widely distributed information to news organizations about the cholesterol-raising effects of tropical oils. ''Our aim is to hang on to market share and to gain market share worldwide,'' said Dan Reuwee, a spokesman for the association. Problems With Reformulation For food processing companies, reformulation is proving a complex and sometimes costly technological and marketing challenge. For companies like Keebler, the cost will run in the millions of dollars, because a majority of the company's products contain either palm oil or coconut oil. The challenge, in reformulating the foods' recipes, is to find replacements for the oils that maintain the taste that has made the foods popular. Borden, for instance, has been unable to find a replacement for palm oil in Cremora, a non-dairy creamer, saying that palm oil gives a distinctive taste and lengthens shelf life. Another product stubbornly resisting an oil change is Bugles, a corn-flavored, cornucopia-shaped snack that contains coconut oil. It is made by General Mills. ''There are probably a thousand or more flavors in a product like Bugles,'' explained Stephen Garthwaite, the vice president for research and development at General Mills. ''When you take out one component, like coconut oil, you are probably tampering with two or three hundred of those flavors. The chances of matching that exactly on a chemical basis is essentially zero. You hope you can come close enough that the whole taste and sensory system will think they are the same.'' ''If you can't do it well,'' he added, ''you turn off our loyal customers and lose business.'' The Value of the Oils Tropical oils lengthen the shelf life of products, and also provide an array of other advantages that are hard to duplicate with unsaturated oils, like soybean, cottonseed and safflower oil. Solid at room temperature, tropical oils | Tropical-Oil Exporters Seek Reprieve in U.S. |
220015_1 | majority of Americans support increased anti-terrorist measures on international flights. Even so, nearly two out of three say inadequate airplane maintenance poses a greater danger to air travelers than terrorism does, according to a Media General-Associated Press survey. A majority of Americans support increased anti-terrorist measures on international flights. Even so, nearly two out of three say inadequate airplane maintenance poses a greater danger to air travelers than terrorism does, according to a Media General-Associated Press survey. Fifty-six percent of the 1,162 American adults interviewed said airline security on international flights was inadequate, and 57 percent said the United States Government should be doing more to protect American citizens against terrorism. The margin of sampling error for the poll was plus or minus three percentage points. As a practical matter, though, terrorism was not the chief danger seen to be facing air travelers. When asked whether terrorism or inadequate airplane maintenance posed a greater danger, 64 percent chose inadequate maintenance, while just 24 percent answered terrorism. The telephone survey was conducted Jan. 4 through Jan. 12, after a terrorist bomb downed Pan Am Flight 103 over Scotland, killing 259 people on the plane and 11 on the ground. In response to the bombing, the Federal Aviation Administration ordered United States airlines to X-ray all checked baggage on flights from Europe and the Mideast. Attitudes on Searches Ninety-six percent of the poll's respondents said foreign airlines should also be required to X-ray checked baggage. Seventy-three percent said they would support requiring airlines to hand-search all checked baggage on international flights, even if that meant passengers would have to show up three hours before takeoff. But the respondents were closely divided over any ban against carry-on luggage on international flights; 49 percent supported such a ban, while 45 percent opposed it. Fifty-seven percent said airlines should be required to announce all terrorist threats they receive. Forty-five percent said the United States Government should also announce all terrorist threats it receives against airlines, even if such threats occurred each day and were of uncertain legitimacy. The poll did not identify those who had flown recently or those who had taken international flights, so their views could not be studied separately. But the views of respondents with over $50,000 annual income, who might be presumed to fly more frequently, were not substantially different from those of all adults on key questions in the poll. | Poll Rates Hazards to Air Travel |
221630_0 | LEAD: To slow the spread of AIDS, the Federal Government needs to greatly increase studies of AIDS incidence, sexual behavior and drug abuse, the National Research Council said today. In addition, the council said the Government should support more frank and aggressive programs to change risky behavior. To slow the spread of AIDS, the Federal Government needs to greatly increase studies of AIDS incidence, sexual behavior and drug abuse, the National Research Council said today. In addition, the council said the Government should support more frank and aggressive programs to change risky behavior. The recommendations were issued in a 589-page report by a committee of the council, which is the research arm of the National Academy of Sciences. The report said that the battle against AIDS could last for decades and that better information is needed to track the spread of the disease and efforts to contain it. To better understand how the AIDS virus is spreading, programs should be expanded to survey selected groups to determine the prevalence of infection, it said. In addition, it said surveillance by the Federal Centers for Disease Control should include anonymous blood tests for all babies at birth and all women seeking abortions. To get the information needed to track and fight AIDS infections, the report said, Federal agencies will have to sponsor research into sexual behavior and drug use, sensitive areas the Government previously shied away from. Frequency, Types of Sex Acts Little is known about the scope and variations of intravenous drug use, it noted. Information about sexual habits, such as sex between men or teen-age sexual activity, as well as prostitution and condom use, is fragmentary, often unreliable and out of date, it said. Data also are lacking on such things as the frequency of monogamy, bisexuality, sexual contacts among divorced people and variations in sex acts. The virus that causes AIDS is known as the human immunodeficiency virus, or HIV. Stopping its spread will require behavioral changes, particularly in the areas of sex and drug use, said the report sponsored by the United States Public Health Service and health foundations. Experience with other health problems shows this is possible, but it may take years. The study group, headed by Dr. Lincoln Moses of Stanford University, said many traditional approaches to changing behavior, such as messages based on moral dictates, do not work. Efforts to prevent AIDS will be most | U.S. Needs Data on Drug and Sex Habits to Halt AIDS, Study Says |
221843_2 | he stole to ''keep up with the trends and impress the girls,'' spent several months in a detention center. When he was released, he wanted to become more responsible. His friend, now his wife, was pregnant with their son, who is 14 years old. But he returned to the same environment, the same friends. ''There are so many temptations,'' Mr. Fearon said. ''No matter how much you make promises on the inside, the real challenge is on the outside.'' Violence Kept at Bay Mr. Fearon eventually was sentenced to 15 months in prison on a charge of burglary and was released in 1980. The following year, he went to a party, where he met a friend, Leonard Johnson, who had spent time in prison on a robbery charge. By the end of the evening, they were talking about things considered laughable on the streets, including belief in God, love and marriage and a desire to redirect their lives. They soon formed, along with youth from similar backgrounds, the Harlesden People's Community Council, which organized community-oriented recreational activities and black history, drama and other educational classes. In the summer of 1981, urban violence erupted in a dozen cities across England, fueled partly by economic frustrations, racism and what rioters said was police insensitivity. But the rampage never made it to Harlesden. An angry crowd gathered one night, as the police stood by. The situation was defused when Mr. Johnson told the crowd that rioting would destroy what neighborhood people were trying to build. People gradually dispersed and local government authorities took notice of the council's expanding influence. The group decided that a nearby bus garage that was for sale would be ideal to turn their dreams into a developing community. London Transport, which owned the building, agreed to take it off the market and gave the council six months in which to raise the more than $3 million purchase price. The funds came from local government and Britain's Department of the Environment. In May 1982, the community council moved in. Members decided to start a training program to teach skills to local people, who could help restore the bus garage as they learned. Used by 6,000 People Mr. Fearon and Mr. Johnson, who is board chairman of the project, went to Brussels to ask for help from the European Parliament and came back with $122,000. The Government, through its Manpower Services | London Journal; Making It: From Petty Crime to Community Help |
220404_2 | signal that an antenna can receive. Taken together, these signals are plotted by computer to create an image. While a researcher at the Downstate Medical Center in Brooklyn in 1970, Dr. Damadian showed that magnetic resonance could distinguish different kinds of human tissue, and that cancerous cells give off signals that differ from those of healthy tissue. After publishing his results in 1971, he applied for a patent on a ''method for detecting cancer,'' and received the patent in 1974. Many scientists scoffed at his idea, and others were horrified by the thought of putting people inside giant magnets. ''I'm sure that a healthy portion of the scientific community thought I was on the fringes of lunacy,'' the inventor recalled. ''I am sure that I was, in the minds of most people, a mad scientist.'' Nevertheless, the inventor and two associates managed to get enough equipment to build a prototype machine in 1977. On July 2 of that year, the first successful test of the machine was made, yielding distinctive signals for the heart, lungs and chest wall. By plotting the signals on a chart, the researchers produced the first crude magnetic resonance image. Starting a Company Dr. Damadian founded Fonar the next year, and received venture capital financing. But other companies began developing their machines as well, and the race was on to develop faster ways to translate the signals into detailed imagery. The Food and Drug Administration approved commercial sale of MRI scanners in 1984. Fonar remains an important manufacturer, and last year earned $2.6 million on sales of $60 million. But Dr. Damadian estimates his company has sold only about 12 percent of the machines. Why don't other companies have to take a license from him? The answer lies in the language of the original patent, which claimed a ''method for detecting cancer'' by comparing the signals of different tissues with ''standard'' signals associated with both cancerous and healthy cells. As events unfolded, both the inventor and his competitors developed imaging equipment that used a computer to create a detailed image. Instead of comparing signals, users now study the images in search of what appear to be malignancies. This proved to be a major distinction when Dr. Damadian sued a subsidiary of Johnson & Johnson for patent infringement in 1982. Although a Federal jury in Boston decided in favor of the inventor, its verdict was overturned by | Patents |
220452_0 | LEAD: A Special Camp Fair, from noon to 5 P.M. tomorrow at the Jewish Guild for the Blind, is to feature 70 programs for children and teen-agers with disabilities. The fair is sponsored by Resources for Children with Special Needs, the 92d Street Y and the International Center for the Disabled. Directors from the 70 programs will be on hand to give advice on day and sleep-away camps, travel, early childhood and remedial education programs and volunteer and job opportunities. A Special Camp Fair, from noon to 5 P.M. tomorrow at the Jewish Guild for the Blind, is to feature 70 programs for children and teen-agers with disabilities. The fair is sponsored by Resources for Children with Special Needs, the 92d Street Y and the International Center for the Disabled. Directors from the 70 programs will be on hand to give advice on day and sleep-away camps, travel, early childhood and remedial education programs and volunteer and job opportunities. Spanish and sign interpreters will be available. Admission is free. The Jewish Guild is at 15 West 65th Street. Information: 677-4650. | Special Camp Fair |
224099_3 | items and what sorts of devices are less likely to be converted into bombs. Mr. Channon, the British Transport Minister, said it was ''not yet firmly established'' where the radio-cassette player, laden with plastic explosives, was first put on board Flight 103. He said the investigation so far ''suggests that the explosive device may have been among the baggage from the Frankfurt flight.'' ''The particular bag which contained the device has not been identified at this stage,'' Mr. Channon said, but investigators expect to identify it. While the British authorities said that releasing too much information about the investigation might jeopardize its success, they affirmed that ''new positive lines of inquiry are unfolding.'' 'Painstaking Examination' They said the conclusion that the bomb was hidden in a radio-cassette player came from ''painstaking and meticulous examination of debris'' at the crash site. The British statement, read by Mr. Channon to delegates of the international organization's 33-member executive council on the morning of its vote to tighten aviation security, appeared designed to solidify support for the move, which was proposed jointly by the United States and Britain. At a news conference, Mr. Channon refused to say how long investigators have known that the bomb was hidden in a player, or whether that fact led to his Government's recommendation that the world's airlines consider restricting passengers' ability to freely put consumer electronics on planes. Mr. Skinner said that he was told of the investigators' finding a few days ago, and that American officials working on the investigation knew about it earlier. But he said that until the statement was read today, other nations on the aviation council may not have been persuaded of the need for swift action to tighten security on aircraft. The F.A.A. Administrator, T. Allan McArtor, said in Montreal that new rules being imposed by the aviation agency would not prohibit carrying computers, radios, televisions, cameras, stereos and the like onto aircraft. But he said passengers carrying them or putting them in checked baggage could expect extensive searches of the equipment, interrogations and other security measures. After two days of consultations, the international aviation organization approved a resolution that will dramatically revise its existing standards for aviation security in an effort to prevent future sabotage. The new standards will take several months to write, Mr. Skinner said. A special committee of the aviation organization will meet beginning on Friday to start | BRITISH CONCLUDE CASSETTE PLAYER HELD PAN AM BOMB |
224015_0 | LEAD: Sugar futures prices soared to new 1989 highs yesterday on rumors that Mexico had bought 400,000 tons of refined white sugar on world markets because of a domestic shortage. Sugar futures prices soared to new 1989 highs yesterday on rumors that Mexico had bought 400,000 tons of refined white sugar on world markets because of a domestic shortage. The Mexican Government later denied the rumors, which had started huge buying of sugar futures on both New York's Coffee, Sugar and Cocoa Exchange and the London Futures and Options Exchange. On other markets, grain and soybean prices tumbled over concern that supply exceeded demand. Livestock and meat were mixed, energy futures gained and precious metals retreated. New York sugar futures settled 0.39 cent to 0.49 cent higher, with the contract for delivery in March at 10.97 cents a pound, the highest since Dec. 30. March sugar traded as high as 11 cents a pound during the session. Mexico, which traditionally is a net exporter of sugar, had been rumored earlier in the week to have purchased 75,000 metric tons of sugar from the French trade house Sucres et Denrees. Even so, yesterday's reports of larger-scale buying took traders by surprise. Arthur Stevenson, an analyst with Prudential-Bache Securities Inc. in New York, said the rumors incited heavy buying of sugar contracts by futures speculators. New York Trading Volume Up Trading volume in New York soared to 40,000 contracts, compared with about 30,000 on Wednesday and 23,000 on Tuesday. Analysts said Mexico might have overextended itself on export commitments and needed to replenish supplies for its own use. Wheat led the late decline in grain and soybean futures on the Chicago Board of Trade, with much of the selling based on news that a sale of 1.5 million metric tons of French wheat to the Soviet Union was expected to proceed smoothly. Livestock and meat futures ended mixed on the Chicago Mercantile Exchange in cautious trading ahead of an Agriculture Department report on the number of cattle on feedlots in the seven largest cattle-producing states. The report, issued after the close, showed 7.7 million head of cattle on feed as of Feb. 1, a 2 percent reduction from a year ago. Energy futures finished higher in a day of seesaw trading on the New York Mercantile Exchange. West Texas Intermediate crude oil settled 8 cents to 30 cents higher, with March at | Sugar Soars on Rumors Of Purchases by Mexico |
226321_0 | LEAD: Senate Republican leaders struggled today to save the nomination of John G. Tower as Secretary of Defense, but they faced an uphill battle against a Democratic majority and the weight of weeks of allegations about the conduct of their onetime colleague. Senate Republican leaders struggled today to save the nomination of John G. Tower as Secretary of Defense, but they faced an uphill battle against a Democratic majority and the weight of weeks of allegations about the conduct of their onetime colleague. Exchanges grew increasingly sharp, with Republicans assailing the Senate Armed Services Committee's 11-to-9 rejection of the nomination Thursday night as an exercise in partisan politics and embarking on a last-ditch effort to sway a critical group of Democrats to their cause. Meanwhile, the Senate Republican leader, Bob Dole, met at the White House with Mr. Tower and Vice President Dan Quayle, and later told reporters: ''The Tower nomination is still very much alive. We didn't discuss for one second anything other than how to get the nomination confirmed.'' Bush to Press Battle In a news conference in Tokyo, President Bush indicated that he would put his personal influence and prestige behind the Senate battle to confirm Mr. Tower. He condemned the Democrats, saying they were basing their opposition on vague ''perceptions'' of wrongdoing. Much of the controversy about Mr. Tower centers on allegations about his drinking and sexual behavior, although some concerns have been raised about his past work for defense contractors creating a possible conflict of interest. ''That's not a fair enough or high enough standard'' for rejecting a nominee for a senior Cabinet position, Mr. Bush said shortly after he visited the new Japanese Emperor. But in vowing to fight for Mr. Tower, the President made a point of his intention to avoid a ''big brawl'' with the Senate over the issue. He said he was convinced that Senater Sam Nunn, the influential Democrat who heads the Armed Services Committee, was acting out of conviction rather than following a ''frivolous course'' in opposing the nomination. Need for Cooperation Cited ''There's no point in getting into a fight,'' Mr. Bush said. ''We're going to have to work together on a lot of other issues.'' The remarks seemed to affirm that he would make a vigorous effort to save Mr. Tower but was not willing to poison his relations with the Democratic-controlled Congress in order to have | G.O.P. Leaders in Senate Striving To Keep Tower Nomination Alive |
226395_4 | by jewelers who can salvage silver from them. A few recycling companies can remove mercury and other heavy metals from batteries, but manufacturers say that recycling is neither practical nor necessary. ''Recycling isn't economically feasible,'' said Fred Nicholson, a spokesman for the National Electrical Manufacturers Association, a trade group in Washington. ''Mercury is valuable, but we're taking it out; we've already reduced mercury by 87 percent in the last four or five years.'' It is not economical to salvage other materials, he said. Mr. Nicholson sought to put the risk posed by small batteries in perspective by noting that all the household batteries produced annually have about 170 tons of mercury and 200 tons of cadmium, the most hazardous materials in small batteries. By comparison, 28 million car batteries are now being put in landfills or incinerators, spewing 260,000 tons of hazardous lead, he said. Concern About Landfills The Environmental Protection Agency has not taken a stand on this issue, but a solid-waste expert there questioned the merit of having manufacturers collect batteries for disposal. ''What is the point of separating out the batteries if you're going to put them in landfill anyway?'' said the expert, Edward A. Klein, deputy director of the agency's municipal waste program. ''But if the batteries can be recycled, that's clearly a plus.'' Battery makers say states cannot legislate advances in the science of recycling batteries, but some experts disagree. ''Legislation can force technology to be innovative; it's been done before,'' said Dr. Allen Hershkowitz, a senior scientist at Natural Resources Defense Council, an advocacy organization in New York. ''When we started to legislate energy-efficiency standards in the 1970's, there was a whole explosion of new technology. We've go to do the same thing with the battery people.'' HAZARDOUS COMPONENTS The risks to health and the environment posed by batteries that have decomposed in landfills or have been vaporized in incinerators has not be determined. But the heavy metals in batteries can be quite toxic when sufficient amounts are inhaled as gases or swallowed with food or water, said Dr. Allen Hershkowitz, a senior scientist at the Natural Resources Defense Council. The four most hazardous battery components and the diseases associated with them are: * Mercury: Kidney and lung diseases, neurological and genetic disorders. * Cadmium: Cancers, liver and lung diseases. * Manganese dioxide: Pneumonia. * Lead: Damage to neurological and immunological systems. CONSUMER'S WORLD | Health Risks of Used Batteries Prompt Action on Disposal |
225326_0 | LEAD: THE threat from Africanized ''killer'' bees arises from their mass attacks rather than their venom, according to research reported in a recent issue of the journal Nature. THE threat from Africanized ''killer'' bees arises from their mass attacks rather than their venom, according to research reported in a recent issue of the journal Nature. Dissections of 1,000 European honeybees from Arizona and 1,000 Africanized bees from Costa Rica showed that the Africanized variety carried less venom than their European cousins. The researchers also tested the effects of the bees' venom on two strains of mice; in one, the venom was equally poisonous, in the other the venom from European bees was more poisonous. But the Africanized bees are so fierce that thousands may sting someone who disturbs their nest. People have survived as many as 500 stings without treatment, according to the report, but more than 500 stings ''are commonly fatal.'' Nevertheless, the researchers added, the term killer bees may be ''inappropriate.'' The Africanized bees are descendants of bees that escaped from laboratories after being imported to Brazil from Africa for breeding experiments. The report was signed by Michael J. Schumacher and Justin O. Schmidt of the University of Arizona and Ned B. Egen of the Department of Agriculture's Carl Hayden Bee Research Center, all in Tucson, Ariz. SCIENCE WATCH | Bees' Threat Arises From Mass Attacks |
225200_4 | through which exhaust gas from the engine is ducted. The beads are coated with thin films of platinum and two other metals chemically similar to platinum - palladium and rhodium. The metals do not participate in exhaust-cleansing reactions themselves. Instead, they gather molecules of exhaust pollutants together with oxygen molecules from the air and induce them to react to form harmless gases. Improving Converters' Efficiency Last December, the Ford Motor Company announced that it had developed a catalytic converter that does not contain platinum. Platinum, used mainly as a catalyst and in jewelry, costs up to $600 an ounce and is produced chiefly by South Africa. A Ford spokesman declined to disclose any details of the new platinum-free catalyst, except to say that it would be installed on some of the company's 1989 cars. Ford has not disclosed how effective the new catalyst is compared to platinum, but since it will be installed on production cars, it evidently meets Federal standards. Proprietary catalysts, including those used to control exhaust emissions, are among the most closely guarded of industrial secrets, but experts say new developments are likely to improve the efficiency of converters still further by adjusting mixtures of catalytic metals and refining the shapes of the pellets on which the metals are coated. Another proven method for reducing automotive pollutants is the use of special sensors and a computer to monitor and control a car's fuel efficiency and exhaust emissions. American automobile manufacturers have also redesigned engines to squeeze fuel and air mixtures more tightly and to ignite them more more efficiently. Engineers at automobile companies throughout the world continue to strive for these objectives. As the federally mandated phase-out of leaded gasoline has brought down the permitted level of tetraethyl lead in gasoline to one-tenth of a gram per gallon, the sale of gasoline containing any lead has declined sharply. At the same time petroleum refiners have added more light hydrocarbon components to their gasoline mixtures to make up for the loss of lead as an anti-knock additive. The use of a higher proportion of light hydrocarbons, which saves the refiners money, has made the gasoline sold in some parts of the United States more volatile; that is, it evaporates more readily. Adding to Hydrocarbon Burden Particularly during the hot weather of summer, vapor evaporated from volatile gasoline tends to escape from a car's tank and fuel injection system, | New Tactics Emerge In Struggle Against Smog |
222856_0 | LEAD: The big problem for ''The Hijacking of the Achille Lauro'' is that we all know before we tune our sets to Channel 4 at 9 tonight that a cruise ship will be taken over by Palestine Liberation Organization terrorists, as it in fact was in October 1985, and that one American will be killed. This NBC ''Monday Night at the Movies'' -produced by Sue The big problem for ''The Hijacking of the Achille Lauro'' is that we all know before we tune our sets to Channel 4 at 9 tonight that a cruise ship will be taken over by Palestine Liberation Organization terrorists, as it in fact was in October 1985, and that one American will be killed. This NBC ''Monday Night at the Movies'' -produced by Sue Milliken - manages to generate some tension between hijackers and passengers, but for most of the way, it's a routine cruise. Karl Malden, as Leon Klinghoffer, the man who was murdered, and Lee Grant, as his wife, Marilyn, are more handicapped by their made-for-television roles as brave victims than by their infirmities - he uses a wheelchair, she needs her medication. Nevertheless, they manage to give a tough edge to their domestic cooings. E. G. Marshall and Vera Miles, as another couple on the liner, are strapped into the straitjackets of ordinary American decency incarnate. Robert Collins, who wrote and directed, fills the two hours with anticlimaxes and obligatory lines. ''I don't know,'' says a friend of the Klinghoffers as she disembarks. ''I somehow feel I shouldn't leave you alone.'' As for the four young terrorists, they all have great haircuts, do a lot of grimacing and enjoy shooting their automatic weapons, which, granted, is a way of getting attention from the passengers and, briefly, from viewers. The passengers were held for two days, but the viewers are on their own. | Review/Television; Achille Lauro Tragedy |
222966_5 | issue, he said, was a struggle over who would speak on military matters, the Senate committee or a knowledgable and potentially powerful Mr. Tower as Seretary of Defense. Still, the few Democrats who have spoken about the nomination say they view the F.B.I. material as sufficiently troubling to question Mr. Tower's fitness. ''My first question to resolve is whether there has been a correction of what was at minimim a problem with alcohol in the past,'' Mr. Exon said. Senator Alan J. Dixon, an Illinois Democrat, said: ''Until now, I thought there was very little to support the concerns others have been expressing. But having reviewed the material, I now understand. I think there are things that have not yet been fully analyzed.'' Financial Questions The primary concerns of Senator Carl Levin, Democrat of Michigan, center on Mr. Tower's financial dealings, particularly the questions arising from his work as a consultant since he left the Senate four years ago. And as he and other members sort rumor from fact among the allegations already made, new questions continue to arise. One such matter was the discrepancy that was reported over the weekend in Mr. Tower's statements about his relationship with British Aerospace. Senate aides, asked about the subject last week, had expressed mild interest, but indicated it would not be a major part of the inquiry. Senator Pete Wilson, a Republican committee member from California, rejected the suggestion that Mr. Nunn or others on the panel were using the confirmation process to weaken Mr. Tower or settle old scores. ''I would hope that is not what's going on,'' he said, ''but in light of the total absence of substantiation for these F.B.I. allegations, you have to ask yourself what is.'' Mr. Wilson and others suggested that a partial explanation for the drawn-out process was that both sides had been making every effort to avoid showing favoritism to a former colleague. Another Republican, Senator John McCain of Arizona, said the fundamental problem was a difference in the criteria by which members seem to be judging Mr. Tower. ''Mine is whether any of his past conduct impairs his ability,'' Mr. McCain said. ''For others, it seems to be a question of standards of morality, and I don't know how you do that. Either you think he's impaired or you don't and this public agonizing and moralizing over it is dead wrong.'' WASHINGTON TALK | Decision on Tower as Elusive as Facts |
224951_2 | out, it has triggered protests from environmental groups in the United States, Europe and Japan, who clamor for the protection of South America's great equatorial rain forest because it anchors fragile soil, holds at least half of the earth's animal and plant species and plays a vital role in world climate. Alarm over the road project is heightened by a new and belated awareness of the devastation that has followed construction of other highways into the Amazon basin, above all the BR-364, which sweeps northwest from Cuiaba. More than a million migrants have moved up this road through Mato Grosso and Rondonia in the last decade, and settlers and loggers have razed the jungle along its 880-mile route. Here in Rio Branco, the far-western city at the end of the road, the debate over the forest has gained added drama because it was near here that two months ago a well-known leader of rubber tappers, Francisco Mendes, was murdered, apparently by cattle ranchers who felt threatened by his campaign to keep the forest intact. Now, once again, the controversy over the new highway is pitting the pressures of migration and development against the interests of conservation, showing the dilemmas that Brazilian federal and state authorities face as they seek to design a long term policy for the Amazon. Placed a Tax on Logs Governor Melo of Acre is not an enemy of the forest. When he first moved into office two years ago, he stopped what he now calls the ''indiscriminate and uncontrolled'' cutting of valuable trees by putting a 100 percent tax on logs. Most of these were destined for the United States. Infuriated lumber barons here threatened to kidnap the Governor before a local court revoked the legality of the decree. ''In Acre we are forest people and we have an interest in protecting it,'' said Mr. Melo, speaking in his office in a stately white mansion, a memento of the time when this small river port was at the heart of Brazil's rubber boom a century ago. Today, rubber tapping and nut collecting remain the state's main economic activity and Acre depends on the federal Government for 85 percent of its income. But Acre needs roads, Mr. Melo insisted, noting that its forest products now travel 2,800 miles of meandering rivers to reach the mouth of the Amazon and the Atlantic coast. Fuel, staples and other products | Brazilian Is Looking to Japan To Link Amazon to the Pacific |
224966_2 | as little more than a telex, and using it has been frustrating for Americans. Ben Cohen, the chairman of Ben & Jerry's Homemade Inc., a Waterbury, Vt., ice cream maker, said that last year his company established an electronic mail account to promote a joint venture for making the company's product in the Soviet Union. But attempts to reach potential partners proved frustrating. Mr. Cohen's company was never able to get a response, and he said he had heard conflicting tales about what had happened to his messages. One account said they were received but then had to be hand-delivered to the intended recipients. While international data networks linking computers have been widely available in the United States for many years, access in the Soviet Union has until now been highly restricted. Those restrictions appear to be loosening. United States experts on the Soviet computer industry suggested that the proliferation of network links may prove a thorny problem to Soviet authorities by opening new grass-roots contacts between Soviet citizens and the West. 'Fantastic Boon to the U.S.' ''What's happening right now in the Soviet Union is a fantastic boon to United States,'' said Robert Park, director of the American Physical Society's Washington office. ''We've always grumbled that they have an intelligence advantage because our system is open and theirs is closed. Anything that opens it up has got to work to our benefit.'' The emerging computer ties are viewed as vital by many American scientists and business executives, who believe that direct communication will serve to lessen tensions and increase economic and scientific cooperation. The new network links make it possible to send electronic mail instantly or transfer software or technical information between the two countries. They will also make it possible for people in each country to operate computers in the other country directly. But the openness has not been welcomed in all quarters in this country. In the Reagan Administration, Government officials raised concerns about Soviet access to United States computer networks because of technology transfer and computer security concerns. But the new ties have been cleared by Government agencies, including the Defense Department, executives involved said. Security Concerns In 1982, the White House withdrew this country from a 17-nation computer consortium, the International Institute for Applied Systems Analysis, contending that it had become a gateway for the Soviets to tap into American data. Last year, financing for | New Satellite Channel Opens Computer Link to the Soviets |
221119_5 | were noticeably less agile or had less endurance during sports - signs that begin in the 30's and 40's - but that they had suffered serious illnesses or knew people their age who had become seriously ill. Several of those studied had had heart attacks, others had undergone major surgery, and others had problems, like arthritis and prostate trouble, that they saw as ''diseases of the old,'' or went through changes like menopause. Although they saw old age as distant - most thought it began somewhere around 70 - they saw their physical disablities as the first undeniable harbinger of old age. The psychological impact of their physical problems was particularly strong, according to Dr. Karp, because most saw the true mark of old age not as reaching some specific year of life, but as the onset of physical impairment. Other signals of aging come from the workplace. The peak of a work career - particularly for professionals - has typically been achieved by the early 50's and sometimes in the 40's, recent research has shown. ''Most men reach the highest rung they will on the organizational ladder by their 50's,'' Dr. Karp said. ''Many feel topped out. They know where they'll be for the rest of their occupational life.'' Becoming Grandparents For many women, though, the experience is quite different. For those who took time out of careers to raise children, and then started or resumed a career as their children had grown, the 50's are a time when the pace of their careers are accelerating. ''Many of the women had followed what they call the 'standard version,' being helpmates to their husbands, mothers to their children, and putting their careers on hold,'' Dr. Karp said. ''Many didn't enter the work force until their 40's.'' The result is that during their 50's, men and women often have opposite attitudes toward their careers. ''The men are developing an exit mentality, calculating how many years are left at work. But the women of the same age are thinking about making their mark,'' said Dr. Karp. Most people with children become grandparents during their 50's, studies have shown, yet another signal to people that they are aging, Dr. Karp said. Another powerful reminder was the symbolic meaning of the number 50. Reaching 50 is, in terms of the actual average life span, about two-thirds of the way through life. But because 50 | For Many, Turmoil of Aging Erupts in the 50's, Studies Find |
221146_3 | is that capitalism produces modernism in culture, which, with its stress on the ''untrammeled self,'' on personal pleasure and life style, undermines capitalist values, in particular discipline, restraint and calculation. ''The argument still holds in the basic sense,'' he said. ''On the level of culture, meaning the products of imagination, modernism has become the official culture of Western society. The other thing is life style, in which hedonism has replaced the old bourgeois value on delayed gratification. You still have this tension.'' Disagrees With One Label Many writers - wrongly in Mr. Bell's opinion - have seen in some of his writing the seeds of a neo-conservative philosophy. This view originated with the publication of ''The End of Ideology,'' a book recently reissued by Harvard University Press. It contained Mr. Bell's argument that the optimistic systems of belief that called for the remaking of society became exhausted in the violent turmoil of this century. Ideology in this sense has died a welcome death. ''Basically, what 'The End of Ideology' contains is a skepticism, a skepticism of all panaceas, of utopias, of social programs that are going to change the world by interventions in a given area. It is a skepticism about the entire rationalist program that legislation can change the world, which had its extreme in the Leninist version where you were going to turn the world upside down.'' ''But,'' he continued, ''I've always disliked some of the leftist people saying that we need to have always a critical sociology. We have also to offer solutions to problems. I do believe in experiment, innovation, as long as its not irreversible. I do believe in trying better ways of doing things in the world.'' Mr. Bell is now at work on a book aimed at describing how modern technology affects the way people relate to one another and carry out transactions. And he has in mind another volume, a kind of extension of ''The Cultural Contradictions of Capitalism,'' in which the goal will be to figure out how societies construct what he calls ''a normative order.'' Might Is Not Right ''How do you have order in any society?'' he asks. ''It goes back to Rousseau and the Social Contract in which he says man can never rule by might and might alone. You have to turn might into duty and right into obligation. In effect, societies are ruled either by coercion | A Political Philosopher Ruminates on Society And Its Contradictions |
223328_0 | LEAD: Cuba announced a campaign today to increase sugar production to an all-time high over the next couple of years, mostly for export to socialist bloc countries. Cuba announced a campaign today to increase sugar production to an all-time high over the next couple of years, mostly for export to socialist bloc countries. | Cuba Sugar Production |
223264_0 | LEAD: WHAT do you do when you see a grizzly bear? Keep quiet, make noise or run? WHAT do you do when you see a grizzly bear? Keep quiet, make noise or run? The proper answer to that, and to many other fascinating questions about the beasts, can be found in Grizzly Bears, the first in the new Wildlife Adventures series produced by the National Audubon Society, a conservation group, and Advanced Ideas, a publisher of educational software. Grizzly Bears is the very model of an educational program. From a large collection of data, it teaches about the grizzly and the animals and plants it depends on by taking the student through a series of simulated real-life situations. You start out by earning a job as assistant to Dr. Potts, an old grizzly hand, and following (or leading) her around Great Rock National Park as she attends to her various tasks. First, she must trap and drug a bear in order to weigh and measure it and attach a new radio collar. You learn about the food the bear eats, the habitats it prefers in different seasons and much more. After you graduate from Dr. Potts's training, there are three other scenarios to test and extend your knowledge. In the first, you are a field investigator in a national park, studying cases where bears and people come into contact, not always happily. In the second, you are a wildlife student called upon to solve the mystery of a grizzly's death. In the last, you play the part of an oil explorer planning a new drilling site in grizzly country who must balance the interests of company, government and environment. This is an attractive program and it is exceptionally easy to use. It is designed to complement the National Audubon Society's public television series promoting conservation. Although it is intended for children 9 years old and up, it should not be scorned by adults. A booklet in the package suggests 18 other activities, some using the software and some independent of it. Future Wildlife Adventures programs will focus on whales, illegal trafficking in wildlife and sharks. Grizzly Bears is available for Apple IIe and IIc computers with 128 kilobytes of memory for $49.95; for Apple IIGS's with 512K for $59.95, and for I.B.M. compatibles with 256K or PS/ 2's with 512K for $49.95. Extra-cost school editions include backup disks, a teacher's | Making Learning Fun |
226529_2 | over a distance that exceeded shouting range. The utilitarian nature of the phone was evident in its clumsy construction and drab color. The phone wasn't even yours; it belonged to Ma Bell, the telephone goddess to whom we were supposed to prostrate ourselves in gratitude for the gift of vocal projection to order late-night pizza. In the industry this is known as Plain Old Telephone Service, or POTS. The phone company used to make a lot of money on POTS. But today's phone company needs more than just POTS to keep the shareholders happy. And that's largely because there's no longer any such thing as ''the'' phone company. Regulators expected the break-up of Ma Bell's monopoly both to lower prices and promote a wider range of services. I don't know that overall phone service is any less expensive, but it is true that we can certainly do a lot more with our phones. You can call across the country simply by pushing a single preprogrammed button. What's more, you can add someone else onto your line and have a ''conference call.'' We don't converse on the phone anymore; we confer. Afraid someone might be trying to reach you while you're gabbing with a neighbor? A little click will alert you that someone else is calling. Simply put your neighbor on hold while you answer the other call. What a subtle way to let people know not only how popular you are, but how little you think of them to stop your conversation abruptly to initiate another, presumably more important, one. Going to your friends' house for dinner? Just have your calls forwarded to the friends' number. So you have to interrupt the meal to talk to an old roommate you haven't seen for years who wants to shoot the breeze for an hour. After all, it could have been something important. Telecommunications innovations have brought us everything from the Mickey Mouse phone to the guy in the swerving BMW talking to his broker at 95 miles an hour. Not to mention those party lines youngsters like that wind up costing their parents more than a year's tuition at Harvard. All this new telephonery has one purpose, of course: to make more money for the telephone companies in providing services that we all once got along without quite nicely. Consider, for example, New Jersey Bell's recently announced Caller ID service, which | Just Give Me a Ring (And No More) |
226685_2 | distortion, an object often designed to look ''so real it's almost alive'' as well as a vehicle for unrestricted fantasy. Dolls impart the nostalgia of childhood, along with the pathos and comedy of the artificial. In his essay ''A Philosophy of Toys,'' Baudelaire wrote: ''The toy is the child's earliest initiation into art, or rather for him it is the first concrete example of art, and when mature age comes, the perfected examples will not give his mind the same feelings of warmth, or the same enthusiasms, or the same sense of conviction.'' For Baudelaire the moment of disappointment when a child tears open a doll, to view the ''soul'' of the toy, is the beginning of melancholy -the discovery of the void. Much of the new work with toys, although not as romantically depressed as Baudelaire might like, carries this underlying sadness, a poignant identification with figures almost alive but clearly fake. Mr. Levinthal takes great pains in staging his hand-painted models. From his experiments with the toy soldiers came the 1977 book ''Hitler Moves East'' (with text by his fellow Yale art student Garry Trudeau), a miniature re-creation of the 1941-43 invasion of the Soviet Union. The photographs simulate combat in Stalingrad (doll house to doll house), tanks abandoned on the Eastern Front in a snowstorm, soldiers on motorcycles, in machine-gun nests, along bridges. The rigid bodies and expressionless faces of the toys are complemented by the grainy, sepia tones of the prints, the scenes imbued with a documentary realism. What sounds like an elaborate joke becomes, after several viewings, a serious chronicle of war and a sympathetic - even moving - portrayal of the soldier's hopeless stoicism. Mr. Levinthal picks out unusual points of focus for his pictures, blurring most of the frame to achieve the effect of motion; he favors close-ups that disguise the artificiality of still-life. For his series ''Modern Romance'' he photographed contemporary dolls off a video monitor. Set in toy bars and bedrooms, the figures are broken up by the screen, their fuzzy, intimate acts captured as though by a surveillance camera. In his recent show at Laurence Miller, his 20- by 24-inch Polaroids of cowboys and Indians enlarge frozen gestures - lassoing a horse or carrying water back to the wagon - into the realm of heroic myth. Ms. Simmons, who has photographed toy figures since 1978, does not share Mr. Levinthal's | Taking Toys Seriously: Mini-Movement or Sideshow? |
226571_2 | many industries after six years of economic growth make the economy ripe for still-higher inflation. Against this backdrop, some economists have been wondering exactly how much of a compromise the Fed will accept as it seeks to stabilize prices. After all, they reason, consumer attitude surveys do not show inflation as a top priority, so there is not much outside pressure on the Fed to bring inflation down. Within the Fed, there is always rhetoric about the need to reduce inflation. But rather than slamming on the brakes as in 1980 and 1981, when harsh action was required to bring prices down, the Fed has so far been gentler in attacking inflation, even if its rhetoric has not been any kinder. In a monetary policy report presented to Congress last week, Fed officials admitted that they expect inflation to rise slightly this year. The consensus among senior Fed officials was that ''a prudent effort to restore price stability over time'' could co-exist with a slightly higher inflation rate in 1989. So far, Mr. Greenspan has refused to set a precise numerical limit on the amount of inflation he will tolerate. He prefers to talk about ''price stability'' - by which he means an environment where inflation is low enough that it is not a factor in economic decisions made by businesses and consumers. To that end, the Fed has so far chosen to increase short-term rates gradually and has come nowhere near the point of pushing the economy into recession. A recession, of course, would be anathema to the new Administration, which has forecasted economic growth of about 3.25 percent this year, adjusted for inflation. ''The Fed is exerting every effort to achieve a soft landing for the economy,'' said Francis H. Schott, chief economist at the Equitable Life Assurance Society. But Mr. Schott added that the Fed touch has been so light that ''you could have doubts about whether they have had much effect on the economy.'' Although the Fed has raised short term interests rates by more than 3.25 percentage points this year, there are few clear signs that the rise has curbed inflation by dampening demand. But eventually, higher rates will have their effect, says Paul A. Anton, a Minneapolis economic consultant. The increase in the prime, he said ''put rates at levels where there should be a palpable drag on the economy. It's like a tax | Can a Kinder, Gentler Fed Do the Job? |
226483_0 | LEAD: COLLEGES in the state are accepting and graduating more minority-group students than ever, but state education officials said they were worried that the students were not pursuing teaching careers and not reaching their potential. COLLEGES in the state are accepting and graduating more minority-group students than ever, but state education officials said they were worried that the students were not pursuing teaching careers and not reaching their potential. In the fall, 17,711 minority-group students attended private and public colleges in Connecticut. They represented 10.7 percent of the enrollment and a 21.8 percent increase over 1987, the Department of Higher Education said last week. Of 26,877 degrees awarded, 2,022 went to minority-group students, an increase of 5.4 percent from 1987. Some data troubled the officials, however. Black and Hispanic students are underrepresented in the fields of mathematics, science, engineering and education, the officials said. The low enrollments could worsen the shortage of minority-group teachers, the officials said. Concentration in Fields ''Our good news is tempered by concern,'' Higher Education Commissioner Norma Foreman Glasgow said. ''We are gratified that more minorities are entering higher education and earning degrees, adding to the diversity of our colleges and work force. ''On the other hand, too many minority students are concentrated in too few fields of study. They are not realizing their full potential.'' These are some of the state's findings: * The number of degrees awarded to blacks decreased 2.2 percent from 1987 to last year. The degrees awarded to Asians and Hispanic students increased. * The number of Asian students continues to climb rapidly. Since 1976, Asian enrollment has increased almost 400 percent, from 762 to 3,563. * Of 724 bachelor's degrees in education last year, 16 went to blacks and Hispanics. * Of 496 doctoral degrees, 7 went to blacks. * Of the 165,803 students enrolled in Connecticut colleges and universities, 8,920 were black, an increase of 17.4 percent over 1987; 4,830 were Hispanic, an increase of 28.7 percent; 3,565 were Asian or from the Pacific Islands, an increase of 28.1 percent, and 398 were American Indians or native Alaskans, a decrease of 2 percent. | Colleges Report Rise in Minority Students |
226739_4 | of this century. The clearing of large areas of the rain forest and the fate of the Indians are also rapidly becoming an issue of international concern. Interest in the region has risen as ecological concerns, such as ozone depletion, the greenhouse effect and other changes in the global environment become political issues. More attention is paid to scientists who are alarmed at the destruction of the rain forest - a vital flywheel in the world's climate and the nursery of at least half of the world's plant and animal species. This has also prompted an increasing interest in the highly structured world of the forest Indians and their ancient and intricate knowledge of nature that permits them to survive in the tropical jungle without destroying it. (The Hall of South American Peoples, which includes a life-size model of a Kaiapo warrior, recently opened at the Museum of Natural History in New York City.) As Indians find greater support among environmentalists, they also get more organized in their fight to protect their habitat. The Kaiapo held their first international congress last week in Altamira, in central Brazil, protesting Government plans to build several massive dams that would flood Indian land. In Brazil, Indian tribes occupy 10 percent of the nation's territory, although much of their land has not been demarcated. Brazil's past military regimes elevated Indian affairs to a national-security issue, because many tribes live in large areas of border land. It is official policy to integrate Indians into the larger society, and the National Indian Foundation, with its 4,900 employees, is in charge of implementing this. In my 18 years in Latin America, I have heard many politicians and anthropologists discuss what is usually called ''the Indian problem,'' what to ''do'' about cultures that have changed little in thousands of years. One school of thought holds that the remote tribes should be kept isolated and protected until they can slowly make their own choices. Another school accepts that the Indian world is on the wane, and talks about ''guiding'' the Indians toward inevitable change - a process that should take several generations. But some anthropologists and politicians, including the Brazilian Government, believe in still more rapid integration. When Romeo Juca was head of the Indian Foundation, he said that it was only right for Indians to exploit their wealth, even if it meant acculturation. ''We have to be careful | THE AMAZON'S SAVVY INDIANS |
226845_1 | changes and hurt agricultural and other economic activities. Such changes could flood low-lying island communities or delta populations and ruin crops. The conference here marked what a top Indian scientist described as an end to ''finger pointing'' by third world countries against the industrialized world about global warming and about depletion of the protective ozone layer in the atmosphere, as well as recognition that poorer countries must play a more active role on the issues. ''We cannot sit on the sidelines anymore,'' said M. S. Swaminathan, president of the International Union for Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources, a conference organizer. The conference, which was dominated by representatives of the third world but also attended by experts from the United States and Britain, called on developing countries to improve existing energy efficiency, pioneer renewable energy use such as solar energy, improve forest growth, stop deforestation, and curb the population explosion. It suggested that each country set up a national board to monitor the atmosphere. It also urged controlling animal populations and grazing and pressed for the development of natural gas. Adding significance to the conference was the fact that most of the participating underdeveloped countries were not members of the Montreal Convention of 1987, which froze production levels of chlorofluorocarbons in an attempt to retard the depletion of the ozone layer, and sought to reduce production by the end of the century. There were no sharp confrontations on the issue and ideological differences were apparently bridged when American scientists like George Woodwell, director of the Woods Hole Research Center at Woods Hole, Mass., acknowledged the failure of the United States ''to put its own house in order'' and the major contribution of the industrialized world to chlorofluorocarbon and carbon-dioxide emissions. Indian officials indicated that the Government, which has opposed the convention as discriminating against developing countries that have neither alternative technologies nor financial flexibility, is considering joining it. A senior official said that such a decision may take some years, although India, which is a leader of the third world, no longer has ''reservations about the need for global cooperation on the issue.'' Rising Role of Third World Such a move would have worldwide implications, especially for the underdeveloped countries. With a population that is expected to exceed one billion by the end of the century, India is likely to increase its use of chlorofluorocarbons for refrigeration and insulation. The | Global-Warming Panel Urges Gas Tax in West |
226752_2 | to church to pray.'' Which is exactly what Italians are doing. Sunday Mass in many Roman Catholic churches now includes an ancient, rarely used prayer for rain, and Pope John Paul II has pleaded that ''the waters of the sky break the danger of drought.'' Unfortunately for Italians, this has also been a winter of unanswered prayers, in temporal precincts as well as celestial. The Government recently asked the European Economic Community for 600,000 tons of cereals, needed to feed livestock believed to be in danger of starvation. Only half the requested amount came through. A Checkerboard Pattern The drought has struck Italy in a checkerboard pattern, devastating some regions but only singeing neighboring provinces. On Sardinia and Sicily, there has been almost no rain for 11 months, and farms lie in ruin. Sardinian farmers did not even bother to plant corn, to avoid wasting seeds. In Cagliari, the island capital, water is supplied to houses and offices only from 7 A.M. to 3 P.M., and similar rationing has begun or is being contemplated in many cities across the peninsula. Here in Grosseto, one of the drier regions, no rain has fallen since early December. Local farmers consider themselves twice plagued. Last winter they endured floods that converted their fields into lakes. Then rainfall in 1988 totaled only 18 inches, less than half the yearly average for the last decade. In Venice, high waters are often a grave threat in February, flooding the Piazza San Marco and other low-lying quarters. This year, water levels are so low in some inner canals that gondolas sit on the sandy bottoms. In Pisa, a scientist warned that the depletion of underground water threatened to cause the Leaning Tower to tip over. Not true, the local authorities say. But they nonetheless prohibit tapping underground aquifers near the tower, and have joined other cities in restricting water use. Without rain, more than 12,000 acres of woodland have burned to the ground over the last two months in the provinces of Lombardy, Tuscany and Liguria. And without snow, ski-resort owners have suffered a disastrous winter, claiming $1.3 billion in losses. They have appealed to Rome for tax breaks and other forms of compensation. Umbrella makers have found their January production down 90 percent from the year before. Inefficiency Is Denounced For many Italians, the dry spell has created new opportunities for denouncing the Government, a national | Italy Feels The Pangs Of Drought |
226706_3 | of commission by entering his body through the soles of his feet because he insisted on roaming the jungle as his character would have - barefoot. Why? ''I'm a storyteller,'' shrugs Mr. Milius again, pacing the cliff in his safari jacket and World War II Anzac campaign hat. ''I'm a modern technology version of the Borneo tribal storyteller who squats near the fire in the longhouse and tells his tale. We're even telling the same tale. It's about the struggle of people to survive, and most important, to be free. It's about the necessity of making moral choices - and their costs. But it seems more real when you see where it really happened - and the people it really happened to. ''It's set in the 1940's,'' said Mr. Milius, ''and many people lost their freedom in the 1940's and were taking action and having adventures fighting to get it back. Human beings like to hear stories about how they've survived and stayed free.'' In filming the tale, Mr. Milius made the sergeant who would be king an Irish-American, Sgt. Learoyd (Mr. Nolte), who deserts the United States Army after it is defeated by the Japanese in the Philippines at the beginning of World War II. His escape boat is wrecked off the coast of Borneo, and he nearly dies while fleeing into the jungle. He is nursed back to health by Iban tribeswoman (Marilyn Tokuda), whom he marries, and after defeating a tribal leader in hand-to-hand combat, he becomes the tribe's white rajah - the king of the title. Learoyd wants no part of the fight with the Japanese until British Capt. Nigel Fairbourne (Nigel Havers) and his Special Forces radioman, Sgt. Lionel Tenga (Frank McRae), parachute into the jungle and offer to negotiate a guarantee of freedom from General MacArthur for all the tribes of Borneo in exchange for help in driving the Japanese off the island. The historical background is the stranger-than-fiction tale of the white rajahs of Sarawak. Sarawak shares the island of Borneo with Indonesian Kalimantan and tiny, oil-rich Brunei. Until as recently as 1946, Sarawak was the private domain of a family dynasty and had been since 1841, when James Brooke, an Englishman, was named rajah by the Sultan of Brunei as a reward for having put down a local insurrection. The raj ended piracy and headhunting in Sarawak and was passed on to | In Borneo's Wilds, Legend Takes Root |
226508_8 | in three printings. '' 'Hawkwood' is a basic adventure story,'' Mr. O'Rourke said the other day in describing how his second novel came about. ''I've always been interested in history, and somewhere along the line I was fascinated with Hawkwood as a character in the Renaissance.'' John Hawkwood, a hero of his time, was a soldier for hire, offering his services to fight for Pisa, Florence and the Holy See. In his novel, Mr. O'Rourke has updated this hero into a Hawkwood who is on the run from Mafia in-laws and in possession of $4 million in cash and diamonds belonging to them. After an airplane crash in Boston Bay, Gerard H. Wood disappears and is presumed dead. He assumes several names, including that of one of his heroes, John Hawkwood. Quickly, we go on an adventure that takes us into the private chambers of Queen Elizabeth II, inside Swiss banks and to Cape Cod and Argentina, just in time for Buenos Aires's war with England over the Falkland Islands. Elaborating on an observation that ''Hawkwood'' is an ''airport book,'' Mr. O'Rourke said: ''All of us have been to the airport waiting to get on the airplane. That's how I always envisioned what I write - I have never been consumed that I'm a great author. I don't think my books are the Great American Novel, but they're diverting for me to write and, hopefully, diverting for other people to read.'' Mr. O'Rourke said he envisions ''Hawkwood'' as three adventures, adding that the second one would involve ''a trip into Russia and the Chernobyl explosion; and the third one will probably concentrate on their effort in Star Wars. I haven't worked that one out.'' Mr. O'Rourke conceded that he enjoyed writing (''I either dictate it or use a computer'') and alluded to a James Thurber character: ''It's really a great Walter Mitty type of scenario. You can be anywhere or be anything that you want.'' In his busy schedule, Mr. O'Rourke must find time between real-life adventures in order to write. ''If I have a few minutes, I'll sketch out a scene,'' he said, ''and then whenever I find the time I'll go back to it and try to fill it in.'' The author, a White Plains resident, has lived in the county since leaving the Navy in 1963. He has three children and has been County Executive since 1983. | WESTCHESTER BOOKCASE |
226824_1 | its 25 planes affected by the order, Mr. Mack said. The location and shape of an immense hole in the fuselage of the United plane has led aviation experts to suspect that it appeared when the cargo bay door on the right side of the plane opened upward, pulling the plane's skin away vertically and exposing the passenger cabins above the cargo bay. Debris could have been ingested by the two starboard engines, which were shut down by the pilots after fires were reported. The plane, powered by the two port engines, returned to land in Honolulu early Friday morning after nine of the 336 passengers were sucked through the hole 70 miles into a flight to New Zealand. If investigators, who took their first detailed look at the plane and its records today, believe that is what happened, they will want to know how United responded to Federal orders last year, in an ''airworthiness directive,'' calling for changes in the door latches. They will also want to know whether the ground crews followed the required operating procedures in securing the door. The changes were ordered after an incident in which a door on a 747 came partly open in flight. The aviation agency feared that a repetition of that incident could lead to rapid depressurization of a plane, which can cause structural damage. The directive, which took effect last July 1, called for airlines within two years to strengthen the locking devices that hold the door latches closed, by adding steel plates to the locks, an official of the agency said today. On some models of the planes the devices were already strengthened with aluminum plates, which were to be replaced by steel ones. On others, the devices had no strengthening plates, and steel ones were to be installed. Manual Checks Called For Until the modifications were completed, planes without strengthening plates were to be checked manually as the doors were closed, to assure that the locking mechanisms were undamaged and working correctly, the official said. United said today that the plane involved in the accident was already equipped with an aluminum strengthener and thus was not affected by the new requirement for manually checking that the door was locked. It is thus possible that ground crews did not conduct the manual check, although details of their actions Friday have not yet been determined. Federal officials confirmed that United | Investigation Is Expected to Focus on Cargo Door Latch |
226800_0 | LEAD: Environmentalists are hailing a Brazilian Indian meeting that united former enemy tribes as a landmark event in the campaign to save the Amazon rain forests. Environmentalists are hailing a Brazilian Indian meeting that united former enemy tribes as a landmark event in the campaign to save the Amazon rain forests. In the steamy heat of Altamira, along Brazil's Transamazonian highway, about 600 Indians held a five-day gathering that ended Friday to vent their opposition to a big dam planned for the Xingu River. The meeting was organized mainly by Kaiapo Indians. Environmentalists from around the world as well as Indians from Canada, the United States and Mexico also attended the meeting. Pope John Paul II sent a message of spiritual solidarity. The slaying two months ago of Francisco Mendes, who led rubber tappers in the region and who strove to preserve the Amazon forests, drew attention to the struggle of forest people to preserve their environment. ''It is a landmark, like the assassination of Chico Mendes was,'' said Brazil's foremost environmental campaigner, Jose Lutzemberger. On Friday the Indians issued a statement called the Charter of Altamira vowing to protect the rain forests. On Tuesday, several Indians brandished spears and machetes in front of Jose Antonio Muniz Lopes, director of the state utility Eletronorte, as he addressed their meeting. | Brazil Indians Meet on Protecting Amazon |
223898_2 | the plan that drew direct criticism in the meeting today, with the French representative, Tony Dreyfus, expressing reservations. The proposals were presented to the organization's 33-member executive council in remarks made separately by the United States Transportation Secretary, Samuel K. Skinner, and by Paul Channon, the British transport minister. The two nations, which jointly requested the meeting, have been preparing their plans in tandem for weeks, and Mr. Skinner and Mr. Channon discussed the proposals last night in a bilateral meeting here, where the aviation organization has its headquarters. In meetings this week the organization's council is to amend and vote on a draft resolution incorporating the British and American proposals. Special committees of the organization then would write the specific rules. American officials said it would take months for any new rules to be put into effect. If adopted by the international organization, the plans would impose detailed new rules on international aviation, and would seek to apply them uniformly around the world. The rules would govern searches and inspection of checked and carry-on baggage, including that handled by courier services who sometimes use passengers to carry parcels on specific flights. They would also govern access by airport workers to airplanes and secure areas, and would set standards for training security personnel. The organization already sets minimum standards for aviation security, which were upgraded after a special meeting in 1985 in response to hijackings. 'A Systematic Improvement' But member nations have begun to recognize that these measures do not address new problems posed by sophisticated bombs like the one thought to have brought down Pan Am Flight 103 in December, killing 270 people. ''It is not enough for any of us to seek to improve security in isolation,'' Mr. Channon told the council meeting. He called for ''a systematic improvement of security in every international airport where terrorists may operate.'' The Federal Aviation Administration, an agency of the Transportation Department, in December applied strict new rules governing the inspection of baggage on flights from Europe and the Middle East to the United States. But they do not govern foreign-owned airlines, which are used by about half of all Americans flying abroad. While the cost of the proposed measures is not clear, Mr. Channon suggested at a press conference that the airlines and airports would pay the costs, passing them on to travelers in the form of higher ticket prices. | U.S. and Britain Call for Stricter Aviation Security |
223841_3 | a fetus.) Individual Effects Not all children whose mothers drank had problems. The study found that while there is a strong relationship on average between drinking while pregnant and the child's intellectual development, there is no certainty that a given child will show negative effects. ''The effects vary greatly in individual cases,'' Dr. Streissguth said. ''There are many children who were exposed to alcohol who were not affected at all.'' But of all the substances thought to have ill effects on children, the studies indicated that alchohol had a more severe impact than tobacco, caffeine, aspirin or marijuana. ''The worst effects by far were from alcohol,'' said Helen Barr, one of the study's co-authors and a statistician in the Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Science at University of Washington. Question of Smoking The findings call into question earlier studies that seemed to show impaired cognitive development in children born to mothers who smoked. The researchers said those studies failed to take into account the effects of the mother's drinking, which they said was a serious mistake since many mothers who smoked also drank. The report noted that some of the heaviest drinkers in the study, and thus the mothers of the children most at risk, were the most highly educated professionals. ''Many career women seem to assume the drinking habits of professional men - a few glasses of wine at dinner, some drinks over lunch or at a cocktail party,'' Dr. Streissguth said. Some of the least educated women in the study were also among the heaviest drinkers, the researchers said. Studies with animals have shown that alcohol crosses the placenta and can intefere with the normal development of an embryo's nervous system. Still, the effects detected in the study were relatively subtle in comparison with the effects of fetal alcohol syndrome, which occurs in some children of alcoholic mothers. In the study, 10 children had the syndrome, in which flawed physical growth accompanies mental impairment. On the intelligence tests, their scores averaged more than 15 points lower than the other children in the study, but their results were excluded from the sample used for comparison. Stopping at 4 Weeks Average alcohol consumption for all women in the study was one drink a day until they knew they were pregnant, and half a drink a day afterward. Many of the mothers stopped drinking when they found out they were pregnant, | Lasting Costs for Child Found From a Mother's Early Drinks |
226206_2 | they would provide some protection against planes with only the beacon and no altitude-reporting ability. The research agency's report was put together after a request last fall by Senator Wendell H. Ford, a Kentucky Democrat who is chairman of the Aviation Subcommittee of the Senate Commerce, Science and Transportation Committee. The agency's project director was Edith Page. The agency's report reflected a broad consensus that, whatever the reasoning that dictated the original deadline, it had been outdated. The report concluded that the deadline ''has some safety, economic, and international consequences not fully foreseen at the time of enactment.'' #2 Safety Concerns Cited The report said the requirement for anticollision systems was ''unique in the combination of technological complexity, rapid implementation and the number of aircraft affected.'' ''Moreover, the extensive maintenance requirements associated with the aging of the national fleet were not anticipated when the legislation was enacted,'' the report said, adding that ''maintenance for aging aircraft will place severe demands on airline personnel and facilities resources concurrently with those needed'' for anticollision devices. Two primary safety concerns raised about use of anticollision systems were highlighted in the report. One was the ''as-yet-unknown effect'' that full-scale deployment would have on the overall air traffic control system, especially on individual pilots and controllers. It was noted that the many tests to date had never involved more than two commercial aircraft equipped with the devices. The other concern was ''the possibility of reduced safety because resources are strained or diverted from other maintenance needs'' to meet the end-of-1991 deadline. The report contended that a prompt test program with hundreds of equipped planes could indicate whether ''software or hardware modifications are necessary or whether pilot or air traffic control procedures must be modified.'' International Consequences ''Without such a program, a worst-case scenario is that the airlines could completely outfit their fleets only to learn that a technical problem requires major modification of the equipment,'' the report said. ''A structured evaluation program would allow problems to be identified early.'' International consequences would be felt in adhering to the current deadline because the rule requires anticollision devices on foreign airliners flying to the United States. The report noted that foreign countries had complained about the rule, arguing that treaties provided for imposing such rules in accord with standards and practices of the International Civil Aviation Organization. That agency is expected to adopt anticollision standards by mid-1990. | Testing Urged for Airliner Safety Device |
220834_1 | four months ago, is floundering because of severe budget cuts. The cuts are expected to include sharp reductions in personnel in the main institutions responsible for researching and monitoring the Amazon. The policy change also comes amid a growing international outcry over the ongoing destruction of forests by farmers and developers. The World Bank and the Inter-American Development Bank have postponed several loans vital to Brazil for highways and energy production in the Amazon. At home and abroad, pressure has been mounting for Brazil to make deals with foreign governments or institutions that offer to buy off a portion of the country's $115 billion foreign debt and channel these funds toward environmental protection measures in so-called debt-for-nature swaps. Although specific formulas are yet to be worked out, officials said President Jose Sarney was now also willing to support projects in which Brazil retained all decisions over its territory. Rebuffed Earlier Proposals The President in recent weeks has several times rebuffed proposals to link the debt to the environment, including suggestions from American legislators, the Deputy Premier of the Netherlands and the Prime Minister of France. Earlier, West Germany and Japan had made similar bids. Strong opposition to a foreign role in protecting the Amazon, insiders say, still exists among top officers of Brazil's nationalist military, among them trusted advisers of the President. The military has long seen occupation of the hinterlands as a national security issue and past military regimes launched the current drive into the Amazon that began two decades ago. The army is currently building posts in the Amazon along Brazil's northern frontiers with the idea of starting new settlements in the unpatrolled and unpopulated border lands. Gen. Leonidas Pires Goncalves, the Army Minister, has also lashed out against ''that tiresome grinding on and on'' about forest destruction. In a military publication last month he wrote that those ''who think they can exercise influence over the Brazilian Amazon are deceiving themselves.'' Fabio Feldmann, a Congressman elected on an environmental platform in Sao Paulo, replied that ''our military still see ecologists as subversives and part of a conspiracy against Brazil. But the military is alone in this.'' A Government official said that reactions, such as those of General Pires were provoked by foreign comments. ''Everytime someone in the U.S. says the Amazon belongs to mankind, it becomes more difficult here to have a rational discussion,'' he said. Another example, | Brazil Agrees to Accept Aid to Save Rain Forests |
220658_3 | instances of a firm unwittingly suing or otherwise opposing its own client. The stress on profitability and retaining clients has also led to enormous pressure to close deals and win cases. In this crush, principles and ethics may be compromised. Law firm growth has made employment for superior law school graduates a seller's market. Although the number of quality law schools has increased markedly over the last 15 years, the increase in high-caliber graduates has not kept pace with demand. In order to employ these people profitably, firms force them to specialize early. At least one large firm has begun to hire a second level of associates who are paid on a lower scale and will never become partners - so-called ''contract'' lawyers - to do legal work that cannot be billed at the high rates mandated by high salaries. Often students who are hired at the highest salaries - approximately $76,000 at last count - come out of school unprepared for the implications of their good economic fortune. The idea that they are expected to work at least 2,500 billable hours per year in the largest firms frequently comes as a shock, perhaps because of less-than-candid recruiting spiels. Many of them do not appreciate that the only way for a firm to pay for their salaries and support services is to pass on the costs to the clients, but unless profits are allowed to diminish, this means more billable hours from the attorneys. It is not too late, however, to reform the practice of law so that it is a profession and not just a job. First, firms have to recreate the atmosphere in which the old values flourished. The individual personal elements of the practice must be re-emphasized instead of the impersonalization that is so prevalent in so many of today's large firms. The practice of law for its own sake can be its own reward to a much greater degree than is currently the case. Instead of focusing on net income and compensation relative to other occupations, lawyers should take greater succor from the ''psychic'' income the law provides. The intellectual challenges, the infinite variety of problems to be solved - these are the grist that attract so many bright people to the law. The feelings of pride and achievement that come from finding the solutions and achieving the desired results should not be minimized. Young lawyers | When the Law Becomes Big Business |
220807_0 | LEAD: Leading politicians from four Protestant and Catholic parties in Northern Ireland have acknowledged secretly talking to each other since October about resuming a dialogue on ways out of the violence that has killed 2,700 people since 1969. Leading politicians from four Protestant and Catholic parties in Northern Ireland have acknowledged secretly talking to each other since October about resuming a dialogue on ways out of the violence that has killed 2,700 people since 1969. Though all they did was talk about talks, the disclosure by BBC television Thursday night that the parties had held contacts among themselves led to a wave of statements, denials of any substantive progress and recriminations by politicians fearful of negative reactions of their constituents. Apparently, the reactions were not so strong as to kill off the chances of continuing the dialogue, which has a long way to go before getting to the fundamental issues dividing the two sides. The parties involved did not include Sinn Fein, the political wing of the outlawed Irish Republican Army, which wants unification of Northern Ireland with the Irish Republic. But talks did include representatives of both major Protestant unionist parties, a moderate, mostly Roman Catholic party, and a small party supported by both sides. The British Secretary of State for Northern Ireland, Tom King, said Friday that he was not confirming that talks had taken place, but would welcome them if they had. Officials clearly hoped the talks could resume and eventually break the deadlock immobilizing Ulster politics for two decades. ''It's too early to say it won't resume,'' said Peter Robinson, a 40-year-old representative of the Democratic Unionist Party of the Rev. Ian Paisley, the most militant leader in favor of keeping Northern Ireland British. Mr. Paisley said today that he approved of Mr. Robinson's participation in the informal talks, but said that they had only gotten to the point of discussing how to satisfy the insistence of his party and the Ulster Unionist Party that the functioning of the 1985 British-Irish Agreement would have to be suspended first. The Protestant parties have not sat face-to-face with Catholic representatives since then. Formulas Are Exchanged Formulas on this point were exchanged between the two unionist parties and the Social Democratic and Labor Party, a moderate, predominantly Catholic group, after the first contacts at a seminar in Duisburg, West Germany, on Oct. 14-15, according to documents that became available | Ulster Protestants and Catholics Talk Secretly |
220458_0 | LEAD: Brazil Yields on the Amazon Brazil Yields on the Amazon Faced with mounting debt problems and international criticism of its environmental policies, Brazil says it will no longer refuse international aid to protect its rain forests. Page 3. Sex and a Philippine Town Pagsanjan, the Philippines, is known for the prostitution of boys. Many in the poor town defend the trade as an economic boon. Page 3. New Look for Budget President Bush, in a speech to set the tone for his Administration, will ask Congress for more money for domestic programs like environmental protection, aides said. Page 26. Help for Cabinet Nominee The White House has begun a major operation to salvage the nomination of Dr. Louis Sullivan as Health and Human Services Secretary. Page 26. New South African Party Three of South Africa's white anti-apartheid parties agreed to unite to challenge the ruling party. Page 4. The Marshal Is a Woman Dorothy Cudahy, who once patrolled Fifth Avenue as a meter maid, is returning, leading a parade. Page 31. | INSIDE |
220828_2 | P. Sloan Foundation, a New York-based group that supports scientific research. ''A projection done adequately is likely to be plausible as much as 20 years into the future.'' Such has been the case with the Census Bureau. In its projections released in 1964, for example, the bureau projected that the United States population would rise to 207.5 million in 1970. The actual population that year was 205.1 million, so the bureau was off a relatively modest 2.4 million. But as years went by, the gap widened between the population growth projected in 1964 and the actual population. The bureau wrongly assumed that the rate of new births would keep pace through the 1970's. So the projection for 260.2 million in 1985 was 20.9 million more than the actual population of 239.3 million. Immigration Bill Considered Some Census Bureau judgments can be made quite comfortably. For example, an estimate of the number of 18-year-old females a decade from now can be made fairly safely by counting the number of eight-year-old females today. Other estimates are more tricky. Mr. Spencer said he had no way of knowing how effective the 1986 immigration bill would be in cutting the estimated 200,000 net growth in illegal aliens who had been entering the country each year. ''I just assumed that it would be partially effective,'' he said. Mr. Spencer estimated the bill would succeed in cutting half the number of illegal aliens and, as a result, projected that the total number of immigrants would decline slowly, to about 500,000 annually in the year 2000 and beyond from about 648,000 in 1985. Actually, the projection this week of a shrinking population was the middle ground, and thus considered the most realistic, among 30 possible population growth patterns. To determine what the bureau considered its most realistic projection it relied on these key assumptions, as well as dozens of other judgments: * Through the year 2080, the birthrate will remain steady at about 1.8 births per woman. To come up with that estimate alone, the bureau made several assumptions - for example, that the higher birthrate for blacks will become even with that of whites by 2050. * The number of women of prime child-bearing age, 18 to 34, will decline steadily, to 28.8 million in 2080 from 35.2 million in 1987. * As the baby boom survivors begin to reach age 65, the number of deaths | Census Bureau Demographer's Unqualified Prediction: 'We Will Be Wrong' |
220883_1 | ordered airlines to inspect more than 700 Boeing passenger jets built in the last eight years, checking for installation faults. Boeing officials supported the inspection order. But many new Government safety rules are hotly contested. That was the case with a proposal that four million transportation workers - including airline employees, truck and bus drivers, and train engineers - be tested randomly and after accidents to see if they had been using drugs. An organization of independent truck drivers won an injunction affecting all transportion workers from a Federal District Court judge in San Francisco, who ruled in December that there was not enough evidence that the tests are needed. The Reagan Administration's Transportation Secretary, Jim Burnley, disagreed. ''It is only because we have post-accident testing in the railroad industry that we know that in 68 accidents over the last two years, one or more of the people involved in train operations showed evidence of illegal narcotics use,'' he said. The issue remains before the courts. Samuel K. Skinner, President Bush's Transportation Secretary, said at his confirmation hearings last month that he, too, favors random testing, not just for illegal drugs but for alcohol abuse as well. Other new rules have been aimed at increasing the security of airports, changing the routes flown along the heavily traveled Northeast corridors, and changing the frequency of flights in and out of the nation's busiest airport, Chicago's O'Hare, to reduce errors by controllers. The aviation agency now also requires aircraft to carry automatic devices that warn of impending collisions, and in the wake of the bombing of the Pan Am flight over Scotland in December, has instituted new procedures for examining luggage on flights between the United States and Europe or the Middle East. As a result of this ''panoply of safety regulations,'' said Mr. Burnley, ''we saw improvements in the safety record for every category of aviation during 1988.'' Important concerns remain, including the worry that as the fleet of commercial airliners grows older, the reliability of those aircraft is declining. At his confirmation hearings, Mr. Skinner, a licensed pilot and director of the Chicago mass transit agency, said that the issue should be a high priority. Some new safety rules are taking effect for other modes of transportation as well. On Jan. 3, for example, California issued the first commercial driver's licenses affected by a new Federal law under which Washington | Travel Is Safer, and Federal Rulemakers Take Credit |
220667_1 | portable unit for $35,000 that includes an antenna, satellite receiver, processor and a high-resolution color video monitor. The Science Applications International Corporation, a military contractor in LaJolla, Calif., is marketing much larger weather consoles, priced at $100,000 and up, mainly to the Government. The computers receive from the Government's weather satellite real-time data on prevailing conditions within up to two million square miles of any location plugged into the system. Most models display images of ocean currents and cloud patterns. Using this data and a vessel's starting point and destination, many computers can chart a ship's course, bypassing undertows and approaching fronts to save both fuel and time. Fishing vessels are able to complete three trips in the time it previously took for two, according to the National Marine Fishery Service, a Government agency. The computers also display images of the ocean surface, shaded in an array of colors - up to 256 on the Systems West model - to indicate temperature variations. Fishing captains use the temperature readings to find fish. While yellow-finned tuna prefer sea temperatures of around 80 degrees, flounder seek cooler waters of around 55 degrees. These precise readings allow fishers to spend less time hunting for fish and more time catching them. ''Preliminary data indicate that fishers with access to satellite imaging can save 25 to 40 percent search time,'' said Michael Laurs, an oceanographer at the Southwest center of the National Marine Fishery Service. The computers certainly are more accurate than the weather charts from NASA and the National Weather Service that fishing vessels used to rely on. Sent over teletype and facsimile machines, the data - derived largely from readings taken at sea by the Navy and Coast Guard - are often outdated by the time they reach fishing vessels. ''It became an unhappy joke to find out later that the calculations were made two days earlier,'' said Peter Scoli, an 82-year-old fisher from Annapolis, Md., who estimates that the size of his catch has increased by about 15 percent since he purchased a weather computer. Still, some worry that computer-aided fishing could deplete fishing stocks. While increased competition weighed heavily in the 53-percent decline since 1979 in Atlantic cod off the New England coast, improved fishing technology was also a factor, according to David Crestin, chief of the fisheries management division at the Fishery Service in Massachusetts. WHAT'S NEW IN WEATHER MONITORING | Computers That Help Skippers Navigate and Ferret Out Fish |
221453_0 | LEAD: Since man first tossed cucumbers in brine - and savored the sour results - the pickle business has not exactly sparkled with technical innovation. But now a researcher for the Department of Agriculture has developed a patented process to make kosher dills keep their crunch. Some say the development could amount to a small revolution for the $400 million industry. Since man first tossed cucumbers in brine - and savored the sour results - the pickle business has not exactly sparkled with technical innovation. But now a researcher for the Department of Agriculture has developed a patented process to make kosher dills keep their crunch. Some say the development could amount to a small revolution for the $400 million industry. A team of scientists led by Henry P. Fleming has developed a microorganism for use in the cucumber pickling process that requires less salt and is less likely to cause softening or a bloating of the cucumber. During the last six years, the team at the Agricultural Research Service Laboratory in Raleigh, N.C., chemically mutated, selected and improved strains of Lactobacillus plantarum, the bacteria that gives pickles their characteristic sour taste. The mutated bacteria's major value is that they do not produce carbon dioxide during fermentation; carbon dioxide causes gas pockets - called bloater damage in cucumbers -that destroy the desirable crunch. The industry currently avoids bloater damage by injecting fermentation tanks with nitrogen to drive off the carbon dioxide, but this requires open-topped tanks, which in turns requires the use of large quantities of salt to prevent spoilage. Low-salt fermentation would be especially helpful for true dill pickles, which are packed in the original pickling brine. ''Regard for genuine dills has fallen off, partly because of their high salt content,'' Mr. Fleming said. ''This could revive their popularity.'' Closed tanks also give pickle makers much more control of the process. ''The tanks and the bacteria are both parts of an overall picture that could end up revolutionizing pickle making,'' he said. The process is now being tested by the Mount Olive Pickle Company of Mount Olive, N.C. BUSINESS TECHNOLOGY | Keeping the Pickle Crunchy |
221511_2 | Pan Am Flight 103 disaster. But ''the general sense is that's the most commonly accepted theory,'' one Administration official said. ''That does match up with some intelligence that U.S. agencies have available.'' United States officials say American and British investigators are also examining the possibility that the Libyan leader, Col. Muammar el-Qaddafi, was involved in the Pan Am attack. Colonel Qaddafi is said to have financed many of the Jabril group's terrorist operations. Syria is also under scrutiny because the Jabril group is based in Damascus and because the Syrian intelligence service is known to have supplied passports and other support services to the group. But State Department officials say that the Syrian President, Hafez al-Assad, has curtailed his support for terrorism in an effort to improve relations with the United States. A spate of news reports this month have alleged that the case has been solved. The Washington Times, citing ''western intelligence sources,'' claimed Monday that a drug runner working for the Jabril group unwittingly smuggled a plastic bomb aboard the originating flight of Pan Am 103 in Frankfurt, West Germany. Earlier, a British radio reporter said that terrorists planted the bomb in the luggage of a Central Intelligence Agency employee. Details of those reports and many others in the American and British press have been denied by officials of both nations. ---- Warning on Terror Threats WASHINGTON, Feb. 7 (Reuters) -Transportation Secretary Samuel Skinner said today that terrorists could shut down the world economy if every threat was reported, as demanded by relatives of victims who died on Flight 103 last December. ''If we shut down airlines every time there is a threat, we will allow terrorists to disrupt the economy, not only of this nation but of the world,'' Mr. Skinner told reporters in his first news conference as head of the Transportation Department. He was reacting to a news conference in New York on Monday at which relatives of Flight 103 victims accused the Government of negligence in not issuing a warning after it received the reports of a possible bombing. Mr. Skinner said ways must be found to increase airport and aircraft security while also seeking to end terrorism at its source. He said that at a special meeting of the International Civil Aviation Organization in Montreal on Feb. 15 and 16 he would propose new international standards for checking passengers, baggage and other cargo. | Palestinian Group and Iran Tied to Pan Am Bomb |
221407_3 | of just 14 cents on the dollar. For another, conservation groups could not possibly raise 14 percent of $560 million from private donors. Then there is the problem of diverting scarce local resources to conservation. Costa Rica would be reluctant to raise taxes sufficiently to cover the interest on $170 million worth of local-currency bonds. If the central bank simply printed the money, it would have to cope with the resulting increase in purchasing power. Mr. Umana believes that no more than $15 million in foreign debt can be reabsorbed annually without unacceptable inflationary pressures. Similar constraints limit the scale of such deals elsewhere. Bolivia, Ecuador and the Philippines have exchanged debt for local currency plus commitment to preservation. But these and future swaps are too small to dent the global problem. Indeed, it is not clear that the swaps will be used at all in places where they are needed most. In Brazil, the country with by far the most forest to lose, developers call debt-for-nature deals the work of foreign devils. President Jose Sarney, engulfed in an economic crisis that threatens to topple his constitutional Government, denounced the swaps as an affront to Brazilian sovereignty. How then to protect the vanishing jungle? One approach is to create preservation plans that serve the interests of developers. In Costa Rica that will not be difficult. Tourism is a rapidly growing source of income and employment, and Mr. Umana said one tourist in three chooses Costa Rica for its natural diversity and beauty. The Ministry of Natural Resources is also pressing ''sustainable cultivation'' techniques for hardwood forests, cycles of harvesting that permit regrowth and retard erosion. But most of the world's tropical forests will be long gone before the desperately poor nations that control their destiny focus their attention on the problem. If the forests are to be saved, it will take a lot of help from the developed world. There are reasons beyond altruism and respect for nature for investing in a crash effort: tropical forests serve as both the primary source of cultivable plant species and as collectors of carbon dioxide. There is even a convenient mechanism for the investment. Forgiveness of much of the third world's $1.2 trillion hard-currency debt through officially sponsored settlements is now widely viewed as inevitable. If such settlements are linked to enforceable preservation commitments, the great forests may yet be granted a reprieve. | Economic Scene; Saving the Forest In Costa Rica |
219559_5 | rises rapidly. Hormones taken for birth control or as postmenopausal replacement can significantly affect a woman's coronary risk. Oral contraceptives may raise blood pressure, blood sugar or blood fats. The risk of ill effects on the heart is greatest among pill users who smoke cigarettes. The newer low-dose preparations are considered far less hazardous (except for smokers and women with a personal history of heart disease, who are generally advised not to take the pill). Those pills containing higher doses of progestins with strong androgenic effects, like levonorgesterol, are considered most dangerous. Dr. Castelli urges physicians to test all women before prescribing the pill and to retest them several months later to see if their cardiac risk has been raised by the contraceptive. Similarly, women given estrogen replacement therapy should be tested before and after to be sure the therapy is not raising the levels of harmful fats in their blood. Thus far most studies show that postmenopausal estrogen therapy, at least when administered orally, helps protect women against heart disease. It is not yet known whether estrogen patches, which are placed on the skin, will have the same effect. What Women Can Do Obviously, women are not immune to heart disease, and their vulnerability, like that of men, starts early. Starting in childhood, girls as well as boys should be evaluated periodically by their physicians for cardiac risk. This would include measurements of blood pressure, blood sugar and blood fats. Diet, weight problems, family history, cigarette smoking and exercise habits should also be considered. A woman seeking to reduce her cardiac risk can limit dietary fats and cholesterol, eat more whole-grain and other high-fiber foods, use less salt, exercise regularly, stop smoking, and achieve and maintain an appropriate body weight. Such changes not only would reduce a woman's risk of developing cardiovascular disease but also would improve her quality of life and reduce her chances of developing cancer, diabetes and other chronic debilitating diseases. WOMEN'S RISK OF HEART ATTACK Death rates for coronary heart disease per 100,000 in U.S. in 1986 show women have a lower risk than men, but the gap narrows considerably with age. $ AGE FEMALE MALE less than 5 0.2 0.2 5-14 0.0 0.1 15-24 0.2 0.4 25-34 1.3 4.7 35-44 8.1 37.2 45-54- 40.2 154.9 55-64- 156.3 446.0 65-74- 491.2 1,040.7 75-84- 1,490.9 2,402.2 85 and up 4,476.6 5,344.7 Source: American Heart Association HEALTH | Personal Health |
219635_5 | be permitted. But because daminozide was sold before that date, the burden of proving that a chemical is unsafe falls on the Government. Tests Conducted by Agency Dr. Moore said large doses of daminozide had produced both malignant and benign tumors in the mice used in tests. Extrapolating from the test results, he said, the agency concluded that consumption of food treated with Alar could cause cancer in 5 of every 100,000 people over a 70-year lifetime of exposure. The risks over an 18-month exposure, he said, were 1 in 1 million for the ''typical adult'' and 9 in 1 million for a child. The agency's internal guidelines require action to lower public exposure to chemicals when there is a 1 in 1 million cancer risk over a lifetime of exposure. The risk of cancer is higher for children because they consume more food per pound of body weight and also because children tend to eat more apples and foods containing apples. But Dr. Moore said that tests on rats fed daminozide, unlike the tests on mice, showed no tumors. That is one of the reasons, he said, that the test data were not ''compelling'' enough to order an immediate suspension of Alar. He added, however, that the final test results were likely to confirm the dangers of the chemical. NO WAY TO TELL APPLE SPRAYING Consumers have no way to tell whether an apple has been sprayed with Alar. Because the chemical can be found throughout the apple, washing it or peeling it are of no use. But at least one widely available apple, the Granny Smith, is not sprayed with the chemical, which makes apples firm and turns them red; the Granny Smith is green so there is no need to use Alar. A number of apple processors said they stopped purchasing apples sprayed with Alar in 1986 and 1987 when its hazards were first brought to public attention by Ralph Nader. They include the three largest manfuacturers of baby food, H. J. Heinz Company, Beech-Nut Nutrition Corporation and Gerber Products Company as well as Mott's U.S.A., Seneca Foods Corporation, Welch Foods, the Quaker Oats Company and the Vacu-Dry Company. In 1986 several supermarkets announced that they would no longer purchase apples treated with Alar. Apples that are certified organic are free of Alar. They are available at health food stores and farmer's markets and at some supermarkets. | HAZARD REPORTED IN APPLE CHEMICAL |
225754_0 | LEAD: President Bush's chief trade negotiator, Carla A. Hills, accepts all the help she can get in trying to pry open foreign markets for American products. President Bush's chief trade negotiator, Carla A. Hills, accepts all the help she can get in trying to pry open foreign markets for American products. Her newest allies are New Jersey lawmakers, led by Senator Frank R. Lautenberg, who have fired off letters to the South Korean and Taiwanese governments urging them to cut their tariffs on chocolate products they import. It just so happens that M&M Mars of Hackettstown and the Van Leer Chocolate Company of Jersey City make up a high percentage of American chocolate exports to the two countries. Taiwan imposes a 17.5 percent duty on imported chocolate products and Korea a 20 percent duty. The lawmakers want the tariff cut to the American level of 7 percent. ''Taiwan and Korea have a sweet setup,'' said the Democratic Senator. ''They erect imposing barriers to U.S. chocolate products while enjoying relatively easy access to our market.'' | Washington Talk: Briefing; Bitter Over Chocolate |
222390_0 | LEAD: A tire cradle designed to end the hazards and dirty work that have long made ''flat tire'' two of the nastiest words to drivers is being sold by a Connecticut company. A tire cradle designed to end the hazards and dirty work that have long made ''flat tire'' two of the nastiest words to drivers is being sold by a Connecticut company. Called Quickwheel, the cradle folds for storage in the trunk, and expands into a sort of skateboard for use with a flat. It weighs only 14 pounds, but is guaranteed to support a vehicle weighing more than two and a half tons. When a tire goes flat, the driver unfolds the Quickwheel's loading ramp, sets it in front of the offending wheel and drives onto the cradle, which automatically locks around the tire and wheel. After a safety strap is fastened around the wheel, the automobile can be driven to a repair shop. Three wheels made of fiberglass and running on fused rubber treads support the vehicle and are said to dissipate heat safely at speeds up to 45 miles an hour, although caution is advised as to speed. In testing, the manufacturer says, the unit was driven well over 100 miles without trouble. Quickwheel for small and medium-sized cars can be bought through the mail-order catalogues of Hammacher Schlemmer and Impact 2000. A company spokesman said it will soon be available through car dealers. A version for larger vehicles is to be on the market next month. The price is $179.50, and details can be had from Quickwheel Inc., 521 Mason Street, Greenwich, Conn. 06830. CONSUMER'S WORLD | An Emergency Cradle for Flat Tires |
223524_1 | mobilizing.'' For Mr. Coelho, government by talk show could turn out to be government by the most alienated sectors of the electorate. Representative Marvin Leath, a Texas Democrat, called the talk show hosts ''radio freaks'' and ''jerks.'' 'This Tricky Pay Grab' But for foes of the pay increase who saw their cause triumph, talk show politics is the politics of the people. ''People had to resort to extraordinary measures to thwart this tricky pay grab,'' said Representative Tom Petri, a Wisconsin Republican, arguing that, just as Congress came up with a device to try to avoid a vote on the raise, so the people came up with a device, in talk radio, to counter the move. The outcry was so widespread that no one, including the radio hosts, asserts that talk radio alone derailed the raise. Mr. Leath said that talk shows were far more important in urban districts than in rural areas like his. Representative Andrew Jacobs, an Indiana Democrat who opposed the raise from the beginning, said that in his district strong newspaper opposition played a more important role. But both Mr. Leath and Mr. Jacobs agree that the fight against the raise enhanced the influence of the talk hosts. Connected to each other by phone line and facsimile machine and linked to millions by the air waves, the talk jockeys proved they could generate an astonishing outpouring of protest. A mere mention of a House member's name on a show could instantly generate hundreds of calls to his office. Looking for Issues ''We're like radio politicians,'' said Jerry Williams of Boston's WRKO. Mr. Williams, the dean of ''radio activists,'' as the politically engaged hosts call themselves, has invited 50 of his number to Boston for the week of April 19 to search for issues on which hosts can give the public a stronger voice. The radio uprising against the raise was a logical, if surprising, result of both technological change and of AM radio's struggle to maintain its audience when most music fans have shifted to FM. In search of new audiences, scores of AM stations turned to talk in recent years. Within the talk profession, some hosts made a name by running campaigns for particular causes. Jerry Williams successfully organized a rebellion against Massachusetts' law requiring use of automobile seat belts, helping to overturn it in a referendum. Mark Williams, now of XTRA in San Diego, | Waves on Airwaves: Power to the People? |
227106_1 | Grassley of Iowa, Jesse A. Helms of North Carolina and Dave Durenberger of Minnesota. It is not clear in each instance why the Republicans are not solidly behind Mr. Tower, although Mr. Helms is known to object to Mr. Tower's uncertain stance on the Strategic Defense Initiative. Meanwhile, a number of Democrats were also being singled out as targets of White House lobbying, including Mr. Tower's fellow Texan Lloyd Bentsen, Howell Heflin of Alabama, Ernest F. Hollings of South Carolina, John Breaux and J. Bennett Johnston of Louisiana, Christopher Dodd and Joseph I. Lieberman of Connecticut, Charles S. Robb of Virginia and Dennis DeConcini of Arizona. Again, it is not clear in every instance why those Democrats might be leaning toward Mr. Tower, although Mr. Dodd has a deeply personal reason. Mr. Dodd, who declined to discuss his vote, is leaning toward Mr. Tower at least in part because in 1967 Mr. Tower was one of only five Republican Senators to vote against the censure of his father, Senator Thomas J. Dodd, for financial misconduct. Pledge's Effect Discounted The Republicans leaning away from Mr. Tower, and the Democrats leaning toward him, are said to be downplaying the effect of Mr. Tower's no-drinking pledge on their thinking. A Senate vote on the Tower nomination is scheduled for Thursday, one week after the 11-9 party line vote against Mr. Tower in the Senate Armed Services Committee. Democrats hold a 55-45 majority in the Senate, and President Bush and the Republican leader, Bob Dole of Kansas, had counted on the chamber's 45 Republicans. Mr. Bush is to return from Asia on Monday night and plans to start his face-to-face efforts on Tuesday morning. White House Aides Angry The possibility that Mr. Bush would be compelled to lobby his own party's lawmakers for his designated Defense Secretary, coupled with the prospect of a defeat on the Senate floor, left some White House officials angry. ''This is a fight for power between the Presidency and Congress, an almost unprecedented attempt by Congress to thwart the President right at the beginning of his new term on something that is traditionally a Presidential prerogative,'' said one key official. Senator Kasssebaum said this evening that she had not yet made up her mind but was concerned that Mr. Tower would be a weakened Defense Secretary. ''It's John Tower, not President Bush, who has to assess whether he can | 5 Republicans Are Wavering On Tower Vote |
219407_2 | current 246 million. The bureau said the population would then begin a gradual decline, to 292 million in 2080. The Census Bureau's study also pointed to a decline in the proportion of the white population and a rapid growth in other racial groups. Several analysts warned that a smaller population could damage the American economy and the nation's international stature as populations are expected to boom in developing countries, particularly in Africa and Asia. 'Is America in Decline?' ''This really deals with the central question of our time, 'Is America in Decline?' '' said Ben J. Wattenberg, a senior fellow at the American Enterprise Institute, a research organization here. He said that if the trend persisted there would be ''great turbulence'' in many areas of American life, including a labor shortage, reduced competitiveness in the international market and an inability to pay for health care of a growing elderly population. Mr. Wattenberg, author of the book, ''The Birth Dearth,'' said the United States should open its borders to more immigrants to compensate for this expected population decline. Allan C. Carlson, president of the Rockford Institute, an Illinois-based policy group, said, ''I think we're going to face serious economic trouble in our desperate attempts to sustain a welfare state. As more resources go to health care for an aging population, he said, ''It will be difficult for us to defend our immediate security interests.'' Others See Benefits But other analysts argue that a nation's strength is not so closely linked to its population, and that a small population can bring benefits. ''I spoke to Ben Wattenberg for a few days trying to dissuade him from talking gloom and doom,'' said Norman B. Ryder, a professor of sociology at Princeton University, who is a research associate at the school's Office of Population Research. ''Some countries are crippled by their population size; a lot depends on the effectiveness by which you can muster your resources.'' Mr. Ryder said that if a declining population should become a concern, the country could always open its doors to more immigrants. Higher Retirement Age Seen C. Alison McIntosh, a population specialist at the University of Michigan, said the country will adopt to a smaller population through a higher retirement age and other steps. ''And obviously, there are some benefits,'' she said. ''People speak about the possibility of less crowded classrooms and schools and less overcrowding in the | CENSUS PREDICTS POPULATION DROP IN NEXT CENTURY |
219451_0 | LEAD: International A2-10 International A2-10 Changes in Britain's health service announced by the Government would apply free-market methods to the state-financed system. The changes would be the most far-reaching since the service was founded. Page A1 News analysis: In Nicaragua, cutbacks announced by the Sandinista Government were just what its opponents wanted. But the decision bore the mark of a Government that is still confident of its popular support. A1 Panama's human-rights picture is being improved as jails are cleaned up in anticipation of a key inspection by international observers. A6 To try to end civil war in the Sudan, senior Bush Administration officials have met in the last few days with a leading representative of the Sudanese guerrilla forces. A1 As Soviet troops leave Afghanistan, a fresh stream of refugees is struggling through the mud, ice and snow of Nawa Pass and into Pakistan. They are fleeing the fighting around Jalalabad. A10 A last diplomatic effort in Pakistan to forge a political compromise among warring factions in Afghanistan is expected to take place, culminating with a visit by the Soviet Foreign Minister on Saturday. A10 Mikhail Gorbachev's salary was reported and his wife's stylish wardrobe defended in an interview published by a newspaper in the Soviet republic of Moldavia. Mr. Gorbachev is paid more than 1,500 rubles a month, the equivalent of about $2,500. A10 Prime Minister Noboru Takeshita of Japan left for Washington to become the first foreign leader to meet with President Bush, amid concerns in Japan about new strains in its alliance with the United States. A3 Investigations concluded in Korea into corruption and human rights abuses of the last eight years. The chief prosecutor said his office had arrested 47 people on charges of corruption or abuse of power. A3 A sinking Argentine ship, which ran aground off Antarctica, is in danger of spilling more than 250,000 gallons of diesel fuel, causing the continent's first environmental crisis, the National Science Foundation said. A3 National A12-18 The U.S. population will likely peak at about 300 million in a half century and then begin to slide downward, the Census Bureau projected. It was the bureau's first projection of such a trend. A1 Legislation to curb acid rain will be proposed shortly by William K. Reilly, nominated to head the Environmental Protection Agency, signaling a sharp break with Reagan Administration policies. A1 Dr. Louis Sullivan's confirmation hearings were | NEWS SUMMARY |
225089_0 | LEAD: Passengers flying overseas on United States airlines may have to learn new habits to avoid inconvenient searches for bombs in common electronic devices like coffeepots with electronic timers, cameras and lap-top computers. Passengers flying overseas on United States airlines may have to learn new habits to avoid inconvenient searches for bombs in common electronic devices like coffeepots with electronic timers, cameras and lap-top computers. Time-consuming security precautions, while not yet fully put into effect, are likely to be adopted in response to the discovery by the British authorities that a bomb hidden in a radio-cassette player blew up Pan American World Airways Flight 103. It exploded Dec. 21 over Lockerbie, Scotland, killing 270 people. A similar device was found in the possession of suspected terrorists arrested in October in West Germany, where the Pan Am flight originated. American officials say they will move swiftly to take countermeasures against a sabotage technique that is very difficult to detect. And the International Civil Aviation Organization, a branch of the United Nations, agreed in Montreal last week to consider amending an international agreement to impose wide restrictions on passengers taking electronic goods with them on international flights. 'Travel Lighter and Smarter' Since shortly after the Pan Am bombing, the United States has required United States airlines operating between the United States and Europe or the Middle East to inspect all baggage, including checked luggage, either with X-rays or by hand searches. Domestic passengers will probably continue to face less scrutiny of electronic products because of less concern about terrorism on such flights. The airlines are especially worried that the United States Government will put them at a competitive disadvantage by requiring them to adopt measures that foreign airlines can avoid, at least until the international aviation organization adopts new security standards later this year. What could the practical effects of tighter security measures be for the traveler? ''The seasoned traveler will learn to travel lighter and smarter,'' said Raymond A. Salazar, the director of security for the United States Federal Aviation Administration. ''When you start giving them more scrutiny, they will say, 'I won't take the tape recorder. It's marginal.' '' Scrutiny for Common Items British Transport Minister Paul Channon, who revealed at the organization's meeting in Montreal that investigators in Scotland had found evidence of a radio-cassette bomb in the debris of the Pan Am crash, pressed hard for new measures | Searches Could Delay Overseas Air Travelers |
224344_0 | LEAD: To the Editor: To the Editor: ''Brazil's Debt Can Save the Amazon'' (editorial, Feb. 3) emphasizes the environmental dimensions of the third world debt problem and the interest of the United States and other industrial countries in preserving rain forests. As you suggest, one option is for donors to raise $4 billion to buy Brazilian debt at a discount and use the proceeds for rain forest protection. Our American Express Bank subsidiary recently concluded a transaction of this type with the Nature Conservancy to preserve rain forests in Costa Rica. But raising funds to finance such deals is not easy, and great care must be taken to avoid infringements on a country's sovereignty. An option you did not mention could be more effective. The United States and other industrial countries could take the lead in structuring a comprehensive debt relief package for Brazil. In return, Brazil should strengthen commitments to market-oriented economic reforms and other conditions -including implementation of its own programs for rain forest preservation and reversal of subsidies and other policies that have encouraged destruction of the Amazon forests. Combined with international support for Brazil's environmental groups and institutions, that approach offers hope of making rain forest preservation a Brazilian priority, not just one for the international community. HARRY L. FREEMAN Executive Vice President, American Express Company New York, Feb. 3, 1989 | Don't Imagine Brazil Wants to Burn Its Future; Debt-Relief Tradeoff |
224343_0 | LEAD: To the Editor: To the Editor: ''Brazil's Debt Can Save the Amazon'' (editorial, Feb. 3) might have argued more strongly by showing the link between the destruction of rain forests and our daily lives. For instance, walk into your local drugstore: 25 percent of all those pharmaceuticals are derived from tropical flora. Moreover, it is estimated that the rain forest contains 3 million species, of which five-sixths have not yet even been identified, let alone analyzed for possible medicinal use. In destroying this ''rich dowry of rare plants and animals,'' humankind is likely destroying treatments for acquired immune deficiency syndrome, cancer, heart disease, Alzheimer's and many other afflictions. You say also that the burning of the rain forests will contribute to the ''feared greenhouse warming.'' That misses the second half of the double whammy: Since the rain forest turns carbon dioxide into oxygen, burning the rain forest is like torching an oxygen factory. By permitting the burning of the rain forests, we are partners in arson, destroying natural factories of both air and pharmaceuticals. RICHARD B. WILSON Boston, Feb. 3, 1989 | Don't Imagine Brazil Wants to Burn Its Future; Plants and Oxygen |
224417_0 | LEAD: Hopes for a political thaw here appear scattered by the icy winds of sectarianism that have made Northern Ireland a synonym for violence and despair. Hopes for a political thaw here appear scattered by the icy winds of sectarianism that have made Northern Ireland a synonym for violence and despair. Hopes in some quarters have been raised by recent reports that leading politicians from four Protestant and Catholic parties in Northern Ireland had met to discuss resuming talks on ways out of the violence. Even Sinn Fein, the political wing of the Irish Republican Army, held talks last year with the Social Democratic and Labor Party, a moderate Catholic group, in a move to find solutions to the violence. But political experts say that intransigence and vested interests of top leaders on all sides dampen the prospects for substantive negotiations in the near future and serve instead to fuel the troubles that Northern Ireland has endured for two decades. Suspension of Pact Urged After meeting in October in Duisburg, West Germany, Protestant and Catholic politicians exchanged formulas aimed at satisfying the insistence of unionists - who want to keep Northern Ireland part of Britain - that the functioning of the 1985 British-Irish Agreement be suspended before formal negotiations could begin. A unionist proposal involved having the British and Irish Governments set the next meeting of an intergovernmental conference so far in advance that it would appear that it had been suspended. The Social Democratic and Labor Party said it did not want to give its constituents the impression that the agreement had been suspended and proposed that the parties openly state that they would talk outside the framework of the agreement. If they succeeded, the parties were to declare, the results would transform any earlier arrangements anyway. Unionists, almost all of them Protestants, oppose the agreement because it gives Ireland a consultative role in Northern Ireland's affairs. The unionists fear that the agreement could be the first step in the political reunification of the island, and they believe that life would be intolerable in a united, predominantly Catholic Ireland. One participant in the discussions was Peter Robinson, a representative of the Democratic Unionist Party of the Rev. Ian Paisley, the most militant leader in favor of keeping Northern Ireland inside the United Kingdom. Mr. Robinson said that he had taken part on Mr. Paisley's behalf and that both Mr. | Hopes for Thaw in Ulster Politics Appear Dim |
224342_0 | LEAD: To the Editor: To the Editor: I would like to comment on issues you raise in ''Brazil Burns the Future'' (editorial, Dec. 28). The Brazilian people and Government were shocked and deeply saddened by the assassination of Francisco Mendes Filho, a leading trade unionist and environmentalist in the state of Acre. High-ranking officials from the Ministry of Justice, Federal Police Department and local police are conducting investigations, which have already resulted in the arrest of four men, and it is expected that other suspects will soon be put under arrest. Brazil does not want to burn its future. Brazil has an enormous potential to be developed. We Brazilians hope to make our development aspirations compatible with preservation of our natural heritage. Since the 1970's, and mainly during the present decade, a deep awareness of our ecological problems has arisen. We acknowledge, however, that our national agencies lack sufficient means and work under very difficult conditions. The new Brazilian Constitution dedicates a chapter to preserving the environment. Last October, President Jose Sarney began a program to promote environmental education, reclaim ecosystems affected by human action and protect indigenous populations and other people involved in exploiting natural resources. Brazil is fully aware of the importance of preserving the environment and of the global implications of ecological problems, including the nuclear threat and the threats caused by chlorofluorocarbons, carbon dioxide, and radioactive and toxic wastes. Unfortunately, in Brazil, especially in the Amazon region, political will is not enough. The environmental challenge demands huge technical and financial resources to be properly dealt with. If this is true for well-to-do countries, one can imagine the immensity of the challenge for Brazil and most other countries. We welcome positive suggestions and expertise from the international scientific community and environmental organizations. If the dramatic fires of last year in the Amazon region drew worldwide attention, let us not forget that environmental problems are not limited to what is happening to tropical forests. The greenhouse effect, global warming and climate changes are of concern to all, especially those who lack technological and financial resources, and for centuries have been absorbing the pollution brought on by the industrialized centers. Only one major country is responsible for approximately 20 percent of the global greenhouse effect. The same applies in the case of the ozone layer. Let us also not forget that there are many complicated features to Amazon deforestation, | Don't Imagine Brazil Wants to Burn Its Future |
222772_2 | in His name,'' she said. The Long Road to Reality The Episcopal Church has been debating the role of women for decades. In 1970 it agreed to ordain women as deacons. Then it debated ordaining women as priests, and the question was decided by the church's General Convention in 1976. Two years before the General Convention's decision, 11 women were ordained in an unauthorized ceremony in Philadelphia's Church of the Advocate in 1974. Barbara Harris was an active member of that parish in North Philadelphia, and she carried a cross in that ceremony. She was a public relations executive at the time. She eventually decided to seek the priesthood herself and was ordained in 1980. Ms. Harris, who is black, had been involved in civil rights efforts since the mid-1960's, and after she was ordained, she kept up her outspoken criticism of racial barriers and of barriers to women in the church as well. But the Debate Went On As the objections raised today indicated, the debate over those barriers did not cease in 1976. Some conservative church members objected that selecting a woman as a bishop would only cement what they already considered a departure from church norms and would be an unwarranted concession to contemporary culture. For supporters of the 1976 decision, however, consecrating women as bishops was a logical outcome that would fulfill Gospel norms long constricted by concessions to the culture of the past. Today was the supporters' day. Applause welled up when the bishop-designate entered the John B. Hynes Memorial Auditorium here while the choir sang ''In Dat Great Gettin'-Up Mornin','' a spiritual. Applause broke out again when Bishop Browning asked, ''Are you persuaded that God has called you to the office of bishop?'' The candidate replied, ''I am so persuaded.'' There was more applause when the mitre worn by bishops was placed on Bishop Harris's head. Applause also frequently interrupted the sermon, by the Rev. Paul Washington, the rector emeritus of the Church of the Advocate. Mixing bold assertion with humor, he portrayed the consecration as the unfolding of a divine plan, a fulfilling of Scripture. ''You didn't know when you led that 1974 procession,'' he said to Ms. Harris, ''that God was preparing you to lead another procession.'' Father Washington, who is black, dwelt on the fact that a church often identified with social, economic and political power in America was consecrating not | Woman Is Consecrated as Episcopal Bishop |
222434_0 | LEAD: LIVES OF THE TWINS, by Rosamond Smith. (Avon, $3.95.) After Molly Marks moves in with her psychotherapist, she embarks on a secret affair with his estranged identical twin. Written pseudonymously by Joyce Carol Oates, this is ''a marvelous metaphysical novel,'' Susan Fromberg Schaeffer said here last year. LIVES OF THE TWINS, by Rosamond Smith. (Avon, $3.95.) After Molly Marks moves in with her psychotherapist, she embarks on a secret affair with his estranged identical twin. Written pseudonymously by Joyce Carol Oates, this is ''a marvelous metaphysical novel,'' Susan Fromberg Schaeffer said here last year. ''The use of a pseudonym oddly clarifies the novel's concerns - the pressing need both for a double (or soul-mate) and for a unique viewing, a new look at a face we think we already know.'' THE TRIAL OF SOCRATES, by I. F. Stone. (Anchor/Doubleday, $9.95.) For almost two decades, I. F. Stone was editor and publisher of I. F. Stone's Weekly, a oneman effort to expose all that he found venal about Washington politics. Late in life, he retired from the enterprise and immersed himself in the world of Golden Age Greece, trying to understand how the Athenian democrats he so admired could have put Socrates to death. Last year our reviewer, Julia Annas, said that Socrates was not the enemy of democracy that Mr. Stone has made him out to be. But she called the book ''a noble and urgent 20th-century reflection on an ancient theme'': the danger that a supposedly free society will answer its critics by betraying its very ideals of free expression. MONGOOSE, R.I.P., by William F. Buckley Jr. (Dell, $4.50.) Recruited to help assassinate Fidel Castro, the Central Intelligence Agency operative Blackford Oakes uncovers a counterplot to kill President John F. Kennedy and launch a nuclear missile at the United States. This novel, the eighth in the Blackford Oakes series, is ''a remarkably complex, compelling and literate thriller,'' Robin W. Winks said in The Book Review last year. William F. Buckley Jr. ''gives us his best book - fiction or nonfiction.'' THE FORBIDDEN ZONE, by Michael Lesy. (Anchor/Doubleday, $7.95.) Taking personal journalism to an extreme, Michael Lesy kills a steer at a slaughterhouse and lets himself be strapped into an electric chair, all to learn what it is like to make one's livelihood dealing routinely with death. ''Mr. Lesy does indeed venture to places few of us have ever | NEW &NOTEWORTHY |
222523_0 | LEAD: A 97-ROOM condominium hotel is rising in this rapidly growing suburb of Burlington, Vermont's largest city, as part of the first phase of the ongoing Lang Farm development. A 97-ROOM condominium hotel is rising in this rapidly growing suburb of Burlington, Vermont's largest city, as part of the first phase of the ongoing Lang Farm development. While only 11 single-family houses and an 83,000-square-foot shopping center have been built there, the 500-acre former dairy farm is likely to become the nexus for growth; a four-lane highway designed to bypass some of the area's busier intersections will include an interchange in the center of the project. Road construction is to begin in 1991. John Lang, whose grandfather bought the land in 1919, said local and state approvals have been obtained for 82 single-family homes, a post office for the Town of Essex and an additional 106,000 square feet of retail space. Over the next 20 years Mr. Lang plans to build a 140-unit retirement community, a park for light industry and about 120 more houses. Essex, a town of about 15,000 people, is eight miles from Burlington and Lake Champlain and even closer to such major employers as I.B.M. in neighboring Essex Junction and Digital Equipment in nearby South Burlington. Within a 45-minute drive south and east are a half-dozen ski resorts. The location - close to work and play - is one of the prime selling points behind the hotel project. The $11.3 million hotel, whose owners bought the site's 18 acres from the Lang family, is to open July 1. It is being built by the HEF Partnership, a Vermont general partnership consisting of Hawk Mountain Corporation, a longtime resort developer; Essex Management Corporation, founded by a local businessman, and Frog City Limited, a group of investors, mainly from Connecticut. Rates will be from $97 to $124. The rooms are for sale for $97,000 to $124,000. The hotel, with a white clapboard exterior and 46 dormer windows, is at the end of a traditional town green. There are two three-story colonial-style buildings connected by an underground passageway that will double as an art gallery. The architect was Julian Goodrich. The main building has 72 rooms, 30 with fireplaces, and a 60-seat restaurant and more informal cafe. The second building will have conference and banquet rooms as well as 25 rooms for guests. | NATIONAL NOTEBOOK: Essex, Vt.; For Starters, A Condo Hotel |
222602_8 | ''but we are justified in making the broad equation: as Le Havre displaced Marseilles, so Constable displaced Poussin.'' In defining the shift of interest among French artists from the south to the north, the remark is fundamentally true, but Poussin remained a major presence in French art throughout the second half of the 19th century. He is there in Manet's and Degas's awareness of the narrative weight of every pictorial detail. He is there in the way these artists present clues and tell stories. He is also there in their sense of the weight of that which can not be overcome. The Impressionist sense of fate certainly owes something to an awareness of the consequences of the change they enthusiastically endorsed. Their experience of both sides of their age helps explain why the line between radical and conservative finally breaks down in their art. In the seventh and last chapter, ''At the Seaside.'' Mr. Herbert discusses Monet's beach paintings in the context of the rise of tourism, the development of resorts like Deauville, Sainte Adresse and Trouville and their effect on the traditions and citizens of Normandy. For developing the seacoast, as with developing the suburbs of Paris, there was a huge human price. For every new pleasure site that captured the imagination and money of the Parisians, people were uprooted. The 1867 ''Beach at Sainte Adresse,'' with its high, cloudy sky and group of fishermen standing around quietly chatting on the sand, looks like your standard picturesque seascape. But the pictorial geometry is meticulously contrived, and the center of the painting is not the site and its inhabitants but two tourists sitting down, pointing at the sailboats that have just left shore. The fishermen and tourists have as little to do with each other as the fishing boats and sailboats. Although the visitors are tiny, the painting - and now even the place itself - seems to revolve around them. The Impressionists were radical artists. They undercut the Academy. They identified themselves with the explosive changes in 19th-century France and documented some of the most telling features of modern Parisian life. The best of them seem to have held all the excitement and conflict in their incisive and ebullient brushes. But these artists also encouraged change. Wherever they went, the places became more expensive and more desirable, in part because they had been there. By painting modern life in | Impressionism Revisited: Context Is King |
222643_0 | LEAD: Tourist Rates To Go Up In China Tourist Rates To Go Up In China China's State Tourism Administration has announced steps to improve the quality of tour guide service and plans to standardize hotel ratings over the next two years. As a result of these changes, tourists are likely to have to pay more for their visits to China this year. While more hotels are being built, service and accommodation vary widely. The State Tourism Administration will set up a system for rating the country's 1,300 hotels for foreigners, a process that began in Guang-zhou last September. In Beijing, the classification should be complete by the end of this year. Implementing the system nationwide, however, will take at least a couple of years. The tourism administration also announced that this month China's 20,000 tourist guides will be required to pass a nationwide qualification exam to remain eligible as official guides. These improvements, along with the general rise in prices, however, will mean that tourists may pay 10 percent more than last year for their stay in China. The China International Travel Service, the state tour agent for foreign travelers, says total costs to American tourists would rise only about 7 percent. While the cost of intracity transportation, such as taxis and tour buses, may rise as much as 20 percent, the costs of tour guide service and train fare between cities will remain the same as last year. Meals booked through the agency, not including breakfast, will rise about 10 percent. The travel service said it is not yet clear how much prices may increase for hotels or plane tickets. Nile River Low But Some Boats Can Navigate It As a result of the drought in Africa, the low level of the Nile beneath the Aswan Dam has made the river nearly impassable by boat. Lake Nasser is at its lowest level since the construction of the Aswan High Dam, with water being released only for spring and fall planting. Recent rainfall on the upper reaches of the river has increased the water level, but one travel company offering boat trips on the Nile has estimated that it may take as long as six years before the 300-mile-long Lake Nasser returns to the level that made the lower stretches of the river navigable by steamers. Some boats have now been built that can make the journey at lower water | TRAVEL ADVISORY |
222439_3 | no longer accept glass or metal food containers, newspaper, cardboard, office paper, used engine oil, vehicle batteries, yard waste and scrap metal. Other categories could be placed on the list, including plastic containers, scrap tires and dry cell batteries. The rules are likely to become tougher. Last week, several legislators sponsored a bill for a surcharge on newsprint, razors and wasteful packaging. Centers for Processing The state has provided funds for Intermediate Processing Centers, which will receive recyclable materials, sort them and ship them to users. Newspaper, for example, will be sent to de-inking plants. One center is nearing operation. The Southeastern Connecticut Regional Resources Recovery Authority is using a $340,000 state grant to convert the former Groton center to a regional plant. When it opens this month, the center will accept 40 tons of materials a day from more than 20 towns. Branford is paying the center $6,700 a year. Recycling, however, has created some problems. Towns that were once paid $10 a ton for newspaper are paying up to $20 a ton to have it hauled, because of a glut. Ms. Hagar said that the markets for glass and metal were much stronger and that as manufacturers saw the supply would be steady, the demand for recycled newspaper would increase. Garden State Paper Inc. of New Jersey has said it would build a de-inking plant in New England if it could be guaranteed a supply of old newspapers, Ms. Hagar said. Profit Is Not the Goal Even if it cost a few dollars a ton to recycle newspaper, she added, that was still cheaper than the $80 a ton some towns pay to dump trash at incinerators. ''People are still thinking of recycling as Boy Scouts and paper drives,'' Ms. Hall said. ''But it has become an integral part of solid-waste management. ''You don't expect your sewage plant to make money. You don't expect your trash incinerator to make money. And you shouldn't expect recycling to make money. The idea is for it to cost less than other methods of disposal.'' Ms. Hall said Branford bought a 10-acre tract on Main Street for $1.3 million for a transfer station and composting plant. Changes in Schedules In November 1986, a poll asked whether town residents would like a waste-to-energy plant, an idea that was overwhelmingly unpopular. But residents said, 3,355 to 514, that they would support recycling. Starting March | Towns Are Adding Required Recycling |
222620_0 | LEAD: The corporate and Wall Street communities are wrestling not only with the issue of profitability, but also with the more difficult and subtle issue of ethical behavior. A number of tools have been designed to bring ethics to the forefront of business development training. The corporate and Wall Street communities are wrestling not only with the issue of profitability, but also with the more difficult and subtle issue of ethical behavior. A number of tools have been designed to bring ethics to the forefront of business development training. But can business ethics be taught? Judging from current trends and from the amount of money now being thrown at the problem, some people must believe so. Prestigious academic institutions - starting with Harvard University, the Massachusetts Institute of Technology and Georgia Tech - have picked up the challenge. We are tired, these institutions seem to imply, of hearing about so many of our graduates going the wrong way. As a result, the curriculums at these and other universities are brimming with topics related to ethical standards, ethical behavior and the difference between good and evil. In order to bring ethical issues directly to people in business - and to teach moral choices - we, at the Center for International Leadership, designed a program composed of readings, discussions and periods of reflection on ethical questions that people have been dealing with from time immemorial. The program is not necessarily designed to bring the participants to a clear conclusion. Ancient and recent history serve as a background demonstrating a continuity of the ethical problems themselves. For example, some of the groups focus on the ethical conundrums of Abraham Lincoln, and then try to relate them to their own business lives. Specifically, we show how Lincoln was caught between the need to win the Civil War and save the Union, and his own strong conviction that slavery was basically immoral. But Lincoln, in a letter to the publisher, Horace Greeley, stated that saving the union, not ending slavery, was his first priority. Does this mean he had a dual moral standard? Lincoln is joined during the discussions by Plato, Aristotle, the Chinese philosophers and the voices of the Old and New Testaments. And modern thinkers are added who bring together the moral dilemmas of our generation: Martin Luther King's challenge to unjust laws; Milton Friedman's admonishment of the business community for limiting its | Yes, Socrates, Ethics Can Be Taught |
222765_0 | LEAD: ACROSS much of the United States, trash is still disposed of in the old-fashioned way, with bulldozers and open landfills. But the metropolitan areas of the Northeast were forced by geography to move farther and faster toward large-scale incineration and, more recently, recycling. ACROSS much of the United States, trash is still disposed of in the old-fashioned way, with bulldozers and open landfills. But the metropolitan areas of the Northeast were forced by geography to move farther and faster toward large-scale incineration and, more recently, recycling. In the 1970's, waste-to-energy projects were greeted as the ideal solution to overflowing landfills: Their extra-high temperatures and aerating devices would reduce a mountain of garbage to a mere hillock of ash, and the energy they generated would help pay operating costs. There were years of environmental, technical and political problems, some still unresolved. But Connecticut, for one, is now putting 60 percent of its garbage through waste-to-energy incinerators. New York and New Jersey are just a year or two behind. Now the next generation of problems is cropping up. In comprehensive waste management plans adopted in the last two years, each state has tacitly acknowledged that its multimillion-dollar commitment to incineration is not a complete answer. Each proposes to recycle at least a quarter of what is now burned, and to build safer landfills to hold what won't burn at all. The goal is not just to find better ways of trash disposal, but to deal with the problems that the current methods have created. A complication, environmentalists and researchers say, is that the problems are changing about as fast as the technology itself. The waste-to-energy incinerators, which are just about the only kind being built today in the country, largely met one environmental objection by using smokestack bags and scrubbers to capture airborne pollutants. But the pollutants wind up in the ash residue, making it more toxic than anticipated. So universities and some companies are looking for ways to purify the ash. ''There's a learning curve here that everyone has to move along, and there will be mistakes,'' said Dr. George A. Hoag, director of the Environmental Research Institute at the University of Connecticut. ''But you just have to keep on going.'' FROM THE INFERNO, ASH THE leftovers have leftovers. The average New York household throws out 18 pounds of trash each day; even the 1,800-degree furnace of a waste-to-energy plant | Why the Garbage Is Never Really Gone |
252948_1 | than the old ideological theories with a simple formula of defining the enemy and opposing him. They are coming into mainstream politics now, not only in established democracies but in countries like Hungary, Poland, even the Soviet Union. The pattern has been to take up environmental questions, inevitably linked to third-world economic and population growth as well as to wanton habits of industrialized countries, in a fragmented way. The greenhouse effect, toxic waste, desertification, destruction of forests inevitably require confronting highly contentious trade-offs that politicians have only been facing at the margin of conflicting pressures. Bringing these issues, which once seemed exotic or futuristic, into the central debate for voter decision is the new task for responsible politicians. It won't be easy, but it is the only way to get effective action. I was struck by the approach of Senator Albert Gore, the Tennessee Democrat, in a recent speech to the National Academy of Sciences. He asked, ''Do we need a crisis before we can start?'' And he pointed out that it often takes a long time before a gradually mounting menace evokes response, as in the case of Hitler, for example. But drawing on his own large experience of strategic arms control, he said global environment should be seen as a national security issue. Allocating resources to ward off disaster, rather than waiting to repair or overcome what has already gone wrong, has been accepted in the field of defense to prevent war. It can also be understood in the field of protecting our natural heritage from surprise attack, if leaders are able to explain that surprise comes only from neglecting to prepare. Since he was speaking to scientists, Mr. Gore used an elegant simile to Einstein's theory of relativity. ''Time is relative in politics as in science,'' he said, shaped by the gravitational pull of massive catastrophe in the past or the identifiable future. ''The problem in organizing our response'' to the environmental threat (for example, ''one Tennessee's worth of forest destroyed every year'') is that ''the worst effects seem far off in the future, and they are so unprece-dented that they defy common sense. While right now, in the present, millions of people are suffering in poverty and dying of starvation, warfare and preventable diseases.'' The task is to make clear that the apocalypse, as with nuclear war, must be deterred with measures taken now or the | Environment Is Security |
250395_0 | LEAD: Doctors and medical researchers are expressing concern that many clinical studies have never been published because they produced negative results. They warned that this practice has deprived physicians of information crucial to proper treatment of patients. Doctors and medical researchers are expressing concern that many clinical studies have never been published because they produced negative results. They warned that this practice has deprived physicians of information crucial to proper treatment of patients. The researchers said at a meeting here that scientists and journals have a bias against publishing results that, for example, are inconclusive or that show a therapy does not have the theorized benefits. As an example of the adverse consequences of not publishing such findings, Dr. Iain Chalmers, a British researcher, noted that obstetricians throughout the world used to confine healthy women bearing twins to bed in a hospital for the last weeks of their pregnancy in an effort to prevent premature births. Research in Zimbabwe Then, in 1977, three British obstetricians practicing in Zimbabwe found that the customary bed rest probably had the opposite effect, causing premature births. After the doctors reported the findings to colleagues at a local meeting, local practice changed immediately; women pregnant with twins were told to carry on with normal activity. But the Zimbabwe doctors did not go on to publish their results, and obstetricians elsewhere continued their customary therapy at great inconvenience, cost and risk to the women and their families. Only after Dr. Chalmers learned about the study on a visit to Zimbabwe in 1984 and assisted the obstetricians in their analysis were the findings reported in the Lancet in 1985. The meeting here, sponsored by the American Medical Association, was called to discuss the broader topic of peer review, in which research results are reviewed by other scientists before publication in some journals. In discussing the bias against publishing negative results, Dr. Kay Dickersin of the University of Maryland said that it could lead to ''dangerous conclusions'' about treatments. Dr. Chalmers cited a study of the treatment of ovarian cancer. Dr. John Simes, an Australian researcher, showed that while published trials led to the conclusion that one treatment regimen was clearly superior to another, a similar analysis that included unpublished studies did not show clear differences. Dr. Chalmers did a survey of 42,000 obstetricians and pediatricians in 18 countries that identified hundreds of unpublished studies in perinatology, the | Doctors Concerned About Unpublished Results |
250423_0 | LEAD: This is one of the last frontiers of American settlement, a barren place populated by crickets, lizards and rattlesnakes, where the wind bends the Joshua trees and sings in the electric lines along a lonely two-lane highway. This is one of the last frontiers of American settlement, a barren place populated by crickets, lizards and rattlesnakes, where the wind bends the Joshua trees and sings in the electric lines along a lonely two-lane highway. Here at the intersection of Avenue D and 170th Street West, roads that seem to come from nowhere and to lead nowhere, is the future downtown of what developers say will be the self-contained community of California Springs, complete with shopping malls, an industrial park, a golf course and a recreational lake. Nearly worthless desert lots that were once sold here in sight-unseen confidence games have suddenly taken on new value as developers seek solutions to the congestion and pollution that are choking urban areas. ''We're filling in the blanks on the map - there aren't too many of them left,'' said a planner with Watt Industries Inc., a member of a consortium of developers that is creating California Springs. The first of a projected population of 35,000 households is scheduled to take up residence by 1992 in the proposed new town, 95 miles north of Los Angeles. The town is part of a recent resurgence of the 1960's idea of self-contained communities, in which local industries and recreational sites provide magnets to residents. Similar areas have been planned or developed south of Los Angeles as well as in Nevada and Arizona, according to developers. The Southern California Association of Governments has estimated that the region's population of 13 million, which is surpassed only by those of the states of New York, Texas and California itself, will increase by five million in the next two decades. Existing urban areas are already strained beyond capacity, and Los Angeles is struggling to put drastic measures into effect in an effort to curb pollution. ''The problem is how to meet the growing demand for affordable housing with no land available,'' said Jean Marie Gath, the leading planner for the SWA Group, a Los Angeles-based company that is developing the town plan. ''There are very few areas left with these large tracts of land.'' One solution, she said, is to ''infill'' urban areas with denser construction. But with California | Antelope Valley Journal; Urban Sprawl Has Plans For a Move to the Desert |
252628_6 | build a constellation of eight ''microsats,'' extremely small ultra-high-frequency communication satellites meant to relay data. These are to be launched on the second Pegasus flight, now scheduled for October. More recently, the Navy has joined the field, starting construction of four 150-pound satellites scheduled to be launched this fall. The craft are to explore the feasibility of small-scale telecommunications, data recording, reconnaissance, and pinpointing of radio frequency interference. Like the military, commercial users are starting to explore small satellites for communications, remote sensing of the Earth and the processing of materials like space crystals. For instance, Ball Aerospace is working on a new generation of small communication satellites that would orbit 22,300 miles above the earth. One version, the BGS-100 satellite, would weigh about 300 pounds and cost as little as $5 million. Conventional communication satellites can weigh tons and cost $100 million or more. Responding to Customer Demand The small satellite, although it could not achieve the long lifetimes or economies of scale of larger craft, would have increased flexibility to meet changing markets, said James R. Stuart, chief scientist for the space systems division of Ball Aerospace, based in Boulder, Colo. Large satellites with lifetimes of 10 or 15 years often go only partly used. For example, some use frequencies that were up to date when they were launched but later became outdated. Others cover areas like Europe, which has so many satellites over it that communication channels go unused; meanwhile, some countries without the money to launch large satellites have inadequate communication facilities. Further, smaller satellites can better respond to rapid shifts in technology and customer demand. NASA has also recently entered the field, last year calling for proposals for scientific satellites in a program known as the small explorer. The goal is to develop and launch the craft within three years of project approval, a rapid pace compared with big NASA projects. Ross M. Jones, a spacecraft systems engineer at NASA's Jet Propulsion Laboratory in Pasadena, Calif., said that in the near future ''very advanced technology'' will allow the construction of even tinier satellites, perhaps weighing 25 pounds or less. Clusters of four of these satellites, he said, could map the charged particle environment around Earth, while a fleet of 24 could exhaustively map the magnetic fields and charged particles around the sun. ''The technology isn't available yet,'' Dr. Jones said, ''but it's around the corner.'' | For Cheap, Versatile Spacecraft, Designers Discover Less Is More |
254518_0 | LEAD: France today confirmed a report that it had received technical help from the United States in its nuclear weapons program, but stressed that its nuclear deterrent remained totally independent. France today confirmed a report that it had received technical help from the United States in its nuclear weapons program, but stressed that its nuclear deterrent remained totally independent. ''The exchange of technical information with the United States does not indicate any dependence of French nuclear forces, in any of their component parts, on foreign technologies,'' the Defense Ministry said in a statement. ''They have no effect on the independence of French decision-making when it comes to putting into action forces which depend exclusively on the President of the republic.'' The ministry was responding to an article in the quarterly Foreign Policy asserting that the United States had secretly helped the French nuclear weapons program for the last 15 years. The article was written by Richard H. Ullman, an authority on international affairs. | France Confirms U.S. Helped Its Nuclear Weapons Project |
248154_0 | LEAD: The accidents at Three Mile Island and Chernobyl have set back the nuclear industry in many nations, but not in France, where reactors supply 70 percent of the electricity, the highest proportion in the world. The United States figure is 18 percent. The accidents at Three Mile Island and Chernobyl have set back the nuclear industry in many nations, but not in France, where reactors supply 70 percent of the electricity, the highest proportion in the world. The United States figure is 18 percent. No American utility has ordered a reactor in 10 years, and no orders are likely soon because conservation, coal and natural gas are more economical. By the end of next year, the number of nuclear reactors in service in the United States is expected to peak at about 113, and then begin a slow decline as some are retired. France has 47, including an advanced breeder reactor. Eight more are being built, and officials say ground will be broken for four in the 1990's. Remy Carle, the assistant director general of Electricite de France, the French national utility, was in the United States last month to attend ceremonies marking the 50th anniversary of nuclear fission. Q. Why is France still building reactors while the rest of the world is not? A. Japan also has a nuclear program, probably for the same reason as we do, because they have no domestic resources in the ground. I don't say that nuclear energy is a religion; it's a way of producing electricity. Some countries have abundant coal or hydropower. We have some, and we want to use a mix of these different sources. I meet many utilities in the world -German, British, American. The great majority of them would like to continue with nuclear energy. We export about 10 percent of our electricity to neighboring countries. Those people recognize by this fact that our electricity is cheaper than the electricity they can produce by their own means. Q. Why is it easier to build in France? A. The nuclear issue in France was never a political one. The left side of the political scene and the right side were both, for different reasons, convinced about the necessity of nuclear energy. No politician was inclined to take this as the way of winning a battle. Certainly the fact that you have a Federal-state system is not good for nuclear | France Stands by Nuclear Power |
246057_0 | LEAD: With everyone casting about for explanations for last month's gang assault on a jogger in Central Park, attention has, as usual, turned to television, which often receives a share of the blame for dismaying social ailments, including crime, illiteracy and general sloth. The blame-television-first reaction is instantaneous, like pressing the buzzer on a game show before the other contestants. With everyone casting about for explanations for last month's gang assault on a jogger in Central Park, attention has, as usual, turned to television, which often receives a share of the blame for dismaying social ailments, including crime, illiteracy and general sloth. The blame-television-first reaction is instantaneous, like pressing the buzzer on a game show before the other contestants. In a fairly common observation, for example, Lisa Whitten, who is on the national board of the Association of Black Psychologists, said the youths ''had fantasies in their minds of being like those on television, the ones who shoot people, who are powerful, macho, aggressive, strong.'' But what hard evidence is there that television may have played a part in the teen-age ''wilding'' that culminated in the rape and beating that left a 28-year-old investment banker in a coma. The responses of several professional television watchers tell more about their general concerns about the effects of the medium than about what happened in Central Park. All made plain that they knew no more about the youths charged with the crime than other viewers of news programs and readers of newspapers. Still, some were willing to speculate. ''It depends on how much faith you want to put in theory,'' said George Comstock, S. I. Newhouse professor of communications at Syracuse University. ''At the least, there is clear-cut evidence of a low-level but consistent correlation between violent shows and behavior like name-calling and interpersonal aggression.'' Although studies are scarce on the connection between television watching and anything approaching the viciousness of the Central Park attack, Professor Comstock holds that ''a good prima facie case'' can be made that action shows do stimulate aggression. It is not that just watching them drives anyone to go out and commit a violent act; in fact, it may be that violence-prone people seek out violent entertainment. But, he ventured, it does seem that ''once a kid gets started, he may follow a model suggested by the shows.'' Taking care to stress the tentativeness of any suggested connection, | Critic's Notebook; Television and the Attack in Central Park |
246049_3 | movement could be aborted in disillusionment if the market fails to expand. Others say that if a steady, stable supply of high-quality recyclable materials is achieved, the market will respond and industry's investment in recycling will grow. If it does, experts say, environmental pollution would be reduced and the country would reap great savings of natural resources, energy and money. Many other nations have long since discovered and acted on this. But despite appeals by environmentalists in the 1970's for the nation to come to grips with the debris of affluence, the country failed to develop an integrated structure for recycling. Now the country's solid-waste management system ''is in a state of transformation,'' says John F. Ruston, the chief specialist on recycling of the Environmental Defense Fund, a nonprofit advocacy organization. Landfills Are Filling Up The impetus is the growing crisis that is forcing local governments to close landfills as they fill up. More than a third of the landfills will be full in two or three years, according to the Environmental Protection Agency. Local governments are having to bear soaring costs, now up to $100 a ton and rising, to truck waste elsewhere, often hundreds of miles away, to dump or incinerate it. The result is that economics is forcing the country to face up to recycling in a way idealism could not. A broad consensus among government, industry and environmentalists now places recycling at the top of a hierarchy of measures that, taken together, make up what is widely referred to as a developing new strategy of ''integrated solid waste management.'' In this strategy, which has been officially adopted by the E.P.A. as a national approach, recycling is the preferred method of dealing with trash, along with an overall reduction in the amount of waste through such measures as re-use of products, selective buying habits and redesign of packaging. For waste that cannot be recycled, incineration in modern ''combustors'' that minimize pollution is the preferred option. Landfills, the keystone of waste disposal in this country for decades, are now considered a last resort. What happens immediately after recyclable materials leave curbside is crucial to producing the high-quality materials that industry will accept. When the materials are picked up, they typically have been separated by householders into groups of three or so: perhaps newspapers in one group, other waste paper in a second, and glass, metal and plastic containers | When the Trash Leaves the Curb: New Methods Improve Recycling |
246049_4 | dump or incinerate it. The result is that economics is forcing the country to face up to recycling in a way idealism could not. A broad consensus among government, industry and environmentalists now places recycling at the top of a hierarchy of measures that, taken together, make up what is widely referred to as a developing new strategy of ''integrated solid waste management.'' In this strategy, which has been officially adopted by the E.P.A. as a national approach, recycling is the preferred method of dealing with trash, along with an overall reduction in the amount of waste through such measures as re-use of products, selective buying habits and redesign of packaging. For waste that cannot be recycled, incineration in modern ''combustors'' that minimize pollution is the preferred option. Landfills, the keystone of waste disposal in this country for decades, are now considered a last resort. What happens immediately after recyclable materials leave curbside is crucial to producing the high-quality materials that industry will accept. When the materials are picked up, they typically have been separated by householders into groups of three or so: perhaps newspapers in one group, other waste paper in a second, and glass, metal and plastic containers in a third. Newly Emerging Technology As municipal composting programs gain in popularity, some communities are requiring that grass cuttings and other yard waste also be separated. To require householders to do more, experts are concluding, risks losing their cooperation. Among the technologies now emerging to handle the next step in the process is the one introduced last week in Rhode Island. Designed and operated by a Massachusetts company, New England CRInc., in conjunction with Maschinenfabrik Bezner, a West German affiliate, the system processes more than 80 tons a day of mixed recyclables, using six workers. This and other kinds of processing centers are being built, or will be, in a number of states. The technology of plastics recycling has lagged behind that of other recyclable materials, but strides are being made. The Center for Plastics Research at Rutgers University, for instance, has developed an automated system that converts plastic soft-drink bottles and milk jugs back to raw material from which products ranging from park benches and fence posts to paintbrush bristles and carpet backing are made. The system is being licensed for use by communities in Ohio and New Jersey, and by a number of localities abroad. Economic Incentive | When the Trash Leaves the Curb: New Methods Improve Recycling |
246055_0 | LEAD: IN seeking to explain the savage pack attack in Central Park last month, anthropologists and sociologists who have studied East Harlem outline a chilling picture of how the street culture there could have fostered a rampage that otherwise appears senseless. IN seeking to explain the savage pack attack in Central Park last month, anthropologists and sociologists who have studied East Harlem outline a chilling picture of how the street culture there could have fostered a rampage that otherwise appears senseless. For the most part, the residents and young people of East Harlem, where the suspects in the rape and assaults live, are conscientious, law-abiding citizens, more the victims of crime than the perpetrators of it. But hanging over the community, experts say, is an element of lawlessness that is increasingly out of control. The researchers describe a neighborhood where extreme violence is common, where the power balance has shifted from adults toward teen-agers because of the drug trade, where loosely organized ''posses'' can fall under the sway of a few uncontrolled leaders, and where the contrast between the haves and the have-nots slaps at the community every day. Citizens throughout New York and elsewhere, including East Harlem, were stunned when a marauding pack of teen-agers swept though Central Park the night of April 19, attacking at least nine people, including a jogger whom they raped and beat until she was comatose. The attacks have baffled many people because the teen-agers apparently were not using drugs at the time, most did not have criminal records, at least some were from families that cared and watched over them, and they stole nothing more than a sandwich from their victims. But sociologists and anthropologists say the attack may have emerged from several underlying currents in the community. One is the underground drug economy, which has permeated every aspect of East Harlem life and put more power in the hands of teen-agers. Although there have always been drugs in the neighborhood, the crack epidemic has changed the frequency and the nature of the crimes. ''There has been an extraordinary resurgance of violence since crack,'' said Philippe Bourgois, an assistant professor of anthropology at San Francisco State University who is living in East Harlem to study life there. ''Violence is up throughout the community and the types of crimes that are committed are more violent.'' In addition, he said, with crack as opposed to | Grim Seeds of Park Rampage Found in East Harlem Streets |
254732_2 | I am less enthusiastic but have an open mind.'' Dr. Miller cautioned that he did not want to alarm or mislead anyone. ''For most asthmatics, these are nonissues,'' he said. But if parents notice that an asthmatic child has become despondent or hopeless, he said, ''I would become alert to the possibility of an asthma attack, get help and watch the child closely. ''It is unlikely that the child will die,'' he added, ''but the parents should recognize there are risk factors that predispose the child to asthma attack.'' Other specialists say they find the results intriguing. ''There are certainly psychological and physiological factors that seem to put children at risk'' for asthma, said Dr. Thomas J. Fischer, director of the division of allergy and immunology at Cincinnati Children's Hospital. ''In my own experience of kids who died from asthma, there was usually a disrupted home situation or the attack was so intense that they died before they could get help.'' But Dr. Fischer said it is hard to know whether depression or family disruption is a cause or effect of severe asthma. Dr. Strunk said that depression often stems from the fact that severely asthmatic children have inescapable problems. They miss school, cannot participate in many activities and often feel isolated. Moreover, the asthma drugs often produce side effects, including delayed puberty, osteoporosis and puffy, moon-shaped faces. Some children seem to give up hope, he said. They stop taking medicine and delay treatment when they fall ill. Such neglect increases the possibility that a severe attack might be fatal and swift. Maintaining Balance Dr. Miller takes this argument one step further. His theory is based on a model of how the nervous system maintains its balance. Many important bodily functions that are not under conscious control, like respiration, heart rate, core temperature and digestion, are governed by the autonomic nervous system, which works via parallel pathways. One pathway, the sympathetic nervous system, speeds the heart, opens lung airways, slows digestion and raises body temperature among other things. The second pathway, the parasympathetic nervous system, slows the heart, closes airways, speeds digestion and lowers temperature. The two pathways are in a constant balancing act, Dr. Miller said. When a person is startled, the sympathetic nervous system is put into high gear. Certain chemicals stimulate the heart and produce other changes that allow that person to run from danger or to | New Research Links Depression With Asthma Deaths in Children |
254657_0 | LEAD: After an attempted hijacking of an American Airlines jet, the authorities are asking how a Cuban exile wearing green military fatigues and a bomber-style jacket and carrying a starter's pistol and two knives was able to elude X-ray devices and other security measures at Los Angeles International Airport After an attempted hijacking of an American Airlines jet, the authorities are asking how a Cuban exile wearing green military fatigues and a bomber-style jacket and carrying a starter's pistol and two knives was able to elude X-ray devices and other security measures at Los Angeles International Airport Saturday. ''He boarded Flight 30 in Los Angeles, and that's where we should have caught him,'' said Ed Martelle, an American Airlines spokesman, from the company's headquarters in Dallas. ''We're very concerned about it because up to this point Los Angeles has been our best security section,'' Mr. Martelle said. ''So, as a starting point we have to look at if it was possible for him to get by our screeners without them noticing.'' Said He Carried Bomb The authorities say Pedro Rene Comas-Banos, 37 years old, flew the first leg of his journey to Dallas, then transferred to a Miami-bound flight. ''After the flight left the ground on its way to Miami, he produced a demand note and said he wanted to be taken to Havana,'' said William Gavin, a Federal Bureau of Investigation agent. Mr. Comas-Banos, speaking Spanish, told the flight crew he was carrying a bomb in a duffel bag that actually contained the gun of the type used to start races, two small knives and a pair of scissors. The pilot of the Boeing 727 with 157 people aboard started toward Cuba but returned to Miami after telling Mr. Comas-Banos the jet was running out of fuel. Ninety minutes after Flight 1098 parked in a remote corner of Miami International Airport, Mr. Comas-Banos surrendered. He was charged with air piracy and was jailed at the Federal Metropolitan Correctional Center south of Miami pending a hearing Tuesday. The maximum penalty for air piracy is life in prison, Mr. Gavin said. Security Had Been Tightened Security at the Los Angeles airport was tightened in December 1987 after David Burke, a recently dismissed USAir employee, boarded a Pacific Southwest Airlines jet and opened fire in the cabin and cockpit. The jet bound for San Francisco plummeted to earth, killing all 43 people | Hijacking Raises New Questions On Los Angeles Airport's Security |
254601_1 | the past, cases like these would have been normal,'' said Carmen Martinez Ten, head of the Government's Institute of Women. ''But this time there was an outcry. Society is no longer willing to accept them because, over the past 10 years, we've seen a revolution in the role of women here.'' If anything, in fact, as throwbacks to a not-too-distant past when church and state conspired to limit the rights of women, the court controversies underlined just how dramatically Spanish society has changed since the death of Franco augured the return of democracy here in 1975. ''Of all these extraordinary changes, the most important has been in the role of women,'' Amando de Miguel, a well-known sociologist, said. ''Today Spain is no longer a country where women dressed in black stream out of church. Women are now prominent in almost every walk of life.'' The emancipation of women is not yet complete. Feminists recognize the two recent court cases as untypical, but they point to continuing restrictions on a woman's right to have an abortion and note that the unemployment rate among women is twice that among men and that the average wage for women is 82 percent that for men. Women's New Attitudes But they also concede that huge progress has been made. ''Women have new attitudes, new roles, even a new physical appearance,'' said Cristina Alberdi Alonso, the first woman ever to be appointed to the 21-member General Council for Judicial Power. ''Women approach society with greater confidence these days.'' The first stage of the revolution involved adjusting the country's laws to the new rights enshrined in the 1978 Constitution. For example, divorce and family planning were legalized and women were given equal authority with their husbands over their children. They were allowed to join the armed forces and were no longer required to obtain their husbands' permission to open a bank account. Despite objections from the Roman Catholic Church, a 1986 law also authorized abortions in cases where the fetus is damaged, where pregnancy is a result of rape and where a woman's physical or psychological health are threatened. Efforts to permit social and economic conditions to justify an abortion, though, are still resisted by anti-abortion groups. Outside the country's legal framework, changes in the role of women have been even more far-reaching, affecting education, the workplace, politics and the family. ''The first woman only entered university | Women to the Fore! (What Would Franco Say?) |
247478_1 | a significantly higher risk of breast cancer, a new study suggests. Young women who take birth control pills for more than four years run a significantly higher risk of breast cancer, a new study suggests. Researchers in England reported that among women 35 or younger, they had found a 43 percent increase in the risk of breast cancer after four years of pill use and a 74 percent increase after pill use for eight years. The researchers, whose study was published today in the medical journal The Lancet, urged doctors to tell women of the possible risks before prescribing oral contraceptives, but they did not advocate avoiding them. An author of the study, Clair Chilvers of the Institute of Cancer Research in London, advised women to seek out the lowest-dose pill available and use it for the shortest possible time. The researchers said the study was the most comprehensive examination of the pill and breast cancer ever undertaken in Britain. Earlier Studies Clashed Earlier studies on the relationship between the pill and breast cancer have conflicted. Last January a United States Food and Drug Administration committee of experts declared that recent research was inconclusive. Two British groups, the Family Planning Association and National Association of Planning Doctors, said the new study ''does not clarify the continuing debate about the pill and breast cancer risks.'' The two organizations said women now taking the pill who are concerned about these findings should discuss their cases with their doctors. The organizations said the risks had to be balanced against the pill's benefits in protecting women against ovarian and other cancers. The authors of the new study said the risks had to be kept in perspective. ''Breast cancer is uncommon below age 36, the age group that was studied,'' they said. ''Only one woman in 500 develops the disease before age 36, so even a 70 percent increase in risk would only put the chances of developing breast cancer by this age up to about one in 300.'' Those Who Participated The British study involved 755 British women under 36 who were found to have breast cancer in the period from early 1982 through the end of 1985, and an equal number of similar, cancer-free women. The researchers, from Oxford University and two leading British cancer charities, said they were undertaking a study on women 36 to 45 ''to help resolve this vital issue.'' | New Link Between Pill and Cancer Reported |
253879_0 | LEAD: The Sungene Technologies Corporation of San Jose, Calif., won patent approval for a recipe of nutrients to help breed higher-yielding corn. The Sungene Technologies Corporation of San Jose, Calif., won patent approval for a recipe of nutrients to help breed higher-yielding corn. The recipe is used to promote somaclonal variation, the method of growing plants from a speck of tissue in a Petri dish. The advantage of such breeding is that the shoots develop many genetic variations, which can then be selected and crossbred to form new plant varieties more quickly than through traditional breeding. Sungene executives said the new recipe produced much more variation in cell cultures than previous recipes, and had been effective with two of the most important kinds of corn. The patent describes mixtures of mineral salt, vitamins, sugar and two kinds of plant growth hormone. Kelly R. Close, a former Sungene researcher, received patent 4,830,966. | Patents; A Recipe to Breed Higher-Yield Corn |
250161_1 | anemia and sexually transmitted diseases. Programs in Chicago and Washington hope to reach these women, and consequently their babies, in time. Chicago has one of the highest infant mortality rates in the country. In 1987, the figures were 16.6 deaths for every 1,000 live births, or 914 deaths out of 55,216 live births. There were nearly 23 deaths per 1,000 births among blacks. 'Right From the Start' Now health officials here have joined with corporate sponsors in a campaign to bring women into prenatal care earlier. The program, ''Beautiful Babies . . . Right from the Start,'' offers pregnant women a coupon book with $600 in discounts on baby-care goods, vitamins, maternity clothes, furniture, diapers, toys and services like classes, haircuts and car rentals. The coupons can be redeemed at stores only after being stamped by a doctor after the woman's monthly prenatal visit. While the campaign is open to every pregnant woman, the groups considered to be at highest risk are poor, black or Hispanic mothers, under 15 or over 35 years old, drug or alcohol abusers and those who have had a previous child born weighing less than five and a half pounds. The program, which began in Chicago in January, made its first appearance two years ago in Washington. Jerry Wishnow, a Boston-based promoter of public-service projects, proposed the campaign to combat infant mortality in the United States, where the rate is 10 deaths per 1,000 live births, higher than in 18 other industrialized nations. The campaign is sponsored by the University of Chicago hospitals, some corporate and foundation donors and WBBM-TV, which has donated programming about the importance of prenatal care and the availability of the coupon books. The Chicago Tribune also published a supplement dealing with the program. The booklets are available at drugstores and medical clinics and can be ordered by phone. Besides the coupons, they contain emergency telephone numbers, information about nutrition and community services and explanations of what to expect in pregnancy. Filling a Need for Education So far, there have been 41,000 requests for the coupon books, and 7,000 doctors have asked for the stamps used to validate the coupons. The campaign has cost $1.3 million, not including the publicity donated by WBBM. ''Our key goal is to get women into care earlier, and to get them to go more often,'' said Leatrice Berman, administrator of the Perinatal Network at University | Fighting Infant Mortality With a Coupon Campaign |
250053_2 | dance of theory and practice proceeds, we realize that the author is working out a variation of his previous book, ''Home: A Short History of an Idea.'' In that book, Mr. Rybczynski faulted modern architecture for failing to provide human comfort. The solution he proposed was to rediscover what is comfortable by digging back through the layers of bourgeois tradition and understanding that ''comfort consists of layers, not only the most recent.'' In ''The Most Beautiful House in the World'' he applies this theory practically. In a key passage he recalls his first architectural commission, to design a house for some friends on the Mediterranean island of Formentera. When it was pointed out to him that his initial plan resembled nothing else on the island, he was puzzled. Then he asked himself why a house had to be original, and realized that such was what he had been taught in school. Having in the meantime come to see that, ''traditionally, the architect had been called upon to reinterpret forms, not to invent them,'' he was able to satisfy his friends by designing a house that agreed with the age-old architecture of Formentera instead of defying it. And now, in proceeding with his boat shed project, he would seek the traditional solutions to the problems it posed. One of these problems turned out to be that when the structure was completed, the author no longer felt like building his boat. And so he gave up his original plan and set about to find some domestic use for the now pointless boat-building space. That is perhaps the most amusing instance of adapting reality to his shifting dreams. Still, though it serves a strongly dramatic purpose, there was something about the presence of that boat in Mr. Rybczynski's narrative that bothered this reader. It seemed somehow too anomalous to lend the author's experience a universal appeal. How many of us, after all, are faced with the challenge of turning a boat shed into a kitchen? It is only at the very end that one understands what Mr. Rybczynski is getting at. He once read that ''the chief benefit of the house'' was to shelter ''daydreaming'' and wondered if the remark wasn't ''one of those obscure conceits that characterize certain kinds of self-consciously intellectual books.'' Yet on reflection it seemed more sensible, for ''where else, if not in the home, can we let our | Books of The Times; Architect Adapts Reality to His Changing Dream |
250179_2 | American consumers. But the action would represent another advance in improving the trading climate and could encourage more Soviet-American joint ventures, which could lead to substantially increased trade in the future. The two countries exchanged slightly more than $3 billion of goods last year, up from $2 billion in 1987, but well below the $5 billion a year in the late 1970's. Most of the trade is in American food exports, and the Soviet Union is one of the few countries with which the United States has a trade surplus. No More Than $30 Million In an interview, Vladimir N. Cheklin, the deputy president of the U.S.-U.S.S.R. Trade and Economic Council, said that in the first year the increase would probably be no more than $30 million. Last year Soviet exports to the United States totaled $650 million, only a quarter of the American export volume to the Soviet Union of $2.7 billion. But for certain Soviet industries, Mr. Cheklin pointed out, tariff reduction could be important. For example, a plant in Uzbekistan exports plastic toys. Tariffs on these products would be cut to 10 percent, from 60 percent, meaning sharp markdowns in retail prices, and, Mr. Cheklin said, the possible opening of a market in Soviet toys for American children. The Jackson-Vanik provisions can be waived for one year if the White House reports to Congress that conditions exist for substantially freer emigration. Emigration from the Soviet Union, which mostly involves Jews, is now running at the highest levels in 10 years. In his speech on Soviet-American policy, Mr. Bush said that before he would ask for the waiver the Soviets had to fulfill their promise to codify new emigration laws and ''faithfully implement'' them. Moscow has already promised to take such action next month. Other Communist Nations To approve the temporary waiver of the Jackson-Vanik provisions, Congress will have to pass a concurrent resolution. China and Hungary are now granted annual waivers in this way. Rumania had received such treatment but unilaterally renounced it when Washington began imposing human rights conditions. Poland and Yugoslavia also receive most-favored-nation treatment, but are not subject to the Jackson-Vanik law. Business and farm groups are likely to support the waiver, while conservatives and organized labor, sensitive to increased imports from any source, are likely to oppose it. Conservatives contend that any trade concessions would mean the end of trying to monitor and | U.S.-Soviet Trade Seen Increasing |
251083_1 | as a political windfall but a strategic luxury. Even before Mr. Gorbachev, Soviet officials concluded that Nicaragua was not worth a confrontation with Washington. Though Mr. Gorbachev probably would not risk lying about Nicaragua, the Administration is right to raise probing questions, especially while military shipments from Moscow are still arriving. How permanent is the cut-off and how complete? Does it include the rest of the Soviet bloc and Cuba as well? Mr. Gorbachev's letter apparently made no mention of Cuba. In Managua last month, a high-ranking Sandinista official told me his Government was pleased that Mr. Gorbachev emphasized to Fidel Castro in Havana ''the autonomy of individual socialist countries.'' Is this a license for Mr. Castro to support the Sandinistas, whatever Moscow chooses to do? The Salvadoran guerrillas recently have been obtaining Soviet-style AK-47's made in Cuba and shipped through Nicaragua. The real import of Mr. Gorbachev's demarche is political not military. The Nicaraguan Army is already the largest and most advanced in the region. A cease-fire is in place and the contras are getting no military assistance. So, the Gorbachev pledge will have little or no immediate effect on the military balance in the region, but it could have important political ramifications. It could be a response to repeated pleas from the Costa Rican President, Oscar Arias, that Moscow match Washington in stanching arms flows to the region and join the peace process. Mr. Gorbachev's pledge will contribute to peace if it really supports the Central American peace plan. President Arias has said consistently that ''peace and democracy are inseparable.'' For years, Central American leaders have emphasized that their security rests not upon ''containment'' but upon ''openness.'' Only a democratic opening (freely elected governments, free press and an opposition free to question the government) insures against secret designs of war or subversion. That was the genius of the 1987 Esquipulas Accord. Now many of our European allies - and last week President Bush himself - have proclaimed glasnost as the best security against expansionism. Some in Washington want to contain Communism in Central America, much as Communism was contained in Europe the last 40 years. In this line of thinking, the Soviets would agree to stop arms flows in exchange for a U.S. commitment to accept a Communist Nicaragua as long as it leaves its neighbors alone. The problem is that Central America, with remote, porous borders, corrupt | Gorbachev's 'Gift' to Bush in Nicaragua |
251057_0 | LEAD: Parliament approved laws today that guarantee freedom of worship and give legal status to the Roman Catholic Church, formally ending the Communist Government's four-decade struggle with the church. Parliament approved laws today that guarantee freedom of worship and give legal status to the Roman Catholic Church, formally ending the Communist Government's four-decade struggle with the church. Passage of the three bills is expected to clear the way to formal diplomatic ties with the Vatican. If ties are normalized, it will make Poland the first Eastern bloc country to have such relations with the Holy See. The bills, drafted as a result of protracted negotiations between the church and the Government, were introduced last month by Prime Minister Mieczyslaw Rakowski and they passed Parliament without serious opposition. They define the state's attitude toward the church as a sovereign organization operating within the Constitution but free to manage its internal affairs, grant equal rights to all denominations, bar discrimination based on religion, guarantee freedom of worship and entitle the clergy to state old-age pensions. The package in effect replaces an agreement between church and state that existed before World War II but was scrapped when the Communists took power after the war. | Polish Regime Gives Legal Status to Church |
245811_2 | nation off the African coast protect its dwindling wildlife preserves. Their steady destruction over the years has become a high priority for conservationists. The Pope also sent a message of greetings and prayer to imprisoned men and women here. Although he said nothing about prison conditions, Vatican officials said the gesture was made in response to charges of widespread abuses, including severe overcrowding and malnutrition that, according to 1987 reports, led to an average of one death a day. Attracting New Adherents The numbers of Catholic adherents in Africa suggest that John Paul's policy of tolerance toward some local practices has paid off. In no other part of the world has the church grown at a faster pace. There are an estimated 75 million African Catholics, 22 million more than in 1980, when the Pope made his first trip to the continent, and the Vatican expects the figure to reach 100 million within 10 years. Other Christian churches have also expanded significantly, a situation reflected in Madagascar, where half the population of nearly 11 million belong to various branches of Christianity. One of every four people is Catholic. But here, as elsewhere in Africa, the Vatican has had to tread between encouraging some local customs and rejecting others that run counter to fundamental Christian beliefs. The question of how far to go in merging the different traditions, a process known as inculturation, has figured prominently in the Pope's discourses. Witchraft and Ancestor Worship In some countries, priests and ministers routinely engage in ancient superstition and even witchcraft. In addition, polygamy is widespread throughout the continent. So is ancestor worship, which in Madagascar takes the form of disinterring the bodies of relatives so that they may be wrapped in new shrouds. A more common concern is a shortage of African priests, which is attributed in part to the Catholic Church's insistence on celibacy. In Africa, this often runs counter to a traditional emphasis on family and children. The extent of the problem was underlined at the ceremony today by the conspicuous presence near the altar of dozens of European priests and nuns, many of whom had been working here for 20 years or more. The ceremony today honored Victoire Rasoamanarivo, a high-born Madagascar woman who in the 19th century worked to keep the church alive at a time when missionaries were being expelled. With beatification, she is a step from sainthood. | In Africa, Pope Smiles on Local Custom |
245874_0 | LEAD: INTERNATIONAL A3-11 London and Bonn agreed to differ on NATO disarmament strategy and declared that they were looking to the alliance meeting at the end of May to restore a common front. Page A1 INTERNATIONAL A3-11 London and Bonn agreed to differ on NATO disarmament strategy and declared that they were looking to the alliance meeting at the end of May to restore a common front. Page A1 In Washington, just a hint of the alliance's angst A10 Military analysis: NATO disquiet puts strategy at risk A10 China's student marchers are hailed by many Chinese for taking on the Government against all odds. And while the students are still plagued by inepitude, signs of organization are emerging. A1 Mauritanians attacking Senegalese have reportedly killed more than 400 people in the Mauritanian capital this month. Violence has since spread to Senegal. A1 Paraguayans are to vote today for President in an election that is expected to be the freest in memory and is seen as major step toward returning democracy to the nation. A3 A takeover of the Ogilvy Group, a venerable American advertising agency, is being attempted by WPP Group P.L.C., the British holding company. A1 Children danced before the Pope in Madagascar while a congregation of hundreds of thousands sang a hymn in the Malagasy language. A3 Reports about Japanese corruption have shed unusual light on the operations of the Tokuso, a prosecuting unit whose work and methods are little understood. A8 Supercomputers worry U.S. as Japan challenges dominance D1 Anti-Americanism among Afghans appears to be growing as animosity long reserved for the Soviet Union is beginning to be re-directed at the United States, the country providing most of the weapons. A8 The Russians' new weapon against radiation is lawsuit A7 The hulking Bastille Opera in Paris is a technical marvel that does not have a musical director and is becoming an embarrassment to President Francois Mitterrand. A4 NATIONAL A12-15, B7 Challenges to toxic farm chemicals have grown greater than ever before, pitting new concern for agriculture practices free of pesticides against what Americans take for granted: large quantities of cheap food. A1 The Alaskan oil boom has brought comfort and convenience to one Indian and two Inupiat Eskimo settlements isolated in northern part of the state. It has also brought the seeds of destruction of their way of life. A15 Deadhorse, Alaska: the bleakest business address in | NEWS SUMMARY |
246281_1 | the free-flowing stretch of water is open to the public for the first time since World War II. And residents of the high plateau of central Washington are divided over whether that stretch should be entrusted to nature or put to industrial use. The Army Corps of Engineers at first planned to spend $200 million to dredge the channel so that some merchants upstream in Wenatchee could have big barge traffic. Among other effects, the project would have torn up the last wild salmon spawning grounds on the Columbia, and it was challenged by a coalition of Indians, hunters, fishermen, birdwatchers and others determined to keep the Hanford Reach wild. Then, late last year, Congress in effect put the project on hold by deciding to study whether the Hanford Reach should be protected by the Wild and Scenic River Act. ''Their plan was just a nightmare,'' said Laura Smith of the Nature Conservancy, a wildlife protection group that is interested in the Hanford Reach because it is home for numerous species of plants and small desert animals that are extinct everywhere else in the West. Noel Gilbrough, a project manager for the Corps of Engineers, says the corps has backed away from its dredging plan ever since it became clear that the project was too expensive to win approval in Congress. But he says the corps may still want to erect a dam on this last free-flowing section of the river. ''We are in the business of building projects,'' he said. ''And that's the last major dam site left on the river. However, we are having a little trouble selling that dam.'' ''This is all that's left of the Big Daddy Columbia, flowing wild and free just like the whole river used to,'' Richard Steele, the leader of the coalition battling the corps, said as he steered his boat against a strong current one recent morning. On the western bank of the river, coyotes and deer prowl the edges of two ghost towns. Within sight of abandoned reactors, blue herons nest in shade trees planted by long-gone homesteaders. On the eastern bank, white cliffs rise 300 feet, a wall of exposed geology striped with bright colors from prehistoric floods. Hundreds of geese honk and fuss over nests in tule marshes. The public is welcome to look, but not touch: the Department of Energy is planning a cleanup of contained pockets | Ringold Journal; A Stretch of River That Time Forgot |
246270_1 | a function of spending and that more Federal aid would assure better schools and a more secure nation. In the 1960's economists like Theodore W. Schultz began writing about the importance of investing in ''human capital.'' But it was not until the 1980's, with its debates over reindustrialization and economic competitiveness, that education as investment became fashionable. A major event was the publication four years ago of a report called ''Investing in our Children'' by the Committee for Economic Development, an organization of corporate and educational leaders. The report estimated that money spent for education pays off in the range of ''7 to 11 percent after inflation.'' Governors concerned with the health of their own economies picked up the language. ''A dollar spent on prevention is worth $6 or $7 in treatment,'' said Raymond Scheppach, executive director of the National Governors' Association. So did parents and college-bound high school seniors, which helps explain why, despite a declining number of 18-year-olds, more applicants than ever have been lining up to get into the most prestigious colleges. If you think of putting $80,000 into a college education as an investment in enhanced lifetime learnings, it makes sense to ''buy up'' and try for one that offers a designer-label diploma. The popularity of the investment argument has not gone unnoticed by researchers. The Department of Commerce reported in 1983 that the expected lifetime earnings of high school dropouts are about a third less than those of high school graduates and half those of college graduates. In its report, the Committee for Economic Development shifted the debate from years of schooling to quality. With most young Americans now graduating from high school, it reasoned, ''we believe that there are substantial opportunities for yielding very high returns from improvements in quality, rather than from increasing the number of years of education completed.'' A body of literature has sprung up analyzing the economic benefits of educational programs - especially those for young children. By far the best-known dealt with the Perry Pre-School Project in Ypsilanti, Mich., which in the 1960's began offering one or two years of education to 3-year-olds from poor families. Researchers calculated that for each dollar spent, society received $7 in higher tax contributions and lower expenditures on remedial education, crime and welfare. In 1987 two researchers at the Intercultural Development Research Association in San Antonio, David Ramirez and Maria del Refugio Robledo, | LESSONS |
246588_1 | into insulating board by Amoco for use in construction and into hard plastic products, like office in-baskets and cafeteria trays, by Rubbermaid Inc., a participant in the project. Faced with increasing public hostility toward throwaway plastic packaging, and legislation banning its use in places as diverse as Suffolk County on Long Island and in Minneapolis, the plastics industry is emphasizing recycling. And polystyrene foam is an ideal place to start, since it is easily recycled. ''Plastics have been recycled internally for years,'' said Robert L. Russell, president of Polystyrene Recycling Inc., the Amoco subsidiary operating the Brooklyn plant. He was referring to the fact that in production, polystyrene foam products are stamped out of large sheets of the material and the sheet's skeleton is remelted and used again. Such material recycled in a chemical plant is pure and easily recovered. The Greenpoint plant is a test, one of several being conducted by the packaging industry, to see whether it is technically and economically feasible to recycle foam products from the contents of garbage cans. If it is successful, it may serve as the prototype for similar plants in other urban areas. Much of the plant's machinery is derived from the mining industry and is used to separate the polystyrene from the rest of the garbage. From the first hopper the bags are carried to a shredder, where they are torn open and the contents loosened. Polyethylene bags and large miscellaneous objects are pulled out by hand. The waste is then carried to an inclined rotating cylinder known as a trommel, which has a screen with two-inch-square openings. This allows smaller wastes, like plastic utensils and straws, to drop out. The material next goes into an air chamber, where the lighter polystyrene and paper are separated from heavier coated paper items. The polystyrene and paper are ground and mixed with water, in a process known as pulping, and then passed through a screen that takes out the paper. The quarter-inch to half-inch pieces of now almost pure polystyrene are dried, loaded into cartons and shipped to an Amoco plant in Winchester, Va., where they will be melted and formed into polystyrene pellets for re-use. Despite its high visibility, foam polystyrene makes up just a fraction of the total solid waste in this country. Indeed, it is not yet certain whether the concentration of polystyrene in McDonald's trash is rich enough to | Plastic Trash: 'Silk Purses' Sought |
248715_3 | that construction can begin on the Hoffman Fuel site next year, but he would not predict a date for the start of the Strand. A significant part of the approval process involves Stamford's planning and zoning boards. A few years ago zoning officials changed the application and approval process to give them a stronger voice in waterfront development projects. ''Heavy industrial activity was not the best use for the waterfront,'' Mr. Cole said. ''So it was clear that redevelopment was going to happen. But we didn't want the kind of development that bring buildings - like office towers or hotels - that had nothing to do with use of the water. Our main objective was to see that whatever was built offered public access and amenites like the boardwalk, marinas and restaurants.'' Rather than rezone the waterfront for residential and commercial uses, Stamford officials came up with a bargining tool that gives them a veto over just about any aspect of a developer's plans. They left the industrial zone in place and created a floating zone called the Design Waterfront District. It requires parcel by parcel zone changes for any use other than industrial. A pre-application procedure was also added to the approval process. In this phase, developers and their architects meet with planning officials to discuss and review the design. ''With this system the application for rezoning is a final step rather than a preliminary one,'' Mr. Cole said. ''It takes longer, but by the time the request comes to the zoning board we all pretty much see eye to eye on what will be built.'' Meanwhile, work is nearing completion on the office building in Stamford Landing. The four-story structure offers views of the harbor and Long Island Sound to 70 percent of the units. The building's lobby will have granite floors, glass walls and stainless steel elevators. The office floors, on which the average cost of space is $25.50 a square foot, have nine-foot ceilings and seven-foot windows. Mr. Ginter expects to have the building ready this summer. So far almost 40 percent of the space has been leased. Among the lessees is the Crab Shell, a seafood restaurant that will operate out of 5,500 square feet on the ground floor with indoor and outdoor space overlooking the harbor. Another is Van Omerren Shipping, an international transport company, which has taken 6,000 square feet of office space. | Real Estate; Stamford's Waterfront Is Discovered |
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