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215469_0 | LEAD: Because of an editing error, an article in Science Times on Tuesday about risks and benefits of the female sex hormone estrogen misidentified the group of women in which the incidence of breast cancer is increasing most rapidly. It is those over age 50. Because of an editing error, an article in Science Times on Tuesday about risks and benefits of the female sex hormone estrogen misidentified the group of women in which the incidence of breast cancer is increasing most rapidly. It is those over age 50. | Corrections |
215295_0 | LEAD: The Government of Vietnam has significantly reduced, though not eliminated, repressive policies toward religion, a delegation of American Roman Catholic Bishops said this week. The Government of Vietnam has significantly reduced, though not eliminated, repressive policies toward religion, a delegation of American Roman Catholic Bishops said this week. The three Bishops, who met between Jan. 4 and 9 with Vietnamese Catholic leaders and Government leaders in Hanoi and Ho Chi Minh City, recommended that the United States encourage this attitude by giving humanitarian aid to Vietnam and putting diplomatic relationships on a more normal basis. The Bishops reported that they had found the Catholic Church in Vietnam ''alive and vigorous.'' Many Vietnamese clergy have been freed from confinement, and seminaries are expanding, they said. The three also called for the release of priests and nuns remaining in detention and for an end to discrimination against Catholics in employment and schooling. The Bishops said that in selecting seminarians, ordaining priests, transferring pastors and obtaining religious books and objects, the Vietnamese church still needed relief from Government interference. They welcomed a declaration by Vietnamese officials that the new openness toward religion was ''irreversible.'' The statement on the visit was issued by Archbishop Roger M. Mahony of Los Angeles, chairman of the American bishops' international policy committee; Archbishop Theodore E. McCarrick of Newark, who heads their committee on migration and refugees, and Archbishop Edward T. O'Meara of Indianapolis, chairman of Catholic Relief Services. A fuller report will be issued before June, when American Catholic bishops, at their semiannual meeting, are expected to consider a general policy statement on United States-Vietnam ties. A draft of the statement, which also deals with religous liberty and immigration questions, calls for normalized diplomatic and trade relationships between the two countries. ''Our two nations are linked by memories of a tragic and divisive war,'' the three Bishops said in their preliminary report. ''Our two churches share one faith. In our visit we found not enemies, but sisters and brothers in need of our support and our help.'' They recommended that the United States lift ''restrictions which now inhibit needed humanitarian assistance to the Vietnamese people'' and asked that Vietnamese seeking to emigrate receive full American assistance. They emphasized the need to expand programs to resettle Vietnamese migrants of mixed Asian and American parentage. The Bishops linked ''modest but real changes during the last two years within Vietnamese | U.S. Bishops Say Vietnam Eases Religious Curbs |
213818_2 | for Western Europe, the next-largest exporter. The world already would be in a ''food emergency'' had there not been record stocks of grain on hand at the beginning of 1987, to replace harvesting shortfalls that year and in 1988. As it is, Mr. Brown and Mr. Young estimate, ''World carryover stocks will drop to 54 days of consumption'' before the 1989 harvest. That's dangerously low. When world grain reserves were at a record high, 459 million tons in 1987, they could have fed the world, if necessary, for only 101 days. In 1972, moreover, when only 57 days of grain reserves were available, world grain prices doubled. What will happen, the authors ask, if a drought in 1989 is comparable in severity to 1988? Their answer is chilling: ''U.S. grain exports would slow to a trickle. The world would face a food emergency for which there is no precedent in the decades since North America emerged as the world's breadbasket. There would be a frantic scramble for the available supplies as world grain prices soared to record levels. Affluent countries might be forced to consider cutting their use of feed grain so that poor nations did not starve.'' Even if the jet stream returns to a more usual course, harvests could still be down in this and coming years, owing to the so-called ''greenhouse effect'' - a general warming of the earth's atmosphere, caused by the excessive discharge of carbon dioxide and other gases. Scientists disagree about the seriousness of the problem, but most agree there is one - and laymen hardly have to be told that the five warmest years of the last century occurred in the 80's, topped by 1988. A rise of 3 to 8 degrees Fahrenheit in average global temperatures, some computer models suggest, could happen by the year 2030 if no global action is taken. That obviously would damage farm productivity seriously, in the U.S. and elsewhere. Even today, with grain available but unevenly distributed, about 950 million of the world's people are provided too few calories to do a day's work; 80 percent live in poor nations. That's bound to get worse, drought or no drought, greenhouse or no greenhouse, since U.N. experts predict that by 2025 today's worldwide population of 5 billion will have reached 8.2 billion, and counting. Most of the growth will be in poor nations. So let's hope I'm only | Cold Brown Fields |
215845_2 | the way the company must operate,'' he said, adding, ''We must cut costs and become even more efficient.'' Mr. Barrett, 58 years old, must contend with other pressing matters. After an earnings slump in the third quarter of 1988, Goodyear's stock price slid as low as $48, far below its summer level of $61. [ The stock took another blow this week, falling $5 since Monday, after Goodyear announced that it expected fourth-quarter profits to fall more than it had previously stated. The company had estimated in December that its earnings from continuing operations would fall 40 to 45 percent in the quarter. It now predicts that profits will drop 53 percent. [ Goodyear's stock closed Friday at $48.125, down $1.625, on the New York Stock Exchange. ] The company is under continuing pressure from investors to raise the value of its shares by a variety of means, including disposing of a crude oil pipeline that transports oil from the West Coast to refineries in Texas. Furthermore, the company has had to pay higher prices for everything from steel wire, which costs 10 percent more than it did a year ago, to ethylene and natural rubber, whose prices have risen 30 and 40 percent, respectively, in two years. And Mr. Barrett must still cope with the effects of a costly restructuring begun in 1986 to fend off a hostile takeover attempt by Sir James Goldsmith, the British-French financier. Goodyear also faces uncertain market prospects. Analysts forecast weaker demand for tires for new cars and light trucks this year. Even as the tire market remains fairly static, Goodyear's rivals have made their stronger presence known. Michelin, of France, the world's second-largest producer, has gained market share in recent years and has surpassed Goodyear in sales of truck tires for new vehicles. Goodyear has been hurt by widespread price competition with Michelin, which controls 18.1 percent of the world market. Bridgestone, which acquired Firestone last year, has developed a strong image in manufacturing and is now the world's third-largest tire producer. The Japanese company's technological prowess and dominance in Asian markets, coupled with Firestone's strong position in Europe, has made it a formidable competitor. ''The pressure on Goodyear now is to remain No. 1,'' said Lloyd Stoyer, who publishes Modern Tire Dealer, an industry newsletter, here. ''The others are trying to make headway, and it would be a tremendous blow to Goodyear | For Goodyear Chief, the Heat Is On |
212117_1 | reasons to believe that the estrogen in oral contraceptives could promote breast cancer, said in interviews yesterday that they believed that the new findings along with previous hints of a link to breast cancer were worrisome enough that they would advise women who know they are at high risk of breast cancer to avoid the pill for now. These experts also said they would advise all women, especially younger women, not to take the pill for more than two years at a time. The increasing evidence of a breast cancer link ''just makes me nervous,'' said Dr. Marc Lippman, a breast cancer specialist who is the director of the Vincent Lombardi Cancer Center of Georgetown University Medical School in Washington. ''I don't want to be inflammatory, but breast cancer is a disease for which 20 years or 30 years may be the time required to see the impact of long-term use,'' he went on. ''Unfortunately, that's the time we're getting into now. It's worrisome. I would do what I could to encourage women to consider other forms of contraception.'' In the 28 years that the pill has been marketed in this country, researchers have looked for evidence that it might increase the risk of breast cancer. But most previously published studies had found no such link. For this reason and because the three new studies did not agree on exactly which groups of women were at risk, the panel decided that no change in prescribing practices or labeling of the pill is warranted at this time. Panel Urges More Research The committee, which advises the F.D.A commissioner, said that more research was needed before it could justify recommending any changes in the status quo, and endorsed a new Federal study of the issue that should be completed in 1993. All three studies considered by the F.D.A. committee found that the pill increased breast cancer risk in women who started taking the pill when they were young, in their teens or 20's, and that the longer women took it, the greater their risk of cancer. But the studies differed in specific findings. One found that the women at risk were those who never had children and took the pill, a second one found that the risk was in women who had one child, and a third found that all women who took it were at increased risk. Dr. I. Craig Henderson | Cancer Experts See A Need for Caution On Use of Birth Pill |
217604_0 | LEAD: As dawn filtered into the forest around this jungle village, policemen once again fanned out along rutted roads and trails, trying to solve a murder that has mesmerized Brazil. As dawn filtered into the forest around this jungle village, policemen once again fanned out along rutted roads and trails, trying to solve a murder that has mesmerized Brazil. One month ago a man with a shotgun killed Francisco Mendes, a union leader and ecologist, in his own backyard. Three men suspected of involvement in the killing are in jail and the hunt is still on for four more. Every day almost 150 policemen, some specially trained in jungle warfare, others disguised as cowboys on horseback, probe the thick growth and the clearings around the ranches and tiny settlements. This is Brazil's Far West, a wild borderland where the Amazon rain forest ranges into Bolivia and Peru. It is said here that not since the turn of the century, when rubber barons financed a rebellion against taxes and broke this land away from Bolivia, has there been such tension and restlessness. Ranch Owner Indicted ''We want those fugitives alive,'' said a federal agent returning from a long search by helicopter. ''We don't know how they are surviving. Either they receive food from forest people or they are intimidating them.'' At night in Xapuri, an outpost of 3,000 people on the River Acre, villagers move away uneasily from strangers on the dimly lit, sandy streets, even though everyone, including the authorities, believes the murder of Mr. Mendes was ordered and carried out by ranchers of this region. A local judge has indicted Darli Alves, a ranch owner, as one of the instigators of the crime, and his son Darci, 21, as the killer. The police say the Alves family was among the large landowners who resented the environmental movement of Mr. Mendes and the union of rubber tappers he led. Making their living in the jungle, the rubber tappers often stalled or stopped ranchers who wanted to turn virgin forest into pasture. The slaying of Mr. Mendes has not ended the turmoil around Xapuri. The police have assigned armed guards to the judge handling the case and to several union leaders who have recently received death threats. The son of the chief state prosecutor was kidnapped by hooded men who later released him near the Alves farm. Guard Is Found Dead | Brazil Stirred By a Manhunt In the Jungle |
217682_0 | LEAD: A surge of leftist guerrilla activity is bringing new difficulties to a United States-backed campaign to eradicate coca production and break up drug trafficking gangs in Peru's main coca-growing region. A surge of leftist guerrilla activity is bringing new difficulties to a United States-backed campaign to eradicate coca production and break up drug trafficking gangs in Peru's main coca-growing region. Foreign narcotics experts said anti-drug activities were continuing in the area, but some 40 Americans, including agents of the Drug Enforcement Administration and contract pilots and technicians, were recently forced to abandon the town of Tingo Maria as their main operating base. The town had become vulnerable to attack by guerrillas. The experts said the Americans were now sleeping either in Lima or in Huanuco, 50 miles to the south of Tingo Maria. Each morning they fly back to the Upper Huallaga Valley to coordinate ''search and destroy'' missions against coca-processing laboratories and clandestine airports. Guerrillas Entrenched in Region Stretching for some 100 miles to the north of Tingo Maria along the fertile tropical valley, about 250,000 acres of coca plantations farmed by peasant migrants supply the raw material for close to half the cocaine consumed in the United States. Two years ago, aiming to exploit resentment created by anti-drug operations, guerrillas of the Maoist movement known as Shining Path and the smaller Tupac Amaru Revolutionary Movement began moving into the region and they are now well entrenched in the wooded hills along the valley. In recent weeks, however, the rebels have stepped up their attacks on Peruvian police and army units. An ambush of an army truck on Nov. 22 left 22 soldiers dead. Three police officers were killed and eight wounded when guerrillas attacked a bridge Dec. 19, and 10 officers died in two incidents Jan. 8. Foreign narcotics experts said the worsening security conditions were confirmed Jan. 9 when guerrillas killed four policemen who were guarding an energy plant on the outskirts of Tingo Maria itself. The American agents had pulled out of the town two weeks earlier. Coca Communities in Rebel Hands Both foreign and Peruvian anti-drug police have complained that insurgency is growing because Peruvian Army units stationed in the valley rarely leave their barracks. As a result, they said, many coca-growing communities are now controlled by the rebels. While Peruvian politicians frequently denounce ''narco-guerrillas'' and ''narco-terrorism,'' however, narcotics experts said they were unsure | Rebels Disrupting the Eradication of Coca in Peru |
217606_0 | LEAD: Ten people have been arrested in an undercover operation against poaching in the Northeast that turned up the slaughter of more than 400 black bears for their gall bladders, which are prized as aphrodisiacs in the Far East. Ten people have been arrested in an undercover operation against poaching in the Northeast that turned up the slaughter of more than 400 black bears for their gall bladders, which are prized as aphrodisiacs in the Far East. The arrests were made in raids that began at 6 A.M. Tuesday in Massachusetts, Connecticut, New Hampshire and Florida, wildlife officials said. Officials said more arrests were expected. The arrests were made after a two-and-a-half-year investigation that ''tracked approximately $50,000 in transactions'' in Massachusetts, Connecticut, New York and Florida, said Alan McGroary, director of the state's Division of Environmental Law Enforcement. Piles of Bear Carcasses At a news conference here, officials displayed some of the pelts and gall bladders confiscated in the raids; among the pelts were those of a mountain lion and several bobcats. Officials also showed videotapes and photographs of 27 bear carcasses piled in a meadow in the Catskills. Walter Bickford, Commissioner of the State Department of Fisheries, Wildlife and Environmental Law Enforcement, said investigators bought at least 360 gall bladders besides carcasses and skins. He said the number of black bears apparently slaughtered for their gall bladders nearly equaled the black bear population in Massachusetts. But most of the bears were taken in Maine, New Hampshire and Canada, he said. The sale of black bear gall bladders is illegal in most states, although the bears may legally be hunted in many. The arresting officers also confiscated boxes of pills that were said to contain small amounts of rhinoceros horn, also considered an aphrodisiac in the Far East. Prices of $540 an Ounce ''This is a primitive superstition,'' Mr. Bickford said, adding that ''there is no proof whatsoever'' that the bear or rhinoceros parts are aphrodisiacs. But the superstition has pushed the street value of dried, powdered black bear gall bladders overseas above that of heroin or cocaine in the United States, Mr. Bickford said. The powder can sell for $540 an ounce or more. Mr. Bickford said investigators encountered strange rituals in their undercover work, including the christening of new pickup trucks ''by building a bed of dead deer carcasses.'' The charges, being brought in the states where the | Poaching Operation Found Killing Bears For Aphrodisiac Use |
217687_0 | LEAD: The Rev. Barbara C. Harris sought yesterday to soften her image as a political and theological radical as she prepared to become the first female bishop of the Episcopal Church. The Rev. Barbara C. Harris sought yesterday to soften her image as a political and theological radical as she prepared to become the first female bishop of the Episcopal Church. Speaking at a news conference in Boston, the 58-year-old priest said she would concentrate on sacramental and pastoral duties rather than play a highly visible role in social and political affairs or in her church's continuing differences over the issue of women serving as priests and bishops. ''Not all of it has been pleasant,'' Ms. Harris said of the sometimes sharp debate that arose after she was elected in September as a suffragan, or assistant, bishop by the Episcopal Diocese of Massachusetts. On Tuesday that election was confirmed by a majority of bishops heading dioceses of the Episcopal Church in the United States. Objections to Her Selection In those deliberations, opponents stressed that she had urged overturning church policies appearing to exclude women and homosexuals and had repeatedly demanded increased church support for racial minorities and the anti-apartheid movement in South Africa. Episcopalians who remain unreconciled to the ordination of women revived threats to secede from the church if she was elected. In her remarks yesterday, Ms. Harris attempted to defuse these objections. She does not consider herself a political radical, she said. And although the Episcopal church had not been ''as inclusive of gay and lesbian people as it might have been,'' she said, ''we are bound to work within the structures of the church.'' She also said that responsibility for any division in the Episcopal Church over her election would rest on both liberal and conservative church members. But the impact of her consecration as a bishop, which will take place on Feb. 11, will be felt far beyond the ranks of America's 2.5 million Episcopalians. She will be the first woman consecrated a bishop in the Anglican Communion, a family of 27 national churches that spring historically from the Church of England and claim 70 million members worldwide. Leaders of non-Anglican churches, interviewed by phone this week, gave contrasting assessments of how her consecration would affect attempts to achieve greater unity between different branches of Christianity. 'A Major Step Back' Roman Catholic Archbishop John H. Whealon | Woman Who Will Be Bishop Acts to Avoid a Radical Image |
214003_1 | computer-image analysis we will be able to automate the search and do this much more efficiently,'' said John McBrearty, a computer specialist at Donard United Kingdom, a subsidiary of the Donard oil and gas exploration company in the United States. The satellite, known by its French acronym SPOT, is orbiting more than 500 miles above Earth and has a maximum resolving power capable of detecting objects that are about 30 feet in diameter. He said the researchers were exploring the use of three techniques: subtractive processing of satellite photographic data to look for changes in the terrain, infrared photography to spot damaged vegetation and special radar to detect pieces of metal in dense pine forests. Computer Simulation The subtractive-processing approach uses computers to process the satellite images taken before and after the crash and search for changes in the two images. The special radar, known as synthetic aperture radar, involves sending ultra-high-frequency radio signals toward a target and then detecting the echo reflected back. The result is a highly detailed image offering the illusion of three dimensions. It is especially effective in detecting metal objects on the ground, since they are highly reflective and tend to show up as a bright spot. Mr. McBrearty said that researchers had performed a computer simulation in an effort to determine where it might be most useful to search for wreckage. The researchers said they were attempting to persuade the United States Government to assist in their search, by providing access to higher-quality satellite images of Scotland or by using a National Aeronautics and Space Administration ER-2 surveillance aircraft to take high-altitude photographs of the region. United States intelligence-gathering organizations have satellites with many times the resolution of civilian satellites. A spokesman for Senator Daniel Patrick Moynihan, Democrat of New York, said that the Senator was trying to help the researchers by making sure they were in contact with the responsible Government officials. Syracuse Role Coincidental Geologists at Syracuse University said that they were prepared to use sophisticated image-processing computers to analyze photographic data as soon as it becomes available. Among those killed on the Pan Am jumbo jet were 35 students on overseas programs sponsored by Syracuse, but the university's involvement in the satellite effort is coincidental. Mr. McBrearty said he had turned to researchers at Syracuse because he was acquainted with a geologist there. The university has a network of powerful computer | Computer-Imaging and a Satellite To Aid Search for Pan Am Dead |
213983_0 | LEAD: The highest-paying jobs allocated through Mayor Edward I. Koch's Talent Bank - an office set up in part to promote the hiring of black and Hispanic applicants - went overwhelmingly to whites, a review of city records shows. The highest-paying jobs allocated through Mayor Edward I. Koch's Talent Bank - an office set up in part to promote the hiring of black and Hispanic applicants - went overwhelmingly to whites, a review of city records shows. Job lists contained in the agency's ''black book'' spotlighted this week by a state investigating commission also reflect the ebb and flow of the Mayor's relations with the Democratic organizations in the city. As political leaders fell out of favor, the job applicants they sponsored were less likely to receive jobs, the records show. The Talent Bank, portrayed as a mechanism to recruit women and minority-group members to the city work force, came under fire this week in testimony before the State Commission on Government Integrity. Some witnesses called it a patronage operation for politically connected job applicants. Declining Share of Jobs The Talent Bank's ''black book'' is a loose-leaf binder containing the names of job applicants and their sponsors. A study of the book shows that while women received an increased share of the jobs paying more than $30,000, the share awarded to black and Hispanic applicants declined. While black and Hispanic applicants received about 45 percent of the job referrals from the Talent Bank between 1983 to 1985, they received only 28 percent of the jobs paying more than $30,000. Forty-seven percent of the higher paying jobs went to women in the three-year period, while women constituted only 28 percent of the overall Talent Bank jobs. The figures for both women and minority-group members increased after political references were removed from Talent Bank computer files and resumes in February 1986, as the city scandals began unfolding and implicating political figures who had made recommendations to the Talent Bank. The black book for 1983-1985 was saved from destruction because the office's director at the time, Nydia Padilla-Barham, took it home and eventually turned it over to the state commission. In the final two years surveyed by the commission from Koch administration records, 1986 and 1987, minority hiring increased from about 50 percent to 68 percent of the Talent Bank pool, while hiring of women changed only slightly to about one-third of the | 'Black Book' Tells Tale of Jobs and Politics |
212877_0 | LEAD: AS many as one in five children suffer from psychiatric problems serious enough to impair their lives in some way, according to the surprising findings of several new surveys of the mental health of children. AS many as one in five children suffer from psychiatric problems serious enough to impair their lives in some way, according to the surprising findings of several new surveys of the mental health of children. But which of the emotional and behavioral problems identified will have serious, lasting effects and which are simply transient growing pains is an unresolved question that researchers now hope to address. Nor, since the recent surveys are the first systematic inquiries of their kind, does anyone know whether the incidence of emotional and behavioral problems among children has changed over time. While they agree that more research is necessary before a meaningful assessment of the mental health of the nation's children will be possible, experts say that the recent pioneering studies do reveal that many children are not receiving treatment for problems that are causing them considerable distress. The problems detected ranged from a fear of the dark intense enough to keep a child from attending summer camp to severe clinical depression to continual defiance of parents and teachers. But even some of the researchers themselves are uncertain of the validity of counting behavioral problems, bad conduct and rebelliousness as true psychiatric disorders along with such emotional problems as depression, anxiety and childhood phobias, or fears. ''We need to be careful about saying there's a major mental health problem among our children,'' said Elizabeth J. Costello, a psychiatric epidemiologist at the Duke University Medical Center. ''We simply don't know yet how many of these are just phase of life problems that will pass with time or need to be treated to prevent further problems later.'' In a study by Dr. Costello and her colleagues of 789 children 7 to 11 years old who were treated at a health maintenance organization in Pittsburgh, 22 percent were found to have had a psychiatric problem at some point in the previous year. The researchers made their diagnoses after interviewing both the children and their parents separately. The results from the study, which were reported in the December issue of the Archives of General Psychiatry, are in agreement with several other recent studies of children. Perhaps understandably, children and parents differed greatly in | Pioneering Studies Find Surprisingly High Rate Of Mental Ills in Young |
216376_0 | LEAD: AS part of the legacy of the Reagan Administration's New Federalism, states and local communities are taking on many responsibilities for protecting the environment that were once largely the province of the Federal Government. While many state officials are glad to have more power, they complain that the AS part of the legacy of the Reagan Administration's New Federalism, states and local communities are taking on many responsibilities for protecting the environment that were once largely the province of the Federal Government. While many state officials are glad to have more power, they complain that the Government is not giving them enough money or guidance. President Bush, who described himself as an environmentalist during the campaign, has said nothing to indicate whether he will reverse the flow of responsibility to the states and cities. Nor has he said whether he will recommend that the states receive more money. But Mr. Bush's pledge not to raise taxes suggests that there will be no substantial new sources of revenue. Richard G. Darman, the President's choice to direct the Office of Management and Budget, reiterated at a confirmation hearing on Friday that there would be no new taxes or sources of money for Federal programs. The head of Vermont's environmental agency, Jonathan Lash, said that most important innovations in environmental protection are now occurring at the state level. Regional Efforts Recently, New York, Connecticut, New Jersey, Maine, Massachusetts, New Hampshire, Rhode Island and Vermont announced restrictions on the amount of gasoline vapor that can be emitted by automobiles. For years, the Federal Government has been considering a curb on such emissions, which are an important component of smog, but it has yet to introduce one. In another regional effort, Virginia, Maryland, Pennsylvania and the District of Columbia are cooperating to clean up the badly polluted Chesapeake Bay. Individual states and cities are also launching programs. Thomas C. Jorling, the New York State Commissioner of Environmental Conservation, said that the state is ''picking up the slack'' left by the Reagan Administration by issuing its own rules, on trash disposal, for instance, and charging industry fees for air and water pollution permits to help pay for enforcement. California adopted Proposition 65 to regulate toxic chemicals. Denver has worked to reduce its own air pollution. After two years of fighting and negotiating, a local utility agreed to install smokestack controls. New Jersey has imposed new | The Environment as Local Jurisdiction |
216524_0 | LEAD: CIVILIZATION OF THE ANCIENT MEDITERRANEAN: Greece and Rome. Edited by Michael Grant and Rachel Kitzinger. (Scribners, $225.) That price is not a typographical error. What you get here is 1,980 double-column pages in three volumes containing 97 chapters by 88 authorities on everything from farming and cooking to taxes, warfare and divinities in Greece and Rome. CIVILIZATION OF THE ANCIENT MEDITERRANEAN: Greece and Rome. Edited by Michael Grant and Rachel Kitzinger. (Scribners, $225.) That price is not a typographical error. What you get here is 1,980 double-column pages in three volumes containing 97 chapters by 88 authorities on everything from farming and cooking to taxes, warfare and divinities in Greece and Rome. Michael Grant, who in a long life of scholarship has written many volumes on the ancient world, and Rachel Kitzinger, who teaches classics at Vassar College, have assembled the articles in groups that generally proceed from geography and history to government, from individual and family life to social life and ideas. But it is obvious they have not supplied their writers with outlines; there are some delightful departures and surprises tucked away in these pages, and it is not hard to detect not only different attitudes, but disagreements among the contributors. All the articles are written for the general reader, but some of the writers are much sprightlier than others. On the whole the essays on technical subjects like farming, building, engineering and mining are more energetic and revealing than those on government, society and intellectual and spiritual life, although the one on Greek philosophy and another on divinities in general are more elegant and penetrating than one expects in a small encyclopedia. The bibliographies following each chapter are current and comprehensive, the photographs and illustrations are as instructive as they are delightful and the maps are easy to read (however, it is difficult to guess why the editors chose to illustrate the provinces of the Roman Empire at the end of the reign of Augustus rather than a century later when it had reached its greatest extent). | FROM ALPHA TO OMEGA |
216305_7 | see from just in front of the Plaza on Fifth Avenue or Central Park South, it could be seen from across the street on Central Park South, or from within Central Park, so it would affect the most famous vistas of the Plaza. Does this mean that permission to build it should be denied? Not at all: this part of the plan, too, deserves to go ahead. The first and most important reason hinges on principle: this building has grown and changed throughout its 82-year life, and it should continue to change so long as the change is appropriate, respectful and deferential to its original architecture. The Plaza is not a museum piece but a living, functioning hotel. To agree that it must be treated with care is hardly to say that it must be frozen in time. The sole issue on which approval or disapproval should be based is one of architectural appropriateness, and the penthouse and its related changes are appropriate. They are discreet, and the placement of the penthouse, set back seven feet from the present top of the mansard roof, keeps its impact to a minimum. Indeed, the new level may in some ways improve the roof line of the building, for it will require the removal or shifting of a mess of equipment sheds added over the years that have made the roof somewhat chaotic. In truth, this penthouse will have much less effect on the Plaza than the huge, looming skyscrapers that have gone up around the hotel in the last generation -buildings like the glass tower to its south, which gives the hotel a perpetual dark backdrop. These harsh neighbors are the Plaza's real nemesis. So why the debate? In many ways this controversy is healthy, indicative of the deep love people feel for the Plaza. But there are moments when ardent proponents of historic preservation take an absolutist position that calls to mind nothing so much as the kind of one-issue politics we often see these days on other public matters. Landmarks are rarely a matter of absolutes, except perhaps on the basic question of preservation itself. But the preservation of the Plaza is not in jeopardy, and to denounce a respectful plan as if it were the justly feared flashing neon ''T'' is to weaken the eventual strength of the historic preservation movement, for it is to act as if the | A Spot of Paint Won't Hurt This Lily |
216266_1 | and neglect is unfortunately ''more common and complex'' than the public realizes. While solving the problem will undoubtedly require complex and creative approaches, there is one currently recognized remedy that is fairly simple, that of educating people in the art of parenting. I am the executive director of Child Abuse Prevention Services, a nonprofit organization in Roslyn. Since its inception in 1977, our group has been involved in the task of combatting child abuse and neglect through education. Our original and still primary program is geared to adolescents who comprise the next generation of parents. Our well-trained volunteer corps has presented our three-day programs to 100,000 Long Islanders in 60 school districts. This program emphasizes the talents, skills, difficulties and responsibilities involved in parenting. It depicts various scenarios that potentially could lead to instances of abuse and/or neglect, and teaches recognition of the warning signals that indicate such a situation is evolving. It explains what precautions are to be utilized and what help is available to defuse such a situation. The article ''Steinberg Case Prompts Rise in Abuse Reports'' [ Jan. 8 ] spoke of the difficulties involved in reporting suspected abuses. Our organizations also has programs for community groups, P.T.A.'s and for teachers which provide education in how to recognize the signs of the different types of abuse and neglect, in the steps to be taken when the indication of abuses and/or neglect are present and in what resources are available in the communities to help those involved in this type of crisis. Because teachers are mandated reporters and educators of our young, our organization has developed special programs for them. One such program is Good Touch. This program is aimed at providing teachers with the knowledge needed to recognize not only child abuse and neglect, but specifically sexual abuse, and to be able to present relevant information to their students. Our work has been recognized by various state agencies and has received support from both Federal and state governments. The magnitude of the problem requires the efforts of an informed, educated people dedicated to eradicating child abuse. The first step in such a process begins with awareness of its existence. Thus, newspaper coverage is essential. The next step involves educating all who have responsibility for the care of children in the causes and patterns of abuse and its prevention. ALANE FAGIN Executive Director Child Abuse Prevention Services Roslyn | Child Abuse: Education Is Key |
216531_1 | narrative is old-fashioned, too bland. Solon was not in fact a Secretary of the Treasury who juggled with interest rates; he was a revolutionary who abolished debt. We may not like the idea that our heroes were extremists, but we must accept that they were. Mr. Grant has, however, imposed on his traditional story a new and very important - what should I call it? - oversight. During the last 20 years or so young scholars have been encouraged to forget that Greek history concerned only Athens and Sparta; they have produced revealing studies of Kos, Samos, Chios, Laconia, Corinth, Sicyon and so on. Those who guided them in that direction have waited for someone to pull the whole thing together. This is what Mr. Grant tries to do. He fails to pull it off with total success - for two reasons. First, we need more and more of those regional studies before we can begin to generalize (Aristotle collected more than 150 of them before he thought he could attempt a second edition of his ''Politics''). Mr. Grant has much less evidence and fewer research assistants than Aristotle, but he has been brave enough to chance his arm. And the result is more than encouraging. We have all seen on the screen, if we have not read about them in Herodotus, the Spartan King Leonidas and his heroic 300 Spartans. Curiously, we forget that Leonidas had with him at Thermopylae more than 2,000 Arcadians and many others, including 700 men of Thespiae who stayed to die with the Spartans. No one has made a film about the Thespians. That is a measure of how other parts of Greece have not been reached by historians and how important it may turn out to be to reach them. Second, Mr. Grant may have made his attempt at a synopsis too soon and he may be trying to combine too many ''traditional'' pictures of states, this and that and the other. I do not think that he has acted too soon. Let us all try all the time. We have nothing to lose but our minds. Having once argued that China or India or Japan or wherever have as much claim to our attention as Greece or Rome, he now argues that Asia Minor or Sicily or Italy have as much claim. The circle, as Plato thought, is a very beautiful shape. | STILL THE GREATEST |
216415_0 | LEAD: In a stifling hall in the heart of the Amazon, a group of American legislators sat listening to the people of the rain forest -Indians and rubber tappers, who appealed for help from abroad to save their jungle habitat. In a stifling hall in the heart of the Amazon, a group of American legislators sat listening to the people of the rain forest -Indians and rubber tappers, who appealed for help from abroad to save their jungle habitat. Three days later, in Brasilia, the capital, the same legislators were told by President Jose Sarney and other civilian and military officials that Brazil would not permit its sovereignty to be threatened by a foreign role in protecting the Amazon. At yet another stop on their fact-finding mission to Brazil, which ended Thursday, the three Senators and two Congressmen heard businessmen in Sao Paulo argue that the country's growing population and urgent need to develop demanded opening up the vast tropical hinterlands. These contrasting responses within Brazil offered a glimpse of the complex political, economic and social factors involved in drawing up any long-term strategy to slow down the destruction of the largest rain forest on earth. ''The internal dynamics of Brazil are inevitably more complicated than the headlines would suggest,'' said Senator Timothy E. Wirth of Colorado, head of the delegation, as it arrived in this distant corner of the Amazon. While growing international concern about the felling and burning of vast forest areas has raised the hopes of environmentalists and forest dwellers, it has added to the nervousness of Brazilian politicians and military leaders about foreign interference. A Killing That Changed Much Already sensing a campaign against Brazil after protests over huge forest fires this summer set by cattle ranchers and land speculators, Brazilian officials have been further taken aback by the international publicity that followed the assassination last month of Francisco Mendes Filho. Mr. Mendes, a leader of Amazonian rubber tappers, was murdered near this city on Dec. 22, and his campaign to save the forest from the hands of ranchers and speculators had made him known abroad. ''If people turn the problems of the Amazon into a campaign against Brazil, it can lead to xenophobic nationalism,'' Rubem Bayma Denis, the head of the President's military staff, said after the legislators left Brasilia. The purpose of the American Congressional mission was to study ways of generating resources for | Brazilians Tell Of the Forest And the Fears |
216465_0 | LEAD: Government prosecutors investigating possible fraud on the nation's two largest commodities exchanges are using documents from disciplinary proceedings conducted by the exchanges against traders to help build the criminal inquiry, people involved in the case said today. Government prosecutors investigating possible fraud on the nation's two largest commodities exchanges are using documents from disciplinary proceedings conducted by the exchanges against traders to help build the criminal inquiry, people involved in the case said today. Large numbers of documents from the disciplinary proceedings have already been turned over to the Government by the exchanges, according to exchange officials. The exchanges undertake such proceedings when they believe a trader may have violated exchange rules. If the Government does bring charges based on this information, civil actions against exchange members would effectively become the basis for criminal charges. The use of the documents from disciplinary proceedings at the two exchanges, the Chicago Mercantile Exchange and the Chicago Board of Trade, would give prosecutors an enormous advantage in their investigation. The documents include detailed trading records of actions that were questioned by the exchanges, analysis by a group of peers of a trader accused of conducting suspect trades, as well as a tape-recorded statement by that trader regarding the accusations. It was revealed Thursday that prosecutors here, working with the Federal Bureau of Investigation, had conducted a two-year undercover operation, in which at least four agents of the F.B.I. posed as traders at the exchanges for almost two years. The undercover agents secretly recorded hundreds of hours of conversations with traders on the floor of the exchanges. Possible Fraud Charges The case involves potential fraud charges based on secret agreements among traders in the futures pits to cheat customers on their transactions, law enforcement sources have said. The clients may have been cheated of millions of dollars, these sources said. The exchanges have taken enforcement actions against traders with more frequency over the last two years, and the amount of sanctions has been increasing. The sanctions usually involve fines, which can be as high as several hundred thousand dollars, and temporary suspension from doing business on the floor. But commodity lawyers said today that the Government would have little difficulty in making such rule violations into Federal charges, such as mail and wire fraud. Those charges, involving the use of the mail, telephones and other communication systems to commit fraud, have been used | U.S. Using Exchanges' Disciplinary Records in Commodity Inquiry |
218175_1 | States justified much in its actions by the ''Soviet threat.'' Since then, the intermediate nuclear forces treaty, agreements on settling the situation in Afghanistan and other progress have broken the ice of longstanding stereotypes. But suddenly, quoting Administration officials, you say that the extension of territorial waters is caused by a desire to prevent operations by Soviet ''spying'' trawlers off the American coast. I have amateur photos in my family album that I made in the area of Georges Bank from a fishing trawler on which I worked as a sailor in the 60's. These photos depict United States combat planes diving on our trawler or flying around it at such a low altitude that we could see the color of the pilots' eyes. Sometimes an American warship would rush at full speed at our trawler lying to, and only at one cable's length, when collision seemed inevitable, it would stop and slightly turn aside. While doing these tricks, a pilot would usually give a broad smile and raise his hand in salute, while a ship, after a small pause, would slowly pass by our trawler, and we could see American guys in naval uniform standing on board. We used to take photos of each other and try to exchange cigarettes. It is quite probable that what pilots and seamen considered a demonstration of technical supremacy and high personal skill, was seen in a quite different light in Pentagon offices. Our trawler, with frozen haddock, cod or butterfish, was considered, God knows why, to be there as a spy, while flights by planes and other similar actions were viewed as countermeasures to Soviet ''espionage operations.'' In those years, both the Americans and Russians thought that the ocean, like the whole world, could be divided into ''your own'' and ''alien.'' However, it appeared that we can only share it. This means that nobody may have exclusive rights. Norms of conduct should be the same for all. It is in this context that the United States decision to establish a 12-mile zone off its coasts should be viewed. The majority of the world's maritime powers have already done this. The United States has done what is universally accepted. One can only welcome this, even if some people wish to recall the good old ''Soviet threat'' myth. ALEKSANDR PODAKIN Moscow, Jan. 12, 1989 The writer does commentary for Novasti, the Soviet press agency. | Customary Law of Sea Allows a 12-Mile Limit; Trawler Encounters |
211225_0 | LEAD: They have made it more difficult to toss even one coin into the Trevi Fountain, let alone the Hollywood allotment of three. They have made it more difficult to toss even one coin into the Trevi Fountain, let alone the Hollywood allotment of three. The problem is that the 18th-century Baroque vision of gods and tritons and dashing horses, as famous a symbol of this city as any, is undergoing serious restoration, and has been fully wrapped for the last month in a long glass screen that stands more than six feet tall. In places, even Orel Hershiser, the Dodger pitcher, would have a hard time clearing the barrier. A Japanese tourist discovered that for herself the other day when she bowed to legend, which dictates that a coin thrown over one's shoulder and into the fountain guarantees a return visit to Rome. Her first coin clinked ineffectually against the screen, clattering to the pavement like a dream deferred. Gamely, she tried again. Another clink. Finally, with a heave, she landed her third coin where she wanted it. But her embarrassment was evident. ''Difficult, isn't it?'' she said to her traveling companions. Overhaul to Last a Year Rome officials argue that her troubles are a small price to pay to keep the fountain in public view while workmen give it a badly needed overhaul that is expected to take until the end of the year. Normally when the city's monuments undergo restoration, they disappear for years behind tarpaulins and green netting. But Trevi, built between 1732 and 1762 against the back wall of a palace, is such a popular attraction that the municipal government decided that it had to remain on display, if under glass. ''It's our version of perestroika,'' said Italo Ceccarelli, an architect supervising the restoration for the city. By any standard, the fountain is a mess. The marble statues of Ocean, Abundance and Salubrity are blackened by smog that has saturated the stone. Ocean's left knee is so worn away that some experts fear it may be beyond repair. Condensation, lime buildup, rust and algae have all taken their toll of travertine and stucco. No significant restoration work has been done since the late 1950's. For many the fountain became synonymous with the 1961 Fellini film ''La Dolce Vita.'' Countless starlets - a word still in vogue - hoped to make names for themselves by imitating | Rome Journal; How Is Marcus Aurelius? As Right as Acid Rain |
211341_0 | LEAD: Heavy new security measures at European airports last week produced no major passenger snarls at check-in counters or delays in flights to the United States over a long New Year's weekend of light but growing trans-Atlantic air traffic. Heavy new security measures at European airports last week produced no major passenger snarls at check-in counters or delays in flights to the United States over a long New Year's weekend of light but growing trans-Atlantic air traffic. Reports from London, Paris, Athens and Frankfurt said that security on American air carriers was already tight and that the measures ordered by the Federal Aviation Administration in response to the bombing of a Pan Am jumbo jet over Scotland had created little or no additional burden. But three fresh bomb threats yesterday disrupted the worldwide operations of Scandinavian Airlines System, the flag carrier of Sweden, Norway and Denmark known as S.A.S., which invoked its tightest security measures ever at the 90 airports it serves. In some other European cities yesterday, a few flight delays were reported, but these were attributed to mechanical and other problems. Stringent Checks Welcomed Many travelers arriving from Europe at Kennedy International Airport yesterday said they welcomed stringent security checks despite the inconvenience of having to arrive two to three hours early at airports, repack searched luggage, submit to intensive questioning and sometimes undergo body searches. Although there were severe delays on all S.A.S. flights - ranging from 30 minutes to 13 hours - no bombs or other signs of sabotage were found. The Scandinavian airline imposed the measures and made the threats public only after receiving a third one. On Saturday, the airline received a letter saying that an S.A.S. plane on a domestic route would be attacked because of Sweden's mediation role that led to recent talks between the United States and the P.L.O. | No Big Airline Tie-Ups |
219145_0 | LEAD: Pope John Paul II appealed today to Roman Catholics to become more active participants in church and social matters, but he urged greater caution in allowing lay people to perform duties that have generally been carried out by priests. Pope John Paul II appealed today to Roman Catholics to become more active participants in church and social matters, but he urged greater caution in allowing lay people to perform duties that have generally been carried out by priests. Distinctions between laity and clergy have been obscured on occasion, the Pope said, and he advised pastors to exercise ''maximum care'' in assigning any of their functions to lay people. At the same time, he called for a broader church role for women, citing participation in diocese-level councils as one possibility for them. But he reaffirmed his opposition to the ordination of women as priests, saying women perform ''two great tasks'' as mothers and as moral guides. For the most part, his reflections on women reiterated positions set forth in a major document issued four months ago. As such, it seemed unlikely that he would satisfy women's rights advocates, especially in the United States, where Catholic bishops have proposed that at least ministries short of the priesthood be opened to women. The Pope's views were expressed in a 196-page report that formed his response to the most recent worldwide Synod of Bishops, which convened at the Vatican in October 1987 to discuss the role of lay Catholics. While Vatican officials said that today's document marked ''the beginning of a new path,'' they also emphasized the importance of continuity and acknowledged that little fresh ground was broken. John Paul condemned discrimination against women. But apparently in criticism of certain aspects of the women's movement, he also warned against values that seem to uphold ''freedom'' and ''progress'' but in fact, he said, undermine them. | Pope Urges Catholics To Be More Active In and Out of Church |
218970_1 | experiments are to end by mid-year and give way to a new phase of testing. If no problems develop, officials then expect to begin full production and installation of all the gates, a process likely to take until 1997. The effort to protect the 2-square-mile speck in the 212-square-mile lagoon is arguably Venice's most important public works project in centuries. The total cost is estimated at $5 billion, all of to come from the Italian Government. The money would be channeled through 26 private engineering, design and construction companies that banded together four years ago under the banner of the New Venice Consortium. While Moses is the most eye-catching project, much of the consortium's efforts are devoted to more mundane tasks like reinforcing sea walls, dredging canals and strengthening semi-submerged shoals in the lagoon to alleviate chronic silting problems. Holding back the sea is important, says the consortium chairman, Luigi Zanda, but improving the lagoon's ecology is critical, he adds. ''Only by saving the lagoon is it possible to save Venice,'' said another official, Mauro Fabris. Venice has long been the Mark Twain of cities. Its obituary has been written many times, but always the reports have been exaggerated. In fact, one age-old question - when will Venice sink? - is no longer pertinent. Land subsidence essentially stopped in the mid-1970's when the area exhausted the underlying aquifer from which it had drawn water, primarily for industry. Some sinking continues, but not enough to be worrisome, engineers say. But that hardly means Venice is safe. A key problem is that over the last century, the Adriatic, along with the rest of the world's seas, is believed to have risen a few inches as glaciers left over from the last ice age slowly melted. Scientists predict further rises in sea level as a global warming associated with the greenhouse effect causes glaciers to melt and oceans to swell. In Venice, tides measured at the Piazza San Marco run an average of nine inches higher than in 1900, although much of the difference was caused by the city's sinking. Consortium engineers expect the tidal level to rise 24 inches over the next century, mostly because of the predicted rise in sea level. Acqua alta, or high water, is such an ever-present threat that hotels have hip boots ready for guests, just in case. Normally, February is a prime month for flooding, leaving | Italy Embarks on Bold Effort To Save Fabled City of Venice From Threatening Tides |
211532_0 | LEAD: The first woman named to become a bishop in the Episcopal Church cleared a major obstacle to the position today when she received the necessary votes from church committees across the country. The first woman named to become a bishop in the Episcopal Church cleared a major obstacle to the position today when she received the necessary votes from church committees across the country. Although current bishops must also confirm the election of the woman, the Rev. Barbara Harris, their approval is expected, a church spokesman said. The Boston diocese of the church on Sept. 24 selected Ms. Harris, a 58-year-old Episcopal priest in Philadelphia, to be a suffragan, or assistant bishop. An envelope containing the 60th vote of support for her arrived at the Boston diocese today from one of the 118 eight-member standing committees. The vote, which gave her the necessary majority, was ''the only serious obstacle to her consecration,'' said James Solheim, spokesman for the Episcopal Diocese of Boston. ''The controversy has taken place in the standing committees. The expectation is that the bishops will vote quickly and affirmatively,'' he said. The Episcopal bishops voted in 1976 to allow women to become priests and bishops. Women, including Ms. Harris, have held priest positions since then but Ms. Harris was the first to be elevated to bishop. Conservatives and traditionalists in the denomination have strongly opposed Ms. Harris's confirmation. | Way Cleared for Woman to Become Bishop |
211429_0 | LEAD: Using biotechnology methods, a Maryland company has created an innovative corn plant that grows its own pesticide to combat the destructive corn borer. Using biotechnology methods, a Maryland company has created an innovative corn plant that grows its own pesticide to combat the destructive corn borer. The company, Crop Genetics International, recently completed its first field trials of the plant, which were intended to show the biological safety of the natural system within the plant that produces a toxin to kill the corn borer. The borer is estimated to infest 40 million acres of corn in this country each year. Data from the field trials have been submitted to the Environmental Protection Agency. The company believes that the tests last summer have shown the biological safety of its new system, and it wants the E.P.A. to approve larger tests for next summer. These tests would be intended to show that the new corn can be grown from seed. To create the technology, Crop Genetics' scientists first showed that an endophyte, or a bacterium named Clavibacter xyli cynodontis, could live and reproduce within a corn plant. Then they found a strain of another bacterium, Bacillus thuringiensis, that produces a toxin that kills the corn borer. Next, using recombinant DNA techniques, they isolated the bacillus gene that produces the toxin and inserted it into the endophyte. The result was an organism that could live within corn and produce a corn borer toxin without damaging the plant. American farmers spend an estimated $50 million a year on chemicals to fight the corn borer. BUSINESS TECHNOLOGY | Plant Grows Own Pesticide |
217242_3 | your authority to insure that more stringent security measures are exercised by all air carriers.'' Measures for Checked Baggage But Mr. McArtor did not specifically recommend that foreign governments adopt the aviation agency's new security standards, which include requiring X-ray inspections of all checked baggage and hand searches of some passengers' carry-on luggage. Instead, Mr. McArtor asked foreign states to participate in the new negotiations by the International Civil Aviation Organization. Mr. McArtor said that he hoped that new international rules could be implemented ''by early summer.'' In a new development, the United States and Britain today called for a meeting next month of the 33-member governing council of the international aviation organization to deal with increased safety measures. A spokesman for the organization said the request had not yet been received. Edmund Stohr, the American delegate to the international aviation organization, said in a telephone interview Monday that a special committee had been meeting since early this month. He said further sessions would be held on Wednesday, on Feb. 8 and on Feb. 10 ''and ad infinitum as long as it takes to get something done.'' He said that while the group sometimes seemed to move slowly, there was broad international support for tighter security measures and they could be in place within several months. In a statement last week, the Air Transport Association, which represents American air carriers, said Mr. McArtor's letter ''does not go far enough.'' The association called on the aviation agency to ''apply the same stringent security requirements to foreign carriers serving the United States as it applies to United States carriers.'' Congressmen Issue Plea The airlines previously had made the same request in meetings with the aviation agency, and on Jan. 9, four members of the House Committee on Public Works and Transportation asked Mr. McArtor to ''take immediately whatever steps are necessary'' to impose the new security rules on foreign as well as American air carriers. Members of the House Foreign Affairs Committee have sent similar letters. According to statistics issued by the Department of Transportation, foreign airlines carried 1.7 million, or 45 percent, of the 3.8 million American citizens who took scheduled flights between the United States and foreign nations in the first quarter of 1988. Travel agents and airlines have said that since the Pan Am bombing last month, many travelers have switched reservations to foreign airlines from United States airlines. | Tougher Airline Security Steps Debated |
217270_2 | majority of the other committees and of the bishops, criticism quickly followed. Opponents complained about her pastoral experience, which was brief compared with that of most candidates for bishop, and her theological education, which had bypassed study at a seminary or a divinity school in favor of a program of independent study created by the Diocese of Pennsylvania. These criticisms, as well as references to her divorce in 1965, stirred extended debate among many of the local committees, and there appeared to be an outside chance that these committees might decline, for the first time in this century, to confirm a bishop-elect. By Jan. 3, however, a majority had given approval, and it was expected that the bishops, most of whom had repeatedly gone on record in favor of the consecration of women, would rapidly follow suit. Outgrowth of Ordination Now that the bishops have acted, arguments about personal qualifications, which might have been raised in the case of any candidate for the hierarchy, will pale before the historic significance of a woman's consecration. Both supporters and opponents of the consecration of women see it as an outgrowth of the decision to ordain women to the priesthood, a practice of the Episcopal Church since 1976 and the policy as well of Anglican churches in Canada, New Zealand, Brazil and Hong Kong. But some Episcopalians continue to oppose women's ordination, seeing it either as a violation of biblical teaching or as a departure from church tradition. Further, most Anglican branches around the world still do not ordain women. These include the Church of England, the historical root and for many still the touchstone of Anglicanism, where growing pressure to do so has met fierce resistance. Last August the Lambeth Conference, a once-a-decade meeting in Canterbury of the world's Anglican bishops, established a commission to devise guidelines allowing bishops of sharply opposing views on the consecration of women to cooperate without compromising their convictions. Last November, realizing that even attendance at the consecration of a woman could inflame differences, the commission urged that any invitations to bishops be coordinated through the heads of the national churches involved. Also in November, Bishop Browning met with six bishops of the Evangelical and Catholic Mission, a traditionalist group within the Episcopal Church that has announced it will not recognize Ms. Harris's consecration and has called for a church assembly in June to consider what the | Woman Wins Approval To Be Episcopal Bishop |
217255_0 | LEAD: A cellular phone industry group announced yesterday that a disagreement over transmission standards had been settled, helping to clear the way for the next generation of cheaper, more secure mobile phones. A cellular phone industry group announced yesterday that a disagreement over transmission standards had been settled, helping to clear the way for the next generation of cheaper, more secure mobile phones. The Cellular Telecommunications Industry Association said its directors on Monday unanimously endorsed a decision reached last week by the Telecommunications Industry Association. The agreement covers the method by which phone calls will be sent over the air in the form of digital signals. The first cellular phones that use digital transmission are expected to be introduced in the United States around 1991. Cellular phones, typically used in cars, are actually radio receivers and transmitters. Calls are sent to central offices, where they plug into the regular phone network. | Cellular Phone Pact Reached |
214821_5 | the global AIDS strategy of the World Health Organization. Reuniting Families They will decide upon applications relating to family reunification or marriage between citizens of different states, in normal practice within three months. They will pay immediate attention to applications for travel of an urgent humanitarian nature and deal with them as follows: * They will decide within three working days upon applications relating to visits to a seriously ill or dying family member, travel to attend the funeral of a family member of travel by those who have a proven need of urgent medical treatment or who can be shown to be critically ill; * If in this context an individual's application for travel abroad has been refused for reasons of national security, they will insure that, within strictly warranted time limits, any restriction on that individual's travel is as short as possible and is not applied in an arbitrary manner. They will also insure that the applicant can have the refusal reviewed within six months and, should the need arise, at regular intervals thereafter. In accordance with the Universal Postal Convention and the International Telecommunication Convention, they will: * Insure the rapid and unhindered delivery of correspondence, including personal mail and parcels. * Respect the privacy and integrity of postal and phone communications. * Insure the conditions necessary for rapid and uninterrupted telephone calls, including the use of international direct dialing systems, where they exist, and their development. Freedom of Information They will insure that individuals can freely choose their sources of information. In this context they will: * Insure that radio services operating in accordance with the I.T.U. radio regulations can be directly and normally received in their states; * Allow individuals, institutions and organizations, while respecting intellectual property rights, including copyright, to obtain, possess, reproduce and distribute information material of all kinds. ... Recalling that the legitimate pursuit of journalists' professional activity will neither render them liable to expulsion nor otherwise penalize them, they will refrain from taking restrictive measures such as withdrawing a journalist's accreditation or expelling him because of the content of the reporting of the journalist or of his information media. They will insure that in pursuing this activity, journalists, including those representing media from other participating states, are free to seek access to and maintain contacts with public and private sources of information and that their need for professional confidentiality is respected. | Excerpts From East-West Agreement on the Protection of Human Rights |
214912_0 | LEAD: American women fear breast cancer, and with reason: one in ten can expect to get it someday, and it will kill 30 percent of those that do. Now comes evidence that using birth control pills might increase the risk. What's a woman to do? American women fear breast cancer, and with reason: one in ten can expect to get it someday, and it will kill 30 percent of those that do. Now comes evidence that using birth control pills might increase the risk. What's a woman to do? More than 13 million American women are probably asking themselves that question. The pill is, after sterilization, the most frequent form of birth control in this country. Should they switch immediately to another, less effective method, thus heightening the risk of an unwanted pregnancy? Or should they first weigh the uncertainty of the risk data against the proven benefits of the pill? Common sense suggests the second choice. The new evidence, presented to an advisory committee to the Food and Drug Administration, comes from three studies that found the pill increased breast cancer risk in those who started taking it when they were young. But the first study found the risk in women who never had children; the second in women with one child; the third in all women. All those studied had taken oral contraceptives when these contained much higher doses of estrogen and progestin. A comparable study of women who take today's lower-dosage pills has yet to be undertaken. In any case, breast cancer is not, like lung cancer, a disease with one clear risk factor. Instead it appears to have links with early first menstruation, late first motherhood and late menopause - all of which are associated with a high standard of living. In that sense breast cancer is, as Dr. Melvin Konner put it, ''a disease of civilization.'' It seems also to run in families and is especially prevalent in countries with high-fat diets. In short, the link to the pill so far is not strong and the links to other factors are. That gives individual women who use the pill some basis for rational decision. But even as they answer the question for themselves, another question arises: ''When it comes to birth control, why is it always women who have to do the worrying?'' The choice of contraceptives is limited. Information about methods and services is | The Pill: What's a Woman to Do? |
214855_0 | LEAD: Thirty-five nations today made public a new East-West agreement that includes commitments for the protection of human rights, including freedom of association, religion, travel and emigration. Thirty-five nations today made public a new East-West agreement that includes commitments for the protection of human rights, including freedom of association, religion, travel and emigration. The signers of the document, representing the United States, Canada, the Soviet Union and all other European nations except Albania, agreed to ''take every opportunity offered by modern means of communication, including cable and satellites, to increase the freer and wider dissemination of information of all kinds.'' Protection for Monitors They also promised to allow individuals and organizations to ''obtain, possess, reproduce and distribute information material of all kinds.'' [ Excerpts, page A12. ] One important provision of the new agreement is a section designed to protect people who monitor the condition of human rights in the countries where they live. The document stipulates that countries must ''respect the right of their citizens to contribute actively, individually or in association with others, to the promotion and protection of human rights and fundamental freedoms.'' It says no person may be penalized for exercising rights guaranteed by the agreement. In the past, the Soviet Union has arrested many people known as Helinki monitors because of their efforts to enforce previous agreements on human rights signed by the 35 nations. In addition, the accord says that people who feel that their rights have been violated may appeal to ''executive, legislative, judicial or administrative organs,'' and that those people are entitled to a ''public hearing within a reasonable time before an independent and impartial tribunal.'' The new agreement also includes these provisions: * Each of the 35 countries will fully respect the right of everyone ''to leave any country, including his own, and to return to his country.'' * Each country will allow religious believers to produce, import and disseminate religious publications; to give and receive religious education in the language of their choice, and to go on pilgrimages. * Each country will ''protect individuals from any psychiatric or other medical practices that violate human rights'' and will publish such practices. * Each country will respect the privacy of personal mail and will strive to guarantee ''rapid and uninterrupted telephone calls, including the use of international direct dialing systems, where they exist.'' * A country in the Soviet bloc will normally | 35 Nations Issue East-West Accord Assuring a Broad Range of Rights |
214744_7 | the total postmenopausal bone loss comes in the first seven years after menopause, but many doctors are now starting to prescribe estrogen to women who went through menopause more than a decade ago, Dr. Brinton said, adding that the questions the wisdom of such actions. Can Estrogen Reduce Risk of Heart Disease? The decline of estrogen at menopause also leaves women more susceptible to heart attacks and strokes, but studies on whether estrogen supplements can protect against cardiovascular diseases have been conficting. After menopause, a woman's risk of dying from heart disease or stroke starts to rise rapidly, going from 1 in 100,000 cases at ages 45 to 54 to 10 in 100,000 cases by the ages 65 to 74, said Dr. Pamela H. Wolf of the child health institute. In a recent study, Dr. Wolf and her colleagues reviewed national data on 2,249 women who had passed through menopause, looking for connections between estrogen use and heart disease. More than 400 of the women died of heart disease or stroke in the more than 10 years that they were studied. But those who took estrogen had only half the risk of dying of cardiovascular disease as those who did not take the hormone, Dr. Wolf said. Another well-established estrogen risk is endometrial cancer, which strikes the lining of the uterus. This cancer is relatively rare, occuring annually in about 83 women per 100,000 over age 50, said Dr. Jeffrey Perlman, head of the contraceptive evaluation branch at the child health institute. It is easily treated and rarely fatal, he added. In the mid-1970's, a few years after many doctors started prescribing estrogen supplements to women who were going through menopause, epidemiologists noticed a sudden sharp rise in the incidence of this cancer in women in their early 50's, Dr. Perlman said. But by the end of the 1970's, experts had learned that if they give progestins as well as estrogens to these women, which causes them to have monthly menstrual bleeding, the cancer risk disappears, apparantly because the developing cancer cells are flushed away with the menstrual blood. By the mid 1980's, most doctors were giving progestins along with estrogen or were very carefully monitoring their patients who were taking estrogen alone. The endometrial cancer epidemic disappeared, Dr. Perlman said. But the effects of progestin are not well known, experts said. ''There are no good data on progestins,'' Dr. | Cancer Fears Throw Spotlight on Estrogen |
273054_15 | eight pesos a day. ''They bought rice for 45 centavos a pound and they could eat well. Now, rice is 1.8 pesos. I am paying them twice as much, 15 pesos a day, and they still can not buy enough to eat.'' The Government controls the price of rice and other basics, such as beans, bananas and cornmeal, and its willingness to maintain these prices is one of the most volatile issues. (In April 1984, large riots were sparked by Jorge Blanco's announcement of price increases on food staples.) But in a country in which almost everything is made with at least some imported equipment or components, it is difficult to maintain prices when the value of the currency is plunging almost daily. When Balaguer came to power, a United States dollar cost less than four pesos; today, it costs more than six. The price of rice was recently inched up after careful negotiations with farmers, who need imported fertilizer for their crops. But the Government did not dare to raise prices to reflect the full 60 percent that the peso decline has raised fertilizer costs, and farmers say they can not make a sufficient profit. Union leaders are also caught in the price squeeze. Wage rises, by fueling inflation, only further erode workers' spending power. ''People don't have money, but you can't ask for more money; that's dangerous,'' said Marmolejos, the Majority Workers Union leader. But a principal source of inflation remains the Government, which, with its $26 million-a-month construction bill, continues to spend more money than it takes in, and prints the difference. (According to one foreign economist, the country's money supply has doubled since Balaguer's return to power.) The Government's budget deficit is equivalent to 8 percent of the nation's gross national product. Balaguer is trying to raise more money by increasing taxes on multinational companies and on domestic businesses, but this risks alienating affluent supporters. Increased immigration to the United States offers another possibility. According to Finance Secretary Roberto Martinez's estimate, Dominicans in the United States (mainly in New York City) send back between $600 million and $800 million to their relatives every year, a river of cash that is now the Dominican Republic's second-largest source of foreign exchange. But printing money remains Balaguer's chief means of financing his spending spree. The conventional way to confront this economic hemorrhage is to borrow the money from the | IN THE LAND OF THE BLIND CAUDILLO |
272893_0 | LEAD: Until 10 years ago, the fatalities in post-World War II sailboat races could be counted on four or five hands. Occasionally, a sailor might fall overboard and drown, and a boat would disappear with all hands. Never was it said that sailing was as predictably risky as mountain climbing or powerboat racing. Until 10 years ago, the fatalities in post-World War II sailboat races could be counted on four or five hands. Occasionally, a sailor might fall overboard and drown, and a boat would disappear with all hands. Never was it said that sailing was as predictably risky as mountain climbing or powerboat racing. But on Aug. 13, 1979, in a day of storm and terror, 15 yachtsmen were killed in waters between England and Ireland when hurricane-strength winds and 50-foot breaking waves overwhelmed the 303 ocean-racing keel boats in the Fastnet Race. I sailed in that race, whose renewal starts this weekend. The boat I was on was lucky and seaworthy, so I have no wild stories to tell. Elsewhere there was chaos. Miles from a protective harbor, in the darkest hours before dawn, hundreds of boats were heaved about like bathtub toys and more than 75 capsized. On board, flying equipment wounded sailors and tore up furniture. Many boats lay upside down for several minutes, with their crews trapped inside. When they lurched upright they were half-full of water. Men and women pumped and bailed for their lives only to watch helplessly as their vessels capsized again. Convinced that the boats were lethal, 24 exhausted crews abandoned ship. Most were plucked from life rafts by military helicopters and airlifted to land, but five men (three of them from one boat) died near their rafts. Dazed and mourning, the international sailing community struggled to make sense of the disaster. The first lesson was summarized in a report by the Royal Ocean Racing Club and the Royal Yachting Association. ''In the 1979 race,'' the British yachtsmen wrote, ''the sea showed that it can be a deadly enemy and that those who go to sea for pleasure must do so in full knowledge that they may encounter dangers of the highest order.'' For people who make the sea their playground, this is a serious concession. In the past 10 years, cautious thinking has inspired major advances in sailing safety in three areas: yacht design, equipment and communications. Some people might | Disaster Leads to Safety on the High Seas |
272738_2 | has a ''chat feature'' that allows colleagues to exchange messages along with screen images. Ted's boss might type: ''Where is the report on your meeting with National? I need it NOW!!!'' Ted might reply: ''It's being spell-checked. Wait a minute and you can get it from my files.'' On special telephone lines known as Integrated Services Digital Networks, which are being installed in some parts of the country on an experimental basis, Timbuktu Remote users will be able to speak while computer data is exchanged. On regular phone systems, dialogue is typed. Ted might want to ask for advice on the organization of the report. Each co-worker can view the document, and those with ''control'' rather than ''observer'' status can make changes or suggestions using a mouse or keyboard. Ted sees their work as it is happening. Password security keeps unwanted guests out of the session. Besides allowing groups of workers to collaborate on designs, reports, spreadsheets and other applications, Timbuktu Remote seems ideal for telecommuters, people who work at home with a computer and a modem under the direction of a central office, and for executives who want to tap into the office computer after hours. An executive might want to finish a crucial report at home, away from the distractions at the office, yet have access to all the files on the office network. Working at home, she could also monitor electronic mail, send letters and reports to the office laser printer, or chat with co-workers while working on a file. Of course, she probably turned off the computer before leaving the office. If the machine is a Mac II that need not be a problem. Timbuktu Remote has an optional Wake Up cable that replaces the standard modem cable, allowing the executive to call the office and signal the computer to turn itself on. When the session is over, the computer can be told to shut down. (Earlier models than the Mac II have a different power switch that Timbuktu Remote cannot activate.) Remote screen-sharing can also be a valuable tool for training and support. In a large office, a technician could help a worker who is having trouble with any software application or with gaining access to a printer, fax modem or other shared peripheral. By taking control of the worker's Mac the technician can load new operating software or applications, run diagnostic programs or otherwise | Sharing a Screen - Long Distance |
272660_7 | Mr. Margolis said. ''We've surveyed both the handicapped and nonhandicapped students, and the results were overwhelming that nobody sees anybody as being different. It all has become very natural. We have all the options open to us that we always had, but now we have new ones. No one is getting less; if anything, people are getting more.'' Another concern was that the plan would put additional strains on schools that are already overstretched financially. Pilot schools currently receive the same Federal and state aid they would have under the old system, plus some extra money for administrative costs while the department studies the financial impact of the revisions. There have been few complaints about money from the pilot districts. In Elizabeth, teachers receive no pay for serving on the committee but are released from other responsibilities. Other districts have elected to pay resource committee members a modest salary. Holmdel, which had independently set in motion many elements of the plan before it was chosen as a pilot district, is receiving more state aid than before. 'We're Ahead of the Game' ''In fact, we're ahead of the game,'' said Frank DiStefano, the district's program coordinator. ''Now with the plan, the costs are reimbursible.'' Patricia Sokolow, executive director of the Monmouth County chapter of the Association for Children/Adults With Learning Disabilities, is doubtful about the plaudits from pilot district coordinators. She said she had received a number of complaints from pilot teachers who had criticized the ''lack of consistency'' of the plan, and she cited one teacher who ''emphatically'' stated that the resource committee had impeded students with serious learning disabilities from getting the help they needed. ''I can't identify her because she is in fear of losing her job,'' Mrs. Sokolow said of the teacher. Dr. Osowski emphasized that the pilot was only half-completed and that final recommendations would not be coming until next year. He said the earliest the plan could be put into effect on a statewide basis was September 1991. State Board of Education and legislative approval would be required. ''Some people have said that we're hellbent and determined to implement it and that it's going to come no matter what,'' Dr. Osowski said. ''My answer is that the idea for it started in 1980. We're going to be in 1990 real soon. That doesn't sound hellbent and determined to me - it sounds careful and cautious.'' | Plan to Revamp Special Education Draws Criticism |
272651_2 | on - a ribbon, that is. We have gone from utilizing trees to car antennas and side-view mirrors in order to state our furor over some of society's ills, like drunken drivers. With the aid of the back windshield, we are able to boast about our alma maters all the way from prep school to college. It has become our convenient way of letting everyone know we've been there and it's easier than putting our diplomas out for continuous inspection. I have learned through my observations that size is not necessarily reflective of power. Take a look at the new cellular car telephones. Those small, squiggly items represent many things about the owner, suggesting that they are either important enough to need one or just rich enough to afford one. Even our desire to spread holiday spirit latches on to the automobile. Every year, it seems like more and more Christmas wreaths end up adorning the front grill of someone's car. We have come a long way in creating our own personalized versions of the automobile. Even the State Motor Vehicle Department recognizes our need to be unique as it allows us to personalize our license plates for an extra fee. This expression phenomenon has some subtle advantages. Imagine how boring our road trips would become if every car that passed us was stripped clean of all decorative paraphernalia. Our roads would be filled with automotive clones, except for the occasional sighting of the urban dinosaur: the city bus with its blaring advertisements. Secondly, all these particulars can serve as pacifiers for children who easily become restless on the way from here to there. Simple games can be played to see who is able to count the first 100 cars that display a certain type of sticker or ornament. Granted, this will notprovide a sophisticated lesson in the appreciation of art, but it will give drivers temporary sanity while enhancing their children's arithmetic skills. And finally, the continuous barrage of decorative items on every inch of the automobile helps provide us with a better understanding of our societal comrades in their attempts to be diverse. We have to keep in mind that this does not mean we have to be accepting, particularly if there are certain items we find tasteless or offensive. In retrospect, what is here today is often long gone tomorrow. Just as the seasons change, our tastes | Driving Mobile Billboards |
272734_0 | LEAD: Food companies like Geo. A. Hormel & Company and ConAgra Inc. have been processing farm-raised fish for years. But few have been eager to farm fish because it is riskier and more capital intensive than processing. Over the years, Coca-Cola, Dow Chemical, Kraft, United Fruit and Weyerhaeuser have all jumped in and out of fish farming. Food companies like Geo. A. Hormel & Company and ConAgra Inc. have been processing farm-raised fish for years. But few have been eager to farm fish because it is riskier and more capital intensive than processing. Over the years, Coca-Cola, Dow Chemical, Kraft, United Fruit and Weyerhaeuser have all jumped in and out of fish farming. And last year, Domsea Inc., a subsidiary of the Campbell Soup Company, sold its 11-year-old Coho salmon farm in Washington. ''To be successful would have required more capital than we wanted to put in,'' said Edward Brauer of Domsea, which still processes salmon and trout. But farming is less dicey than it once was. Advances in breeding have made it more economical. And aquacultural products are more popular. By promoting the nutrition and mild taste of catfish, for example, the Catfish Institute, a marketing group formed in 1986 by growers and processors, has transformed the Southeast favorite into a national dish. Large companies are showing new interest in the business. While the Pillsbury Company and Dole Citrus have farmed shrimp in Equador and the Philippines, respectively, for years, other large companies are now considering farming in America, according to Agriculture Department officials. ''You will have companies in and out, depending on the success of a particular species,'' said Roy Martin, a vice president at the National Fisheries Institute, a Federal agency. Since mid-1988, the J.R. Simplot Company, a large food processor in Boise, Idaho, has been growing talapia - a fish native to Africa that had never before been farmed in America. Chosen because of it is white, boneless and odorless and adaptable to the colder climate of Idaho, talapia takes a year to grow to market size. Simplot has more than three million talapia at its farm in Caldwell, Idaho, and expects to process one million pounds of the fish this year at a plant it is now finishing. Next year, production should grow to about six million pounds and may include other species it is considering growing like hybrid striped bass, said Charles W. Harris, | NOW, FOOD GIANTS FARM FISH, THREATENING SMALL GROWERS |
273006_2 | ''Peter finished classes at the end of April, and he doesn't go back until August 25,'' Mr. Motelson said. ''That's three and a half months away from the academic environment - and that doesn't count all the vacations during the year. I'd like to get more for my $20,000.'' Fueling some consumer expectations is the desire for well-paying careers. Alexander Astin of the University of California at Los Angeles has tracked the attitudes of incoming freshmen for more than 20 years. Last fall, a record 73 percent of the 222,000 students sampled indicated that ''making more money'' was a very important factor in their decision to attend college, up from 50 percent of students sampled in 1971. Careerism on the part of college students is hardly new. In the appendix to his novel ''The Masters,'' set in an English university, C. P. Snow tells about the students who came to Cambridge in medieval times: ''They scraped money to come to Cambridge, some of them lived in bitter poverty and half starved. There was one main motive: if they could get their degree, jobs lay ahead.'' Today's students seem similarly attuned to the economic payoff of a college degree - and not from just any college, either. Since the number of young adults in the population has been at an all-time high, they face tough competition for good jobs and places in graduate schools. Moreover, with more than half of high school graduates going on to postsecondary study, the bachelor's degree has lost some of its cachet. Students are set apart not by having a college degree, but by having one from the right place. In short, this is the era of the designer diploma. Calvin Klein Status Colleges, in turn, insure their Calvin Klein status by attracting the best students. That means pouring money not only into academics but into amenities. Visit any college or university and check out the new construction. Most of it is designed to make life more pleasant for undergraduates - athletic facilities, new or renovated dormitories, student centers and the like. Mount Holyoke College in Massachusetts recently spent $10 million on improving athletic facilities, including $1.75 million for a new stable. Officials emphasize that the $1.75 million was an unsolicited gift, and that the proper term is ''equestrian center.'' No amenity seems too small. Hartwick College, in Oneonta, N.Y., allows students to use its fax | Getting Your Tuition's Worth |
272996_7 | in New York. Hi Tech Expressions (telephone 212-941-1224) is appealing to the younger crowd with recognizable titles, such as Sesame Street 1-2-3 (list price $34.95, for Nintendo) and Sesame Street A-B-C (available in September, also at $34.95). The game cartridges come with learning guides for parents. The 1-2-3 title, not to be confused with a similarly named spreadsheet for business computers, uses Big Bird, Cookie Monster and the other Muppet characters from ''Sesame Street'' to help children practice counting, adding and subtracting, and with color and shape recognition. The A-B-C title teaches letter-matching and simple spelling, alphabet and word recognition, and simple problem-solving. Kermit, Miss Piggy, Gonzo and the rest of the ''Muppet Show'' gang, who have often done educational duty on the personal-computer side, will make their Nintendo debut next spring, again for Hi Tech. Some video games are television game-show spinoffs that have indirect educational value: Anticipation ($34.95, for Nintendo), for example, requires players to spell the name of the object they identify on screen; in Wheel of Fortune ($49.95, also for Nintendo), players guess phrases by looking at incomplete words; in Jeopardy ($49.95, also Nintendo), players must recall a range of data. These games also appeal to grown-ups, which game makers hope may foster closer parent-child interaction. Physical exercise is possible with some games. With a special $69.95 ''Power Pad'' attachment to the Nintendo system, children can participate by running and jumping on a floor mat. Broderbund, a company known for its educational software, recently introduced an attachment called U-Force, which enables players to control screen action by waving hands and arms. For players who cannot use their hands because of physical impairments, Nintendo offers the NES Hands Free controller ($120), which uses a ''sip and puff'' mouth tube to duplicate the actions of a joystick. Each Nintendo system has a 48-pin expansion port that in theory could connect a keyboard or a disk drive, which would make the machine usable for simple programming or home-office applications, for example. Such peripheral devices are available in Japan but not in this country, at least not yet. Greater Realism The Nintendo system uses an eight-bit microcontroller and a graphics processing chip. Eight-bit chips will soon be phased out in favor of a more powerful 16-bit processor, which can handle twice as much information, giving a greater sense of realism to the games. Sega of America recently introduced the first | Child's Play |
272990_0 | LEAD: HERE is a report written by a school psychologist in California about a 9-year-old boy in the third grade whose teachers were concerned about his serious lack of academic progress. His name has been withheld. HERE is a report written by a school psychologist in California about a 9-year-old boy in the third grade whose teachers were concerned about his serious lack of academic progress. His name has been withheld. [ This child's ] performance on the WISC-R indicates he is functioning in the average range of intelligence. There is no significant difference between verbal and performance I.Q. scores, suggesting that over all he works equally well when using verbal concepts as when manipulating visual/concrete materials. Subtext scores suggest significant strengths and weaknesses in [ his ] skills and abilities, which remain relatively consistent with previous test results. On the verbal subtests, [ he ] demonstrated weakness in general information and short-term (rote) auditory memory. Well-developed skills are noted in verbal expression of social and practical principles, vocabulary and classification and generalization. Numerical reasoning skills are also within the average range. On the performance subtests, [ he ] demonstrated excellent skill at reasoning out a story by sequencing visual images in a time-limited period. High average skills were also seen in his awareness of essential and nonessential visual details. However, when nonverbal tasks became more ambiguous and less structured, he experienced difficulty and frustration, tending to give up. On the Block Design subtest he struggled to construct abstract geometrical figures with blocks. On the Object Assembly subtest, similar difficulties constructing a puzzle from its component parts were noted. On both of these subtests, he appeared to have a lack of strategies. [ The child's ] performance on tests of visual-motor integration indicate he is functioning more than two years below his chronological age in these areas. Errors suggest poor motor organization, manual dexterity and fine motor control. [ His ] drawings reflect an immature youngster who is struggling academically but who externally indicates that ''everything is fine.'' During the testing sessions, [ he ] was cooperative. But at times became frustrated and had to be encouraged to put forth his best effort. He also used some avoidance tactics, such as hiding the examiner's protocol, but he was humorous about it and did not persist. Recommendations: 1. [ He ] would benefit from learning strategies to help him organize and | Say It in EdSpeak: Word for Word |
278849_4 | Frontenac and Henry - happily no longer kept as garrisons (though visitors to Fort Henry can watch colorful reenactments of military maneuvers by the uniformed Fort Henry guard, and can enjoy the annual outdoor concert of Tchaikovsky's ''1812 Overture,'' complete with Fort Henry cannon). Then there's Whiskey Island, where illicit exchanges took place during Prohibition, and Binnacle Island, used as an American military retreat during World War II (actually these two names are among those given to more than one island), and the many places where divers still find baubles from sunken ships. When it's too dark to see, there is dining and showboat entertainment on the Sunset Cruise, and dancing by moonlight. Late at night, the Island Queen's music reaches me across the water. I catch my breath every time as the ship, festooned with lights, glides across my dark window. I always think of that stunning scene in Fellini's ''Amarcord'': the town's population waiting in the dark in little rowboats, then the dazzling appearance of the brightly lighted ocean liner. When I sit on my dock looking across the great sweep of water through a saddle in Wolfe Island to the far faint smudge of the United States shore, I see ghosts. I see the ghost of Champlain who came past here, by portage and bateau, in 1615. I see the ghost of Brule who came with him, but then struck out westward and was eventually killed and eaten by the Huron on the shores of that great lake. I see Count Frontenac, who founded the first settlement for the French on this site in 1673. I see especially the intrepid La Salle, who left his name all over the place around here. He went by my dock in 1678, kept going westward to discover Niagara Falls, sailed his little boat down the length of Lake Michigan, portaged to the headwaters of the Mississippi, followed to the Gulf of Mexico and claimed and named Louisiana for Louis XIV. Five years later, sailing from France with the intention of reversing the voyage, he somehow managed to miss the mouth of the Mississippi, landed farther west on the Gulf of Mexico, and was murdered by his own men in Texas. It's a harsh history that breathes over these waters. And the St. Lawrence and the Thousand Islands do not always wear their benign summer face. In winter the frozen waterway | Islands of Evergreen and Granite |
278578_0 | LEAD: FIRST came postmodernism, which stems from the idea that there can no longer be anything newer in the arts than what has already been created. Now a State Department official, Francis Fukuyama, has caused a stir among intellectuals with his thesis that the period of ''post-history'' has arrived. With the decline of fascism and Communism, he argues, Western liberal democracy has triumphed and mankind has reached its highest wisdom. FIRST came postmodernism, which stems from the idea that there can no longer be anything newer in the arts than what has already been created. Now a State Department official, Francis Fukuyama, has caused a stir among intellectuals with his thesis that the period of ''post-history'' has arrived. With the decline of fascism and Communism, he argues, Western liberal democracy has triumphed and mankind has reached its highest wisdom. History has come to an end. This startling concept, announced by Mr. Fukuyama, the deputy director of the State Department's policy planning staff and a former analyst for the Rand Corporation, in the current issue of The National Interest magazine, seems like one of those crystallizations of thought that, like postmodernism itself, could become part of the common vocabulary in some circles. Hegel, whose philosophy is difficult even by German standards and who is amply cited by Mr. Fukuyama, has become something of a fashion in Washington. The columnist George Will recently expounded on Mr. Fukuyama's ideas in Newsweek. The Washington Post printed an abridgment of The National Interest essay. Owen Harries, an editor at the quarterly, said that the Soviet Union's Institute for Canadian and American Affairs had contacted Mr. Fukuyama about publishing his article. Translations are to appear in France, Japan, Italy and the Netherlands. Why the fascination with an essay that includes some rather arcane philosophical references, discussing the competing roles of ''materialism'' and ''idealism'' as forces in world history, and offers no concrete prescriptions for national policy? In Mr. Harries's view, Mr. Fukuyama comes along at just the right moment, when many around the world sense that something momentous is occurring and yearn for convincing explanations that go beyond the current debates over whether the cold war has ended or not. When East Meets West ''Up to now, the attempts to explain what is happening have been inadequate and parochial, tied to the cold war and the premises of the cold war,'' Mr. Harries said. ''What Fukuyama | Judging 'Post-History,' The Theory to End All Theories |
278531_3 | from 11 because of a shortage of funds. The program has received $64,000 a year from the state without an increase for four years. A two-hour public-information session precedes each seminar. Those who register are then divided into groups of about 15 that are ''balanced'' by age, sex and education, Ms. Sozzi explained. Originally the service was geared toward the blue-collar, clerical and service occupations. Other occupations now account for about half of those who attend. Participants in the seminars have included ''displaced, outplaced or discouraged workers, those planning career changes, re-entry homemakers, professionals facing burnout and older workers,'' Ms. Sozzi said. Recent figures from those who responded to a follow-up survey showed that half of them had changed their employment status in the last year. Two Tests Are Administered Two tests - the Strong-Campbell Interest Inventory and the Myers-Briggs Type Indicator - are given during each seminar. Both ''help people focus in on who they are,'' Ms. Sozzi said. Printed handouts include questionnaires designed to clarify personal values; articles about resume writing, job hunting and the interview process; and advice to raise morale. Bibliographies relating to various aspects of the job search are also provided, and participants give book reports each week. ''You all begin to learn from each other,'' said Danielle Clarke, director of the North Castle Public Library in Armonk. Ms. Clarke said she had taken the course as a service to her library patrons. She said there were ''hidden goals and frustrations that you can't articulate'' but that a ''skilled leader and group experience'' can help pinpoint. Ms. Sozzi said that for her the real issue was learning to ''negotiate change.'' Adults today are especially threatened by change, she said, because ''we're not conditioned to deal with'' career disruptions. The Crossroads Approach Today's college students, who are more familiar with notions of ''flexibility and retraining,'' will have an easier time in the future, she said. The frequency of job changing today can be reflected in the imagery of guidance people. For example, Ms. Sozzi spoke of using the ''crossroads approach'' instead of the ''ladder approach'' with clients. ''The days of getting a gold watch after 25 years'' - rising rung by rung - ''are over,'' she said. ''People now have to make decisions at many different points in their lives.'' For this reason, she said, ''no matter how happy you are, keep that resume updated and | Career-Counseling Seminars Focus on Building Confidence |
278468_4 | was a muddle from the start. The mistake was to try to make a distinction, among human beings, between being the same person and being the same man. The concept of human being - an animal of a particular kind with particular capacities - provides us with the only concept of person that we can really understand. I believe that it is a disastrous error to say - as Ms. Rorty and many others do - that it is only by first deciding how the law should treat individuals that we decide whether they are persons or not. This thesis is mistaken in philosophy and mischievous in policy: it is used to justify depriving human individuals of human rights. Mercifully, we still do talk of ''human rights,'' of rights people have because they are human. Those who think as Ms. Rorty does must think that it would be more appropriate to speak of ''personal rights,'' understood as rights that people have because they are defined as persons by some actual or would-be legislators. The most recent chapter in the history of the English word ''person'' has been one of the strangest. In the course of writing this review I have frequently used the expression ''human being.'' Thirty years ago a writer would unselfconsciously have used instead the single word ''man.'' It was a defect in English at that time that, unlike Greek, say, or German, it did not have two different words to indicate a member of the human race and a member of the male gender. Feminists rightly objected to this and insisted that a distinction be introduced, and that is why ''man'' is now much less often used in the sense of ''human.'' From the linguistic point of view, I think the wrong option was chosen. It is a pity that women did not insist that ''man'' should be used to mean ''human'' and that when ''man'' meant ''male'' it should be marked in some way (for instance, ''he-man''). Instead, they have left the males in possession of the historic name of the race and introduced new usages to express our common humanity. But the word that has become most popular as the contemporary English equivalent of the Greek ''anthropos'' and the German ''Mensch'' is - pace John Locke - the word ''person.'' So, in spite of what the philosophers may say and think, ''person'' has at long | ARE YOU A PERSON? |
278591_2 | how to use a $495 software package. The expense can often be justified in terms of increased productivity, but the question remains: Why is the training necessary? Many people say it is because the documentation and training aids that accompany today's packaged software are inadequate. Yet the manuals for some of the new personal computer applications exceed 1,000 pages, and many packages even come with disk-based tutorials, extensive on-screen help files and toll-free telephone support. In reality, few people read the documentation, or read only the parts of immediate interest. As a result they find the learning process slow and frustrating. How can the process be accelerated? A multimillion-dollar training industry has sprung up to help. Its aids include structured classes at the company site or at a central ''classroom'' like a hotel, college classroom or computer store, and workshops, seminars, video tapes, audio tapes, disk-based tutorials, reference books, workbooks and custom manuals. Each method has its champions and detractors, its advantages and disadvantages. In the end, a company may be wise to choose several different approaches to meet the diverse needs of its users. Almost all experts agreed that the best learning occurs in a one-on-one tutoring session. Such tutoring occurs in the office on an informal basis as co-workers ask one another questions, like, ''Hey, Jean-Louis, how do I close this data-base file?'' A potential problem is that the employee who takes the time to learn about a program is quickly burdened with extemporaneous pleas for help from those who have not. One-on-one tutoring is impractical in most large companies because of cost and time. An alternative is to train workers in small groups, no more than six or eight students per teacher. At that level the teacher has a chance to work with each student individually for at least part of the time. Is it better to develop an in-house training staff, or to subcontract the work to training centers? Barry M. Keesan, president of Logical Operations Inc. of Rochester, said the number of employees who require training should determine which method is used. ''If you have fewer than 50 people to train, it doesn't warrant doing it yourself,'' he said. ''Go to an outside firm.'' If there are more than 50, it may also pay to go to one of the companies that specialize in ''training the trainers'' within a company. A company sends six or | Why Training Is Worth the Cost |
275478_3 | look a bit uneasy when the conversation turns to the question of how so much private enterprise can be allowed in a Communist country that is now trying to reassert a measure of ideological orthodoxy. Wu Wenliang, who has prospered by selling electronic goods from a thriving retail shop, suggested that ideological labels were not useful. ''Maybe some people will see this as capitalism,'' Mr. Wu said. ''But this is the general trend. And ours is a big country, so it is inevitable that some areas will get rich first.'' Sour Grapes? In other parts of the country, such as Beijing or the city of Xiamen, a special economic zone to the south of Shishi. people seem to feel an odd mixture of jealousy and condescension toward Shishi. They envy the prosperity, but they say it is built on smuggling, and that it is the kind of place where young women are so money-minded that they go into business as prostitutes. Shishi benefits from smuggling because it is only five miles from the coast, and the surrounding Shishi county, with 250,000 people, includes many fishermen with their own boats. They do a big business bartering goods with fishermen from Taiwan. Meeting in the open sea, they trade Chinese herbs and medicine for Taiwan electronic goods, which can be sold at an enormous premium on the mainland. Until the end of the 1970's, this was all illegal. Then, after Deng Xiaoping came to power in 1978, business was again encouraged, although in the last two weeks there have been new signs that the Government may crack down on smuggling of Taiwan electronic products on which duty has not been paid. If the crackdown is effective, it might dampen Shishi's economic vitalityy. ''We are a little worried about policies,'' acknowledged Ke Qianrong, a 34-year-old former official who now owns a shop selling blue jeans. Mr. Ke, like many others interviewed, seemed to fear not so much repression of the democracy movement as any sign of instability or chaos that would impede commerce and transportation. Local residents resent the Communist Party's corruption, privilege and interference, but they share with Deng Xiaoping and other Chinese leaders a visceral, long-ingrained hostility to disorder. ''We're not so interested in the big world of politics,'' said Mr. Wu, the shop owner. ''What we want is simply a leader who can take us to the land of riches.'' | Shishi Journal; Dispatches From a Chinese Frontier of Capitalism |
276422_3 | of Commerce, also took a positive view of the trade data. Record exports, he said, showed that ''industry can compete effectively in the face of a stronger dollar'' as a result of improvements in quality, cost control and service. ''It is important to note that capital-goods exports increased while their imports decreased,'' Mr. Archey said. ''This suggests that in a softening domestic economy, U.S. capital-goods manufacturers are shifting from meeting slackened domestic demand to fulfilling continuing global demands.'' The lower June imports reflected declines of $500 million for automotive vehicles and equipment, of $400 million for capital goods, of $400 million for industrial supplies and materials, and $200 million for foods, feeds and beverages. Imports of consumer goods and other merchandise were basically unchanged. Among exports, capital goods rose $700 million, consumer goods increased $200 million and industrial supplies and materials rose $100 million. The food and automotive categories showed little change, but the category of other merchandise fell $600 million. These figures are adjusted for normal seasonal variations. Over all, manufactured goods were mostly unchanged from May levels, the report showed, at $32.4 billion in imports and $23.9 billion in exports. These figures are not adjusted for seasonal variations. Canada Deficit Eases The deficit with Canada, the nation's biggest trading partner, eased to $570 million from $720 million, also on an unadjusted basis, while the deficit with Japan fell to $3.9 billion from $4.3 billion, despite a $100 million rise in car imports. As for Europe, the deficit with France rose $300 million while the United States registered a surplus of $265 million with Britain. In all, the deficit with Western Europe climbed $150 million, to $225 million. The deficit narrowed with Singapore, South Korea and Hong Kong, but rose with Taiwan, resulting in an overall $200 million decline, to $1.8 billion. The $500 million reduction in oil imports in June, which is expected to reverse for July, resulted from a 20-million-barrel decline in volume and a 73-cent drop in the average price, the Commerce Department said. The overall June trade deficit of $8.2 billion was the narrowest since December 1984, when the deficit registered $6.8 billion, and compared with $10.1 billion for May. The deficit for May was originally been put at $10.2 billion. On a three-month moving average, the June deficit was $8.8 billion, down from $9.3 billion in May and from $9.5 billion in June 1988. | U.S. TRADE DEFICIT NARROWED IN JUNE TO A 4 1/2-YEAR LOW |
274659_0 | LEAD: Michael Cohen, scientific director of Applied Medical Research Ltd., a start-up company in Washington, patented a proposed oral contraceptive this week that the company believes could replace current birth control pills. Michael Cohen, scientific director of Applied Medical Research Ltd., a start-up company in Washington, patented a proposed oral contraceptive this week that the company believes could replace current birth control pills. Current pills prevent ovulation by combining two hormones: estrogen and progesterone. Estrogen, however, is known to cause unpleasant side effects in some women, including weight gain and nausea. It is also suspected of increasing the chances of breast cancer. The new contraceptive would still use progesterone, but it would replace the estrogen with a third hormone, melatonin. The company said the drug has undergone two rounds of human clinical trials in the Netherlands and appears to be at least as effective as the standard contraceptive without causing any side effects. Dr. Cohen received patent 4,855,305. | Patents; An Oral Contraceptive Without Estrogen |
276920_3 | telephone interviews conducted June 20 through 25 with 1,497 adults around the United States, excluding Alaska and Hawaii. The sample of telephone exchanges called was selected by a computer from a complete list of exchanges in the country. The exchanges were chosen so as to assure that each region of the country was represented in proportion to its population. For each exchange, the telephone numbers were formed by random digits, thus permitting access to both listed and unlisted numbers. The numbers were then screened to limit calls to residences. Women were sampled at a higher rate than men so that there would be enough women interviewed to provide statistically reliable comparisons among various subgroups of women. The results of the interviews with 1,025 women and 472 men were then weighted to their correct proportions in the population. Results were also weighted to take account of household size and number of residential telephone lines and to adjust for variations in the sample relating to region, race, age, and education. A group of 978 of these respondents were interviewed a second time from July 25 through 30, after the Supreme Court's decision allowing states more freedom to restrict abortion. Respondents in the second survey amounted to 79 percent of the 1,236 randomly selected people who were to be asked to participate, but 258 declined or were not reached despite several attempts. In theory, in 19 cases out of 20 the results based on either of such samples will differ by no more than three percentage points in either direction from what would have been obtained by seeking out all American adults. The percentages reported are the particular results most likely to match what would be obtained by seeking out all adult Americans. Other possible percentages are progressively less likely the more they differ from the reported results. The potential sampling error for smaller subgroups is larger. For example, for men it is plus or minus five percentage points in both the first and second surveys. For women it is plus or minus three percentage points in the first survey and plus or minus four percentage points in the second survey. For women aged 18 to 29 in the first survey, it is plus or minus six percentage points. In addition to sampling error, the practical difficulties of conducting any survey of public opinion may introduce other sources of error into the poll. | THE NEW YORK TIMES POLL |
277004_2 | what to talk about.'' Group members could not agree on what the humanities were or should be, he said. Professor Proctor notes that the Oxford English dictionary defines the humanities as ''learning or literature concerned with human culture, especially the ancient Latin and Greek classics.'' That, he said, is what they used to be. But today, people tend to think of the humanities as any studies that are not science, he said, and the National Endowment for the Humanities offers no definition, only a list of disciplines that it may finance. Curiosity Piqued When his lunchtime companions - all interested and committed - could not agree, Professor Proctor found his curiosity piqued. He began to look at the origins of the humanities, first with colleagues at Connecticut College and then during a year of study in Italy. His study convinced him that understanding the ideas behind the humanities would help today's students, whose main concerns, he said, range from a too-great desire to ''make big bucks'' to a fear of ''a nuclear or ecological holocaust.'' In his book, Professor Proctor discusses Petrarch, who sought and studied the ancient texts of Cicero and other Romans to find guidance for his own difficult life in the 14th century. He describes how Petrarch led the humanist movement that created the Renaissance and replaced the medieval university curriculums with the study of Latin and Greek literature, history and moral philosophy. For the humanists, the study of the ancients led to the new idea of an autonomous inner-self molded by study. But, Professor Proctor said, ''the autonomous self of Petrarch - the self that could be molded and shaped - is not there in Cicero.'' Instead, he said, Cicero wrote that each was part of the cosmos, part of the whole; to be human was to participate in the whole. From the start, the humanists also advised studying literature and poetry, not nature. Yet, the ancients thought that all was important, for all was part of the cosmos. Breakdown of Relationship The Greek and especially Latin studies prescribed by the humanists were the core of secondary and university education in the West for centuries, yet they deteriorated over the years, Professor Proctor said. Petty scholarship, poor teaching and increased emphasis on modern literature and languages all took their toll. In addition, Freud showed the unconscious self - a self-resistant to being molded. ''The relationship between | Professor Tries to Stir Interest in the Humanities |
276889_0 | LEAD: INTERNATIONAL/3-19 A Solidarity official was designated by President Jaruzelski to be the first non-Communist Prime Minister of Poland since the first years after World War II. The official is Tadeusz Mazowiecki. Page 1 Poles on the bread line look to Solidarity in skepticism INTERNATIONAL/3-19 A Solidarity official was designated by President Jaruzelski to be the first non-Communist Prime Minister of Poland since the first years after World War II. The official is Tadeusz Mazowiecki. Page 1 Poles on the bread line look to Solidarity in skepticism 1 With caution, U.S. expresses support on change in Poland 12 Rumania accuses one of its diplomats of spying 19 Iran's President sought the removal of his hardline Interior Minister in a proposing a new Cabinet. That sharpens a power struggle whose outcome is expected to shape Teheran's future relations with the West. 1 Colombia will extradite drug barons in a new policy announced by President Virgilio Barco Vargas after a top official was shot dead, the climax of a week of assassinations. 14 Muslim leaders threatened France with dire consequences if it interfered militarily in Lebanon. France this week dispatched an aircraft carrier to handle the evacuations of an estimated 7,000 French nationals. 4 Disguised Israelis blamed in slaying 9 Cambodian forces did not fight well in three weeks of heavy conflict with the Khmer Rouge recently along the Thai-Cambodian border, officials say. Morale appears low as the Vietnamese prepare to withdraw. 3 Indian city suffering success 8 Fear is taking hold in Sri Lanka 6 Namibia's legal aid centers, which gained renown for their dogged monitoring of civil rights in the territory, have been threatened with closing by the South African administration. 16 A proposed sale of supercomputers by the U.S. to Brazil, India and Israel has sharply divided the Bush Administration. The Pentagon opposes the deals; the Commerce and State Departments support them. 14 A world's fair for Andalusia 5 An Auschwitz survivor accuses the International Red Cross 11 NATIONAL/22-33 Women still do not compete with men on an equal basis, say a majority of women is a survey. Men generally said there has been more change than women see, with less cost to women than women reported. 1 Planet Neptune is a dynamic world of thick gases roiled by 400-mile-an-hour winds and a storm system the size of Mars, pictures from the Voyager 2 are showing. 32 Voyager's photos | NEWS SUMARY |
271323_2 | the Human-Machine Interactions Laboratory at the Robotics Institute at Carnegie-Mellon University, said, ''There are certain applications where telepresence makes the most sense: where you need high levels of human judgment, inventiveness and precision, but where it's too dangerous to go.'' Some of the strongest interest in teleoperators has come from the nuclear industry, where some experts see the devices as the answer to the problems of working with radioactivity. ''Since the operator can be in a safe environment while the robot goes into the dangerous area, the nuclear industry is very interested,'' said Lee Martin, director of Telerobotics International, in Oak Ridge, Tenn. ''The biggest growth in the use of teleoperators is going to be in nuclear cleanup and waste handling. It will grow even more as we have to dismantle and refurbish plants.'' 'A Better Way' ''Now many of those tasks are done by people in protective suits who can only enter a radioactive zone a fixed number of times, and then can never go there again,'' he said. ''It's extremely expensive. Telerobotics offer a better way.'' Several teleoperation systems are under development in the United States. One of the more advanced ones is at the Naval Ocean Systems Center, a Navy research site in Hawaii. Another will be designed for NASA for use in building and maintaining the planned space station. Projects are also under way in France and Germany; Japan has made teleoperators the focus of an eight-year national project based at Tsukuba Science City, a Government-sponsored research center. Of the several versions of teleoperators now being developed, the more advanced mimic most precisely the sensory input to the brain. ''The closer you come to duplicating the human experience, the more easily your mind transposes into the zone as though you were there,'' said John White, president of Remotec, a concern in Oak Ridge. Teleoperators being designed for use with the space shuttle may make it unnecessary for crew members to do any tasks themselves in space, said John Molino, president of the Tech-U-Fit Corporation in Alexandria, Va. ''We're now testing six prototype tasks, such as locking in place the modules that will be used to build the space station.'' The version being tested has a special glove that duplicates the pressures and forces on the hands of the robot. But the teleoperator need not hear, since there is no sound in space. Overcoming Tough Problems Such | New Breed of Robots Have the Human Touch |
271092_1 | the Congressional Space Caucus. Rep. Brown said the move was part of a campaign to curb the use of space reactors by both the Soviet Union, which has them now, and the United States, which plans to use them in the future. Data Become 'Useless' ''We should not on the one hand spent hundreds of billions of dollars to support scientists in their efforts to expand our knowledge of the universe, while on the other hand proceed with plans for the deployment in Earth orbit of large numbers of nuclear reactors that make the data from gamma-ray satellites useless,'' Mr. Brown said. A similar measure is to be introduced in the Senate by Dale L. Bumpers, a Arkansas Democrat. Backers of the measure say it has a good chance of becoming law. Mr. Brown's move was prompted by disclosures last year that radiation from Soviet nuclear reactors in space was hampering the operation of an American satellite known as Solar Max, which was intended to measure invisible gamma rays from the Sun. Escalating Concern Similar radiation was also seen as threatening the success of a $500 million observatory to be lofted by the space agency in 1990 to study gamma rays produced by stars, galaxies and baffling cosmic events. Concern about the pollution problem escalated in January when Soviet scientists disclosed that they had launched into space an advanced new class of nuclear reactor that is the most efficient, long-lived and powerful ever to orbit the Earth. The United States, meanwhile, is developing a still more powerful space reactor, known as the SP-100, which is envisioned for use in Earth orbit to power space weapons. In a statement, Mr. Brown quoted a report prepared last year by the Defense Intelligence Agency and recently declassified. Report From the President ''If the number and operating power of space reactors increases,'' it said, ''the ability to conduct X- and gamma-ray observations from near-Earth platforms will be severely restricted.'' Mr. Brown's amendment calls on the President to submit to Congress a report on the potential for interference with gamma-ray astronomy missions that could be caused by the placement in Earth orbit of space nuclear reactors. The report must be filed no later than April 30. Mr. Brown has introduced separate legislation, H.R. 966, calling for an international ban on the placement of nuclear reactors in orbit and limiting their use to deep space missions. | House Asks Bush to Report on Reactors in Space |
271160_0 | LEAD: A New York State appeals court yesterday upheld the manslaughter and assault convictions of three young men in the Howard Beach attack and refused a defense request to reduce the prison sentences imposed on them. A New York State appeals court yesterday upheld the manslaughter and assault convictions of three young men in the Howard Beach attack and refused a defense request to reduce the prison sentences imposed on them. In a unanimous decision, the five-judge panel characterized as ''vicious and wanton'' the defendants' conduct in the December 1986 incident that resulted in the ''senseless'' death of one black man and the ''savage beating'' of another. Such conduct ''cannot, and will not, be condoned nor trivialized,'' it said. ''A message loud and clear must go forth that racial violence by any person or group, whatever their race, will not be tolerated by a just and civilized society, and that, when it does occur, it must be appropriately punished,'' the Appellate Division of State Supreme Court in Brooklyn said. The decision was written by Presiding Justice Milton Mollen. The panel rejected a number of defense issues, including a contention that the three white youths had been denied a fair trial because the trial judge, Justice Thomas A. Demakos of State Supreme Court in Queens, had curbed the defense lawyers' use of peremptory challenges after he ruled that they had tried to exclude blacks from the jury. Manslaughter Charge Upheld ''We reject the assertion,'' the court said, ''that because of the racially motivated nature of the attack involved in this case, the defendants should have been able to exercise their peremptory challenges against any black juror solely on the basis of race, including those who, during voir dire questioning, stated their race would not influence their ability to render an impartial verdict.'' The court also rejected the defense assertion that the youths' action did not constitute manslaughter because they had not forseen that one of the black men, Michael Griffith, would flee onto a highway in Queens, where he was struck by a passing motorist. The three young men convicted of manslaughter and assault in 1987 are Jon Lester, 20 years old, who is serving 10 to 30 years in prison; Scott Kern, 20, sentenced to 6 to 18 years but free on bail while he appeals, and Jason Ladone, 18, sentenced to 5 to 15 years and also out on | New York Court Upholds Howard Beach Convictions |
277918_0 | LEAD: Rumors of new foreign interest in American sugar took traders by surprise yesterday and prompted a flurry of late buying that raised prices. Rumors of new foreign interest in American sugar took traders by surprise yesterday and prompted a flurry of late buying that raised prices. Dealers, studiously watching for signs of India buying on either side of the Atlantic, heard talk that Yugoslavia had slipped into the world market. ''With all this hype over India, people have been looking away from other potentially market-moving items,'' one dealer said, adding that few houses knew of the Yugoslav interest. ''That's why it turned the market around,'' he said, noting prices slumped earlier as traders overnight had digested talk of an Indian tender and of sales to North Africa. Expected Days for Trades Traders at the New York Coffee, Sugar and Cocoa Exchange expect India to begin buying tomorrow, while Yugoslavia is rumored to be waiting until next Tuesday before it buys an estimated 90,000 metric tons of white sugar. Spot October picked itself up off midday lows of 13.79 cents a pound to end at 14.15 cents - above Tuesday's impressive close when traders doubted sugar had the nerve, or the news, to go higher. Copper surged above market expectations on continued supply problems. Traders saw no end in sight to strikes and shutdowns at key copper mines, sending prices to their highest levels for the current contracts. The September contract neared the critical barrier of 131.50 cents a pound, with promise of a breakthrough by the weekend if industry setbacks persist. ''Depending on the supply situation, the 150.00-cent mark is not too out of reach,'' said one trader at New York's Commodity Exchange. He predicted December copper could slice through its high of 126.00 cents a pound. It ended the session up 2.55 cents but still 2 cents off its record. September delivery ended at 127.85 cents a pound, a gain of 2.50 cents. FUTURES/OPTIONS | Sugar Prices in Late Rally On Rumor of Yugoslav Plan |
277888_0 | LEAD: Five of the nation's largest supermarket companies announced today that they had taken steps to make sure that dairy products that carry their stores' brands do not contain milk from cows treated with an experimental genetically engineered drug. Five of the nation's largest supermarket companies announced today that they had taken steps to make sure that dairy products that carry their stores' brands do not contain milk from cows treated with an experimental genetically engineered drug. In a related action today, Ben and Jerry's Homemade Inc., makers of popular premium ice cream, became the nation's first large food company to actively campaign against the genetically engineered drug, bovine somatotropin, which increases milk production in cows. Starting next week, millions of pints of ice cream will be shipped from the company's plant in Waterbury, Vt., 12 miles west of here, bearing labels calling for a halt to the drug's development to ''save family farms.'' The dispute over bovine somatotropin (soma-toe-TRO-pin), though it revolves in part around questions of safety, has been even more basically an economic one until the action today by the five supermarket companies. Small dairy farmers say their survival is threatened by the combination of increased production and lowered prices because they have lower profit margins than big operations. Overnight Increases Possible They have waged a vigorous campaign against the drug, which can increase a cow's production by up to 25 percent almost overnight. Some of these farmers say that the main beneficiaries of the drug will be its makers, who can also sell it to an international market estimated to be $100 million to $500 million annually. Milk prices paid to farmers have been falling for most of the 1980's and have been generally steady for consumers, partly because of previous innovations, such as better breeding and more nutritious feed. The Federal Food and Drug Administration and scientists who have studied the drug, which has been used on an experimental basis for four years and is already in milk products consumed by millions of Americans, say that it is safe. They say milk produced by cows that receive it is identical to milk from untreated cows. But some in the food industry and some farmers say they are concerned that consumers may not accept such assurances at a time when the Government has reversed its position on the hazards of many pesticides, food dyes and synthetics. | 5 Big Chains Bar Milk Produced With Aid of Drug |
275638_1 | Washington, D.C. Industry experts said other companies were likely to follow ARCO's lead in introducing fuel formulated for low pollution, known as ''designer'' gasoline. The proposals in Washington and California would force auto makers to design and sell large numbers of cars using methanol, compressed natural gas and other alternative fuels to meet new clean-air standards. 'The Writing on the Wall' ''They are seeing the writing on the wall,'' said Bill Kelly, a spokesman for the South Coast Air Quality Management District in Los Angeles, which confirmed ARCO's claims about the new fuel. ''They want to remain players here. They think they can do it through pushing gasoline formulation and technology.'' The fuel that ARCO announced today will cost about 2 cents a gallon more to produce. ARCO said it would absorb the cost, apparently to protect its position as the low-cost leader among gasoline companies. ARCO is the leading marketer of gasoline in Southern California, the region of the nation with the strictest environmental controls. The company also said it hoped to introduce reformulated gasoline for newer vehicles that use unleaded gasoline in three to five years. The company said the changes to improve the environmental performance of unleaded gasolines were also thought to be relatively simple. But it said that extensive testing was needed and that refineries would have to be reconfigured, at heavy expense. The gasoline companies face tough targets. Methanol can cut the air pollutants emitted from new cars by 50 percent. But they believe that a much smaller saving might make their product environmentally competitive because it could be quickly introduced on all cars. ARCO said that in tests its new fuel for pre-1975 cars reduced evaporative emissions of smog-causing chemicals from them by 21 percent, cut carbon monoxide by 9 percent, nitrogen oxide by 5 percent and hydrocarbons by 4 percent. Pollution From Pre-1975 Cars Such reductions are among many that are important in reducing overall vehicle pollution, like the introduction of equipment at gas stations to reduce evaporation when cars are filling their gas tanks. Pre-1975 cars are thought to account for as much as 30 percent of all vehicle pollution in Southern California, where mild weather allows vehicles to last longer, and California officials hailed today's announcement. ''This gasoline will be most helpful in reducing emissions from older cars that do not have sophisticated emission-control systems,'' said Jananne Sharpless, chairwoman of the | ARCO Offers New Gasoline to Cut Up to 15% of Old Cars' Pollution |
277648_0 | LEAD: Sugar futures prices rose sharply yesterday amid rumors that India had made a long-expected purchase of refined white sugar on the world market to offset partly its projected shortfall of nearly a million metric tons. Sugar futures prices rose sharply yesterday amid rumors that India had made a long-expected purchase of refined white sugar on the world market to offset partly its projected shortfall of nearly a million metric tons. On the Chicago Board of Trade, soybean futures finished mostly higher. Sugar futures settled 0.42 cent to 0.60 cent higher on New York's Coffee, Sugar and Cocoa Exchange, with the contract for delivery in October at 13.95 cents a pound. World sugar stocks are so low because of several years of poor sugar cane crops and steadily rising consumption. Any hint of new purchases by large-scale consumers like India, China or the Soviet Union tends to throw the market into a bullish frenzy. There was no confirmation of the rumor, which began on the United Terminal Sugar Market in London. Indian Buying Expected Analysts said Indian buying had been expected for months. India's Government recently approved emergency funds to buy refined white sugar, known as ''whites'' in the trade, to offset an expected shortfall of almost a million metric tons. ''They're talking 200,000 to 300,000 tons,'' said Kim Badenhop, an analyst at Merrill Lynch Capital Markets. ''They may just take that tonnage in one clip, and the whites situation is so tight that it's really going to have an impact on prices.'' But another analyst, Harry Schwartz of Cargill Investor Services in New York, said the India rumor had emerged only to justify heavy computer-based buying by commodity funds. Sharp Friday Losses Cited He conceded that supply and demand factors pointed to higher prices but contended that yesterday's buying was touched off by the market's failure on Monday to extend significantly the sharp losses registered Friday. FUTURES/OPTIONS | Sugar Moves Up Sharply On Rumor of Indian Buying |
277783_0 | LEAD: SEVERAL companies are developing calorie-free and calorie-reduced fat substitutes that could be available in 5 to 10 years. SEVERAL companies are developing calorie-free and calorie-reduced fat substitutes that could be available in 5 to 10 years. Calorie-free fat substitutes are artificial products that are not digested or absorbed by the body, so they contribute no fat, calories or cholesterol to the diet. They are generally formulated to take the place of fat in hot and cold foods and can be used in baking and frying. Calorie-reduced fat substitutes are made from either carbohydrates or proteins and are therefore digested and absorbed. They provide one to four calories per gram, compared with fat, which has nine calories per gram. Calorie-Free Fat Substitutes * Olestra - The Procter & Gamble Company of Cincinnati petitioned the Food and Drug Administration in May 1987. It requested approval to substitute olestra for up to 35 percent of the fat in shortenings and oils sold to consumers and up to 75 percent of the fat used for frying commercial snack foods like potato chips and corn chips and by restaurants for deep-fat frying. * DDM (dialkyl dihexadecylmalonate) - This is being developed by Frito-Lay in Plano, Tex. Tests on animals began a year ago and taste tests of corn chips and tortilla chips fried in a DDM/soybean oil blend began a few months ago. The company is not saying when it might petition the F.D.A. for approval. * EPG (esterified propoxylated glycerol) - This is being studied by the Arco Chemical Company of Newtown Square, Pa. EPG is to be used in any way fats and oils are. Animal testing is being done and the company estimates it will be five to 10 years before the product is approved. * Tatca (trialkoxytricarballylate) - Tests are in the early stages at Best Foods in Englewoods Cliffs, N.J., a division of CPC International. It is expected to be at least three to five years before data on Tatca's safety are presented to the F.D.A. Calorie-Reduced Fat Substitutes * Simplesse - Submitted to the F.D.A. last year by the Nutrasweet Company of Deerfield, Ill., Simplesse is made of egg and milk proteins processed to resemble fat in texture and taste. The company wants to use Simplesse in frozen dessert products. Simplesse provides one to two calories per gram and reduces the calorie content of food by 20 to | Companie Compete to Put Products on Market |
277660_1 | to promote cleaner burning. ''The answer is doing more of the same,'' said Richard A. Rykowski of the Environmental Protection Agency's Motor Vehicle Emissions Laboratory, in Ann Arbor, Mich., referring to the ARCO product. He said the oil companies were being vague about how much emissions could be reduced in newer cars, but that 15 percent was probably reasonable. However, reducing pollution by that much in newer cars with catalytic converters may take a more drastic reformulation than ARCO used for the older cars that lack anti-pollution equipment. If all cars ran on gasoline that was 15 percent cleaner-burning, Mr. Rykowski said, the effect for the fleet as a whole would be the same as converting one-third of the cars to methanol, which burns 50 percent cleaner than current gasoline. The Bush Administration has called for production of a million alternative-fuel vehicles a year by 1997, for use in nine metropolitan areas. Estimates of the potential of reformulated gasoline to cut emissions run as high as 30 percent, but there is no test data to back this up. The new ARCO fuel, a simple formula that probably could not be patented, is notable for what is cut out -light compounds, including butane, and the heavier forms of two classes of hydrocarbons - aromatics and olefins. ARCO also mixed in a new additive, methyl tertiary butyl ether, known as MTBE, which is already in use in other gasolines. MTBE includes an oxygen molecule that promotes more thorough combustion in the engine. Other refiners might cut out even more of the lightest and heaviest parts of gasoline, and possibly introduce more additives to promote clean burning. Charles DiBona, president of the American Petroleum Institute, predicted that reformulated gasolines for all cars could be developed in a year. Experts say that the modified gasolines would deliver mileage and performance as good as if not better than today's. But refiners say that it would take longer to build new equipment to process the light and heavy compounds being removed from the gasoline for use again in gasoline itself or other products. Such equipment would cost billions of dollars nationwide. Alternatively, if refiners use existing equipment but the new gasoline uses fewer of the compounds found in oil, more crude oil would be needed to produce the same volume of gasoline, and probably more refining capacity too. Either way, the price of gasoline would rise. | THAT 'CLEANER FUEL' MAY BE GASOLINE |
279133_3 | modest scale, efforts by governments like Japan's to assist private industry. Most economists believe some assistance is sorely needed. A 20-year exodus of manufacturers has sapped much of the state's traditional strength in development of consumer products. 'The Sick Man' In 1950, nearly half of all jobs in New Jersey were in manufacturing. But as labor costs rose and the old factories became inefficient, the businesses left, and manufacturing today represents just 20 percent of all jobs in the state. Samuel M. Ehrenhalt, the regional commissioner for labor statistics in the United States Bureau of Labor Statistics, has called manufacturing ''the sick man'' in New Jersey's economy because the loss of jobs has continued even in the last three years, when such jobs have grown nationally. Most of the lost jobs were in the state's six largest cities, so ''the ailing manufacturing sector is very closely linked to the real urban distress the state suffers from,'' said Richard Steffens, assistant director for venture development at the New Jersey Commission on Science and Technology, a state organization created to foster the growth of high-technology businesses. 'The Opportunity Is There' Mr. Steffens said that the commission is helping to establish one of the first high-definition television stations, to devise a process to wash contaminated soil and to manufacture solar energy converters. ''The opportunity is there,'' he said. ''It lies with us to take it.'' One of the companies receiving help from the commission and the institute is Biomagnetics Systems Inc., which has developed a process using magnetic fields that would, among other things, hasten the rate at which microbes break down toxic wastes. The commission paid for feasibility studies, and the institute gave the company space at its business incubator inside an old factory building. ''Without that assistance we'd be dead in the water,'' said the president of Biomagnetics, Gregory J. Provell. Not all the companies helped by the state would be considered high technology. Babek Commercial Tire Systems in Avenel has been receiving technical assistance from the institute since shortly after it began recapping truck tires in 1982. The company's president, William Babek, said students have analyzed production costs, developed custom computer software and now are designing a computerized tire-recapping plant. Mr. Babek said the new $3 million plant would enable him to produce as many as 100,000 tires a year and nearly triple his work force, from 55 to 150. | New Jersey Factory to Create Coffee Cups and Industrialists |
273473_2 | Amazon, the world's largest rain forest. On a recent morning, a Manaus tour boat, the Uruna, nosed through the silt-laden waters of an Amazonian tributary. Watching the lush riverbank foliage slip by, Dionisio Borghi, the boat owner, spoke of the growing economic argument in favor of greenery. 'You Hear Chainsaws' ''You take tourists up a new part of the river, and all of a sudden you hear two chainsaws around the bend,'' he said ''The tourists see the trees cut down and then they turn to me and say, 'Why are you taking me here?' Eventually, there is going to be a conflict. Both the tour operator and the lumberman have to survive.'' In June, the governor of Amazonas state announced that he would resume a controversial policy of distributing free chainsaws to jungle settlers. The state accounts for one third of the 1.9-million-square-mile area that Brazilians call ''legal Amazonia.'' Although still small, Amazonian tourism runs counter to chainsaw development. Indeed, the growing worldwide interest in ecological tourism may be most visible in Manaus, a state capital of one million people reachable by a five-hour airplane flight from Miami. The number of foreign tourists arriving in Manaus increased to 70,000 in 1988, from 12,000 in 1983. In a decade, the number should hit 200,000, Mr. Nunes of the state tourism agency, said. Jungle Tours A recent edition of the city's bilingual Portuguese-English tourist guide listed 13 companies offering tours of the surrounding jungle, including Amazon Odyssey Tours, Amazon Safari Camp, Amazon Village and Jungle Trips. Fears about global warming seem to be prompting some tourists to visit the Amazon. ''It's almost paradoxical,'' Senator Dale Bumpers, an Arkansas Democrat, said after a recent two-day Congressional fact-finding visit here. ''The more the greenhouse effect makes the front page, the more tourism increases.'' Deforestation of the Amazon, among other things, is thought to increase carbon dioxide in the atmosphere and accelerate global warming. ''In Amazonas state, hotels are now getting the tax incentives that 10 years ago went to cattle ranches,'' said Thomas Lovejoy, an American ecologist with more than 20 years' experience in the Amazon. Long the preserve of jungle lodges slung with hammocks and of rustic riverboats in the style of the African Queen, Amazonian tourism is expanding into large-scale luxury operations run by multinational corporations. During the 1988-1989 winter season, 21 Caribbean cruise ships anchored here, up from one in | Growth of Tourism Is Benefiting Fragil Environment |
273499_0 | LEAD: Hundreds of nuclear arms protesters marched on the Tennessee plant where the first atom bomb was produced to mark the 44th anniversary of the Hiroshima bombing Sunday while thousands demonstrated at some of the nation's troubled nuclear weapons plants. Hundreds of nuclear arms protesters marched on the Tennessee plant where the first atom bomb was produced to mark the 44th anniversary of the Hiroshima bombing Sunday while thousands demonstrated at some of the nation's troubled nuclear weapons plants. Recent disclosures about safety and environmental problems at many nuclear weapons plants have charged the atmosphere at many protests. ''I think it's great that people had the courage and conviction to come out to this contaminated site and say, 'No more,' '' said Carter Ellison, a spokeswoman for Colorado Freeze Voters, one of the groups opposing nuclear armaments. She was among about 4,500 people who gathered peacefully at the Rocky Flats plant, 16 miles northwest of Denver, where plutonium triggers for nuclear weapons are made. | A-Bomb Anniversary Draws Wide Protests |
273554_0 | LEAD: In one generation, Brazil's fertility rate has been cut almost in half, and in the words of one expert, the country's ''population bomb has been deactivated.'' In one generation, Brazil's fertility rate has been cut almost in half, and in the words of one expert, the country's ''population bomb has been deactivated.'' ''Brazil is compressing 100 years of fertility decline into 20 years,'' said the expert, George Martine, a Canadian demographer who works in Brasilia. The fertility rate, 5.75 children per woman in 1970, has declined to about 3.2 today. Indeed, there are fewer Brazilian children under age 4 today than a decade ago. Over all, Brazil will continue to add to its current population of 145 million, but it will probably end this century with 170 million people - 50 million fewer than demographers predicted a decade ago. Contraception Spreads The sharp change in outlook, which surprised many planners, is attributed to a combination of factors: rapid spread of contraceptive devices, economic stagnation over the last decade and universal access to television. The dramatic drop in fertility rates in Brazil, Latin America's most populous country, has been accompanied by similar drops in Colombia and Mexico, countries that have strong, Government-led family-planning programs. ''What distinguishes Brazil is the absence of any Government birth control policy,'' Mr. Martine said. ''Brazil has experienced the largest self-induced drop in human history.'' After initial hostility to family planning in the 1960's, Brazil's Government and the Roman Catholic Church here have largely maintained a laissez-faire attitude in recent years. On the reproductive plane, today's Brazil is a radically different country than the Brazil of the mid-1960's. In 1965, the ruling military encouraged big families, and only 5 percent of fertile married women used contraceptives. Today, two-thirds of married women use some form of contraception, according to Bemfam, Brazil's largest private family-planning agency. The two most popular methods, contraceptive pills and sterilization, have suddenly become universally available. Surveys show that a vast majority -93 percent - of women who use birth control pills buy them over the counter without a prescription. About 27 percent of married Brazilian women are sterilized, well above the American level of about 17 percent. There has been no parallel trend toward sterilization among Brazilian men, however. Of married men in Brazil, 0.8 percent have undergone sterilization. Seated on a wooden bench in a family-planning clinic here, Maria Izete Costa Marinha | Births in Brazil Are on Decline, Easing Worries |
273493_1 | by the handsful and stucco surfaces and stone inscriptions are corroding and crumbling. A black crust of acid deposit coats one wall of the Great Ball Court at Chichen Itza. Archeological treasures at Coba, Chicanna, Uxmal and other sites are also showing acid's devastating effects. ''We've been struggling with this problem since the mid-1970's, and it's getting worse,'' said Dr. Richard E. W. Adams, an archeologist at the University of Texas at San Antonio, who specializes in Maya research. ''I have seen a marked difference in the buildings and statues'' over the last decade, said Dr. Dorie Reents-Budet, curator of pre-Columbian art at Duke University. ''It's happening at all the sites.'' Dr. Seymour Lewin, a professor of chemistry at New York University and an authority on stone preservation, said acid rain's ruinous attack on statues and archeological sites is ''becoming a worldwide phenomenon,'' from the Parthenon and Michelangelo's David to the Taj Mahal and the hundreds of stone monuments on the battleground at Gettysburg. In a three-year study, supported by the National Geographic Society, Dr. Merle Greene Robertson, an art historian and director of the Pre-Columbian Art Research Institute in San Francisco, not only documented that ''the sculpture and architecture of the Maya civilization are being destroyed by acidic precipitation'' but warned that surrounding forests ''are now subject to increasing levels of acidic rainfall.'' Although damage to the forests is not apparent yet, Dr. Robertson recommended that the governments of Mexico, Guatemala, Belize, Honduras and Cuba as well as international organizations ''commence studies on the effects of acidic precipitation on the tropical environments of Mesoamerica.'' Damage to Tombstones Dr. Robertson said in a recently completed report on the study, that researchers used meteorological observations to trace the source of the Yucatan's acid rain mainly to emissions from uncapped Mexican oil wells and oilfield smokestacks near Coatzacoalcos and Ciudad del Carmen on the Gulf of Mexico. The wells are operated by Pemex, the Government-owned petroleum company. The nearest oil field is 75 miles from Palenque and 250 miles from Chichen Itza. Dr. Lewin had earlier called attention to the effects of oil refinery emissions on monumental stone in a study of limestone monuments in an 18th century Jewish cemetery on the island of Curacao, off Venezuela. Comparing plaster casts taken of the tombstone inscriptions with the condition of the actual stones after years of exposure to refinery vapors, Dr. Lewin found | New Threat To Maya Ruins: Acid Rain |
271437_1 | trade for three Israeli prisoners. Kidnapping is always despicable, but Sheik Obeid was not exactly an innocent bystander. He is part of the band that held Colonel Higgins, a United Nations observer, and uninvolved civilians in Beirut. I cannot condemn Israel, against which Sheik Obeid's group has proclaimed holy war, for giving him his own medicine. Nor can I blame Israel for not warning the U.S. in advance. That would have implicated Washington, but what would it have done? America has found no way of saving U.S. and foreign hostages. In 1988 Jacques Chirac, then Prime Minister of France, in a brazenly pre-electoral move made a deal that extricated French hostages at a still-undisclosed price. That didn't win elections for him. The New York Times correspondent Youssef Ibrahim has reported that France continues to pay what amounted to protection money against taking new hostages or terrorist incidents in France. The U.S. could not imaginably accept such a deal. The demand for retaliation is domestic American politics, not a serious weapon in the dirty, crazy war of terrorism. Whatever President Bush decides to do about Colonel Higgins's killing can bring no more than the satisfaction of an eye for an eye, and probably the wrong eye at that. This must not detract from delicate moves toward negotiations on the Palestine issue. It is possible that the Israeli leadership, torn by the prospects, found the chance of distraction an advantage in timing the capture of Sheikh Obeid. The focus must revert to the proposal for elections in the West Bank and Gaza to launch the beginning of a political settlement, the only way of ever unraveling the tangled networks that perpetuate violence in the area. Spokesmen say the P.L.O. has agreed to the election plan, as described by Secretary of State James Baker, as long as it is understood as part of an ''ongoing peace process.'' Israel's Prime Minister, Yitzhak Shamir, offered it with ''unconditional negotiations'' on the occupied territories' status after a few years of Palestinian autonomy. There isn't much difference in what the two sides say, though still a big gap in their goals. Remaining issues are the vote for East Jerusalem, which could be gotten around by allowing Arab residents of the annexed city to vote and run for office in nearby communities; some kind of international supervision (the P.L.O. now says by U.S. and Egyptian observers), and guarantees | Focus on The Main Issues |
279400_5 | He purchased Rolls-Royce Aerospace Ltd.'s metallurgical library when the engine maker put it up for sale during a period of financial troubles. Before he turned to mean steel, Mr. Taylor invented a method of using polystyrene in his molds. The ''lost foam'' process - the name comes from the fact that the polystyrene vaporizes - is more precise and allows Auto Alloys to reuse chemically impregnated sands that are part of the casting process. That reduces costs and cuts down on environmental problems. The process is on permanent display at the National Science Museum in London and is being explored for other applications by several auto makers. General Motors is using it extensively in its new subsidiary, the Saturn Corporation. It is too soon to tell if mean steel will also be a commercial success. Officials at the Toronto-based Nickel Development Institute, a trade organization financed by the leading nickel producers, noted that substitutes for nickel have been tried in the past but ultimately failed commercial tests. They say the nickel-free steels typically suffer from the major drawback of being harder to cast and process with machine tools. ''Nickel alloys have a proven record of reliability and performance, and that is why they are used,'' said Michael Pearce, executive director of the nickel institute. ''But it is true that when the price of nickel or any other commodity rises people are going to look for substitutes.'' Even if mean steel proves to be everything Mr. Taylor says it is, its impact is likely to be confined to a niche in the nickel market. Foundry casting like that done at Auto Alloys represents just 6 percent of total nickel consumption. It would take the development of a formulation for a nitrogen alloy in stainless steel, which accounts for 60 percent of nickel demand, to really make technological waves. Such sweeping changes are rare compared with the niche breakthroughs like those Mr. Taylor pursues. But Mr. Taylor said he has less ambitious goals and no desire to turn his company, which employs 60 people, into a huge enterprise. ''I'd like to keep this basically a research foundry,'' he said. BUSINESS TECHNOLOGY Correction: September 1, 1989, Friday, Late Edition - Final An article in Business Day on Wednesday about a steel process using nitrogen as an alloy misidentified the parent company of Garrett Automotive. It is Allied Signal Inc., not General Signal Inc. | From Luftwaffe, a New Idea for Steel |
274939_4 | the success of Bobby Dodd's Rambling Wreck made Georgia Tech football the dominant source of Atlanta's sporting identity. Kevin Bryant, the department's director of marketing and promotions, recited a list of current competitors that goes beyond the Georgia Bulldogs and the Duke Blue Devils. ''I'm competing with Bon Jovi at the Omni,'' Bryant said. ''I'm competing with Six Flags over Georgia. I'm competing with Stone Mountain. I'm competing wih the Hawks, the Braves and the Falcons. I'm competing with 'Cagney and Lacey' on television. I'm competing with 'Batman.' For the entertainment dollar, Atlanta, Georgia, is not what it used to be.'' When Rice became the school's athletic director nearly a decade ago, he said, he took over a program with a $2.5 million budget, a deficit of $354,000, 28 employees and a graduation rate of 38 percent among its athletes. The budget has been increased to $15 million. More than $30 million has been invested in new facilities. Rice said the program has straddled the break-even point in recent years. There are now 100 employees, and the graduation rate exceeds 80 percent. Rice said income had not been sought at the expense of integrity. Before the 1987 season, alcohol and cigarette advertisements were eliminated from game programs because Rice felt they contradicted the drug- and alcohol-awareness programs that had been established on campus. Rice's plan for continued growth will depend on the success of a controversial corporate sponsorship program. Before the Georgia Tech season starts Sept. 9, Rice plans to announce the details of the university's relationship with sponsors for its seven-game home football schedule. In university literature, a range of prices is established from $75,000 for each of the first five games to $100,000 for the Thanksgiving Day game against Boston College, to $175,000 for the Dec. 2 showdown with Georgia. The packages, as listed in the literature, include benefits from catered corporate tents to use of a luxury suite, to signs in Bobby Dodd Stadium at Grant Field, to television and radio exposure, to newspaper advertisements. Rice described the sponsorship program as an extension of accepted outside involvement that has had corporations advertise in programs, on scoreboards and on university-run television and radio broadcasts for years. Rice said the procedures at Georgia Tech would not allow for a potentially dissatisfied corporate executive to become involved in the decision-making process. But when asked about the possibility on a national | COLLEGE FOOTBALL: Saturday Afternoon in Crisis; Colleges Fight To Pay for a U.S. Tradition |
274712_2 | by a single carrier. I oppose its resurrection, however, because it is unclear that ceilings would do more good than harm. The non-discretionary travelers who pay the full coach fares, travel disproportionately at peak times and so are more costly to serve on average. They have their fares, most of them, paid by their employers and, via expensing for tax purposes, the Treasury. These travelers also receive valuable frequent-flyer credits and often enjoy preferential seating and free upgrading to first class. They enjoy the benefit of relatively frequent flights to an increased number of destinations and they have a better chance than other passengers of obtaining reservations at the last moment because of the carriers' increased sophistication in reserving seats, for them. Price ceilings inevitably tend to result in diminished frequency of service, since full coach fares play a disproportionate role in influencing scheduling decisions. Yet scheduling is the most important dimension of service quality for those very travelers whom the ceilings are intended to protect - a perfect example of the futility of regulating price without also regulating quality. Since fewer flights mean fewer discount seats, ceilings would disrupt the present confluence of interests between business and discretionary travelers. The economic naif assumes that the full-fare-paying passengers must be subsidizing the others. That is almost certainly incorrect. The carriers have obviously learned how to extract the most profitable price from the former regardless of what they charge the latter. And since discounted fares undoubtedly more than cover their extra costs, they are helping hold full fares down. The alternative remedy is to try to make competition more effective. The prescriptions are by now familiar - an antitrust enforcement policy more vigilant than any in the last eight years; an attack on the preferential access to airport facilities enjoyed by some carriers, and expansion and efficient pricing of those facilities; elimination of any residual advantage conferred by carrier ownership of computerized reservation systems; requirement of full disclosure by travel agents of their commissions; a relaxation of the restrictions on foreign airlines competing for domestic traffic. I do not suggest that these efforts are either easy to define or likely to be mounted, and I do not have the illusion that they would make a dramatic difference. But most have, so far, scarcely been tried. Matters would have to become much worse before a reimposition of price ceilings made sense. BUSINESS | Lower Fares, More Service - It Works |
274831_5 | terraces. Shade trees and intercropping with yucca further prevented topsoil erosion. ''Today, the ancestral practices have been abandoned with deathly results,' said Mr. Ponce, president of the Peruvian Foundation for Nature Conservation. He and other Peruvian environmentalists interviewed said they believed the core of the problem lay in the United States, in reducing the demand there for cocaine. U.S. Favors Chemical Eradication United States officials in Peru advocate chemical eradication of the coca fields. Last year, an eradication program came under heavy attack by the Shining Path guerrillas. It was suspended in February. Now the American and Peruvian scientists are testing the efficacy of two herbicides, hexazinone, marketed by Du Pont under the name Velpar, and tebuthiuron, marketed by Eli Lilly and Company under the name Spike. ''We have had very positive results: 95 to 99 percent of the coca bushes were killed without major harm to the environment,'' Luis G. Moreno, deputy director of the American Embassy's Narcotics Assistance Unit, said about Spike. In the United States, Spike carries a label warning that the herbicide should be kept out of lakes, ponds and streams and that it ''will kill trees, shrubs, and other forms of desirable vegetation.'' Miss Benavides, an environmental engineer, asserted in an inview that the team of Peruvian and American scientists is testing eradication chemicals for their efficiency but not their danger to the rain-forest environment. On Aug. 2, the American Assistant Secretary of State for International Narcotics Affairs, Melvyn Levitsky, defended the use of herbicides in a news conference for Bolivian, Colombian and Peruvian reporters. Saying that herbicide spraying against coca cultivation ''has to be environmentally sound,'' he added, ''We are not going to dump unsafe chemicals in the Amazon jungle, in the Amazon region.'' ''If you have looked at the amount of environmental damage that the coca growing has done in your countries, it is absolutely astounding,'' the American official said to his South American questioners who were linked by satellite to Mr. Levitsky in Washington. ''Forests have been cut down. Chemicals have been used and dumped into rivers. The environmental damage is huge.'' Fear of Lawsuits Du Pont, when asked in the United States for comment, said it was not aware that Velpar, which can be purchased on the open market, was being used. It said that too much of it would have to be used to kill the coca plant to be | PERUVIAN FARMERS RAZING RAIN FOREST TO SOW DRUG CROPS |
274840_1 | to the American accusations has been simply to accuse the United States of slandering him. Now, experts on Cuba say, he is trying to certify his anti-drug credentials. If his offer is accepted, he will make progress toward a far more basic goal: a less antagonistic United States that might end its trade embargo, which today denies him a bonanza in American business transactions and tourism that could help his stagnating economy. But a warming of relations with Cuba is just what the Administration is not seeking. President Bush says he has no plans to ease political and economic pressure on Cuba until it stops trying to undermine United States interests in Central America and ends human rights abuses. Mr. Castro's proposal was made after a spectacular show trial and executions of army officers in Havana last month on charges that they ran a cocaine and marijuana smuggling ring out of Cuba's secret police and intelligence organization. Bush Administration officials say they do not believe Mr. Castro's contention that the existence of a smuggling ring was a surprise to him. Some Western diplomats in Havana say they believe that an operation in Mr. Castro's security apparatus could have been conducted without his knowledge. There is little evidence, the Administration says, to support speculation that the trial was a response to a political threat. Mr. Castro has not said how he is willing to help the United States stop drug trafficking. American officials say Cuba could help pursue smugglers who hide along its long coast and could also advise when drug planes head north across the island. But an American official said, ''Cuba is not absolutely critical to what we're trying to do.'' Although Cuba stretches across the most direct drug smuggling routes from South America to the Southeastern United States, United States officials operating in the Caribbean say other avenues are available, and most of the narcotics transfers from planes to speedboats take place off the Bahamas and other waters north of Cuba. Avenues of Communication Melvyn Levitsky, the Assistant Secretary of State for International Narcotics Matters, said, ''Ways of communicating drug-related information'' already exist. These channels have not worked in the past, he acknowledged. But he said all that is needed is for Cuba to begin responding when the United States provides information that, for example, a plane is dropping bags of cocaine at a certain spot along the | The U.S. and Cuba Do An Anti-Drug Tango |
274707_7 | is providing seed money for employees who want to investigate new ideas. The new-business program, which has a goal of creating 30 $50 million businesses in 10 years, has yielded at least one success: supercritical carbon dioxide, which Carbide is pushing as a substitute for environmentally problematic solvents used to spray-paint cars. * UCAR Carbon Company Inc. is concentrating on better processes, since its products are used primarily in the steel industry and do not lend themselves easily to new uses. ''When you're stuck with finite applications, you have to find an infinite number of ways to make the product,'' said Robert P. Krass, UCAR's president. Mr. Krass has been arranging for researchers, marketers and other people at his plants to exchange process ideas with each other, rather than feed them up through any management hierarchy. And he is soliciting cost-savings ideas from employees. One plant is saving $10,000 a year on tires after workers suggested equipping forklift trucks differently in various parts of the plant. * Union Carbide Industrial Gases Inc. is looking for new uses for old gases. It has just brought to market a method to use oxygen to incinerate solid waste. And it is promoting the use of nitrogen - long used by fast-food companies to freeze hamburgers and such - to freeze vegetables. Joint-Venture Hunts With the companies setting their own growth strategies, hiring their own lawyers and setting up their own banking arrangements, one obvious question arises: What does Union Carbide bring to the party? In other words, would the companies be better off on their own? There is little consensus on that, even among the three company presidents. ''Carbide's worth to us is its reputation, its stability, its clout with suppliers, and I believe the best thing for UCAR is to continue inside Carbide,'' said Mr. Krass. But his counterparts are not nearly as enthusiastic. Mr. Lichtenberger: ''I don't think being independent would make a difference one way or another.'' And Jack R. Maclean, the industrial gas company's president: ''If it's best for the shareholders that we stay together, then we should; if not, then we shouldn't.'' Not surprisingly, the corporate executives have a loftier idea of the value they add. What they offer, they say, is an ability to comb the world for joint venture partners and ideas. They have already had a measure of success. The year-old UOP Inc., a joint | Good Times Again for Carbide? |
274834_0 | LEAD: Readers of the recent article on residents' opposition to Jersey Central Power and Light's transmission project in Monmouth County could easily be led to false conclusions on cancer risk (''Neighbors Oppose Plan for Power Lines Along Railway''). Readers of the recent article on residents' opposition to Jersey Central Power and Light's transmission project in Monmouth County could easily be led to false conclusions on cancer risk (''Neighbors Oppose Plan for Power Lines Along Railway''). The attribution to Dr. Daniel Wartenberg of ''small but significant risk of leukemia in populations who live near high-voltage power lines'' should be preceded by ''some studies show.'' This addition removes the absolute inference and brings the statement in accord with his second statement, ''Given that there is a suggestion of risk, it would be worth considering alternatives.'' The risk of cancer from exposure to power-line magnetic fields has not been established. Some studies indicate such a link; others do not. Risk will be established when a consensus emerges from several to many studies that produce consistent results. Dr. David Savitz summarized the issue clearly in a letter to concerned people: ''It should be kept in mind, however, that we have not proven that magnetic fields cause cancer. Subsequent research will indicate whether we are on the right track or whether our results are in error. Thus there is a suggestion of risk which has yet to be resolved.'' Dr. Savitz was the principal investigator of the respected Denver study directed and financed by the New York State Power Line Project. The concluding statement in the article, on the possible extra cancers in children, is also misleading. It presumes, for leukemia, (a) risk factors of two or greater and (b) that 10,000 children or so are resident along the line and exposed to the higher magnetic field conditions. Condition (a) is not established and (b) is highly unlikely, based on simple demographics. G. M. ANDERSON Rumson The writer is a retired electrical engineer who worked at A.T.&T. Bell Laboratories in Lincroft. | Power Lines And Cancer Risks |
274817_2 | he said, will be staffed with foreign experts. ''We are also sending people abroad to a few countries for training,'' Mr. Maciques added. He said Cuba's foreign partners were taking responsibility for helping to attract tourists to the island. ''This will enable us to guarantee hotel occupancy,'' he said, adding that there were no plans so far to hire an international company to handle advertising and public relations, as many Caribbean islands have. Last year, Mr. Maciques said, 250,000 tourists visited Cuba, up from 198,000 the year before. For years, Canada had been Cuba's main source of tourists. But last year, he said, it was surpassed by West Germany. Mr. Maciques said that within three years, Cuba expected to be receiving more than half a million foreign tourists annually. Mr. Castro says he expects tourism to earn Cuba more than $500 million a year in the near future. That would be an increase of more than threefold over current receipts and make tourism Cuba's leading industry. Western diplomats say they believe that it is going to be difficult for Cuba to get so many visitors unless it has access to its largest natural market: the United States. Most Americans are now barred from traveling to Cuba by restrictions related to the trade embargo imposed by the United States in the early 1960's. More 'Wicked' Than Before In July, Mr. Castro offered to cooperate with the United States against narcotics traffickers, and some Cuban officials said they hoped that might lead to an improvement in relations between the two nations. But a few days later, Mr. Castro accused the United States of being ''more insolent, wicked and threatening than ever before.'' President Bush said earlier this year that he did not intend to ease economic and political pressure on Cuba until Havana made such fundamental policy changes as ending support for revolutionaries in Central America. In an understatement, Mr. Maciques said Cuba had ''no opposition to receiving United States tourists.'' ''If they started coming to Cuba,'' he said, ''all our projections would be changed.'' He said the tourism in Cuba's future did not include the gambling, prostitution and narcotics that made the island a favorite of foreigners before Mr. Castro's revolution. ''What we want is the healthy kind of tourism that we have in Cuba now,'' he said. ''Most of the tourist market is seeking this and not the negative aspects.'' | Cuba Dreams of Tourists and Better Service |
276580_0 | LEAD: To the Editor: To the Editor: In ''The Killing of Kevin Thorpe'' (editorial, Aug. 8), about the death of a disturbed man in Brooklyn, the title alone conveys a blatantly prejudicial inference that has the force and effect of a criminal indictment. To suggest that ''the police respond more brutally when the suspect is black'' is both irresponsible and inciteful, coming at a time when moderates of every persuasion should be working to extinguish rather than fan the flames of racial unrest that continually flicker in New York City. Moreover, to erode confidence in the police serves no salutary purpose other than enriching some avaricious negligence attorneys, who thrive on an overamplification of controversial police situations. The harsh realities that prevail in the violent milieu of the police officer often require spontaneous reactions. It is a given that in some confrontations the police will both inflict and suffer casualties. However, you consistently mourn the victims of police intervention while remaining stoically unmoved when a police officer falls victim to criminal brutality. For example, where was your sense of outrage when the killers of Police Officer Edward Byrne singled him out as the ideal target of their vicious proclivities simply because he was white? And nary an evocation of displeasure was registered when a tragedy of errors was committed by the Brooklyn District Attorney's office that led to the gunning down of Police Officer Jeff Herman. I can tell you that your silence was extremely disquieting. The regrettable death of Kevin Thorpe was not caused by excessive police force or a deviation from police guidelines, which contemplate an ideal set of circumstances before they can be effectively applied. The responding officers, not having been advised that their assignment involved an emotionally disturbed person, immediately came under violent attack and could not isolate the subject, as the police guidelines prescribe, nor could they await the arrival of emergency service personnel. Consequently, the death of Kevin Thorpe was caused by a combination of factors, including extreme mental retardation, a lack of needed medication, violence initiated by a deranged mind and the severe mental and physical agitation concomitant to this kind of human rage. When the truth ultimately emerges, I am confident the facts will show no intentional wrongdoing by the police. Yet no matter what relief a legal vindication may impart for a police officer, he or she must forever bear the | Police Are Unjustly Accused of Excessive Force in Thorpe Case |
276710_0 | LEAD: Several organizations provide confidential information about AIDS and tests for the disease. Among such services in the New York area are these: Gay Men's Health Crisis AIDS Hotline: (212) 807-6655; staffed from 10:30 A.M. to 9 P.M., Monday through Friday, and noon to 3 P.M. on Saturday. New York City AIDS Hotline: (718) 485-8111; staffed from 9 A.M. Several organizations provide confidential information about AIDS and tests for the disease. Among such services in the New York area are these: Gay Men's Health Crisis AIDS Hotline: (212) 807-6655; staffed from 10:30 A.M. to 9 P.M., Monday through Friday, and noon to 3 P.M. on Saturday. New York City AIDS Hotline: (718) 485-8111; staffed from 9 A.M. to 9 P.M., every day. National AIDS Hotline: (800) 342-2437; staffed 24 hours a day, every day. In southwestern Connecticut: Greater Bridgeport AIDS Hotline: (203) 336-2437; answering machine. In New Jersey: New Jersey AIDS Hotline: (800) 624-2377. | Information On AIDS Tests |
276656_3 | guy, he admits that sometimes he feels afraid. ''You could get caught in a shootout concerning drugs,'' he said. The other morning he avoided Madison Avenue as he made his rounds. He stopped at a pizza parlor to play a video game with a borrowed quarter. At a store on 125th Street, he ran his hand wistfully over the silver frame of a bicycle marked $79.99. He said he had never owned a bicycle. ''I want to ride that bicycle in the park where it's peaceful,'' he said. This is Eric's first summer in East Harlem. His family moved there last November from the Martinique Hotel, in midtown Manhattan. They were homeless for four years. ''I tried to hide it at school,'' Eric said. ''Kids said, 'Where do you live?' Can I come over?' I'd say, 'No, we just moved in. It's not furnished.' I'd make up lies. I just wanted what everyone else had - a regular home, privacy. You couldn't even read a comic book without someone bothering you. I started drawing and writing rap songs - anything to keep me busy.'' Eric found solace in the Creative Arts Workshop, for homeless and formerly homeless children. He became close to a volunteer named Walter Reed. Mr. Reed, 26, is a financial trader from Houston. He visits Eric every week. They sing rap songs, eat pizza, talk about their lives. ''Walter is my best friend,'' Eric said. ''I worry about him,'' Mr. Reed said. ''He has a lot of rage inside him.'' Eric's family doesn't have a telephone. When he needs to talk with Mr. Reed, he has to borrow a quarter and find a pay phone. Mr. Reed recently took Eric to a party at his boss's house on Long Island. Mr. Reed had been complaining about a promised raise that had not come through. Eric tries to look out for Mr. Reed. ''I asked his boss, 'Do you like Walter?' '' he said. ''He said, 'Yes.' I asked him, 'Then, why don't you give him that raise?'.'' Eric wants to be an artist when he grows up. ''I'd like to live somewhere peaceful,'' he said. He thinks Long Island might be the place. He hopes someday to visit the Eiffel Tower and the Leaning Tower of Pisa. Closer to home, he and Mr. Reed have big plans for this weekend. ''We're going to Coney Island,'' Eric said. | About New York; Eric, 13, Adapts To Summer Days In East Harlem |
277247_13 | telephone interviews conducted June 20 through 25 with 1,497 adults around the United States, excluding Alaska and Hawaii. The sample of telephone exchanges called was selected by a computer from a complete list of exchanges in the country. The exchanges were chosen so as to assure that each region of the country was represented in proportion to its population. For each exchange, the telephone numbers were formed by random digits, thus permitting access to both listed and unlisted numbers. The numbers were then screened to limit calls to residences. Women were sampled at a higher rate than men so that there would be enough women interviewed to provide statistically reliable comparisons among various subgroups of women. The results of the interviews with 1,025 women and 472 men were then weighted to their correct proportions in the population. Results were also weighted to take account of household size and number of residential telephone lines and to adjust for variations in the sample relating to region, race, age, and education. A group of 978 of these respondents were interviewed a second time from July 25 through 30, after the Supreme Court's decision allowing states more freedom to restrict abortion. Respondents in the second survey amounted to 79 percent of the 1,236 randomly selected people who were to be asked to participate, but 258 declined or were not reached despite several attempts. In theory, in 19 cases out of 20 the results based on either of such samples will differ by no more than three percentage points in either direction from what would have been obtained by seeking out all American adults. The percentages reported are the particular results most likely to match what would be obtained by seeking out all adult Americans. Other possible percentages are progressively less likely the more they differ from the reported results. The potential sampling error for smaller subgroups is larger. For example, for men it is plus or minus five percentage points in both the first and second surveys. For women it is plus or minus three percentage points in the first survey and plus or minus four percentage points in the second survey. For women aged 18 to 29 in the first survey, it is plus or minus six percentage points. In addition to sampling error, the practical difficulties of conducting any survey of public opinion may introduce other sources of error into the poll. | Poll Finds Women's Gains Have Taken Personal Toll |
278353_1 | shown on American household television sets, which assemble images from only 525 lines. Each of Voyager's scan lines is then divided into 800 cells, called pixels. Sensors in the imaging system measure the light content of each pixel in each image, then record the result in terms of a numerical scale, in which 0 represents pure black, 255 is pure white and the intermediate numbers are shades of gray. The intensity of light in each pixel is specified as a binary number -a number made up of a succession of 0's and 1's. Images Through Different Filters Although the spacecraft's cameras can record images only in black and white, each camera is equipped with a set of color filters; by making and transmitting multiple images of the same subject as seen through different filters, Voyager 2 provides the information needed to reconstruct full-color images. The spacecraft transmits this digital information in the form of ''bits,'' 0's and 1's reminiscent of the dots and dashes used in Morse-code telegraph communication. Some 5.12 million bits are required to record each black-and-white image in digital form, and the transmission of this information takes time, especially from the great distance of Neptune. To reduce the load of digital information and its transmission time, scientists in the Voyager project at the Jet Propulsion Laboratory in Pasadena, Calif., devised ways permitting the spacecraft to compress the data needed for each picture by up to 70 percent. To do this, the scientists reprogrammed Voyager 2's on-board computer by remote control. One of the techniques they used was to break each scan line into five sections, measure the absolute brightness of the first pixel in each section in the conventional way and then measure the difference in brightness between this pixel and all the other pixels in the section. The number of digits needed to express the relatively small differences in brightness is much less than the information needed to describe each pixel independently. Network of Electronic Ears Voyager 2's 12-foot dish antenna sends this stream of data toward Earth on the same microwave frequencies used for radar. The signal is received by a network of enormous antennas about four hours later, the time it takes light to travel from Neptune. Included in the network are four antennas in Australia that are 210 feet in diameter, one in Japan that is 210 feet in diameter, and other antennas | Technical 'Magic' Converts A Puny Signal Into Pictures |
275321_0 | LEAD: A new kind of census taker took to the streets of Manhattan yesterday, one armed not only with pencils and enumeration sheets but with measuring tapes and a book showing how to tell an oak leaf from an elm leaf and a bark shedder from a fungus victim. A new kind of census taker took to the streets of Manhattan yesterday, one armed not only with pencils and enumeration sheets but with measuring tapes and a book showing how to tell an oak leaf from an elm leaf and a bark shedder from a fungus victim. More than 80 volunteers took part in New York's first street-tree census that both counted the boulevard dwellers and gave them medical checkups. Working in pairs, the volunteers, who ranged from teen-agers to elderly people, covered a quarter of Manhattan yesterday, counting and rating most of the trees below 14th Street and some of the Upper West Side. If the project finds enough volunteers, all 700,000 of the city's street trees - trees in parks don't count - will be checked off by October. Every year, the city loses shade, oxygen and a bit of countryside. About 13,000 trees a year succumb to insects, have their roots cut by backhoes, are hit by trucks or meet other untimely ends, and only about 10,000 are replaced, said Gerard Lordahl of the Council on the Environment. Tree-Counting Weekends Coming The goal of the project, which was initiated by the Parks Commissioner, Henry J. Stern and organized by seven concerned volunteers, is to construct a data base that will help the Parks Department take care of the trees and plan future plantings. Staten Island's census was taken earlier this summer, said Leni Schwendinger, one of yesterday's organizers. Before this project began, only 2 percent of the city's street trees had ever been individually counted, she said. If it finds the volunteers, the Parks Department plans to finish Manhattan and move into Queens, Brooklyn and the Bronx on two tree-counting weekends in September and one in October. Yesterday's intermittent rain didn't seem to stop the census takers as they grouped at the north end of Union Square to get their kits, hats, T-shirts and maps. Sample branches from virtually every tree found on the streets, avenues and traffic islands of Manhattan were laid out on nearby picnic tables. Mr. Lordahl gave quick tips on how to identify | Census Takers Count Trunks, Not Heads |
275288_0 | LEAD: Twenty years after British soldiers were deployed to restore order to the riot-torn streets of Northern Ireland, deep sectarian divisions and devastating violence appear to have a stranglehold on faint hopes of peace. Twenty years after British soldiers were deployed to restore order to the riot-torn streets of Northern Ireland, deep sectarian divisions and devastating violence appear to have a stranglehold on faint hopes of peace. After major clashes between Roman Catholics and Protestants, 400 British troops moved into Londonderry on Aug. 14, 1969, with the mission of protecting people in both communities. The next day, another 600 soldiers entered West Belfast. From a high of 22,000 in 1972, there are now about 10,000 soldiers in Northern Ireland. Along with the police, they are trying to keep a lid on the violence that has killed more than 2,750 people, most of them civilians, resulted in more than 30,000 injuries and stalked the lives of a whole generation. The violence appears to be entrenched with no end to it in sight in Northern Ireland, where so much is intertwined with religion and politics. The days leading up to the anniversary of the troop deployment have seen a surge in civil unrest. Bomb Explodes in Londonderry [ Security forces have been blamed for the death of a 15-year-old Catholic boy who was killed last week by a plastic bullet after a night of street violence in Belfast that coincided with the 18th anniversary of the introduction of internment without trial for suspected guerrillas. A bomb planted by the Irish Republican Army and aimed at the security forces exploded on Saturday in Londonderry as army experts tried to defuse it. No one was hurt, but the guerrilla organization said that the fact that it could be planted, despite intense security, proved the group's ''ability to strike at will.'' ] The British Government's hope for military success against the Irish Republican Army, which soon after the military deployment began targeting British troops in a campaign of bombing and killing, has been virtually abandoned. As the guerrilla organization spreads its campaign, local politicians show no signs of moving toward realistic proposals to bring temporary peace or a lasting solution to this militarized society of rival territories. 'A Divided Society' ''The fundamental problem here is of a divided society,'' said Bill Rolston, a sociologist at the University of Ulster. ''The fundamental question of the last | In Ulster After 20 Years, Hopes Are Nearly Gone |
271923_1 | average of 5.7 years, and 253 of them developed breast cancer. One-third of the women in the study took progestin as well as estrogen. Among the women taking both drugs for four or more years, the rate of breast cancer was four times as high as the rate among women who took no hormones at all, Dr. Bergvist concluded. Among the women who took estrogen alone, the breast cancer rate was about double that of women who took no hormones, he said. That finding supports some earlier studies linking estrogen in birth control pills and in hormone-replacement therapy with breast cancer. Other studies have found no such link. Because relatively few Swedish women use the estrogen-progestin combination, the researchers said there was some uncertainty in their findings of the exact amount of increased breast cancer risk. They and others said more research was needed. Each year, 142,000 American women develop breast cancer and 43,000 die of it. It is second to lung cancer among the leading causes of cancer deaths in women. Experts disagreed about whether the findings, being published today in The New England Journal of Medicine, should cause women and their doctors to rethink their use of progestins. Morton Lebow, a spokesman for the American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists, said the group's position was unchanged by the study. Mr. Lebow said the findings did not demonstrate that the type of combination therapy used by most American women is dangerous. Mr. Lebow said his group would ''tell a woman the same thing we've always told her -that there is no increased risk of breast cancer'' with the combination used here. Most of the women in the Swedish study took a different formulation of estrogen than Americans take, whether or not they also took progestins. The Swedish researchers said too few women in their study took the American formulation of ''conjugated estrogens'' to assess whether it was associated with breast cancer. The Swedish women used doses of conjugated estrogens that were only half the typical American dose. A Stand Against Combination Cynthia Pearson, who is acting director of the Midlife Women's Health Committee of the National Women's Health Network, said that now no doctor should advise a woman to use combination therapy without mentioning the breast cancer risk. ''We think doctors have been too cavalier,'' in prescribing the drugs, she said. Dr. I. Craig Henderson, a breast cancer expert | Menopause Hormone Linked to Breast Cancer |
271969_2 | menopausal women that is taken in combination with estrogen increases the risk of breast cancer, a new study has found. A1 On abortion, the American public would like to see abortion available, but harder to get, the latest New York Times/CBS News Poll shows. About half the public takes this view, while the rest seem evenly split. A18 Supporters of abortion rights won a major victory in the House of Representatives, beating back an effort to bar the District of Columbia from paying for abortions. A18 GTE was awarded damages of $100 million in a libel suit against the Home Shopping Network, which had accused the telecommunications company of providing inadequate telephone equipment. D1 News analysis: Dick Thornburgh is ending his first six months as Attorney General with an uneven record, marred by frustrations in filling top jobs. A14 In the nation's private pension plans, warnings that $1.7 trillion in assets are inadequately supervised have prompted subcommittee members to call for stronger monitoring by the Labor Department. A17 The money spent for new prisons should be doubled and spending increased for drug treatment programs, William J. Bennett, the director of Federal drug policy, has told the Bush Administration. B6 WASHINGTON TALK A19 Inspectors General Office agents are lobbying Congress to acquire the tools of law enforcement like authority to carry firearms, serve search warrants and make arrests. REGIONAL B1-4 Proposals for a new city government were completed by the New York City Charter Revision Commission, setting the stage for a voter referendum in November on a restructuring of the nation's largest city. A1 News analysis: in three months, the Charter Commission must educate New Yorkers about its plan for a new municipal government, and convince them to support it in a referendum on election day. B4 Landmark spat interrupts calm in Charter Panel B4 The family of a comatose woman that wants to remove a feeding tube keeping her alive won the support of a New York State appellate court. B1 V. James Landano's bracelet is a reminder that, after serving 13 years for a murder conviction that was thrown out last week, the state is letting go of him only grudgingly. B1 As Harrison Goldin campaigns for mayor, the New York City Comptroller still occasionally encounters blank stares as he greets potential voters, but he seems unruffled by such incidents. B1 The U.S. Mission to the U.N., in an | NEWS SUMMARY |
273674_0 | LEAD: PPG Industries has made progress in negotiations for a joint venture with a Chinese company and a Government agency, an executive of the Pittsburgh glass company said. But the executive added that a recent Japanese news report that PPG had reached an agreement to start the joint venture was ''extremely premature. PPG Industries has made progress in negotiations for a joint venture with a Chinese company and a Government agency, an executive of the Pittsburgh glass company said. But the executive added that a recent Japanese news report that PPG had reached an agreement to start the joint venture was ''extremely premature.'' A United States Embassy official in Beijing said PPG had been selected over two other foreign companies in late April to become the sole candidate for a venture to make glass sheets. The official said he believed that the venture would be capitalized at more than $30 million. COMPANY NEWS | PPG-China Talks |
273654_2 | small aircraft found it safe and convenient to drop drug cargoes near the island for recovery by fast boats. The Cuban route was vital because the U.S. has effectively closed off Bahamian air space. Transfer to boats is necessary since smugglers' planes are virtually precluded by U.S. air defenses from reaching the mainland. According to the Drug Enforcement Administration, 39 such drops were spotted in the first half of 1989, when the Cubans were looking the other way. But this practice stopped instantly in June after Mr. Castro announced that he would have the contrabandists' planes shot down. He said in a speech on July 9 that illegal overflights of the Cuban territory were ''intolerable,'' that Cuba and the U.S. ''really have to discuss how to manage such things'' and that ''we have to arrange a form of communication between the U.S. and Cuba in this common battle.'' The Administration's reaction was simply that it was prepared to ''put Cuba to the test.'' Congressional testimony by a senior State Department official made it clear that the U.S. had no intention of entering into actual negotiations with the Cubans, who should not expect any political rewards no matter what they did in drug interdiction. This stance was presumably based on the declaration last March by Secretary of State James Baker. In a confidential memorandum to all U.S. diplomatic posts abroad, Mr. Baker said that ''no modification of U.S. policy is contemplated in the absence of significant changes in Cuban repession at home and unacceptable behavior abroad inimical to U.S. interest.'' Issued shortly before Soviet President Mikhail Gorbachev visited the island, and intended as an ideological pronouncement, the memo added that ''Cuba has not demonstrated a serious intent in improving relations.'' Washington's response to Mr. Castro reaffirmed the Baker position, but it raised the crucial question of what really constitutes negotiations. Thus, in rejecting Mr. Castro's idea of ''discussing'' the best way of controlling drug traffic - done most likely to avoid being pushed into possible political negotiations and pressures for ''improving relations'' - the U.S. appeared to apply confusing standards. Common sense as well as cynical self-interest seem to dictate full-fledged talks with Cuba on the desperately urgent matter of drug trafficking. A quid pro quo in the form of broader political talks may open useful new horizons for future relations at a time when the Castro revolution is clearly at | Join With Castro To Fight Drugs |
273784_0 | LEAD: A group of pirates who stormed a boat carrying 84 Vietnamese stole valuables, raped women and sunk the vessel, and 71 of the refugees were feared dead. A group of pirates who stormed a boat carrying 84 Vietnamese stole valuables, raped women and sunk the vessel, and 71 of the refugees were feared dead. The attack brought to 271 the number of boat people missing and believed dead as a result of piracy off the coast of this Southeast Asian nation this year, United Nations and Malaysian officials reported. The officials, quoting the 13 survivors of the latest attack, said the refugees left Vietnam last week. They were off the Kuala Trengganu coast, 180 miles northeast of Kuala Lumpur, when they were attacked Saturday night by pirates in two boats. In the past, refugee officials have blamed Thai pirates for most of such attacks. Three survivors were rescued on Sunday by oil-rig workers in the South China Sea, and fishermen picked up the 10 others. | 71 Boat People Feared Dead In Pirate Attack Off Malaysia |
279611_2 | institute that trains politicians, corporate officals and journalists on how to apply ethical standards to their jobs. ''I don't want to see the line lost between those two types of improprieties.'' Details Are Different The details of each of the sex cases are different, and in some cases the committee will have to resolve disputes over crucial details. Mr. Frank, for example, says he at first paid and then befriended the prostitute, but did not know the man was plying his trade from Mr. Frank's house after Mr. Frank hired him as a personal aide. But the prostitute, whom Mr. Frank identified as Stephen Gobie, says the Congressman did know. The other Congressmen with cases before the committee are Gus Savage, a Chicago Democrat; Donald E. Lukens, Republican of Ohio, and Jim Bates, a California Democrat. Mr. Savage is said to have fondled and accosted a female Peace Corps worker while they were riding together in a car in an official visit by Mr. Savage to Africa. Mr. Lukens has been convicted of the misdemeanor charge of contributing to the delinquency of a 16-year-old by having sex with her. In some ways, the least celebrated case could be the most influential.Mr. Bates has been accused by two female members of his staff of sexually harassing them. He admits he ''kidded around and flirted around'' and should have been more restrained. Women on Capitol Hill say the fact that the committee has taken up the case is a victory in their effort to win better treatment. What Is Relevant? Both Mr. Bates and Mr. Savage were on official business at the time of their purported improprieties. Mr. Lukens and Mr. Frank were not, so their cases raise some of the hardest questions. Prof. James David Barber, who wrote an influential book on the importance of character in weighing Presidents, said relevance is essential in judging personal behavior. ''If it's true Jack Kennedy used to sex around in the afternoon in a sort of athletic mode, one would have to make some argument as to how that related to his Presidential performance,'' said Mr. Barber. ''The idea that somehow politicians ought to be moral exemplars or something like that is a very weak argument.'' But Edwin Delattre, the former president of St. John's College and a fellow at the American Enterprise Institute, says the distinction between public and personal life is artificial: | Shifting Rules on Ethics |
279709_0 | LEAD: To The Home Section: To The Home Section: Thank you, thank you, thank you for your ground-breaking article on recycling at home [ ''Space for Trash: a New Design Frontier,'' July 27 ] . This kind of progressive reportage will aid the recycling movement immeasurably. I would just like to add one tangential but nevertheless very important comment about the subject of a resource-sensitive ''metabolic house.'' The illustration of this house by the designer Bill Stumpf showed a car in the garage but no bicycles at all, whether racing, commuter or utility vehicle. It is time that the idea of human-powered vehicles be promoted in the media, so that our society can begin to reap the ecological benefits of this remarkable transport mode. Do you remember the images of Tiananmen Square in China, of bicycle ambulances, bicycle pickup trucks, bicycle farm vehicles and thousands of bicycle commuters? The technology exists now. WAYNE FIELDS New York, N.Y. | A Vote for Bicycles |
279661_4 | use suitcases typically used on international flights. She said she has scheduled Congressional hearings for next month on the effectiveness of the machine. Detection of Nitrogen The machine, a thermal-neutron analyzer, bombards luggage with neutrons and analyzes the response for nitrogen, which scientists think is commmon to most explosives. But the machine can be fooled by other substances that contain small amounts of nitrogen, like wool clothing, leather or cheese. Also, it is not clear how small a bomb the machine can find. Investigators think the bomb on Pan Am 103 may have weighed less than two pounds. The new rule follows several tougher security measures ordered by the Government since the loss of Flight 103. In December, the Government ordered the airlines to X-ray checked luggage at certain high-risk airports. Later, the Transportation Department ordered airlines to inspect all electronic items carried aboard. Investigators believe the bomb that blew up Flight 103 was hidden inside a cassette player. Since that accident, some American airlines have voluntarily stepped up their security. For instance, some have begun interrogating passengers before boarding. Security on Installations Citing security reasons, the F.A.A. would not disclose other airports where the machines will have to be installed, but it said they would be installed at the busiest international gateway airports in the United States. But the agency did disclose that in addition to the machine at Kennedy International Airport, one is being shipped to Miami International Airport this week. The aviation agency will need the permission of foreign governments to install the machines overseas and although the F.A.A. has held talks, no governments have yet agreed to accept the machines, Ms. Freeman said. Some nations are reported concerned that the machines, which emit radiation, may be dangerous. But Russell Cole, manager of explosives detection for Science Applications International, said the machine releases less radiation than the X-ray devices in use at most airports. Yesterday's order came in response to Congressional legislation enacted on June 30 that required the F.A.A. to write rules requiring bomb detectors. The agency has spent more than $30 million on testing bomb detectors in the last four years and continues to test other types. Attention has been focused on a ''vapor sniffer'' that detects odors emitted by explosives. One such device has been tested at Logan International Airport in Boston. It is intended mainly to check carry-on luggage and costs about $125,000. | AIRLINES ORDERED TO INSTALL DEVICE TO DETECT BOMBS |
279694_2 | have much solid information about our children and families. They are the social infrastructure of our cities and towns.'' Mr. Moran said the new study could help fill this gap in information. ''The needs portrayed in this report are both local and national,'' he said. ''We need help, and we need it now. We also need real commitments over the long run, not the kind of Federal aid that is here one year and gone the next.'' Cities are already taking steps to address the problems, the report said, and it cited these examples: * In the Buffalo suburb of West Seneca, the Juvenile Bureau has established substance-abuse prevention programs in the fifth and seventh grades. * In Pico Rivera, Calif., recreation workers escort children to a park for after-school activities. Their parents, who pay $10 a week for the service, pick them up later in the afternoon. * Jacksonville, Fla., in cooperation with the Barnett Bank and the State Department of Health and Rehabilitative Services, developed a program to train mothers who are on welfare to operate family day-care homes. * Boise, Idaho, provides 10 rent-free apartments to house homeless families with children for up to two months. The report, titled ''Our Future and Our Only Hope,'' also cited San Antonio's day-care accreditation program, believed to be the only such city-operated program in the nation; a teen-age pregnancy education program in Spokane, Wash., and a board of children and adults that advises the Oakland (Calif.) City Council on young people's issues. ''From coast to coast, cities are working on these issues in innovative ways,'' the report said. ''They predict their involvement will increase over time - except there is no money to support expansion.'' Among the 278 larger cities, 63 percent ranked child care as the most pressing need for children up to 2 years old, 80 percent said child care was the most pressing need for children ages 2 to 5 and 69 percent said this was the most pressing need for children ages 5 to 9. Thirty percent identified alcohol and drug abuse as the most pressing issue for children ages 9 to 14, and 25 percent cited this as the most pressing issue for 14- to 18-year-olds. Copies of the report are available by sending a check for $15 to the Publications Office of the National League of Cities, 1301 Pennsylvavia Avenue NW, Washington, D.C. 20004. | Cities Cite Need for Child-Care Funds |
277403_0 | LEAD: DESPITE their forbidding appearance, iguanas have been hunted as a delicacy in Latin America for thousands of years. But the herbivorous lizards have become one more victim of the deforestation and overpopulation that are ravaging the region's rain forests. DESPITE their forbidding appearance, iguanas have been hunted as a delicacy in Latin America for thousands of years. But the herbivorous lizards have become one more victim of the deforestation and overpopulation that are ravaging the region's rain forests. Now an effort is under way to raise thousands of iguanas. The immediate aim of the internationally financed project is to preserve the lizards by putting an iguana in every pot -making it possible and profitable for tropical farmers to raise the languid reptiles, which live in or under trees. Latins affectionately call the reptile gallina de palo, or chicken (hen) of the tree. The ultimate goal, one part of a multi-pronged tropical research program, is nothing less than saving the rapidly vanishing rain forests. An estimated 52 acres a minute are being felled, often by farmers who slash and burn to clear land for crops and cattle. Breaking a Cycle of Poverty It is a vicious cycle of destruction. Stripped of its natural cover, the thin and acidic soil is quickly depleted of nutrients and eroded by tropical rain storms. Within a few years, it is exhausted, forcing hungry families to renew their attack on the forest. Managers of the iguana project here hope to break that cycle of poverty by persuading peasants to save the trees as a home for their iguanas. The researchers see iguana farming as the first step toward the creation of a diverse agriculture system based on the forest. Instead of changing the environment to suit the needs of livestock, farmers would select animals that complement the natural vegetation. If reared in captivity and released into the wild as yearlings, the iguanas can produce at least as much high-protein meat per acre as cattle, studies have shown. The meat tastes like chicken, said Fernanando Enrique Gerrero, who used to hunt iguanas with bows and arrows and slingshots and now is part of the conservation effort. ''They were a real feast,'' he said. Researchers say iguanas, now virtually extinct in Costa Rica, would help reverse the economic incentives of ranching and could begin to make conservation profitable. ''What we need to do is find alternative ways | A Plan to Save Iguanas, and the Rain Forests in the Bargain |
277472_12 | telephone interviews conducted June 20 through 25 with 1,497 adults around the United States, excluding Alaska and Hawaii. The sample of telephone exchanges called was selected by a computer from a complete list of exchanges in the country. The exchanges were chosen so as to assure that each region of the country was represented in proportion to its population. For each exchange, the telephone numbers were formed by random digits, thus permitting access to both listed and unlisted numbers. The numbers were then screened to limit calls to residences. Women were sampled at a higher rate than men so that there would be enough women interviewed to provide statistically reliable comparisons among various subgroups of women. The results of the interviews with 1,025 women and 472 men were then weighted to their correct proportions in the population. Results were also weighted to take account of household size and number of residential telephone lines and to adjust for variations in the sample relating to region, race, age, and education. A group of 978 of these respondents were interviewed a second time from July 25 through 30, after the Supreme Court's decision allowing states more freedom to restrict abortion. Respondents in the second survey amounted to 79 percent of the 1,236 randomly selected people who were to be asked to participate, but 258 declined or were not reached despite several attempts. In theory, in 19 cases out of 20 the results based on either of such samples will differ by no more than three percentage points in either direction from what would have been obtained by seeking out all American adults. The percentages reported are the particular results most likely to match what would be obtained by seeking out all adult Americans. Other possible percentages are progressively less likely the more they differ from the reported results. The potential sampling error for smaller subgroups is larger. For example, for men it is plus or minus five percentage points in both the first and second surveys. For women it is plus or minus three percentage points in the first survey and plus or minus four percentage points in the second survey. For women aged 18 to 29 in the first survey, it is plus or minus six percentage points. In addition to sampling error, the practical difficulties of conducting any survey of public opinion may introduce other sources of error into the poll. | Struggle for Work and Family Fueling Women's Movement |
277379_2 | yards to prevent dengue-carrying mosquitos from breeding around their homes, additional devastating epidemics will occur, Dr. Gubler wrote in the journal. He also urged health officials to step up surveillance for the disease. Two factors are most responsible for the spread, said Dr. Gubler, who heads the Centers for Disease Control's dengue branch in San Juan, P.R. One is increased air travel. A person who has been infected but shows no symptoms of the disease can carry the virus when traveling. If the person is bitten by another mosquito at the destination, that insect can spread the virus. The other factor is the breakdown of effective mosquito control in many urban centers where dengue is prevalent, primarily because these centers now produce far more garbage for mosquitos to breed in. Dengue is spread principally by Aedes aegypti mosquitos, but another species, Aedes albopictus, also transmits the disease. Dengue's resurgence has been aided by decisions made two decades ago in many countries to abandon efforts to eradicate the aegypti mosquito, Dr. Gubler said. ''Ae. aegypti has reinvaded nearly every country in the American region that had achieved eradication during the 1950's and 1960's,'' Dr. Gubler wrote. The mosquito was never eradicated from the United States. Only Bermuda, the Cayman Islands, Costa Rica, Uruguay and Chile remain free of the mosquito. The problem has been complicated by an uncontrolled surge in population in urban areas in many tropical countries, and by the failure of governments to encourage people to consider the impact on the environment when they throw things away. Dr. Gubler cited ''an explosion in the number of'' discarded tires, plastic containers and other receptacles for water that make ideal breeding grounds for mosquitos. The water in bird baths, for instance, must be changed every week to prevent the mosquitos from breeding. With no vaccine available to prevent dengue, health officials have relied on the spraying of very low amounts of malathion and other insecticides from trucks or airplanes. The aim is to kill adult mosquitos. While a dissenting voice occasionally argued that the insecticides might not work, such spraying was regarded as the magic bullet in controlling adult mosquitos. But new studies in Puerto Rico indicate that the insecticide often fails. The Ae. aegypti mosquito is highly domesticated, tending to hide indoors in closets. The new, unpublished experiments showed that the insecticide fails to reach the mosquitos, Dr. Gubler said. | In Battling Dengue Fever Mosquitos, Expert Enlists Public's Assistance |
278186_1 | whose first language is Russian are angered and frightened. Non-Estonians living there wonder what their place will be. A30 The cease-fire in Angola declared two months ago is crumbling, and American officials expressed concern about increased fighting between Government forces and guerrillas there. A3 Syrian-backed Muslim forces shelled Junieh, the main Christian seaport north of Beirut, as a flotilla of French ships took up positions off the Lebanese coast. A3 Israeli kidnapped on the West Bank A7 Japanese official admits an affair A9 NATIONAL A10-12, D18 Voyager 2 cruised over Neptune, its cameras snapping pictures and its sensors gathering data on the conditions and forces on the outer most planet in the solar system. A1 For Voyager 2's ''family,'' it's the last of the first encounters A12 The stock market surged to a record as investors focused on declining interest rates and the rising dollar and put further behind them memories of the crash nearly two years ago. A1 Is 1989 like 1987? No, but most any measure D1 Supporters of legalized abortion in Iowa, energized by the Supreme Court's Webster decision, are creating a powerful new variable in a state so often considered a political laboratory. A1 The last Vietnam War skirmishes are being fought with words and occasionally with bullets by the Vietnamese refugees in the United States. Last week a leading figure in the debate was shot in California. A10 A snag has developed in the settlement of a case invoving the Fernald nuclear weapons plant. Residents near the plant say they may still have the right to bring claims for cleanup costs for contamination of their property. A10 Speaker Foley, reacting to an attack by Defense Secretary Cheney over military spending priorities, denied that his fellow House members were underestimating the Soviet military threat. D18 Ambitious television programs for children in San Francisco urge viewers to turn their sets off and and then go out and do something else, such as read a book or go to a museum. D18 Harder substances than diamonds may soon emerge from laboratories, scientists are predicting, upsetting a long-accepted view that nothing could rival a diamond in hardness. D18 Labor leaders were arrested as they took part in a sit-down demonstration at a courthouse in Virginia to show support for striking coal, telephone and airline workers. D18 For a Confederate home for women, it's finally Appomattox A10 Bass P.L.C. to | NEWS SUMMARY |
278012_0 | LEAD: To the Editor: To the Editor: ''Menopause Hormone Linked to Breast Cancer'' (front page, Aug. 3), reviewing a report in The New England Journal of Medicine, presents a distorted picture of the risk of breast cancer after estrogen replacement in postmenopausal women. The headline is not supported by the original report from Sweden in The New England Journal. The investigators clearly report that women who took conjugated estrogen, or estriol, had no increase in breast cancer. In the United States today the overwhelming percentage of women for whom estrogen is prescribed take conjugated estrogen, principally Premarin, which contains estrone, not estradiol. Estriol is not commonly prescribed in the United States, but in laboratory animals, the addition of 1 milligram of estriol one week before a rat is injected with a carcinogenic drug (which will produce breast cancer in 95 percent of animals) prevents the development of breast cancer. There is extensive literature to indicate that estrone and estriol do not increase the incidence of breast cancer, but may actually reduce it. In the study reported, the sequential use of estrogen and progesterone increased the incidence of breast cancer. The principal estrogen was estradiol, which is not generally prescribed in this country. Current studies do not show that conjugated estrogen, followed by progesterone, increases incidence of breast cancer. Women and their gynecologists should be encouraged to continue to use replacement estrogens to reduce the risk of heart disease and osteoporosis. SELIG STRAX, M.D. Medical Director, Guttman Breast Diagnostic Institute New York, Aug. 7, 1989 | Study Doesn't Support Estrogen-Cancer Link |
276068_4 | Financing and Insurance, said New York's move reflected in part a new direction by states to reduce Medicaid costs. In the past, he said, many have tried to cut costs by reducing the number of eligible recipients - by not raising income requirements to keep pace with inflation, for instance. Those moves have proved politically unpopular, and in fact New York's Legislature bucked that trend last year by voting to allow 200,000 people just above the poverty level to join the Medicaid program. Recipients to Be Notified A letter explaining the new limits on service is being mailed to all Medicaid recipients this month. The letter says ''the limits have been set at a level so that most people on medical assistance will be able to get all available medical services they need.'' ''The rationale is simply to make more effective use of the money available for Medicaid,'' Mr. Donnelly of the State Social Services Department said. ''This has always been a wide-open program - anybody could get anything at any time they wanted, and there has been misuse.'' Mr. Donnelly said state officials could use the thresholds to investigate those patients and providers who might be making excessive use of Medicaid benefits. But in a genuine case of need, he said, ''it's simply doubtful in most cases that we would overrule a doctor's decision.'' Paula Wilson, the Cuomo administration's deputy budget director, who helped to draw up the new regulations, said the concept was one that several private insurance plans routinely used to cut unnecessary medical expenses. Hospital officials, however, say the new system will add a new layer of bureaucracy and costs to their operation. ''This is a totally broad-brush approach to the problem,'' said Raymond J. Baxter, senior vice president of the Health and Hospitals Corporation, which runs New York City's hospital system. ''Just from a logistical standpoint, it's going to overwhelm us.'' Beyond that, hospitals are also concerned that they have no guarantee that the state will in fact reimburse them when they treat a patient who has exceeded allowable limits. ''Simply saving state Medicaid expenditures while increasing hospitals' deficits will ultimately take its toll on providers and patients alike,'' said Kenneth E. Raske, president of the Greater New York Hospital Association, which represents more than 100 municipal and voluntary hospitals in the New York metropolitan region. Potential Harm Feared And even while any Medicaid recipient | New York Medicaid to Limit Number of Visits to Doctors |
272393_0 | LEAD: An article yesterday on hormone treatments for menopausal women referred incorrectly to Cynthia Pearson. She is acting director of the National Women's Health Network. An article yesterday on hormone treatments for menopausal women referred incorrectly to Cynthia Pearson. She is acting director of the National Women's Health Network. | Corrections |
227295_1 | is used to treat osteoporosis in other countries and two earlier American studies had shown benefits when higher doses were given. But the American manufacturer, Hoffman-LaRoche Inc. of Nutley, N.J., has withdrawn plans to seek marketing approval from the Food and Drug Administration to use the drug for osteoporosis. The hormone, known as calcitriol (pronounced kal-si-TRY-ol), is the activated form of vitamin D that, among other things, enables the body to absorb dietary calcium through the intestines. As people age, however, their ability to convert vitamin D into its active form diminishes and calcium absorption declines. Estrogen, the leading drug used to combat osteoporosis in postmenopausal women, indirectly enhances bone mass in part by increasing the body's ability to make calcitriol from vitamin D. The main difficulty in using calcitriol in Americans is their relatively high intake of calcium through diet and supplements. In other countries where calcitriol is used, typical calcium intakes are much lower. Since the drug greatly increases calcium absorption, it could cause excess calcium to spill into the urine, damaging the kidneys. At doses that can enhance bone mass and decrease fractures, experts say that calcitriol could harm the kidneys if calcium intake is much beyond 500 milligrams a day. This is a third the amount now recommended for postmenopausal women, many of whom take daily calcium supplements of 1,000 milligrams or more. Analogues Tested Hoffman-LaRoche has put the drug into a holding pattern while scientists develop and test analogues, or chemical cousins of calcitriol, that may be more effective but less toxic. One analogue, developed in Japan and licensed there six years ago, has been used safely in countering osteoporosis, said Dr. Hector DeLuca, a biochemist at the University of Wisconsin. Dr. DeLuca, who discovered how calcitriol influences bone density, said the Japanese found a dramatic decline in fractures among women treated with the analogue. Calcitriol itself has been licensed to treat osteoporosis in Italy, Australia, New Zealand and other countries. In this country, calcitriol is approved for use in treating bone loss induced by kidney disease, vitamin D-resistant rickets and diminished parathyroid function, but not for osteoporosis. Many factors increase the risk of developing osteoporosis, including smoking, low calcium intake in childhood, early menopause, lack of exercise and various therapeutic drugs. The established medicine is estrogen replacement therapy, starting at menopause. Estrogen, like calcitriol, decreases the loss of bone but does not foster bone | Conflicting Studies Cloud Development of an Osteoporosis Drug |
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