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255109_3 | guarded behind closed doors and gates and are inaccessible to the public. Many of Jefferson's books and pamphlets - assembled in his years as Minister to France, Secretary of State, Vice President and President - are still in their original leather bindings. He used his own binder in Georgetown for assembling pamphlets and strengthening paperback books. When Jefferson made a generous offer to sell his personal library at whatever price and terms Congress wished to offer so that the books burned by the British could be replaced, there was raucous debate. Some Congressmen said that the books included infidel philosophies. Others objected to the many foreign titles and the Greek and Roman classics. The Jefferson library was appraised and valued, according to size rather than contents, at $23,950, or less than $4 a book. About 2,600 of Jefferson's original books remain in the library and researchers can, and often do, call for them and read them here. 'Written to Be Read' ''Thomas Jefferson would have it no other way,'' Mr. Gilreath said. ''He believed that books were written to be read.'' The books are in Latin, Greek, French, Spanish and Italian. Only later in his life did he recognize Germany as a country of scholarship, so he did not bother to learn that language. Jefferson's catalogue arranged the books by subject categories that were part of an overall classification system adapted from Francis Bacon's ''Advancement of Knowledge.'' Bacon had organized all knowledge into three categories: memory, reason and imagination. Instead, Jefferson renamed them history, philosophy and fine arts. In addition to his fluency in French, Jefferson enjoyed reading Greek and Latin. The history books in his collection lean heavily on the Greeks and Romans, including Josephus, Herodotus, Thucydides. ''He disliked Plato - didn't admire his idealism,'' Mr. Gilreath said. ''But we do have his copy of 'La Republique de Plato ou Dialogue sur la Justice.' Tacitus was one of his favorite Roman writers. He had two different editions, one in Latin and one in Spanish. He read Tacitus in Latin so he could teach himself Spanish.'' In fine arts, Jefferson began with one of his main interests - architecture -and continued with gardening, painting, sculpture; music; epic poetry; romance tales and fables; pastorals, odes and elegies; tragedy and comedy; logic criticism and languages. ''Jefferson didn't mind buying inexpensive editions or pirated books that had been printed in Dublin or Paris,'' | Document Opens a Window on Mind of Jefferson |
259990_1 | electric fields. The new study said alternating current, of 60 cycles a second, that of common household circuits, ''and other low-frequency electromagnetic fields can interact with individual cells and organs to produce biological changes.'' ''The nature of these interactions for public health remain unclear, but there are legitimate reasons for concern,'' the paper said. 'Vigorous Public Intervention' The paper was prepared by three researchers, Indira Nair, M. Granger Morgan and H. Keith Florig, who are affiliated with the Department of Engineering and Public Policy at Carnegie Mellon University. It noted that concerns about health effects of high-power transmission lines had prompted litigation that has ''significantly impeded'' the ability of private and public utilities to expand their power transmission. Without adequate research to provide answers, ''the resulting contention could go on for many years and have costs significantly greater than the costs of the needed research,'' the report said. It recommended research into whether electromagnetic fields affect the brain and central nervous system, which themselves utilize low frequency fields for cellular interaction. The paper also looked into the possible association between exposure to extremely low frequency fields and the occurrence of cancer, a matter of dispute in parts of Wisconsin and Michigan where the Navy is operating submarine communications centers that use such fields. The researchers said that the fields were not known to cause any damage to chromosomes, which contain each cell's genetic material, and hence are not likely to be initiators of cancer and that epidemiological studies so far had shown a ''weak association'' between exposure to the fields and leukemia and nervous system cancer. However, they said, some experiments indicated that the fields affect the cell membrane, which serves as a receptor for chemicals that promote cancer. Biochemical Responses The report noted that sources of electromagnetic fields like wall wiring, appliances and lighting fixtures ''could play a far greater role than transmission lines in any public health problem.'' Electromagnetic fields are common in nature and appear in all living things. They generate lightning and make navigation by compass possible. Television and radio sets and microwave ovens depend on electric and magnetic fields for their operation. Over the past decade, the main civilian federal source of research money has been the Department of Energy's Office of Energy Storage and Distribution, whose research budget rose to $3 million in the current fiscal year from $2.2 million in the previous year. | More Study Urged on Electrical Fields' Effects |
260109_3 | producing a tire. Fifteen years ago, it would have been twice that or two and a half times that. Compared with our competitors, we're good. Q. What kind of tire do you think American car makers are going to have in the next five years? What kind of miles-per-gallon fleet average do you expect in that period? A. They're very concerned because tires play a role in fuel economy. Speaking for Goodyear, we think the miles-per-gallon fleet average will continue to increase. We're at 27 miles per gallon now. It will probably be 37 in five years. Also, they want to give every line of cars a different feel. You've got the luxury sedans, the sporty type cars. So the tire lines are getting complicated because the car makers want a different feel. Q. Several years ago, thanks to Sir James Goldsmith, your company restructured. What difference has that made on your operations? A. We converted equity to debt. In this country we're on a roll in taking the equity out of our companies and converting it to debt and then taking that cash and repeating that cycle. Our debt is higher and our interest payments are higher. Q. But has it made any difference in the quality of tires or investment in operations? A. No. We've been able to invest and continue to invest and do the things we've needed to do to be competitive. Q. Tire dealers now charge for taking old tires for disposal. If a customer takes the old tires home, disposal companies often refuse them. Tires have become a major problem in solid waste. What is Goodyear doing about it? A. It's a problem we work on diligently. There are methods to dispose of tires very effectively. You can put a tire through a very heavy-duty grinder. You can take the ground up rubber and mix it with coal and burn it. If you get it in an environment where you get complete combustion, the B.T.U. level is very high, and you have no pollution. But the reason that has not been successful is the collection costs. It costs just as much to haul a used tire as it does a new one. What's beginning to happen is that dealers are putting a price tag on disposing of tires. With that, the tires can be collected and ground up, and you come out financially successful. | Talking Business with Barrett of Goodyear; The Importance Of Being Biggest |
259928_3 | ships cruise the seas and scientists actually count whales. Using this approach, scientists from a number of nations have been surveying the waters off Antarctica in every Southern Hemisphere summer since 1978-79, systematically covering the area south of 60 degrees latitude. In the summer whales migrate to those latitudes to feed. Decline From 225,000 Using the older method of counting the killed whales, experts had estimated that 11,000 to 14,000 blue whales existed in the world, compared with some 225,000 before commercial hunting began. Roughly half the survivors were thought to be in the Southern Hemisphere. Whales generally stay within one hemisphere or the other, migrating between the tropics and the poles. But the results presented at San Diego found only 453 blue whales, the largest of which are 100 feet long and weigh more than 30 elephants, in the area surveyed. Scientists believe the area south of 60 degrees contains all or nearly all the blues in the Southern Hemisphere during the summer. The Antarctic cruises also found 2,096 fin whales in the survey area, but not all of the species migrate to the Antarctic in the summer. Earlier estimates placed their global population at about 100,000. The survey turned up 4,047 humpback whales, whose total population has been estimated at 10,000; 1,498 sei whales, whose numbers globally have been estimated at 54,000; and 3,059 sperm whales. The population of sperm whales has been estimated at nearly 2 million, but some scientists believe it is not that high. Specialists on the whaling commission said the Antarctic count of sperm whales meant little, since only large adult males of the species, a small fraction of the total population, migrate into Antarctic waters. More of the humpback and sei whales migrate there, but large numbers of themstay in warmer waters, too. Further study will be needed to assess the meaning of the figures on these species, the specialists say. But for the blues, the results appear unequivocally discouraging to some scientists. The figure of 453 blues must be adjusted, they say, to account for the fact that only two-thirds of the ocean waters south of 60 degrees south latitude were surveyed. Further, they say, some whales were undoubtedly missed because some dive for long periods. Even so, said one specialist on the commission, the true number is unlikely to be more than about 1,200 to 1,500, and could well be less. | New Survey Raises Concerns About Recovery of Blue Whale |
260129_0 | LEAD: There's little need to rehearse the merits of I. F. Stone as reporter and advocate. The country discovered during Vietnam what his Washington colleagues had known for years: In a frenzied calling, he was a meticulous craftsman, buttressing unfashionable views with relentless spadework into unread official documents. There's little need to rehearse the merits of I. F. Stone as reporter and advocate. The country discovered during Vietnam what his Washington colleagues had known for years: In a frenzied calling, he was a meticulous craftsman, buttressing unfashionable views with relentless spadework into unread official documents. But Mr. Stone, now dead at 81, was also a gifted teacher. He showed younger journalists how to develop stories without kowtowing to the powerful and how to write incisively without resort to cliches. Relying on only a single assistant - his wife, Esther - for most of his career, Mr. Stone came equipped with a superb nose for fakery. He was thus able to challenge at the outset all sorts of official hokum - such as the puffed-up battle used to justify the famous Tonkin Gulf resolution. His example of independent thinking won Mr. Stone more than the honorary degrees later bestowed on him. If mainstream newspapers found too little room for his contrary opinions, reporters came to emulate his rigor. One was Charles Mohr, who died last weekend at 60. First as a Vietnam correspondent for Time magazine, then for this newspaper in Saigon and Washington, Mr. Mohr was known for his courage and resourcefulness in wartime, his care and diligence in covering national security affairs in peacetime. I. F. Stone retired in the 1970's, only to become another kind of model. To write a history of freedom, he learned Greek and dug deep into classical sources, the better to understand why democratic Athens disgraced itself by condemning Socrates. He prided himself on mastering new Greek verbs while strolling to and from a scholar's cubicle at the American University in Washington. To detractors, Mr. Stone's achievements were diminished by his past willingness to minimize Moscow's sins even as he maximized Washington's. His critics are unimpressed by his outraged rejection of the Soviet Union he visited in 1956. But time has played a trick. In recent years, the radical journalist more harshly condemned abuses in Communist states than did successive Republican Presidents -a fitting coda for a great dissident who disputed all the tidy | I. F. Stone's Legacy |
260027_0 | LEAD: The revival of the House of Morgan, where banking and corporate finance coexisted under one roof, moved forward yesterday when the Federal Reserve Board yesterday approved an application by J.P. Morgan Securities Inc. to begin raising money for corporations in the public bond market. The revival of the House of Morgan, where banking and corporate finance coexisted under one roof, moved forward yesterday when the Federal Reserve Board yesterday approved an application by J.P. Morgan Securities Inc. to begin raising money for corporations in the public bond market. J.P. Morgan Securities is an affiliate of the Morgan Guaranty Trust Company, the parent bank of the J.P. Morgan Company. The bank had been barred from the corporate bond market and other key areas of the securities markets since 1933 by the Glass-Steagall Act. Besides corporate bonds, which include high-yield, low-quality ''junk bonds,'' the J.P. Morgan unit may handle other securities backed by assets, mortgages or car loans, commercial paper, and revenue bonds of states and local governments, the Fed said yesterday. Morgan has not been given approval to trade in corporate stocks and bring new issues to market, but the Fed said it would consider such a move next year. The approval by the Fed yesterday came five months after it had approved in principle the securities affiliates in bank holding companies. Examination of Organization Since the preliminary approval in January, it has been examining the organization and financing of banking companies to make sure their securities units are run separately, do not draw on the financial strength of the banks and do not permit an exchange of information about customers between the bank and the securities unit. Peter L. Woicke, president of J.P. Morgan Securities, said the company was ready to start the new activities immediately. J.P. Morgan Securities has equity capital of $403 million and 750 employees. Mindful of the concerns of Congress, Federal regulators ordered the securities units organized in such a way that they would not be financed with Government-guaranteed deposits. Congress has failed on numerous occasions to pass legislation to overhaul the Glass-Steagall Act. Several other banking companies, including Bankers Trust, Chase Manhatttan, Citicorp and Security Pacific, are expected to receive similar approval to operate affiliates in the securities business. In January, the Fed noted that those large banks had already acquired the experience they would need to operate the securities affiliates. Besides handling corporate | Morgan Move Into Bond Market Approved |
259456_2 | it that. Think of Diane Pikul, killed by her stock-analyst husband when she asked for a divorce. Jennifer Levin and Kathleen Holland, strangled by boyfriends who claimed it was all part of ''rough sex.'' Thir-teen-year-old Kelly Tinyes, slain, allegedly by a neighbor. Theresa Saldana, the actress, whose slasher is scheduled for early release from prison despite his many threats against her life. Think of the unnamed women in the headlines recently - two gang-raped and thrown from rooftops, the jogger in Central Park. Think of all the women who have not entered the folklore of crime because their beatings and/or rapes and/or murders lacked the appropriate ingredients for full-dress media treatment -which include, alas, being white, young, middle-class and, as the tabloids love to say, ''attractive.'' Think, finally, of Hedda Nussbaum. At times, the debate over how much responsibility she should bear for not preventing the death of Lisa overshadowed the fact, which no one outside the courtroom disputed, that it was Joel Steinberg who caused the child to die. Ms. Nussbaum's warped psyche, her inability to flee a savagely violent relationship, her inaction the night Lisa lay dying - these are interesting subjects, endlessly discussed on TV, in the papers, at the dinner table. But surely they are not more interesting than Steinberg's warped psyche, his descent into brutality and megalomania. He, too, was a human being with moral choices to make, a product of the same society that produced Hedda. But it was she who got the in-depth analysis; what he got were epithets: ''monster,'' ''devil.'' We live, I am trying to say, in an epidemic of male violence against women. But our response to it is almost always to dismiss the perpetrator with routine expressions of shock and focus our real attention on the behavior of the victim - usually to find something wrong with it. We blame Hedda Nussbaum for not aggressively seeking protection, Lisa Bianco for thinking protection would be effective, Jennifer Levin for thinking she didn't need any, and Karen Straw for protecting herself. When are we going to apply some of this intense scrutiny to men? Consider the latest horror stories served up to us by the media. True, the Central Park jogger has not been chided, much, for venturing into a deserted area after dark. That aspect of her case, which would surely have taken center stage had only one attacker been | Violence In a Man's World |
259302_2 | you miss the feature greatly when you get into a 1989 car that lacks it. The near future also holds other uses for electronics, which currently account for 10 percent of an automobile's sticker price. The tab for those electrons will double by 1995, according to a study done by the University of Michigan, but most of that electrical busy-ness will be hidden from view, quietly controlling the engine, transmission, chassis, brakes and other systems. The university's survey of more than 250 automotive marketing executives and consultants also said motorists will pay less for structural repairs and more to fix body damage in the coming years. And, it said, fuel economy will improve slightly, climbing to an average of 28 miles per gallon in 1990 and 30 m.p.g. in 1995. ''The most dramatic change in American cars in recent years has been in fuel efficiency,'' the report said. ''Domestic U.S. manufacturers have improved the average fuel economy of their cars from approximately 12 m.p.g. in 1974 to 26-27 m.p.g. currently. But economy improvements are approaching the point of diminishing returns.'' Floppy roadmaps and bulky spare tires will be outdated in eight years, the study said. Antilock brakes will continue to take the danger out of sudden stops, and seats will mold to a driver's physique at the touch of a button. Maps shining from dashboard video screens will replace the unwieldy and unfoldable paper versions, and dials and gauges will take the place of today's popular digital readouts. Seats will be thinner and more comfortable. And height, tilt and distance from the wheel will be easily programmed by the driver. The cars of the future will be about the same size as current models, according to the study, but they will be lighter. More aluminum and plastic will be used, but steel will remain the dominant material, not least because ''consumer perceptions are currently against plastics.'' The average weight of a domestic automobile is expected to drop more than 300 pounds. Body panels will resist corrosion for 10 years. And use of ceramics and other nonmetallic materials in engine parts will allow powerplants to be less costly and to run more efficiently. More engines will be fueled by methanol. The Michigan study indicates that Detroit's cars will become more competitive with Japanese and German imports, which now rate ''higher in fit and finish, engine and drivetrain integrity, durability, handling, driveability | About Cars; Zipping Along on a Drive to the Future |
259399_0 | LEAD: America's Roman Catholic bishops overwhelmingly approved today a long-stalled set of guidelines aimed at resolving doctrinal disputes between bishops and theologians. America's Roman Catholic bishops overwhelmingly approved today a long-stalled set of guidelines aimed at resolving doctrinal disputes between bishops and theologians. The document, nine years in the making, had been repeatedly blocked by conservatives who feared it might diminish the authority of bishops. It was pulled from the agenda of the bishops' meeting last November after the Vatican raised last-minute objections. The bishops, who are holding their semiannual meeting this weekend at Seton Hall University here, also said the United States should ''move beyond the legacy of war'' and begin normalizing relations with Vietnam. The statement on United States-Vietnam relations was the only hotly debated item at the relatively relaxed session, which was attended by 255 bishops. The mood here contrasted with the tension of the bishops' meeting a year ago in Collegeville, Minn., where they were trying to repair an unusually public rift over a document that expressed qualified toleration of information about condoms in anti-AIDS campaigns. Limited Schedule Many potentially controversial projects, including a second draft of a pastoral letter on women's role in the church, a further statement on AIDS and a policy statement on the Middle East were not on this weekend's schedule. Instead, sessions on black and Hispanic Catholics and on Catholic social teaching reflected the depth of the bishops' concern with minority issues and social problems. Sister Thea Bowman, from Canton, Miss., brought the bishops to their feet this morning with an address on the black Catholic experience in America. ''You've got to move together to do that,'' she said as she succeeded in getting the normally staid prelates to cross arms, grasp hands and join her in song. The document on resolving doctrinal conflicts outlines the ''distinct but complementary'' responsibilities of bishops and theologians to uphold Catholic teaching. Bishops are ''authoritative teachers'' required to preserve the integrity of doctrine, the document says. Theologians are required to improve understanding of the faith by scholarship and ''critical inquiry.'' 'Freedom of Inquiry' After urging theologians to use ''pastoral discretion'' in publicizing ideas that might disturb ''the theologically untrained,'' the document defends theologians' ''freedom of inquiry and expression of scholarly opinion.'' The document warns that both bishops and theologians ''can become the target of complaints and charges which have no substance and merit,'' and proposes | BISHOPS APPROVE PLAN ON DISPUTES |
259361_0 | LEAD: To the Editor: To the Editor: It's good to see there are a few happy people in New York these days, and one in Berkeley, Calif. I am referring to the letters gloating over the removal - an undertakers' term for transporting a corpse from the place of death to the mortuary - of ''Tilted Arc'' [ Letters, May 21, May 14 ] . The controversy prompted me to go downtown a couple of times to see for myself what all the fuss was about. My first reaction was that the unfinished, partially rusted surface was as ugly as I'd heard. But then I realized that the amount of effort needed to make it smooth and attractive would have been very slight compared to the incredible amount of work that must have gone into assembling such a large mass of heavy metal, shaping it into an even curve, and cutting its edges square. So the condition of the surface must have been intentional. I wondered why, but the answer didn't come to me then. Next, I walked around it, knocked on it, pushed against it, verifying its solidity and density with my senses. Standing at one end, I looked along its length. Suddenly I wondered why it didn't fall over. Perhaps it was an illusion, but it appeared to defy gravity. If it was really as unbalanced as it looked, it must have been anchored awfully deep. But the surface of the plaza didn't show any evidence of having been altered by a significant amount of digging. Why didn't it just uproot itself, tearing up the concrete as it did so? Amazed by what I assumed was a feat of engineering, I wandered on my way, having spent maybe 10 minutes there. On my other trip to the site, I spent even less time. I wanted to show it to my girlfriend. She saw how far it leaned and said, ''Maybe that's the problem. People are afraid it will fall on them.'' Now, many months later, I'm trying to picture that dark shape in my mind. And now I know what it looked like to me. It was like a bunch of unkempt people leaning toward the Federal Building to the south, arms extended overhead in a silent plea for help, for justice, for mercy. The poor, the powerless, the hungry and homeless. How much easier it was to | Fear of Falling |
258079_3 | December it awarded a $740 million contract to the French company Alsthom and West Germany's Siemens to build a high-speed train by 1992, which would reduce the traveling time between Madrid and Seville from seven hours to three. Private initiative, domestic and foreign, has turned to real estate, raising new buildings or restoring existing ones, chiefly for business use. Spanish companies like Construcciones y Contratas and Jotsa vie for scaffolding space with the British real estate giant Richard Ellis. Speculation and Need Mr. Bardaji, the architect, said that, in a climate energized by speculation and sheer need, Madrid ''has been transformed into a services city.'' The real estate boom has made itself felt most in the need for offices. The Kuwaiti Investment Office, for example, is planning to build twin towers for office use, nearly 30 stories high, at the northern end of Madrid's prime business thoroughfare, the Paseo de Castellana. Foreign companies are flocking to or consolidating their presence in Spain, with an emphasis on firms offering financial services. ''That somewhat mythical year, 1992,'' said Jose Marcos Lillo, director general of the Public Works and Urban Planning Ministry, ''has generated a considerable increase in the presence of foreign companies in Spain.'' 'Little Manhattan' The most visible expression of Madrid's commercial and business activity is the AZCA complex, which dates from the mid-1960's, on the Paseo de Castellana. It is known as ''little Manhattan.'' The complex includes the recently completed Torre Picasso, a sleek 46-story tower that dominates the Madrid skyline. Land and office space are such precious commodities that by conservative estimates, the Torre Picasso is already worth triple the $143.5 million investment of its owners, the Portland Valderrivas cement giant. Indeed, the tower seems to symbolize the urban, economic and political influences shaping the future. New Symbol of Madrid Fernando Cid Garcia, director general of the company that handles the tower's public relations, Per Gestor Inmobiliaria, confidently states: ''We believe we have created a new symbol of what Madrid is now. Every time a photo is taken of Madrid, or a postcard is sold, we want the Torre Picasso to appear.'' The demand for real estate and the anticipation of 1992 will not last forever, and some worry that the construction boom will be finished by 1993. While analysts predict a cyclical economic recession in two or three years, they estimate that construction work will continue expanding until | Spain Is Transformed Into Builder's Paradise |
259056_0 | LEAD: Cuba has arrested a top army general on corruption charges. American officials and other experts on Cuba said today that the action strongly suggested dissension at the highest levels of the Cuban armed forces. Cuba has arrested a top army general on corruption charges. American officials and other experts on Cuba said today that the action strongly suggested dissension at the highest levels of the Cuban armed forces. The general, Arnaldo T. Ochoa Sanchez, was a hero of the Cuban revolution and has commanded Cuban troops in Ethiopia, Angola and Nicaragua, among other places. His arrest was announced on Wednesday. On Tuesday, Cuba's Transportation Minister, Diocles Torralba Gonzalez, a friend of General Ochoa, was relieved of his duties. General Ochoa and Mr. Torralba studied together in Moscow in the 1960's. Mr. Torralba was also removed from his job as a vice president of Cuba's Council of Ministers. Cuban television reported that Mr. Torralba was dismissed because he had failed to rectify his ''personal conduct,'' but it did not specify the problems. The Cuban Defense Minister, Raul Castro, said the arrest of General Ochoa showed that ''nobody is untouchable'' in Cuba, and he asserted that the general had been involved in illicit sugar sales in Angola. Experts on Cuba said that if illicit sugar sales were the only problem, General Ochoa could have been reassigned. 'We Can Only Speculate' Jacqueline Tillman, who followed Latin American affairs at the National Security Council from 1984 to 1988, said General Ochoa ''may have been leading a group of dissidents and planning some type of action against the Cuban Government.'' Alternatively, she said, he ''may have become so discontented and disaffected with the regime that the authorities decided to move against him in a pre-emptive manner.'' ''We can only speculate until we get more information,'' said Ms. Tillman, who is now executive director of the Cuban American National Foundation, which seeks to promote freedom and democracy in Cuba. A State Department official said there appeared to be ''personal problems'' between General Ochoa and Raul Castro. The official said the Defense Minister may have been trying to discredit a potential rival for succession to the presidency. Raul Castro, 58 years old, is often described as a likely successor to his brother, Fidel Castro, the President, who is 61. The State Department said it had no information to confirm that General Ochoa was plotting a coup. | Cuba Arrests Top General on Corruption Charges |
260919_1 | cannot make eye contact. Assuming a position of authority can be achingly impossible. So, for that matter, is doing more than one thing at a time - even if one of the things is watching one's child. The result is seldom the kind of odious child abuse one sees in headlines. It is a matter of too little too late. ''Child neglect always emerges as the issue you worry about,'' Dr. Kaminer said. On Thursday afternoon, four mothers brought five children to a room in Einstein's Rose F. Kennedy Center for Research in Mental Retardation and Human Development. One child had burned himself reaching into a pot of boiling water to grab some macaroni, while his mother was concentrating on something else. Another child who had been of normal weight was now wasting away because his mother had difficulty feeding him regularly. Still another suffered from his mother's insistence on watering down his formula because it seemed too thick. Intellectual limitations are not their only problems. These families live in some of the most devastated parts of the South Bronx. Several had been homeless. Recently, one mother and child in attendance went walking in a park with another mother and child. Random gunfire, presumably between drug dealers, killed the other child. Although severe retardation affects all parts of society equally, moderate retardation hits poor people hardest, Dr. Kaminer said. Inadequate nutrition, substandard education and bad living quarters all corrode normal development. But not necessarily the spirit. Said one woman, ''I was slow in school, but there's nothing wrong with me.'' Said another, ''I can't read because I don't have my glasses.'' As always, the session began with everyone sitting on mats and mothers rubbing lotion on children's hands and feet, a procedure intended to convey parts of the body. ''We almost tell them exactly what to say,'' said Henriet Nadler, a social worker. Then came songs like ''Itsy Bitsy Spider,'' crayons, cookies and toys. The goal of Ms. Nadler - as well as the special education teacher, speech therapist and graduate student working with her - is to use all these activities to teach mothers skills. A mother still coming to terms with her own adolescence is gently encouraged to talk baby talk. A mother who speaks so softly her son laughs at her commands spoke louder in a role-playing exercise. The scene looked normal enough until something unusual happened. | About New York; Helping Mothers With Problems Show Their Love |
260985_1 | some marijuana into the United States over the last two and a half years. The American officials said they could not immediately provide information about possible connections between Cuban traffickers and people in the United States. Official Cuban newspaper reports and radio broadcasts give extraordinary detail about the drug-smuggling activities, including the time, place and content of conversations among Cubans, Colombians and Panamanians. The information is generally compatible with data collected by United States law-enforcement and intelligence agencies, Administration officials said. From Denial to Disclosure? Such allegations are startling because Cuban officials in the past repeatedly denied any official or unofficial Cuban involvement in narcotics trafficking. In a 1985 interview, Mr. Castro said that ''Cuba has an unimpeachable record'' on drugs. He said then that he did not know of any case in which a Cuban official had been involved in the drug business. On June 14, Cuba announced the arrest of one of its most highly respected generals, Arnaldo T. Ochoa Sanchez, who had commanded Cuban troops in Ethiopia, Angola and Nicaragua. Two days later Cuba announced the arrest of six more miliatry officers including Brig. Gen. Patricio de la Guardia Font and his twin brother, Col. Antonio de la Guardia Font. The Cuban suspects asserted that their narcotics activities were authorized by the Cuban Government and that they intended to turn over the proceeds to the Government, the official Cuban newspaper Granma reported on Thursday. But the newspaper said ''the cynicism of these pretexts was quickly discovered'' when the Cuban authorities discovered hundreds of thousands of dollars hidden in the suspects' briefcases and at the homes of their friends and relatives. Questions About Castro's Role Ernesto Betancourt, director of Radio Marti, the United States Government station that broadcasts to Cuba, said Mr. Castro was trying to deflect suspicion away from himself. ''How can Castro claim he knew nothing about drugs when he himself has been involved?'' Mr. Betancourt asked. ''Nobody in Cuba is involved in this type of thing on his own.'' Mr. Castro was mentioned in the indictment of Gen. Manuel Antonio Noriega, the Panamanian leader, returned by a Federal grand jury in Miami in February 1988. The indictment said that Mr. Castro met with General Noriega in Havana ''on or about June 29, 1984,'' in an effort to mediate a dispute between the Panamanian leader and members of the Medellin cartel. The dispute involved the cartel's | Cuba Discloses A Drug Network Of Top Officials |
256161_0 | LEAD: The Monsanto Company said Thursday that it had begun a research field trial of tomato plants genetically engineered to resist caterpillar pests, like tomato fruitworm and tomato hornworm. The field test follows trials on insect-resistant tomatoes in Mexico, Florida and Illinois earlier this year. The Monsanto Company said Thursday that it had begun a research field trial of tomato plants genetically engineered to resist caterpillar pests, like tomato fruitworm and tomato hornworm. The field test follows trials on insect-resistant tomatoes in Mexico, Florida and Illinois earlier this year. | Genetic Tomatoes Test |
256314_0 | LEAD: Hundreds of demonstrators converged on the Seabrook Station nuclear power plant today to protest the plant's first atomic reaction, and the police said 627 were arrested for trespassing. Hundreds of demonstrators converged on the Seabrook Station nuclear power plant today to protest the plant's first atomic reaction, and the police said 627 were arrested for trespassing. The protesters, including children and handicapped people, were ushered into waiting buses and taken to police headquarters after climbing over a chain-link fence. They came to protest the first low-power nuclear reaction, which is scheduled for later this week. Swarms of protesters remained outside the gates in support of those who went in. They chanted, ''Shame on Bush'' and carried signs like ''In Mourning for the Late, Great State of New Hampshire,'' and ''Remember Chernobyl.'' ''It's going to keep the issue of nuclear power in the forefront,'' said Barbara C. French, a protester from Henniker, N.H. ''We have to send a message to New England, the rest of the country and the world,'' said Mrs. French, who was carrying a ''No Nukes'' poster. 'Very Vocal' Minority Ron Sher, a Seabrook spokesman, termed the demonstrators ''very vocal but a small minority.'' ''They don't represent the millions of people in New England that recognize that nuclear energy is a viable energy option,'' Mr. Sher said. Today's demonstration and a rally Saturday at nearby Hampton Beach State park were prompted by the recent granting by the Nuclear Regulatory Commission of a license to Seabrook's owners to conduct tests. That will allow plant operators to start nuclear fission for the first time. Although the plant would still require a full-power license before it could operate commercially, the low-power test is a milestone for an installation that has been plagued by complications and delays for two decades. Since the late 1970's, there have been dozens of protests at the plant. The largest came in May 1977, when 1,414 protesters were arrested. After processing those arrested in today's demonstration, the police tonight gave their number as 627. Earlier, the number had been estimated at more than 650 by Capt. Sheldon P. Sullivan of the New Hampshire State Police and at at least 800 by Dianne Dunfy, a spokeswoman for the Clamshell Alliance, which has been a major organizer of protests against Seabrook over the years. Ms. Dunfy was among those arrested. Beginning about 2 P.M., demonstrators at four gates | Hundreds Arrested Over Seabrook Test |
256169_0 | LEAD: France exploded a 20-kiloton nuclear bomb at an underground site in French Polynesia today, New Zealand Government scientists said. The explosion, the third conducted by France this year, probably occurred on the Pacific atoll of Mururoa, the Department of Scientific and Industrial Research said. France exploded a 20-kiloton nuclear bomb at an underground site in French Polynesia today, New Zealand Government scientists said. The explosion, the third conducted by France this year, probably occurred on the Pacific atoll of Mururoa, the Department of Scientific and Industrial Research said. | France Tests Bomb in Pacific |
262583_2 | the nation's coastline, including, for the first time, off part of Alaska's coast was approved by the House Appropriations Committee. A1 An inquiry into the tanker grounding revealed that local harbor pilots do not always board incoming vessels at the boundary line designated by state law, a boat operator said. A10 A reduction in the capital gains tax cannot be effected, Representative Dan Rostenkowski, the chairman of the House Ways and Means Committee, has decided. D1 Indian tribes' control over land within reservation boundaries should be defined by how much development has already occurred, the Supreme Court ruled. A8 A suspect in the ''ritual'' poisoning of a 500-year-old tree in Austin, Tex. has been arrested. The police say the suspect, Paul Stedman Cullen, was found in Elroy, Tex. A8 A debate over freedom of the press has been opened by a two-week-old Texas law intended to prevent security alarm manufacturers from harassing burglary victims. A8 G.E. to cooperate on ''cold'' fusion A8 Historic fort is center of modern land battle A8 WASHINGTON TALK A12 The Congressional Arts Caucus supports three Federal agencies, including the National Endowment for the Arts, which has been criticized by legislators for the nature of some of its artistic grants. White House chief of staff has his own kitchen cabinet REGIONAL B1-4 Details about David Dinkins's taxes have emerged, recalling his failure to file Federal, state and New York City tax returns for 1969 through 1972, an issue that dogs his mayoral campaign. A1 A fiscal crisis in Yonkers was declared by a New York State monitoring agency that was faced with new defiance by the Yonkers City Council over a court-ordered desegregation plan. A1 Reading levels have fallen short of expectations for slightly more than half of New York City's public school students in grades 3 through 10, the Board of Education said. B1 The penalty of life without parole will not come up for a vote by the Legislature before the session ends, the Assembly Speaker said, collapsing Gov. Mario M. Cuomo's effort to push for its approval. B2 Legislation to expand prenatal care for 70,000 poor New York women and their infants was agreed on in Albany. It would exclude payments for abortions from the added coverage. B2 The Rev. Al Sharpton was arrested on 67 counts of grand larceny, falsifying business records and scheming to defraud. He also is to face income-tax | NEWS SUMMARY |
256945_0 | LEAD: Turbulent weather buffeted a United Airlines jumbo jet Tuesday, tossing babies in the air and bouncing luggage and a food cart off the ceiling of the plane. Turbulent weather buffeted a United Airlines jumbo jet Tuesday, tossing babies in the air and bouncing luggage and a food cart off the ceiling of the plane. At least 21 people were injured after the jet, a DC-10 bound for Chicago from Los Angeles, dropped 100 to 200 feet while flying 37,000 feet over Kansas, officials said. Passengers said at least two babies were pulled from their mothers' arms by the force of the drop. One was plucked out of the air by a man who lunged to catch the baby. The other mother could not find her baby for several minutes, said a passanger, James Jorgenson, a 29-year-old printing engineer from Racine, Wis. ''There was a woman in front of the plane holding a baby and I saw that baby bounce off the ceiling,'' he said. ''I thought we were done, I thought it was all over, it was that violent. Seats were broken and luggage racks were broken.'' From Riot to Turbulence Mr. Jorgenson, who was returning from an aborted trip to China, said he appreciated the paradox of fleeing a riot in Beijing ''only to be knocked around in Kansas.'' Joe Hopkins, a spokesman for United, said the plane was over Garden City, Kan., when ''it encountered clear-air turbulence, which means the pilot couldn't see it.'' Mr. Hopkins added, ''The flight attendants said it lasted less than a minute, but apparently the turbulence was pretty severe.'' A passenger, James Phillips, the president of a Wisconsin equipment company said, ''It felt like death.'' A Roller Coaster Flight Others on United Flight 90, which was carrying 232 passengers and 11 crew members, said they felt as if they were riding in a roller coaster or a dropping elevator. ''Anything that wasn't tied down flew up to bounce off the ceiling,'' Mr. Jorgenson said. Four people were admitted to hospitals after the plane landed about 7 P.M. at O'Hare International Airport in Chicago, the authorities said. Hospital spokesmen said the four were in stable or good condition. Three suffered head, neck, shoulder or back injuries, while a fourth suffered chest pains, the spokesmen said. Other injured passengers were treated and released. | 21 Aboard Jumbo Jet Injured By Turbulence Over Kansas |
256921_0 | LEAD: Mismanagement and potential political abuses at the Department of Housing and Urban Development extend far beyond a Federal low-income housing program now under scrutiny by Congress and the Justice Department, an internal report shows. Mismanagement and potential political abuses at the Department of Housing and Urban Development extend far beyond a Federal low-income housing program now under scrutiny by Congress and the Justice Department, an internal report shows. Congressional investigators say they will use the report, by the department's Inspector General, Paul A. Adams, as a road map to other housing programs that may have been manipulated in the Reagan Administration to benefit prominent Republicans. The report, a semiannual summary of all investigations conducted by the inspector general's staff, was sent to Congress this week. It documents ''abuse'' and ''mismanagement'' in a number of programs, and some of the abuses resemble those found in the Section 8 Moderate Rehabilitation Program, which Congress is investigating. 'Serious Problems' Found An earlier audit by Mr. Adams suggested that millions of dollars in rent subsidies under the program were distributed through the influence of Republican consultants, and that the process used by H.U.D. to select housing projects was not supported by adequate documentation. The Inspector General's new report shows that the Section 8 program, intended to encourage developers to rehabilitate low-income housing, is one of several programs in which the housing agency authorized large awards on the basis of inadequate or undocumented reviews. ''Our audits continued to show serious problems in H.U.D.'s housing programs'' in the final months of the Reagan Administration, Mr. Adams said in the introduction to his 85-page report. The document described investigations handled by his office from October 1988 through March. Although Mr. Adams's summary did not disclose new instances of political favoritism or influence peddling, department officials and Congressional investigators say they believe that lobbying efforts by prominent Republicans played a significant and as yet unpublicized role in several housing programs. Program for Elderly Criticized ''The value of Adams's report is that we can now go out and dig and find out if these other programs have been influenced by political shenanigans,'' said a Democratic aide in the House. ''We know where we should look.'' Among the programs singled out for criticism in the new report was the department's Retirement Service Centers program, which has helped underwrite more than $100 million in mortgage insurance for community centers for | New Evidence of Mismanagement Found in Internal H.U.D. Report |
256870_1 | to suppress painful breast engorgement in non-nursing mothers after childbirth. The agency's Advisory Committee on Fertility and Maternal Health Drugs voted unanimously last week to oppose the use of antilactation drugs and sex hormones like estrogen for this purpose. In a letter today to the Commissioner of Food and Drugs, Dr. Frank E. Young, the Health Research Group, which is affiliated with Ralph Nader's Public Citizen consumer organization, urged the agency to act on the recommendation immediately. Risk to 700,000 Women The group, in conjunction with the National Women's Health Network, said the drugs were marginally effective at best and exposed an estimated 700,000 women a year to increased risk of health problems. Dr. Philip A. Corfman, executive secretary for the F.D.A. advisory group, said hormones had long been known to increase the risk of blood clotting in these patients and had not been recommended by medical experts for this use for a decade, although some doctors still prescribed them. A proven risk in using bromocriptine, the drug mainly used to stop milk production, has not been firmly established, Dr. Corfman said. But the panel recommended against its use, he said, because there is little evidence it is needed and studies suggest that fewer than 10 percent of the women for whom it is prescribed appear to benefit from it. Studies associate bromocriptine use with sudden drops in blood pressure, nausea and dizziness in some patients. In addition, critics said, there are reports associating the drugs with a small number of seizures, strokes and heart attacks. Few Major Side Effects The Sandoz Pharmaceuticals Corporation of East Hanover, N.J., is the principal manufacturer of bromocriptine, which it markets under the trade name Parlodel. The company said the drug had been used by more than four million women since its approval in 1980 and few had reported major side effects. ''We feel there is a need for the drug for those who cannot or will not breast feed, and that it should be an informed choice between the woman and her physician,'' said Dr. David L. Winter, a spokesman for Sandoz. ''We feel the drug is safe and effective and should be available for this use.'' Cynthia Pearson of the National Women's Health Network said that in most cases the discomfort of having too much postpartum milk was temporary and could be managed with ice packs, mild painkillers and breast binding. HEALTH | Panel Opposes Drug to End Lactation |
256915_0 | LEAD: Violence against gay men and lesbians continues to be ''alarmingly widespread,'' a national organization said yesterday in a report outlining more than 7,200 incidents of violence and verbal harassment against homosexuals around the country last year. Violence against gay men and lesbians continues to be ''alarmingly widespread,'' a national organization said yesterday in a report outlining more than 7,200 incidents of violence and verbal harassment against homosexuals around the country last year. In its fourth annual report, the National Gay and Lesbian Task Force, a nonprofit civil rights and public education organization, said it was becomingly increasingly concerned about violence committed by organized right-wing groups and on college campuses, where it said ''intolerance may be gaining ground.'' The organization attributed much of the anti-gay violence to the AIDS epidemic. ''Hatred and blame associated with the disease is still a problem,'' said Kevin T. Berrill, author of the report. The report, which covered 38 states and the District of Columbia, said North Carolina had the most incidents of anti-gay violence reported to the group, with 982 last year. Ohio and Illinois followed with 837 and 678 incidents, respectively. New York was fourth, with 625 incidents, followed by California, 556, and Texas, 528. Although the 7,248 incidents of violence against gay people reported in 1988 - including slayings, assaults, threats and verbal harassment - was the largest number documented in a single year, the task force attributed some of the gain to increased reporting by various organizations around the country. As a result, Mr. Berrill said, year-to-year comparisons are difficult. 'Numbers Are Still Alarming' ''But we think the numbers are still alarming,'' he said. ''The report is a snapshot of the problem. Although it presents a picture that is not complete, it is vivid enough to show that anti-gay violence is a huge problem.'' In 1987, the task force reported 7,008 incidents, as against 4,946 in 1986 and 2,042 in 1985. Other organizations that monitor bias-related violence have discerned an increase in attacks on homosexuals. Janet Caldwell of the Center for Democratic Renewal, a group that monitors organizations like the Ku Klux Klan, said: ''There has been an increase in homophobic behavior and it is not just within the general population. It is also an outgrowth of the activities of organized hate groups, including the Klan and the neo-Nazis.'' New Laws Noted The task force noted new laws on bias-related violence | Attacks on U.S. Homosexuals Held Alarmingly Widespread |
256947_1 | relation to child and adolescent mental health issues as it has been in relation to adult mental disorders.'' The Institute of Medicine studies health policy for the National Academy of Sciences, an advisory body to the Government. Unlike that institute, the National Institute of Mental Health is a branch of the National Institutes of Health, financed through the Department of Health and Human Services. Federal studies of childhood mental disorders date to 1909 and the percentages of youth affected have remained relatively stable. But experts say the understanding of the disorders has improved dramatically. This report is the first to look into the need for more research and training in the field while compiling new findings from various areas of research, like the interaction of psychology and biology in parent-child relationships, the genetic role in mental disorders and factors in children's lives that might put them at risk for mental disorders. #5 Million Went in Need The report said about 2.5 million children of the 63 million under the age of 18 were treated for mental illness or emotional disturbances in 1985, while at least 5 million others went in need. ''These 7.5 million children manifest a diverse set of conditions that include developmental impairments which limit a child's ability to think and learn, to form social attachments or to communicate effectively with others,'' said James F. Leckman, the professor of child psychiatry and pediatrics at Yale University who headed the study. He said ''they also include emotional disturbances characterized by crippling states of anxiety or depression or both, and behavioral problems'' that lead to disruptive and antisocial acts. The panel recommended that the National Institute of Mental Health's budget for research and training in child mental disorders be increased from the current $52.6 million to $198.5 million over the next five years. Sigmund Dragastin, chief of the national institute's research branch in child and adolescent disorders, said the agency's past behavior reflected the fact that child psychotherapy is largely a fledgling field. He said the institute in September will launch a national survey of the treatment of mental disorders in children 9 to 17 years old. Besides identifying traditionally accepted causes of mental disorders in children, like having parents who are mentally ill, the report was notable for naming things like poverty, homelessness and growing up in ''crowded, inner-city neighborhoods,'' which it said created ''persistent psychosocial adversity'' for children. | MENTAL DISORDERS MEASURED IN YOUNG |
255349_6 | like ''Nature Abhors a Vacuum'' (1973), ''Ocean Drive West No. 1'' (1974), ''Tulip Tint'' (1975), ''Sacrifice Decision'' (1981) and ''On the Cusp'' (1985) look better than ever. (So do the titles. We have no trouble believing the artist when she says that ''touring Phoenix today I came up with lots of good titles, but I don't have the pictures for them yet.'') These images are the product of an imagination as exempt from current obsessions as it is possible to be, They have weight and style and presence. They don't cloy, either. ''Helen Frankenthaler: A Paintings Retrospective'' remains at the Museum of Modern Art, 11 West 53d Street, through Aug. 20. It will then travel to the Modern Art Museum of Fort Worth (Nov. 5 to Jan. 7), the Los Angeles County Museum of Art (Feb. 8 to April 22) and the Detroit Institute of Arts (June 11 to Sept. 2, 1990). 'Affinities: Works on Paper From the 16th to 20th Centuries' William Beadleston Inc. 60 East 91st Street Through June 9 Organized in collaboration with Annamaria Edelstein, a London dealer, this exhibition of works on paper mates the new with the old (more or less) and hangs around to see what comes of it. It is predicated on the opinion (roughly correct, in my experience) that collectors of 20th-century drawings faint with boredom at the sight of Old Master drawings and vice versa. How far it will convince the unconvinced is not for me to say, but it does include a number of lively conjunctions, along with others that have the air of largely concealed desperation that is the mark of the matchmaker the world over. Camel-fanciers can compare a camel by Jean Dubuffet with a camel by Jean-Baptiste Hilaire. A ruined arch by Hubert Robert is matched with a drawing of the leaning tower of Pisa (held up by a stalwart goose quill). G. D. Tiepolo and Thomas Rowlandson make a predestined pairing. So, against long odds, do Luca Cambiaso (1527-1585) and Fernand Leger (1881-1955). The prize for unlikeliness goes to the pairing of a pen-and-ink drawing, of fallen leaves being swept up in Paris, by Gauguin's friend and butt, Claude-Emile Schuffenecker, with a drawing by Felice Giani (1760-1823) of two figures making an offering at the altar of Neptune. Metropolitan crowd scenes by Francesco Guardi and Edouard Vuillard strain credulity also. But individually these are fine things. | Review/Art; In 40 Ways, the Big Picture Of Helen Frankenthaler |
255412_0 | LEAD: Two leading international conservation groups called today for an immediate worldwide ban on imports of ivory to prevent a threatened catastrophe for African elephants. Two leading international conservation groups called today for an immediate worldwide ban on imports of ivory to prevent a threatened catastrophe for African elephants. Spokesmen for the World Wildlife Fund and Wildlife Conservation International warned that an international agreement to end the ivory trade permanently, expected to be negotiated in October, would send the price of ivory soaring and lead to what one called an ''orgy'' of killing of the dwindling elephant population before an agreement goes into effect, probably in January. They also said that if the current level of slaughter, much of it illegal, should continue, the African elephant would be extinct within 20 years. Their numbers have declined to 625,000 from 1.3 million 10 years ago, according to a consortium of conservation groups. At a news conference here, the two groups urged that all ivory- importing nations, including Japan and Hong Kong - two of the biggest purchasers of ivory - plus Western Europe and the United States, voluntarily ban imports to reduce the potential market and provide less of an incentive to poachers. Worse to Come? ''An elephant holocaust across Africa is likely unless consumer countries take immediate action,'' the two groups said in a statement. Ivory is used for jewelry, ornamental carvings, billiard balls and piano keys. In Japan and some other Asian countries, large quantities are used to make traditional name stamps. The groups also called for the creation of a new international fund to help African nations stop or slow elephant poaching. They issued their plea after a new study showed that African elephant populations are plummeting because of the ivory trade. The report was issued by the Ivory Trade Review Group, a team of scientists organized by conservation organizations. The volume of international trade in ivory has steadily risen and now stands at about 800 tons a year, up from 300 tons a year in the 1950's, the report noted. Ivory is currently selling for around $100 a pound, double its price of 10 years ago. The two groups also noted that a number of African countries, including Tanzania, Kenya, Zaire, Gabon and Gambia, have called for an end to the ivory trade in recent weeks. Killing Gangs ''The whole world has been shocked by the appalling | Seeing Disaster, Groups Ask Ban on Ivory Imports |
255304_0 | LEAD: An international panel has backed a contention by Australia that the United States violated trading rules by limiting its sugar imports, the Office of the United States Trade Representative said today. An international panel has backed a contention by Australia that the United States violated trading rules by limiting its sugar imports, the Office of the United States Trade Representative said today. A spokeswoman for Carla A. Hills, the trade representative, said the ruling on sugar will come up at a meeting in Geneva on June 21 of the council of the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade. GATT permits restrictions on imports only if the importing country restricts its own production in the same proportion. The intention is to prohibit such restrictions from being used to protect the importing country's own producers. Last year, the Federal Government raised the price of sugar to 23 cents a pound. Raw cane sugar sells at 11 cents a pound on the world market. Canada, Argentina and the 12 countries of the European Community joined Australia in filing a complaint last year. The panel that ruled against the United States consisted of Poland, Uruguay and Hong Kong. | Sugar Complaint Is Backed |
260768_1 | aviation agency and airline officials warned that passengers might expect more delays if they travel with electronic goods, whether carried aboard or packed in checked luggage. In some cases, airlines might refuse to carry devices that are considered suspicious. The Federal Aviation Administration, which enforces aviation security rules, said the procedures would be time consuming, and advised, ''If electronic devices are not needed on a particular trip, passengers should consider leaving them behind.'' The new screening requirements apply to flights by United States carriers from cities in Europe and the Middle East, where the risks of terrorism are considered to be highest. They do not cover flights within the United States or from the United States to overseas destinations. The rules had been under consideration since authorities concluded that the bomb that destroyed a Pan American World Airways jetliner over Lockerbie, Scotland, in December had been hidden in a radio and cassette player in baggage on the flight. Government officials declined to specify how baggage would be screened, although they said that electronic goods would be intensively examined. The airlines are already required to X-ray all checked baggage or to search it by hand. New Procedures Already in Use Airline security officials said that they had worked with the Government to devise the rules and that many of the new procedures are already in effect at some locations. When passengers check in at airports, they may be asked if they are carrying electronic items. They may be asked to unpack any such items and possibly to demonstrate that the devices are functioning normally. In some cases, the devices will be X-rayed, and they might be inspected using other explosive detection equipment or by trained dogs. If devices are considered especially suspicious, they might be taken apart, or security officials might refuse to allow them on aircraft. Airline officials said the measures are prudent, but they complained that they do not apply to foreign airlines flying the same routes from Europe and the Middle East. While the United States Government has the authority to impose security requirements on foreign airlines carrying passengers to American cities, it has usually deferred to foreign governments in making these rules. The International Civil Aviation Organization is considering global security rules, including steps governing electronic devices, but its aviation security committee reached no decision about what should be done when it met this month in Montreal. | Airlines Ordered to Tighten Security Measures |
260779_0 | LEAD: The 96-nation council of the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade found today that American sugar import quotas violate world trade rules, and the United States said it would seek to bring its program into compliance. The 96-nation council of the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade found today that American sugar import quotas violate world trade rules, and the United States said it would seek to bring its program into compliance. ''We have an obligation under the GATT to administer the program consistent with international trade rules, and we are confident we can do so,'' the United States trade representative, Carla A. Hills, said. No timetable was set, but the United States has flexibility to adapt the program, which would involve a change from quotas to tariffs, which are less restrictive. Any such move is likely to bring sharp battles in Congress, where growers of cane and beet sugar have strong representation, especially on the two agriculture committees. Complaint From Australia The GATT council, meeting in Geneva, adopted the report of a panel that criticized the quotas following a complaint from Australia about a year ago. Since all GATT actions have to be unanimously backed by the members, the United States could have blocked the report's adoption. But the finding has come just after the United States cited Japan, India and Brazil as ''priority'' countries because of their trade barriers, subjecting them to possible sanctions. Under the circumstances, Washington might have looked hypocritical had it refused to acknowledge an American trade barrier. The United States quotas restrict imports to 1.25 million tons this year, about 8 percent of the 16.5 million tons consumed by Americans. ''American consumers are forced to pay $3 billion a year to finance a program that violates international trade laws,'' said Thomas Hammer, president of the Sweetener Users Association, representing industrial consumers of sugar. The Government gives farmers a 22-cent-a-pound support price for the sugar they grow, about twice the price of sugar in the world market. Over the last 12 months, retail sugar prices have risen nearly 8 percent, to about 35 cents a pound. | Sugar Quotas Of U.S. Cited As Violation |
260742_0 | LEAD: Reports of sugar purchases by the Soviet Union created a frenzied rally in the sugar futures market, with prices reaching an 11-month high on speculation that the surprise transactions implied further buying. Reports of sugar purchases by the Soviet Union created a frenzied rally in the sugar futures market, with prices reaching an 11-month high on speculation that the surprise transactions implied further buying. Sugar futures settled 0.50 to 0.94 cent higher on New York's Coffee, Sugar and Cocoa Exchange, with the contract for delivery in July at $1.399 a pound, the market's highest level since July 25. The rally was fueled by trade reports that the Soviets had bought two cargoes of refined white sugar and one cargo of raw sugar on the open market. A cargo is 10,000 to 12,000 metric tons. The Soviet Union usually does its sugar buying in the fall and winter and had stated repeatedly earlier this year that it had completed its sugar buying for the year. 'Tip of the Proverbial Iceberg' ''A lot of people in the business view this as the tip of the proverbial iceberg, meaning the Soviets will come in and do even more shopping,'' said Arthur Stevenson, an analyst at Prudential-Bache Securities Inc. Analysts predicted new Soviet purchases would total at least 100,000 metric tons and could run as high as 300,000 metric tons. Some speculated the Soviets were forced to enter the world market because of slow shipments from Poland or because the Russian sugar-beet crop was smaller than expected. Or they may simply have observed the market's sharp upward move over the last several weeks and decided to lay in supplies before prices go higher. ''They look at supply-and-demand figures as much as everyone else,'' said Kim Badenhop, an analyst with Merrill Lynch Capital Markets Inc. in New York. FUTURES/OPTIONS | Reports of Soviet Purchases Spur Rally in Sugar Prices |
260789_2 | and consolidation. The analysts said that cellular companies were trying to gain control of the franchises in specific regions, where they could concentrate their efforts and gain greater operating efficiencies. ''The high prices that people are willing to pay for cellular are mainly a function of expected subscriber growth,'' said Dennis Leibowitz, an analyst with Donaldson, Lufkin & Jenrette. Declining equipment costs and discount pricing plans for service are attracting many of the new customers. Five years ago, the average price of a cellular car phone was about $2,000, but today it is about $400, including installation, and the price can drop to as low as $200 during sales. Portable cellular phones run about $1,000, and Motorola's Micro TAC, which fits in a shirt pocket, costs $2,995 but is expected to drop to about $1,700 later this year. Some carriers are offering discounts for subscribers who use their cellular phones infrequently. In a typical large city, the average price for service is $45 a month and 45 cents a minute for service during peak times - not a significant change from past years. Many discount packages cost about $20 a month for basic service but have a much higher per-minute price, about 50 cents a minute in some areas. Also working in the favor of cellular companies is a recently developed set of transmission standards that will allow the industry to switch from the current analog radio waves to digital ones that carry more calls and allow the companies to offer services like call waiting. The digital technology will make cellular phone service cheaper to offer. The Dead Spot The companies say some of the reliability problems with cellular phones will be solved by the switch to digital technology. A cellular telephone system transmits telephone calls on radio frequencies and relays the calls over telephone wires. Each service area is divided into cells - hence the name cellular - of up to 16 miles across. As a car moves from one place to another the phone conversation is handed off from one cell to another. One major frustration in using cellular phones is the dead spot - places where the phones do not work. Disruptions are caused by mountains and tall buildings that block cellular radio signals. Other radio waves and weather conditions also affect cellular signals, causing static, crackling and even disconnection. Cellular telephones are also less secure than | Cellular Phone Growth Starts Investor Rush |
257618_0 | LEAD: ONCE over the snowy peaks of the Andes, all that can be seen on the flight to Puerto Maldonado, in the Amazon's southern headwaters, is an enormous dark green sea of forest. The only breaks are small clearings, increasingly frequent near the city, and rivers, gleaming silver in the tropical sun. Puerto Maldonado is the capital city of Madre de Dios, a Peruvian department that contains the largest area of pristine rain forest in the entire Amazon basin. ONCE over the snowy peaks of the Andes, all that can be seen on the flight to Puerto Maldonado, in the Amazon's southern headwaters, is an enormous dark green sea of forest. The only breaks are small clearings, increasingly frequent near the city, and rivers, gleaming silver in the tropical sun. Puerto Maldonado is the capital city of Madre de Dios, a Peruvian department that contains the largest area of pristine rain forest in the entire Amazon basin. Struck by the moist tropical heat as I emerged from the aircraft, I was greeted by the Peruvian Safaris representative who took me and several other visitors to the city in the back of a pickup truck - no luxury perhaps, but the best available, as the local taxis are all mopeds. Puerto Maldonado gives an impression of rapid and unplanned growth; but despite its raw, Wild West feeling, there are no signs of the poverty prevalent in other Peruvian cities. Some large pink golden-haired dolls, hanging outside a toy shop, bear no resemblance to anyone in sight. Soon we reach a small port on the river, where dugout canoes jostle with larger low-slung wooden boats with small Briggs and Stratton engines. Waiting while the boat is loaded up, I get into conversation with some other visitors to the Tambopata Reserve, a 13,600-acre rain-forest research center, and with Michel Alexiades, an ethnobotanist returning to his work there. As we chug our way up the river on a trip that can take from an hour and a half to three hours, depending on season, he explains what we see. Much of the forest along the river has been cleared and replaced by fruit trees, cattle pasture and small homesteads, where highland farmers have been encouraged to settle as an alternative to genuine agricultural reform. The scene appears green and pastoral, as it is the wet season, but in the dry season, smoke from forest | In Peru's Lush Rain Forest |
257616_5 | may be important. Canada and Mexico If children are going to Canada or Mexico, and 64 percent of all United States foreign travelers do, they need a notarized parental letter giving permission for the specific trip. If it's Mexico, both parents must sign the letter. (Incidentally, Guadalupe Martinez of the Mexican Consulate General in New York says that if one parent is traveling with a child to Mexico, this parent must carry a letter of permission from the other parent, or a notarized statement that the traveling parent has sole custody or that the other parent is dead. Immigration checks this, but the airlines may not board young people in the United States if they lack appropriate documents because the airlines may then have the responsibility of flying the child back.) The letter is needed on departure and on leaving Mexico. The Department of Transportation leaflet, ''Kids and Teens in Flight,'' published in 1986, provides a checklist and a summary of rules on most airlines. Generally, a child may fly unaccompanied from the age of 5 up and may take a flight involving a connection after the age of 8. Children 12 through 15 are not assisted in making a connection unless this is requested by the parent. A sibling at least 12 may be accepted as an escort for a child under 5, but the children should have an airline escort too. The leaflet incorporates a two-sided travel card for a parent to fill in important information about the child, one side for the trip away and one for the return. Some airlines use this card, others use variations. Sometimes an additional form requires a signature from each flight attendant. In cases where there have been custody disputes, a parent may want the person meeting the child to provide positive identification and sign a form. This requirement should be specified to the airline in writing on all the forms involved. Airlines should receive a copy of the information on the Transportation Department cards. CHECKLIST Following is the information requested on the Department of Transportation form for children flying alone. Child information. Name of passenger, age. Name of person sending the child, relationship to child, address, day telephone number, evening telephone number. Name of person who will receive child, relationship to child, address, day telephone, evening telephone, extra telephone number should it be needed. Airline information. Airline, ticket number, destination, | When the Kids Must Fly Solo |
257910_0 | LEAD: To the Editor: To the Editor: Your May 28 news story and June 1 editorial (''The Nuclear Version of 20 Questions'') on my Foreign Policy article on covert American assistance to France's nuclear weapons program are more sanguine than my article on whether or not the assistance now complies with United States law. The governing legislation (the Atomic Energy Act of 1954, as amended) requires a United States Administration to conclude cooperation agreements spelling out precisely what technology will be transferred to another country. Also that relevant Congressional committees ''be kept fully and currently informed as to each step taken under an agreement after it is executed and becomes effective.'' The 1985 cooperation agreement between the United States and France authorizes exchange of classified technology only when ''necessary to improve the recipient nation's atomic weapon design, development or fabrication capability to optimize the safety and security of the recipient's nuclear activities or installations.'' My research indicates that the program of assistance to France has not been confined merely to safety and security, but has included basic aspects of nuclear weapons design and production. That was certainly the case before 1985, when the technology transferred went far beyond the limits specified in the more restrictive 1961 agreement, which previously applied. The Reagan Administration may have decided in 1985 thenceforward to confine assistance to France to technology relating only to safety and security. If so, it should have spelled out that intention to the Senate and House Armed Services Committees, which in 1977 inherited the nuclear weapons watchdog role of the once-powerful Joint Committee on Atomic Energy. I have come across no evidence to indicate that successive administrations have gone beyond what at most was a wink and nod to the relevant committee chairmen. The committees have not been kept ''fully and currently informed.'' That is why I cannot share your conclusion that in 1985 the program of aid to France was ''given a clear legal basis.'' The committees should hold hearings to satisfy themselves that this was the case. RICHARD H. ULLMAN Princeton, N.J., June 5, 1989 | Does U.S. Nuclear Aid to France Even Now Comply With Law? |
257657_1 | status and security that might be expected to promote artistic fecundity? In the last 40 years, especially, sages of every philosophical persuasion have addressed such questions, sometimes with stimulating results. Marxists and Freudians like Walter Benjamin (''The Work of Art in the Age of Mechanical Reproduction'') and Theodor Adorno (''Philosophy of Modern Music'') believed the answers could be found in the dissipation of art's magical authority as capitalist culture became increasingly secularized and rationalized. That part of the argument sounds convincing, but Adorno, an early evangelist for 12-tone music, backed himself into a nice corner. With tortuous Hegelian logic, he not only insisted that music had to be an instrument of social change but also that it could fulfill that function best by being technically difficult and thus a closed book to the masses. Adorno's supposedly socialist view of music comes out as an elitist philosophy that replaces the mysteries of prerational art with another mystification, based on formal technique. It is hard to see the gain there. Such dead-end dogmas have dominated the thinking of the academic avant-garde during much of this century. Pierre Boulez remains the most celebrated believer in the inevitable triumph of the formalist mystique. An interviewer for Britain's Musical Times recently reminded Mr. Boulez about an assertion he made in the 1950's that any composer who had not experienced the necessity for a Serial language was ''useless.'' Not a man given to self-doubt, Mr. Boulez replied: ''Even for today's composers there is the same historical background. I still feel the same way for people who have not really felt the necessity for the evolution of the language; or let us say more generally, who have not found their own place in history. I am very positive about that. I am sure that as long as you haven't absorbed the history which comes before you, you certainly cannot go very far. As we say in France, you are opening doors which are already open.'' ''And yet,'' the interviewer went on to suggest, ''in much recent music, particularly in America, there is a turning away from the historical dialectic, a feeling that composers want to forget history.'' Serialism's Horatio at the bridge stood fast: ''Ah, yes; well, history will forget them. That's my only answer.'' Perhaps if you were Pierre Boulez, sitting on a subsidy from the French Government for running an electronic laboratory, you might be | Whatever Happened To Music? |
257648_0 | LEAD: When the king of England wanted a little water music, he loaded Georg Friedrich Handel on a barge, along with a bunch of other musicians, and shipped out on the Thames. Considering the enduring score composed for the occasion, it was worth the effort, but nowadays the pleasures of music afloat are more easily obtained. When the king of England wanted a little water music, he loaded Georg Friedrich Handel on a barge, along with a bunch of other musicians, and shipped out on the Thames. Considering the enduring score composed for the occasion, it was worth the effort, but nowadays the pleasures of music afloat are more easily obtained. Pioneer Electronics and Sony have recently come up with sound gear specifically designed for boats. Of course, there were precedents, and electronically transmitted music first came aboard quite a while ago. But neither marine radios nor portable equipment like the lately popular boom boxes could provide musically adequate shipboard sound. Whatever their merits as communications receivers, marine radios were never meant for music. And the ubiquitous sound gear with a handle, casually carried aboard along with the groceries, seldom proved seaworthy. On deck, where sound disperses to the four winds, the feeble amplifiers and puny speakers of those portables literally shouted themselves hoarse in the salt air. Music-minded sailors no longer have to rely on such makeshifts. The Nautica components by Pioneer and Sony's seagoing speakers may not match the performance of a fine home system, but they hold their own in comparison to a good car stereo system, and they are built to withstand the rigors of life at sea. For example, to fortify Pioneer's TS-MR165 loudspeaker against the marine evironment, it was given a weatherproof resin grille, a fiberglass frame, a moisture-protected magnetic structure and noncorrosive gold-plated connectors. During a suitability test, the materials from which these parts are made were subjected to 500 hours of continuous salt spray in a test chamber. The company doesn't describe their condition afterward, but the point is that an effort has been made to assure durability in a marine environment. Intended for wall mounting in open deck areas, these speakers can sustain an occasional dousing without suffering damage. The tweeter, nestling inside the hollow of the 6 1/2-inch woofer cone, is set into a cowling that protects it from splashes, and there are drains to assure that no water accumulates | Shipboard Music Becomes Shipshape |
257454_1 | have continued to chart record aggregate sales despite their plummeting market share. But many are concerned about the growing inroads of auto makers. Last year, only 7 percent of American cars sold lacked sound systems, compared with about 17 percent in 1978. Similarly, 70 percent of all foreign cars now come with stereos, up from about 40 percent in the late 1970's. In response, many retailers have modified their strategies. Of the 60 or so car stereo retailers who said they had been hurt by auto makers in a survey of about 100 dealers last fall by Venture Development, 44 percent have diversified into products like car phones and security systems. About 40 percent have migrated to the more expensive segment of the market, where they face less competition from the auto makers. The battle between the auto makers and retailers is also being waged in the courts. Backed by the Car Audio Specialists Association, four car stereo dealers filed an antitrust suit in January 1988 against Chrysler in Federal District Court in eastern Pennsylvania. The association says the auto company is making it difficult for retailers to compete. It complains that Chrysler is installing more expensive radios as standard features and offering ''delete options'' on fewer cars. Pressed by the association in the late 1970's, the leading auto makers consented to offer delete options under which customers who ordered cars without radios would receive credits. The agreements, which the association believed would encourage people to buy stereos of their choice from retailers, expired in 1983. In the lawsuit, the dealers also complain that Chrysler is including radios in enticing options packages. And the auto maker, they say, is using integrated wiring systems and nonstandardized slots for sound equipment, making it harder to install aftermarket stereo components. Officials at Chrysler refused to discuss the case. But in a motion for summary judgment filed last July, Chrysler argued that the case is flawed. ''Packaged sales - such as the offering of cars with radios - are not inherently unlawful,'' Chrysler stated in the motion. ''If they were, manufacturers could not package shoelaces with their shoes or lampshades with their lamps.'' And it argued that its 8 percent share of the auto sound market is too small to adversely affect competition. If the court does not grant Chrysler's motion, a trial could begin as soon as September. WHAT'S NEW IN CAR STEREOS | RETAILERS TAKE ON NEW STRATEGIES - AND CHRYSLER IN COURT |
257601_0 | LEAD: Jane Goldblatt's letter (''Special Education Isn't Sacrosanct,'' May 14) gives new meaning to the words ''misguided'' and ''cynical.'' In describing funds spent on special education students, she writes, ''I don't think it is in the interest of any country to create a privileged group of children. Jane Goldblatt's letter (''Special Education Isn't Sacrosanct,'' May 14) gives new meaning to the words ''misguided'' and ''cynical.'' In describing funds spent on special education students, she writes, ''I don't think it is in the interest of any country to create a privileged group of children.'' Privileged? Yes, these children are privileged and fortunate not to be able to learn as easily as other children, not to be able to interact well with others, to fall behind others of their age groups, to have a range of all manner of physical, mental, emotional and social disabilities that may keep them from functioning normally throughout their entire lives How lucky can they get? Shame on Ms. Goldblatt! This not the first volley of her vendetta against children with disabilities. Instead of cynicism, these children, whose lives have started at tremendous disadvantage, need every chance to get remedial and therapeutic help just to try to keep up. Many of them, with proper encouragement and educational support, can catch up, he mainstreamed and surpass the achievement sof ''normal'' children. All are entitled to reach their highest potential and make useful and productive lives for themselves. While I agree that special education and any education should be accountable to taxpayers as to what they are getting for their money, cutting back on federally mandated services is not the answer. Compare the prognoses today of people with handicaps against those of their counterparts of 20, 30, and 50 years ago. Then they could seel pencils or be shut away somewhere at public expense. Now, for many of them, the sky is the limit. SAMUEL A. KOSOFSKY Forest Hills | Special Education: Promise, Not Privilege |
257807_25 | University, $29.50.) A ''major biographical and literary study'' of the 17th-century nun who was also ''a poet, playwright and essayist who was without peer in any of the Spanish dominions during her lifetime.'' THE WARRIOR QUEENS. By Antonia Fraser. (Knopf, $22.95.) The British biographer turns her attention to powerful women in history and their roles in war. ''Clarity and style are triumphant in . . . a genuinely interesting contribution to popular history.'' WHY DID THE HEAVENS NOT DARKEN? The ''Final Solution'' in History. By Arno J. Mayer. (Pantheon, $27.95.) ''This relentless study'' of the Holocaust ''represents a major effort to make the violent course of the first half of our century . . . more comprehensible.'' Poetry BLOOD AND FAMILY. By Thomas Kinsella. (Oxford University, Paper, $9.95.) ''Thomas Kinsella has entered his seventh decade in full possession of his ancient angers, derived from the continuing corruption and crisis of Ireland. . . . His new poems are his darkest. . . . His own difficult rectitude guarantees the precision and tonalities of this splendid, uneasy, moving book.'' COLLECTED POEMS. By Philip Larkin. (Farrar, Straus & Giroux, $22.50.) Larkin's ''poems are more readily memorized than those of almost any other postwar poet. . . . And when most of the flashier, more blustery contemporary literature has passed away, his poetry - ghostly, heartbreaking, exhilarating - will continue to haunt. GOOD WOMAN: Poems and a Memoir 1969-1980. By Lucille Clifton. (BOA Editions, Cloth, $25; Paper, $12) and NEXT: New Poems. By Lucille Clifton. (BOA Editions, Cloth, $18; Paper, $9.) Lucille Clifton's poetry is ''direct and clear: full of humor and forthrightness, tenderness and anger.'' It is ''big enough to accommodate sorrow and madness and yet her vision emerges as overwhelmingly joyous and calm.'' NATIONAL COLD STORAGE COMPANY: New and Selected Poems. By Harvey Shapiro. (Wesleyan University, Cloth, $20; Paper, $12.95.) ''These poems [ have ] the ethos of classical Stoicism: virtue based on knowledge, leading to a self-knowledge that . . . widens into an engaging and authentic self-mockery. . . . This is a poet who can talk directly and disarmingly to the muse, dissolving her into an ordinary woman.'' Popular Culture THE IMAGE OF THE BLACK IN WESTERN ART. Volume Four: From the American Revolution to World War I. Part One: Slaves and Liberators. Part Two: Black Models and White Myths. By Hugh Honour. (Menil Foundation/Harvard University, $50 each.) | BOOKS FOR VACATION READING |
257883_1 | county had contributed to her selection. 'A Tremendous Find' ''Barbara is the personification of the museum,'' Mrs. Greene said. ''She has followed my best philosophy: If you want to be someplace, go there and work your way up. She did an absolutely wonderful job as curator, she has the right background and she's very outgoing. She's a tremendous find for us.'' Ms. Bloemink, whose selection was announced late last month, is assuming the directorship of a museum with a $1.8 million annual budget and that is about to celebrate its third consecutive year of operating in the black after several years of financial and administrative instability. ''The things we are doing are paying off,'' Mrs. Greene said. She said the choice of Ms. Bloemink coincides with a new confidence in the mission of the museum to present high-quality exhibitions of l9th- and 20th-century art, with an emphasis on ''interpreting the region we are in.'' While that mission ''is the same as it has always been,'' Mrs. Greene added, ''the way we interpret it may be different.'' A Longstanding Issue Developing a specific artistic focus has been a longstanding issue for the institution and has contributed to the museum's difficulties in attracting a steady audience, longtime friends of the museum agree. ''The museum is nowhere near where we want it to be,'' Ms. Bloemink said. ''That's because our identity wasn't clear enough, even to ourselves. Now it is.'' After a daylong retreat this spring, Ms. Bloemink said, the board redefined and reaffirmed the museum's purposes. ''We all have a better understanding of what our mission is all about and how to carry it out,'' she said. The Goal Is 'Surprises' Visitors to the museum, which overlooks the Hudson River in Yonkers, will be able to view something of both l9th-century interest and 20th-century interest each time they come, Ms. Bloemink said, adding, ''What I also want them to find is surprises.'' The museum has become a little ''sleepy,'' she observed, and added: ''I want the museum to look exciting when you walk in, so you'll think, 'Oh, hey, this takes me out of myself.' That's what a museum is supposed to do.'' While the 19th-century exhibitions will be exciting, she said, modern audiences are too often frightened by modern art. ''I can find ways to make contemporary art not very threatening but also very exciting,'' she said. Demonstration of Her Philosophy | Hudson Museum Names New Chief |
214258_0 | LEAD: Just past the stuffed bird displays and behind the Aztec statues, a new exhibition on South American tribes will open this Friday at the American Museum of Natural History. Just past the stuffed bird displays and behind the Aztec statues, a new exhibition on South American tribes will open this Friday at the American Museum of Natural History. Called ''The Hall of South American Peoples,'' the $2.7 million exhibition is a permanent addition to the museum. It displays 2,300 objects representing a period of 12,000 years, from ancient tools and 2,000-year-old textiles to the masks and blowguns of tribes that still exist. The hall's 11,000 square feet is divided into three sections: an introductory room with maps and general information about South American cultures, a room on ancient civilizations and a room about living tribes in and around the tropical rain forest of middle South America. 'Important Ancient Civilization' The room on the ancient civilizations in northwestern South America has a serious air to it, with information about the metal and textile production of 1,500 years ago and the achievements of the Inca empire. ''We're really dealing with an important ancient civilization, not just artistically but also technologically and politically,'' said Craig Morris, the curator of the room, called the Andean section. The ''copper man'' display, for example, shows the bones and tools of a Chilean copper miner who was killed when a shaft collapsed on him about 1,500 years ago. Because the room covers about 10,000 years, artificats are clustered around topics and themes, rather than arranged in chronological order. A loudspeaker fills the room with the sounds of ancient horns and flutes, while a spotlight in the horn and flute display switches to whichever instrument the loudspeaker is featuring. 30-Minute Film Just as flute sounds set the meditative tone of one room, tribal chants and the calls of birds and howler monkeys color the mood of the adjacent room, the Amazonian section. (Those curious about howler monkeys can see the skin of one, fashioned into a shoulder bag, in the introductory room.) The Amazonian room features living or recently extinct tribes of the Amazonian rain forest. There are 12 models, including a seven-foot replica of a tribal village, nine mannequins with bows and spears and recent color photographs of residents of the Amazon region. A 30-minute film depicts tribal life in the Amazon. Almost everything the Amazonians | New Exhibit Examines South America's Tribes |
214251_0 | LEAD: When Ila Roy asked a group of 8-year-old Central American immigrants to draw a scene from their lives, she got some surprising results. When Ila Roy asked a group of 8-year-old Central American immigrants to draw a scene from their lives, she got some surprising results. One child drew a sun that looked typical enough: a large yellow globe spiked with long orange rays. Under the sun, however, paratroopers jumped from helicopters and guerrillas armed with machine guns crouched on the ground. Another child drew himself with his dead dog. Beneath it, he wrote in Spanish, ''At least you don't have to suffer here like we do.'' The drawing session is therapy for these children, refugees from El Salvador, Guatemala, Honduras and Nicaragua who attend the Ross Elementary School here. 'High-Risk Group' ''Crayons are some of our best therapy tools,'' said Ms. Roy, a social worker on a mental health team that works with children and adolescents from Central America in the city's public schools. The bilingual team, which includes two psychiatrists, a psychologist and three social workers, serves four schools in a program to help children deal with painful memories of their war-ravaged homelands and with problems adjusting to life here. ''These children are in a high-risk group for psychiatric problems later in life because of the trauma they've already experienced,'' said Dr. Edgardo J. Menvielle, a psychiatrist at Children's Hospital who directs the mental health program. ''Not only have they had radically different experiences from their peers; they have a different language and culture. They can very easily get lost as they try to get settled.'' Since the program was established in November 1987, school officials have referred more than 140 children and teen-agers to the therapy team for group, individual or family therapy. The Multicultural Services Division of the D.C. Mental Health Commission recently renewed its contract with the team for another year, for $191,535. City officials praise the program, which also deals with the large number of Haitians, Ethiopians and Eastern European children here. ''It responds to a dire need within the community to bridge cultural gaps between American teachers and their foreign students,'' said Ana Anders, director of the multicultural agency. ''The school is on the front line when it comes to providing services.'' Advocate for Children Members of the therapy team emphasize that the school can act as an advocate for the child, | PROGRAM HELPING YOUNGER REFUGEES |
214386_7 | that the Soviets were developing advanced radar satellites that ''will utilize improved nuclear power sources.'' 'More Accurate Targeting' Such technical progress, he said, ''will provide longer-lived, more reliable satellite operations'' and ''more accurate targeting'' of the American military from space. Admiral Studeman is now the Director of the National Security Agency. The threat posed by such spy satellites is a major justification for the military's development of antisatellite weapons. Some experts suggest that the Soviet Union's high-flying, reactor-powered satellites may have helped trigger the Pentagon's cancellation last year of its only antisatellite development program. A homing rocket meant to be launched by an F-15 jet fighter, the weapon was said to have a range of about 400 miles. This year, the Pentagon embarked on new development projects meant to target satellites at higher altitudes. In a different area of controversy, Western experts disclosed last year that gamma rays from Soviet nuclear reactors in space were disrupting satellites meant to study the sun and stars. Among the satellites hampered by false readings were the American Solar Maximum Mission, which orbits about 300 miles above the earth, and the Japanese Ginga satellite, which soars about 400 miles high. Both satellites have sensors meant to detect gamma rays, which are invisible radiations spewed forth by the hottest, most violent events in stars and galaxies. The gamma-ray interference produced by space reactors, first detected in the early 1980's, has risen dramatically in recent years. Higher Rates of Disruption In telephone interviews, scientists linked the rise to the new Soviet reactors. ''This explains why we're getting higher rates'' of disruption, said Arthur J. Reetz, a science official at NASA's Washington headquarters. ''There used to be a just few encounters a day. Now there can be 10 or more.'' The Soviet scientists did not discuss the pollution problem at the conference. Previously, Soviet officials have declined to comment on the issue. In a memorandum to NASA space scientists last year, Mr. Reetz warned that the problem had become so severe that it could threaten the success of $500 million Gamma Ray Observatory that the space agency plans to put aloft in 1990. He called for a concerted effort to circumvent the problem. More generally, groups such as the Committee to Bridge the Gap and the Washington-based Federation of American Scientists have promoted a ban on nuclear reactors in earth orbit, saying their use entails too many | RUSSIANS DISCLOSE SATELLITES CARRY NEW REACTOR TYPE |
214381_3 | in efforts to clean up the military procurement process in the wake of a fraud scandal last year. Mr. Atwood has been with General Motors since 1961, working his way up through divisions of the automotive giant until he became executive vice president in 1984 and vice chairman in 1987. An engineer by profession, he has long experience in running large industrial organizations, including G.M.'s truck and bus group. Mr. Atwood has been in charge of the Hughes Aircraft Company since the electronics and aircraft concern was acquired by G.M. in 1985. He served for a time as president of Hughes, a major military contractor. Perhaps his most critical assignment was supervising the successful integration of Hughes, a company that develops specialized high-technology products, into the structure of G.M., where mass manufacturing is king. Electronic Data Systems Corporation, a subsidiary, and G.M's Delco electronics divisions also are under Mr. Atwood's supervision. Transition officials said there was no firm decision on what is often listed as the next most important job in the Pentagon after the deputy, Under Secretary of Defense for Acquisition. The incumbent, Robert B. Costello, who heads a group charged with the internal investigation of corruption in buying weapons, is on the list of candidates for the job, officials said. Getting Tower Ready The officials said the Defense Department transition team has been focusing so far on lining up candidates for top jobs, and on preparing Mr. Tower for his Senate confirmation proceedings. Key offices and agencies within the Pentagon have been preparing sample questions and answers for the former Senator. The key issue on Mr. Tower's agenda, aides said, is the military budget. President Reagan last week proposed a $315 billion Pentagon budget for the fiscal year beginning next Oct. 1, a 2 percent increase over the current one on top of a rise to make up for inflation. But Mr. Bush and the Democratic leadership in Congress have indicated that the increase in spending is likely to be kept to the inflation rate, or perhaps even below it. That will leave Mr. Bush, Mr. Tower and the rest of the new national security team with some hard initial decisions and some long-range strategic choices to make. Among them will be how to modernize the land-based nuclear missile force and whether to proceed with, and at what pace, some very expensive programs, like the radar-evading Stealth bomber. | G.M. Executive Is Expected To Get No. 2 Pentagon Job |
214145_0 | LEAD: To the Editor: To the Editor: A method of protecting passengers on international flights against terrorist baggage bombs is to ship baggage separately from passengers. Baggage security remains essential, but passengers would be assured a more secure aircraft. Baggage can be carried by a companion cargo plane that consolidates baggage for flights leaving at about the same time. There is enough trans-Atlantic traffic to make that feasible. While there may be some delay at the end of the flight, total travel time may be unchanged because passenger boarding time would be reduced. This plan might even improve baggage delivery. STEPHEN LINK New York, Jan. 1, 1989 | Flight 103 Explosive Didn't Need Sophisticated Trigger Device; Send Bags Separately |
214341_0 | LEAD: The descent of winter on the garden and the produce market colors everything green, brown and ivory. People shopping wear looks of resignation. They may fill their baskets with bright red tomatoes or strawberries, knowing that lively color disguises something that tastes more like styrofoam than food. The descent of winter on the garden and the produce market colors everything green, brown and ivory. People shopping wear looks of resignation. They may fill their baskets with bright red tomatoes or strawberries, knowing that lively color disguises something that tastes more like styrofoam than food. The real bounty of winter is the ordinary, unfashionable vegetable sitting humbly next to out-of-season exotica. Jerusalem artichokes, for instance, are ugly, knobby litle things. Greens are large and homely. Parsnips are hard, pale ropes. I grew up in a home where in winter parsnips, greens and root vegetables held places of respect on the table. I still swear off corn by the end of September and tomatoes by October, and celebrate the coming of winter by hanging a braid of firm, newly harvested garlic in a cool spot in the kitchen. While others poke wistfully through tough green beans, I go straight to the rutabagas and kohlrabi, whose sweet crunch I love raw or cooked. The haunting, woody flavor of Jerusalem artichokes makes me weak, and my idea of heaven is a mess of slow-cooked winter greens. Admittedly, cooking with winter produce is a challenge. The flavors are subtle, and nature doesn't dress the vegetables in showy colors. Deep greens, including arugula, kale, collards and chard, are at their peak in winter, when, touched by frost, they become sweet and toothsome. Many herbs - including rosemary, oregano, thyme and sage - also acquire a different, more subtle flavor in winter. Carrots take on a distinctive sweet crispness and leeks need cold temperatures to develop their heady, garlicky-onion flavor. Ron Zimmerman, the chef and owner of the Herbfarm Restaurant in Falls City, Wash., just outside Seattle, has a similar devotion to winter foods. He tackles the problem of winter cooking in an unusual way, using only foods that are in season and picking most of his produce from a kitchen garden. Mr. Zimmerman has found some pleasing solutions to the winter doldrums. He uses rich poultry stocks to enhance the flavor of soups and sauces. For a soothing root vegetable soup - a melange of | WINTER WARMTH |
211947_3 | States has eased its demand that Cuba diminish its strong ties with the Soviet Union. In the last few years, Mr. Castro has been emphasizing nation-to-nation relations with countries in Latin America while continuing to support old guerrilla friends. According to reports of a recent visit by United Nations inspections team, he also appears to have improved conditions in Cuban prisons. Lots of Aid From Moscow The Cubans say these changes were self-inspired. ''We didn't do these things because we wanted better relations with the United States,'' a Cuban official said today. ''These changes might help in that respect. But we did these things because we wanted to.'' Shortly after breaking diplomatic relations with Cuba in 1961, the United States imposed a trade embargo forbidding most Americans from doing business with Cuba and permitting only such Americans as journalists and scholars to visit the country. Cuba has been able to survive largely because of tremendous amounts of economic aid from the S oviet Union. With the Soviet aid - $5 billion last year alone - Mr. Castro has built one of the most powerful armies in Latin America and has made great advances in health and education. But Cuba is a no-frills society. No one goes hungry, but there is little variety in the diet and there are few luxuries. Mr. Castro has indicated in many ways that he believes Cuba would blossom if it had access to the great American market. Diplomats say they also believe Mr. Castro is especially interested in improving relations with the United States these days because of the improvement in relations between the United States and the Soviet Union. Cuba has provided an outpost for Soviet military and intelligence operations just off the coast of the United States. As relations between the United States and the Soviets improve, the importance of this role diminishes, diplomats say. Another ominous signal for Mr. Castro has been the Soviet decision to pull back from regional conflicts, diplomats say. They say this appears to have been a factor in Cuba's willingness to leave Angola. ''He has to get with the flow of Soviet foreign policy,'' one diplomat said. Correction: January 9, 1989, Monday, Late City Final Edition Because of editing errors, a report in the Briefing column of the Washington Talk page on Friday misstated the date and purpose of a trip to Latin America by some members | U.S.-CUBA ENMITY MAY BE RELAXING |
211946_2 | Concern' Dr. Louise Brinton of the cancer institute, who is not a member of the advisory committee, said in an interview at the meeting that she has ''a high level of concern'' about a possible association between use of the pill and breast cancer and that ''based on the evidence today, most of the concern is in younger women,'' who develop breast cancer before menopause. Breast cancer is most common after menopause, although breast cancer incidence has been increasing in both younger and older women in this country. Dr. Hulka added that the women who may be at some increased risk are those who started taking the pill when they were young, who used it for more than three years, and who used it before they had their first pregnancy. Some Protection Reported Several studies have shown that birth control pills protect against cancer of the ovaries and of the lining of the uterus, although these cancers are relatively rare. Some experts have suggested that an association between use of the pill and breast cancer may only now be showing up, 28 years after the pill was approved for sale in the United States. But many experts today stressed that the new findings were not at all conclusive. Some scientists also say that reductions in the hormone content of oral contraceptives in recent years may have reduced any possible health risk, although this has not been established. The advisory committee, which makes recommendations to the F.D.A., was called to examine evidence from three new studies, all finding that use of the pill may increase breast cancer in some women. A study by Dr. Sidney Shapiro and his colleagues at the Boston University School of Medicine found that women who used birth control pills had double the rate of breast cancer compared with women who did not use the pill, with the risk increased in women who used the pill longest. Dr. Shapiro studied more than 400 women who took the pill and more than 400 who did not. A second study, by Dr. Clifford M. Kay and his associates at the R.C.G.P. Manchester Research Unit in England, involved 46,000 women who were followed through their doctors. Women who took the pill and who had just one child were found three times more likely to develop breast cancer before the age of 35 than the other women in the study. A | F.D.A. Panel Finds No Need for Change In Taking of the Pill |
212037_0 | LEAD: With Congress in recess until Jan. 20, it is junket time again and one of the more unusual journeys will take five Senators and two Representatives into a tropical rain forest next week. With Congress in recess until Jan. 20, it is junket time again and one of the more unusual journeys will take five Senators and two Representatives into a tropical rain forest next week. Staff aides say the trip planned by Senator Timothy E. Wirth, Democrat of Colorado, and Representative Gerry Sikorski, Democrat of Minnesota, indirectly involves third world debt and global warming. The aides say the lawmakers are considering legislation to provide debt relief to countries that take steps to protect the environment. Mr. Wirth and Mr. Sikorski, along with Senator Richard C. Shelby, Democrat of Alabama, and Representative John Bryant, Democrat of Texas, will set out next Thursday for Paraguay, Argentina and Chile. They will be joined in Brazil next week by Senators John Heinz, Republican of Pennsylvania, Albert Gore Jr., Democrat of Tennessee, and Wyche Fowler Jr., Democrat of Georgia. The day and night in the Amazonian rain forest, an aide said, is to provide the legislators with a first-hand look at clearing of forest land in Brazil, which environmentalists have said is contributing to a detrimental warming of the earth. The aide said with some glee that the party would spend at least one night in the rain forest where the temperature hovers around 110 degrees. WASHINGTON TALK: BRIEFING Correction: January 9, 1989, Monday, Late City Final Edition Because of editing errors, a report in the Briefing column of the Washington Talk page on Friday misstated the date and purpose of a trip to Latin America by some members of Congress. They are to study third-world debt issues and to examine results of large-scale clearing of the Amazonian rain forest in Brazil. The first of two groups left Washington on Thursday. | Into the Woods |
210794_5 | tons of garbage a month, 90 percent of which would be cardboard and would therefore go to a recycler, not the town's landfill. Members of the anti-mall group say they do not believe assurances about road improvements. They say the developers are asking Hamden and the state for the more than $10 million that would be needed to widen the streets, tear down two railroad bridges and install synchronized traffic lights. James J. Farrell, director of regional mall development for Homart, said the developers would contribute 50 percent and ask the state, but not Hamden, for the other 50 percent. ''Gridlock is not our objective,'' Mr. Farrell said, asserting that planned road improvements would prevent traffic problems. He predicted that the mall would draw about 12,000 cars a day, a figure disputed by members of Protect, who said that the traffic volume would be twice that amount. Ms. Fusco, of the development concern, said that if a mall is not approved, the land will still be developed with clusters of shopping centers because of its commercial zoning. She said the smaller centers would create more traffic, but would not provide for road improvements because there would be many store owners instead of one mall owner. ''It's gotten so emotional,'' said Janet Arena, president of the Hamden Chamber of Commerce and the Stone Academy. ''The traffic is not the issue really. There are underlying prejudices among people in town. They don't want to draw a lower element of people. But this mall would not attract people who aren't financially able.'' ''It would be a huge mistake if the mall doesn't go through,'' said Ms. Arena. ''People are tired of traveling to Meriden and Trumbull to shop.'' But Ms. Walsh asserted: ''We would be rewriting our zoning regulations for the benefit of an outside developer. Why do we want to? What purpose does it serve? We have to be far more responsible than we have been. We shouldn't be looking at 10 or 15 years from now, but 40 or 50.'' And for some people there are sentimental reasons for wanting to keep the old Sears store. State Representative-elect Howard Luppi, a Republican whose district includes Hamden and North Haven, said he remembers when Sears was surrounded by apple orchards and he would shop there all the time. ''This property does not have to be destroyed,'' he said. THE VIEW FROM: HAMDEN | Planfor First Mall Divides a Town |
211013_2 | transition to the post-1992 world for these third-world countries. The talks are already grappling with how to cope with the impending standardization. In addition, the entry into the European Community of Spain and Portugal in 1986 and Greece in 1981 presents a threat of new competition for the tropical agriculture of the former colonies. These southern European countries grow citrus, peanuts, cane sugar and strawberries, and can compete with the former colonies from inside the walls of a European economic fortress. Fear of Latin America What is more, Spain and Portugal want to extend to Latin America the trade and aid benefits that Europe now gives the Lome countries. The 66 countries oppose such an expansion, fearing that it would dilute the value of European aid they now get, which is valued at $9.5 billion over five years. Mr. Carrington said the former colonies are concerned that if their special preferences with individual countries are eliminated, or if the Latin countries are included in any package arrangement, they will have to cope with stiff competition throughout Europe from the vast banana plantations of Central and South America. Already the Lome countries face such competition in West Germany, and they want the European Community to restrict such imports only to West Germany after 1992. In addition, there is a fear in the 66 former colonies that the 1992 changes will mean that the indulgent rich-uncle image of individual European nations may give way to the less sentimental, more uniform approach of the ''Eurocrat.'' Standardization of environmental regulations also threatens trade with some former colonies. As examples, Mr. Carrington said his group is concerned about Europe-wide regulations on noise for jet aircraft and on phosphate fertilizers. Mr. Frisch of the European Community argues that while the unified market may jeopardize some interests in the third world, creating a single market of 320 million people will also create new opportunities for trade. Community economists forecast that at the beginning unification will stimulate an annual growth rate of 7 percent for Europe's foreign trade. But the former colonies are not easily convinced by such arguments. They note that their share of Europe's imports from the third world has fallen, from 20 percent in 1975 to about 14 percent today. And with several commodity prices at record lows, the value of the Lome countries' exports dropped by two thirds from 1980 to 1987. THE WORLD | Europe's Old Colonies Are Getting Anxious as 1992 Nears |
210670_0 | Airport Security Intensified | |
211010_0 | LEAD: THE United Nations enjoyed a spectacularly successful 1988, surprising its critics with its effectiveness as an international peacemaker. But with that success comes a new challenge for 1989: strengthening world confidence in the organization so it can keep up the momentum. THE United Nations enjoyed a spectacularly successful 1988, surprising its critics with its effectiveness as an international peacemaker. But with that success comes a new challenge for 1989: strengthening world confidence in the organization so it can keep up the momentum. After being derided by conservative critics for decades as irrelevant to the world's real problems, the United Nations is suddenly playing an important role in ending the long-running conflicts in Afghanistan, the Persian Gulf, southwestern Africa, Western Sahara, Cyprus and Cambodia. While none has ended, progress has been made toward resolving each one. In addition, the United Nations peacekeeping forces were rewarded with the Nobel Peace Prize. At the same time, the United Nations is changing some economic and political practices that critics in the West found offensive. Staffs have been cut and member states unanimously adopted a new lean budget. The 43d General Assembly wound up last month with remarkably little controversy and anti-Western oratory. Even the Reagan Administration, which came to power skeptical about the United Nations, is praising the organization and asking Congress to pay America's dues in full. Yet the United Nations is only as effective as the big powers allow it to be. It became a peacemaker now largely because the Soviets Union's new leaders decided to make it function as its founding fathers intended, working through it in tandem with the United States to reduce superpower tensions and stamp out local conflicts. This has meant discarding the selective attitude Moscow had taken toward the world body, opposing activities such as peacekeeping that it felt strengthened the West while cheering on third-world efforts to radicalize the organization. A major Soviet aim is to extricate itself, without losing face, from involvement in local wars that Moscow no longer judges in its interests. But Moscow's more constructive approach also reflects the general reorienting of the Soviet Union's foreign policy goals toward the reduction of international tension that is part of the program of the Soviet leader, Mikhail S. Gorbachev. Still, to consolidate its gains, United Nations officials say, the organization needs to maintain the momentum of its peace efforts. It needs financial and political | 1988 Was, at Long Last, the Year of the U.N. |
210675_2 | said Vasilis Sakelaropoulos, an Olympic Airways official, of the passengers' reactions. ''They'd rather be safe than sorry. Experience so far shows that the resulting delays in flight departures are no more than 10 to 15 minutes.'' Sailor Is Stoic ''They've got a job to do, and it's pretty important, I guess,'' said an American sailor at Leonardo da Vinci Airport outside Rome who was going home on leave. An employee of Trans World Airlines questioned him closely about himself and his luggage, especially after he produced a letter given to him by an officer for mailing in the United States. At Heathrow Airport outside London, Melanie Richmond, a 25-year-old Briton living in South Bend, Ind., said she had been asked about 50 questions before boarding a T.W.A. flight for Chicago, and her luggage was X-rayed and searched. Among the questions were: Had anyone given her any gifts to take back? Had she packed her own bag? Had anyone else had access to it? Had it gone straight into the car? Whose car was it? Who was she visiting in Britain? What was the purpose of her visit? Where did she stay? At Paris' Charles de Gaulle Airport, Dan Shell, an investigator who works for an American law firm, was taking a Pan Am flight to Miami. ''I come to Paris once a month, and the security is different than I've ever seen it,'' he said. ''What they did today was far more effective. They opened up every piece of luggage before checking it.'' Senator John D. Rockefeller 4th, a West Virginia Democrat who was en route from Israel to the United States and was transferring to a Pan Am flight in Paris, said the security was tighter than usual, but not as heavy as that he had experienced at Ben-Gurion Airport outside Tel Aviv. ''They opened everything, and that's excellent,'' he said of his early-morning departure there, where security officers gave every passenger ''a very diplomatic, but careful grilling,'' asking questions like: Do you have anything new? Are you carrying anything for anyone? One security officer, he said, told him bluntly: ''Get nothing between here and the airplane. Go straight to the plane.'' Metal Detectors Fine-Tuned At the entrance to a Pan Am gate in Paris, several passengers said the metal detectors seemed to have been turned up so that they were more sensitive. One woman said her bracelet had | At European Airports, More Searching and More Questioning |
210658_0 | LEAD: The holidays are a good time for leftovers, and 1988 has more than its share. Here are some of them, along with a helping of late-breaking notions. The holidays are a good time for leftovers, and 1988 has more than its share. Here are some of them, along with a helping of late-breaking notions. For instance, it occurs to me that, for the first time in my life, I really want a Corvette. That may be because it is a truly sensational automobile, packed with high-tech goodies. It also may be that I am creeping (zooming?) into second childhood. Given that, I was particularly interested in a newspaper born in 1988. It is called Toy Shop, and the first issue, from Krause Publications, appeared in September. Krause, you'll remember, puts out the two-volume Standard Catalogue of American Cars, spanning the period from 1805 (the Evans Steam Amphibian) to 1975. The new paper is indexed, covers everything from automobile models to wooden toys, and is a lot of fun, particularly if you are a collector. It is available from Krause at 700 East State Stree, Iola, Wis. 54990, with 12 issues costing $15.95. While wondering about the onset of senility, though, I came up with a few more things: How come Oldsmobile never capitalized on the year 1988? Olds has made an 88 model since 1949, and the copywriters seem to have missed a bet. How come the designers are still building cars (pay attention Pontiac) whose dashboards glare blindingly into the windshields? Why aren't more manufacturers pursuing ''heads-up'' display, which projects the speedometer onto a tiny screen on the windshield, where the reading can be seen without removing the eyes from the road? And why do so few cars have satisfactory central locking systems? Ford came up with combination locks, which prevent a driver from locking the keys inside the car, and Renault pioneered remote locking, via an infrared unit in the keychain. But nobody has followed. Why are antilock brakes not available across the board? The antilock brake system is the biggest safety item since standardized seat belts, and an increase in the number of units would make ABS cheap enough for any buyer. And how come the automakers are flocking to mechanized seatbelts? The latest entry is Ford's new Thunderbird, a super car except for the motorized belts that scurry up and over the doors, frightening the | About Cars; Some Leftovers That Bear Reheating |
210763_0 | LEAD: More things get started than get finished, and thus the notion of process carries with it a whiff of uncertainty. Ambition, dreams, vision - these are great human motivations. But, of course, between motivation and achievement a lot can happen. More things get started than get finished, and thus the notion of process carries with it a whiff of uncertainty. Ambition, dreams, vision - these are great human motivations. But, of course, between motivation and achievement a lot can happen. Our regular works in progress feature, since its inception on July 19, 1987, has reported on a number of processes - collecting, constructing, composing, observing, inventing, improving, inscribing, recycling, refurbishing, rebuilding, restoring, designing, underwriting and overhauling, to name a few - and up to now we've been content to leave the stories incomplete, as if process were an end in itself. Ultimately, however, curiosity - so what happened? - prompted us to update some of our previous coverage. Is the George Washington Bridge still being painted, as it was on Sept. 27, 1987? Yes, although right now the painters are off for the winter. Has the first cross-country hang-gliding expedition, which had made it from Los Angeles to western Indiana by Sept. 18, 1988, been successfully completed? Yes, the trip came to an end at Kitty Hawk, N.C., on Nov. 12. Some of our other revisits are documented on these pages, and together they illustrate the precarious process of putting together works in progress itself. You try to pick winners, projects that will pan out. But inevitably, as illustrated below, now and then you bet on the wrong horse. On the other hand, as demonstrated on the previous page, you might lay an egg, but occasionally it hatches. THE EARTH MOVED On Oct. 4, 1987, we reported that of the world's 27 California condors, all of whom live in captivity, two were close enough to mating to give their keepers at the San Diego Wild Animal Park hope that the species would be augmented. Indeed, the 7-year-old male, known as AC-4, and a female of undetermined age, UN-1, produced an egg last March. The young bird, a female called Molloko (an Indian word meaning condor), was hatched, aided by keepers and veterinarians, on April 3. Healthy and vigorous, she now weighs between 18 and 20 pounds. A STEP SLOW In the opinion of Dick Dutrow, the thoroughbred we touted | SO WHAT HAPPENED? |
210908_4 | systems to corporations, and until now the lack of a comprehensive way to connect all those computers has been a strategic weakness. (Companies that use big computers made by the Digital Equipment Corporation, I.B.M.'s main rival, have had systemwide ''connectivity'' for some time.) OS/2EE is a crucial component of I.B.M.'s Systems Application Architecture, a set of specifications under which a software application will look the same on any screen whether it is run on a PS/2, a minicomputer or a mainframe. John A. Soyring, manager of OS/2 development for I.B.M., said Bank of America and 31 other companies had been working with preview versions of OS/2EE for most of 1988. The program was released to the public a month ago; it costs $830, although upgrading computers to run OS/2 could cost several thousand dollars more for each machine. Trav Waltrip, vice president for data processing at the Travelers Insurance Company, in Hartford, another test site, said his company was still using DOS on its 15,000 PC's and work stations. ''We're not going to make a wholesale change from DOS to OS/2,'' he said. ''As soon as we have identified the application that can make use of the richness of OS/2, we will design toward that application in OS/2. ''We're currently looking at an application which has to do with a form of claims processing, which is running on a local area network today under DOS,'' he said. Such a setup allows several workers to share the same file and to bring files from a mainframe to the desktop. Under the current system, ''dumb'' terminals - work stations that have no processing power of their own - are hooked to an I.B.M. System 3270. The mainframe software determines every function that can be done on the terminal. If it is set up to handle forms, that is all it does. The user cannot use it as a word processor or for remote communications. By attaching a personal computer to the same system, the user has an ''intelligent'' work station that can handle all regular PC tasks and serve as a terminal of the larger system. ''We feel there are several advantages'' to replacing terminals with PC's,'' Mr. Waltrip said. ''With intelligent work stations we can, even in DOS, tailor the work station to be more productive for an information worker. With a dumb terminal you can't do that.'' THE EXECUTIVE COMPUTER | I.B.M.'s New System Is Put to a Test |
210987_0 | LEAD: When hundreds of residents were told they would have to leave their houses in the Logan area of the city, the structures already posed a hazard: the row houses listed at angry angles, sidewalks were crumbled and the ground seemed no more steady than the nerves of the residents. It was a situation, city officials said, that could only get worse. When hundreds of residents were told they would have to leave their houses in the Logan area of the city, the structures already posed a hazard: the row houses listed at angry angles, sidewalks were crumbled and the ground seemed no more steady than the nerves of the residents. It was a situation, city officials said, that could only get worse. But now, two years later, only a handful of the homeowners have managed to move despite a city program to help them leave Logan, a working-class neighborhood built 70 years ago on an unstable foundation of cinder and ash on a creek bed. The houses are sinking, officials say, because the soil is shifting. ''The homes actually tilt like the Leaning Tower of Pisa,'' said Edward T. Schwartz, director of the city's Department of Housing and Community Development. ''It is a disaster of the magnitude of Centralia,'' he said, referring to the town in Pennsylvania that had to be permanently evacuated because of an uncontrollable underground mine fire. 'Devastating to Our Nerves' Elizabeth Stone, a secretary who has lived in Logan for 15 years with her husband and three children. said she moved her washing machine from the basement to her kitchen because the basement floor was caving in. Her dryer is still down there, but she will not go in the basement because she is afraid the floor will collapse. Besides, she said, there are rats down there and there seem to be more of them in the neighborhood because of shifting foundations. ''It really has been devastating to our nerves,'' she said. ''They told me I could leave anytime. All I have to do is pick out another house, but I'm not sure when I'll get reimbursed.'' The city's Department of Licenses and Inspection now rates 202 homes as dangerous or in the most serious category of ''imminently dangerous,'' almost double the number there were two years ago. In all, about 950 houses show the effects of the shifting soil. In many houses a hairline | As Neighborhood Sinks, Residents Wait to Leave |
211019_1 | an expert on cattle nutrition at Cornell University, said, ''We in the industry don't support that because it suggests we have a problem.'' The hormones, including natural and synthetic sex hormones like estrogen and testosterone, make animals gain weight rapidly. Feed lot operators implant capsules of hormone behind the steer's ear while it is being fattened before slaughtering. Although consumer advocates say more studies are needed, there is wide agreement that hormones are safe unless consumed in extremely high quantities. Dr. Gerald B. Guest, director of the Center for Veterinary Medicine at the Food and Drug Administration, said that when the hormones were used properly, the hormone traces in meat were so slight that ''a man himself would manufacture 1,500 times more estrogen every day than he would get if he consumed a pound of beef every day, and a pregnant woman would manufacture several million times more estrogen every day than if she ate a pound of beef each day.'' The F.D.A. standard is that hormones added to a pound of beef may amount to no more than 1 percent of what the body of a boy normally makes in a day before he enters puberty. Incident in Italy The European prohibition arose at least in part from an incident in 1981, shortly after the synthetic estrogen diethylstilbestrol, or DES, was found in baby food in Italy. DES had already been banned in Europe and the United States as a carcinogen, but some Italian farmers were buying it on the black market and injecting it into calves' chest muscles. It spread throughout the calves' bodies but remained in highest concentrations in the chests. That portion of the animals ended up in baby food, and the babies who ate the veal developed health problems that were attributed to the hormone. Infants of both sexes developed breasts, for example, and some infant girls began menstruating. As a result, the European Community began discussing a ban on all hormone treatments of livestock, Dr. Guest said, and the ban was announced in December 1985. Daniel Howell of the Center for Science in the Public Interest, a consumer advocacy group in Washington, said his group was not advocating a ban on hormones in the cattle industry in the United States. ''It's not that legal use is dangerous, but we are concerned about misuse,'' he said. ''Consumers have to trust that the industry will follow | Hormone-Treated Beef Termed Generally Safe |
210999_1 | elusive goal of identifying people with the skills to evaluate teachers, schedule classes and develop curriculum as well as the character to lead a school. Prospective principals in New York State must first obtain a permanent administrator's certificate. Besides having to earn 30 graduate school credits, the aspirant has to complete a university-supervised six-month administrative internship and have two years of experience as an assistant principal or other administrator. New York City requires an additional license, one that is based on a deeper investigation of intellectual skills, experience and character. The license is given out by the Board of Examiners, a five-member independent body that includes the Schools Chancellor. Applicants undergo a gauntlet of tests. They must write a 300-word composition that is graded for spelling and grammar, evaluate videotaped classroom lessons, and take a three-hour essay test that is often based oncorrespondence that might cross a principal's desk. Simpson Sasserath, an official of the Council of Supervisors and Administrators, the principals' union, said an applicant might be asked to respond to a note from a superintendent displeased with math scores or to a letter from a women's group complaining of all-boy shop classes and all-girl home economics classes. When these hurdles are cleared, there is still an interview with two experienced principals, a fingerprint check for a possible criminal record, and an appraisal of a candidate's work history. Those who succeed - two thirds of the 1988 applicants passed the elementary school test - are placed on alphabetical lists that signify eligibility to apply for advertised vacancies. Critics say that the system is far easier than the process of a generation ago. Before the late 1960's, the lists for elementary and junior high schools principals were ranked according to scores, and principals were chosen from the top three scorers. Still, the ordeal of getting on the list is often the easiest part. Candidates for vacancies in high schools, which are under the control of the central board, compete for appointments by the Chancellor. But those seeking an elementary or junior high school vacancy apply to one of the 32 local school boards. They are first screened by a committee made up of parents and representatives of the school board and community superintendent. Those who survive are interviewed by the superintendent, who makes three to five recommendations to the nine-member local board. A majority elects the principal. The principal remains | THE REGION: Licenses and Tests; The Making of the Principals In New York City Schools |
211024_6 | Washington, where they will work with the F.B.I. and the C.I.A. to direct the inquiry. The F.B.I. has assigned agents in Scotland and London to perform similar tasks with Scotland Yard. Luggage From Frankfurt What those agents are doing, for the most part, is not the stuff of spy novels. From Pan Am, they have received lists of passengers, luggage and countless tons of cargo loaded aboard the Boeing 747 before it left Heathrow Airport in London on Dec. 21, as well as those connecting flights that fed and cargo from around Europe to the jet at Heathrow. Chief among those connecting flights is a Boeing 727 jetliner, also identified as Pan Am Flight 103, which flew from Frankfurt to London that day. About half its passengers transferred to the Pan Am 747 that took the Flight 103 designation and left Heathrow for New York City late that afternoon. The Frankfurt passengers and luggage are regarded by some experts as especially suspect, in part because of the recent flurry of Palestinian terrorist activity in Germany, and in part because that luggage was inspected by security guards at Frankfurt but not checked again before being loaded onto the 747 at Heathrow. Name by name, bag by bag, investigators are reviewing the lists with an eye for the unusual or the unexplained. Bodies are examined, then plotted on a jet-seating chart to see if a cluster of injuries can be found to suggest the location of a bomb. The intended recipients of air cargo aboard the jet are interviewed to determine whether they were expecting a package from Europe. ''It's the same situation with the passengers,'' one F.B.I. official said. ''You've got to compare their names, their countries, their stated I.D.'s with their real I.D.'s. You talk to their relatives. A great deal of that - the majority of it - still has to be done.'' The same is true for baggage handlers, counter attendants and others who had access to the Pan Am luggage and cargo at Heathrow and all the connecting airports that fed Flight 103. Much of that information - identities, names of friends, recent travel itineraries - is stored in computer files where it can be cross-referenced with other police and intelligence information. Although wary of discussing details, F.B.I. and Federal Aviation Administration officials acknowledge that the National Security Agency is reviewing months of electronically intercepted signals and | Pan Am Blast: An Inquiry in Hot Pursuit |
210823_3 | time to help. One Christmas I gave her a special pair of pantyhose, and she ran them the first time she put them on. She called to ask if I thought she could return them. I told her probably, but not right then. That seemed reasonable since she was at school, three hours away, and the store was closed anyway. But the ''Mom, I have good news and bad news'' calls are the ones I really hate. The last time I was tortured by one of those, I foolishly chose the good news first. My son began telling me, in detail, all about a golden opportunity at work, but I could hardly pay attention because I kept wondering what the bad news was. I tell you it was a relief to hear he was in an Army hospital with strep throat and couldn't take advantage of the opportunity. I had imagined far worse! Next time I'll ask for the bad news first. However, the call that scared me the most was from my older son. He called and said, ''Mom, could you pick me up at the police station?'' My heart was pounding; my thoughts racing. It was fairly late; he'd been out celebrating his birthday. And then he continued, ''My car broke down coming up South Orange Avenue, and I'm leaving it at the police station.'' Later I warned him that if he were ever in a situation like that again, he must tell me first that the car broke down and then that he needed to be picked up from the police station, where he was leaving the car. Otherwise I might pass out, and then who would go get him? I guess my reputation as a Dial-a-Mom has spread. One night, the phone rang very late. A fraternity brother of my son, in Texas, forgetting the time difference, called and said, ''I'm at a party, and we felt like calling up people. Yours was the only number I remembered.'' With that we proceeded to chat. Then he said, ''Here. Could you talk to this other guy too? He can't believe I'm talking to my friend's mom. He was sure you'd hang up on me.'' Is it any wonder, then, that I wasn't surprised one night when a wrong number asked if I could possibly help him by looking something up in the phone book? NEW JERSEY OPINION | Hello. Yes, It's Your Dial-a-Mom. |
211008_2 | be specific. But civilian experts said that satellites critical for reconnaissance, secret communications and early warning of missile attack were either operating on final backup systems or had already been lost from the orbital fleet. ''We were very badly crippled in photo intelligence,'' said William E. Burrows, author of ''Deep Black,'' a book about space espionage. He said that only one KH-11 spy satellite was in orbit when there were usually two. The satellite monitors compliance with arms-control treaties among other intelligence-gathering tasks. More generally, analysts say, plans to modernize the orbiting flotilla were abruptly halted, with some two dozen military satellites awaiting rides into space. In 1986 the Defense Department conducted only four successful launchings, mainly of smaller rockets, said Rick Huling, a spokesman for the Air Force space division in Los Angeles. In 1987, the number rose to six. And there were seven in 1988, ''the year of space launch recovery,'' said the Air Force Secretary, Edward C. Aldridge. Most of the new year's 17 missions will involve a new generation of rockets intended to diminish the military's reliance on the shuttle. They include Delta 2's, Titan 2's and Titan 4's, a giant new booster that rivals the shuttle in payload-carrying capacity. Three shuttle flights are also scheduled this year as well as launchings of older rockets. While the military refuses to discuss its secret payloads, civilian sleuths have sifted through Congressional reports and industry documents to produce a detailed picture of next year's likely launchings. Here is a list based on an analysis by Mr. Pike of the Federation of American Scientists. Photo reconnaissance. The main event of the year will be the first launching of the KH-12, a giant spy satellite whose cameras are said to be able to produce detailed close-ups of objects as small as a baseball. It is to be carried aloft by the 20-story-tall Titan 4. The shuttle Columbia is to launch a Lacrosse satellite, which uses imaging radar to peer through clouds and darkness. The first Lacrosse was boosted by the shuttle Atlantis in early December. Electronic eavesdropping. The shuttle Discovery is to carry a Magnum satellite, which unfurls a giant antenna in space to monitor Soviet missile tests, radio, telephone, radar and other military and diplomatic communications. The shuttle launched the first Magnum in 1985. A Titan 34D, an older type of rocket, is expected to boost the last of | THE NATION: Boom in Spy Craft; The Military Has A Fleet of Satellites In Line for Takeoff |
213432_0 | LEAD: Leaders of the political opposition in Nicaragua are virtually unanimous in urging the United States to end its four-year-old trade embargo against the Sandinista Government. Leaders of the political opposition in Nicaragua are virtually unanimous in urging the United States to end its four-year-old trade embargo against the Sandinista Government. ''The embargo was a mistake from the beginning,'' said Carlos Huembes, who heads the Democratic Coordinator, Nicaragua's main anti-Government coalition. ''The new administration in Washington should dump it.'' Under terms of the embargo, no American goods other than medicine and certain other items considered humanitarian may be shipped to Nicaragua. Its effect has been felt by owners of farms and factories, many of them private entrepreneuers who rely on replacement parts from the United States. Consumers here, long accustomed to American products, have been forced to change their habits. Effect Called Modest But economists say the true effect of the embargo has been modest. Many spare parts can be bought from other Western countries, and those available only in the United States are imported through companies in Panama and elsewhere. At hard-currency stores now functioning in most Nicaraguan cities, shelves are lined with Campbell's soups, Kleenex, Oreo cookies and a host of other American products that theoretically should not be available here. Customs agents at American airports have periodically confiscated small amounts of goods being carried into Nicaragua by tourists and agents at the Mexican border have detained several caravans carrying supplies donated by private groups. But whenever an American item is needed in Nicaragua, it is easily obtained despite the embargo. No other country observes trade sanctions against Nicaragua. Much of the business once conducted here by American companies is now being done by companies from Canada, Brazil, Japan and other countries. In 1984, the last year before the trade embargo was imposed, 17 percent of Nicaragua's foreign commerce was with the United States. 'It Just Costs More' The embargo also prevents Americans from importing Nicaraguan goods. The Sandinista Government has dealt with this provision in various ways. Some products that were once sold in the United States, like bananas, are now being shipped to Europe and elsewhere. Others, like frozen seafood, find their way onto American shelves in the guise of exports from Honduras. ''The embargo has had no practical effect,'' said Gilberto Cuadra, who heads Nicaragua's largest business federation. ''I don't even know if there really | Anti-Sandinistas Say U.S. Should End Embargo |
213431_4 | take the pill when they are teen-agers or in their 20's and continue taking it for at least several years could at least double their risk of breast cancer, which is rare in women before 50. But previous studies had not found such a risk and experts said the new studies were inconclusive. It is not known whether women who took the pill when they were young will have an increased risk of developing breast cancer after menopause, when it is far more common, but many experts believe this is possible. Researchers also want to learn whether newer pills, which have lower doses of the sex hormones estrogen and progesterone than those used previously, are as risky. Some breast cancer experts are advising women to consider using other contraceptives if they are young or have a family history of breast cancer and to avoid using the pill for more than a few years. Some pills rely on progesterone only, and these may be safer than the more common pills with estrogen. But they have been studied less for long-term side effects, have more immediate side effects and are less effective than pills with estrogen. The pregnancy rate with these ''minipills'' is 3 to 10 percent, the pills can lead to ectopic pregnancies, a potentially life-threatening condition in which the fertilized egg starts to grow in a woman's fallopian tube, and the pills can cause menstrual irregularities, the Guttmacher Institute said. Planned Parenthood recommends that these pills be used only by women who are breastfeeding, when women are less likely to ovulate and so less likely to become pregnant. Condoms About 16 percent of women rely on the use of condoms by their partners, a recent survey by the Guttmacher Institute showed, up from 12 percent in 1982. The researchers found that although 60 percent of women said they had a favorable attitude toward condoms, as opposed to 32 percent in 1982, the devices remain relatively unpopular. Effectiveness: The failure rate ranges from 3 to 15 percent. This is often due to failure to use condoms consistently or properly, but sometimes the products leak or break. Advantages: Condoms also protect against sexually transmitted diseases, including AIDS. They are readily available without a prescription and have no adverse health effects. Disadvantages: Condoms require the cooperation of the male partner, are not as effective as some other methods and some couples feel that | HEALTH: Birth Control; For Those Concerned With Pill's Risk, a Look at the Choices |
213527_0 | LEAD: A previously unknown fault in the ancient rock layers beneath the Savannah River nuclear weapons plant in South Carolina has been detected and mapped by geologists, the Energy Department announced today. A previously unknown fault in the ancient rock layers beneath the Savannah River nuclear weapons plant in South Carolina has been detected and mapped by geologists, the Energy Department announced today. The fault at Savannah River cuts across the center of the 300-square-mile plant and is close to the reactor the Department hopes will be the first to be restarted this year after a long repair program. The fault also lies near one of the primary sites for a new $3.2 billion reactor the Energy Department hopes to complete after the turn of the century. The discovery of the fault was made public at a news conference today at the plant near Aiken, S.C. Scientists with E.I. du Pont de Nemours & Company, the plant's manager, said that although the fault was the most significant ever found at the site, it was neither long enough nor deep enough to cause a major earthquake. Du Pont has not made public enough data for independent geologists to assess the potential danger of the fault. No Delay Is Seen Energy Department officials in South Carolina, who are relying on Du Pont for all their information, said today that the fault, which developed more than 30 million years ago, was not expected to delay the department's plan to repair the Savannah River plant. They conceded, however, that the plant's ability to withstand a serious earthquake has been one of the principal uncertainties in the program to overhaul operations and equipment that was begun last November. In 1886, one of the most powerful earthquakes ever recorded in North America leveled much of Charleston, S.C., more than 100 miles east of the plant site. In a related development in Washington, President Reagan approved a long-awaited report by the Energy Department that describes what the Savannah River plant and the 16 other principal sites in the nation's nuclear weapons industry will look like in the year 2010. The classfied report is to be sent to the House and Senate Armed Services committees on Thursday, a White House spokesman said. A separate, unclassified version is expected to be made public. The report's executive summary, disclosed late last month, called for the Energy Department to spend $52 | Scientists Find A Fault in Earth At Atomic Plant |
214983_1 | placed. The police investigating the explosion that destroyed a Pan Am Boeing 747 over Scotland last month said today that they had identified the luggage container in which the bomb was placed. They said the luggage container, recovered from 10,000 items of debris found by crews searching the Scottish countryside, could be an important clue in solving the disaster, which killed 259 people on the plane and 11 on the ground on Dec. 21. Identifying the luggage carrier and its location in the plane should help the police determine where the bomb was put on Flight 103, the group of passengers whose luggage contained the bomb, and which baggage handlers were most likely to have had access to that luggage, the police said. ''We have now identified the baggage container within the aircraft in which the explosive device was placed and substantial forensic and recontructive work is being undertaken in this regard,'' said Detective Chief Superintendent John Orr, who is heading the police inquiry. Detective Chief Orr said the investigation was making ''good progress,'' but he declined to say more about the container that held the bomb, including where it was on the plane or where it had been loaded. The Pan Am flight started in Frankfurt on a Boeing 727 and its passengers transferred to the jumbo jet in London, where they were joined by additional passengers, all flying to New York. Detective Chief Orr, who made today's announcement at a news conference in Lockerbie, the Scottish town where much of the airliner debris landed, was joined for the first time by a member of the West German police. His presence fed speculation that investigators were now focusing on Frankfurt as the place where it seemed most likely that the bomb was planted. But neither Detective Chief Orr nor the West German officer, Helge Tepp of the Federal Criminal Office, would comment on that point. Bonn's Role in Inquiry ''We are carrying out detailed and thorough investigations in Germany,'' Mr. Tepp said, without elaboration. For his part, Detective Chief Orr said, ''I now know several things I did not know two and a half weeks ago, but I am not going to mention what they are.'' Detective Chief Orr noted that the international inquiry had amassed more than 3,000 witness statements and that the Scandinavian police, in addition to American and West German investigators, were working on the case. | Luggage Holder in Pan Am Bombing Found |
215148_0 | LEAD: CONCERNED and confused, sometimes angry or, by now, numb to bad news about breast cancer: that is how gynecologists are describing patients' reactions to three recently released studies linking prolonged exposure to the estrogen in oral contraceptives with increased risk of breast cancer. CONCERNED and confused, sometimes angry or, by now, numb to bad news about breast cancer: that is how gynecologists are describing patients' reactions to three recently released studies linking prolonged exposure to the estrogen in oral contraceptives with increased risk of breast cancer. Dr. Selig Strax, medical director of the Alan Guttmacher Institute in New York, a nonprofit organization involved with family planning, said many of his patients are confused and, occasionally, angry. ''Nobody gives them a straight answer,'' he said, citing the conflicts between the new studies and earlier ones. ''I can't give them a straight answer.'' Of the 2,000 active patients in Dr. Marion Smith-Waison's gynecological practice in Columbia, Md., Woman to Woman, ''many in their 30's and 40's want me to allay their fears,'' said Dr. Smith-Waison, who noted a recent increase in questions regarding the studies. ''They are also distrustful - not of their doctors, but of the researchers. They don't know whom to believe. They ask me whether I know these researchers, are they reputable?'' Two of her older patients have asked to switch from the pill to intrauterine devices. Dr. Smith-Waison said she expected more patients who use reversible birth control to switch from the pill to barrier methods or IUD's. She added, however, that the pill still satisfies at least 75 percent of her patients, and ''when I give them all the new information, most seem willing to take the chance that they won't be the ones to have problems.'' By contrast, Dr. Joseph W. Giere, a gynecologist with a private practice in northwest Washington, D.C., and an associate professor of gynecology at Georgetown University, said he had not seen an outpouring of even basic queries from patients. ''And I don't think the people I'm dealing with are the dimwits of this world,'' he said. In routine consultations, he added: ''Some ask about cancer; some I tell. The ones I tell I will say, 'People ask about cancer because this is a hormone and they've heard a lot about it. There are no clear studies, and I think we have to go on the information we have and not | Confusion Renewed Over Pill and Risks |
215623_0 | LEAD: China and the Getty Conservation Institute today announced a joint effort to preserve two of China's largest and most significant cultural sites, where statues and paintings dating from the fourth century are decaying from harsh weather, pollution and damage by earthquakes. China and the Getty Conservation Institute today announced a joint effort to preserve two of China's largest and most significant cultural sites, where statues and paintings dating from the fourth century are decaying from harsh weather, pollution and damage by earthquakes. The sites are the Mogao Grottoes on the edge of the Gobi in northwestern China and the Yungang Grottoes, 200 miles west of Beijing. Together, the sites contain 545 cave-like temples carved into cliffs. The temples contain more than 53,000 clay figures of Buddha, ranging from miniature bas-reliefs to a statue 108 feet high. The temples, popular among both Chinese and foreign tourists, also have 484,200 square feet of wall paintings. The cost of the project has not been determined, but it will be shared by China, the Getty Conservation Institute and Unesco. The work is to involve at least 25 preservation specialists from the United States. The focus will be on arresting decay, not restoring art already damaged, said Luis Monreal, the director of the Getty Conservation Institute, a private foundation. He said the first step would be ''diagnosis'' of the sites and would take 18 months. How It Happened The announcement of the conservation project was made in Los Angeles by Ma Yuzhen, China's Consul General, and Harold M. Williams, the president of the J. Paul Getty Trust, a private foundation. The Getty Conservation Institute, a subsidiary of the trust, was created in 1982 and has collaborated with Egypt to preserve the tomb of Queen Nefertari and the royal mummies in the Egyptian Museum in Cairo. The possibility of cooperation between China and the Getty was first raised in 1986 by China's National Administrative Bureau for Museums and Archeological Data. Last May, Getty representatives visited the sites. Mr. Yuzhen said the sites contain ''evidence of the astonishing creativity of the ancient Chinese people.'' ''The Mogao and Yungang Grottoes are the most magnificent storehouses of Buddhist art in the world,'' he said. ''Both are national treasures of China.'' ''We can provide resources of rescue technology not available now in China,'' Mr. Monreal said. ''At the same time, field projects of this magnitude provide the international conservation | Getty Trust And Chinese |
215692_0 | LEAD: Everyone knows that you can't take it with you. But if members of the American Cryonics Society Inc. have their way, they are going to come back and get it. Everyone knows that you can't take it with you. But if members of the American Cryonics Society Inc. have their way, they are going to come back and get it. Last week the organization, which is dedicated to the proposition that death is an imposition on life and ought to be eliminated, celebrated its 20th anniversary here with a $100-a-plate dinner attended by 65 people. The Speaker of the State Assembly, Willie Brown, showed up at the Fairmont Hotel to cut the cake, and Angela Alioto, a newly elected member of the San Francisco Board of Supervisors, made an appearance, testifying to the fact that no group is too eccentric to be ignored here. Since the term was coined in 1965, cryonics has taken some small steps from the realm of science fiction and has even come up with its own independent religion known as Venturism. Cryonics (derived from the Greek word for cold) refers to the practice of freezing the body of a person after death to preserve it for possible revival in some distant future after a cure has been found for whatever killed the poor soul. Adherents make arrangements to have their bodies placed in cryonic suspension, meaning preservation at extremely low temperatures using liquid nitrogen in stainless steel capsules. As it turns out, members are planning to come back to a body vastly better than the one they left in. ''Usually the body is shot and they don't want to come back in that kind of shape,'' said H. Jackson Zinn, a San Franciso lawyer who is the organization's president. Many members believe science will be able to restore their body and build a better one as long as the basic ''information'' of the person remains properly stored. Thus one popular choice is the ''neuro only'' option, in which only the head is preserved. Such practices are not without problems. Last year, six people from Alcor Life Extension Foundation in Riverside, a nonprofit cryonics storage center independent of the Cryonics Society, were handcuffed and taken away for questioning on suspicion of homicide after they removed and froze the head of one client after her heart stopped beating but without having a doctor present at Alcor | San Francisco Journal; Chilling Answer to Life After Death |
217176_0 | LEAD: To the Editor: To the Editor: The greatest obstacle to pediatricians treating abused children is the lack of access to records. For example, say an infant is brought to Hospital A's emergency room for treatment of a minor burn. The mother reports that her cigarette ash accidently dropped on the child's skin. A plausible history. The mother is penitent and concerned. The patient is treated and released. This case would have a very different disposition if the doctor knew that the child had been treated for similar burns a week before at Hospital B and last month at Hospital C, or if she knew of three or four ''unsubstantiated'' reports made to the Bureau of Child Welfare. Records of previous treatment by different doctors for ''accidental'' injuries are not available, and records of ''unsubstantiated,'' though not necessarily untrue claims are sealed, as if they did not exist. There needs to be a state- or national computerized registry of suspicious or traumatic injuries of children. Similarly, records of child welfare agency reports need to be quickly available to treating physicians; the details are not necessary, just the evidence that reports exist. This would allow rapid identification of high-risk cases and early intervention, before the need for removal from the home, criminal prosecution or the morgue. DARYL ALTMAN, M.D. Lynbrook, L.I., Jan. 6, 1989 | To Treat Child Abuse, Let Pediatricians Identify High-Risk Cases |
216940_0 | LEAD: MUCH of the excitement in the personal computer industry revolves around the introduction of new or upgraded major software and hardware: a new word-processing or database program, a faster computer or modem, a bigger hard disk. For many users, especially in large companies, a slight improvement in speed or convenience may mean a large improvement in productivity or training speed. MUCH of the excitement in the personal computer industry revolves around the introduction of new or upgraded major software and hardware: a new word-processing or database program, a faster computer or modem, a bigger hard disk. For many users, especially in large companies, a slight improvement in speed or convenience may mean a large improvement in productivity or training speed. But such announcements may not mean so much to those of us who use a computer for limited personal or business purposes. A marginally swifter word-processing program, for instance, may not be worth the price when the computer spends most of its time waiting for us to think up the next word to type. And if the program is not just an upgraded version of the one we are already using, but an entirely different brand, the cost in time to learn a whole new set of conventions and commands should definitely give us pause. What attracts our attention is software that expands the things a computer can do. For high school students, their parents and counselors, College Explorer offers a streamlined way to narrow their choices of two- and four-year institutions. It contains information on about 2,800 educational institutions and offers several options for exploring the data. A student might specify, for example, a small private school in New England that must offer Latin and Greek and that preferably has an outstanding polo team. The program will produce two lists. The A list contains all colleges, if any, that meet both the required and preferred conditions; the B list has those that offer all the requirements but not all the preferences. Many other conditions can be specified, and the lists can be sorted by size, cost, acceptance rate, freshman test scores and minimum qualifying grades. There is also a profile of each school, with such information as academic characteristics, physical setting, housing and athletics. The 1988-89 tuition and other costs, deadlines and financial aid programs are also given. Although the same information is available in books, the computer's | Choosing a College |
217117_0 | LEAD: Construction projects worth more than $80 million are in progress at the Federal Government's uranium-processing plant in nearby Fernald despite recommendations that the operation be closed by 1994. Construction projects worth more than $80 million are in progress at the Federal Government's uranium-processing plant in nearby Fernald despite recommendations that the operation be closed by 1994. About 500 of the plant's 1,264 employees have finished two-thirds of a six-year schedule of projects to replace old equipment and improve safeguards at the 39-year-old plant. In contrast, 123 of the workers were involved in cleanup of radioactive contamination at the plant, which processes uranium that the Government refines elsewhere for nuclear weapons. The construction work is defended by the plant owner, the United States Department of Energy, and the plant operator, the Westinghouse Materials Company of Ohio. Both contend the projects will improve environmental safety and production at the site 18 miles northwest of Cincinnati. ''There is no construction that I am aware of that would fall under the category of expanding production capability,'' said a Westinghouse spokesman, Bob Walker. A report by the Energy Department recommended closing the plant by 1994. But the recommendation has no legal force. | Work at Atom Plant Goes On |
214550_0 | LEAD: The Soviet Union reduced its trade with Cuba by 12 percent in the first quarter of 1988, according to documents of the Cuban National Bank made available here. The Soviet Union reduced its trade with Cuba by 12 percent in the first quarter of 1988, according to documents of the Cuban National Bank made available here. The material, presented to Western government creditors at a meeting in Paris last June, also provided a grim portrait of the Cuban economy. It showed, for example, a 3.5 percent decline in 1987 in Cuba's total output of goods and services and a fall of 4.7 percent in what the documents describe as the ''social consumption sector'' of the economy -service in health, education and recreation that Cuban leader Fidel Castro has tried to promote as the principal achievements of his revolution. The trade figures presented the clearest evidence to date of Soviet intentions to trim what has amounted to about a $5 billion a year subsidy to keep the Cuban economy going. Moscow is moving apparently because of its own critical economic problems, including the need to provide more resources for domestic consumers to support the Soviet leader Mikhail S. Gorbachev's economic reforms. In addition, analysts here pointed out, as relations between Moscow and Washington improve, Cuba's importance to the Soviet Union diminishes as a projection of Soviet military power 90 miles from Florida. Inflated Sugar Prices The Soviet Union, which, according to Cuban National Bank data, accounts for 80 percent of Cuba's exports and imports, buys Cuba's sugar for inflated prices and provides Cuba with oil, food, machinery, spare parts, chemicals and many other vital goods. In last year's first quarter, Cuba's imports from the Soviet Union fell by 8 percent, to $1.09 billion, from $1.19 billion in the first quarter of 1987. The numbers were in Cuban pesos, which the central bank, despite the 30-year break with the United States, values on a par with the dollar. Exports to the Soviet Union fell 14 percent, from $1.62 billion to $1.39 billion, according to tables in the report, which also showed declining trade between Cuba and other Communist countries. Until 1987 Soviet trade with Cuba had been increasing about 10 percent a year. ''Cuba needs a constantly increasing source of Soviet supplies,'' said Manuel Sanchez Perez, a former Cuban Deputy Minister of Material Technical Supply who defected in 1985. Mr. Sanchez | Deep Cut Is Reported In Soviet-Cuba Trade |
214591_2 | short-changed on American aid when compared with what is given to its archrival, Greece. But in the 1988 and 1989 fiscal years the Turks have received $92 million in economic assistance, while the Greeks got nothing. Moreover, United States military aid to Turkey was $990 million for the two years, against $693 million for Greece. These funds have been allocated on a formula that gives $10 to Turkey for every $7 sent to Greece. In Ankara, officials argue that they should be getting far more money, given the reality that it contributes more troops to NATO defense forces than Greece. Focus on Europe Even so, the Turkish focus for now is on Europe, which has been cool to the Turkish application for many reasons. They include fears of a flood of inexpensive Turkish textiles and other exports, and concern about a possible rise in the number of Turkish migrant workers, particularly in West Germany. Government officials here recognize that the appearance of rampant inflation does not help their case. ''The present levels are not sustainable,'' said Ali Tegril, head of the pivotal State Planning Organization. ''This is going to be a rather critical year for the economy, and it is imperative that we score a few points against inflation.'' The slowdown has already occured. Mr. Tegril said that the 1988 growth rate, projected at 7.2 percent, was likely to be closer to 5 percent. Low-Growth Measures Started In part, the change reflects spending reductions and other low-growth measures imposed early last year. They were obviously not very effective, however, and Turkish economists and foreign analysts blame a lack of political will to carry out the announced cutbacks. With 55 million people and a birthrate that creates a population the size of Chicago's every two years, Turkey needs annual economic growth of at least 5 percent to absorb all the new entrants into the work force. As it is, unemployment stands at 15 percent. In retrospect, Government officials acknowledge, they may have been too effective in massaging an economy that was flat when Mr. Ozal took office in 1983. From the start, his emphasis was on promoting exports, improving infrastructure and lifting heavy-handed Government controls. Adnan Kahveci, a state minister, ticked off a list of successes: Only one-third of Turkey's villages had telephones in 1983, and now all do; electricity has been extended to every village, and sewer service in Istanbul | Turkish Economy at a Turning Point |
211730_0 | LEAD: Hoffmann-La Roche Inc., an afiliate of the Swiss pharmaceutical concern F. Hoffmann-La Roche & Company, said it would build a $60 million plant in Freeport, Tex., to produce beta carotene, a nutritional supplement and food-coloring agent found naturally in carrots, broccoli, squash and other vegetables. Hoffmann-La Roche Inc., an afiliate of the Swiss pharmaceutical concern F. Hoffmann-La Roche & Company, said it would build a $60 million plant in Freeport, Tex., to produce beta carotene, a nutritional supplement and food-coloring agent found naturally in carrots, broccoli, squash and other vegetables. COMPANY NEWS | Plan by Hoffmann |
211760_1 | jumbo jet over Scotland last month in which all 259 people aboard were killed. Problem of Access In a section of the rule justifying its action, the F.A.A. said currently used identification badges ''provide a means of control once an individual has gained access to a restricted area.'' ''The F.A.A. is concerned,'' it said, ''that these procedures could allow an individual using forged, stolen or noncurrent identification to compromise the secured areas.'' It added that former employees could use their familiarity with procedures to enter a ''secured area and possibly commit a criminal act on board an aircraft.'' In announcing the rule, Transportation Secretary James Burnley said: ''This is the latest in a series of actions we have taken over the last year. The Pan American 103 explosion underscores the need for the greatest possible vigilance against those who in any way threaten the safety of airline passengers.'' The Transportation Department is the parent agency of the F.A.A. The rule covers only airports in the United States. But the agency's safety initiatives often serve as a model for those adopted by foreign countries. The other Government security measures taken over the last year include levying heavy fines against several airlines found lax in the screening of passengers, and requiring airline crews boarding planes from passenger concourses to submit to the same screening. Then, last week, the F.A.A. imposed strict new procedures, including X-ray or physical examination of all checked baggage, for flights of United States airlines from 103 airports in the Middle East and Europe. Mr. Burnley noted in yesterday's announcement that computer-controlled card systems could be programmed to ''keep a record of employees who try to enter areas for which they are not authorized.'' ''They can also reject cards that have been reported lost or stolen, or which have not been surrendered by former employees,'' he said. Airlines Complain About Cost Airline officials and airport operators had advanced many objections to the new rule, including the high cost of installing and operating the computer-card or other systems. But in dealing with the cost issue, the F.A.A. said the total investment ''can be recovered fully if one incident, involving the loss of 170 lives and a wide-bodied jet,'' were prevented in the next 10 years. Industry groups did succeed in lenthening the time allowed airport operators to present the F.A.A. with a detailed plan and to carry out the rule. | U.S. Airports Told to Use Computer-Card Security Systems |
211706_4 | pills protect women against cancer of the uterine lining and the ovaries, studies have shown. The panel is a standing committee that is convened periodically by the Food and Drug Administration to consider important issues in maternal or child health. It is headed by Dr. Schlesselman. The other 10 members include pediatricians, obstetricians and a consumer advocate who is a professor of nursing. At its meeting today in Rockville, Md., the panel will hear the researchers present their new data and evaluate the significance of their findings. It will then advise the Commissioner of Food and Drugs, Dr. Frank Young, on what changes, if any, should be made in the recommended usage of oral contraceptives. Ever since birth control pills were first marketed, doctors were concerned that they might increase the risk of breast cancer because breast cancer is affected by sex hormones and the pill incorporates sex hormones. Oral contraceptives consist of the two female hormones, estrogen and progestin, which, taken continuously, suppress ovulation. In recent years, the makers of birth control pills have changed the pills' formulations so they now contain far less estrogen and progestin. Experts think the new pills are safer than the old ones, although they have no data on the new pills and breast cancer. ''We and others have been monitoring the pill since the earliest days,'' Dr. Shapiro said. ''But since the pill was only introduced in the 1960's, until recently we could only monitor short-term effects in young women. But we were always concerned about latent intervals. If a woman took the pill from, say, ages 20 to 25, what is her risk of breast cancer at age 45 or 50 or 55?'' Dr. Shapiro and his colleagues published two previous studies of oral contraceptives and breast cancer, showing no increased risk with pill use. Then the Centers for Disease Control published its large study showing no association between pill use and breast cancer. When that study appeared several years ago in The Lancet, a British medical journal, Dr. Shapiro wrote an accompanying editorial calling the results ''really reassuring,'' he recalled yesterday. ''Then we continued to collect data,'' he said. ''To our surprise, we found an association. We were using the same methodology and looking at the same geographic area and we found that pill use doubled the risk of breast cancer and increased the risk fourfold if the pill use had | New Data on the Pill Find Breast Cancer As a Possible Risk |
211622_0 | LEAD: Premenstrual syndrome, now widely known, discussed, diagnosed and even used as a legal defense, is still a biomedical mystery whose cause and proper treatment have yet to be established. Premenstrual syndrome, now widely known, discussed, diagnosed and even used as a legal defense, is still a biomedical mystery whose cause and proper treatment have yet to be established. What is clear is that most women experience premenstrual physical or emotional changes to some degree and that these changes are biologically based and entirely normal. But only a small proportion of women are affected severely enough that it disrupts their lives. It is these severe cases that have given rise to medical and social concern about PMS. It is also clear that most notions about the origins of premenstrual symptoms and many prescribed therapies have not been supported by well-designed studies. Many symptoms that may have different causes have often been lumped together under the label PMS. Theories to explain the symptoms abound, but none explains them. For example, although scientists believe the symptoms are caused by hormonal changes, they have been unable to document any differences in quantity and types of hormones between women with severe PMS and those with few or no symptoms. But even without a full scientific understanding, researchers specializing in PMS report that several popular self-help measures enable many women to reduce or eliminate disturbing symptoms that they experience in the days before menstruation. Surveys indicate that about three-fourths of women experience some physical or emotional changes premenstrually; most have mild to moderate symptoms, no different in type or intensity from the changes in body or mood that from time to time can affect anyone, man or woman. But about 10 percent of menstruating women say they experience severe disturbances that impair them socially and occupationally and interfere with their ability to carry out normal activities. Others have underlying physical or mental disorders that become noticeably worse in the days before menses. In fact, recent studies conducted at the New York State Psychiatric Institute strongly indicate that there is not one ''disorder'' but that premenstual changes occur in different patterns, each of which may have a distinct biochemical origin. Some women suffer primarily physical symptoms and others experience mainly emotional disturbances of varying types. And even within the same woman the symptoms and severity of the syndrome may vary from cycle to cycle. What Is | Personal Health |
211622_4 | inconsistent findings. She said a proper diagnosis and description of the syndrome in each woman under study was the first critical step. For such an assessment, she added, a women must be asked about her medical history, and she must keep a record for two months in which she rates about 20 possible manifestations of the syndrome each day. The diary should note the timing and relative severity of the signs and symptoms, how much impairment they cause, coincident stresses and concurrent physical illness. This assessment is particularly helpful to those women with underlying health problems that, if properly diagnosed and treated, may end disturbing syndrome changes. Chronic disorders that can become worse in the premenstrual period include thyroid dysfunction, anemia, seizure disorder, infection, depression, anxiety disorder, bulimia and substance abuse. Doctors say PMS can also worsen what they call borderline personality disorder. Women who have this are often considered ''flaky'' by nonmedical personnel and face an increased risk of suicide attempts, self-mutilation or kleptomania in the premenstrual period. For a few women, the daily record may disclose that while they think particular symptoms show up premenstrually, the symptoms are present to varying degrees throughout the month and may require treatment if sufficiently disturbing. PMS symptoms occur in relation to hormones the ovaries produce in varying amounts in the monthlong menstrual cycle. Thus, an ordinary hysterectomy (removal of the uterus and an end to menses) does not end PMS since ovarian hormones are still produced. Although the syndrome usually stops with menopause, when cyclic ovarian function ceases, a small percentage of women may continue to have premenstrual changes if they take replacement hormones that mimic the normal menstrual cycle. How to Cope Awareness that a PMS problem exists is the single most helpful measure, therapists agree. Doctors suggest that women who know the premenstrual days are likely to be difficult should keep a menstrual record, noting the potentially rough days on a calendar. Warn family members and try to keep this period as stress-free as possible. Helpful habits include avoiding caffeine, alcohol, fats, salt and sweets, especially in the premenstrual days. Some women may have to follow these dietary restrictions all month to achieve maximum control of both physical and emotional symptoms. Daily aerobic exercise, like walking briskly, running, cycling, swimming, skating, dancing or jumping rope, can be remarkably helpful, perhaps because of the tranquillizing effect. As for the myriad | Personal Health |
211185_1 | Castro himself resembles one of those crabbed caudillos in the novels of his Colombian friend, Gabriel Garcia Marquez. Last week, an open letter from an international group of 170 writers, actors and artists urged Mr. Castro to hold a plebiscite on his rule. ''Absurd and inconceivable,'' retorted the Cuban Foreign Ministry, adding with dictatorial haughtiness: ''Our people had a referendum 30 years ago on the day of the triumph of the revolution.'' Inconceivable, perhaps, but hardly absurd. After 15 years of military rule, Chile's Augusto Pinochet submitted to a free vote last fall, which he lost. ''To say that the Cuban people made their decision 30 years ago is silly and inadmissible,'' remarked the Mexican poet Octavio Paz, a signer of the letter. ''A country does not marry its ruler, as in a religious marriage, forever.'' It's worth adding that two million Cubans reached a different decision with their feet, choosing exile. Weighing the good and bad in Mr. Castro's revolution depends on whose scales are used. Sympathizers point to real gains in health standards and literacy, elimination of shaming social and economic inequalities and the assertion of a defiant sovereignty. But Costa Rica, a country with fewer resources, has built as generous a welfare state without sacrificing democracy. And in a turbulent region, Costa Rica took the truly revolutionary step of abolishing its armed forces. Cuba remains an armed camp, despite the security from military attack promised by Washington in 1962 as part of the deal for removing Soviet missiles. No Latin country has had more long-term political prisoners than Cuba, and few Communist countries boast a more conformist and obsequious press. While reforms sweep the Soviet Union, Cuba remains rooted in stagnation. Mr. Castro opposes even small-scale farmers' markets, and in contrast with Soviet openness, his regime jams Radio Marti, the Voice of America's Cuban service. True, Mr. Castro has given a small country a global resonance, but at the cost of thousands of casualties in African wars. The island's economy remains shackled to a single crop; its old dependence on the U.S. sugar quota has given way to a new reliance on Moscow's willingness to buy at inflated prices. Cuba after 30 years remains poor, unfree and dependent. And a country whose economy in 1958 was among Latin America's most advanced has skidded to the middle ranks. No wonder this tropical dictator-for-life fears a real popular judgment. | Thirty Years of Fidel Castro |
211145_3 | being threatened. Economically, Cuba has not prospered under Mr. Castro. He has been unable to diversify from sugar, which sells for less on the world market than it costs to produce, and he has been unable to remedy inefficiency and low productivity. Even with aid from the Soviet Union running at $14 million a day, there are shortages of food and spare parts for everything from city buses to factories. The shortages have become wearisome. ''Cuba got a lot better in a lot of ways,'' said a 20-year-old maintenance worker. ''But in all revolutions you have to weigh the pros and the cons.'' The Subject Is Dropped He then talked about shortages of meat and rice and seemed on the verge of moving on to other deficiencies. But then thought better of it when another man moved close to listen. ''Everything has been very good since Batista left,'' the second man said. Mr. Castro has rejected the strategies of decentralization and the encouragement of private initiative that have been introduced in the Soviet Union by Mikhail S. Gorbachev. He says Cuba must find solutions unique to its circumstances. Diplomats say they believe he is unwilling to loosen controls because it might diminish his personal power. In the early days of his takeover, Mr. Castro chilled the world with public executions, crushed the Roman Catholic Church and made worshipers outcasts. Several years ago, before Mr. Gorbachev came to power, Mr. Castro began moving toward reconciliation with the church. Mr. Castro has said he would welcome a visit to Cuba by Pope John Paul II, and a Vatican envoy said at a news conference here on Saturday that such a visit was now a real possibility. After been criticized by the United States for persistent human rights abuses, Mr. Castro has freed more than 200 political prisoners this year and, for the first time, has been permitting several small human rights organizations to operate in Cuba. In October and November, however, several members of human rights groups were jailed. The United States and Cuba agreed to the reinstatement of an immigration pact in late 1987, and some diplomats and Cuba experts say this indicates a warming in relations. But Mr. Castro has continued to criticze the United States. The other day, a senior State Department official in Washington said he would describe relations between the two countries as ''not good; difficult; strained.'' | Cuba's 30 Castro Years: Pluses, Minus the Gaiety |
211054_0 | LEAD: Venezuela on Friday sharply increased the import tariffs on about 500 consumer goods, including liquor and electronic items, to curb imports and stem a drain of foreign reserves. Venezuela on Friday sharply increased the import tariffs on about 500 consumer goods, including liquor and electronic items, to curb imports and stem a drain of foreign reserves. The new tariffs, which went into effect immediately, range from 128 percent to 160 percent on the value of consumer goods like champagne, gin, vodka, stereos and videotape recorders, the Government said. Venezuela's average tariff up to now has been about 40 percent, economists said. The tariffs for luxury goods like spirits had higher tariffs of about 60 percent. Other consumer items considered luxury goods had much lower rates, commercial experts said. Videotape recorders, for example, had a tariff rate of only 1 percent. Throughout 1988, the Government issued tariff exemptions on most goods in a bid to curb inflation, economists said. Venezuela, hit by a drop in the price of oil, its main export, has seen its foreign reserves fall from a high of $16.1 billion at the end of 1985 to barely $7 billion now. A presidential decree said the new tariffs had been adopted because of ''the need to save foreign exchange on consumer goods that are produced in the country, can be substituted nationally or are not essential for the economy.'' The new tariffs would not apply to imports from the regional common market, known as the Latin American Integration Association, the decree said. | Tariffs Lifted By Venezuela |
212586_1 | A. Perlman, chief of the contraceptive evaluation branch at the National Institute of Child Health and Human Development in Bethesda, Md. Estrogen and Breast Cancer Many cancer experts say their concern is heightened by the biological plausibility that the estrogen in oral contraceptives might contribute to breast cancer. ''I've always been concerned,'' said Dr. Louise Brinton of the National Cancer Institute in Bethesda, Md., adding that it has long been known that breast cancer is linked to, if not caused by, estrogen, the female sex hormone. The more a woman is exposed to estrogen, the greater her lifetime risk of breast cancer, Dr. Brinton said. Estrogen production increases substantially at menstruation. The earlier a girl starts menstruating, , the greater her risk of breast cancer. Because fat tissue produces some estrogen, fatter women are at greater risk. The earlier a woman enters menopause, when estrogen production falls dramatically, the lower her risk. Scientists at the National Cancer Institute and elsewhere are investigating whether estrogen replacement therapy is linked to increased risk of breast cancer. Such therapy is a common practice after menopause to reduce the risk of osteoporosis and increase the woman's general comfort. In recent years, researchers have learned that some breast cancers are fed by estrogen and that if the tumors are deprived of estrogen, they no longer grow. For this reason, many women with estrogen-fueled breast cancer take tamoxifen, a hormone that blocks estrogen's effects. A further concern, Dr. Brinton and others said, is that a woman's lifetime breast cancer risk seems to be most affected by biochemical events in the teen-age years or young adulthood, like the age she starts menstruating. Increased Risk Not Established On the other hand, it has not been established whether the pill increases the risk of breast cancer. In part, cancer researchers say, that is because breast cancer is most common in women over 50 and the pill was not available when most women in this age group were in their teens and 20's. The incidence of breast cancer began to rise before general usage of the pill began 28 years ago, and it has continued to increase steadily. One American woman in 10 develops breast cancer. According to Dr. Perlman, the annual incidence of breast cancer in women under the age of 50 in the United States is 32 out of 100,000. But for women over the age of 50 | Ambivalence Over Pill Grows With Risk Data |
212230_0 | LEAD: THE EXTERIOR of a school can be deceptive. From the outside, two public schools, the Frederick J. Gaenslen School in Milwaukee, Wis., and the Mercer Junior-Senior High School in Trenton, N.J., look like any other new schools. They are both low-slung, modern brown brick structures. The American flag flies in front of the canopied entrances. THE EXTERIOR of a school can be deceptive. From the outside, two public schools, the Frederick J. Gaenslen School in Milwaukee, Wis., and the Mercer Junior-Senior High School in Trenton, N.J., look like any other new schools. They are both low-slung, modern brown brick structures. The American flag flies in front of the canopied entrances. School buses park outside. But though the exteriors are ordinary, the interiors, with their extra-wide corridors and gymnasiums with basketball hoops that can be lowered from 10 to 6 feet, are not. Both schools, which opened in the last year and a half, were designed to accommodate children severely disabled by multiple sclerosis, cerebral palsy, retardation, autism or blindness. The latest figures from the National Health Interview Survey, administered by the United States Bureau of the Census, showed that from 1983 through 1985 there were 1,963,000 children 5 through 17 years old considered handicapped. Some 169,000 of them are unable to attend regular schools because their handicaps are so severe. Some educators, such as Wayne Sailor, a professor of education at San Francisco State College in California, believe that all children, even the most severely handicapped, should go to regular schools. ''The most important part of their education is their socialization, to interact with normal society,'' Dr. Sailor said. Other educators, however, believe that separate schools are a necessary option. ''The special school exists to provide a comprehensive, predictable and stable program for this unique population - ideally from birth to age 21,'' said Joseph Cappello, superintendent of the Mercer County Special Services School District in Trenton. It is for these children that some of the more innovative schools or wings of existing schools are being designed. Humanized Environment Some newer schools feature sports facilities and homelike and vocational areas so that many of the children can learn to become more autonomous as they grow older. The designs also reflect an attempt to humanize their environment and make it less restrictive. These schools are designed to be low, horizontal and residential in scale, whether they are in New York | Melding Design and Disability |
212551_5 | died. ''Why did this conference not meet after Iranian cities fell prey to chemical weapons?'' asked Dr. Velayati. American officials said they understood and shared France's interest in preventing the conference from degenerating into a name-calling match. By not specifically mentioning Libya, Iraq or any other nation, Mr. Shultz adhered to the French ground rules for the meeting. Mr. Shultz's nonpolemical tone also appeared to fit into what in the last few days appears to be a subtle attempt to downplay the likelihood of a military operation against the Libyan facility. A Question of Legality Since his arrival in Paris yesterday, Mr. Shultz and other American officials have sought to create the impression that Washington's allies and other friendly nations generally believe that Libya has built a chemical weapons plant at Rabta, 40 miles south of Tripoli. French Taken Aback But French officials were somewhat taken aback when a senior American official, speaking anonymously, asserted that Prime Minister Michel Rocard accepted Mr. Shultz's view of the Rabta plant during a meeting yesterday. They said this was not the case. On Thursday, President Mitterrand told journalists that he ''did not know'' if Libya had a chemical weapons capacity. The French President also noted that the production of chemical weapons was not illegal under existing international agreements. Mr. Mitterrand, according to a spokesman, personally informed Mr. Shultz that ''a number of different means other than a direct military confrontation'' existed to resolve the problem of the Rabta plant. So far, only Britain, Canada and the Netherlands have publicly supported the Reagan Administration's charges about the Libyan facility. But Britain, which alone among the allies backed the American air raids against Libya in 1986, has cautioned against a military strike against Rabta. Mr. Shultz also met here Friday with Egypt's Foreign Minister, Esmat Abdel-Meguid. A senior Arab diplomat said he was convinced that the Reagan Administration did not intend to begin a military strike against the Rabta installation, but rather was seeking to choke off the Western European expertise that was needed to build it. American officials have made clear that the pressure on West Germany is crucial to such a strategy, but the combination of diplomatic moves and American news reporting and commentary on the Imhausen case has stirred deep bitterness in Bonn. Chancellor Helmut Kohl's spokesman has complained of an anti-German ''campaign in the U.S. media.'' ''Both Germans and Americans have | BONN TO REVIEW AMERICAN EVIDENCE ON LIBYAN PLANT |
212234_10 | of a degree in the job market?'' Luckily for this autodidact, my chosen profession cares very little about a degree. Writers are rarely asked if they have one, probably because most of the great ones don't. I can think of many more interesting ways to spend $100,000 than on four years of classrooms and cafeteria food. How much better to spend that money seeing the world rather than reading about it in an ivy-covered library. I confess no one suggested I rush out and spend such a sum. Though my chosen profession does not require a degree, it also does not assure an income. My parents both work at home and are pretty literate companions, even if they are a little fuzzy on plot points. They have also been a constant encouragement, never once asking if maybe it was time to give all this up and head for college. Most important, they gave me time - time I used to educate myself at home, writing plays and novels and screenplays all the while, and hoping that because my parents knew I had saved them money, they would give me a little more time before asking me to go out and earn any. That may be the real advantage of being an autodidact - an easing of the pressure. It eliminates the pressure to get into the best college so the graduate can get the best job the minute after graduating from the best college. Yet being an autodidact does result in a different kind of pressure - the pressure to find out what I want to do with my life. Many students go to college because they don't know the answer to this question. They get out still not knowing. In all the small pressures of tests, finals and papers, it's easy to forget about that large pressure because it doesn't have a due date. OR PERHAPS the pressures of life are not thought to belong in the hallowed halls of learning. The reason I know I don't belong in them is that, though the desire to learn may flourish inside, it may also have a hard time finding its way out - and accompanying a student through the rest of his life. I know many graduates of fine colleges, and in too many cases the learning those graduates have is the learning those fine colleges gave them. Nothing more. | The Everlasting Autodidact |
212308_2 | year. It was 1968 and there were other things to do. Yet a footnote to the essay informed the reader that Lacan had originally presented his syllables and run-on sentences as a lecture, in the Descartes Amphitheater of the Sorbonne. I just couldn't shake the image of Rene Descartes, dressed in 17th-century habit, sitting there in the audience with his hands over his ears, compulsively chanting to himself ''Cogito, ergo sum: cogito, ergo sum.'' By the time I finally gave up on Lacan, convinced he was an impostor, he was out of style. I had missed the next wave. I then took to reading French texts in a great hurry, which is the way I began to suspect they were written. I was initially encouraged in that view by a story circulating around Cambridge, Mass., in the late 1960's about a talk at Clark University, given by the French-speaking psychologist and structuralist Jean Piaget. During the question-and-answer period it appeared to members of his audience that Piaget was furiously taking notes. It turned out he was writing a book. When I next learned that Jean-Paul Sartre deliberately wrote his nonfiction while on ''speed,'' I became a vocal advocate of the fast read. It helped to read ''the latest fashion from Paris'' in a hurry. One could spend more time around the display table in the university bookstore, watching for the next wave. Yet ultimately it turned out to be a mistake. The cynics were wrong. There was a raison d'etre for the French mind, and fashion had little to do with it. It was Emile Durkheim who enlightened me. Durkheim was one of the founding fathers of 20th-century anthropology and sociology. More important, he was French. In December of 1913 Durkheim actually stood up in front of an audience in Paris to deliver a series of lectures defending French national culture against the assaults of William James, John Dewey and the Pragmatists. The Pragmatists argued that actions speak louder than words. If James and Dewey are right, Durkheim forewarned, then ''the whole French mind would have to be transformed.'' I like to think that Durkheim delivered his lectures in the Descartes Amphitheater of the Sorbonne. The French mind was carefully inspected, and then certified: unconditionally rational. ''Reason'' was appointed the supreme judge of life. I feel confident Descartes was listening. Descartes is often held responsible, by British and American common | IN PARIS - MINISkIRTS OF THE MIND |
212291_2 | obligation to public attention, she said, adding that the Steinberg case is in the category of domestic violence because, when an adult in a house is being battered, there are often also children at risk. According to Joan Sculli, director of education and community services for the Nassau County Coalition Against Domestic Violence, 40 to 60 percent of families with battered women have abused children. The death of Lisa Steinberg has brought about a renewed public awareness, said Jean Forman, executive director of the Nassau County Coalition on Child Abuse and Neglect. ''We always knew that there was a relationship between domestic violence and child abuse,'' she said, ''but since the publicity of the Steinberg trial, we are looking at the total picture and focusing it as almost an educational lesson.'' In child-abuse cases, the public generally does not want to get involved, Ms. O'Regan said, because of the lengthy proceedings necessary in making a report. But anyone who has reasonable cause to suspect that a child is abused or maltreated can report this information anonymously, she said. The New York State number to call is 800-342-3720. In addition, under Section 413 of the state's Social Services Law, professionals and others who are in contact with children suspected of being abused are mandated reporters; that is, they are required by law to report situations of suspected child abuse or maltreatment. Mandated reporters include physicians, school officials, hospital personnel, nurses, day-care workers and mental-health professionals. A child is defined as abused if he or she is under 18, has suffered serious physical injury by other than accidental means, is at risk of such injury or has been the victim of a sex offense. A neglected or maltreated child is a child under 18 whose physical, mental or emotional condition has been impaired or is in danger of becoming impaired because of parents' failure to provide adequate food, clothing, shelter, medical care, education, supervision or guardianship, or a child who has been abandoned. In many cases of child abuse, Ms. Sculli said, the mandated reporters have not been trained adequately on reporting procedures or do not know how to recognize symptoms of child abuse. There is a tremendous need to train mandated reporters, she said, adding: ''We have many agencies available to provide the training, but no linkage between the providers of the training and the mandated reporters; like teachers, for instance.'' | Steinberg Case PromptsRise in Abuse Reports |
212250_1 | learning disability. Sarah, who placed 15th for 8-year-old girls, in the Grand Nationals, said her interest began a year and a half ago and stemmed from a purely feminine issue. ''I felt it wasn't fair that my brother, a boy, got to race and I couldn't,'' she said. 'Feels Kind of Neat' Bicycle motor-cross racing is on a dirt track with jumps. Besides Trumbull, there are tracks in Bethel, Bristol, Hartford and Meriden. David and Sarah compete in 32 races a year. They have competed in Denver; Pittsburgh; Akron, Ohio; Detroit, and Fort Wayne, Ind. ''It feels kind of neat because you're high in the air and you're going fast, about 40 miles an hour,'' David said. A danger, he added, is that the 15 jumps racers pass on a track can cause them to lose balance and fall. Another problem ''cutting each other off and hacking.'' Hacking is jabbing another racer with an elbow. ''You're supposed to do that,'' David said. ''The races are real competitive. The kids are real serious. They try to psych each other out by staring each other down at the starting line.'' Lowest Number of Points For Sarah, the competition has a different angle. ''The girls look to see who has the prettiest uniform,'' Mrs. Maguire said. Eight bicyclists compete at a time in most motor-cross racing. The object is to go around the track three times. The racer with the lowest points is the winner. One point is given out for each place the bicyclist is in. First place receives one point, eighth place eight. ''When parents get into the sport with kids, it takes them about six months to figure it out,'' Mrs. Maguire said. Custom Built and Lightweight Special lightweight bikes are needed. David's weighs 13 pounds and cost more than $1,500. The average bicycle weighs 35 pounds and costs $100 to $200. David's is made of titanium, the airplane metal. Each bike must be custom built for the weight and height of the child. Uniforms are also a must, the children said. David's blue garb has nylon pants with padded knees, a nylon shirt with padded elbows and a helmet with a tooth protector. Sarah's is similar, but it is pink. David said he basically learned the sport from watching other children race, and Sarah learned from watching her brother. ''You have to be in shape,'' David said. ''It's really | A Family Affair with Bikes |
218832_0 | LEAD: Government and private experts who analyzed close-up photographs of the earth sold by the Soviet Union have concluded they were taken by satellites placed in orbit for military spying rather than scientific research. Government and private experts who analyzed close-up photographs of the earth sold by the Soviet Union have concluded they were taken by satellites placed in orbit for military spying rather than scientific research. American experts said that sales of the photos came as a surprise because Soviet military space operations were normally kept secret. They said the sales showed that such aspects of the Soviet military were undergoing rapid change. ''This is really new thinking,'' said Dr. Peter D. Zimmerman, a physicist and senior analyst at the Carnegie Endowment for International Peace in Washington, who heads an effort to analyze the photos. ''I didn't think they'd make pictures available that had been used for military purposes.'' Indeed, an American company that markets the photos said recently that photographs from yet another satellite camera were being ''declassified'' and would be put up for sale. No Security Threat Seen Such developments have fueled debate over whether the American military should release some of its own secret reconnaissance photos. Experts said the Soviet photos were apparently not recent enough or detailed enough to give away important American military secrets. The best of the Soviet pictures revealed objects on the earth as small as five meters, about the length of a full-size car. In contrast, the world's next-best civil satellite, the French SPOT system, can show objects down to 10 meters, and the American LANDSAT satellite down to 30 meters. Sophisticated spy satellites are said to be able to see objects as small as a baseball. When the photos first appeared for sale in the West two years ago, it was clear that they were the sharpest pictures of the Earth commercially available from space. But their source remained a mystery. Origin Unstated The photos could have come from new space cameras lofted to generate commercial sales or as part of the Soviet Union's extensive series of scientific satellites used for crop forecasting, ice monitoring, mineral prospecting and mapmaking. Two Western satellites, SPOT and LANDSAT, primarily serve such functions. In 1987, the Soviet foreign trade organization marketing the photos, Soyuzkarta, began selling the West space photographs with varying powers of magnification, but it did not spell out their origin. A | Soviet Photos of U.S. Were for Spying |
213178_1 | Union's strategy for dealing with its often difficult Caribbean ally. With the Soviet Union spending $5 billion a year to keep the inefficient Cuban economy going when Mr. Gorbachev wants to channel more money into domestic development, the Soviets are clearly irritated by Mr. Castro's criticism and rejection. But for the moment they do not plan to cut back on aid or to insist that Mr. Castro drop his adherence to traditional Communist dogma and follow Mr. Gorbachev's lead in decentralizing and experimenting with capitalism. Force Called Inappropriate ''We don't think it is appropriate to force them to make changes,'' said the Russian, who indicated he was expressing the Soviet point of view but asked that he not be further identified. He added, however, that to continue receiving a steady flow of aid, Cuba would have to adapt its centralized system to deal directly with the Soviet Union's newly independent individual factories and agencies. In another significant development, the Russian said the Soviet Union believed that Cuba had reached its maximum capacity to provide sugar and nickel, which are bought at subsidized prices. To bolster Cuba's exports, he said, the Soviets are studying the development of factories that would produce shoes and clothing from precut Soviet materials. American business executives, with encouragement from Washington, have set up similar plants, using American materials, on many other Caribbean islands. Back to Fundamentals For Mr. Castro, a Jesuit-trained lawyer given to periodic crusades, the changes in the Soviet Union threaten the foundation of the Marxist faith that he has embraced much of his life. He has a ''sacred patriotic mission,'' a ''sacred international mission,'' he says, to defend Communism ''when it is having international difficulties.'' Thus he is committed to centralized planning and to strengthening rather than diminishing the authority of the Communist Party in Cuba. He ended a brief experiment with capitalism two years ago when he discovered some growers and truckers getting rich through sales at unregulated farmers' markets, raising the specter of class divisions. That was the beginning of a program of bolstering Marxist-Leninist fundamentals called Rectification of Errors that Mr. Castro embarked on as Mr. Gorbachev began introducing innovations in the Soviet Union. One of Mr. Castro's major themes has been the portrayal of work as a patriotic duty and the denigration of bonuses and other incentives. Mr. Castro is not without his own contradictions. For the last year | CASTRO SCORNING GORBACHEV MODEL |
213128_3 | accounting. The salaries for the jobs that consortium members have available range from $20,000 to close to $40,000 if all benefits are included. Mr. Johansson said these were some annual starting salaries: * Investment banking, $30,000 plus bonus. * Commercial banking, low $30,000. * Retailing, $20,000 to $23,000. * Consulting, low $30,000 plus bonus. * Paralegal, $25,000 plus overtime. * Marketing, high $20,000 to low $30,000. High Pay, Long Hours High salaries, however, command long hours. Benjamin Balkind, a senior at Connecticut College, was told by the recruiter for Kidder, Peabody that he would have to work 80 hours a week. But Mr. Balkind seemed to be able to find a bright side to that. ''I figure I need to earn money if I'm going to graduate school,'' he said. ''And if I work 80 hours a week, I can't spend money.'' Recruiters say about 200 students got jobs through the consortium in the last five years. The competition is obviously fierce. Manufacturers Hanover Trust received 20,000 unsolicited job applications last year, according to Paula Frits, assistant secretary. Of 110 students hired for its training programs last year, 60 percent were the result of campus recruiting or through the consortium or similar groups. This year's seniors, according to the career counselors in the consortium, showed less interest in financial services and greater interest in marketing and areas like advertising, the arts, teaching and public service. At Trinity 100 students submitted resumes for investment banking jobs last year. This year there were only 50. But of the 50, 46 were selected by the banks as worthy of being granted an interview, a much higher proportion than in the past. The counselors said that while this year's group included more Asian Americans than in past years, it continued to attract only small numbers of black and Hispanic students. Oddly, the primary employer at Middlebury over the last five years has been the Peace Corps. This does not mean that interest in the Peace Corps and interest in making money are mutually exclusive. James Forbes, who majors in economics at Connecticut College, had an interview with General Electric the other day. But he easily shifts from talking about the lures of a big corporation to saying that the Peace Corps could further his knowledge of agricultural economics. ''Not only does service in the Peace Corps expand your interpersonal skills, but it helps you | Blue-Chip Job Recruits With Short-Term Goals |
213298_3 | It sounds basic, but apparently basics are what the students want. Take resume writing. ''I thought you had to be really specific about your objectives on a resume, but they pointed out you could be broader,'' said Mr. Horsfall, a 22-year-old senior who hopes eventually to own his own manufacturing business. Yet Hillary S. DeNigro, a 21-year-old political science and economics major at Emory University, said, ''Only now do I realize that you have to demonstrate any career objective.'' Ms. DeNigro said she planned to attend law school in a few years. The day's events taught others a new way to look at themselves. ''I came here to learn how to keep from looking stupid in a job interview,'' said Janice Page, an 18-year-old senior at Springfield Gardens High School in Queens who hopes to take secretarial courses next year. ''But they talked about listing strengths as well as weaknesses. I wrote down my strengths and I now feel less self-doubt about my capabilities.'' Self-doubt seemed markedly absent in the room. Ethical arguments - of the type the participants' parents may remember from college days - cropped up sporadically. ''I couldn't stand doing work that wasn't useful to society,'' said one young woman who spent her entire $700 on social usefulness in the auction. ''It's a lot easier to help society if you have money,'' countered a young man who was an unsuccessful bidder for profit and gain. But these concerns were far outweighed by practical questions. Few participants were business students. Many feared this would hamper their chances for jobs, and were desperately seeking tips. ''You need anything that will give you a competitive edge, because the hardest thing for a liberal arts major is getting in the door,'' Mr. Horsfall. said. Ms. DeNigro agreed. ''Campus recruiters rarely step out of accounting,'' she said. That is not strictly true. A shortage of engineers has recruiters lining up at engineering schools, too. Samir A. Patel, a 20-year-old electrical engineering major at the New Jersey Institute of Technology, seemed particularly sanguine. He knows what he wants to do: design microchips for a computer company at first, and later become a freelance consultant. ''I've already written down my interests, and my strengths and weaknesses,'' he said. So, was the seminar useful? ''Absolutely,'' he said. ''It has given me a better understanding of the job market. And, it confirmed what I already knew.'' | No Headline |
218456_0 | LEAD: BOSTON, Jan. 24 - As a boy, Daniel Kim dreamed of becoming an actor but was afraid his Asian background would bar him from many of the parts to which he aspired. BOSTON, Jan. 24 - As a boy, Daniel Kim dreamed of becoming an actor but was afraid his Asian background would bar him from many of the parts to which he aspired. But he and other actors from minority groups in the Boston area have found acceptance at the Wheelock Family Theater, whose casts are as culturally diverse as its audiences. In the last three years, Mr. Kim has played the role of an Austrian, a New England Yankee and a Jew. Casting minorities in roles customarily played by whites is only one way the Wheelock theater distinguishes itself. It also seeks its audience from groups who have often felt excluded from theaters: the physically and mentally handicapped, the hearing-impaired, minorities, families and those with low incomes. The professional theater, which operates under agreement with Actors Equity, was founded in 1981 by Jane Staab, Susan Kosoff, Anthony Handcock and Andrea Genser. It is an independent nonprofit organization on the campus of Wheelock College. The college specializes in early childhood education, and Ms. Staab said she and her co-founders considered the theater one of the ways the school could improve the quality of life for children and their families. Ticket sales provide about 70 percent of the theater's budget. The rest comes from tuition for acting classes, corporate grants and an annual fund-raising campaign. 'Out of the Mainstream' ''The four people who founded Wheelock Family Theater sought to make their theater accessible to everyone, especially those who have traditionally been out of the mainstream, those who never see anyone who looked like them on stage,'' said Susan Werbe, the theater's director of development and promotion. Two performances of each production are interpreted in American sign language, the modern 650-seat theater is accessible to wheelchairs and tickets cost only $6. Ms. Kosoff said the theater also strove to be a family theater, performing plays to entertain people of all ages. ''Somebody once said we were a theater with a social agenda,'' said Ms. Kosoff, who is also a producer and director for Wheelock. ''Our overall goal is to give good theater, and part of the way we do that is to make it accessible. We really want to break | Recasting The Mold In Theater |
218473_4 | in a Bronx blaze started by a 4-year-old boy in 1985 that prompted Mr. McSwigin to start the program. 'Old-Fashioned Outreach' Shortly after the program was approved, staff psychologists at Bellevue Hospital Center pored over applications from more than 70 fire marshals. The 18 men selected work in shifts around the clock in the Bronx as well as in Queens, where an office was opened in October. ''In a weird sense, what they're doing is old-fashioned outreach,'' said Arnold Korotkin, who has worked closely with the program as Bronx coordinator for the New York City Department of Mental Health. ''A lot of these children are from single-parent families, and the marshals come in as father figures who get the parents and kids to bring out all sorts of problems and concerns.'' Some children set fires simply out of curiosity, while others use them to gain attention, experts said. Marshals in the New York program have found that the most abused and desparate children often set fires as a cry for help. Despite the program's success, it may be jeopardized if the Fire Department's budget is cut. Fiscal Problems Mr. McSwigin said he has been told by his superiors that the program, which costs about $600,000, will be on the chopping block in February when Mayor Edward I. Koch announces his proposed budget for New York City. But the Fire Commissioner, Joseph F. Bruno, said the entire program will not be discontinued even if there are severe cutbacks in the department's budget. ''We won't know what will ultimately happen to the program until the Mayor announces his budget,'' Mr. Bruno said. ''It all depends on how deep the budget cuts must be.'' During their visits with families in the program, one marshal interviews the parents while the other shows the child a series of photographs of a fire's consequences. The first pictures depict objects like a burning candle and are followed by more grim photographs of a scorched teddy bear and a charred 10-year-old boy. The marshals and the parents then discuss counseling for the child. The marshals' work usually ends once they leave the home. In Danny Callender's case, the two marshals recommended psychiatric therapy. Mr. Callender welcomed the suggestion. And as the marshals prepared to leave his trailer, he began to reflect on brighter prospects. ''I can always replace the house,'' he said. ''But I can never replace Daniel.'' | A Fire Unit Counsels Troubled Young Arsonists |
218416_8 | whoever they are!'' (Tennessee visibly blinked.) Regarding some undivulged news: ''If I don't want them to hear what I'm saying, I will not.'' And a personal favorite: one day he dashed into my office, lowered his voice conspiratorially, and murmered, ''Vairy, vairy important we think about . . .(long pause) . . . things.'' I still brood over that one. Above all, Nikos was a great teacher. Not just in his private classes or his courses at Circle in the Square, N.Y.U. or Yale (where his Drama 10 seminar was famous), but as a mentor in life. I know this; so do countless others. ''He pushed me in directions I was scared to go emotionally,'' says Blythe Danner. ''Without this, I would never have tried Masha in 'Three Sisters' or Blanche in 'Streetcar.' I'd tell him I couldn't. . . and he made me try. He had faith.'' ''He got me to take risks, to work without a net,'' remembers the actor Stephen Collins. ''I'd come in with everything conceived, and he'd yell: 'No! No! You have to be a mess!' Thanks to him, I dared to be bold. Williamstown was closer to my ideal of what rehearsing a play should be than anywhere else.'' Kate Burton, who came up through the ranks there from her student days, says: ''He loved big names, but he was really thrilled when young unknowns did well. People like myself, Laila Robins, Dylan Baker - he took us to a very special point in our lives. I was rehearsing the other day, and I kept thinking, 'What would Nikos say?' And then I heard the news.'' What did he leave behind - a philosophy? No, beyond an oft-expressed hope for ''good plays, well done.'' Some methodology? Hardly; he had no auteur or Actors Studio or deconstructivist ax to grind. Each summer Nikos would greet the company the first night with an old Greek proverb - invented, I suspect, by him. It ran: ''If the monastery is good, there'll be plenty of monks.'' That's true of his theater, of the careers he influenced, the many lives he touched. He had a life in art; what always mattered was the work. His motto might be Lord Byron from ''Camino Real,'' which he directed twice - ''Make voyages! Attempt them! There's nothing else!'' Williamstown's 35th anniversary season opens in June. That's the real legacy of Nikos Psacharopoulos. | The Legacy Of Nikos |
218508_0 | LEAD: In a church where bishops are considered the successors to the apostles of Christ, and where some members are still unreconciled to the 1976 decision to ordain women as priests, naming a woman as bishop was not done lightly. But last week, after months of debate that sometimes verged on schism, the Episcopal Church approved the consecration of the Rev. In a church where bishops are considered the successors to the apostles of Christ, and where some members are still unreconciled to the 1976 decision to ordain women as priests, naming a woman as bishop was not done lightly. But last week, after months of debate that sometimes verged on schism, the Episcopal Church approved the consecration of the Rev. Barbara C. Harris, 58 years old. Ms. Harris, whose critics have said that her positions on social issues were radical, said she would concentrate on pastoral duties and not be an ''Anglican gadfly.'' Presiding Bishop Edmond L. Brown said her consecration would be ''a time of great joy.'' But he added, ''Growth does not come without pain.'' HEADLINERS | Joy and Pain |
218658_3 | alter this impression. ''Call your surgeon on Monday; he's the expert,'' he said, sounding frustrated. ''I don't know any more than you do, just what's in today's paper.'' My fear that I would be trapped by the system intensified. Fortunately, this feeling passed, thanks to a half-dozen phone calls to friends of friends. One worked for the National Cancer Institute and sent me the report, or rather the full press release, that led to the article. At least I now had some statistics. Another put me in touch with a well-known oncologist who, like my surgeon, was on the faculty of a major teaching research hospital. Unlike my internist and the thousands of other local physicians who received frantic calls like mine that week, these two men had both the information access and insurance coverage (their hospitals paid their premiums) to make quick, informed decisions without fear of malpractice suits. Both had reservations about the research claims - too early to tell, they said - and recommended a hormonal therapy, hardly mentioned in the article even though two studies were based on its use. It improved percentages without the side effects of chemotherapy, not dramatic enough to emphasize, evidently. So I have relaxed again - although never with that same ''home free'' feeling. I worry more about cancer reoccurrence and about the political and legal pressures that shape the medical opinions. I also worry about the hot-off-the-press medical announcements that have become so popular in the press and on television. ''New research proves'' the headlines announce daily, ''that TPA reduces heart attacks . . . children should watch cholesterol . . . alcohol induces breast cancer. . . .'' Oops, no - that was last week's study; alcohol is now fine. But who are these researchers, what is their research design, how do colleagues assess their findings? Unless you read medical journals and have a well-connected doctor and some well-placed friends with statistics, it's hard to know. The public deserves better - particularly those of us who already feel vulnerable from a life-and-death illness. We need a balanced press coverage that gives details, seeks out independent opinions and resists the ''new, improved'' mentality of television commercials. Medical research should not be marketed like new soap or toothpaste formulas, always promising, always the last word. It's our lives we are buying, and the clock keeps ticking to decide. NEW JERSEY OPINION | Cancer: Trying to Get An Honest Answer |
216709_2 | to intermediate-term paper will not help matters,'' said Paul L. Kasriel, vice president and monetary economist at the Northern Trust Company. Effective Intervention Concerted action by the Federal Reserve and other central banks seemed, by the end of last week, to have stemmed the dollar's rise. But even if the dollar resumes its upward move the Federal Reserve is not likely to ease interest rates, analysts said. ''Foreign exchange market developments are not the Fed's top policy priority,'' economists at Salomon Brothers Inc. noted in the firm's weekly Comments on Credit. ''With monetary authorities in other Group of Seven countries concerned about inflation risks, dollar strength will not constrain monetary policy.'' Aside from the dollar, the market this week is likely to be most affected by developments on Capitol Hill and by an economic calendar that includes two important statistical reports. Hearings on Buyouts to Open On Thursday, Representative Edward J. Markey, Democrat of Massachusetts, is scheduled to open hearings on leveraged buyouts and how their use might be curbed. Participants in the market for high-yield ''junk bonds'' are particularly nervous about the upcoming hearings, as are the equity markets. If Congress should propose to limit the deductibility of interest payments on takeover-related debt, the reaction could be swift and intense. Response to the week's economic data is likely to be more restrained, but there is a chance the market could be jolted. Of particular interest are the release of fourth-quarter employment cost data, due Tuesday, and the Commerce Department's preliminary estimate of fourth-quarter economic growth, expected on Friday. Measure of Inflation The employment cost report, which includes information on wages and benefits, is becoming an increasingly important measure of inflation. And its stature is almost certain to increase. ''In the very near future the employment cost index will become a major economic indicator due to the discontinuation of the average hourly earnings index, which the Labor Department will discontinue beginning with employment statistics for January,'' said Marilyn Schaja, an economist at the Donaldson, Lufkin & Jenrette Securities Corporation, Ms. Schaja estimated that the index posted a 1.1 percent rise for the final three months of 1988, down slightly from a 1.3 percent increase in the third quarter. But that sort of number would not necessarily be good news. Recent Rise in Index Noted While the figure suggests that a deceleration in employment costs seems to have taken place, Ms. | Rates Expected to Remain Steady |
216787_1 | final half-minute of the game, his presence helped create the game-winning touchdown. Rice went in motion toward the left side of the San Francisco offense, then turned upfield to run his pass pattern to the left of John Taylor, another wide receiver. Ray Horton, the Cincinnati safety, was forced to hesitate for a decisive instant. Horton could follow Rice, to his right, or Taylor, to his left. He leaned toward Rice momentarily before moving quickly to his left in desperate, and unsuccessful, pursuit of Taylor. Horton dived, Taylor made the catch, the 49ers had all but secured their third championship in eight years, and Rice had made a most subtle contribution to San Francisco's celebration. Rice's earlier efforts had been as spectacular as the touchdown that stabilized the game after the 49ers had fallen behind on the 93-yard kickoff return of Stanford Jennings, or the leaping, one-handed catch late in the first quarter. Credits the Quarterback And yet as Rice stood upon the platform where he received the trophy as the most valuable player, he said he felt that Joe Montana, his quarterback, belonged there instead. ''I'm a modest guy,'' Rice said. ''I don't like to take credit.'' For one night, he had no choice but to accept it. His playoff experiences before this month had been as disappointing as his four-year career has been remarkable. Rice did not score a touchdown in his three playoff games prior to this season. He had caught a total of 10 passes for 121 yards, the longest a 24-yard gain. Rice had suffered the embarrassment of his unforced, ahead-of-the-field fumble early in the 1987 game against the Giants that became a 49-3 humiliation. And yet despite the pain of an ankle that has troubled Rice since he was injured Oct. 16, he caught 21 passes in the three playoff victories, for 409 yards and six touchdowns. Self-Confidence Pays Rice's abilities had been doubted before his first National Football League game, when he was drafted from dynamic but little-known Mississippi Valley State University. ''People can say what they want,'' Rice said. ''I know what I can do. I've got confidence in myself. I'm not out to prove anything to anybody. I'm out to prove something to Jerry Rice.'' His quiet opinions sounded more realistic than boastful. Rice said he had discovered, to his surprise, that his right ankle allowed him to make enough quick | Rice's Subtle Touch Shows |
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