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FBIS3-20055_0 | Language: German Article Type:BFN [Text] Bonn (DPA) -- FRG Interior Minister Manfred Kanther (Christian Democratic Union) assessed the peaceful demonstrations of several thousand Kurds in various German cities on Sunday [27 March] as an "outstanding achievement by the police and by society." He praised, above all, the security forces, who worked around the clock, but also the Kurdish families, who did not let themselves be instigated by agitators. However, one cannot give the all-clear regarding the terror of the Workers Party of Kurdistan (PKK), he said in Bonn. The challenge continues. The minister affirmed that all proceedings of criminal and aliens' law against PKK members who committed acts of violence are to be concluded as quickly as possible. A deportation agreement with Turkey, which guarantees that those deported will not receive a death sentence, is as necessary as the determined enforcement of the PKK ban in Germany. | Kanther Praises Peaceful Demonstrations |
FBIS3-20056_0 | Language: German Article Type:BFN [Text] Mannheim (DPA) -- Despite a ban on demonstrations, more than 10,000 Kurds came to Mannheim to hold rallies on Sunday [27 March]. The dispersal of many gatherings by the police was largely peaceful. In the evening, city and the police spokesmen told journalists that a total of 40 persons were arrested. Apart from two, whose arrests were not because of the demonstration, they have been released again. Kurds in Germany and abroad had called for a mourning march for two women who had burned themselves in Mannheim last Monday in protest at the oppression of their people in Turkey. In the evening, Mayor Gerhard Widder (Social Democratic Party of Germany) said that the city had banned the demonstrations because the safety of citizens and demonstrators had not been guaranteed. During strict checks, which the police had instituted along all major roads leading into Mannheim in the morning, arriving Kurds had been told so. According to the latest experiences, a high potential of violence and new self-immolations had to be expected. Baden-Wuerttemberg Interior Minister Frieder Birzele (Social Democratic Party of Germany) stressed that it was expected that up to 40,000 Kurds would answer the call. Therefore, it had been agreed with the other laender that checks would be held and Kurds recognized as participants in the banned demonstration would be prevented from continuing on their way. This led to far fewer persons coming than had been feared. The Federal Border Police (BGS) had stopped the entry of Kurds at the borders, such as at the three-country corner near Aachen. Police pointed out that, during the checks, more than 250 knives, machetes, cudgels, and blank-cartridge pistols were seized. This shows that acts of violence would have been possible. The tactic of dispersing gatherings for demonstrations, but countering escalations led to the fact that no one was injured and the only material damage caused was to two cars. The strong presence of the approximately 2,700 officials of the BGS and police from Baden-Wuerttemberg, Hesse, Rhineland-Palatinate, and Bavaria was also quite impressive. The police stated that, despite the strict checks and the many people turned back, as of noon, Kurds -- 10,000 in the end -- kept entering Mannheim. Slogans were repeatedly shouted against the Turkish Government, but also against the German Government. Some people in the crowd were arrested. Batons were not used. In the afternoon, the Kurds | `More Than 10,000' Kurds Demonstrate |
FBIS3-20057_0 | Language: German Article Type:BFN [Text] Cologne (DPA) -- FRG Justice Minister Sabine Leutheusser-Schnarrenberger (Free Democratic Party of Germany) has come out against the deportation of violent Kurds to Turkey if they are threatened with torture or the death penalty there. However, Kurds who commit acts of violence must be tried in Germany, the minister said on Deutschlandfunk radio on Monday morning [28 March]. Furthermore, she pointed out that Turkey has joined various international agreements, such as the anti-torture convention. This shows that Ankara has obligations in this respect. | Justice Minister Argues Against Deportation of Kurds |
FBIS3-20058_0 | Language: German Article Type:BFN [Text] Bremen (DPA) -- The series of arson attacks on Turkish facilities in Bremen has not stopped. As police announced on Monday [28 March], on Sunday morning one or more unknown persons tried to set fire to the premises of a Turkish friendship association in the Hanseatic city. The fire was extinguished in time. So far, there is no trace of the perpetrators. Last Wednesday and Friday, a Turkish restaurant and a textile shop owned by a Turk were set on fire by unknown persons. No one was injured. Police estimated the total damage at about 150,000 German marks. In both cases the shop windows had been broken and the furniture was set on fire. | Arsonists Attack Turkish Facilities in Bremen |
FBIS3-20066_0 | Language: German Article Type:BFN [Text] Bonn (DPA) -- According to information obtained by Alliance 90/Greens, the Turkish Army has bombed the Kurdish village of Bezuke near Cizre in southeastern Turkey. In the process, 14 people were killed, as Angelika Beer, a member of the party's Executive Committee, reported on Sunday [27 March] from Diyarbakir. A press release further says that the Turkish Government has done everything over the past few days to prevent foreign observers from watching the local elections in Kurdistan. The Greens called on the Federal Government to make it unambiguously clear to Ankara that any further cooperation is linked with observing human rights in Turkey. This, for its part, can currently mean only that all military and economic support must be ceased immediately. | Germans Charge Army Bombed Kurdish Village |
FBIS3-20067_0 | Language: German Article Type:BFN [Text] Mainz (DPA) -- On Sunday [27 March] the Turkish police lifted the blockade against the German election monitors in Turkey after more than 30 hours. DPA was told this by Bernd-Olaf Hagedorn, Greens spokesman in the Mainz Landtag, on Sunday. About 50 members of several human rights organizations had been detained in their hotel in the Kurdish town of Batman since Friday. The people in question are well; following an intervention by the German Embassy, they are also permitted to use the telephone again. However, they refuse to leave the hotel. A spokesman of the Bonn Foreign Ministry said: "We made very clear statements to the Foreign Ministry and to the Interior Ministry in Ankara." In addition, an embassy employee talked to the authorities in Batman. The spokesman said that the blockade was due to the nervousness of the authorities in connection with the elections. Security checks are so strict that it is hardly possible to move about freely. The human rights delegations have been in the Kurdish area since 19 March to observe the local elections on Sunday. On Monday they wanted to return to Germany. They are accompanied by six participants from Mainz and Wiesbaden, including Friedel Gruetzmacher, head of the Greens group in the Rhineland-Palatinate Landtag. | Police Lift `Blockade' on Election Monitors |
FBIS3-20080_0 | Language: German Article Type:BFN [Text] Mainz (DDP/ADN) -- According to the Association of Democratic Doctors (VDAA), Turkish authorities have probably taken 150 election monitors from Germany into custody in the Kurdish town of Batman. The VDAA stated today in Mainz that the representatives from political and medical, as well as human rights organizations are no longer able to move freely and contact their offices in Germany. The situation faced by election monitors in the towns of Van and Diyarbakir appears the same, they said. The detained Germans had traveled to Turkey to follow the local elections in the Kurdish area of the country. In view of the behavior of Turkish police, the VDAA fears for the physical and mental well-being of the election monitors and in particular the Turkish interpreters. Alliance 90/Greens MP Angelika Beer reported from Diyabakir today that groups of monitors had been detained and forced to return, after being threatened with weapons in some cases. For example, after they had been taken back from the town of Cizre to Diyabakir, the Turkish Air Force had bombarded a village near Cizre. In the process 14 people had been killed she said. | 150 German Election Monitors Detained in Turkey |
FBIS3-20083_0 | Language: German Article Type:BFN [Text] Bonn (DDP/ADN) -- Interior Minister Manfred Kanther has firmly warned the militant Kurds in Germany against taking part in nonapproved demonstrations. The minister's spokesman, Karl-Heinz Schneider, announced today in a DDP/ADN interview that steps would be taken against any people participating in such actions "with the full severity of the criminal and aliens' law." The government and states had closely cooperated to prepare measures aimed at preventing acts of violence. This included the provision of a large number of Federal Border Guard (BGS) officers. In view of the possibility of violent clashes involving Kurds in Cologne, Mannheim, and other cities, Kanther called upon the peaceful Kurdish population not to follow the calls of violent Kurds. Bus companies were on no account to provide transport for the banned PKK [Workers Party of Kurdistan]. Kanther expressed his expectation that Germany's neighbors would prevent Kurds clearly bent on violence from crossing the border into Germany. At the same time, the minister asked travelers to show understanding for any delays caused by police measures. At railway stations, BGS and traffic police officers were also being asked to pick up recognized violent Kurds and prevent them from traveling further. | Minister Warns of Clashes at Kurdish Rallies |
FBIS3-20084_0 | Language: German Article Type:BFN [Text] The Foreign Ministry has harshly criticized comments by Social Democratic Party of Germany [SPD] Chairman Scharping on the Kurdish issue. State Minister Schaefer stated in Bonn at noon today that Scharping has made a bad faux pas. The minister-president from Mainz has obviously overlooked the fact that the Workers Party of Kurdistan, PKK, has been responsible for terrorism in Turkey and abroad for years. In an interview with NORDWEST-ZEITUNG, which is published in Oldenburg, the SPD chairman had advocated the view that the European Union and NATO have watched the genocide of the Kurds, while doing practically nothing so far. The Federal Government must exert political pressure on the developments in Turkey and bring about a restriction of arms exports. At the same time, Scharping condemned the violent riots by Kurds in Germany. Heiner Geissler, deputy chairman of the Christian Democratic Union [CDU]/Christian Social Union [CSU] Bundestag group, has called on the European Union to negotiate with Turkey on an autonomy statute for the Kurds. Speaking to SUEDDEUTSCHE ZEITUNG, Geissler said that, since they are particularly affected, the Germans must seize a corresponding initiative in the European Union. At the same time, the CDU/CSU politician came out against deporting Kurds en masse to Turkey. In his view, this would not lead to a calming down of the domestic climate, but rather to further escalation. | Ministry Rejects Scharping Comments |
FBIS3-20085_2 | violent demonstrations, at the beginning of the week the FRG Interior Ministry, the FRG Justice Ministry, as well as the Foreign Ministry were ordered by the Cabinet to examine the existing legal situation; they are also supposed to examine whether new laws are necessary. The Federal Cabinet will discuss a draft on this matter at the end of April. The government spokesman said that, even though the principle of reasonableness is to be observed in decisions concerning deportations, it is primarily the government's task to ensure security and order. However, valid laws and practice obviously do not deter from committing acts of violence. With a view to human rights violations in Turkey, Vogel said that the Federal Government has repeatedly told the Turkish Government "tactfully but also very clearly" that it must adhere to the norms of the Council of Europe, which it has signed. However, no pressure should be exerted on Turkey. The "Workers Party of Kurdistan" (PKK) is a terrorist organization. Terrorism must be and may be fought also in this case. Referring to the situation reports by the Foreign Ministry, its spokesman said that the Federal Government is "concerned" about the observance of human rights in Turkey. Kinkel has repeatedly made this clear to his Turkish interlocutors. The government's commissioner for foreigners, Schmalz-Jacobsen (Free Democratic Party of Germany), said in a newspaper interview that one must not react with the slogan "All Kurds out!" to the demonstrations. The aliens' law regulates the conditions for deportation. "Wherever it is necessary and possible deportations must be carried out." It is not necessary to amend the laws. Social Democratic Party of Germany Deputy Bernrath also warned against amending the aliens' law. Greens European Deputy Roth said that her party supports "the peaceful demonstrations of Kurds in the FRG." As long as Turkey violates the principles of a rule-of-law state and of human rights, Kurds must not be deported from Germany. On the previous day, the Turkish ambassador to Bonn had called reports about reprisals against Kurdish separatists propaganda. In contrast, Seelig, a Berlin Party of Democratic Socialism deputy who is currently in Diyabakir, said that last week "eight villages were destroyed just in the area of Lice, many people were kidnapped, and at least two young men were killed." His group, which wants to examine the conditions in the region, has repeatedly been threatened and hindered by the Turkish military. | Deportation of Violent Kurds Viewed |
FBIS3-20087_0 | Language: German Article Type:BFN [Text] Bonn (DDP/ADN) -- Federal Interior Minister Manfred Kanther is still seeking a legally binding agreement with Turkey which would rule out the use of the death penalty against deported Kurds. Kanther stressed in Bonn today that a deportation agreement of this kind is still "necessary." At the same time, he announced that all criminal proceedings and proceedings relating to laws on foreigners against violent criminals of the banned Kurdistan Workers' Party (PKK) would be completed "as soon as possible." | Minister Seeks Deportation Agreement |
FBIS3-20088_0 | Language: German Article Type:BFN [Peter Scherer report: "Kanther: The PKK Will Not Be Left in Peace"] [Text] Wiesbaden -- Interior Minister Manfred Kanther (Christian Democratic Union) has emphatically warned the banned extremist Workers Party of Kurdistan [PKK] against the continuation of its violent actions on German soil. In the event of further obvious infringements of the law, the state will react "very clearly and in a tough manner because softness is apparently considered a weakness on our part," Kanther stated in an interview with DIE WELT. The appropriate instruments are the penal code, the aliens' law, the law relating to associations, and particularly "serious consideration of deportation." Since it is obvious that numerous PKK supporters do not primarily fear the German penal code but are more afraid of having to leave the country, deportation must be applied as far as possible, Kanther stressed, confirming the government's position. At the same time Kanther spoke in favor of examining all the Kurdish associations, some of which have recently been founded and which should be considered cover organizations for the PKK. Since the PKK continues its "conspiratorial activities" despite its ban in Germany, the minister demanded that the authorities should constantly examine PKK activities. The PKK should know that it "will never again be possible for the party to carry out their activities unimpeded" if it continues to resort to violence. "We will continue to disrupt them." However, this position toward militant Kurdish extremists does not rule out "establishing closer relations with the peaceful Kurdish and Turkish population," Kanther stressed. Not all Kurds are PKK supporters. Many of them are threatened by PKK criminals and are afraid. In this connection, Kanther appealed to the overwhelming majority of the law-abiding Kurdish population in Germany to "reject" the influence of violent PKK criminals. The minister regretted that so far they have not "distanced themselves sufficiently" from the PKK. According to Kanther, the burden for internal security resulting from extremism among foreigners and general crime among foreigners represents a major challenge for the state. Serious crimes are often committed by foreigners who stay only for a short period in Germany, including particularly asylum-seekers. Yet internal security continues to be threatened by German extremists, too. During the interview, the interior minister admitted publicly for the first time that the antiterrorism operation of Bad Kleinen has only brought "little progress concerning the knowledge about the terrorist Red Army | Kanther Views Kurd, RAF Threat |
FBIS3-20089_0 | Language: German Article Type:BFN [Peter Scherer report: "RAF Split?"] [Text] Frankfurt/Main -- "Currently profound developments are taking place" in German left-wing extremist terrorism. This is revealed by an analysis of the current situation by the Federal Office for the Protection of the Constitution [BfV], in which the authority points in particular to important changes in the situation within the terrorist Red Army Faction (RAF). The RAF is entangled so much in quarrels about its direction that there has even been a split of the militant extremist organization, the BfV report says. Its so-far stable structure -- a complex construct consisting of the so-called command echelon, the "prisoners' collective," and about 250 supporters, the "RAF scene" -- has "broken apart." Links between members of the RAF scene and the also left-wing extremist Workers Party of Kurdistan (PKK) are known. Thus, the authorities noted recently that an activist who belongs to the RAF scene participated in a "leading function" in a PKK-controlled Kurdish solidarity rally in Bonn. At a meeting of the Hanns-Seidel Foundation in Budapest, BfV Vice President Frisch discussed the "international ties" of the RAF scene. There he cited the "participation in demonstrations against the PKK ban and the trips of some members of the RAF scene to Turkey." However, Frisch did not talk about PKK support by the RAF command echelon or of a "massive, in particular logistical support," the BfV said, correcting corresponding media reports yesterday. The RAF has further expanded its contacts and its ties with other European terrorist groups. This also applies to its links with the banned Turkish extremist organization "Devrimci Sol" (Revolutionary Left [Dev Sol]). In the meantime, the "Dev Sol" has even been integrated in the "SpinnenNetz" [CobWeb] mailbox system, which was started in 1991 -- an information and leadership instrument of the inner RAF scene, which is camouflaged as an "information shop" of the "antifascist action." | RAF Reportedly Linked With PKK |
FBIS3-20110_0 | Language: Italian Article Type:BFN [Gianluca Luzi report: "Martinazzoli: `They Both Lost'"] [Text] Rome -- They fought tooth and nail for over an hour and a half, but it was not enough. Even at a distance, Forza Italia's leader and the PDS [Democratic Party of the Left] secretary are still exchanging very heavy blows, and between the two combatants the center is condemning them both and proclaiming itself the winner: "Occhetto and Berlusconi only know how to fight, and have nothing to say. We do not like either of them, and the voters will vote for us." "No, we cannot accept it: Berlusconi is turning the clocks back. He can only conceive of politics as `anti' something, not as a blueprint applicable to the whole of the national community." The duel is over, but Achille Occhetto has not changed his mind about his adversary, Silvio Berlusconi. Indeed, he is reaffirming and reinforcing it: "Berlusconi does not meet the need for the establishment in this country at last of a new Left and a new Right, both capable of aiming at government. He is unable to acknowledge that we have entered the new phase, of alternative programs." Occhetto absolutely cannot accept Berlusconi's observation that "if the Left wins there will be no return match." Occhetto pointed out that Berlusconi "has not withdrawn it, and this is the most disturbing aspect of this new Right that has rallied around Berlusconi." These were tough and uncompromising assessments. They are not surprising, however, inasmuch as the Forza Italia leader is the number one enemy of the progressive forces. But the comments from the center were no less fierce, though addressed to both rivals, and not just to Berlusconi. The main criticism was for the length of the debate, which lasted much longer than expected and which supposedly jeopardized the center by focusing attention only on the Right and the Left. Mario Segni, the Pact leader, wrote to media watchdog Giuseppe Santaniello to protest and to demand an opportunity to recover his disadvantage. "The `Trial of Strength' television program has always lasted 45 minutes," Segni pointed out. "On the occasion of the debate between Occhetto and Berlusconi, it lasted at least an hour and 40 minutes. Since this creates an objective disadvantage with respect to the time made available to the Pact for Italy, I request that appropriate measures be taken with the necessary promptness to | Centrist Leaders Assess Berlusconi-Occhetto Debate |
FBIS3-20116_0 | Language: English Article Type:BFN [Text] Palermo, Italy, March 26 (AFP) -- The trial of Mafia boss Toto Riina was suspended Saturday [26 March] after five jurors refused to serve, sparking an immediate inquiry, judicial officials said. A criminal court session in the Ucciardone prison in this Sicilian town was set to try Riina Saturday morning on charges of arranging the murder of Gerlando Alberti, a former member of the Mafia. Riina and other suspected Mafia leaders are accused of hiring five men who tried to poison Alberti while he was serving a sentence in Ucciardone. Alberti was able to alert prison guards in time to save his life. The prosecutor's office will question the jurors to determine the cause of their refusal. It is not unusual for jurors in Italy to refuse to serve in Mafia trials because of potential danger to themselves or their families. | Mafia Trial Suspended After Jurors Refuse To Serve |
FBIS3-20155_0 | Language: English Article Type:BFN [Text] Istanbul, Mar. 27 (A.A.) -- The separatist terrorist organization PKK [Workers Party of Kurdistan] on Sunday [27 March] claimed responsibility for the bombing of the historical Aya Sofya Museum (Hagia Sophia) earlier in the day in which three tourists were injured. An unidentified person called newspaper offices in Istanbul saying he is speaking on behalf of the "metropole revenge team" of the PKK's political wing of the PKK ERNK [National Liberation Front of Kurdistan] and claimed responsibility for the incident. | PKK Claims Responsibility for Museum Bombing |
FBIS3-20156_0 | Language: Turkish Article Type:BFN [Excerpt] Sixty-eight terrorists of the PKK [Workers Party of Kurdistan] terrorist organization were killed in security operations carried out in Bingol, Mus, Diyarbakir, Kahramanmaras, and Icel during the past 48 hours. Some of them are the murderers of the 33 soldiers martyred on the Bingol-Elazig Highway in May 1993. According to a statement issued by Interior Minister Nahit Mentese, numerous automatic weapons, rocket-launchers, hand grenades, and ammunition were seized during the operations. Operations are under way in the region. Fifty-one terrorists were killed in clashes that erupted between terrorists and the security forces during operations being carried out to ensure peaceful local elections on 27 March. The incidents occurred near Haskoy District in Mus, and near Adakli District in Bingol. A first lieutenant and a noncommissioned officer were martyred in Haskoy. Nine PKK members were caught in Siirt. [passage omitted] | Security Forces Kill 68 `Terrorists' |
FBIS3-20157_0 | Language: Turkish Article Type:BFN [Text] Ankara--Prime Minister Tansu Ciller's morale was strengthened from the other side of the ocean five days before the local elections. President Clinton reiterated his support for Ciller in a surprise message to her yesterday. He said he will support Turkey's effort to effect economic reform. Clinton's five-page message reached Ankara through diplomatic channels yesterday. It replied to the expectations and requests that Ciller conveyed to President Clinton during their telephone conversations and in recent messages they exchanged. Clinton reportedly replied to Ciller's request for U.S. support to the Turkish economy by saying that $5 billion of Eximbank credit has been released for Turkey's imports. The U.S. Eximbank credit can only be used for imports from that country. Clinton's message also expressed support for Turkey's request for World Bank credit. It said the United States would adopt a constructive approach toward concluding the negotiations on a World Bank credit package for Turkey of $2.7 billion. The Gulf Fund was another issue in which President Clinton promised to support Ciller. Her request regarding that fund was one of the most important appeals to the United States. The Gulf Fund, earmarked for the second phase of the F-16 project in Turkey, is being held in the United States. It was established with a contribution by the Gulf States for the production of 160 F-16 aircraft. Ciller has asked that the fund be placed under the Turkish Treasury Department's control. Although the United States has not opposed the transfer of the fund to Turkey, it has objected to the use of the fund for other purposes. But the message said Clinton has agreed to a formula that will enable Turkey to benefit from the interest on the fund. President Clinton's message failed to satisfy Ciller's expectation of an agreement to have the oil embargo on Iraq relaxed. On the possibility of the withdrawal of a limited amount of oil from the pipeline between Turkey and Iraq, the message is reported to have said that the talks should be maintained. That was a sign that the United States opposed that idea. President Clinton thanked Ciller for the support she has given to resuming the talks on Cyprus and informed her that he discussed the problem of the Workers Party of Kurdistan with President Hafiz al-Asad when he met him some time ago. | Ciller's Morale `Strengthened' by Clinton Message |
FBIS3-20175_1 | the Lower Chamber last Thursday [24 March], State Secretary of Justice Kosto stated that these "intake centers" will serve as "locks" for the actual reception centers for asylum-seekers. Kosto says that foreigners who, in the Justice Department's opinion, do not stand a fair chance of getting asylum in the Netherlands, will be rapidly "sorted out" from the remaining asylum-seekers in the intake centers. Unlike the remaining centers, which come under the Ministry of Welfare, Health and Cultural Affairs (WVC), both registration centers will be controlled by the Justice Department. The CDA [Christian Democratic Appeal] and VVD [People's Party for Freedom and Democracy] factions, which still hold a parliamentary majority, support the proposal. The plan will be materialized as soon as Parliament has passed both bills regarding the treatment of asylum-seekers from "safe countries." According to Lubbers, these bills are unlikely to be ratified before 1995. An asylum-seeker who is told in an intake center that he is not eligible for the procedure because he had to request asylum in Germany or Belgium, keeps the right to object to this decision with the Netherlands judge. This is in conformity with international obligations. Unlike now, however, the government will no longer see to his attendance. [passage omitted] "We are faced with the fact, that our reception capacity is scarce, while asylum-seekers are increasingly numerous." The state secretary hopes that faster summary proceedings will soon be possible in the neighbourhood of the registration centers. [passage omitted] During "the big asylum debate" yesterday, the government parties CDA and PvdA [Labor Party] were diametrically opposed to each other. All by himself, De Hoop Scheffer from CDA called for a restoration of border controls, in order to immediately stop foreigners who are not entitled to asylum. Border controls were lifted one year ago, within the framework of the much-praised free movement of persons between the "Schengen countries." This situation cannot be reverted unilaterally by the Netherlands, State Secretary of European Affairs Dankert argued. "In addition, it would raise a huge political problem." [passage omitted] Parliament was very critical of the asylum policy's implementation. As the coordinating cabinet member, Prime Minister Lubbers admitted that, to his own annoyance, discussions between the relevant departments caused very serious delays. "It has to do with carefulness. But there is a time when the prime minister says: `That's enough.' Things must be smoothed out. The situation has gotten out of hand." | Border Registration Centers for Asylum-Seekers |
FBIS3-20176_0 | Language: Dutch Article Type:BFN [Unattributed article: "Pronk's Criticisms of Policies on Asylum-Seekers Irritate Coalition"] [Excerpts] The Hague -- Development Cooperation Minister Pronk earned himself the irritation of the CDA [Christian Democratic Appeal] and VVD [People's Party For Freedom and Democracy] yesterday by criticizing the cabinet's policies on asylum-seekers. He said the deployment of some 1,000 extra officers in the military police and police to monitor foreigners was "too ambitious." "By putting in more than 1,000 extra people, the impression of panic is created," the minister said. He said the package of measures announced last week by State Secretary for Justice Kosto on the Evangelical Broadcasting Corporation's "Time Signal" news show was "unacceptable." [passage omitted] According to Pronk, the current flow of asylum-seekers was a direct consequence of the Netherlands's decision to sign the Schengen Treaty. "We decided fat too lightly to bring down the internal borders," he said. "We did that to strengthen the economy, but it also had consequences for mobility. We put up with that because the economic gains were bigger. So it is a bit hypocritical to say that the borders have to be closed again now," Pronk said. He also warned that the "mood" for good policies on asylum-seekers was in the process of becoming harder. "Step by step the mood is becoming egocentric," he said. | Development Minister Criticizes Policies |
FBIS3-20182_2 | the European institutions, the relationship between deepening and enlargement. "Germany and France must maintain their role as a hinge in an EU that is continuing to grow. This is our joint future task." From 1 July onward, Germany and then France will chair the EU. For these 12 months, the German foreign minister sees a German-French "presidential program" with four focal points: 1. The implementation of the EU treaty, starting from Economic and Monetary Union [EMU]. "Our joint objective is the convergence of our economies." Not all member states can make the step to the third stage of EMU at the same time. "Germany and France have to defend the logic of the EU treaty against all attempts at undermining it," Kinkel demanded. 2. An independent European security and defense policy as an answer to the security policy challenges in Europe. Here the future Europe also needs the security partnership with the United States. "Franco-German cooperation is strengthening the pillar of the bridge across the Atlantic." Kinkel paid tribute to the French efforts for NATO's decision on Sarajevo. "I see with satisfaction that the EU peace plan, which is based on a Franco-German initiative, is now developing into an international peace agreement, which, as I hope, will be solid on a long-term basis. It is an example of the power of the Franco-German agreement." Kinkel and French Foreign Minister Juppe agree on the wish to commit the CSCE member states to "joint action against those who disturb the peace." "The old thinking in terms of zones of interest is no longer acceptable. In the new Europe there can no longer be any room for so-called vital spheres of interest and for the concept of `close foreign countries.'" 3. The EU also has to strive for a more active Mediterranean policy. The German and the French foreign ministers want to "explore" the opportunities for joint initiatives. 4. With a joint EU policy toward the East, the reform states in Central and East Europe are to be taken closer "step by step to our community of stability." Since 1990, France and Germany have been striving for a joint policy toward the East. Kinkel mentioned the contacts with Poland as a positive example. Kinkel proposes a "European development corps" for the Central European reform states. The German foreign minister was more reserved regarding Russia's wishes for help: "Russia's integration within the world economy | Kinkel Wants Franco-German Program for Europe |
FBIS3-20188_0 | Language: German Article Type:BFN [Statement by Kani Yilmaz, PKK representative for Europe and spokesman of PKK Secretary General 'Abdullah Ocalan, "over the weekend"; place not given -- recorded; Yilmaz statements in unidentified language with superimposed German translation] [Text] On behalf of the Workers Party of Kurdistan [PKK], I want to tell the German public and the German people the following: We are not at all interested in creating problems in Germany, that is, to disturb the Germans, establish street barricades, or create unrest. I think that there would have been no riots if the police had not provoked the masses. Let me now come to the question of whether the PKK organized these actions. The PKK did not plan these actions, but the PKK supports the people's actions, which were right. I want to say the following about our relations with Germany. We also have a relevant message, that is, an instruction from our Secretary General 'Abdullah Ocalan. To eliminate all existing problems and prevent negative consequences, we are prepared to discuss the problems with the FRG Government. In concrete terms, we do not have any prejudice against the FRG Government. This is the first thing. Second, if the democratic rights that are due to the Kurdish people, for example, the right to demonstrate, the organization of cultural events, and the right of assembly, are not restricted in any way, we are in exchange prepared to eliminate existing problems, that is, actions regarded as disturbing here in Germany, in a joint action through consultations with the FRG Government. Finally, I want to say that the PKK has absolute authority over the Kurdish people and, also that the people are backing its leadership. | PKK Representative Ready for Talks With Bonn |
FBIS3-20189_0 | Language: German Article Type:BFN [Text] Berlin (DDP/ADN) -- In the view of German Foreign Minister Klaus Kinkel, Kurdish extremists who "abuse the right to hospitality and commit serious crimes" on German soil can de deported to Turkey without a bad conscience. He assumes that the deported criminals would not be tortured or killed in their homeland, Kinkel said after an FDP [Free Democratic Party] Presidium session in Berlin today. In Germany consideration is currently being given to an agreement with Turkey on the deportation of Kurdish extremists. No decision has however yet been made. The Turkish Government has already given an assurance that German weapons would not be used in internal disputes with the Kurds and its party, the PKK. Since he became foreign minister there has only been "five or six cases" where the German Government has had doubts about the implementation of that agreement, Kinkel said. | Kinkel Discusses Deportation |
FBIS3-20190_0 | Language: German Article Type:BFN [Dirk Hoeren and Alexandra von Unger report: "It's the Kurds Once Again!"] [Excerpts] The Kurds are staging a revolt. There is no end in sight to the wave of demonstrations and conflicts. The situation remains highly explosive. [passage omitted] What do our politicians have to say? SPD [Social Democratic Party of Germany] leader Rudolf Scharping told BILD: "The law must be rigorously applied against people who commit acts of violence and go on the rampage in our country." Speaking to BILD, Baden-Wuerttemberg Minister-President Erwin Teufel called for more police to be deployed against terror in the streets: "People who are eligible for military service should be able to serve in the police force as volunteers for a period of 10 years instead of joining fire brigades or disaster relief organizations." They should help the police in the case of demonstrations, large-scale operations, or assist with office work. Teufel also does not exclude the possibility of deploying the Bundeswehr within Germany. "Before I would let the state go to the dogs, I would support using the Bundeswehr as a kind of National Guard within the country, but only with the approval of majority that can alter the constitution." | Politicians View Disturbances |
FBIS3-20191_0 | Language: German Article Type:BFN [Kurt Stenger commentary: "Hypocritical"] [Text] The hysteria in Bonn because of the "abuse of hospitality" by Kurds, who blocked the highways, is hypocritical. Has anyone ever been that angry about the war of the Turkish Army -- and here one must really speak of a war -- against the Kurdish people, which also affects relatives of our "guests"? Of course not, because today Bonn is the most important ally of Ankara, where one likes to speak of the (not only) historic "German-Turkish comradeship-in-arms." Without the gifts of weapons from the West, the war would long have become too expensive for Turkey. Even more important is the political support, which Bonn gives the NATO state. The banning of Kurdish associations in 1993 was seen in Ankara as the "go-ahead" for a new military offensive. And not only that: Democratic rules are not even observed for the sake of appearances anymore. Bothersome newspapers are banned, elected deputies of the "Democracy party" -- the only force that could mediate between Ankara and the Kurds -- are arrested straight out of parliament. Turkey is a military dictatorship, which keeps a civilian government for representation toward the outside world. The human rights violations -- 900 devastated villages, hundreds of thousands of refugees, murders by death squadrons -- are documented. Even though Bonn broaches the subjects during official visits to keep the public in Germany quiet, that is all. However, only pressure from abroad could bring about a political solution to the conflict. In particular, Germany, with its considerable possibilities for exerting influence on the government in Ankara, would be predestined for that. However, Kohl, Kanther, and Kinkel are obviously not even remotely thinking of that. They continue to rely on confrontation with the Kurds in Germany. | Reaction Called `Hypocritical' |
FBIS3-20203_0 | Language: Turkish Article Type:BFN ["Commentary" column by Sami Kohen: "How Does the United States View Turkey? (1) -- A New Snag in Relations"] [Text] Washington -- Turkish-U.S. relations are entering a difficult period. Many people in Turkey are not aware of this, but one must not be surprised if a crisis erupts in the near future. The reason for this trend -- the signs of which can be seen much more clearly here -- is simply the Kurdish problem. Until now, only Europe raised its voice with regard to this issue. Reactions, recommendations, and criticism concerning this matter also emanated from Europe. The United States did not display much interest or sensitivity. For some time now, the situation in the southeast, its terrorism and other aspects, have been creeping onto the U.S. agenda as well. Especially since the recent incident involving DEP [Democracy Party] deputies, this issue has begun attracting attention here in Washington. This subject is debated in the U.S. Congress; it is discussed at various think tanks as well as academic institutions; and it is appraised by the press. Naturally, all the Clinton administration services concerning the region are following the developments very closely. Officials from the State and Defense Departments are openly voicing their displeasure and concern. In the past, there were a few issues that cast a shadow over Turkish-U.S. relations, such as the Cyprus and Armenian issues. These are now in the past. One can now observe an increasing awareness of the Kurdish problem. There are two reasons for this. First, the issue has assumed serious proportions in Turkey. Second, a team that is sensitive to human rights issues is currently in power in Washington. These two factors complement one another. If the Democrats were not in power, the course of events would still have triggered reaction in Washington. The subject would still have been discussed in the Congress, at think tanks, and by the press. In this case, however, the administration does not hesitate to react. Not because it does not attach importance to Turkey; and certainly not because it wishes to destabilize or weaken Turkey. It is necessary to diagnose the U.S. stand without blindly creating anti-American feelings and to reach the appropriate conclusions. Let us realize that this topic will be discussed more and more extensively in the United States in the coming weeks and months. Let us also be prepared for | Columnist Views `New Snag' With U.S. Relations |
FBIS3-20203_2 | and months. Let us also be prepared for developments that may not please us so much. The issue will be the subject of criticism and even threats during the debate in Congress on the aid package for Turkey. Various activist groups will embrace the subject. Mrs. Danielle Mitterrand will soon arrive in the United States to engage in lobbying activities. Influential U.S. newspapers will follow the developments more closely. A debate conducted in Congress a few days ago was an indication of the new winds that have begun to blow in Washington. Lee Hamilton, chairman of the House of Representatives Foreign Affairs Subcommittee, expressed his displeasure over the events in Turkey in reference to the DEP issue and asked for explanations from Stephan Oxman, U.S. undersecretary of state who had just returned from contacts in Ankara. Some of Oxman's remarks clarified the administration's new stand and views. Let met cite a few examples of Oxman's responses to Hamilton's questions: "We support Turkey against the PKK [Workers Party of Kurdistan], but at every opportunity we advocated a nonmilitary solution... There are many more things Turkey should do (toward a political solution)... We value Turkey as an ally, but we also say that this problem cannot be resolved only through military methods... Unfortunately, DEP members were punished for expressing their views. This is a very disturbing development... This gives the people the message that there is no alternative other than to join the PKK." During the same session, Hamilton also directed questions at D. Johnson of the Defense Department: Is Turkey using the equipment sent to Turkey within the framework of the supplementary U.S. military aid? Response: " It is using the Cobra". What is the total amount of this aid? "$121.6 million". Pointing out that he is not satisfied with these answers, Hamilton asked to be supplied with all the details. Maybe he will want to introduce the condition that this aid not be used in the southeast in the future. Yes, it is possible that the Clinton administration will attach certain conditions and restrictions to the $453 million military aid (in the form of loans) and $100 million economic aid (in the form of a grant) as well as to the supplementary weapons and equipment program envisaged for the coming fiscal year. In other words, at this rate, Washington could warn Turkey not to use this equipment in the southeast. | Columnist Views `New Snag' With U.S. Relations |
FBIS3-20210_3 | power of the state. Those who criticize this decision are not aware of the realities of this place. (Opposition Motherland Party leader) Mesut Yilmaz has been less active than Ciller on this issue." Somebody asks, "Can the amendments required be made in the Anti-Terror Law?" A curious reply comes: "Don't worry, they (the proposed amendments) will be passed." The Hot Summer Morale is indeed high. They say that heavy punishment has been inflicted on the PKK, especially in the past 12 months. "We do not provide too many photos and films of terrorists killed because the international community does not react favorably to such things," they add. The result of this punishment can be summed up as follows: "Fewer recruits to the organization, more information about the organization, a sharp decline in the logistic support for the organization, greater demand to become village guards." There will be formidable pressure on the PKK with the onset of spring. "Things have slowed down a bit because of the elections. You will see after April." They say this will be a "hot" summer, with the rural and mountain cadres, especially, being wiped out. The numbers of special operations teams are being rapidly increased, and these teams operate very effectively, they note. Officials keep stressing that the inhabitants of the region support the state and definitely do not desire separation. "Otherwise, you would not be able to achieve anything even if you set up 37 armies!" they say. Terror First The Show TV news bulletin featured an interview with Kemal Burkay! [Secretary General of Kurdistan Socialist Party, PSK] This drew comments such as, "Look at what Show TV is doing. They are launching Burkay. What is the need for that?" Expressing their displeasure, officials say, "Nothing can be done (on such issues) as long as the fight against the terrorist organization continues. First you must make that organization collapse. Then you can think of other things. If you tried to do that at this stage, there would be no end. Things would go on, as a chain. First the fight against terrorism." In the region "pro-state" and "anti-state" forces. Interesting analyses. One person says, "I felt that he was a Turk. I told him, Your eyes do not speak of treason'." It is said that certain complaints were voiced at the National Security Council meetings, to the effect that the judicial process in the | Officials on Progress in Fight Against PKK |
FBIS3-20211_1 | Minister Hikmet Cetin recently told a Western journalist, "There is no Kurdish problem. There is only a terrorism problem in Turkey." When the situation is such, even in the words of a "social-democrat" member of the coalition, how can anyone expect Turkey to seek any "political" or "democratic" outlet to the "non-existing" Kurdish problem. The full text of Cemal's observations are published today on Page B2 of the special section of the TURKISH DAILY NEWS. The highlight remarks, however, deserve to be debated extensively for they represent not only the dominant view among "commanders" in the region but also reflect what is being "reported" to Ankara. It is not clear which general made the remark, "I understood he was a Turk... I told myself I could not read treason in his eyes," but the implication is clear. If the mentality behind Turkey's imminent crack down on terrorism is to "differentiate between the innocent and the criminal" by looking into people's eyes, and only "Turks" are not suspected of treason, much can be guessed about the real "targets" of the operations... Cemal reports that the most widely heard evaluation among the security emperors of the region is that "the organization has been put into a situation where it can no longer organize mass incidents." This is what President Suleyman Demirel and Prime Minister Tansu Ciller are being informed. A view which has been strengthened by the fact that instead of appearing in the streets in their thousands and rioting with Kurdish flags, the people of the Southeast remained at home during the March 21 Kurdish new year of Newroz. Somehow, the officials appear to have missed the hitch: the Turkish service of the British Broadcasting Corporation (BBC) carried an exclusive interview with outlawed Kurdistan Workers' Party (PKK) leader Abdullah Ocalan two days before in which he called on the people to stay at home. Ocalan warned the people that Turkey was preparing for a "massacre" and, in order to avoid this, they stayed at home. Indeed, although Erkan explained to us that everything was "peaceful and quiet," and that even the people--"the true people"-- in the PKK stronghold of Cizre were on the street celebrating Newroz along with the security forces, the actual truth was quite different. First of all, he has failed to mention that thousands of people from Cizre had been displaced over the past two months and that | Army Ready `To Crush' Kurdish Rebellion |
FBIS3-20226_0 | Language: Greek Article Type:BFN [Commentary by Panos Loukakos: "Greek Blue-Helmets Too"] [Excerpts] The Balkans entered an era of radical change that will perhaps soon lead to new arrangements. U.S. President Bill Clinton's letters to Athens and Ankara make it clear that pressure will increase for an overall solution to the uncertainties in the area, according to the interests of Washington. Corresponding pressure is also unfolding from large European countries that are strongly interested in developments in the Balkans. In this climate, Turkey returns to the Balkans with its military as a regulating factor, 80 years after the Balkan wars of 1912-13, which resulted in Turkey's expulsion from European territory. Within the above climate, Athens appears to insist against Greek military intervention in the crisis of the former Yugoslavia. That decision was correct when it was first made by the entire political leadership, because it declared that all Balkan countries should stay away from a military engagement. As a result, that decision limited the Balkan countries to diplomatic efforts, in which Athens maintains a significant advantage over Turkey and the other neighboring countries. However, there is already a huge change in the facts: Ankara secured the dispatch of Turkish peacekeepers to the crisis point. Therefore, Turkey has reinforced its greater political role in the region. The change of developments since the initial decision against Greece's engagement in the crisis should lead to the reexamination of the whole problem. That is because Turkey is now present in the crisis. Following this, do we still believe that Greece should be absent? [passage omitted] These facts lead to the conclusion that, despite the popularity of the decision for no military engagement and despite the unpopularity of a decision to send Greek peacekeepers, the whole problem should be reexamined from the beginning in light of new developments. [passage omitted] That is because things have now reached a critical point: The role that Greece will play in the greater area in the coming years is now at stake. What is at stake is the position Greece will take as new arrangements in the Balkans are decided and imposed. What is at stake is the special weight that Greece will have in the area in relation to Turkey and also in relation to the other countries of the region. From an initial examination, for Greece to stay in the proceedings and not on the sidelines, it should | Reexamination of Greek Policy in Bosnia Advocated |
FBIS3-20256_2 | the decisions will be transferred from Sweden to the EU, as Jacques Delors put it several years ago, and we will be 100-percent bound by the EU's decisions. Superficial and Simplistic The EU is no threat to welfare, said the commission on welfare and equality, which was headed by Agneta Dreber, head of the Public Health Institute. In an article published in SVENSKA DAGBLADET, one of the commission members says it is true that we will have to pay an annual fee of about 20 billion kronor to the EU, but we will get it back in taxes thanks to increased investment in Sweden. It is true that from 20 billion to 30 billion kronor in state revenues will disappear because of a harmonized value-added tax, but we can get that back through higher property taxes. That is just amazing. The commission is basing its support for EU membership on pious hopes of faster growth and dynamic effects. It consistently overestimates the revenues arising from membership, when in fact we do not know whether there will be any, and underestimates the costs and declines in revenue, when in fact we know that the total will amount to at least 50 billion kronor per year. Where are we going to get that money? We already have a deficit of about 200 billion kronor. The question we should be asking is: Can we afford the EU? And the commission has been subjected to strong criticism. Two Social Democratic members -- Lena Gonas and Margareta Persson -- expressed reservations regarding the commission's conclusions. This is how they explain their reservations: "The lack of analysis between program and reality, the minimizing of the costs and consequences of membership, and the unwillingness to discuss the risks that such minimizing involves from the standpoint of welfare and equality are remarkable." Forgetting the Flip Side The commission on municipalities and the EU also comes up with a yes answer and talks about increased benefits from changes in purchasing rules that will improve the municipalities' opportunities for competing in Europe. Here again, the flip side is being forgotten: the fact that foreign firms will be able to drive Swedish subcontractors who have been cooperating with the municipalities and county councils for years out of business. The outcome may be that the gains and losses will cancel each other out. But if there are any gains, they will not | No to EU Criticizes Pro-EU Studies |
FBIS3-20261_0 | Language: Turkish Article Type:BFN [Text] The Greek Cypriots embarked on provocative activities together with several Kurdish militants close to the Greek Cypriot barricade near the Ledra Palace Hotel yesterday. It has become a tradition for the Greek Cypriots to engage in provocative activities on the TRNC [Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus] border at every opportunity. Using the murder of Theofilos Yeoryiadhis as a pretext, a number of Greek Cypriot organizations rallied their supporters in Elevtheria Square and then marched to the barricade near the Ledra Palace Hotel. Some 150 members of the youth organizations of EDEK [United Democratic Union of Cyprus], DISI [Democratic Rally], AKEL [Restorative Party of the Working People], and DIKO [Democratic Party] marched to the barricade together with a group of Kurdish militants, chanting Kurdish slogans and singing Kurdish songs as they did so. They staged a sit-down demonstration at the barricade. The Greek Cypriot and Kurdish militants continued to chant slogans and sing songs while they obstructed the traffic through the barricade. That the demonstrators carried only Kurdish and Greek flags and not the flag of the so-called Cyprus Republic drew attention. | `Provocative' Greek Cypriot, Kurdish Acts Reported |
FBIS3-20280_6 | maintaining the transatlantic link is withering away as the U.S. encourages Europe's autonomy within the Western European Union [WEU] and France begins to shed its staunchly independent view of defence. Developing a true European pole within Nato, but one also capable of acting outside it under the WEU, is now realistic and should be encouraged. The European Union should also gradually lift its remaining barriers to trade from the East, while urging East Europe to adopt competition and other market rules similar to its own. Yesterday those countries needed aid and advice on how to build a market economy; today they also need investment and the infrastructure and economic stability to attract it as painful reforms take root. The West's role must also be made more visible, to help prevent people turning their back on those reforms. Ultimately it is economic prosperity that will weld the continent together, leading to a joint political future in one Union, each country in its own time. Prosperity is also the most effective agent of integration in West Europe -- a lesson apparent from the lack of support for European integration as the recession and unemployment bite. The Union will sink or swim on its ability to restore the competitiveness of its economy. Through its role as "steward" of Europe, the Union must establish order among a series of often competing priorities -- for example, the protection of Europe's rural communities while encouraging agriculture to compete without excessive subsidies; or the creation of a social safety net which does not stifle industry; or the need to close the wealth gap by bringing poor countries up to richer ones, and not vice versa. Any attempt to muddle through -- merely to "manage" these issues rather than to introduce real reform where necessary will not work. The reason is that one priority thwarts all others: the need to compete on world markets. Only a detailed and dispassionate analysis of Europe's economic woes can find a common cure. This process has begun with the Commission's white paper on Growth, Competitiveness and Employment. It is clear the Union must pursue existing policies with renewed vigour, for example by completing the single market; loosening the grip that monopolies still hold over Europe's transport, energy and communications networks, while channelling private capital more smoothly into those networks; and ensuring that we and our competitors abide by the stringent new trade | UK's Brittan on Rebuilding EU Confidence |
FBIS3-20295_0 | Language: German Article Type:BFN [Text] Berlin (DPA) -- Udo Steinbach, head of the German Orient Institute in Hamburg, has warned that further acts of violence may committed by Kurds in Germany. In an interview with the Berlin daily B.Z. [BERLINER ZEITUNG] (Tuesday edition), the expert on Turkey said: "I would not rule out that, if the overall situation escalates, we will also have to fear an escalation of terrorism in our country, even up to hostage-taking." To the extent to which the military situation in southeastern Turkey becomes more dramatic and the Germans continue to supply weapons, one is increasingly facing the Kurds' dissatisfaction, the scientist said. This is expressed more and more in militant actions. "Therefore, we must also expect retaliatory attacks against German institutions," Steinbach said. Actually, highway blockades are already a step toward this end. | Expert Fears Escalation of Kurdish Terrorism |
FBIS3-20317_0 | Language: German Article Type:BFN [Text] Batman/Diyarbakir (DPA) -- Various German groups that are in Turkey to observe the Nevruz (spring) feast and the local elections, have made serious accusations against the Turkish security forces and the German Federal Government. From Batman, five groups of the Humanistic Union reported that they had been detained in a hotel since Friday [25 March]; until Sunday they were not permitted to use the telephone. "In Batman, we were followed by special police units at every step. They wanted to prevent any contact with the population. Those who had contact with us (even bus and taxi drivers) were threatened with arrest, torture, and death." The groups reported that, over the past year, more than 200 persons were "killed by so-called unknown perpetrators (death squads controlled by the state)" in Batman. From Diyarbakir, a group of unofficial observers, including Angelika Beer of the Federal Executive Committee of Alliance 90/Greens, faxed a message saying that they noticed "that in southeastern Turkey/northern Kurdistan those who advocate democratic rights and rights of self-determination for the Kurdish population are threatened with mass arrest, torture, and even death." Therefore, the signatories called on the Federal Government to "immediately stop any kind of deportation and expulsion of Turkish Kurds." Like the Humanistic Union, the Society for Endangered Peoples (GfvB) also accused the Federal Government of supporting the war against the Kurds by means of arms deliveries. From 1985-91 alone, Bonn delivered armament goods worth 3.6 billion German marks to Turkey, GfbV Chairman Tilmann Zuelch said in Bonn on Monday. "Unfortunately, the relentless civil war is also a consequence of German policy." | German Election Monitors Criticize Ankara, Bonn |
FBIS3-20319_0 | Language: French Article Type:BFN [Article signed ALB/RHR: "Belgian Foreign Minister Willy Claes: `No Ban on Kurdish Organizations in Belgium'"; as released by Brussels BELGA Database] [Text] Ankara, 28 Mar (BELGA) -- Belgian Foreign Minister Willy Claes dismissed the idea of banning organizations such as the Workers Party of Kurdistan (PKK) in Belgium, as Turkey is implicitly demanding. Mr. Claes, after meeting with Turkish President Suleyman Demirel, stated: "As long as the Kurdish organizations respect the rules of democracy in Belgium, we will not ban them." Turkish Foreign Minister Hikmet Cetin had implicitly criticized Belgium for allowing groups close to the PKK to operate on its territory while they are banned in France and Germany. Mr. Claes further explained: "We doubt considerably the effectiveness of a ban insofar as when you ban one organization this immediately leads to the creation of another sister organization going under a different name or even drives the organization underground." [passage omitted] | Belgium's Claes Opposes PKK Ban in Belgium |
FBIS3-20322_0 | Language: German Article Type:BFN ["deu" report: "Put Kurds on Trial Here"] [Text] Bonn -- A controversy over the treatment of the Kurds who committed crimes during demonstrations last week is emerging in the Federal Government. In contrast to Interior Minister Manfred Kanther (Christian Democratic Union), Justice Minister Sabine Leutheusser-Schnarrenberger (Free Democratic Party of Germany) rejects a speedy deportation of the people concerned to Turkey. The minister also expressed doubts about the sense of a German-Turkish agreement, which Kanther demands. By this agreement Ankara is supposed to commit itself once again to not torturing deported Kurdish criminals or sentencing them to death. Leutheusser-Schnarrenberger said on Monday [28 March] that Turkey has long joined several agreements "that say torture is not permitted. This shows that Turkey has obligations arising from these agreements." Therefore, a Justice Ministry spokesman expressed skepticism about a talk, which is to be held by the Justice Ministry, the Interior Ministry, as well as the Foreign Ministry on the agreement today, Tuesday. In an interview, the justice minister called for putting Kurdish criminals on trial in Germany. No one must be deported to a country where he is "really threatened" with torture and the death penalty. The Justice Ministry spokesman explained that this is "the ultimate limit" for Leutheusser-Schnarrenberger. Hans Gottfried Bernrath, Social Democratic Party of Germany [SPD], chairman of the Bundestag Internal Affairs Committee, also called for trying the Kurdish criminals in Germany. Only afterwards should a deportation be decided on. The Interior Ministry played down reports that, on the weekend, it considered flying Federal Border Police units to the Kurdish demonstrations in Bundeswehr helicopters. Such considerations are only made in general and apply to really exceptional situations within the framework of administrative assistance. In no case does this mean the use of soldiers, but only the provision of Air Force transport planes, the Interior Ministry said. Several SPD politicians once again came out in favor of the immediate cessation of German arms exports to Turkey. There are indications that Ankara does use the weapons against Kurds, in contrast to its reassurances. A Foreign Ministry spokesman stressed that German diplomats have not learned about the use of weapons from Germany against Kurds so far. However, it was said in the Defense Ministry that Bonn does "not have any possibility of checking this in Turkey itself." | Treatment of Criminal Kurds Causes Controversy |
FBIS3-20326_3 | and its program. Voters Frightened Off It is the coalition question which will most likely become the acid test for the SPD. The majority of voters currently prefer above all the grand coalition which is so highly unpopular in SPD circles. SPD supporters, on the other hand, want a red-green coalition, a model for governing which not even 20 percent of those entitled to vote support. The SPD will preserve its competence for having a decent plan to deal with unemployment, currently the most important political task, only as long as it does not have to give consideration to the probable coalition partner Alliance 90/Greens. Regardless of the SPD's decision in the coalition question, a large number of voters and sympathizers will be frightened off in any case. Change Remains Permanent The more the election takes on the characteristics of a protest election, the greater will be the prospects for success of the little parties. There have been increased indications since February, however, that repudiations of the established parties have decreased in number. More and more people are realizing that many splinter parties have little more to offer than nice-sounding words. Accordingly, the number of nonvoters has been going down continuously since the beginning of the year. At this point, only every tenth German still feels that the Republikaner pursue "democratic" goals. Without a solid voter base in the west, the chances of the PDS [Party of Democratic Socialism] remain doubtful. Only a party along the lines of the "Instead" [Statt] Party could spring a surprise. But here too the percentage of Germans belonging to the broader circle of sympathizers of this party has declined from 60 to 30 percent. As of the beginning of 1994, only 16 percent of Germans are still dedicated supporters of their party, and, seven months before the Bundestag election, not even 50 percent know yet how they will vote. Against this background, there is still room for migrations of the electorate. For that reason, in election year 1994, the slogan of the political parties at this low point in the political atmosphere is, as never before: Nothing is more permanent than change. ------------------------------------------------------------------------------- |Dream Coalitions of the Voters(in percent) | ------------------------------------------------------------------------------- |CDU/CSU with SPD |26 | ------------------------------------------------------------------------------- |CDU/CSU with FDP |17 | ------------------------------------------------------------------------------- |CDU/CSU with the Greens |4 | ------------------------------------------------------------------------------- |CDU/CSU with Republikaner |2 | ------------------------------------------------------------------------------- |SPD with the Greens |19 | ------------------------------------------------------------------------------- |SPD | Emnid Sees SPD Benefiting From Voter Apathy |
FBIS3-20344_0 | Language: French Article Type:BFN [Report signed "M.-L.C and D.S.": "Foreign Trade: France Improves Its Trade Balance With the Asian Dragons"] [Text] France occupies a halfway position in Europe in terms of trade with Asia. But last year saw a significant improvement. According to the INSEE [National Statistics Office], France is taking better advantage than other European countries of trade opportunities with this region. In Asia -- China, the newly industrialized countries (Korea, Hong Kong, Singapore, and Taiwan), and the ASEAN countries (Indonesia, Malaysia, Thailand, and Brunei) -- European countries all have a limited market share and trade deficit. This situation is radically different from that of Japan, for which Southeast Asia is a natural expansion zone and which earns substantial surpluses in this region; or that of the United States, which is very much present, though with heavy deficits. Among European countries, France occupies a halfway position with regard to trade with Asia. More present in China than in other zones, it ranks behind Germany and the United Kingdom but ahead of its other neighbors. In any case, according to foreign trade statistics, its position improved in 1993. The export-import ratio in our trade with Asian and Pacific rim developing countries was 88 percent, compared with 80 percent in 1992 and 68 percent in 1980. By comparison France's export-import ratio for the world as a whole has risen from 97 percent in 1992 to 102 percent in 1993. In numerical terms, the deficit amounted to 8.6 billion francs [Fr], compared with Fr17 billion two years earlier, on a growing trade volume. With the "rapidly developing" Asian countries (excluding China) the upward swing has been even more visible, with a export-import ratio of 108 percent (95 percent in 1992). Exports have risen by 14.6 percent (to Fr47.8 billion), while imports have slowed down (Fr44.3 billion). With China, however, the French trade deficit has increased: minus Fr12.2 billion last year, compared with minus Fr11.2 billion in 1992 and minus Fr9.3 billion in 1991. In total, our trade with Asia is growing regularly from year to year, in terms of both imports and exports (excluding military equipment), the Industry Ministry pointed out. Imports from Asia accounted for 11.1 percent of total French imports (10 percent in 1991) and 8.2 percent of exports (7.1 percent in 1991). China: Mainly Semiprocessed Products According to the INSEE (footnote 1) ("INSEE Premiere" No. 303, March 1994) French | Trade With Southeast Asian `Dragons' Improves |
FBIS3-20356_1 | course, the few words that have been written (at 11 o'clock in the evening) are based on elements that are more of a horoscope than news. The horoscope refers to a widespread victory of the Right, or rather the three formations that form the Right only because they are set against the Left. In this case, the great defeated one is not Achille Occhetto [secretary of the Democratic Party of the Left, PDS] but the center, which Mino Martinazzoli [secretary of the Italian Popular Party, PPI] had hoped to turn into a force capable of influencing the other two by being essential to the formation of a majority. Instead the tri-part "front," as it seems, can make it alone. And perhaps this is better. Therefore, we will finally see what this facsimile of the Right is and what its men are worth. This will immediately give us an appraisal of them if, even without the absolute majority of the proportional representation votes but at least the majority of the seats, they can create a parliamentary majority finally capable of providing a stable government. Only on this premise can we speak of a Second Republic. If this premise is lacking, as [Northern League Secretary] Umberto Bossi's broadsides against [National Alliance Secretary] Gianfranco Fini appear to foreshadow, this will mean that we are still in the First Republic: the republic of transformism and under-the-table maneuvers, and therefore the republic of frail majorities and paralytic governments that are based on the market of indulgence toward friends and the "exchanging of votes" with enemies. But let us not make any forecasts on the final results that could still hold some surprises. For the time being let us limit ourselves to making two simple observations: The first is the decrease in the percentage of voters despite the extension of the voting period. We think that this can be attributed to an election campaign that was based almost exclusively on reciprocal accusations and defamations; that instead of throwing light, threw dark upon the minds of the voters, and dissuaded many who were at a loss and did not know where to turn. The second is the increase in invalid voting slips. This is the unavoidable outcome of the confusion created by an electoral system that was prepared precisely with the intention of creating confusion. When we foresaw this, they contradicted us. But LA VOCE was right. | Editorial: Election Outcome `Chaos, as Expected' |
FBIS3-20360_4 | the lack of cooperation on the part of the Beijing authorities. The Strasbourg report also notes that "triads" associated with this immigration movement have developed, and are exploiting labor that is attempting to find better living conditions. The report from the European Parliament members claims that Hong Kong and Taiwan are the present bases of the "Chinese mafia" which, faced with the imminent administrative change in the British colony, is seeking alternatives for its criminal businesses and activities. In 1992, during the process of rectifying the status of foreigners in Spain, the Interior Ministry officials came across 7,000 Chinese citizens who were not entered in their records. The first investigations led to the conclusion that the death of a member of the Chinese community was "compensated" by turning over the deceased person's documentation to another. This was the secret of a record longevity because, during the past five years, the deaths of only eight out of 5,000 legalized residents were reported. The investigators also detected rings engaged in clandestine immigration, extortion (the payment of the so-called protection tax), illegal gambling, and, to a lesser extent, drug trafficking. According to the Spanish police general director, the "triads" (the existence of about 10 in Spain is admitted) have made a qualitative leap in their organization and entrenchment. Their offices are located in certain Chinese restaurants, the proliferation of which is shocking: In Spain, they changed from being a rarity to a supply exceeding 2,000. This has prompted the investigators to admit that, in some instances, they are expedients for money laundering. It is in these establishments that the illegals attempt, by working 14 hours a day, to pay the 1,400 contos of the debt owed for the "leap." In addition to waiting on table, they work in small textile shops in the cellars, which also serve as their homes. Engaged basically in immigration and the collection of the "protection tax" (which can amount to nearly 5,000 contos), the "triads" are connected with murders of Chinese merchants. Their first blow was the kidnapping of the son of an owner of a restaurant chain in Madrid, during August 1992. The most recent was the stabbing of a shop owner in the locality of Baix Llobregat, in Catalonia, on 31 December. A day earlier, in Gandia, Valencia, five Chinese working at the Ciudad del Mar restaurant were tortured and killed, with their bodies horribly mutilated. | Illegal Chinese Immigration Phenomenon |
FBIS3-20374_4 | principle. The so-called breakthrough in the negotiations came on 21 December of last year. But aside from the snuff provision, the agreement does not contain any permanent exemptions where Sweden is concerned. The media portrayed the whole thing as a big success, but if one looks more closely at the substance, the package from the EU was mainly empty. Several important environmental issues were decided in the "package." The most important result is that Sweden has accepted a reform moratorium under which we cannot freely increase our environmental requirements on products. In addition Sweden has been forced to make changes that are actually for the worse in automobile emission requirements. Sweden has a four-year transition period in several important areas -- cadmium, tin organic compounds, arsenic, PCP, batteries, and the labeling and classification of chemicals. Sweden wanted a guarantee that would make it quite clear that the requirements will not have to be lowered in the future; no such guarantee was given. In some areas it was noted that Swedish rules are not in conflict with the EU's present rules, this applies to mercury, asbestos and chlorine organic solutions. This means that we can keep the rules today but that they may very well end up in conflict with EU law in the future if the EU adopts new rules in these areas or as a result of the so-called Cassis de Dijon principle. Sweden has not obtained solid guarantees for a restrictive alcohol policy. On the contrary, several of the foundation blocks have already been abandoned. Sweden has obtained a two-year transition rule for the quantity of alcohol that can be brought into the country. But it is clear that border checks within the EU will be phased out in a few more years, which will make a functioning supervision of imports impossible. This means that alcohol prices will have to be cut drastically in the long run. All alcohol monopolies except the sales monopoly have been abandoned. And there is no guarantee that the state company for the sale of wine and spirits can continue to have a monopoly on sales. The removal of border checks will probably also lead to an increased influx of drugs into Sweden. Another kind letter from an EU commissioner is said to be a safeguard for Swedish collective contracts. But the letter has no legal status that implies such a guarantee. It | * Opponents Attack EU Foreign, Monetary Policy |
FBIS3-20407_0 | Language: English Article Type:BFN [Text] Vienna, March 30 (AFP) -- The Conference on Security and Cooperation in Europe denounced Wednesday [30 March] human rights violations in the mainly Moslem region of Sandzak sandwiched between Serbia and its ally Montenegro. A CSCE statement published here urged Belgrade to permit it to carry out "long-term" missions, banned by rump Yugoslavia last year. The CSCE mentioned arbitrary arrests and detentions, police brutality and attempts to create ethnically cleansed zones in the rump federation of Serbia and Montenegro. In July, Belgrade banned long-term CSCE missions to Sandzak, the majority Albanian province Kosovo and the province of Vojvodina, where there is a substantial population of ethnic Hungarians. The missions' aim was to check minority rights were being respected and help prevent an extension of the war in ex-Yugoslavia. | CSCE Warns of Human Rights Abuses in Sandzak |
FBIS3-20413_2 | market. With the step-by-step implementation of macroregulatory and control measures, the retail market gradually became stable. Retail sales between January and November totaled 24.6 billion yuan, 23 percent more than the previous year's corresponding period. The upward trend of consumption by government institutions was put under control. In the capital goods market, the problem of unbalanced supply and demand was eased for rolled steel, cement, and other main products. An improving financial situation. Through screening and rectification, we were able to effectively control such activities as illegal lending and borrowing as well as indiscriminate fund-raising. Residents' savings showed an upturn, and banks had a better paying capability. Fairly good results in fulfilling the revenue and expenditure budget. With the rise in the economic returns of industrial and commercial enterprises and especially due to the further development of the two tobacco-related industries, there was an increase in the industrial and commercial tax receipts, leading to a relatively fast growth of government revenue. Last year's revenue was estimated at 14.5 billion yuan from local resources. A continued rise in residents income. For urban people, the average per capita annual income used for living expenses is estimated at 2,430 yuan. In rural areas, the average net income of an individual is estimated at 670 yuan. Allowing for inflation, these are higher than the previous year by about 6 and 2 percent respectively. A further growth of imports and exports. According to estimates, last year's exports stood at $510 million, an increase of 12 percent over the previous year; imports $230 million, an increase of 12.7 percent; and the amount of border trade, including imports and exports, 2.8 millon yuan, an increase of 25 percent. With the continued development of the tourist industry, it is estimated that 376,000 travelers came into our province for sightseeing, a 20 percent surge over the previous year. Total receipts from travelers' foreign exchange certificates amounted to 530 million yuan, surpassing the previous year by 43 percent. An objective analysis shows that, despite our stable economic growth, some problems still exist in our economic activities. Chief among them are the difficulties encountered in developing agriculture caused by severe natural disasters and the hiking prices of means of production, the arduous task of curbing the sharp rise in commodity prices, the increased losses suffered by certain enterprises, and the relatively large amounts of unpaid taxes. All these problems have to | Summary of 1993 Yunnan Economic Development |
FBIS3-20413_6 | we will continue to build a number of small- and medium-sized hydro power projects. Transportation construction will be focused on building four railways, renovating six highways, improving and constructing eight airports. As for communications, we will build a number of microwave, fiber optical, and second-grade satellite communications facilities to link Kunming with various prefectures and autonomous prefectures. With respect to mail and telecommunication services, we will see to it that automation is achieved in all counties and program-controlled equipment is installed in all major cities. Commencing this year, development of promising industries will be one of the major economic tasks in our province. In addition to the tobacco, sugar, and tea industries, we will develop livestock production, food-processing, nonferrous metal, machinery, phosphatic chemical, iron and steel, and building materials projects so as to gradually turn them into new strong industries. Another major task is to seize opportunities to create a new situation in opening our province to the outside world, Southeast Asia in particular. Now, our province has nearly 700 foreign-funded enterprises, and the negotiated foreign investment has reached $1.46 billion, of which the amount actually received and put to use is $144 million. To bring our opening-up activities to a high level, expand their fields, and develop them in breadth and depth, our goal is to increase the number of our products capable of earning more than $100 million of foreign exchange from one to six and solicit more foreign investment, mainly in the exploitation of our strong resources, in infrastructure construction and basic industries, in exchange-earning agricultural projects, and in the development of tourism. We will try to bring the three kinds of foreign-funded enterprises to over 1,000 and sign a number of agreements on Sino-foreign cooperative projects during the Eighth Five-Year Plan period. Additionally, we will further develop border trade and economic cooperation with neighboring countries in an effort to maintain a 20 percent growth in border trade. According to what we have learned, accelerating the development of township enterprises, export-oriented economic undertakings, and the tourist industry and further restructuring the economy are also major parts of Yunnan's economic work in the future. Meanwhile, Yunnan will always pay attention to correcting unbalanced development as a strategic task in economic construction. At the beginning of the new year, people are expecting Yunnan to take new strides to deepen its reforms and further its openness to the outside world. | Summary of 1993 Yunnan Economic Development |
FBIS3-20414_15 | regulator. Finally, create the conditions for replacing price inclusive taxes with extra-price taxes. When that comes to pass, circulation taxes can play a supplementary role in regulating production with consumption in a market economy while avoiding the negative effects of price-inclusive taxes. 2. Regularize the SEZ income tax system and adjust corporate income tax breaks. In the Shenzhen SEZ the deepening of the reform of the income tax system must begin by regularizing the tax system in accordance with established international practices. First of all, the SEZ must basically unify its personal income tax system. In the wake of rapid economic development in the SEZ, the gaps between Chinese citizens and foreign personnel in income and consumption have been narrowing by the day. Therefore, it should consider applying the personal income tax law to both Chinese and foreigners by lowering the exemptions enjoyed by the former appropriately. That would create a basically uniform personal income tax system in which the personal income tax and personal income regulating tax are merged into one. Secondly, be it the personal income tax system or corporate income tax system, a stringent body of tax laws should be developed to reduce and close loopholes. Also, China should formally promulgate the "Anti-Tax Avoidance Law" without delay to provide a legal basis for the SEZ's campaign against tax cheats. Another aspect of income tax reform in the Shenzhen SEZ as the zone makes the transition from infancy to its formative stage is to replace its present practice of offering tax breaks uniformly "across the board" with new industry-specific tax breaks. The core of the new policy should be to adjust income tax breaks for enterprises in the zone. By industry-specific tax breaks, we mean using the industrial policies of the nation and the zone to determine the tax breaks to be offered to investors. In light of the demands of national economic development on the industrial structure in the future, the Shenzhen SEZ should concentrate on developing industries using new and high-tech to upgrade its industrial structure. Accordingly, the corporate income tax system should also shift to high-tech enterprises as the principal beneficiaries of tax breaks. Other recipients of corporate income tax breaks should include enterprises which invest in the infrastructure, which make large-scale investments, or which export their output to earn foreign exchange. The result is a system of industry-specific corporate income tax breaks dominated by | Special Economic Zones as Tax Reform `Laboratory' |
FBIS3-20421_3 | will suffer impact. China's agricultural businesses will implement the system of contracted household responsibility linked to output, a high degree of business diversification, a rather low level of productivity, and state investment in and subsidization of agriculture far short of developed countries. These characteristics have determined that China's agriculture is comparatively fragile and unable to endure the impact of liberalized trade in agricultural products. After "reentry into GATT," while being able to use tariff reductions and exemptions and elimination of nontariff barriers to increase cereals, oils, and foodstuffs exports, China also must use the same conditions to permit the entry of foreign cereals, oils, and foodstuffs products. Despite the fact that China presently has some cereals, oils, and foodstuffs for which they have certain price advantages or other advantages on the international market, there also are a great many cereals, oils, and foodstuffs where they are clearly inferior in such respects as quality, variety, and designs and colors, as well as transportation conditions, production costs, packaging, and storage. Not only will it be difficult for these products to capture the international market, but their domestic market also will be impacted to various degrees. 3. State foreign trade companies specializing in cereals, oils, and foodstuffs import and export trade will be totally oriented to the market. After "reentering GATT," China first must trim tariffs and reduce nontariff restrictive measures. Not only is China's current average tariff higher than developed countries, it is also higher than developing countries. A large-scale lowering of tariffs cannot be avoided. In addition, some Chinese nontariff restrictive measures are contrary to GATT regulations and nontariff restrictive measures must be reduced or even eliminated. The licensing system especially must be gradually eliminated, and complicated administrative revision and approval procedures must be reduced. This means that the market will be further opened and enterprises will lose government protection. The legal monopolies and privileges that state foreign trade companies engaged in specialized cereals, oils, and foodstuffs import and export trade are granted will be limited or even eliminated. Faced with the challenge of competition and selection, they must seek their own survival and development. Such situations as "multiple external relations, forcing up prices and rushing to purchase, lowering prices and competing for sales, and killing each other off," currently present in cereals, oils, and foodstuffs exports, will shortly become more serious. II. Initial Impact of "Reentry Into Gatt" on Various | Impact of GATT on Grain Trade II. Initial Impact of "Reentry Into Gatt" on Various Major Types of Chinese Cereals, Oils, and Foodstuffs Import and Export Trade III. Grasp Opportunities, Meet Challenges, and Accelerate the Development of China's Cereals, Oils, and Foodstuffs Import and Export Trade |
FBIS3-20430_3 | manufacture inferior products. These are by no means isolated cases. Between January 1988 and June 1990, Han Aihua, a female office staff policewoman with great authority administering household registration at the people's police substation of a certain county, and her partners illegally handled more than 300 "peasant transfer to non-agricultural" migration permits for 96 households for which they accepted more than 200,000 yuan in bribes. Between 1987 and 1990, Zhang Mayun, household registration policeman of the South Liberation Road police substation in a certain city, illegally handled household registration procedures for more than 60 people, taking in a total of 210,000 yuan in bribes. Chen Lu, the vault and loan officer of a certain credit cooperation covertly disposed of the keys to the vault held by two others. On four occasions he secretly opened the vault and stole 650,000 yuan worth of national treasury bonds. The head of the bond group at the People's Bank of China in a certain county fled in a panic after stealing 120,000 yuan in funds. Sun so-and-so, cashier at a certain credit cooperative, together with Zhang so-and-so, a savings officer at another credit cooperative, absconded with 110,000 yuan in public funds. In November 1992 the procuratorate of a certain city uncovered five graft and embezzlement of public fund cases, for a total misappropriation of more than 400,000 yuan in state fiscal resources. The majority of the public funds were squandered, gambled or used for prostitutes. Four: Money spent like water. The life of those tainted with money worship is extremely decadent. Most spend money like water, squander it to no end, are gluttonous in appetite, recklessly waste food, and live in wanton extravagence. They stake 1,000 gold pieces on one throw. They are insufferably arrogant, buy followers and insult women for the scent of money. Some sell their souls for money, fabricate evils, invert justice, and confuse right and wrong. In a certain province, someone spent 300,000 yuan on a miniature-type dog and 400,000 yuan on a tropical fish. They even have "golden banquets" only to "parade their wealth." Some are tired of eating the delicacies of land and sea. Others are bored with beautiful clothing. They enjoy getting married, courting mistresses, or being with prostitutes. When some upstarts gamble they think it troublesome to count the stakes so they invented a new calculation method using a ruler to count the height of a | Article Describes `Money Worshipping' Phenomenon |
FBIS3-20431_3 | provides some youths with conditions for illegal crimes. 4. Weakened social and moral control functions bring on a more faint public opinion atmosphere for censuring bad people and bad things. It instigates some youths to lawless and wild illegal criminal behavior. Morals are social standards. In a certain sense, their constraining role on people's behavior is broader and stronger than that of the law. When some bad action encroaches on another person or the interests of society yet does not constitute a crime, morals can use powerful public opinion to intervene and condemn it, containing some who carry out or plan to carry out bad acts to have some scruples under positive mass pressure. In recent years an undeniable result of the development of a commodity economy has been social prosperity and wealth. It has greatly enhanced the vitality of the entire society. However, another undeniable aspect is that people really feel bitter hatred regarding society's morals. It seems that the entire society puts money above all. Isn't money always exciting someones nerves? To get money by any means, some can cheat, swindle, ignore national and personal dignity and morals and disregard national laws. In such soil, the propagation and spread of juvenile delinquency toxins is unavoidable. 5. Weakened family educational and control functions over children is the first lost line of defense against juvenile delinquency. The family is a social cell. Parents are a child's first teachers. When most youths leave family supervision and prior to living on their own, most of their time is spent alongside their parents. The family is their main living space. Therefore, parental teaching and the influence of the family are of utmost importance to their growth. In particular, the family's restraining and correcting role when a child first has a tendency to do bad are irreplaceable by any other organization or individual. At present, the function of family teaching and control clearly are weakened and hindered under conditions of youth's earlier physiological maturity and a great number of bad enticements in the external society. In some families, children grow up getting everything they want. They neglect character training and only look at test scores, pampering their children who become spoiled or are simple and rude. When children act bad they are beat instead of taught, are treated overleniently or winked at to shield their shortcomings. Some parents only worry about earning money and | Juvenile Delinquency Ascribed to `Weakened Control' |
FBIS3-20435_2 | parenthood desires of only approximately 13 percent of the people. As society and the economy develop, and with the intensification of planned parenthood propaganda, the coerciveness of the prevailing policy is no longer its main function. The parenthood requirements of the prevailing policy have become the codification of people's behavior. This change in parenthood desires shows that planned parenthood propaganda work in Chengde prefecture has truly wrought outstanding results. The reasons given in the survey for the number of children desired show that 43.6 percent of those surveyed who want only a single child feel that many children mean heavy burdens and high expenses in rearing them; 35.6 percent feel that they cannot afford to rear many children; and 33.7 percent feel that they can do a better job of rearing fewer children. Among those surveyed who want two children, 59.1 percent gave as their reasons the economic one that "many children mean heavy burdens"; 35 percent felt that "one is two few, three are too many, but two are just right." Those wanting only one or two children accounted for 85 percent of the total population surveyed. Those giving economic reasons for fewer children were in the majority. This shows that they have already begun to think seriously about the effects of childbearing on family economic life and their own development. In addition, despite the decrease in the number of people giving "continuation of the family line by producing a male heir" as their childbearing goal; nevertheless, 49 percent wanted to have three children. Results of the above analysis show that although traditional agriculture holds a dominant position in Chengde prefecture, and although peasant income remains very low, the phenomenon of the poorer the more children has not appeared here. During the course of the survey, we had a marked sense that childbearing ideas today have basically changed from having many children to having fewer but better cared for children. Below, we will try to analyze the influences that have changed the parenthood ideas of the local populace. Atmosphere Surrounding Population Control in Chengde The change in the public outlook on having children is attributable to the understanding of the importance of planned parenthood work at every local government level. A distinctive atmosphere about population control exists in Chengde Prefecture. We will try to analyze it below in the following several regards. 1. Leaders' close attention to ideology. Close | Report: "Chengde Model" of Population Control |
FBIS3-20435_3 | shows that they have already begun to think seriously about the effects of childbearing on family economic life and their own development. In addition, despite the decrease in the number of people giving "continuation of the family line by producing a male heir" as their childbearing goal; nevertheless, 49 percent wanted to have three children. Results of the above analysis show that although traditional agriculture holds a dominant position in Chengde prefecture, and although peasant income remains very low, the phenomenon of the poorer the more children has not appeared here. During the course of the survey, we had a marked sense that childbearing ideas today have basically changed from having many children to having fewer but better cared for children. Below, we will try to analyze the influences that have changed the parenthood ideas of the local populace. Atmosphere Surrounding Population Control in Chengde The change in the public outlook on having children is attributable to the understanding of the importance of planned parenthood work at every local government level. A distinctive atmosphere about population control exists in Chengde Prefecture. We will try to analyze it below in the following several regards. 1. Leaders' close attention to ideology. Close attention to ideology is an intangible part of planned parenthood work. Only when sufficiently close ideological attention is paid to planned parenthood work can cadres at all levels devote themselves to doing real deeds in planned parenthood work. Chengde prefecture's planned parenthood cadres diligently carried out the regulations pertaining to planned parenthood, setting up multi-purpose education schools to provide training and study. Party and government leaders at all levels personally took command to ensure good planned parenthood performance. They also established a planned parenthood day for the specific purpose of hearing reports, and for the prompt discovery and solving of problems. Government units at all levels gave first place to planned parenthood work. They gave priority to ensuring that funds and other material needs of planned parenthood work were provided, and they did all possible to provide conditions favorable to the conduct of planned parenthood work. Consequently, cadres were able to devote themselves to the work at hand without concern for extraneous matters. Administrative cadres in the prefecture frequently went into the countryside to check on the work of selected units and to listen to the views and complaints of grassroots level cadres and the public. They prescribed remedies as | Report: "Chengde Model" of Population Control |
FBIS3-20435_10 | only between 100 and 200 yuan, and cadres bear planned parenthood contract risks; nevertheless, the survey showed that despite the lack of inducements and care, 100 percent of them still want to do planned parenthood work. Eighty percent of planned parenthood cadres said that their work motivation stems from a personal sense of responsibility and the country's need; 10.5 percent said it came from the support that leaders provide; and 3.5 percent said it came from the power the job conferred. (In the statistical tabulation, the three answers of national need, sense of responsibility, and benefit to the public overlapped). The family members of all planned parenthood cadres understood and support their relatives involvement in this sacred and arduous work. The above survey results show a large cadre corps in the prime of life, having a high educational level (for the local area) a sense of responsibility, that takes the initiative in work, that is ideologically well-prepared, and that has strong backing. The survey results show that 56.3 percent of the public feels that relations between the cadres and the public are very close, 39.3 percent feel that relationships are all right or ordinary, and only 3.4 percent feel that relations are not good. This shows that the planned parenthood corps here has gained the respect and support of the public. The cadres may say proudly to everyone: "I do planned parenthood work." 5. Natural conditions and other. Chengde Prefecture is a mountainous prefecture of old, young, and poor people. One senses the warmth and honesty of the public here from their attitude in the public survey. If one presents the facts and reasons things out, they readily accept, displaying a very high ideological awareness. The peasants in this area have lived in poverty for a long time. Their desire for and interest in escaping from poverty is extremely urgent. One can see from their hopes for their children that 95 percent of the peasants feel rural income is low and their social position is low. They urgently desire to change their own miserable fate. The people hope to be able to escape from poverty by having fewer children but rearing them well and by concentrating their energies. Thus, the lightening of family burdens is bound to be on their daily agenda of important things to do. Consequently, propaganda about using poverty to cure poverty, decreasing childbearing, and improving the | Report: "Chengde Model" of Population Control |
FBIS3-20443_13 | government land would bring them, the real estate dealers, even higher profits in their business transactions. In business contacts that we have had with large real estate firms, some repeatedly requested us: "Don't let the Land Committee approve more land deals." Because there was this stipulation in the Sino-British Agreement about not approving too many land sales, and also since we really did not have any experience as to what effects our action could have in other respects, we did act in those few years essentially in accordance with the agreement. Although some more than permissible land sales might have been approved, the amount was small and has had some positive effect in enhancing the sense of stability among the large real estate firms. However, we soon also discovered that a few large real estate firms gradually came to constitute a kind of monopoly in Hong Kong's real estate market. I asked the Chinese members of the Land Committee, and also asked its investigation and research office, to study this problem and to determine what after all would be the desirable amount of land for which sales could be approved, particularly also in the coming years, because if too many land sales would be approved, it would depress land prices, while the approval of too few land sales would have the effect of demand exceeding supplies, and thereby causing steep rises in real estate prices. This task of assessing the proper limits was proposed by me after 1987, but I did not get to know the conclusions from this investigation. (End of Installment No. 73) [16 Jul 93 p 2] [Text] Giving Chinese Capital a Sense of Stability Requires Adoption of Economic Measures: With Bank of China's Help, Li Guobao Weathered the Storm; No Response From the Hong Kong Government to Hu Yingxiang's New Airport Plan We also helped Chinese capitalists to solve their difficulties. When people started to loose confidence in the situation, some of the major shareholders of the Bank of East Asia wanted to withdraw their capital. This caused a dispute among the shareholders, and a French bank tried to take advantage of the situation and buy up the shares of the Bank of East Asia, which was thereby in great danger. It was then that the chairman of the board of directors, Li Guobao, sought help from the Bank of China. He approached the Hong Kong | Xu Jiatun's Memoirs 71-74 |
FBIS3-20444_18 | time leading cadre in the Central Committee, that it simply would not do that China's factories concern themselves only about management and not about effective business operations. Hua Guofeng agreed with my opinion and in one of his speeches he brought up the problem of more effective business operations of enterprises. (End of Installment No. 77) [21 Jul 93 p 2] [text] Course of Growth of Strength of China-Provided Capital Funds Economic reform led to the "Shekou [Shek O] Incident," Yuan Geng [5913 1649 was personally accused. Diversification in the business of the Huarun Company; reforms and improvements also carried out in the Bank of China. After I started to work in Hong Kong, I felt even more strongly that leading cadres inside China should come to Hong Kong and look around how Hong Kong people conduct trade. I did my very best to suggest that the checking procedure should be more liberal, allowing more people to visit Hong Kong. As mentioned earlier, in the past the Hong Kong and Macau Affairs Office had exercised strict controls, and I had repeatedly requested that they should relax these controls, but they never took notice. Up to 1986, the Central Committee had delegated the right of approving business trips to Hong Kong to the Hong Kong and Macau Commission. Nominally, the State Council had entrusted the Hong Kong and Macau Commission to give approvals on the State Council's behalf, thereby resolving the problem. I again and again urged the executives of the NEW CHINA NEWS AGENCY to have the checking procedure relaxed, allowing more people from inside China to visit Hong Kong and study things there. Developments were fastest in the provinces of Guangdong and Fujian, especially in Guangdong because of its more favorable location. The China-financed organizations also experienced very rapid development at this stage. Reform and opening up to the outside world, as it was taking place within China, also posed problems for some of the Chinese capital-financed organizations which had been well-established "old Hongs" in Hong Kong, as to how to adapt to the new situation. The new task they were now facing was how to improve and reform their business operations to conform to the new requirements of China proper. One who has done outstanding work in this respect was Yuan Geng of the China Merchants Company. Yuan Geng built up a new district at Shenzhen-Shekou. Although the | Xu Jiatun's Memoirs 75-78 |
FBIS3-20447_3 | a process of gradual development over several years. Consulting Hong Kong's experience involves many spheres ranging from economics to politics and culture, and the exercise will have rich contents. It is now still rather difficult to put all the relevant understandings in a clear form. But I believe that in the process of economic and political reforms in China in the late 20th century and early 21st century, fully utilizing Hong Kong's experience is an issue which warrants great attention. The earlier and more deeply people come to understand its value, the sooner and more extensively it will contribute to the development of the hinterland and Hong Kong. Note The Hainan Automobile Incident: In January 1983, the CPC's central leaders such as Hu Yaobang, Zhao Ziyang, and Gu Mu inspected Hainan Island, and decided to accelerate the reform and opening up of Hainan Island; the CPC Central Committee and the State Council approved and circulated the document, "A Summary of Discussions of the Issue of Accelerating the Development of Hainan Island," in April, and issued the Eight Rules on Expanding Hainan's Autonomy on External Economic Relations and Trade of the CPC Central Committee in October of the same year. Under the Eight Rules, Hainan Island could independently decide to import 17 state-controlled commodities, of which the main one would be automobiles. This was a special privilege that the other special economic zones did not have. In addition, it was also stipulated that Hainan Island be allowed to keep all the foreign exchange earned from the exports it delivered. This rule was also more favorable than enjoyed by other special economic zones. For instance, Shenzhen was allowed to keep 70 percent, and had to hand over 30 percent. The Eight Rules did not clearly stipulate that the 17 commodities imported by Hainan Island not be resold to the hinterland areas of the mainland. As there were no customs sites between Hainan and the hinterland areas of the mainland, Hainan was able to import state-controlled commodities and then resell them to the hinterland areas of the mainland, thereby acquiring a way of getting rich in a smooth, unhindered manner. Reselling automobiles could result in huge profits. At that time, the import price of a 12-passenger van-truck was $5,000, and reselling it could produce a net profit of $12,000. For a time Hainan Island became the "paradise" of automobile trading of the country, | Xu Jiatun's Memoirs 86, 115, 116 The June Fourth Storm. -- An Angry Tide of Patriotism (Part One): Sending Videos of the Student Movement, Made by the Hong Kong Media, to Zhao Ziyang |
FBIS3-20447_6 | of all automobile purchase contracts concluded with foreign businesses be suspended, that the issue of compensations demanded by foreign businesses be handled by the center in a unified manner, and that there be investigations into the sources of foreign exchange used to buy the automobiles which had already been sold and into the tax matters related to those automobiles. After the emergency measures were implemented, Hainan's foreign trade came to a complete halt. Automobiles and imported materials were being stockpiled; high-price automobiles were appropriated by the center. The center would only pay the amount calculated according to prices based on parity exchange rates. As a consequence, companies in Hainan suddenly lost all the huge gains made through reselling automobiles. (End of Installment No. 86) [27 Aug 93 p 2] [Text] The Trip to North America (Part Two): As there was not enough time to have an official meeting approved, it was unfortunate that a meeting with Bush did not materialize. The 1988 trip to North America was very fruitful. Within three weeks I visited a dozen or so cities in the United States and Canada, thereby greatly enlarging my horizon in terms of getting to understand capitalist countries. I saw the positive as well as negative social impact on people produced by the social welfare policies followed by capitalist countries, and some aspects of a situation where, under a democratic political system, political parties cared only about the present and did everything possible to win votes in their efforts to come into power, while giving little consideration to the consequences. At that time the United States was in the midst of the presidential election held once every four years. Reagan, a Republican President, was no longer running, and made Vice President Bush the presidential candidate. We visited over 10 metropolises along the east coast as well as the west coast of the United States, and met with executives of several dozen large industrial, commerce, and financial enterprises and some experts and scholars of economics and finance, some of whom were Republicans, while others were Democrats or independents. When discussing which party was likely to win in the general election, most of them, including a few Democrats, expressed the belief that Bush of the Republican party would win. Several large enterprise executives, who were Democrats, even took the initiative in openly saying that they would vote for Bush of the Republican | Xu Jiatun's Memoirs 86, 115, 116 The June Fourth Storm. -- An Angry Tide of Patriotism (Part One): Sending Videos of the Student Movement, Made by the Hong Kong Media, to Zhao Ziyang |
FBIS3-20447_8 | party for the reason that they "like Bush's platform." The frankness was beyond my understanding. During my trip to the United States, a Hong Kong tycoon, who was a Consultative Committee member, accompanied me when I visited Washington and New York. He and Bush were friends. He got Bush to agree to meeting me on a private basis. At that time the campaign was gradually entering an intensified stage. That tycoon, who was a Consultative Committee member, met Bush first. When discussing the presidential election, Bush himself said that he was not very confident, for most of the several previous Vice Presidents who had run had failed. Bush believed that he himself was unlikely to become an exception. But as it turned out, he won. Later there were some changes in regard to Bush's plan to meet me. According to a source, the U.S. State Department argued that the meeting had to be an official one. I was asked about my opinion on the matter. I said to myself that an official meeting had to be approved by the State Council in Beijing and that there was not enough time. Thus the plan was shelved. Later, after being elected, Bush sent me a letter, expressing his regret for not being able to meet me and giving me two small gifts emblazoned with his name to serve as souvenirs. My impression of the U.S. presidential election was: only by making its platform in line with the wishes of the majority of the people and the electorate, would a political party have the possibility of coming into power. Surely, platforms used during the campaigns often are not or cannot be implemented, and some have even to be fundamentally altered, as candidates often break their promises after being elected. Nevertheless, voters are very practical and short-sighted, resulting in the defect of campaigning parties' writing a great deal of "checks" in order to win votes while disregarding all consequences. In order to win votes, political leaders pay great attention to having contact with all sectors of society, whether in ordinary time or during election campaigns. Bush's letter to me seemed to have been drafted and typed by his secretary and signed by him; the small gifts might have been specially prepared. He treated, in such a manner, someone whom he did not know and had had only an indirectly set appointment, and made appropriate | Xu Jiatun's Memoirs 86, 115, 116 The June Fourth Storm. -- An Angry Tide of Patriotism (Part One): Sending Videos of the Student Movement, Made by the Hong Kong Media, to Zhao Ziyang |
FBIS3-20447_11 | political prisoners, and terminate the practice of convicting people of ideological crimes. Many of those people were CPC members, and some were deputies to the National People's Congress and members of the National Committee of the Chinese People's Political Consultative Conference. Thus the actions aroused strong reactions at home and abroad. Many famous figures of the intellectual and scientific communities overseas responded by starting a signature drive to show solidarity. The political climate in China resembled to a great extent the situation before a huge storm. While in Hong Kong, I also strongly felt that a political storm was coming. I asked the propaganda department of the Hong Kong Branch of the XINHUA NEWS AGENCY to collect and sort out information about reactions from Hong Kong society and international reactions, and started the practice of transmitting to the CPC Central Committee and the State Council information about the outside world through the facsimile transmission device of the XINHUA NEWS AGENCY (the small branch) on a daily basis, providing them with some reference information in the hope that they would take note of outside reactions when handling the matter. On 15 April 1989 Hu Yaobang died. University students of Beijing began to go to the streets. On 22 April, the day of the Hu Yaobang Memorial Meeting, tens of thousands of students gathered at Tiananmen Square. They sent three representatives to kneel down in front of the Great Hall of the People, demanding that responsible persons of the center meet them. But no one from the center went to meet them. I and several deputy directors of the Hong Kong Branch of the XINHUA NEWS AGENCY saw the scene on Hong Kong television. We all thought that such a way of handling things was not appropriate. Why could Zhao Ziyang and Li Peng not have come out to meet the students? If they themselves did not want to meet the students, they could have sent a secretary to meet the students. It was totally incomprehensible why they should have totally ignored the likely effects, letting students keep kneeling for several hours. Students acted out of their patriotism and their support for the reform and opening policy of the Communist Party of China. What was there to fear? Why should CPC leaders be afraid of meeting the masses and students? We really did not approve of the central responsible persons' approach which | Xu Jiatun's Memoirs 86, 115, 116 The June Fourth Storm. -- An Angry Tide of Patriotism (Part One): Sending Videos of the Student Movement, Made by the Hong Kong Media, to Zhao Ziyang |
FBIS3-20448_3 | of the left be also permitted to take part in marches and show their identity banners and that their leaders be permitted to openly take part in marches or other activities. In my view, amidst the current upsurge of mass patriotism on such a scale in Hong Kong, if leaders of mass organizations did not participate, those leaders would become seriously divorced from the masses, and the mass organizations might collapse; or, even if the organizations did not collapse, they would weaken greatly. Only by taking the initiative in participating would it be possible to keep contact with the masses. Later things developed to the extent that some marchers shouted the slogan, "Down with Deng, Li, and Yang." We decided that mass organizations of the left should not use such a slogan, and we pointed out that using such a slogan was a radical move. We applied the same policy to Hong Kong's leftist newspapers like WEN WEI PO and TA KUNG PAO, imposing no restrictions on their reporting and letting them report the student movement in Beijing and activities in Hong Kong in support of the student movement in an objective manner. We did not impose restrictions on the newspapers' own statements, but only asked them to say less. On 20 May, after Li Peng imposed martial law on Beijing, Zhang Junsheng, deputy director of the Hong Kong Branch of the XINHUA SHE, told me that colleagues at WEN WEI PO intended to react to the development by leaving the editorial space blank, and were planning to use one of the two phrases, "extremely pained and bitter" and "what else to say." After discussions, most colleagues at the newspaper favored using the phrase, "what else to say." Zhang Junsheng was inclined to use the phrase, "extremely pained and bitter," and asked for my advice. I knew that the action could not be stopped, and that such a way of handling things might have serious consequences. Nevertheless I still nodded approval, saying: "You handle this matter." In this way I clearly indicated my approval of his idea. The four Chinese characters meaning "extremely pained and bitter" appeared in the editorial position on the first page of WEN WEI PO on the next day, causing quite a stir. Beijing was very angry. Li Peng ordered the Hong Kong Affairs Office to investigate into the incident. I asked them to tell Beijing | Xu Jiatun's Memoirs 117-119 |
FBIS3-20449_12 | of the left, the middle, and the right in Hong Kong. Almost all the local employees of the Hong Kong Branch of the XINHUA NEWS AGENCY and leftist organizations participated in the activities. A large portion of our basic masses--patriotic students and workers and CPC members including some old CPC members--participated in the activities. Rightist forces also openly took part in the marches, holding the Taiwan flag of the blue sky, the white sun, and red land. People of all political tendencies, from big capitalists to the working masses, including even some foreign nationals, all participated in the activities. There emerged a phenomenon in Hong Kong society: those who did not participate in the activities would be isolated and discriminated against. In reality such activities in Hong Kong had two sides. On the one hand, in those activities the broad masses exhibited unprecedented enthusiasm for taking good care of China, hoping that the country would further reform and make progress, and supporting the student's patriotic movement demanding democracy and reform. On the other hand, the activities manifested the discontent with, distrust of, and opposition to the policies of the Communist Party of China as well as the resentment against the CPC's practice of suppressing the students, opposing reform, and opposing progress. Surely it could not be ruled out that some forces which were hostile to the Communist Party of China and which hoped to see the collapse of socialist China played a role, thereby constituting another aspect of the activities. But it should be pointed out that such was not the main aspect. As all kinds of forces and people of all walks of life all participated in the movement, a patriotic united front opposed to the erroneous policies of the Beijing authorities was formed. As a consequence there were great changes in popular sentiment, resulting in crushing blows to our protracted work of winning over people in Hong Kong, that is, the work on a united front based on patriotism and the love for Hong Kong, thereby putting us in an unprecedentedly isolated position. (121) [3 Sep 93 p 3] [Text] Great Changes in Popular Sentiment (Part Two of Two) There was a run on the Bank of China. Within three days, HK$17 billion was withdrawn. When mourning for those who had died during the June 4th Incident, Huang Wenfang led employees of the XINHUA NEWS AGENCY in holding | Xu Jiatun's Memoirs |
FBIS3-20450_0 | Language: Chinese Article Type:CSO [Installments No. 123-125 of the serialized memoirs of Xu Jiatun: "Xu Jiatun's Hong Kong Memoirs"] [4 Sep 93 p 2] [Text] Will There Be "Account Settling"? (Part One of Three): The "Reflection" Report Used the Term, "Beijing Disturbance"; Jiang Zemin Wrote a Comment, Accusing Me of Right Deviation and Saying That I Should Be Transferred During the 4 June disturbance, many employees of the Hong Kong Branch of XINHUA SHE and Chinese-owned institutions participated in activities in support of the students' patriotic activities at Tiananmen Square. After the 4 June Incident, the CPC Work Committee decided that "no punishment should be given to any of those who had committed mistakes" by participating in activities such as giving signatures, taking part in marches, or soliciting donations, and that they should learn lessons by themselves but should not be required to make oral or written self-examinations. The committee also decided to submit a report to the CPC Central Committee. Ji Pengfei [1213 7720 7378] quickly notified us, indicating approval for the idea of the CPC Work Committee. During the Fourth Plenum, I reported to the new general secretary, Jiang Zemin, on the idea. With his approval, we transmitted the idea to all the units, thereby calming the employees who had been unsettled. However, when I was attending the Hong Kong and Macao work conference in Beijing presided over by Ji Pengfei in July, the conference demanded that all units supervised by the CPC Work Committee "reflect" on the "problems" which had occurred in Hong Kong during the 4 June Incident period. The so-called "reflecting" is a synonym of "making self-examinations regarding the mistakes committed." At that time, in Beijing institutions ranging from those at the municipal level to those at the central level and individuals as well as party committees at institutions were all engaged in "reflecting." In fact the practice of "having everyone go through the ordeal" was used, and activities of "account settling" were rampant. Ji Pengfei had notified us of the approval for the CPC Work Committee's idea of "no punishment for mistakes already committed," and Jiang Zemin had also expressed his approval. But now it was demanded that "reflecting" be conducted. In this way they went back on their words. I responded with silence, and did not indicate my attitude. Seeing this situation, Zhou Nan [0719 0589] tried to smooth things over: "Where is | Xu Jiatun's Memoirs 123-125 |
FBIS3-20451_10 | in Hong Kong, resulting in a loss of control which could cause China to take up the matter with them and intervene. After the 4 June Incident their way of handling workers' strikes, shopkeepers' strikes, and students' strikes across the city contained contradictory elements but was wise. The British Hong Kong government took actions to facilitate people's patriotic activities, such as allowing the masses to hold rallies at the racecourse, an unprecedented move. On the other hand they also enhanced protection for the Hong Kong Branch of the XINHUA NEWS AGENCY and Chinese-owned institutions. At that time there were constant mass activities such as marches, petitioning, round-the-clock sit-ins, hunger strikes, and demonstrations in front of the Hong Kong Branch of the XINHUA NEWS AGENCY BUILDING. The walls opposite the Hong Kong Branch of the XINHUA NEWS AGENCY were completely covered with posters and cartoons. There were many onlookers. The situation was tense. In addition to increasing police patrol, the British Hong Kong government also had several dozen additional police personnel posted at the Hong Kong Branch of the XINHUA NEWS AGENCY all the time. We vacated the first floor of the building to give them a place to stay. They set up such things telephones and monitoring television devices, applying rather elaborate security measures. In the past, during the Kowloon riots, there had been attacks on China's institutions in Hong Kong. At that time the British Hong Kong government had not taken preventive measures beforehand. This time they took the initiative, and solicited advice from us beforehand. Only after securing our consent did they do those things as described. They treated Chinese-owned banks and newspapers and other institutions belonging to China in the same way. After the 4 June Incident the CPC Work Committee also made preparations for dealing with the most serious situation. We divided the CPC Work Committee's responsible persons into two groups. One group stayed at the Hong Kong Branch of the XINHUA NEWS AGENCY Building, ready to deal with any serious situation; the other group retreated to the Stanley guest-house, getting prepared to continue necessary activities in case the Hong Kong Branch of the XINHUA NEWS AGENCY should be unable to make contact with the outside world. I decided to stay in the Hong Kong Branch of the XINHUA NEWS AGENCY BUILDING, and Zheng Hua and Qiao Zongzhun went to Stanley. Before the 4 June Incident, | Xu Jiatun's Memoirs 126-128 |
FBIS3-20460_7 | been computed that printing bonds in the three denominations of 50, 100, and 1,000 yuan would meet the needs of investors in the various income brackets, and printing should best be at the rate of 20, 70, and 10 percent, respectively. 3. Issuing Bonds at a Premium Might Be Tried The issue of government bonds has by now been resumed for 13 years, since 1981. Issues have always been at face value, with repayment of principal and payment of interests on maturity. Investors have become somewhat tired of the same old appearance of the bond issues, which for a long time have lost the stimulating attractiveness of something new. To create a new image for government bonds and arouse new buying fervor among investors, it might be tried to issue government bonds at a premium. The advantages would be: A. Enhanced incentive to buy government bonds. From the psychological viewpoint of the investor, rather than gaining a portion of interests by means of a large amount of initial investment, it might appear a better way to invest only a part of the capital and at due date receive a fixed sum. Laying out a fraction and having it grow to a large sum is generally the psychology of persons intent on saving. If a 3-year government bond pays 14 percent interest, a 1,000-yuan bond will have grown to 1,420 yuan, principal and interest, at maturity. If the bond, on the other hand, would have been issued at a premium, the bond of 1,000-yuan face value could have been bought for about 705 yuan (getting back to the capital amount according to the formula: capital and interest = capital + capital x interest rate x time. To overcome the trouble that odd fen amounts would present at the time of issuing the bonds, it should be permissible to make appropriate adjustments and round off capital figures as much as possible to whole yuan numbers, within the limits of the interest rate). At maturity the bond would be redeemed at face value. Even though the same amount would in the end be gained whether issued at face value or issued at a premium, there is a big psychological difference as far as the investors are concerned, and this new style of the financial commodity may act as an increased inducement for investors. B. It is beneficial for medium-term and long-term investing, it | Treasury Bond `Image' Seen Needing Improvement |
FBIS3-20465_1 | the transnational operations and focus on our own inadequacies and make improvements and adjustments. This article addresses the existing problems and offers some countermeasures. I. Inadequacies in China's Overseas Enterprises Today 1. There is a lack of thorough knowledge of the global characteristics of the 1990's, and our entry strategy needs adjustments: To understand this problem, we must first look at the characteristics of today's global transnational operations. Everybody knows that global transnational operations which have undergone nearly 50 years of development have completed their preliminary phase and are entering an intensive development phase characterized by the following: A. Transnational operations are getting bigger. According to statistics compiled by the United Nation's Transnational Companies Center, in 1993, transnational companies were operating more overseas enterprises, but more striking is that their total overseas investments have topped $2 trillion, increasing some 20-odd folds compared to the 1970s. This change has in turn changed the world's economic pattern: Today, one-third of the world export of goods and services are transacted between the parent companies and their subsidiaries. For example, in the United States, transnational companies' annual trade and overseas profits are worth around $100 billion. By conservative estimates, their internal transactions accounted for more than 60 percent of that country's total export of manufactured goods in 1992. They also created nearly 5 million jobs. B. Expansion forces the transnational companies to go beyond regional boundaries to engage in fierce competition. For geographic, national, and historical reasons, besides investing in each other in the traditional sense, transnational companies have reached some kind of tacit understanding in the underdeveloped nations and regions based on their regional strategies: For example, Asia is dominated by Japan; the United States basically has a monopoly in Latin America; central Europe, Eastern Europe, and parts of Africa naturally fall within the European Community's domain. But increasing evidence shows that due to differences and imbalance in economic strength and technological standards, and for various political reasons, their spheres of influence are constantly under siege. The transnational companies are becoming global companies. C. Intense competition has prompted the transnational companies to change their management strategies. To adapt to the needs of expansion and regional strategies, transnational companies have modified their traditional single-operation strategy to a multiple- or compound-operation strategy. Instead of a bunch of individual nation-based subsidiaries set up only to serve their respective countries, we now see many subsidiaries that are | Trade Journal Views Overseas Enterprises II. Countermeasures: Several Suggestions on Raising Overseas Enterprises' Management Standards |
FBIS3-20469_4 | end of 1992, Taiwan will be unable to make any monochrome computer monitors." Chou Cheng-jung, who was in charge of Taiwan Ch'uan-nao Electronics' European market, has now shifted his base to Shanghai where he is cooperating with the Shanghai Electron Tube Plant in turning out monitors. People travel back and forth in a steady stream from south and north in the mainland, exploring avenues for Taiwan's information electronics industry. Not only have power supply devices, monitors, and mainframes gradually become production staples, but a computer software industry, which Taiwan has long wanted to develop vigorously but which has not been successful in Taiwan, is now beginning to be developed on the mainland by the Taiwan information industry using factory-like quantity production methods. Even cooperation on high definition television (HDTV), which is still in the developmental state, is being discussed between Taiwan and the mainland. Transfers Abroad Too Rapid! Zhou Muchang [0719 1970 2490], director of the Chinese mainland's Ministry of Electronics Computer Research Center, said with a smile:"Between 70 and 80 percent of Taiwan's more than 400 important information concerns are cooperating with the mainland." This tide has greatly reversed the direction of flow of Taiwan capital and technology. Southeast Asia has been the region in which the information electronics industry has invested heavily. During the previous two or three years, Taiwan had been the largest foreign investor in ASEAN countries such as Malaysia and Thailand, and its investment in electronics-related industries there was most dazzling. During the past year, however, the overall amount of Taiwan's investment in southeast Asia has fallen off sharply. Statistics from the information electronics industry alone provide a strong indication of this. The Southeast Asia fever that flourished for a time has given way to a mainland China fever. "This is really a cause for concern. The shift abroad is really too fast," said Li Ta-wei [2621 1129 5898] of the Statistical Commission's Market Information Center, who is responsible for keeping track of Taiwan entrepreneurs' investment abroad. Pointing at the figures, he said, "In Southeast Asia, it is only a little more than 20 percent of normal growth, but on the mainland, it has been a growth of several hundred percent." Even though the mainland is currently unable to compete with Taiwan on relatively high quality products, and although most Taiwan entrepreneurs predict that Taiwan still has a three to five year lead, the mainland's | Prospects, Disappointments of Taiwan Traders Trade Relationship Changes |
FBIS3-20469_6 | information electronics industry has recently shown itself to be on the rise. During the first half of 1993 alone, mainland information industry exports increased 200 percent over the same period during the previous year. The personal computer internal sales market for the year also caught up with Taiwan's average 350,000 units. The China mainland general manager of the American Hewlett-Packard Computer Corporation, Cheng Tianzong [4453 1131 4912], reminded that when looking at a competitor, "you must not always look at his shortcomings; you should look at the way in which he is changing." Entry Into an Entirely New Stage When traditional industries such as shoe, umbrella, and Christmas decoration industries went ashore on the other side of the Strait one after another, Taiwan said complacently: This is an elimination of industries that is inevitable as the economy escalates. Scientific and technical industries will receive the baton and carrying on the task of pulling up the industrial level. Today, however, even scientific and technical industries can hardly escape catching the mainland craze. This is fully demonstrated by economic and trade relations between the two sides of the Strait entering an entirely new phase of change from quantity and the spurring of qualitative change. The speed and the number of scientific and technical industries that have surged into the mainland has increased tremendously. This is bound to hurt Taiwan. Once the factories that Taiwan firms rushed to build go into operation, will the large number of scientific and technical enterprises that have a blood relationship with Taiwan and whose mainland personnel are well-versed in production skills expand the operating area of Taiwan enterprises, or will they turn around and put pressure on Taiwan's living space? Zhang Jichun [1728 1807 5028], who is in charge of economic relations and trade in Shanghai's Taiwan Office, and who studied biochemistry at the Chinese Academy of Sciences, showed that chemistry remains his basic profession when he said, "What is going on is a chemical compounding reaction between both sides of the Strait." Once a chemical reaction occurs, an entirely new material results. A return to the original state is impossible. Once economic relations and trade between both sides of the Strait have been largely meshed, a new stage will come into being. When they were in Taiwan, each increase in production that Taiwan firms made was a contribution to the country. The interests of the government | Prospects, Disappointments of Taiwan Traders Trade Relationship Changes |
FBIS3-20483_0 | Language: Chinese Article Type:CSO [Article by Yang Hui (5017 1920): "China's Taxation Black Box"--the writer Is a Mainland Chinese With a U.S. Doctorate in economics] [Text] Editor's note: Of late, the authorities of Mainland China are taking a host of measures to rectify the financial order by readjusting their financial policy. This has attracted widespread attention. However, another bottleneck in China's economic reform, namely taxation and the reform of the tax system, has all along been overlooked by the media. Last August the World Bank published an evaluation report on China's current economy. In an unequivocal manner, it told the Mainland Chinese authorities that tax reform should be an urgent task in China's economic restructuring. In this context, we have arranged to publish the following special-topic article for our readers: [end of editor's note] "The Kuomintang is known for its numerous taxes; the Communist Party is noted for its countless meetings." This was once an often-quoted saying. As time has passed by, however, this once-prevailing saying has taken on a new version: "The Communist Party has even more taxes than its meetings." This is really a dramatic change in the state of affairs. If we pick up a newspaper or a magazine, we will see it is full of astonishing news: The taxation department in such and such a place was under attack, and its tax officials were beaten up. Farmers in Sichuan and Guizhou staged massive riots because of the unbearable taxes and other levies imposed by various levels of officials. In the past, streets were flooded with posters and signs reading "class struggle, once grasped, will work wonders." Now, this slogan has been replaced by "Resolutely Strike at Tax Evasion!" Despite this change, the relentless atmosphere remains the same. Zhou Enlai served as premier for many years. While no comprehensive marriage law was worked out during his tenure, a tax law was enacted as early as 1950. It has been over a decade since the reform and open policy was put into force. However, no media law has been promulgated, nor is there a comprehensive law on banking. On the other hand, there are close to 30 tax laws of one kind or another. It goes without saying that all rulers in history used taxes to squeeze out the people's money. The Communist Party is no exception to this. In the West, paying tax is known as paying | Heavy Taxation Causes Corruption, Discontent Who are the guests at the ball and feast financed with tax revenue? |
FBIS3-20484_2 | in overtime. Such a slack and easy going state of affairs naturally creates not very high work efficiency. Some comparative data for 1988 is shocking. In Japan, per capita gross output value of engineers in the machinery industry was $350,000, while it was only $84,000 in China. This is to say that in machinery industries having the same output value, China used 4.1 times the number of engineers as Japan. There are both structural reasons and conceptual reasons for this state of affairs. Examples include out of date products, antiquated organizational methods, softening of demand for technology and for technical personnel, and being accustomed to the expansion of extensive inputs primarily, using large amounts of money and manpower; and a serious shortage of development funds that leads to having a large number of technical personnel in name but not in reality, which makes the development of new products very difficult, and makes it even harder to translate scientific research achievements into production. (The money provided for technical progress in some developed nations generally runs between 3 and 5 percent of total sales. In strong Japanese enterprises, it runs as high as 10 percent. In China, by contrast, many enterprises invest less than 1 percent.) A Shanghai survey shows 70 percent of new research achievements have not been translated into the development of products. The value of knowledge is not fully appreciated. Many enterprises continue to treat scientific and technical personnel like organizational cadres, their average bonus being between 10 and 30 percent less than workers on the front line of production. Egalitarianism in distributions is a serious problem. "It makes no difference whether one works or does not work," or whether one "does not work and also takes few risks." This situation results in scientific and technical personnel not doing their best; production efficiency in the enterprise itself is not high; and overstaffing is the general rule, etc. Serious Flight of Human Talent Surveys show that despite the increase in technicians in the machinery and electronics industry in recent years, in state-owned enterprises -- particularly in large and medium size enterprises -- the dropping out of skilled personnel, the aging of human talent, and the flight of human talent is extremely serious. It is mostly middle age and young permanent scientific and technical cadres that leave. A sample survey showed a decline from 24.6 to 19.28 percent in the number | Developing Skills for Machinery Industry |
FBIS3-20485_0 | Language: Chinese Article Type:CSO [Article by Hong Xiaodong (3163 2556 2639), International Office, Ministry of Foreign Trade and Economic Cooperation: "China's Participation in GATT: Benefits to Trade in Services Long-Range; Current Pressures Alleviated Only by Enhanced Legislation To Increase `Tertiary Industry' Inputs"] [Text] As a full participant in the Uruguay Round [of GATT], China is prepared to sign the round's final agreement and implement each obligation regulated by it. Trade in services, as an important topic, was brought into the negotiations for the first time. Its framework agreement, the General Agreement on Trade in Services, and addenda have been reached. On the basis of many rounds of bilateral negotiations, each country has submitted a list of preliminary agreements for reducing concessions. Since the start of the Uruguay Round, China began to participate in GATT negotiations and proposed its own preliminary list of promises to reduce concessions according to current Chinese laws and regulations which stipulate the degree of openness. The following are advantages of China's participation in GATT: Competition introduced appropriately promotes development of domestic service industries. We must introduce competition appropriately to accelerate the development of China's service industries. Since China implemented reform and open door policies, some Chinese service sectors have adopted different open measures which have played a definite role in spurring on the promotion of China's domestic service industry growth. Participation in GATT has solidified these efforts and continuously expanded the degree of openness of service sectors which will make China's domestic service industries develop rather quickly. Appropriate use of highly effective foreign services can improve domestic service industry levels to serve the creation of China's manufacturing growth and product exports. Increased transparency is advantageous to fully understanding foreign service market conditions. After GATT goes into effect, we could more clearly understand the restricted measures on service trades adopted by other countries via the preliminary list for agreement provided by signatories. This provided quite a lot of information to China's services and service providers to enter the service trade markets of other countries, which is beneficial to exporting China's services. Advantageous to enjoyment of equal treatment for China's service trade exports, GATT is the first multiple agreement for comprehensive management of global trade in services. Preferential treatment is an important principle of the general agreement. This principle will provide a rather equal competition environment for China's service exports and avoid discriminatory treatment via the exchange of | Benefits of GATT for Service Industries |
FBIS3-20486_6 | 30 percent of a normal year outlook. Some developing countries grant disaster subsidies in the form of free government grain supplies or agricultural tax reduction or annulment. Subsidies have advantages and disadvantages, rarely used appropriately foreign agricultural subsidy advantage and disadvantage analysis In general, under market economy conditions, there are advantages and disadvantages to government subsidies for agriculture. Advantages analyzed Subsidies promote production and development. Direct government subsidies have improved greatly agricultural production conditions, in particular, agricultural infrastructure, technology, equipment and agricultural scientific research. They have strengthened agricultural productivity and can turn the fruits of agricultural research into productivity as soon as possible. For example, because the United States practices a series of agricultural protection policies encompassing agricultura l subsidies, its agricultural production consistently has maintained relatively stable development. By 1992, U.S. soybean output was 54.40 million tons, more than one-half the world total, putting it in first place. It ranked second worldwide for grain output of 320 million tons and cotton output of 3.90 million tons. Subsidies increase farmer incomes. Some agricultural subsidies are directly granted to farmers in the production process while others are granted indirectly in various fo rms. Farmers obtain material benefits in these ways. At the same time, because subsidies promote increased agricultural output, farmers therefore can obtain suitable incomes. For example, average net income per farm in the United States is $280,000 and income per agricultural laborer is $180,000. Subsidies promote agricultural exports. In developed countries with agricultural surplusses, agricultural product export trade is greatly promoted because the government subsidizes agricultural exports. Taking the United States as an example again, cereal export volume accounts for about 40 percent of total export volume and approximately one-half of cotton is exported. Agricultural product exports are at more than $40 billion. Under conditions of a more than $100 billion deficit in national foreign trade, there is a more than $17 billion surplus in agricultural product foreign trade. In sum, government subsidies for agriculture to a large degree have altered agriculture's disadvantageous position in market economies, reduced agricultural risk, enhanced farm product competitiveness on domestic and foreign markets and are commonly welcomed by farmers. At the same time, they also play an important role in ameliorating domes ic supply and demand contradictions for farm products and stabilizing domestic economic and social order. Disadvantages analyzed Subsidies place an enormous fiscal burden on governments. Agricultural subsidies are government acts and | Importance of Agricultural Subsidies Stressed |
FBIS3-20506_8 | personnel, the system for selecting justices is also currently unable to ensure the quality of legal personnel. Law officers are generated by an examination system. If they are not versed in the law, even the law cannot pass them, much less can it produce officers having moral character. Examination Yuan member Ti Tsung-ch'uan believes that testing of justices should emulate the United States system, increasing moral character checks, and that a system for eliminating justices should also be instituted. Second, the provisions of the law are not clear and punishments are not uniform. This also permits grafters to suppose they can get away with violations. They are willing to test the law. Current provisions for the punishment of corruption include the criminal law's dereliction of duty articles and a special law's "corruption punishment regulations." If other laws contained heavier penalty provisions, in view of the principle that "severe laws are superior to light laws," sentences would be heavier. However, in actual enforcement, a sentence may be light at one time and heavy at another. The explanation that the courts give is that sentencing depends on the strength of the evidence. Some evidence only supports a sentence for an attempt to make money for oneself or for others; others support a sentence for offering bribes, and still other support a sentence for accepting bribes. Thus, sentences vary in severity or lightness. However, in the corruption realm, when distinctions are made as to whether corruption consists of payment for administrative action, the conveyance of benefits, profit for oneself, offering bribes, or accepting bribes, even justices must consider carefully so how much more so ordinary folk. Thus, everyone begins to calculate his own risk. Some who are risk takers by nature take a gamble. If they fail and receive a heavy sentence, they chalk it off to bad luck. Only when the provisions of the law are crystal clear will the people be able to understand how to act. "When Japan ruled Taiwan, major matters of justice such as participation in government and political affairs were clearly not accorded the people, but small matters of justice involving the courts, taxation, and the police, the Japanese did not withhold. Moreover, government adherence to these small matters of justice, which affected the people most, built the people's confidence about civil rights. No wonder that many people have fond memories of the past," said Huang Yueh-ch'in. | TIENHSIA Views Anti-Corruption Mechanism |
FBIS3-20508_3 | also said that these were Mao Zedong's words and should not be repeated. The morning was devoted to these three people's speeches, which appeared to be a prearranged division of labor. I spoke in the afternoon responding to their speeches. I also touched upon three topics: my interpretation of the situation, the Sino-British dispute, and united front and mass work. "Great upheaval, deep division, and extensive transformation," I explained, represented the reality in Hong Kong after China and Britain began negotiations on Hong Kong. While there had been some dissatisfaction with British rule in the past few decades, by and large people were content because of the way the economy had developed. In contrast, they harbored doubts about China. Logically speaking and out of national sentimental feelings, some people embraced the idea of returning Hong Kong to China. Others did not care for it but could not bring themselves to say it. Even those who supported the return of Hong Kong to China also worried that their lives in the future would be affected by changes in the social system and felt uneasy. Unwilling to turn over Hong Kong, Britain had resorted to the old ruse colonialists always used when forced to withdraw. The fact of the matter is that it was trying to divide Hong Kong, already split over the issue of China takeover. British actions only served to deepen the division in Hong Kong. Among the more tangible signs were these: the strong support for the proposal of Britain giving up sovereignty over Hong Kong in return for the right to rule it, the rejection of our suggestions, the increasing number of people immigrating overseas, and the rising outflow of funds. All this pointed to turmoil and growing division. Bipolarization in Hong Kong was sharpening by the day in terms of social stratification, ideology, and along the pro-China versus pro-British line. Needless to say, there were people who trusted neither side and chose to leave Hong Kong instead. Social transformation had reached unprecedented proportions and was becoming more and more obvious. I said, "One may or may not use the word `great' in our analysis of the situation. It is not necessarily wrong to use the word. Chairman Mao Zedong made mistakes in his old age, but that does not mean everything he said is unspeakable." Regarding Li Hou's arguments, I noted that in terms of status, Hong | Xu Jiatun's Memoirs on Brainstorming Session |
FBIS3-20516_0 | Language: English Article Type:BFN [Editorial: "President Li Demonstrates His Pragmatism"] [Text] President Li Teng-hui once again demonstrated his pragmatism as he gave an account of his eight-day unofficial visit to the three Southeast Asian countries of Indonesia, the Philippines and Thailand, and answered questions at an 80-minute press conference held on Wednesday night upon his return from the trip. The President said one major purpose of his Southeast Asian trip was to promote economic cooperation. To illustrate the need, he said, Taiwan's future economic development must rely on continuous investment abroad to create more sales opportunities and to secure the supply of essential raw materials. He described his visits to the three countries and his discussions with the leaders of the governments involved as fruitful, especially in the strengthening of economic cooperation. When asked what about the diplomatic implications of his trip, Li replied he did not expect to see any immediate gains in this respect. He said much more must be done and it takes time for the achievement of concrete results. In fact, Li's meetings with President Suharto of Indonesia, President Fidel Ramos of the Philippines and King Phumiphon Adunyadet of Thailand in themselves represented a major achievement of his pragmatic diplomacy. None of the three countries have formal ties with Taiwan. Asked about his chances of being invited to the 1994 summit meeting of APEC (Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation) leaders, Li said he did not bring forward the matter in his meeting with Suharto, who will play host to the event this year. Li said he was not sure that he would be invited. But the President indicated he will not insist on participating, should that arouse protest from Beijing and consequently affect the convention of the summit. The Republic of China [ROC] after all wants to be a nation having the respect of all, he added. He was also asked to comment on the repeated protests Mainland China lodged with the three countries, warning their governments not to receive him. Li said those interventions were unreasonable and surely were not mature policies. The President noted that, despite Beijing's continued protests, the three nations still went ahead to discuss bilateral relations with the ROC and made clear to him that they want to be friends with this nation. Li did not believe that his Southeast Asian tour will have adverse effects on Taiwan's relations with the mainland. He | Editorial: Li's Trip as `Pragmatic Diplomacy' |
FBIS3-20539_8 | into inter-provincial labor cooperation with eight provinces and regions including Sichuan, for instance, Guangdong has moderated the flood of rural workers pouring into it from the eight provinces and regions. This it accomplished by providing information on the job market in Guangdong and intensifying market guidance. 2) A mighty effort should be made to develop a variety of intermediate labor service organizations, gradually forming a socialized service system that includes information dissemination, consulting, job referral, and training. Such a system is critical to broadening the scope of market regulation and lowering the costs and risks of the de-agriculturalization of rural manpower. Intermediate organizations, particularly job-referral centers, should allow and even encourage private groups and individuals to go into business on their own. China has a vast pool of surplus labor; the government alone cannot be relied upon to solve the whole problem by itself. But government departments can play a leading role in providing information and consulting services. Nobody makes money providing these services, yet they do a lot of social good. Most private organizations have neither the capability nor the will to provide those services. By making full use of existing organized resources and information tools, government agencies, in contrast, are in a position to collect and transmit authoritative information on the supply and demand of labor. 3) Regional labor supply-demand exchanges should be set up at major transportation hubs and in the leading cities of areas in demand of labor. A labor supply-demand exchange, on the one hand, will bring together the two parties at either end of the labor supply-demand equation as well as intermediate organizations. Its operations may also help identify wage levels and obtain and transmit information. 4) Law- and regulation-making should be accelerated as appropriate and the management of the labor market must be improved, including the protection of the legitimate rights and interests of the workers, hiring enterprises, and intermediate organizations, as well as the regulation of their conduct; the preservation of fair market competition; and the effective management of the floating population through the introduction of a registration system for workers entering or leaving a jurisdiction, for instance. In the long haul, solving the problem of rural worker migration at its root entails, for one thing, the inclusion of the issue of rural employment into the scope of national economic and social development planning and the elevation of the realization of full | Causes, Solutions to Rural Migrant Upsurge |
FBIS3-20544_2 | China, domestic inflation cannot be shifted to the international economy. Therefore, in the process of opening to the outside world, we will sustain pressure from both domestic inflation and the transfer of international inflation. Because of this double inflation, China's price level is bound to rise. 3. The effect of total supply and demand. Following re-entry into GATT, international factors will have to be added into China's total supply and demand balance. The former balance will be destroyed. On the supply side, numerous foreign products that enjoy marked superiority in quality and price will enter China directly. At the same time, large amounts of some Chinese resources and preliminarily processed raw materials will flow to foreign countries because of their cheap price. On the demand side, as Chinese incomes increase fairly rapidly and restrictions on income soften, the demand for high quality consumer goods (such as motor vehicles) will be virtually unlimited. Because imports of foreign goods are restricted in various ways at the present time, citizen consumption demand is held down by the structural dislocations between supply and demand; thus, supply and demand are in relative balance for the time being. But just as soon as the regulation of imports demolishes the structural restraints on the supply and demand structure, people's consumption will begin to be stimulated. As a result, current latent demand will become real demand. Moreover, since consumption accounts for two-thirds of total demand, the fairly rapid growth of consumption demand is bound to stimulate growth of total demand, thereby affecting the overall price level. 4. The effect of tariffs. In the course of multilateral negotiations with GATT signatory nations, China promised to reduce tariffs. China believes that a lowering of tariffs will lower prices of imports, thereby lowering the overall price level. A World Bank report believes that China's actual tariff rate is between 5 and 6 percent, which is close to the developed country level and lower than the developing country level. Therefore, following re-entry to GATT, China's actual overall tariff level will not change very much. Effect on Agricultural Product Prices 1) Advantages The GATT provides favorable conditions for accelerating the opening to the outside world of China's agriculture, and for linking China's agricultural production with the world agricultural products market. It helps introduce new varieties, and new techniques and management experiences to transform traditional agriculture, to promote advances in China's agricultural techniques, and | GATT Impact on Industry, Prices |
FBIS3-20544_13 | avail itself of GATT's dispute resolution mechanism, thereby improving its bargaining position in the resolution of trade disputes among signatory nations. It will be able more effectively to discuss and negotiate solution to disputes with its trading partners using the maintenance of GATT principles as a basis. When necessary, it can fairly resolve issues through GATT's mediation, thereby improving treatment for China's electronics products export trade to safeguard the national interest. 6. GATT re-entry will mean fairly easy access to full information about the world economy and trade. GATT has information about the world economy and trade. As a signatory nation, China can use this GATT window to obtain documents from which it can gain an understanding of the trade regulations, trade policies, trade statistics, and trends of development in trade of other signatory nations. This will help China decide trade development strategies and draw up rational trade laws and regulations. It will also enhance information exchanges with other countries. For electronics products, in particular, which are updated extremely rapidly and in which competition is extremely intense, timely understanding of international market product trends and market movements holds extremely important significance for China's long-term trade strategy and the setting of near-term goals. 7. GATT participation will further help attract foreign capital, and bring in sophisticated technology and management experience. Following GATT re-entry, as China's markets mesh with international markets to become an integral part of the international market, our products will be able to leave and enter the international market, and we will be able to acquire some sophisticated technology and sales techniques from foreign countries. In addition, the more roomy domestic market climate will also further attract foreign trader investment and the operation of enterprises in China. Investment in the electronics industry, in particular, will increase, and with it will come fairly sophisticated technology and management experience. Negative Disadvantages Recovery of GATT signatory nation status will have a very severe near-term impact on China's electronics markets. Intense competition may put some enterprises in dire straits. Some enterprises that produce low quality, not readily saleable products will lose out in competition, will lose their markets entirely, and will face the prospect of halting production, going out of business, merging, or shifting to other lines of production. Following GATT re-entry, while enjoying rights as a member, China will also have to perform corresponding duties. As China's electronics products enter international markets, | GATT Impact on Industry, Prices |
FBIS3-20544_25 | re-entry on cement prices in China, and study of remedies that may be taken requires, first of all, a clarification of the advantages and shortcoming of China's cement industry in a free market. Advantages and disadvantages are comparative. Thus, one cannot generalize. One must make accurate comparisons. Many trades study the effect on domestic industry of GATT re-entry by comparing China's advantages and disadvantages in comparison with their main competitors, the developed nations of Europe and America. Such comparisons are correct, no doubt, but we feel that Chinese cement cannot be compared with cement in Europe and America. This is because many years practice show that we import very little cement from Europe and America, and we will not import much in the future. China exports very little cement to either Europe or the United States today, but the amount may increase in the future. However, a long development process will be required. The Chinese cement industry's main foreign trade competitors are Japan, North Korea, South Korea, Indonesia, Thailand, Malaysia, and Singapore. Our main comparative advantages over these countries and territories are as follows: 1) Manpower advantage. China's wage level is only one-tenth or less of theirs. The cement industry is a labor and capital intensive industry. To a very large extent, the cost of labor decides product competitiveness. Rise in the price of a nation's labor cannot arbitrarily exceed the overall level of its economic development. Therefore, the manpower advantage that China's cement industry enjoy is not just for the present, but will continue for a very long time. 2) Energy and raw materials advantage. The cement industry is a high energy consumption industry, and it requires large amounts of non-metallic raw materials such as limestone. By comparison with competitors, China has plentiful reserves of energy, particularly coal, and raw materials such as limestone, which are found over a wide area. China is richly endowed by nature, and prices are relatively cheap. 3) Environmental protection pressures are relatively slight. Since the cement industry is a traditional industry that pollutes the environment to a certain extent and whose technology content is fairly low, during the 1980s, some developed countries and territories began to limit its development or relocation. For example, Japan and Singapore adopted such measures. Relatively speaking, pressures in these regards are not great in China. 4) Transportation and sales advantage. The cement trade is strongly dependent on transportation. | GATT Impact on Industry, Prices |
FBIS3-20551_4 | since 1988, the city of Shaoyang has had at least 25 cases of persons having their hands and/or feet chopped off. In some cases, persons have had their fingers chopped off or smashed, while others have had the tendons in their feet slit out and discarded. When the same persons go to the hospital to have new tendons transplanted, the savage criminals track them down to re-slit and discard the tendons, and then smash their kneecaps and ankles. Another trend is that criminal societies are infiltrating the business world, actively seeking legal business fronts, thereby establishing a base for operations. Some criminal societies even use ill-gotten wealth to make contributions and donations and to render aid, seeking political capital in the process and ensconcing themselves in protective surroundings. Criminal societies employ various means to bribe, entice, and corrupt personnel of party and government organs, and in particular public security and justice workers, into acting as protective umbrellas. They use these people to shelter criminal actions, to facilitate crime, and to gain priviliged information. A small minority of cadres and policemen become corrupt after failing to resist temptations. They shelter the criminal societies and either do nothing about the illegal criminal activity or they do next to nothing about it. Some even drink toasts with the criminals and pass along priviliged information. Several major crime society stings have shown this to be the case, and it has forced public security organs to set up secret operational cells in secret locations to work in a highly concealed manner. As the influence of underground criminal societies grows wildly within China, outside and foreign criminal elements are taking advantage of our country's gradual opening to the outside world. They are stepping up their infiltration of Mainland China, trying to establish a foothold, open up a "new battlefield", or seek refuge on the mainland. Underground criminal societies from Hong Kong, Macao, Taiwan, and Japan have been the most pernicious in this regard. They have infiltrated the southeast coastal regions and have conspired with evil elements in those areas to join forces. The harm this represents is significant. Especially in the last few years, international drug cartels have tried to open up routes for their drug trade through China. The drug trade has become the medium for underground criminal societies both within China and abroad. For example, in July of 1990, when the Taiwan police launched | Rapid Growth of Underground Criminal Societies |
FBIS3-20552_4 | since 1988, the city of Shaoyang has had at least 25 cases of persons having their hands and/or feet chopped off. In some cases, persons have had their fingers chopped off or smashed, while others have had the tendons in their feet slit out and discarded. When the same persons go to the hospital to have new tendons transplanted, the savage criminals track them down to re-slit and discard the tendons, and then smash their kneecaps and ankles. Another trend is that criminal societies are infiltrating the business world, actively seeking legal business fronts, thereby establishing a base for operations. Some criminal societies even use ill-gotten wealth to make contributions and donations and to render aid, seeking political capital in the process and ensconcing themselves in protective surroundings. Criminal societies employ various means to bribe, entice, and corrupt personnel of party and government organs, and in particular public security and justice workers, into acting as protective umbrellas. They use these people to shelter criminal actions, to facilitate crime, and to gain priviliged information. A small minority of cadres and policemen become corrupt after failing to resist temptations. They shelter the criminal societies and either do nothing about the illegal criminal activity or they do next to nothing about it. Some even drink toasts with the criminals and pass along priviliged information. Several major crime society stings have shown this to be the case, and it has forced public security organs to set up secret operational cells in secret locations to work in a highly concealed manner. As the influence of underground criminal societies grows wildly within China, outside and foreign criminal elements are taking advantage of our country's gradual opening to the outside world. They are stepping up their infiltration of Mainland China, trying to establish a foothold, open up a "new battlefield", or seek refuge on the mainland. Underground criminal societies from Hong Kong, Macao, Taiwan, and Japan have been the most pernicious in this regard. They have infiltrated the southeast coastal regions and have conspired with evil elements in those areas to join forces. The harm this represents is significant. Especially in the last few years, international drug cartels have tried to open up routes for their drug trade through China. The drug trade has become the medium for underground criminal societies both within China and abroad. For example, in July of 1990, when the Taiwan police launched | Rapid Growth of Underground Criminal Societies |
FBIS3-20568_3 | that the disadvantages outweigh the advantages, and that they will in the end hamper progress. The "red hat" may for a time still make one's head impervious to wind and rain, but following the suppression of the "theory of the economic ingredients" [i.e. residual ingredients of other systems being maintained in the dominating economic system] this attitude may lose its effectiveness in the not too far away future. One has to get out from this "zone or error." Continuing the Unreasonable Distribution System, Being Free of Them and Yet Seeking the Restraints of Conventions A considerable number of private enterprise executives will either not dare to do anything unconventional and unorthodox because of their narrow mode of thinking; or will, on the other hand, under the residual influence of the old distribution pattern of the public-owned enterprises--some of these persons having only recently changed over from a public-owned enterprise "feeding trough"--continue, consciously or unconsciously, the lump sum gross payroll distribution method that has been used all along by the state-run and collective enterprises. They will not dare take even half a step beyond what they assume as safe territory. Although these private enterprises are not at all unaware of the fact that they are now closely emulating the distribution system of the public-owned enterprises, they will still, wrongheadedly and erroneously, claim that they are giving a brilliant show of a law-abiding, rule-obeying attitude in their business operations, and that they are the modern type of private enterprises. In actual fact it is precisely this distribution system, now continued in docile conformity with conventions, that obliterates the flexibility in distribution in the private enterprises and weakens the most significant advantage of private enterprises. At present, all public enterprises strenuously endeavor in their reform efforts to break out from the constraints of their former conventions, widen the grading in distributions, gain the ability to raise or lower, in order to stimulate the enthusiasm of all cadre, staff, and workers. The private enterprises, on the other hand, move in the opposite direction, is that not sad. For all these reasons, the private enterprises are urged to stop assimilating with the public enterprises in these respects and are urged to go their own way, which they really ought to go. With Loud Booms and Bangs, a Craving for Hollow Reputation Recently, some private enterprises of quite some proportions underwent a change in that they | Mistakes of Private Economy Continuing the Unreasonable Distribution System, Being Free of Them and Yet Seeking the Restraints of Conventions |
FBIS3-20576_7 | entered the ranks of nations having a moderate income, grain consumption in China is now at the peak period. Therefore, the state should increase investment in grain production, increase the price of grain relatively, and do all possible to increase peasant income to enable peasants to buy commodity-type goods for investment in order to increase grain production tremendously so that the increase in grain supply can satisfy the increase in demand. Second is increase in high income elasticity food production. Since rural demand for premium grain increases as per capita income increases, production of these high income elasticity foods should be increased. Otherwise a tremendous gap between supply and demand will be created. This is already a very serious problem. The supply of premium quality rice cannot meet demand, but early indica rice is in great oversupply. Production of high income elasticity premium rice or animal foods requires greater resources inputs. For example, more irrigation water and more fertilizer are needed to grow paddy than to grow sorghum. Therefore, government should set a fairly substantial quality price differential to encourage the peasants to grow premium quality grain. Third, since grain demand income elasticity is greater in rural villages than in cities, and greater in needy areas than in developed areas, universal education, improved transportation and communications, and the expansion of grain production in rural and needy areas would lower the grain demand income elasticity of rural village and needy area populations. This would be more effective than simply considering income increase measures. Fourth, subsidies for specific purposes should be given low income people. Microdecisions About Grain Consumption The deregulation of grain markets has increased consumers' opportunities to make free choices. However, these choices are affected not only by the consumers' income level and prices, but by individual preferences as well. 1. Consumer decisions when grain prices rise. Following grain market deregulation, the overall price level of grain may rise. Consumers will then readjust the mix of their commodity purchases on the basis of their income and individual preferences. 2. Consumer decisions after income increase. When consumer income increases, at a fairly low income level, the amount of grain purchased increases very rapidly. At a fairly high income level, however, the increase becomes slower and slower. This reflects an increasingly smaller percent of income spent on grain as family income increases. This is consistent with the laws of Engels and Bennett. | CASS Report on Grain System Reform, Issues Grain Production Decisionmaking |
FBIS3-20586_1 | procedures, many official procedures, lack of price transparency, somewhat unreasonable profit sharing, etc. This has forced some agricultural by-products into export channels in other provinces. For example: hua [3323] mushrooms produced in Yanshou County have to be exported through Hainan's foreign trade department. The Shuangcheng Furfural Plant exports furfural through the foreign trade department at 5,700 yuan per ton, but the plant can only get 3,600 yuan; the profit distribution is very unreasonable. 2. Processing and circulation is still the weak link. Although the integration of trade, industry, and agriculture, and the merging of production, processing, and marketing have brought about rapid development from a quantity standpoint, there has not really been much done when it comes to developing an export oriented agriculture, and for leading enterprises like the Shuangcheng Nestle Corporation, Ltd, the results have been even fewer. Many of our leading enterprises are low quality and low level, their products having no market competitiveness, so that the majority of the agricultural by-products we have for export are raw materials. Statistics from the Farm Administrative General Bureau of Heilongjiang, primary products occupy over 90 percent of the annual exports of agricultural by-products, and more than 80 percent for the entire province. A lack of leading enterprises has made some bases very unstable. Some cattle bases are in decline, to the depression of dairy product plants and delays in payment for milk expenditures. In Bing County and Wuchang, there is large-scale raising of beef cattle, but so far there has not been a thorough processing enterprise. 3. The infrastructure is poor. The current shortage of railway and road transport is a serious obstacle to the development of foreign trade. In some border ports which cannot be reached by rail, poor roads makes import and export of goods erratic, seriously countering these ports' advantages. Telecommunications facilities are backward in many areas, which affects shipping information, and restricts commodity circulation and economic development. 4. A shortage of intelligence. After some remote areas became open ports, the quality of personnel in these areas just did not measure up. There is a lack of foreign trade administrators and foreign language talent. 5. Policies have not been implemented completely. There are many official procedures, many complicated steps, and farmers have to obtain licenses to go to the market. Heilongjiang's Farm Administrative General Bureau complain that farms cannot share favorite policies of their localities. People also | Improving Heilongjiang Farm Exports |
FBIS3-20587_0 | Language: Chinese Article Type:CSO [Article by Meng Zhaomin (1322 2507 3046) and Xing Shiguo (6717 0013 0948): "Numerous Alcoholic Beverage Production and Sales Problems"] [Text] Heilongjiang is a major alcoholic beverage producing and selling province. There presently are 88 national distilleries and 90 breweries in the province and annual production of spirits and beer is nearly 1 million tons. Taxes and profits realized from spirits and beer in addition to wine and state commercial alcoholic beverage sales in recent years have exceeded 700 million yuan, making up an important part of provincial revenue. But these reporters understand from the people concerned that in recent years, Heilongjiang's alcoholic beverage production and sales both have been in a rather chaotic state, not only causing serious erosion of revenue, but more directly endangering consumers' physical health. Alcoholic beverage production is out of overall control. Based on calculations of current production capability, throughout the province state enterprise production of spirits is 100,000 tons greater than sales and production of beer in 200,000 tons greater than sales. In some state enterprises, production capacity is idle and with results still not fully brought into play, small individual distilleries have grown incrementally. According to incomplete statistics, in 1991 there were 879 small distilleries throughout the province, and this year it has already reached 2,500. According to a survey, the vast majority of small distilleries do not meet standard production conditions. They do not have specialized technicians and they do not have testing equipment. Some even sell diluted industrial alcohol. What causes extremely serious consequences is that fatal poisonings continue to occur. In March 1993, a farmer, Bu Sulong [0592 4790 7893], in Songjiang village, Songjiang township on the outskirts of Jiamusi without any license operated a small private distillery, used adulterated industrial alcohol diluted with unboiled water to make spirits in bulk, and peddled 1,500 kilograms to thirteen sales points in that locality, poisoning five people to death, paralyzing three people, and blinding three people in both eyes. An inordinate amount of poisonings also occurred in Bin county last year causing injury and death. Because of their limited technology, small distilleries' grain consumption is generally twice that of state distilleries. According to statistics, in this province alone, 150 million kilograms of grain is wasted. According to surveys, the existence of small distilleries depends mainly on tax loopholes. Experts reveal that if they paid 10 percent taxes, all | Heilongjiang Liquor Industry Faces Problems |
FBIS3-20592_3 | of Miganqiao Village in a certain township owns an electric oven (with two-phase motor.) When the electrician collects the bill, he adds the amount of electricity consumed by the oven to the bill. That household's monthly electric bill comes to an average of 50 yuan. The Sunjiabao Village in a certain township makes its own electric bills and charges as much as 0.70 yuan per degree, which shocks most people. Two villages in another town issues blank slips and charges 0.30 all the way up to 0.60 yuan per degree. Some peasant families have to make do with oil lamps. Some village group cadres pay little or nothing for electricity. This has become a common practice. This is because village-level cadres can hire and fire electricians at will. Those who obey the village cadres, who do special favors for the cadres' families, and who do not charge the cadres will get the jobs, and so the electricians collaborate and add the cadres' household electric bills onto the other villagers' bills and even raise the charges as they please to let the cadres reap a profit. Improper Apportionment Still Runs Rampant Today, when the leading cadres go out, they want to show off. They want fancy cars, the best-selling cars. They get money by hook or by crook so that they can buy cars. They use bank loans to buy cars; they spend official administrative funds on cars. Despite specific regulations handed down by the State Council regarding the grades of cars they can buy, everybody, regardless of rank, is buying a Santana. A certain township has a new "Beijing" jeep. In June of this year [as published], it appropriated 20,000 from each township-affiliated enterprise, and without getting permission from the purchase-control office, bought a Santana. A few days later, the county financial bureau sent someone down to investigate. The township leader wined and dined him and paid a fine. An illegal car was thus legalized. The year's jeep is to be used by the county leaders when they go to the villages, and the new Santana is for use when they go to town. Today, the township party committee secretary reportedly is rewarded for the clever apportionment and is put to work in high places by the county leadership. Appropriating money from township enterprises in fact is adding to the peasants' burdens. Some Thoughts on Easing the Burden Since the | Article Calls for Easing Peasant Burdens Speed Up Rural Development Deceiving Those Above and Below -- Jacking Up the Per Capita Net Income |
FBIS3-20594_0 | Language: Chinese Article Type:CSO [Letter to the editor entitled "Whom Should I Tell My Troubles To?"] [Text] Comrade Editor, My name is Zheng Meiling [6774 5019 3781]. I am a member of the Number 2 Brick Factory of Regiment 123, 7th Agricultural Division in Xinjiang's Kuytun. I have had little education. Since my divorce in 1988, I have been raising three children on my own. Last year, I planted more than 70 mu of cotton down in the farm. After handing over the farm's share, I took home the remaining cotton and was going to sell it to Regiment 123's processing plant. On 17 November of last year, I rounded up several fellow villagers to load the cotton onto a cart. We packed more than 4,000 kilos of cotton and covered the cart with canvas. Night fell before the selling procedure was completed, so I left the cart in front of my house. I was afraid someone would steal the cotton, so I stayed up all night. That night someone came and dragged the cotton cart away. Someone told me that those people were from the local police station, because they suspected that my cotton had belonged to someone else. I went after them to get my cart back. They said, "You must pay us a hundred yuan, hand over the cotton that does not belong to you, and pay us back the wages we had paid to the men who got the cotton, and then you can have the cotton back. We paid 100 yuan to hire that cart." I spent two days and went there four times. They said, "We have weighed your cart already and unloaded the cotton at the processing plant." I toiled for more than a month, running back and forth more than 20 times. My feet were badly frostbitten; I could hardly walk. During that period, I have gone to the leaders of the 14th Company to prove that I was a member of the brick factory, I had planted the cotton in the farm, and that I was living in the 14th Company's family compound. I have also gone to the farm's cadres. They said, "She has delivered her share. We told her to take the remaining cotton and sell it." But they still decided to fine me 500 yuan. At that time, they had not given me the ticket. On 16 December, | Article Calls for Easing Peasant Burdens Who Will Defend Me? |
FBIS3-20603_1 | relentlessly and effectively both at home and abroad. Moreover, he possessed the courage and, it must be added, the sense to trust them in the hands of the legislature. That trust proved well-founded. Now the twin pillars of Hong Kong's administration -- Executive and Legislature -- can face the uncertain future hand-in-hand. As Mr Patten noted yesterday, it was never the intention of the British to dump the reforms on Legco and then scarper [run away]. Rather, what was being formed was a new partnership. The legislators who voted the way they believe their constituencies wanted have embraced that concept. There is, however, a rather serious gripe with Mr Patten. He consistently reassured the legislators moved to support his reforms that there was no secret deal being hatched in Beijing. And he solemnly promised that a "full account" of the failed 17 rounds of talks with the Chinese would be published so they could see that was so. It is a shame that a week such as this should be so marred by the decision to publish only a "distilled" version of the negotiations. To be precise, the document summarises the content of the first 14 rounds of talks and then provides a detailed account of the last three. More disturbingly, only details of the final negotiating position of the British is included in the account of the last three rounds of talks. There is not even an intimation of the other options put forward but withdrawn or rejected. Mr Patten, who on one hand saw fit to entrust Hong Kong's political future in the men and women of Legco, apparently decided, as one source suggested, that he did not want to "bombard Legco, the British Parliament and the people of Hong Kong with a barrage of papers". The MPs in London may have found little to interest them in such a pile of documents, but Mr Patten should realise the people of Hong Kong would have no objection to being bombarded with paper if it is important to their future. And what can be more important than the content of secret talks carried out on their behalf with their future sovereign country? Surely they can decide for themselves whether they want to read the whole account or skip parts. An unpleasant suggestion could be leveled at the government that rather than "distilling" the contents of the rounds of talks, | Editorial Praises Legislators' Approval of Reforms |
FBIS3-20606_6 | peak-to-valley difference in a modern power grid. The Three Gorges is located at the center of the national power grid. We should bury steel pipes on the south side of the dam to make provision for the construction of a third power station in the future. (2) Discussion on the Selection of Individual Unit Capacity for the Three Gorges Hydropower Station The current plan selects a 680,000 kW generator. The major advantage is that it can be manufactured domestically. The disadvantage is that its capacity is too low and the total installed capacity is also too low. The author believes that a generator should be selected based on a layout that suits the optimal installed capacity. We should also choose a plan that employs the most technologically advanced, economically feasible unit that would maximize the total installed capacity. We are building the largest hydropower plant in the world and we are planning to install units at the level of the 1970s. Moreover, it is even lower than the individual capacity at the Grand Coulee and Itaipu. This is way out of the ordinary. We are stressing the fact that we want to be self-sufficient. We need to liberate our thinking and change our concept. The selection of individual unit capacity needs to be revalidated based on a socialist market economy. Generators that are going to be installed over a dozen years down the road ought to be a product of the 21st century. We should be ambitious enough not only to build the largest hydropower plant in the world but also to have world-class individual unit capacity. Several individual unit capacity plans are described in the following. Using a turbine diameter of D[.sup]1[/] = 9.5 m, a design head of H = 85 m, and a turbine force of N = 6.9 million kW, the unit flow of the turbine is calculated to be Q'[.sup]1[/] = 1.081 m[.sup]3[/]/s. Given the same H and Q'[.sup]1[/], the values of D[.sup]1[/], N and steel pipe diameter D are shown in Table 3. Table 3. Water Turbine Output as a Function of Steel Pipe Diameter Plan Turbine Turbine Unit output Efficiency Pipe diameter output N Nj (kW) _ee_ (%) diameter D (D1) (m) (kW) (m) 1 9.5 690,000 680,000 98.55 12.30 2 9.85 729,200 707,300 97.00 12.72 3 10.0 764,500 741,500 97.00 12.95 4 10.05 773,200 750,000 97.00 13.00 5 10.40 824,700 800,000 97.00 | On the Installed Capacity of the Three Gorges Hydropower Project (1) Discussion on Installed Capacity of the Three Gorges Hydropower Project (2) Discussion on the Selection of Individual Unit Capacity for the Three Gorges Hydropower Station |
FBIS3-20607_0 | Language: Chinese Article Type:CSO [Article by Wang Xinmao [3769 0207 5399] of the Water Conservancy and Hydropower Planning and Design Academy] [Text] Abstract Water flow in the Jinsha Jiang is abundant and steady. The drop is huge and concentrated. A total of 75.12 million kW of installed capacity is possible, capable of producing 355.5 billion kWh of electricity per year. This corresponds respectively to 20 and 19 percent of the capacity and power production to be developed nationally. It is the most concentrated water resource in the world. In the past, this "lode" was not developed due to its geographic location and regional economy. As our economy grows, speeding up the development of the Jinsha Jiang Hydropower Base will have a major effect on alleviating the severe power shortage in the southeast, improving our energy structure, industrial structure, and ecology in the upper reaches of the Chang Jiang, and promoting economic growth in southwest and southeast China. In response to a recommendation made by the Southern Electric Utility Corporation, the China Electric Power Association and the China Society of Hydropower Engineering organized a visit to the middle and lower reaches of the Jinsha Jiang. Experts and top officials of different departments from the central, regional and provincial government and in the area of survey and design, participated in this effort. The primary purpose of the visit was to invite our comrades from the southeast, where a severe energy shortage exists, to take a first-hand look at the energy resources available on the Jinsha Jiang and to explore the possibility to jointly develop this resource to supply electric power from west to east. (I) Jinsha Jiang Resources Are Abundant and Easy To Develop The Jinsha Jiang is a branch of the upper reaches of the Chang Jiang and flows from Yushu, Qinghai, to Yibin, Sichuan. It flows through Qinghai, Xizang, Sichuan, and Yunnan, and is 2,290 kilometers long. It covers a basin of more than 490,000 km[.sup]2[/]. The flow is abundant and steady and the head is huge and concentrated. The average flow is 4,920 m[.sup]3[/]/s and the mean annual discharge is 155 billion m[.sup]3[/]. There is not much fluctuation in the annual discharge. The ratio of the wettest to the driest year is merely 1.38. The main stream has a drop of 3,280 m and the mean drop is 1.43 percent. It can accommodate a total installed capacity of 75.12 | Speeding Up Work To Establish Jinsha Jiang Hydropower Base 6. Major Improvements in Transportation at Most Hydropower Station Sites (II) Development of the Jinsha Jiang Has Major Strategic Significance 1. Deliver Electricity From West to East To Alleviate Energy Shortage in the Southeast 2. Developing Hydropower To Lead Economic Growth in the Southwest 3. Development of the Jinsha Jiang Hydropower Base Will Make the Three Gorges More Economically Beneficial (III) Progress in Early Stage Work on Jinsha Jiang Hydropower Base (IV) Preliminary Understanding of the Development of the Jinsha Jiang (V) Suggestions on Accelerating Jinsha Jiang Hydropower Development |
FBIS3-20607_12 | the Institute of Water Conservancy held a site selection meeting for the dam. Site VII is preferred and site III is the alternate. The dam site base is sandstone. The South China Institute is working on the hub layout at the selected site, performing hydraulic model experiments, conducting geologic survey work, and mapping navigation channels. This station has the best conditions for construction and transportation. In addition, cities such as Yinbin and Shuifu are close by. The overall benefit of the power station is substantial. Furthermore, it works as a reverse regulating reservoir for the Xiluodu hydropower station. It will benefit both the power grid and navigation. If the preliminary phase funding can be secured, a feasibility report may be completed in 1984. Xiangjiaba and Xiluodu are sister power stations. They should be included in the first phase of construction on the lower reaches of the Jinsha Jiang. (IV) Preliminary Understanding of the Development of the Jinsha Jiang Since the 1950s, organizations such as the Chang Jiang Water Conservancy Commission, Kunming Institute, Chengdu Institute, South China Institute, East China Institute, and the Chinese Academy of Sciences have conducted a great many surveys and planning and design work on the Jinsha Jiang and acquired a tremendous amount of data. In 1981, the Chengdu Institute prepared a plan to develop the lower reaches. Since feasibility studies of Xiluodu and Xiangjiaba are in progress, as time goes by, many new findings will surface. As for the middle reaches, the Kunming Institute is conducting full-scale planning work. The survey and design work in the planning stage for the Hutiaoxia cascade is being conducted by the South China Institute. In recent years, the China Electric Power Association and the China Society of Hydropower Engineering have also done a great deal of work on the development of the Jinsha Jiang. The following is a discussion on strengthening the early-stage effort. 1. Sticking to a Basic Construction Process We must stick to a basic construction process despite the fact that our economy is growing at a fast pace and the depth of reform is getting deeper. Preparation of a hydropower planning report is an important stage. It determines the scope, phases and sequence (selection of first stage work) of the development effort. It is the foundation required for a feasibility study of every hydropower station. We must do a good job to prepare a hydropower planning report | Speeding Up Work To Establish Jinsha Jiang Hydropower Base 6. Major Improvements in Transportation at Most Hydropower Station Sites (II) Development of the Jinsha Jiang Has Major Strategic Significance 1. Deliver Electricity From West to East To Alleviate Energy Shortage in the Southeast 2. Developing Hydropower To Lead Economic Growth in the Southwest 3. Development of the Jinsha Jiang Hydropower Base Will Make the Three Gorges More Economically Beneficial (III) Progress in Early Stage Work on Jinsha Jiang Hydropower Base (IV) Preliminary Understanding of the Development of the Jinsha Jiang (V) Suggestions on Accelerating Jinsha Jiang Hydropower Development |
FBIS3-20609_0 | Language: Chinese Article Type:CSO [Article by reporter Bao Hongjun [7637 3163 0193]] [Text] Haikou, 18 Jan -- The Hainan Provincial Electric Power Bureau and Daguangba Power Plant Construction Directorate jointly announced that the No. 1 unit of the Daguangba water conservancy and hydropower hub project -- a key "Eighth 5-Year Plan" project -- passed examination and acceptance, and formally joined the grid on 29 December 1993. The unit has been functioning normally. The Daguangba water conservancy and hydropower hub project, located on the mainstream of the Changhua Jiang in Dongfang County in western Hainan Province, will be used for power, irrigation, flood control and tourism, and will generate 520 million kWh per year, irrigate 995,000 mu of land, and will have a 1.7 billion cubic meter reservoir. When completed, this project will alleviate the electric power bottleneck on Hainan, and will have great significance for the economic development of western Hainan. Although the installed capacity and output of this project will be in the lower range of large-size plants, its construction will provide valuable experience in terms of new technology in design and construction. | First Unit of Big Daguang Hub Project Joins Grid |
FBIS3-20611_0 | Language: Chinese Article Type:CSO [Text] At 2357 hours on 15 December, the Tongjiezi hydropower station in Sichuan Province added 150,000 kilowatts in installed capacity to the grid. Tongjiezi is a major state construction project built by the 7th Water Conservancy and Hydroelectric Power Bureau. The project was completed three and one-half months ahead of schedule. This brought the total added hydropower capacity for the whole nation in 1993 up to 3.09 million kilowatts, exceeding the state plan for 3 million kilowatts in added capacity for the year. | 3 Million Kilowatts in Added Hydropower Capacity in 1993 |
FBIS3-20612_0 | Language: Chinese Article Type:CSO [Text] In 1993, China's newly installed hydroelectric capacity set a record (for any single year), breaking the 3 million kilowatt barrier. Up to 25 December 1993, 12 generators larger than 200MW (and with a total installed capacity of 3.0225 million kilowatts) had gone into service. This exceeded the State Plan, which called for 11 units with a combined capacity of 2.77 million kilowatts. Added to this are local small and medium hydroelectric generators, which put China in second place in the world (behind Brazil) for newly installed hydro capacity, exceeding that of the United States, the former Soviet Union, and Canada. | Newly Installed Hydropower Capacity Sets Record |
FBIS3-20614_0 | Language: Chinese Article Type:CSO [Text] Recently, a meeting of the State Planning Commission approved the construction of the Sihugou hydropower station in Antu County. It will be the largest local hydropower project in Jilin Province. The station, which will have an installed capacity of 150,000 kilowatts, will be mainly for the generation of electricity but will also serve flood control, aquatic products, and tourism. | 150,000-Kilowatt Station To Be Built in Antu County, Jilin |
FBIS3-20618_0 | Language: Chinese Article Type:CSO [Article by Wei Tao [7614 3447]] [Text] Recently the Dongfang Turbine Plant in Sichuan formally began experimental manufacture of the first Sino-Japanese designed 600MW turbogenerator, the largest piece of thermal power equipment in China. The production of this equipment marks China's entry into products for the coming century. In order to stand tall in a fiercely competitive market, this plant set its sights on the world's best and relentlessly went after high-capacity, low-consumption, and high-level turbogenerator products, and set a new pattern for product development. During the "Seventh 5-Year Plan" alone the factory manufactured over 20 new products, including 50MW, 200MW, and 300MW turbogenerators which have been a boon to industry and are well regarded both at home and abroad. Thereafter, the plant leadership realized that to keep up with the rapidly growing economy the country would need even bigger and better thermal power equipment, and looking ahead to the next century, they joined with the Hitachi Corporation in 1991 to design and produce a 600MW turbogenerator. Undaunted by the size and the cost of the task, the plant rounded up a large task force, materials and money, and got into the development and research manufacture of the "600MW unit." Early last year, a "600MW office" composed of the best people, was set up, and they completed the conceptual design and made changes to the large and sophisticated Hitachi blueprints, grappled with the design, process and raw materials, made four adjustments to the new contract grid plan, and improved the technical training of plant personnel. The plant is now fully prepared for the trial production of the 600MW turbogenerator, which will be the factory's ticket for entry into the coming century. | Sichuan Dongfang Turbine Plant Working on Nation's Largest Thermal Power Equipment |
FBIS3-20622_0 | Language: Chinese Article Type:CSO [Text] On 18 January [1994], work began on the first phase of the Qujing thermal power plant, a major construction project of the Eighth Five-Year Plan and the largest thermal power plant in the southwest. Qujing will have an installed capacity of 1.2 million kilowatts and is a joint construction project involving the National Energy Investment Corporation and Yunnan and Guangdong provinces. Investment in the first phase will be approximately 2.4 billion yuan. | Work on Southwest's Largest Thermal Power Plant Begins |
FBIS3-20623_0 | Language: Chinese Article Type:CSO [Text] The foundation for the Fengcheng power plant, currently the largest investment project in Jiangxi Province, has recently gone in. The static investment in Fengcheng is 4.2 billion yuan. The power plant will have four 300MW generator units for a total installed capacity of 1.2 million kilowatts, representing both the largest generator units and the largest plant (in terms of installed capacity) in Jiangxi Province. Plans call for the No. 1 unit to join the grid in 1996 while the three remaining units should be operational before 1999. The plant could generate up to 6.78 billion kilowatt-hours of electricity a year. | Work Proceeding on Jiangxi's Fengcheng Power Plant |
FBIS3-20646_6 | the operation of the control set-up, as well as to investigate whether the various oil pressure indications meet the requirement. (3) To inspect whether all the moving parts operate normally. 4. Selection of Steam Source for First Run-Up 4.1 Selection of Steam Source Overseas experiences in nuclear power plant installations reveal that steam sources for the first run-up test of turbine-generator unit are as follows: (1) Installation of a de-bugging boiler with sufficient steam capacity. (2) Utilization of existing steam available at the old plant. (3) Utilization of the rotating energy of the reactor coolant pump to heat up the main system; as well as using the heat capacities of the system and the equipment to generate non-nuclear steam from the steam generator to perform the run-up of turbine-generator unit. The Qinshan nuclear power plant is located at Qinshan, Haiyan County, Zhejiang Province. Since the new location has no nearby power plant or steam supply, the steam source for the first run-up is a choice of either installing a de-bugging boiler or taking advantage of the main pump energy. 4.2 Selection of Steam Source for Qinshan Turbine Run-Up 4.2.1 Comparison of Plans There have been successful experiences abroad in the turbine-generator unit run-up with non-nuclear steam produced from either de-bugging boilers or main pump energies, especially that there is no significant problem with de-bugging boilers present practically no serious problems. However, most of the nuclear power stations utilizing non-nuclear steam to run-up turbines are those having well-developed turbine-generator units. The de-bugging boiler can fully provide flexibility during the de-bugging of the second loop and the turbine-generate unit; however, it will amplify the construction cost, time and land required. A standard medium-pressure boiler will produce steam at 110-130 t/h with steam pressure of 3.8 MPa. The boiler proper costs 3 million yuan. It will be over 4 million yuan with the additional investments of matching auxiliary components and boiler modifications. Overseas experiences show that the steam energy required to start a mega-kilowatt class turbine-generator unit, and to run at the rated rotating speed is 2-3 percent of the rated steam consumption. As estimated by the Shanghai Steam Turbine Factory, the turbine-generator unit of the Qinshan nuclear power plant probably requires 5-7 percent rated steam consumption, i,e. 100-140 t/h of steam with pressure greater than 1.96 MPa. Although there is no extra investment and construction space involved, the utilization of non-nuclear steam | Report on First Run-Up of Qinshan Turbine Generator 1. Power Installation and De-Bugging at Qinshan Nuclear Power Plant 2. Run-Up of Nuclear Power Turbine-Generator Unit and Its Timing Selection 4.2.2.3 Calculation of Steam Supplied By the Steam Generator During the Run-Up Period (G 4.2.3 Calculation of Liquid Level Change in the Pressurizer During Run-Up 4.2.4.2 Raising the Temperature of Feeding Water to Steam Generator. |
FBIS3-20651_0 | Language: English Article Type:CSO [Article by staff reporter Liu Weiling] [Text] China is speeding nuclear power plant construction to fuel its dynamic economic growth. By the year 2000, the country's nuclear power plants will have a capacity of 6 million kilowatts while new plants with another 6 million kilowatts in capacity will be under construction. You Deliang, a spokesman of the China National Nuclear Corporation (CNNC), said yesterday. China's first nuclear power station, at Qinshan in Zhejiang Province, is now safely and efficiently operating, You added. And, by the end of this year, experts predict it will have generated 1.73 billion kilowatt-hours of electricity since it was linked to the national grid in December 1991. Work on Qinshan's second phase, two generators with a capacity of 600,000 kilowatts each, has also begun. Meanwhile, Generator No 1 at the Daya Bay Nuclear Power Station is expected to go into commercial operation soon, while Generator No 2 will go into commercial operation before next June. Daya Bay Nuclear Power Station, near Shenzhen in Guangdong, is the country's first joint-venture nuclear power plant. Its two generators are designed to generate 10 to 12.6 billion kilowatt-hours of electricity a year, he said. The power will be sold to Guangdong Province and Hong Kong to support their economic development. CNNC President Jiang Xinxiong said the establishment of the two power stations was a milestone for China's nuclear power industry. The Chinese began late in this field and must strive to make advances to fuel the country's economic growth, he said. China's booming economy has also provided a huge market for nuclear energy, Jiang said. Provinces, especially in Southeast China's coastal areas, consider nuclear power an important means to meet their increasing energy demands. Jiang said the corporation had also made big strides in developing nuclear fuel. A production line, introduced from France to produce pressed water reactor (PWR) nuclear fuel has been built and is due to go into production next year. Jiang said CNNC's industrial output in 1993 rose 37.7 percent compared to last year. In addition, CNNC is trying to grab a share of the international market by exporting its nuclear power generators. Pakistan is negotiating with China to import a second 300,000-kilowatt generator now that the first one is being built. | Fueling Growth With Nuclear Power |
FBIS3-20653_1 | up to US$11.9 billion in loans and gifts from foreign governments, including export credit and mixed loans, have been used in foreign cooperative endeavors. Zhao Xizheng, vice minister of the Ministry of Electric Power, said that the above-mentioned loans, aid, export credit, and mixed loans came from the World Bank, Japan Overseas Foundation, Asian Development Bank, Kuwait-Arab Development Foundation, Canada, France, Norway, Germany, Australia, the UK, Sweden, Russia, Austria, the U.S., Spain, Belgium, Denmark, and Finland. Through the use of this US$11.9 million, 55 projects have been completed or are now under construction, including 23 thermal power plant projects, 16 hydropower station projects, 1 nuclear power plant, and 5 power transmission projects. The total installed electric power capacity of new plant construction is up to 33,720MW, 8,000MW of which is now in operation. Foreign loans have not only accelerated electric power construction in China, but they have raised the level of construction and operational management and the economic performance of the electric power industry. The World Bank, which partly funded the construction of the Yunnan Lubuge hydropower station, was the first project partner brought into China, and the Chinese power construction units, having survived that very painful resurrection, promptly went on to build the pumped-storage hydropower station in Guangzhou at a pace of construction that is without rival. The power plants being built with foreign loans and imported facilities have been ushering in a parade of safe, economic, and sophisticated units that have enabled the Chinese electric power industry to realize an annual average reduction in consumption of 3 grams of standard coal per kWh for several years running. In addressing the future development of China's electric power industry, Zhao Xizheng said that the only way out of the money shortage that is inhibiting the large-scale development of the power industry is to find more ways to raise funds. To do this, the Ministry of Electric Power will continue to encourage foreign investments in China through independent ventures, joint-ventures, cooperative endeavors, or any other means to get electric power, and it will support local governments and electric power enterprises in securing more foreign investment. New forms of finance, such as alliance funding, and common international forms like BOT and BOOT will also be encouraged, and other new ways to secure loans must be found. In a word, there will have to be some breakthroughs in the use of foreign loans. | Power Industry Makes Use of Foreign Loans |
FBIS3-20655_0 | Language: Chinese Article Type:CSO [Text] Xi'an, 8 Oct (XINHUA) -- Last year 1,750MW of installed electric power generating capacity was built and put into operation in the northwest, and this year more investments were made to step up construction of 10 or more key national thermal and hydropower projects, signalling a major new stage of development for the northwest electric power industry. Tens of thousands of electric power construction workers in Shaanxi, Gansu, Ningxia, Qinghai, and Xinjiang are winning the battle to tame the wilds of the upper Huang He with a barrage of construction sites. Having smoothly diverted the river and completed the excavation for the foundation for the multi-purpose Lijiaxia hydropower station where four 400MW units, the country's largest, will be installed, they began pouring the concrete for the 165-meter high dam in April and for the main machinery room in July of this year. The units for the 3,110MW power project are now being installed and will be coming on line by year's end. There is a wealth of coal, hydropower and wind power resources in the vast territory of the five northwest provinces. Since 1986, the northwest has built 11 large and middle-sized hydropower stations and thermal power plants, such as the Longyangxia and the Jingyuan. By the end of last year, the installed capacity of the northwest reached 14,417MW, and annual power output reached 60.093 billion kWh, nearly half of which was produced by hydropower stations. Hydropower resources development is the main feature of electric power construction in the northwest. Hydropower stations are being developed at Ankang and Shiquan on the Han Jiang in Shaanxi, and at Bikou on the Bailong Jiang in Gansu, while Qinghai and Ningxia are joined in an effort to build two large-scale cascade hydropower stations on the upper Huang He at Longyangxia and Liujiaxia, and three more at Yanluoxia, Bapanxia, and Qingtongxia for a total installed capacity of up to 3,268MW. The five large-scale reservoirs accompanying these stations will irrigate over 16 million mu of agricultural land on both sides of the river. The excellent regulating ability of these reservoirs has basically solved the flood and ice damage problems along the middle and upper reaches of the Huang He, and they have clearly improved the ecological environment of the northwestern plateau. The latest developmental program worked out by the Northwest Power Industry Administrative Bureau and the Northwest Hydropower Survey and | Northwest Power Construction Enters Period of Massive Growth |
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