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FBIS3-20657_0 | Language: Chinese Article Type:CSO [Article by Xia Ranhao [6200 3544 3185], Ran Wen [3544 2429], Hao Wen [3185 2429], and Li Jumin [2621 5112 3046]: "Three of the Large Power Groups Set Their Objectives for the Year 2000"] [Text] Northeast China Electric Power Corporation By the years 2000 and 2010, the Northeast China power system will have an installed capacity of respectively 47 million and 88 million kW, and its output of electricity will reach respectively 213 and 400 billion kWh. The new objectives for these two steps were recently stated by the Northeast Electric Power Group's director general Huang Jinkai [7806 6855 0418] during a meeting with reporters. The Northeast China Electric Power Group will build 10 power plants distributed through the Heilongjiang coal-fired power base, the Eastern Nei Monggol coal-fired power base, and the railroad center and port power bases in Liaoning and Jilin, giving these three areas newly installed capacities of 12 million, 36 million, and 17 million kW, respectively. In addition, it will use the water resources of the region to build large and medium-size hydroelectric stations, including the Songjiang River cascade and the Lianhua power plant, and will carry on vigorous, safe development of the hydropower resources of the main channel of the Heilongjiang River, which forms the Sino-Russian border. This extraordinary scale of electric power construction will also include nuclear power plants with capacities of 10 and 8 million kW and a pumped-storage power plant. In addition, extensive refitting of existing high-coal-consumption older generator sets will be carried out, and as an adjunct to electric power construction, a 500-kV power grid covering the entire region will be built. Huang Jinkai stated that in order to carry out the above conceptions, the Northeast China Electric Power Group will follow the general principles of "a world orientation, extensive cooperation, mutual benefit, and joint development," and will engage in various types of economic and technical cooperation and exchange with domestic and foreign friends in an extensive range of activities in order to expand the influx of funds, technology, equipment, and management experience into China and to strengthen its electric power capabilities. The Northeast China Electric Power Group, an electric power consortium, has a fixed capital of 26.7 billion yuan; its subordinate organizations include the Jilin Province Electric Power Corporation, the Heilongjiang Province Electric Power Corporation, 48 generating plants and 33 power delivery companies. At the end of | Three Big Power Groups Set Targets for Year 2000 |
FBIS3-20657_2 | 1992, the total installed power generating capacity in the Northeast China power grid, which the group operates, was 25 million kW. North China Electric Power Corporation By the year 2000, it is expected that the North China region will need an output of between 251 and 278 billion kWh of electricity each year, which presupposes an installed generating capacity of between 45 and 50 million kW. To meet this need, the North China Electric Power Group has decided to add to its existing 25 million kW of capacity an additional 17 fossil-fired plants with a combined capacity of 35.5 million kW, several hydroelectric plants with a combined capacity of up to 1.08 million kW, and a pumped-storage power plant with a generating capacity of 1.4 million kW. This grand program was revealed at a recent meeting by the North China Electric Power Group's director general Jiao Yian [3542 2011 1344]. In the near term the North China Electric Power Group plans to carry out construction projects representing a total of more than 600,000 kW of capacity, including: stage 2 of the Shalingzi power plant, stage 2 of the Ji Xian power plant, the Dou He No 2 power plant, and the Handan power plant in Hebei; stage 2 of the Datong No 2 power plant in Shanxi; and the Daqi and Daihai power plants in Nei Monggol. Jiao Yian stated that North China's electric power industry still falls somewhat short of the world state of the art in its technical and management standards and that in order to implement its grand development objectives, it will have to engage in extensive mutually beneficial economic and technical cooperation with many organizations in China and abroad. As a consequence, the North China Electric Power Group will enthusiastically welcome domestic and foreign friends who wish to build power plants in the North China region on a single-proprietorship basis or to initiate power industry development with sharing of benefits on a joint-capital or cooperative basis or by providing loans; the group will also engage in cooperation and exchange in the technical sphere and in various types of technological and labor cooperation on various projects abroad. The North China Electric Power Group is one of the five large electric power groups that were created in China at the beginning of 1993. It is a large enterprise consortium that unites electric power production, design, construction, adjustment and | Three Big Power Groups Set Targets for Year 2000 |
FBIS3-20658_5 | efforts to conserve energy and suppress excessive demand. It also makes it more difficult to reorganize industry to raise foreign capital to build more power plants. From the standpoint of the electric power industry, conceptually it has been bound by tradition for a long period of time. Its understanding of the market economy is lagging. Concepts such as market, competition, profitability, investment and output are weak and need to be reinforced. 2. Extraordinary development requires us to dedicate our efforts on deeper reform, mechanism conversion, structure optimization and improved profitability. As early as 1975, when Deng Xiaoping [6772 1420 1627] was in charge at the State Council, he stressed the need to speed the buildup of the electric power industry to meet the demand of a growing economy, and to leave some room for the unexpected. To implement Deng's instruction is the objective of the electric utility industry today. We plan to install more than 15 million kW of large and medium generator units annually between 1995-1997 and to add 20 million kW annually between 1998-2000. In addition to expanding our installed capacity, other issues related to power generation and power grid technology and education will be addressed at the same time. By the end of this century, our total installed capacity will reach 310 million kilowatts. Assuming a GNP growth rate of 8-9 percent and a reduction of power demand per unit product value of 8-10 percent, power shortage can be alleviated nationally. Every county will have power and more than 95 percent of the rural areas will have electricity. To accomplish this goal, in-depth reform and the taking of "extraordinary" steps are required. The "decision" adopted at the Third Central Committee Meeting of the 14th Plenum of the Chinese Communist Party signified that our economic reform had entered an overall, accelerated and coordinated phase. The recently held national economic workshop accelerated the pace of reform and introduced a large number of measures. It is an excellent opportunity for the electric utility industry to take "extraordinary" steps. To take advantage of this opportunity, the main strategy is that the industry must actively reorganize to a corporation structure and operate as a business. A corporation structure is a beneficial tool to build a modern electric power industry. The core is to build a modern electric enterprise system that can adapt to the need of a market economy, has a clear | Minister Outlines Path for Power Sector |
FBIS3-20658_11 | sign an agreement with the power grid that protects their rights and specifies their responsibilities. Furthermore, on the basis of local economic growth conditions and with the approval of a higher authority in charge of electric utilities a more flexible shareholder arrangement may be experimented in a limited region, such as cities and counties along the eastern seaboard. This region may be called the electric utility "developing region." Hopefully, local governments will provide certain incentives to encourage power plant construction as well. Investors should take advantage of such incentives and invest more in power plant construction to produce a higher annual growth rate and create a mechanism for future projects. This is an important measure that will encourage an economically growing region to build up its own electric power and perfect its own power grid. 3. Strong leadership, daring experimentation and steady pace are required to march toward a standardized shareholder ownership system. After a decade of reform and open market policy, there is a solid foundation for a standardized shareholder ownership system. However, as a whole, our reform is still very primitive and unbalanced. Shareholder ownership should be experimented in more competitive and higher quality industries first to produce the desired results. The experience gained can then be used to guide the rest of the nation. Other industries must be patient to create the necessary conditions. We must proceed steadily and prevent a stampede. Industries that are earmarked as test points for shareholder ownership must rigorously follow the procedures and regulations issued by the government and proceed step by step according to plan. On the basis of the "20-Word" policy and the "suitability to occasion and location" principle, an industry must find a format that suits its specific situation. The focal point is to study the organization of the shareholder structure. Every electric utility must have a solid organization as a modern business. The organization must function perfectly for the purpose of conducting business. We must make sure that the State Council set aside a certain amount of our national infrastructure investment fund for a national electric utility industry corporation as its capital in order to strengthen its ability to borrow money elsewhere. It will be part of the power grid construction fund that will be loaned to the electric utility corporation to build key grids. It will handle the borrowing, repayment of principal and interest, and the construction | Minister Outlines Path for Power Sector |
FBIS3-20661_0 | Language: English Article Type:CSO [Article by Chang Weimin: "State Vows To Reduce Pollution"] [Text] China's power industry is to concentrate on the development of resources that produce less pollution. Efforts to tap hydro and wind resources will be encouraged, according to an official from the Ministry of Power Industry. In 2000, hydropower generating capacity will account for 26 percent of the country's total, compared with 24 percent at present. That means hydropower generating capacity will climb to 75 to 80 million kilowatts that year. The capacity at the end of 1992 stood at 40.7 million kilowatts. The industry expects to increase its power generating capacity to 310 million kilowatts in 2000 from the present 170 million kilowatts. The majority of electricity in China is generated by coal-fired power plants, which emit minute sulphur particles that contaminate the environment. But several hydropower stations, with capacity totalling 20 million kilowatts, are under construction. Of them, a group capable of producing 9 million kilowatts were kicked off this year. Jiang Shaojun, the ministry's spokesman, predicted 148 billion kilowatt-hours would be generated by hydropower stations this year, compared with 134.5 billion in 1992. Development of other energy sources, such as wind power, is also to be pushed forward, Jiang said. The industry will strive to gain a capacity of 1 million kilowatts by using wind power. In windy North China, especially the country's northwestern provinces and autonomous regions, wind generators are common. In the meantime, the industry will make major measures to reduce pollution from thermal power plants. The measures are significant as coal-firing plants will remain the mainstay of the industry for the rest of the century. Installing waste-recycling systems in old power stations is very expensive. But new thermal plants will be designed to reduce or eliminate pollution. However, the official admitted that as a developing nation, China needs time to reach anti-pollution standards set by the Western nations. The industry has made special efforts to raise the standards. The industry has begun co-operation with the Japanese Government to treat sulphur-rich coal and smoke from coal-fired thermal power plants. The industry will use funds from the Japanese Government for several projects. Two sulphur treatment projects are under way in Huangdao, Shandong Province, and Taiyuan, Shanxi Province. As for the nuclear power sector, another official from the ministry said several new plants are under consideration. "We attach strict anti-radiation standards to our nuclear | Focus on Hydro, Wind Power To Reduce Pollution |
FBIS3-20661_1 | at 40.7 million kilowatts. The industry expects to increase its power generating capacity to 310 million kilowatts in 2000 from the present 170 million kilowatts. The majority of electricity in China is generated by coal-fired power plants, which emit minute sulphur particles that contaminate the environment. But several hydropower stations, with capacity totalling 20 million kilowatts, are under construction. Of them, a group capable of producing 9 million kilowatts were kicked off this year. Jiang Shaojun, the ministry's spokesman, predicted 148 billion kilowatt-hours would be generated by hydropower stations this year, compared with 134.5 billion in 1992. Development of other energy sources, such as wind power, is also to be pushed forward, Jiang said. The industry will strive to gain a capacity of 1 million kilowatts by using wind power. In windy North China, especially the country's northwestern provinces and autonomous regions, wind generators are common. In the meantime, the industry will make major measures to reduce pollution from thermal power plants. The measures are significant as coal-firing plants will remain the mainstay of the industry for the rest of the century. Installing waste-recycling systems in old power stations is very expensive. But new thermal plants will be designed to reduce or eliminate pollution. However, the official admitted that as a developing nation, China needs time to reach anti-pollution standards set by the Western nations. The industry has made special efforts to raise the standards. The industry has begun co-operation with the Japanese Government to treat sulphur-rich coal and smoke from coal-fired thermal power plants. The industry will use funds from the Japanese Government for several projects. Two sulphur treatment projects are under way in Huangdao, Shandong Province, and Taiyuan, Shanxi Province. As for the nuclear power sector, another official from the ministry said several new plants are under consideration. "We attach strict anti-radiation standards to our nuclear plants," the official said. China has two nuclear power stations, one in Zhejiang Province that is already in operation and the other in Guangdong Province that is to go into operation this year. Capacity of the two stations totals 2.1 million kilowatts. No other nuclear power plants are likely to go into operation until after 2000. However, construction of at least three could be kicked off before the end of the century, the official said. China, where nuclear power generation is in its beginning phase, is seeking moderate development in this sector. | Focus on Hydro, Wind Power To Reduce Pollution |
FBIS3-20662_0 | Language: English Article Type:CSO [Text] China has been short of electricity for 23 years. Now it must "break with convention" and reform its power industry, said Power Industry Minister Shi Dazhen, in PEOPLE'S DAILY (December 19). Excerpts follow: When the People's Republic of China was founded in 1949, the mainland had an installed electricity capacity of only 1.86 million kilowatts, and it could generate just 4.3 billion kilowatt hours a year. By the end of this year, China's installed capacity is expected to have passed 180 million kilowatts, with an annual supply of more than 800 billion kilowatt hours. The amount of electricity China generates in two days now is equal to the total for the whole of 1949. But as industries expand and people use more electricity, the shortage of power in most parts of the country gets worse. The industry has developed most in areas with higher economic growth, but these places are also the hardest hit by the power shortage. It is unfair to say that the State has overlooked the problem and achievements made in reforming the power industry's management should never be underestimated. But most reform measures and policies in this sector were drawn up within the framework of the traditional planned economy and it is inevitable they bear the stamp of the old system. Investment Conventionally, enterprises in the power industry are subsidiaries of administrative organs. They tend to be controlled by arbitrary orders, which can mean poor investment. The World Bank suggests developing countries invest more than 2 percent of the gross national product (GNP) in the power industry. But from 1980 to 1992, China put in an average of only 1.24 percent of GNP. Energy-saving policies and measures are also inadequate and the public lacks a strong sense of energy conservation. The huge shortage of electricity thus co-exists with massive waste. For a long time, the State has demanded enterprises in the power industry hand in more than 90 percent of their revenue in taxes and profit turnover. This leaves them little cash to keep going and the enterprises can afford no more than 5 percent of their revenue to invest in development. By contrast, their foreign counterparts raise about half the cash they invest themselves and in some countries the figure is up to 90 percent. Because enterprises in China's power industry are not independent commodity producers and managers, they do | Nation Needs Power Surge To Drive Growth |
FBIS3-20666_7 | technologies and by decentralized and locally balanced small-scale power generation equipment and energy storage facilities. For over 100 years, the traditional arrangement of large grids, large generators, and centralized power supplies has always been considered to be the safest and most economical power supply arrangement. However, because construction and development of large grids and large generators are restricted by a variety of conditions and because of the great difficulty in guaranteeing the safety and reliability of power supplies, decentralized power supply arrangements (called distributed utility in the United States) are continuing to display their superiority and vitality. Under the guidance of this idea, new energy resource development and application technology has moved toward commercialization and now attained applied levels that enable them to operate in connection with large power grids while also being capable of independently supplying electricity in a decentralized manner. As for the development and application of new energy resources themselves, international and domestic practice has proven that the technical economic prospects of new energy resources are determined by their ability to compete with conventional energy resources. The focus of competition is on power generation technology for new energy resources to convert new energy resources into an economically competitive high-grade secondary energy resource--electricity. Internationally, new energy resource circles in the 1960s, at the time when power was generated from new energy resources, only proposed small-scale equipment measured in watts. In the 1970s, the discussion was of equipment of several kilowatts. This rose in the 1980s to several tens of kilowatts. As the 1990s began, however, people were operating applied systems of the MW grade. One can see that the speed of new energy resource development has far surpassed people's imaginations. The costs of most new energy resource applications projects have declined over the years, and the construction costs for solar thermal energy power stations, photovoltaic power stations, wind-powered generating fields, and geothermal power stations have now declined to $1,000 to $1,500 per kW and power generation costs to $0.07 to $0.08 per kWh. Projections are that the power generation costs using new energy resources will drop to about $0.04 per kWh by the year 2000. Regarding power generation technology, new energy resource power generation technology has just gotten off the ground in China and the problems we must resolve include: the need to improve the quality of miniature wind-powered generators and the need to raise standardization and systemization | New Energy Resources: Positions, Issues, Policies I. The Status of Developing New Energy Resources in Our Overall National Economic Situation B. The Impact of Reforms of the Energy Resource System on New Energy Resource Development C. The Impact of Energy Resource Development Strategies on New Energy Resources E. Raising Our National Consciousness Regarding New Energy Resources |
FBIS3-20666_8 | competitive high-grade secondary energy resource--electricity. Internationally, new energy resource circles in the 1960s, at the time when power was generated from new energy resources, only proposed small-scale equipment measured in watts. In the 1970s, the discussion was of equipment of several kilowatts. This rose in the 1980s to several tens of kilowatts. As the 1990s began, however, people were operating applied systems of the MW grade. One can see that the speed of new energy resource development has far surpassed people's imaginations. The costs of most new energy resource applications projects have declined over the years, and the construction costs for solar thermal energy power stations, photovoltaic power stations, wind-powered generating fields, and geothermal power stations have now declined to $1,000 to $1,500 per kW and power generation costs to $0.07 to $0.08 per kWh. Projections are that the power generation costs using new energy resources will drop to about $0.04 per kWh by the year 2000. Regarding power generation technology, new energy resource power generation technology has just gotten off the ground in China and the problems we must resolve include: the need to improve the quality of miniature wind-powered generators and the need to raise standardization and systemization levels and further reduce costs; the need to import and absorb technology from foreign countries for the design and manufacture of medium-sized and large generators that can be connected to grids to form a substantial batch production capacity on a domestic foundation and to establish several large and medium-sized wind energy power generation fields that display technical benefits functions; and improvements related to the substantial lag of China's present photovoltaic batteries behind foreign countries in quality and efficiency. In addition, we must diversify and apply the associated matching applied technology; we must centralize specialized staffs and regularize starting points for solar thermal energy power generation; geothermal power generator urgently requires the development of high-temperature mine survey technology and scientific research on refilling and heat storage technology; the manufacturing technology for the tidal energy full through-flow water turbine generators that we have already successfully developed requires improvement; the development of biomass energy resources must develop toward high grades and thereby toward power generation, solidification, carbonization, and gasification technology. China's new energy resource development technology faces many important issues and has many objectives. We must gradually increase investments to solve problems in scientific and engineering applications. In economic terms, new energy resource | New Energy Resources: Positions, Issues, Policies I. The Status of Developing New Energy Resources in Our Overall National Economic Situation B. The Impact of Reforms of the Energy Resource System on New Energy Resource Development C. The Impact of Energy Resource Development Strategies on New Energy Resources E. Raising Our National Consciousness Regarding New Energy Resources |
FBIS3-20667_0 | Language: Chinese Article Type:CSO [Excerpts from article by Wang Sicheng [3769 2448 2052], senior engineer in the Ministry of Machine-Building and Electronics Industry's Sixth Institute, Beijing: "The Current State of Photovoltaic Power Generation and China's Lag"] [Excerpts] Photovoltaic [PV] power generation is an important branch of new energy resources. PV power generation systems are safe and reliable, noiseless, and non-polluting, do not require the consumption of fuels, do not require the construction of high-voltage power transmission lines, have short construction schedules, and can assume any scale. Because PV power generation system have no mechanical or moving parts, they have extremely low breakdown rates and are simple to maintain. Furthermore, PV power generation is subject to only minimal restrictions by regional resources and is far better than other renewable energy resources (such as hydropower, wind power, geothermal, marine energy, etc.) because light resources are evenly distributed across the globe. It is precisely because of this that PV power generation has attracted the universal attention of all countries and developed very quickly. World output of solar cells was just 2.5MW in 1980 but had grown to 60MW by 1992. [passage omitted] Applications of PV power generation in China began in the 1970s but they did not actually develop until after 1982. During a period of just a few years from 1983 to 1987 we imported seven solar cell production lines from the United States, Canada, and other countries, causing China's solar cell production capacity to leap from 200 kW before 1984 to 4.5MW in 1988. Because of financial restrictions, however, it was very hard to open a market and the rate of construction starts for solar cell production during the past several years has been extremely inadequate, only about one-tenth of our production capabilities (see Table 2). Table 2. Yearly Output and Selling Prices of Solar Cells in China Item Year Yearly Output (kW) Selling Price Total Amount (yuan/W) in Use (kW) 1976 0.5 400 0.5 1977 1 200 1.5 1978 2 120 3.5 1979 5 100 8.5 1980 8 80 16.5 1981 15 75-80 31.5 1982 20 70 51.5 1983 30 60 81.5 1984 50 50 131.5 1985 70 45-50 200 1986 80 40-45 280 1987 100 40 380 1988 Crystalline silicon Crystalline silicon 700 cells: 150 cells: 35-45 Non-crystalline Non-crystalline silicon cells: 200 silicon cells: 21-23 1989 Monocrystalline Monocrystalline silicon cells: 190 silicon cells: 38-45 Polycrystalline Polycrystalline 1,000 silicon cells: | State of PV Technology and China's Gap |
FBIS3-20668_5 | concrete measures and policies to provide economic subsidies or tax reductions and exemptions to new energy resources. Thirty-one of the states in the United States have implemented energy conservation Energy Resource Ultimate Utilization Management (Demand-Side Management) plans (as part of comprehensive resource plans). Their method involves state governments encouraging public utility (electric power, natural gas, and coal gas) companies to make every possible effort to generate less electricity and supply less gas with a precondition of satisfying user load demand. In this manner, companies transfer their investments in power plant capacity expansion to energy conservation upgrading on the user end, which has the advantages of smaller investments, short capital turnover cycles, and little risk. Now, solar energy hot water supplies and solar energy heating are to be included in construction end management plans, which has solved problems with the impediments of large initial investments for solar energy equipment and excessively heavy user burdens. It is expected that, spurred by this new plan, solar energy water heaters and solar energy-saving houses will become more widespread and develop more quickly. III. Development Strategies and Countermeasures A. Technology Development Objectives for Different Periods China is a developing country and 800 million of its population lives in vast rural regions. The energy consumed annually to sustain the minimum normal household energy needs of our peasants accounts for 30 percent of China's total energy consumption. Within a rather long period to come, China's commodity energy resource supplies will be unable to completely satisfy the basic energy requirements of production and life in rural areas. For this reason, in the near term (the next 20 years), the development and utilization of solar energy heat utilization technology in China should still mainly involve low-temperature heat utilization and be oriented toward rural areas and medium-sized and small cities to alleviate the shortages of energy resources there for living and production energy needs (heating, hot water, solar energy greenhouses, etc.) and improve the situation of ecological and environmental degradation that has arisen there because of energy shortages. In the medium and long term (20 to 50 years from now), by serving as a program to replace part of the coal we burn, we could develop solar energy thermal power generation as appropriate and extend energy-saving type structures centered on solar energy heat utilization in cities. B. Strategic Choices for Different Regions 1. In regions with category I solar irradiation | Thermal Utilization of Solar Energy and China's Strategy II. The Current Development Situation and an Assessment of China's Solar Energy Heat Utilization Technology B. China's Advances in Solar Energy Heat Utilization Technology |
FBIS3-20669_1 | so far has been excellent. Subsequently, the former Soviet Union completed the (Jisiluo) Tidal Power Station with an installed generating capacity of 2MW and Canada completed the Annapolis Preliminary Tidal Power Station with a single unit capacity of 20MW in 1983 to develop large-scale tidal power generation for the 4,000MW of power in the Bay of Fundy. England, India, Korea, and other countries also plan to build large-scale tidal power stations. The United States, Japan, France, and others are now speeding up research on marine temperature differential power generation and are now conducting MW-grade power station experiments. Norway and Denmark, as well as England and Japan, which are renowned for marine research, have also established several wave power generation devices of varying sizes. China has built seven small tidal power stations along its southeastern coast with a total installed generating capacity of 8.3MW. They include the Jiangxia Tidal Power Station in Zhejiang's Wenling County, the most representative, which now has five generators with a total capacity of 3.2MW having an operational arrangement utilizing bidirectional power generation for rising and falling tides using bulb-type generators. Their operating situation has been excellent since they were placed into operation in 1980. Besides generating electricity, this power station has also facilitated communication on both sides of the bay, enclosed over 5,000 mu of farmland and orchards for reclamation, and developed the reservoir breeding industry, so the overall economic benefits have been significant. For this reason, after a Korean delegation visited Jiangxi Tidal Power Station in 1991, they immediately decided to study China's experiences in developing tidal power stations, and in 1992, following several civilian technology exchanges between the two countries, the Koreans finally requested that their government approve the long-planned (Jialulin) Bay Tidal Power Station (400MW) program be turned over to a group of Chinese experts for a feasibility discussion, and they plan to utilize Chinese technology and equipment. This is the world's biggest tidal power station to date. The situation outlined above shows that China has a rather good hydropower technology foundation and tidal power station practice and experience and that accelerated development of tidal power generation, especially in the economically developed coastal areas that have relative power shortages, is essential. Through integration with the state's improvement of our national territory and preferential development of coastal islands, resettlement to develop barren islands with no permanent resident population must first of all provide them | Nation's Marine Energy Resources To Be Exploited |
FBIS3-20669_2 | to develop large-scale tidal power generation for the 4,000MW of power in the Bay of Fundy. England, India, Korea, and other countries also plan to build large-scale tidal power stations. The United States, Japan, France, and others are now speeding up research on marine temperature differential power generation and are now conducting MW-grade power station experiments. Norway and Denmark, as well as England and Japan, which are renowned for marine research, have also established several wave power generation devices of varying sizes. China has built seven small tidal power stations along its southeastern coast with a total installed generating capacity of 8.3MW. They include the Jiangxia Tidal Power Station in Zhejiang's Wenling County, the most representative, which now has five generators with a total capacity of 3.2MW having an operational arrangement utilizing bidirectional power generation for rising and falling tides using bulb-type generators. Their operating situation has been excellent since they were placed into operation in 1980. Besides generating electricity, this power station has also facilitated communication on both sides of the bay, enclosed over 5,000 mu of farmland and orchards for reclamation, and developed the reservoir breeding industry, so the overall economic benefits have been significant. For this reason, after a Korean delegation visited Jiangxi Tidal Power Station in 1991, they immediately decided to study China's experiences in developing tidal power stations, and in 1992, following several civilian technology exchanges between the two countries, the Koreans finally requested that their government approve the long-planned (Jialulin) Bay Tidal Power Station (400MW) program be turned over to a group of Chinese experts for a feasibility discussion, and they plan to utilize Chinese technology and equipment. This is the world's biggest tidal power station to date. The situation outlined above shows that China has a rather good hydropower technology foundation and tidal power station practice and experience and that accelerated development of tidal power generation, especially in the economically developed coastal areas that have relative power shortages, is essential. Through integration with the state's improvement of our national territory and preferential development of coastal islands, resettlement to develop barren islands with no permanent resident population must first of all provide them with supplies of energy resources and fresh water. If we can rationally utilize all types of marine energy and renewable solar energy, wind energy, and biomass energy, adapt to local conditions, and persevere, this will benefit our nation and our people. | Nation's Marine Energy Resources To Be Exploited |
FBIS3-20670_3 | technology, most of them have shut down due to costs being too high, leaving only the two sites at Huitang in Hunan and Fengshun in Guangdong which use 92C water as an intermediate medium and are operating intermittently. The Yangbajing Geothermal Power Station, the only one with water temperatures from 150 to 172C and well mouth pressures of 3 atmospheres, has grown since starting a 1MW experiment to 25.1MW (1992) and has now become Lhasa's primary power station, accounting for 40 percent of its power supplies (Table 2). Presently, China's total geothermal installed generating capacity is just 28.6MW. China has now proven over 170 sites with high-temperature geothermal systems (heat reserves > 150C) distributed in southern Tibet, western Yunnan, western Sichuan, and Taiwan with a power generation potential of 7,000MW. This shows that progress in China's geothermal power generation industry has been slow. Table 1. China's Geothermal Power Stations Rank Location Period of Water Installed Current Power Station Temperature Generating Situation at Generation Construction (C) Capacity Power Station Mode (MW) 1 Yangbajing, September, 152 25.18 Operating Flashing Tibet 1977 2 Langjiu, August, 1984 104 1 Intermittent Flashing Tibet operation 3 Nagqu, Tibet 1991 113 1 Under Two fluid construction 4 Huidang, December, 90 0.3 Operating Flashing Ningxiang, 1975 Hunan 5 Dengwu, October, 1970 91 0.1 Operating Flashing Fengshun, Guangdong 6 Qingshui, - 226 3 Operating - Taiwan Total 30.58 7 Wendang, September, 67 0.05 Shut down Two fluid Yichun, 1971 Jiangxi 8 Reshui 1974 77 0.1 Shut down Flashing Village, Xiangzhou, Guangxi 9 Zhaoyuan, 1973 90-92 0.2 Dismantled Flashing Shandong 10 Huailai, September, 85 0.2 Shut down Two fluid Hebei 1971 11 Xiongyue, September, 72-84 0.1 Shut down Two fluid Gaixian, 1977 Liaoning Total 0.65 Table 2. Power Generation in Tibet 198519861987198819891990Total for 6 Years Power Output Percentage Power Output Percentage Power Output Percentage Power Output Percentage Power Output (kWh) of Total (kWh) of Total (kWh) of Total (kWh) of Total (kWh) of Total Hydropower 55,842,300 43.42 51,237,500 39.47 51,290,500 50.19 60,732,00 53.00 74,643,30057.53 Geothermal 36,405,200 28.31 49,550,100 38.17 43,734,800 42.80 42,689,000 37.25 47,665,50039.69 Thermal Power 36,363,400 28.27 29,040,000 22.36 7,168,800 7.01 11,173,900 9.75 5,115,500 Total 128,610,900 129,827,600 102,193,000 114,594,900 127,424,300 Direct utilization of widely-distributed moderate and low-temperature geothermal resources has grown at an average rate of 12 percent and we have now leaped to second place in the world in its development. The utilization realm is extremely broad, ranging | Development and Utilization of Geothermal Resources |
FBIS3-20670_4 | Huidang, December, 90 0.3 Operating Flashing Ningxiang, 1975 Hunan 5 Dengwu, October, 1970 91 0.1 Operating Flashing Fengshun, Guangdong 6 Qingshui, - 226 3 Operating - Taiwan Total 30.58 7 Wendang, September, 67 0.05 Shut down Two fluid Yichun, 1971 Jiangxi 8 Reshui 1974 77 0.1 Shut down Flashing Village, Xiangzhou, Guangxi 9 Zhaoyuan, 1973 90-92 0.2 Dismantled Flashing Shandong 10 Huailai, September, 85 0.2 Shut down Two fluid Hebei 1971 11 Xiongyue, September, 72-84 0.1 Shut down Two fluid Gaixian, 1977 Liaoning Total 0.65 Table 2. Power Generation in Tibet 198519861987198819891990Total for 6 Years Power Output Percentage Power Output Percentage Power Output Percentage Power Output Percentage Power Output (kWh) of Total (kWh) of Total (kWh) of Total (kWh) of Total (kWh) of Total Hydropower 55,842,300 43.42 51,237,500 39.47 51,290,500 50.19 60,732,00 53.00 74,643,30057.53 Geothermal 36,405,200 28.31 49,550,100 38.17 43,734,800 42.80 42,689,000 37.25 47,665,50039.69 Thermal Power 36,363,400 28.27 29,040,000 22.36 7,168,800 7.01 11,173,900 9.75 5,115,500 Total 128,610,900 129,827,600 102,193,000 114,594,900 127,424,300 Direct utilization of widely-distributed moderate and low-temperature geothermal resources has grown at an average rate of 12 percent and we have now leaped to second place in the world in its development. The utilization realm is extremely broad, ranging over 20 items including industrial processing, drying, icemaking, cropping, breeding, balneotherapy, tourism, earthquake prediction, extraction of useful components, and so on at 1,101 sites with a yearly heat output of 89,485.96 x 10[.sup]12[/] kilocalories, equivalent to 3.02 million tons of standard coal. China's geothermal power generation and direct utilization up to the end of 1990 had a total replacement capacity equivalent to 3.47 million tons of standard coal (equal to 0.34 percent of China's total primary energy resource consumption). We have spent a total of 250 billion yuan over the past 20 years on evaluating China's geothermal resources and an additional 10 million yuan in research expenditures, and over 10 provincial, municipal, and autonomous region mining bureaus have specialized geothermal survey staffs. By the first half of 1991, they had drilled 1,767 geothermal wells (not including over 700 wells drilled by petroleum and other departments) for a total drilling footage of 589,000 meters. We established the China Energy Resource Research Society Geothermal Specialized Committee Academic Group that includes 644 members from 28 provinces and municipalities and over 40 specializations. China also has 14 geothermal research institutes (offices) and over 100 development and utilization enterprises. In summary, China has the capability | Development and Utilization of Geothermal Resources |
FBIS3-20671_1 | countries are competing to develop it and are investing large amounts of capital, formulating several medium and long-term development programs, and establishing all types of organizations to conduct R&D (such as Denmark's (Lisuo) Wind Powered Generator Experiment Station, the United States Wind Energy Association, the Japan Wind Energy Association, the European Wind Energy Assocation, etc.). At the same time, all countries are competing to formulate the associated policies such as providing tax exemptions for private capital investments in wind energy in the United States and requiring that electric power companies purchase wind-generated electricity from wind-powered generating fields, and the implementation of a one-third subsidy from the state in Denmark for private purchases of wind-powered generators and permitting the sale of electricity to electric power companies. Wind energy development and utilization in China has always been a concern of the state and several key wind energy projects were included among projects to attack key S&T problems during the Sixth 5-Year Plan, Seventh 5-Year Plan, and Eighth 5-Year Plan. China has now established an S&T and production staff of more than 3,000 people, and we have established several 10 production plants (producing small-scale and large and medium-sized wind-powered machinery) with an annual small-scale wind-powered generator production capacity of 30,000 units, and development and production of 55 kW, 120 kW, and 200 kW wind-powered generators is now in progress. China as a whole has now extended 120,000 small wind-powered generators and we have nine medium-sized and small wind-powered generating fields under construction. China's wind-powered installed generating capacity is now more than 20MW. As part of it, Inner Mongolia and Xinjiang have made enormous contributions to small wind-powered generator and large wind-powered generator demonstration, extension, and application. China's wind energy development and utilization can be divided overall into four phases: Phase 1 involved the development of small 10 kW and smaller wind-powered generators. Phase 2 involved the commercialization, batch production, and extension of small wind-powered generators. Phase 3 involved the development of medium-sized 10 kW to 100 kW wind-powered generators. The present Phase 4 involves batch production of medium-sized wind-powered generators and the development of large (100 kW and up) wind-powered generators. The commercial wind-powered generators that China is now capable of producing in batch amounts are: 100 W, 150 W, 200 W, 250 W, 300 W, 500 W, 1 kW, 3 kW, 5 kW, 20 kW, 30 kW, 40 kW, 55 kW, and | Development of Wind Energy Resources |
FBIS3-20671_3 | 120 kW generators. China will be capable of small-batch production of the 200 kW wind-powered generators it developed around the end of 1995 to improve the situation of using foreign-made generators in our nine wind-powered generating fields in Inner Mongolia, Xinjiang, Liaoning, Guangdong, Fujian, Shandong, Zhejiang, and other locations. Moreover, China has developed its own eight varieties of wind-powered water-raising machinery with a maximum flow rate of up to 120 to 200 tons per hour and a maximum lifting height of 140 meters, and the performance of certain devices has now attained international levels. Applications of China's wind-powered water raising machinery have already produced rather good economic results. For example, using FDG-7 wind-powered water lifters for two-stage water raising in salt fields can conserve over 10,000 kWh of electricity annually for a savings of about 6,000 yuan. Wind-powered water lifting machinery used in the Tianjin region has produced very good economic results in desalination of vegetable fields and they are now making major efforts to extend them. China is a developing country with a large population, vast territory, and shortages of energy resources. The development of new energy resources is a strategic shift for energy resources and can produce real benefits. Given China's technical capabilities, developing wind energy is certainly not something that cannot be attained. China's famous scientist Qian Xueseng [6929 1331 2773] wrote to the China Wind Energy Technology Development Center in 1991 describing the world's major efforts at present to develop wind energy and China's broad prospects for wind energy development and saying that we must develop them in a major way instead of just piddling around. In June 1991, at the Wind Energy Construction Planning Conference held by the Ministry of Energy Resources, Minister Huang Yicheng [7806 3015 6134] pointed out that "developing wind energy requires that we foster everyone's initiative and that we get organized, improve our understanding of using wind power to generate electricity, and focus on wind-powered electricity generation as one force in overall electric power construction." According to preliminary plans by the Ministry of Energy Resources, we will strive for an increase of 120 to 200MW a year. To achieve this objective, given China's existing wind energy technical forces, we should take the route of self-development, which means organizing China's wind energy experts on our existing technical foundation in a planned manner, absorbing the essence of advanced generators from foreign countries, developing | Development of Wind Energy Resources |
FBIS3-20682_0 | Language: Bulgarian Article Type:CSO ["Statute of the Movement for Rights and Freedoms: An Association With Non-Economic Goals"] [Text] General Principles Article 1 The Movement for Rights and Freedoms is an independent social-political organization, established to contribute to the unity of Bulgarian citizens, as well as to respect the rights and liberties of all ethnic, religious, and cultural communities in Bulgaria, in accordance with the Constitution and laws of the country, the International Charter on the Rights of Man, the European Convention for the Protection of the Rights of Man, and international treaties. Article 2 The basic goals of the Movement for Rights and Freedoms are: 2.1. The attainment of understanding and unity among Bulgarian citizens through the shaping of a consistent and explicit policy on the national question, while defending the rights and liberties of all communities in the country. 2.2. The concordance of national legislation with international principles and norms for ensuring the rights and liberties of ethnic, religious, and cultural communities in Bulgaria. 2.3. The establishment of legal and social guarantees against the toleration of ethnic or religious hatred or discrimination and for equality with respect to the rights, liberties, and social security of all communities. 2.4. Economic prosperity and environmental protection in all oblasts [districts] and obshtinas [townships] in the country, as well as the overcoming of disproportionate development of different areas of settlement. 2.5. The striving to unconditionally help and support the foreign policy of the Republic of Bulgaria, which will promote and strengthen the authority of our country in the world, based on correct and mutually beneficial relations on an equal basis with all countries that want such relations. In particular, the Movement for Rights and Freedoms considers that one of the principles to be stressed in our country's foreign policy should be the strengthening of peace and understanding in the Balkans and the establishment of normal, good-neighborly relations with all the neighboring countries. Article 3 The achievement of the goals of the Movement for Rights and Freedoms will be accomplished through the following legal means: 3.1. Preparation of a proposal to the organizations of state authority and administration for the improvement of the country's legislation in accordance with basic rights and liberties of citizens. 3.2. Joint activity with all the democratic forces in solving the problems connected with humanizing social relationships and the creation of conditions for economic prosperity and the confirmation of Bulgaria | Statute of Movement for Rights and Freedoms |
FBIS3-20686_0 | Language: Serbo-Croatian Article Type:CSO [Interview with Prof. Dr. Zdravko Sancevic, Croatian ambassador to Bosnia-Herzegovina, by Salih Zvizdic; place and date not given: "If I Did Not Have Faith in the Alliance with the Muslims, I Would Not Be Ambassador"] [Text] The Croatian ambassador to Bosnia-Herzegovina, Prof. Dr. Zdravko Sancevic, says that he has an intimate knowledge of Bosnia. Not only does he easily bandy about historical data; more importantly, he is also completely familiar with the people and customs there. He was born 62 years ago in the town of Crkveni, near Teslic, in the Usore valley, to a large family in which the father was an industrialist in the lumber business and a Croat HSS [Croatian Peasants Party] politician. In 1945, he and his father had to flee to Austria by way of Bleiburg, then to Italy, and finally to the United States and Venezuela. He ended up studying geology in the United States, after which he was chosen to be a professor at a university in Caracas. After 1945, he first traveled to Croatia in 1990 at the invitation of President Tudjman, and afterward he returned to Venezuela where he was elected chairman of the HDZ [Croatian Democratic Community] Coordinating Committee for Venezuela and South America. His second trip to Croatia was in August 1992, when he reported as a volunteer for the National Guard Corps. Since September 1992, he has been the ambassador of the Republic of Croatia to Bosnia-Herzegovina. He is married and has eight children, and his family lives in Venezuela, where they all own property and have jobs. He tells me that the wartime conditions in Bosnia-Herzegovina thwarted his efforts to locate the embassy in Sarajevo back in September 1992, and in Mostar later on, so that the Croatian Embassy was opened in Medjugorje in August 1993. He would like to move with the embassy to Sarajevo as soon as possible. He comments briefly on the visit to Bosnia-Herzegovina by the Turkish and Pakistani prime ministers, Tansu Ciller and Benazir Bhutto. [Sancevic] It is clear that the Islamic countries are interested in everything that is going on in Bosnia-Herzegovina, and that they want to see things firsthand, to talk with the top people. These are normal contacts between countries, although in this case the state of Bosnia-Herzegovina does not exist in the form in which it is internationally recognized; rather, it exists under extremely | Croatian Envoy Has Faith in Muslim Alliance |
FBIS3-20692_7 | the Republic of Croatia and the FRY cast great doubt on Martic's election campaign promises of an imminent union. Dr. Karadzic's statement that a unified Serbia must first reach the Una and only afterward the Kupa was also a cold shower. Although the interpretations of Belgrade and Pale that this does not signify renunciation of the proclaimed concept of all Serbs in one state, Krajina political life is moving more and more toward apathy. It has become evident that people are tired out by the elections, all the politicking, and television. Martic's first statement as president after the elections fitted well into the mindset that Krajina is the last to make decisions about its destiny. He said over Radio-TV Serbia that he would gather around him a team of intelligent and able people from all the Serbian lands--that is, both from Serbia and from the Srpska republic. When we recall that his election promises included a strengthening of the police, it is certain that a paramount objective of his authority will be to guarantee that orders from Belgrade are carried out. This is especially important, because power at the opcina level has mainly been taken over by Babic's Serbian Democratic Party of Krajina. Likewise, various emissaries from the Srpska republic are traveling around Krajina and making offers to people who might want to move into abandoned Muslim and Croatian houses there on a turnkey basis. For example, Prijedor and Derventa have been envisaged for people from Plaski. Finally, what else is one to conclude but that the process of a big trade of Krajina has gone pretty far. Martic's job is only to make that as painless as possible--regardless of whether he personally is aware of the role intended for him. [Box, p 12] Krajina Mathematics First Round of the Presidential Elections in the RSK Registered voters 289,866 Voters voting 236,300 Votes for Milan Babic 116,014 Votes for Milan Martic 50,000[.sup]1[/] Other presidential candidates 70,000[.sup]1[/] Second Round of the Presidential Elections in the RSK Registered voters 295,611 Voters voting 207,550 Votes for Milan Babic 97,377 Votes for Milan Martic 104,234 [.sup]1[/]The figures from other sources fluctuate by approximately 1,000 votes. The size of the turnout in the second round of the Krajina presidential elections was 28,750 smaller than in the first round. Because it is usual for people to abstain in a runoff, we can assume that it did not | Martic's Victory in Krajina Elections Viewed |
FBIS3-20697_4 | people who are "on the other side." Dr. Ladislav Krapac, president of the Commission for Civilian Service, claims that such "political-ethnic" criteria are unacceptable anywhere in Europe. Miso Bozic, attorney and activist of the citizens' council for human rights from Karlovac states that a great number of Serbs from Karlovac turned to him with the request to use their right to be conscientious objectors because they did not want to shoot at their relatives, who live on the other side of the front line in the immediate vicinity of Karlovac. These arguments can be considered as moral reasons, Bozic says, adding that political convictions of peace activists can also be categorized as moral reasons for not aggreeing to peform military service. Ratko Dojcinovic, a member of the citizens' council of human rights in Karlovac, based on his personal experience, claims that persons who submit conscientious objector applications, undergo a special army procedure in which the officers try to convince them--by hook or by crook-- to change their decision. Thus, Dojcinovic spent 45 days in prison, was mistreated and insulted, just so that, as he says, he would change his mind and take a gun in his hand. "At the end they beat me up and sent me to do heavy physical work," Dojcinovic says, and claims that his was not an isolated case. A special work brigade--White Tigers--was also organized in Karlovac in which only Serbs who refused to carry weapons were mobilized. Its members wear white boots and thus, Dojcinovic says, everyone can immediately recognize them and "classify" them. "Tigers," he claims, "are sent to the front lines in order to dig the trenches, all the while being exposed to insults from `real' soldiers who consider them as traitors. Croats who refuse to carry weapons are also subject to pressures in the army." Political Pressure Zoran Pusic, president of the Civilian Council of Human Rights claims that the Ministry of Defense also applies systematic methods toward the citizens of the Serbian nationality who resort to the right to be conscientious objectors. "These people feel that this is a type of ethnic cleansing," Pusic says, and claims that a significant number of such persons, although they submitted their request to be conscientious objectors, ended up in military court. Pusic believes that similar methods are also used for political pressure. In Karlovac, Pusic illustrates, out of 31 city councilmen, only those | Shortcomings of Law on Conscientious Objectors |
FBIS3-20713_2 | blow (besides using police batons) to a very serious movement headed by OMO "Ilinden." Public Disqualification The Macedonians in Bulgaria for the first time, after many a year of persecution in Zivkov's ethnically "pure and homogeneous" state, publicly raised their voices in the cold and dramatic autumn of 1989. It happened at a mass meeting for democratic changes in the large square near the "Aleksandar Nevski" monument in Sofia. Among the hundreds of thousands of spectators there was a group of Macedonians who came with their own slogans as a sign of identification and to announce their struggle against the suppression of political rights. Soon afterwards OMO "Ilinden" was formed and its activities were stepped up. However, in spite of the upsurge of democracy, the great waves of euphoria following the fall of Todor Zivkov and his police regime in Bulgaria at that time, and the feeling that a climate for real democratic resurrection was being created, the ranks of the nationalists were soon consolidated and the vrhovists organized the Alliance of Macedonian Associations (later on the VMRO-SMD [Internal Macedonian Revolutionary Organization-Alliance of Macedonian Associations]), assisted by the frightened state leadership, started, as provokers and initiators, the whole battle against OMO "Ilinden." They began to organize counterdemonstrations, to deny the existence of the Macedonian national minority in Bulgaria, to humiliate the "Ilinden affiliates", and discredit them as "foreign mercenaries," "lost souls," and so on, all to prove that they were a small group of "renegades from the system." Halting Assimilation OMO "Ilinden" did not suspend or abandon its goals despite the strong media and other public pressures. On the contrary: On 11 March 1990, over 100 Macedonians organized a march through the streets of Sofia and they handed a petition to the Bulgarian parliament with a request to end the assimilation of Macedonians and for the reestablishment of minority rights. Despite the fierce anti-Macedonian campaign launched in Bulgaria, only a month later OMO "Ilinden" organized a rally with around 15,000 Macedonians from Pirin Macedonia in the courtyard of the Rozen Monastery, marking the anniversary of Jane Sandanski's death. The rally ended without incident, but with straightforward demands for cultural independence and respect for human and minority rights, accompanied by Macedonian folksongs and dancing. This demonstration at the Rozen Monastery eventually angered all the Bulgarians, from the ultra leftist to the ultra rightist parties and movements. The first consensus reached at | `Plight' of Macedonians in Bulgaria Decried |
FBIS3-20713_4 | that time between the hated communists and the new democratic forces was to suspend the Macedonian movement. Events unfolded this way: False accusations were made about the Macedonian organization, it could not be legally registered, its activities were then banned, and finally police batons were brought into play and every kind of demonstration was banned. In the meantime, members of OMO "Ilinden" went on hunger strike, wrote letters to foreign embassies and offices, and then directly addressed the Bulgarian leadership in July 1990 to insist they were not what they were accused of being -- separatists -- but were loyal citizens who were simply asking for the freedom to express their national identity. Bloody Clash Instead of receiving understanding, the response to all this was that the OMO "Ilinden" activists had their passports confiscated, while some were arrested in December of the same year in Blagoevgrad, others were beaten up in the streets as they collected signatures for support, and so on. Consequently, the traditional Rozen rally was banned in 1991 and 1992, and there was a brutal, bloody clash between the police and the rally around the tomb of Jane Sandanski in April 1993. Last year's Rozen persecution, the latest in a series of anti- Macedonian activities, completed four years of the Bulgarian political leadership's attempts to suppress the Macedonian organization using the state's apparatus and organizations founded specially for the purpose, neither minding the means, nor economizing on money or words for propaganda, schemes, or actions in the field. However, the truth about the assimilation of the Macedonians in Pirin Macedonia has become known, as well as the suppression of the Macedonian national minority in Bulgaria, and is to be found in all the reports of international associations. Now, the political trial of four OMO "Ilinden" leaders approaches. It is further proof of the continuing policy, contrary to all Bulgaria's declarations on its respect for human rights, the UN charter, the CSCE documents, Vienna.... It is naive to imagine that prison sentences will eliminate the existence of the Macedonian national minority. Unfortunately, Bulgaria has not learnt any lessons from history -- many Macedonians rotted in camps and jails for years and even decades, and yet there now come fresh generations that refuse to forget about their ancestors' national identity. Is it not more rational, just for once, to accept the bitter truth in order to help the Balkans, | `Plight' of Macedonians in Bulgaria Decried |
FBIS3-20713_5 | its activities were then banned, and finally police batons were brought into play and every kind of demonstration was banned. In the meantime, members of OMO "Ilinden" went on hunger strike, wrote letters to foreign embassies and offices, and then directly addressed the Bulgarian leadership in July 1990 to insist they were not what they were accused of being -- separatists -- but were loyal citizens who were simply asking for the freedom to express their national identity. Bloody Clash Instead of receiving understanding, the response to all this was that the OMO "Ilinden" activists had their passports confiscated, while some were arrested in December of the same year in Blagoevgrad, others were beaten up in the streets as they collected signatures for support, and so on. Consequently, the traditional Rozen rally was banned in 1991 and 1992, and there was a brutal, bloody clash between the police and the rally around the tomb of Jane Sandanski in April 1993. Last year's Rozen persecution, the latest in a series of anti- Macedonian activities, completed four years of the Bulgarian political leadership's attempts to suppress the Macedonian organization using the state's apparatus and organizations founded specially for the purpose, neither minding the means, nor economizing on money or words for propaganda, schemes, or actions in the field. However, the truth about the assimilation of the Macedonians in Pirin Macedonia has become known, as well as the suppression of the Macedonian national minority in Bulgaria, and is to be found in all the reports of international associations. Now, the political trial of four OMO "Ilinden" leaders approaches. It is further proof of the continuing policy, contrary to all Bulgaria's declarations on its respect for human rights, the UN charter, the CSCE documents, Vienna.... It is naive to imagine that prison sentences will eliminate the existence of the Macedonian national minority. Unfortunately, Bulgaria has not learnt any lessons from history -- many Macedonians rotted in camps and jails for years and even decades, and yet there now come fresh generations that refuse to forget about their ancestors' national identity. Is it not more rational, just for once, to accept the bitter truth in order to help the Balkans, during its transition into newly oriented states, to become a stable region liberated from its complex historical past. The borders remain, and that may be the strongest motive for the elimination of some inherited syndromes. | `Plight' of Macedonians in Bulgaria Decried |
FBIS3-20720_3 | happen when conditions are favorable. There have been instances in the past in which it was shown that the opening of an office in one country does not imply the recognition within the borders it aspires for. For instance, when the United States opened an office in China, that did not mean that the United States was acknowledging Taiwan as an indivisible part of China. The United States still has a different opinion from China's regarding its borders. Therefore, relations should not be unnecessarily complicated by showing wishes as reality, or rushing reality into assuming the form of the wishes. We must bear in mind the fact that the issue of the Krajina is connected to the Vance plan, which says that its political future, its final status, must be resolved through direct negotiations between the legitimate representatives of the Krajina and the Republic of Croatia. This is yet to happen, and with this agreement we have created favorable conditions for starting it. Before the negotiations take place, an absolute end should be put to all hostilities. After that the practical issues will be resolved, which will provide the conditions for starting political negotiations. This is reality; as it is, and not as someone would like to make it. [DJ] As in Yugoslavia, this agreement was met with controversial opinions and interpretations in Croatia.... [Jovanovic] Nothing that has not been done has been acknowledged, and nothing has been written that has not been said. Therefore, it is a matter of wishes and of the approach to a document -- interpreting it in one or another way, seeing various things in it. With much use of political imagination many things can be seen. After all, we live in the world of reality, and political imagination should be used more as an incentive for a constant mending of the world of reality than for replacing it with something illusory. It is natural to have criticism, suspicions, and reservations in both countries, which is probably the consequence of maximalist expectations and wishes, but the essence of this agreement is of a limited, modest scope. It is more important as a demonstration of political will and the decision of the two sides to start, in an organized way, toward full normalization of relations, which assumes the previous conclusion of peace, which is near. If it meant something else, then we would have nothing to | Foreign Minister Views Current Developments |
FBIS3-20747_5 | personal and other computers there that were purchased in an uncoordinated manner (let us exclude the intention) by various administrations, commanders, and so on. Of course, no one is capable of putting together a network from these computers--which, with a few exceptions, are incompatible--to handle not only command, but also communications logistics for the General Staff. Thus, the computers have been downgraded to luxury typewriters worth a cool 50,000 to 100,000 korunas each. I pointed this out to Mr. Pezl at the meeting with rehabilitated officers. But to no avail. In fact, the upshot is that last year--that is, 1993--incompatible computers were again purchased in an uncoordinated manner for millions of korunas. I will not publish the exact sum so that I am not suspected of revealing a military secret, if such economic management is a military secret. A novice economist may perhaps be able to work it out. Apart from this computer shambles, there are X number of modems (the commander of the Communications Administration can supply the precise number) in the General Staff, which enable their addressees to have fax links from their workplaces in the General Staff to their apartments, businesses, and--of course--anywhere else. Why observe military secrecy when a classified or even a strictly classified document can be sent anywhere by modem, even to the KGB, for instance. However, I breathed a sigh of relief. I found out that the KGB has been abolished. Illogical Logistics Support units were turned into "logistics" in the name of transformation, although no one there behaves logically. Instead of reducing the number of colonels and lieutenant-colonels and increasing that of the non-commissioned officer and warrant officer, they have begun to equip the offices with new furniture and carpets, including these computers. Illogically, not one new defense system has been purchased and technical equipment for the Military Police has been shelved so that it cannot point out this illogicality--or anything else. The gentlemen at the Defense Ministry and the General Staff are acting like Marshall Russworth in the Emperor's Baker--they are buying trinkets and feathers for their overgrown administrations and departments. If they think this is the correct way to transform the Army, they are certainly quite mistaken. We can imagine how they contribute to the Army's credit in the eyes of the taxpayers. Probably they do not; otherwise they would not run things like this. Impatient NATO I am aware | Article Criticizes Shortcomings in New Army |
FBIS3-20753_3 | extent sufficing to halt the growth in unemployment in 1994 and to reduce unemployment by at least 1 million in 1995. 5.5. Tax preferences should be granted for investments in regions with highest unemployment. 5.6. A program for building superhighways on the basis of non-state financing should be initiated. 5.7. A program for training unemployed young people 16 to 23 years old should be initiated most urgently. 6. Strengthening the family should be a long-range objective of social policy, and it should be promoted by economic policy. 6.1. Family allowances should be preserved as an entitlement for which all families with underage children and child-raising homemakers are eligible. 6.2. The legal minimum wage should assure decent living conditions for the employee and, when family allowances are included, also for his/her family. 6.3. Tax policy should strengthen family life by means of a joint tax return for all persons living in a joint household. 7. Social policy should assure the material security of retirees. The traditional ratio of retirement pensions to the mean wage should be retained, and they should be subject to cost-of-living adjustments. 7.1. Similar protection should be extended to sickness benefits, especially for persons who cannot support themselves by working. 7.2. The state should promote the growth of private insurance companies. 8. All citizens should be guaranteed a minimum of health care. 8.1. The universal nature of health care should be assured by universal compulsory health insurance. 8.2. Citizens should have access to additional group and individual insurance. 9. Social policy should promote, by means of various instruments, adequate housing with allowance for the financial possibilities of individual citizens. 9.1. The state should promote the growth of credit institutions and the purchases of housing, and it should pursue a tax policy promoting 33 housing construction and personal spending on housing (also by means of a credit and payment system). 9.2. Local governments should, upon appropriate support from the state budget, expand the infrastructure of land development and housing and support the construction of private rental housing. 10. Employees of the state administration, the procurature, the judiciary, the police, and the military, as well as teachers should be afforded special protection of their occupations and incomes. 11. Current social policy should principally focus on alleviating the consequences of the unfavorable development of the economic situation, and especially the consequences of unemployment and inflationary growth of the cost of living. | Economic, Social Aims of Political Grouping |
FBIS3-20762_7 | on the services of a single exporter, the former Soviet Union. The switch to calculating in dollars, quality that is below world standards, and the inability to guarantee the continuity of deliveries of spare parts for equipment that is already in use are making the CIS [Commonwealth of Independent States] a less than reliable partner. In view of the high prices, it does not appear feasible to import finished warships from the highly developed countries. A kilogram of warship minus combat equipment and electronics, costs more than 100 German marks [DM]. The price for one kilogram of this kind of equipment exceeds DM7,000. The national shipyards (Polnocna, Marynarki Wojennej, Wisla) have the appropriate experience and, in the absence of orders, could immediately pick up the construction of the warships needed by the fleet, except for submarines. Even if resources were unexpectedly allocated to a program for modernizing the naval forces, given the current traditional structure that has resulted in a collection of highly specialized, obsolete warships and replacing them with new ones would take at least several years. Possibly the way out of the situation would be to look to the Danish experiments. Faced with the necessity of replacing a large portion of the Danish Navy, instead of designing new types of traditional warships, they shifted away from the previous approach and decided to limit the number and variety of ships without reducing the capabilities of the naval defense forces in the process. This was accomplished by building a series of all-purpose Standard Flex warships that can, in a few hours, alter their functions by installing modular containers holding items of equipment and weaponry. Depending on what is needed, a ship can operate as a patrol vessel, a search-and-rescue unit, a pollution-control vessel, a missile unit, a subchaser, a minelayer, and a minesweeper. For a country that has scarce budget resources and a relatively small fleet, this approach is virtually ideal. However, even in the event that the national shipyards are commissioned to build the ships, if we dreamed of owning ships of close to world-class level, there is no getting away from importing the electronic-warfare equipment. The country produces modern radars, good sonars of the Flaming series, and highly accurate Szop navigation gear (accurate to within 0.5 meter), but these are only a few of the items that are needed. The situation is worse with regard to weaponry because, | Navy Status, Combat Power, Future Discussed |
FBIS3-20762_8 | large portion of the Danish Navy, instead of designing new types of traditional warships, they shifted away from the previous approach and decided to limit the number and variety of ships without reducing the capabilities of the naval defense forces in the process. This was accomplished by building a series of all-purpose Standard Flex warships that can, in a few hours, alter their functions by installing modular containers holding items of equipment and weaponry. Depending on what is needed, a ship can operate as a patrol vessel, a search-and-rescue unit, a pollution-control vessel, a missile unit, a subchaser, a minelayer, and a minesweeper. For a country that has scarce budget resources and a relatively small fleet, this approach is virtually ideal. However, even in the event that the national shipyards are commissioned to build the ships, if we dreamed of owning ships of close to world-class level, there is no getting away from importing the electronic-warfare equipment. The country produces modern radars, good sonars of the Flaming series, and highly accurate Szop navigation gear (accurate to within 0.5 meter), but these are only a few of the items that are needed. The situation is worse with regard to weaponry because, for example, the Wrobel surface-to-air missile-artillery system has a long reaction time, on the order of tens of seconds, and can be used only against a target that has already launched an attack and is flying away. The Russian "last chance" guns currently in use are not economical, and Western ones (for example, the Goalkeeper, firing 4,200 rounds a minute, with a reaction time of 1 second) are excessively expensive. Work on the Polish Nawalnik was halted four years ago due to a shortage of funds. How can we think of modernizing the fleet when there is not even enough money for fuel? The destroyer Warszawa has an engine with an output of 94,000 horsepower, or the same as 1,150 1.5-liter Polonaise cars. Sailing "100" [kilometers] at cruising speed requires 11 tons of fuel; at top speed it takes 36 tons. To be sure, Polish warships did take part this year in joint maneuvers with NATO units and in several of their own exercises, such as "Reda" and "Rekin," but this does not change the fact that the number of training cruises was cut back considerably. A sailor can gain skills through "dry-fire" training on shore-based simulators, but knitting a | Navy Status, Combat Power, Future Discussed |
FBIS3-20769_4 | Slovenia had already started to negotiate with Bosnia-Herzegovina on economic relations on a new basis, but in the meantime the war in Bosnia came. Trade with Bosnia-Herzegovina, converted to dollars, has declined abruptly from independence onward: from about $250 million in 1990 to about $29 million in the first 11 months of last year. One cannot expect anything else in the future either in a war situation. No one knows how much longer the war can drag on. When it is over, devastated Bosnia-Herzegovina will have to be rebuilt. The country's rebuilding will probably rely on international aid. Slovenia, whose advantages will be--if nothing else--geographic proximity and familiarity with the market and language--will certainly also apply for some of the work. The main limitation, however, will be the established practice of investors, who in such cases prefer to employ their own economic capacities. Future cooperation with Serbia and Montenegro, in particular, is arousing polemics. At the moment the issue is still not too urgent, as the UN Security Council embargo is still in effect for the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia [FRY]. As Slovene state authorities, the chamber of commerce, and enterprise directors assert, Slovenia is observing the embargo. It only trades in products for which the UN Security Council's sanctions commission issues a special permit, namely medicines and goods for humanitarian purposes. Thus, Slovenia's trade with the FRY (including miscellaneous items) during the first 11 months of last year reached $7 million in exports and $0.3 million in imports. Ljubljana's Lek, for example, is exporting several medicines to Serbia, with a permit. This is not a continuous business, Lek's director Metod Dragonja says, and it depends on Serbia's (modest) ability to pay. In terms of volume, it is only about a tenth of deliveries three years ago. Medicines actually "sell themselves," and no particular commercial activity is needed, but Lek also does not have any privileges in comparison with foreign competition. At least a minimal presence in the Serbian market, however, is especially useful for the enterprise in the long term, "so that later, with more optimistic developments, it can improve its position in that market." In spite of that, there are many suspicions about violation of the embargo. On the shelves of Serbian shops one can find products from well-known Slovene producers, and sometimes Belgrade television even shows them, claiming that trade (even with Slovenes) is proceeding in spite | Economic Ties With Former Yugoslavia Examined |
FBIS3-20776_0 | Article Type:CSO [Editorial Report] The following information on contagious diseases in the Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia [FYROM] is provided by the Skopje dailies, NOVA MAKEDONIJA and VECER: Hepatitis On 1 February on page 8, VECER reports that the rumors circulating in Skopje, to the effect that three coffee shops, "Mejk-ap," "Akademija," and "Apolon" [names as transliterated] were sources for the outbreak of hepatitis, are unfounded according to Dr. Tomislav Popov of the epidemiological section of the Institute for Preventative Medicine. According to Dr. Popov, only one of the patients has any connection to any coffee shop, in this case, the "Mejk-ap" coffee shop, but the individual did not actually work there. The article does not cite the number of cases in Skopje, but Dr. Ljupco Ivanovski, the manager of the hepatitis section at the clinic for infectious diseases, claims that "the number of `jaundiced' patients who have been hospitalized, and those who are recovering at home, is within the limits of the normal level, or that which is customary for the season of the year." Influenza On 2 February on page 9, NOVA MAKEDONIJA reports that the first few cases of influenza have been treated at the institute for preventative medicine in Skopje and an undisclosed number of cases elsewhere in the country. On 11 February on page 9, VECER notes that 23 cases of influenza have been reported in Skopje, 575 in Titov Veles, 479 in Gostivar, 329 in Kicevo, and 159 in Prilep. Preliminary serological tests indicate that the patients are suffering from Type-A influenza. On 17 February on page 5, NOVA MAKEDONIJA reports that the number of registered cases of influenza has risen to 2,986. The newspaper cites Dr. Dusko Panov, director of the Institute for Epidemiology and Microbiology at the Institute for Preventative Medicine: "According to the available data, it is possible to say that in some opstinas [districts], an epidemic stage has already been reached. These opstinas are Titov Veles with 574 cases, Prilep with 546, Gostivar with 472, Kratovo with 330, Kumanovo with 250, Stip with 219, and Kocani with 163." The type of virus has not yet been isolated, but specialists think that it is probably Type-A influenza. Tuberculosis On 14 February on page 8, VECER reports that approximately 1,650 cases of pulmonary tuberculosis have been registered in Macedonia. Of these, 630 are new cases. According to official statistics, there are 677 | Hepatitis, Influenza, Tuberculosis Cases in FYROM |
FBIS3-20780_7 | an empty weapon, since this year they were actually fulfilled. Even though Gospic in September 1993 involved a tactical attack by the Croatian army, in which the Croatian units did not occupy more than 150 square kilometers of the RSK's territory, the Serbs responded with a merciless bombardment of numerous Croatian towns (the vicinity of Zagreb, Samobor, which lies along the Slovene border, Sibenik, Zadar, and Karlovac), and industrial facilities (the Sisak refinery, and the Kutina artificial fertilizer factory), and they also fired--for the time being only in warning--surface-to-surface missiles (specifically, in the immediate vicinity of Zagreb). The doctrine of Serbian deep strikes against urban centers, accompanied by assaults by Serbian special units deep behind enemy lines, indicates that if there is a renewed escalation of conflicts, the Serbian armies will not limit themselves only to a tactical defense, but will instead respond with the already announced strikes against the entire depth of the territory within the range of their weapons. Consequently, towns still remain the main targets (they are treating Vukovar, Osijek, Dubrovnik, and Karlovac as paradigms for the future). In this regard, they are seriously counting on support by "volunteers" from the so-called Yugoslavia, which will only be a camouflage for the use of regular units from the so-called FRY. [passage omitted] Taking into account the fact that the chief of the so-called FRY's General Staff visited Iraq last year precisely because of Iraq's experiences, and that there are many indirect indications that the army of the so-called FRY has succeeded--in spite of the embargo--in obtaining long-range weapons, last year's threats by Serbian generals about attacks against all targets within range of their weapons should be taken seriously, and appropriate defensive countermeasures should be sought in time, or else we would be risking what the surprised victims of the Iraqi and Libyan attacks experienced. In connection with this, we should recall that this year's list of 30 civilian targets that RSK General Novakovic announced "urbi et orbi" to the Croatian public also included Pulj; in view of the distribution of Serbian positions, this means that in Slovenia, the Serbian weapons could reach targets up to the Radovljica-Sezana line. Furthermore, we should recall that in neighboring Croatia, just as previously in Italy (in 1986) and Israel (1991), before last September's events occurred, they were assessed from a professional standpoint as not very likely or unlikely, but they nevertheless happened. | Yugoslav Army: Equipment, Manpower, Doctrine |
FBIS3-20781_2 | problems. "All of this has meant that utilization of our facilities is at 20 to 30 percent, which is very bad, because we have at our disposal the most modern equipment and a highly skilled work force, of which any European factory would be proud," director Beljkas tells VOJSKA. Of the 186 employees, engineers account for one-fourth. They are not all sitting around waiting for the sanctions to be lifted. The director says that "1 December" has good prospects, and that contention is backed up by the existing and new programs for the needs of the VJ. Many countries are also interested in this collective's production--Egypt, India, the DPRK, Russia--especially its detectors and radars. Rapid Adaptation Although the enterprise has been forced to send part of its workers on mandatory leave, it is quickly coping with and adapting to current market needs. Thus facilities are being used to manufacture products that are essential to the Pljevlja economy, especially industry. As there is no machine industry in Pljevlja, it has come to the aid of many enterprises by manufacturing machine parts that were previously imported or manufactured in former Yugoslav republics. Production of a metal dormer window is under way for KID "Velimir Jakic," together with components for blinds, window reinforcements, and doors. "The worst thing is to sit around and complain. Wages must be and, we are convinced, can be earned through labor," says engineer Slavko Krezovic, the head of the machine plant. During our visit to the "1 December" enterprise, we saw that the collective was not giving in and succumbing to the problems that are present in abundance. The most valuable impression comes from the fact that the high-profile experts and all the employees are capable of independently producing very complex electronic equipment and systems under current circumstances. Nevertheless, renewed prosperity for the enterprise is expected only after the economic blockade is lifted. [Box, p 37] First-Rate Equipment The "1 December" enterprise produces modern electronic and microwave machines, equipment, and systems. It has a closed technological process for producing electronic equipment at three production plants--the electrical plant, the machine plant, and the surface protection plant--with well-organized and professionally qualified services for technical preparation and quality control. The development sector deals with preparing and applying new technologies and products. The factory is equipped with top-rate equipment from the world's best-known producers. The electrical production plant has equipment for manufacturing | Electronics Production for Army Reviewed |
FBIS3-20784_0 | Language: Serbo-Croatian Article Type:CSO [Article by Lj.Z.: "There Is Still Enough Food"] [Text] A surplus is expected in wheat, corn, oil, and some other basic staples. Minor seasonal shortages in sugar, potatoes, beans, meat, and eggs will be covered by imports. This year nobody should go hungry. According to the 1994 balance sheet prepared by the federal administration there will be surpluses of some basic commodities, while some shortages of meat, dairy products, and eggs, as well as the seasonal shortage of sugar and potatoes, could be covered by imports. In any case the federal government and two republic governments feel the food should be managed better than it was last year. Therefore, the government plans to make changes in its reserves of goods. Instead of three administrations there will be only one better organized and more reliable administration. A projected daily consumer basket serving as the basis for this year's balance sheet contains a half-kilogram of bread (wheat), 40 grams of oil, 72 grams of sugar, 100 grams of potatoes, 14 grams of beans, 100 grams of meat, 350 grams of milk and dairy products, and 0.3 eggs per person. It is not known whether the projected reserves were based on expected demand alone or whether the figures also include losses due to spoilage. The more important issue is how the projected quantities will be distributed. Economists and merchants have been asking the government for a long time to review the reserves and establish a rational mechanism for consumption. Last year's bad experience involving huge reserves of sugar that turned into shortages must not be repeated. If one can rely on the federal administration's figures of annual consumption per person amounting to 180 kg of bread, 14 liters of oil, 25.9 kg of sugar, 36 kg of potatoes, five kg of beans, 120 kg of meat, and 108 eggs, there will be significant surpluses in the government reserves at the end of this year. In fact, the expected surpluses amount to 3 million metric tons of wheat, 4.5 million tons of corn, 361,000 tons of oil, 288,000 tons of sugar, 660,000 tons of potatoes, and 56,000 tons of beans. All three governments will soon determine whether surplus food will be exported as a way of acquiring valuable hard currency and under what conditions. Of course, the answer to this question will depend on both economic and political conditions. If | FRY Administration Verifies Food Reserves |
FBIS3-20793_0 | Article Type:CSO [Editorial Report] The 2 December 1993 issue of Belgrade VOJSKA, the weekly published by the Federal Ministry of Defense, carries on page 22 an article by Petar Boskovic about a fact-finding visit to two Yugoslav Army garrisons in the Raska [Sandzak] region. In talks with the garrisons' commanders, Colonel Zlatko Radisavljevic of the Raska garrison and Lieutenant Colonel Milutin Petronijevic of the Novi Pazar garrison, VOJSKA was informed that the two garrisons cover a large area of the Raska region with an overall Muslim majority (52 percent), though the percentage varies from place to place. For example, VOJSKA states, in Tutin the population is only 2 percent Serbian, and the sitution is similar in the villages of Dunisici, Fijulje, Mitrova, and Dubovo. It should be stressed, VOJSKA adds, that until recently all these places had Serbian majorities. "This is a region that has been known for draft-dodging and boycotting of the former Yugoslav People's Army and the present Yugoslav Army. Even the small number of recruits called up encounters the strong disapproval of the locality. During the war one could feel increased nationalism and intolerance toward Serbia and everything that is Serbian. Disrespect of the government and creation of a parallel government, purchase of weapons and forming of paramilitary units is just a small part of the `green [Muslim] transversal' that crosses this region. A large number of recruits, in order to avoid mobilization, left with their families for Bosnia before the war, where they later became active in the Muslim units, and sent their families back to Serbia where they are now treated as refugees," Commander Radisavljevic said to VOJSKA. The situation in Raska is now different, VOJSKA states, and the "green transversal" has been broken in several places, among others at the Rogozna plateau, where intensive work is being carried out to revive poor Serbian villages. A new police station has been set up, and the army is building roads. Budjevo village in Pesterska plateau, where Muslims slaughtered about 100 Serbs during World War II, has been given priority. The action is called "Budjenje Budjeva" [The awakening of Budjevo] in which all well-intentioned inhabitants, including quite a few Muslims, are participating, VOJSKA states, adding that everyone agrees that the army is a great factor of security in this region. | Role of Serb Garrisons in Sandzak Region |
FBIS3-20796_87 | Such request shall be made to the chief of staff of the Honved Forces. 103.3. The filing of a request for exemption shall have no delaying effect with respect to the induction. The time allowed for judging such requests shall be 15 days. The decision of the chief of staff shall not be subject to appeal. The inducted person may request the deferment of induction or his discharge in a petition seeking judicial review of the determination issued by the chief of staff. The general rules of state administrative procedure shall govern such proceedings. Deferment of enlisted military service 104.1. Performance of enlisted military service by a draftee may be deferred on grounds of an illness or deficiency prevailing at the time of his induction, an obligation to sustain his family, an intent to continue studies, an important public interest, or valid personal interest. 104.2. A request for the deferment of enlisted military service may be submitted prior to receipt of an induction order, except if the cause for requesting the deferment arose after receipt of the induction order. 104.3. The submission of a request (proposal) for the deferment of enlisted military service shall not exempt a person from obeying the induction order. Deferment for health reasons 105.1. The induction of a draftee shall be temporarily deferred (temporary unfitness) until his recovery if he suffers from an illness that temporarily prevents him from performing service, or, in the case of a passing deficiency, until the deficiency ceases. 105.2. Deferment of enlisted military service for health reasons shall be authorized by the draft board, and if the illness occurs after drafting, by the commander of the selective service command. The person authorizing the deferment may require that the draftee appear at a medical control examination and once again before the draft board. 105.3. A physicians certificate shall be attached to petitions requesting the deferment of enlisted military service for health reasons. Deferment of service on grounds of family support 106.1. A draftee's induction for enlisted military service shall be deferred for reasons of having to support his family, if he is the sole provider for a direct ascendant struck by illness or in need of care, a brother or sister of minor age, a spouse, or a child, any of which reside in the same household as the draftee, provided that those in need have no other relative capable of providing | 1993 National Defense Law |
FBIS3-20805_0 | Language: Czech Article Type:CSO [Article by Vladimir Plzak: "Chemopetrol Is Transforming Hitherto Undesirable Waste Material Into a Suitably Usable Export Raw Material--The New Substance Is Used in Eliminating Oil Disasters and in Purifying Water"] [Text] The chemical plant at Litvinov has verified a technology for the production of a practically usable chemical substance from a raw material that has hitherto been an undesirable waste material. Waters contaminated with black carbon, which were a threat to the environment, are now being processed into superconductive channel black. This is a product with outstanding absorption characteristics, which has become an export item. Among other uses, the material can be used in the elimination of oil disasters and in the purification of wastewaters. Its advantage is that it is more effective than other sorbents and costs less. It has a smaller mass, which reduces the cost of transportation. Currently, it is being tested in the United States, South America, Norway, France, and other countries. Maritime interests in the United States have used it to wash out the holds of tankers. The Chemopetrol Enterprise has shown flexibility in developing new sorbents. In one month, it changed the consistency of the material from a powder to granules. It thus eliminated dustiness, which was bothering potential users. Furthermore, the enterprise introduced packaging in smaller quantities, which facilitates manipulation and use. Work on the project was participated in by a Swiss commercial firm that was instrumental in expanding the circle of customers. In Argentina, sorbents are being readied to eliminate the lagoons that accompany petroleum drilling. Ivory Coast has also indicated an interest in the product. The cost of using the material in individual countries is being defrayed by the Swiss firm, without requiring financial participation on the part of Chemopetrol. Along with superconductive channel black, Chemopetrol introduced a new wastewater purification plant onto the market. Thanks to the new sorbents, the efficiency of this plant is exceedingly high. The first customer for this plant was the largest Swiss liquid waste incinerator near Geneva. With the aid of the technology from Litvinov, this facility will be able to do away with two-phase cleaning and will be able to release wastewater into the river following the first passage through the purification facility. After introduction into series production, the purification facility will cost 400,000 korunas, which is approximately one-third of the cost of existing devices with a similar capacity. | Chemical Waste Converted to Cleaner, Exported |
FBIS3-20814_0 | Language: Polish Article Type:CSO [Article by Andrzej Zybala: "Poland Behind the Wall: The Government Intends to Jack Up Duties on Farm Products in Order To Reduce Them Later From a Higher Level and Still Follow the Decisions of GATT's Uruguay Round"] [Text] Polish duties are three to four times as high as those applying in West Europe and the United States. We protect our market more strongly than do Hungarians and Czechs. Contrary to the comments of PSL [Polish Peasant Party] Sejm deputies, Polish borders are not at all wide open. In the West, the average duty rate at present is 4 percent, while in Poland it is more than 10 percent. Even so, the developed countries decided that their duty rates are too high for trade to become a genuine locomotive of the world economy. During the seven-year-long Uruguay Round, which was completed in December 1993, it was decided that, in the next few years, the average duty rate would be reduced to less than 3 percent and all trade restraints in the form of countervailing fees, border taxes, etc. would be abolished. According to experts, this will cause world trade to increase by $200-300 billion. According to the OECD and the World Bank, the principal beneficiaries of the new trade agreement, which will begin to be binding as early as at the beginning of 1995, are, however, to be the developing countries, which in the next few years will earn an additional $130 billion. Soon now, sharp rivalry over dividing up that substantial sum will begin. Yet, at the same time, Polish industry and farming, instead of getting ready to expand, are seeking security by advocating higher duty barriers. Following a temporary slash in Polish duties to a level not much higher than in the West (5.5 percent), they were jacked up since mid-1991 to levels several times as high as in the West--as high as 18.8 percent. The tariff increases applied chiefly to the least transformed [i.e., least adapted to market reforms] industries, such as textile, footwear, and food. Thus, duties of as much as 20 percent became levied on consumer goods, 20-35 percent on farm products and textiles, and 45 percent on luxury goods. According to Tomasz Jodko, director of the Department for Multilateral Agreements at the Ministry of Foreign Economic Relations, this whole subject is beset by inconsistency. Sometimes the failures of certain branches of | Weekly Criticizes Protectionist Position |
FBIS3-20849_2 | of damage to the dam, we began working out alternative possibilities for repairing it. In June of last year we made a final decision among the twelve alternatives to replace the damaged flanks of the dam, where the explosions had caused the greatest damage, and to repair the damaged watertight core with a clay-concrete diaphragm. [Pastar] This is a job that is still ahead of you. In early August of last year you began to repair the control gallery? [Vilovic] Only when we had made the final commitment to the repair strategy did we begin to repair the control gallery, since the alternative chosen included that. Some of the alternatives did not envisage this. [Pastar] When you began the work to repair the control gallery on 1 August, an announcement was made that the job in that section would be finished in four months? [Vilovic] That deadline was envisaged only on the basis of certain assumptions. However, when we went into the gallery, we found that the damage was far greater. That is why the work has been going more slowly. The gallery on the right flank has been rebuilt almost entirely. Work is now being done on the straight section, in the lowest part of the gallery, and here the work is going somewhat faster. [Pastar] A few days ago work began on the crown of the dam. What are all the things that will be done there? [Vilovic] To be brief, from the standpoint of safety and operation, we will restore the dam to the condition it was in before the explosions. We have begun to remove the most damaged exterior parts of the dam. We will replace entirely the extensive area of the craters on the left and right flanks, and along the rest of the crown of the dam we will remove between five and 10 m from the crest. In those operations we will excavate and remove from the dam about 120,000 cubic meters of material, but considerably more than that will be returned to the dam. The Waterproof Wall [Pastar] As far as we understand, when you remove all that material from the crown of the dam, then comes the most important undertaking, making the diaphragm? [Vilovic] Absolutely right. [Pastar] What in essence is a diaphragm, and what is its function? [Vilovic] This will be a clay-concrete wall 1 m thick placed between the | Rebuilding of Peruca Hydroelectric Power Plant |
FBIS3-20852_10 | situation has arisen in Europe and new and previously unanticipated problems are cropping up from the point of view of the integrative processes in Western Europe. However, Klaus, in the grip of his economic reductionism and unilateral criticism, is overlooking certain political facts here that could have very serious repercussions for the Czech Republic. Criticism of the shortcomings of the integrative processes within the European Union--in which, incidentally, Klaus is in no way original, because it is commonplace in Western European political circles--must not lead to neglect of the essential political chain of events. If the integrative process does not continue and the will for a common foreign and security policy does not increase, destabilization could spread throughout the former post-communist countries from Russia all the way to Western Europe, where the policy of power-wielding interests could again begin to be asserted and Germany could again become an uncontrollable power. Former FRG Chancellor H. Schmidt said in an interview with P. Glotz that it is in the interests of all of Germany's neighbors to integrate this huge state and that the political elite in all the states of Europe have a pressing interest in "trussing up Germany." This is, according to him, one of the important reasons for ensuring that, despite the current Maastricht crisis, European integration continues (DIE NEUE GESELLSCHAFT No. 1/1994, page 7). No Czech politician, let alone the Czech prime minister, can ignore facts of this kind, because they are vitally important for the future fate of the Czech state and the Czech nation. The problem of European integration is a complex one and it cannot be limited to an economic dimension. Following the breakup of the CSFR, the Czech Republic is a relatively small state in a geopolitically important region, in Central Europe. Therefore, it must give careful thought to providing for its fundamental national and state interests while being aware of its possibilities and its role. It must, first and foremost, strive for good relations and cooperation with its neighbors. Putting on airs and isolationism--as a specific manifestation of Czech nationalism--are only to its detriment here, especially since, following the collapse of the communist regimes, the prerequisites have been created for relations between the Czech Republic and its neighbors to gradually free themselves from the negative heritage of the past and become relations of genuine cooperation. The ideologization of foreign policy, which manifests itself in | Article Considers Risks of Klaus's Ideology |
FBIS3-20856_0 | Language: Czech Article Type:CSO [Article by Michal Kudernatsch: "Our Satisfaction Is Growing Only Slowly"] [Text] According to older sociological investigations, significant fears regarding the consequences of the economic reform that have been initiated prevailed in this country as of 1990. General feelings of insecurity were on the rise until June 1991, when they culminated--a mere 11 percent of the population at that time considered its economic situation to be advantageous. Since that time, the satisfaction factor among the people is showing a rising trend. The most recent November investigations conducted by the Sociological Institute of the Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic and by the Center for Empirical Research (STEM) on "economic expectations and attitudes," contains proof of this: Their situation is characterized as being favorable today by every fourth household and virtually 73 percent of the population believes that the economic and political changes will provide subsequent generations with a better future than that which the communist regime could provide them. That is not altered in the least even by the finding that one-half of our fellow citizens continues to designate its standard of living as being lower than it was prior to November 1989. The creation of a democratic framework is the fundamental goal and, at the same time, represents the means of the reform. That postulate is also accepted by the majority of the people--71 percent of the citizens of the Czech Republic thought, in November, that society was developing in the proper direction and 63 percent even agree with the contention that the establishment of the foundations for democracy has already succeeded. Nevertheless, in this country the inclination toward a totalitarian method of thinking continues to survive. More than half of the population (53 percent) continues to agree with the statement that "it would be better for our country if, instead of discussions on various methods for solving the current situation, there were a firm hand and someone to clearly say what should be done." We even find a similar "discrepancy" between the continuing high support for the government, which espouses the ideas of economic liberalism, and the actual orientation of the majority of society, which is increasingly paternalistic. Whereas in June 1992 48 percent showed preference for the social market model, in which the state exerts a substantial influence over the economy, today that number has already risen to 59 percent. In contrast, ideas | Polls Show Preference for Social Security |
FBIS3-20870_9 | would like him to, and he still has a very negative attitude toward the Croatian position regarding Bosnia. I met with Baker together with, among others, representatives of Romania, Bulgaria, and Hungary. While the Bulgarians and Romanians were euphoric when discussing Baker's visits in 1990 and 1991, I had the good fortune to observe and say to him that we in Croatia do not share this enthusiasm and that in fact we regard his visit to Belgrade in June 1991 as a green light for all the horrors and calamities that happened after that. Naturally, no one said that he imagined that what he did at the time would have such consequences, but it did, and in any event Baker has heard that now. That much is clear to him now, but there is still an awareness that tries to equate the aggressor and the victim and that must be told that this is a classic imperialist, ideological, colonial war, a war for territory. Anything else is an effort to justify the moral bankruptcy of 1991 and 1992, when this could have been prevented. And everything is being repeated in Bosnia-Herzegovina. The Russian entry into Sarajevo is the definitive fall of Yalta, with the West losing 400 km of its territory and the East gaining it. A weak Russia is dictating policy while the West is wavering again. This is an indiscretion, this failure to understand that the East is approaching by very quick steps is a grave danger. [Divjak] Let us return to the domestic scene. What is happening to you in your party, Mr. HSLS vice chairman? [Kramaric] In any party, especially a party that is on a certain upswing, that wants to capture as much political room as possible, it is inevitable that there will be certain disagreements. I am a linguist by profession, and one of the first rules of linguistics is that disagreement is a condition of reaching agreement. That is the context in which I consider the response to your question. There must be certain differences in order to achieve any agreement. [Divjak] What is the essence of the disagreement? [Kramaric] It is very hard to come from Zagreb, Split, Rijeka, Osijek, Cakovac, Varazdin, Koprivnica, Zadar, Sibenik; you do not have the same views on some problems. This war, the extremely motley quality of Croatia, heightened by these wartime events, has slowly clouded our | Osijek Mayor on Struggles, HSLS Conflicts |
FBIS3-20871_1 | Lastovo, Vis and Hvar, Brac and Solta, Zadar and Dugi Otok, and Losinj and Silba, together with a 35/10-kilovolt Losinj 2 transformer station; there are also plans to overhaul the electric supply system in the part of Split-Dalmatia Zupanija that is the farthest behind in development (Vis, Solta, and Drvenik Veliki). Discussing the work of the electric power system in Dalmatia, which is still part of the "island regime," HEP general director Eng. Damir Begovic emphasized that electric power links in the south of the country are in extremely poor condition due to poor maintenance and inadequate investment, and that the presented reconstruction program is the basis for developing the tourist economy. Eng. Begovic informed the journalists that negotiations are under way on acquiring the first equipment necessary to begin revitalizing the medium-voltage network on the islands, in which DM14 million will be invested. It is expected that a contract with the German suppliers, under the "sponsorship" of the HERMES underwriter, will be signed in April of this year. Discussing the current electric power situation in the country, Eng. Begovic said that despite the division in the electric power systems of southern and northern Croatia, there will be no major problems in supplying electric power. A reliable supply of electricity in Dalmatia is guaranteed by the 120 megawatts of installed output at diesel and gas plants set up as intervention measures. Work on completing the 110-kilovolt "island link" through Melina-Krk-Rab-Pag to Zadar is progressing according to plan, and completion of the so-called zero phase is expected in July of this year. Construction of the thermoelectric power plant in Dujmovaca, near Split, is also on schedule, and the first generator, with 26 megawatts of power, will be synchronized to the network on the 17th of this month. Because of the war and the shortage of investment resources, the electric power situation in the rest of Croatia, especially in Slavonia, also requires intervention. Electric power installations are in disrepair, so that the HEP is missing out on 200 megawatts of output because there is no money for maximum utilization of the existing systems. The HEP has indicated that it will be forced to continually import electric power from Western European countries until it is possible to invest in repairs to the "Rijeka" and "Plomin I" thermoelectric plants and to other important electric power installations. Moreover, the financial situation at HEP is burdened | Status of Croatian Electric Power Industry |
FBIS3-20881_9 | groupings is the attitude toward the social rights that should be vested in citizens in the legislation and the Constitution. Unless it is analyzed more thoroughly and leads to a reasonable compromise, this issue may complicate the center-right consensus in the debate on the [new] Constitution. The aforementioned "Program Declaration of the Right" views freedom, ownership, and respect for national traditions as the sole foundations of social order and does not mention such fundamental aspects of the Christian vision of social order as social justice or solidarity. It is significant that the declaration in question makes no mention of such problems as unemployment; it is as if the signatory parties are blind to it. The declaration limits state interventionism solely to "what is indispensable to the protection of life, freedom, or the property of others," and makes no provision for any social policy to be pursued by the state. (That is certainly due to the influence of UPR, mentioned in SLOWO by its spokesman, Rafal Ziemkiewicz: "We are resolutely opposed to the pursuit of any social policy whatsoever by the state. UPR also demands the privatization of health care and education, meaning their profitable operation." How is this to be reconciled with the concern for "the good of the family" mentioned further on in that declaration?) The declaration supports the elimination of the progressive tax system. While it champions [protection for] farmers, which is an exception (and certainly the sole concession made to Mr. Slisz's SLCh), the declaration does not support tariffs protecting domestic manufacturing; instead, if supports "the free flow of people, capital, and goods, free international trade." Along with rejecting state interventionism, the declaration is also opposed to trade union privileges. And, in opposition to the postulates of Polish crafts guilds, it champions the principle that business and professional activities should not be restricted by the requirement of compulsory membership in associations of businessmen and professionals. Final Conclusions The above evolution of the center-right bloc into essentially a rightist bloc is pregnant in grave consequences to it. There is the threat of the narrowing of its political stance and social base of support. There is also the threat that its program is diverging from the road outlined by the latest [papal] social encyclical, which is bound to result in losing the support of a substantial segment of the Catholic electorate. Guiding itself by the social teachings of the | Catholic Weekly Views Center, Right Differences The Right and the Social Teachings of the Roman Catholic Church |
FBIS3-20884_1 | framework program was only 6.6 billion ECU. However, the budget has not risen significantly: The two framework programs differ in that now no Community research can be carried out outside of the framework program. In this context, the budget for the fourth framework program has risen by no more than five percent. General Content of the Program According to the most recent estimates, the life sciences budget will be split up as follows: 46 to 50 percent to the biotechnologies sector; 15 to 19 percent to biomedicine and health; 33 to 37 percent to the application of living sciences to agriculture and fishing (this sector also includes agro-industries, forestry, rural development, and food technologies), and 4 to 8 percent on cross-disciplinary demonstration activities. The aim of these activities is to establish the technical feasibility of new approaches: They must simplify the transfer of technology to the users. Lastly, one to three percent of the budget will go to finance legal, ethical, and social aspects in order to improve dialogue between the main national and sociopolitical viewpoints. The subjects examined will include the problems raised by biodiversity, organ transplants, the confidentiality of genetic information, genetic therapy, and genetic fingerprinting. This activity concerns the three domains of biotechnology, biomedicine and health, and agro-industrial research. For biotechnologies, the priorities will range from the "cell factory" (combining biological approaches and engineering dedicated to solving industrial problems), to the molecular biology of plants, cellular communication in neuroscience (cooperation with the international Human Frontiers program should in particular be strengthened), and genome analysis. It should be noted that the Commission's proposal once again refers to the analysis of genomes, and not merely to the human genome, contrary to the heading of the first version. AIDS, infectious illnesses (tuberculosis), cancer, and pharmaceutical and chemical research (in particular in vitro toxicity tests and the development of new animal models) will receive Community funding in the biomedicine and health sector. Finally, where the application of living science and technology to agriculture and fishing is concerned, the Community will focus its efforts on creating projects that affect all aspects of the transformation process for the main crops and products (from agriculture to the finished product, food and otherwise). A Complex Decisionmaking Process The delays noted in setting up this fourth framework program are mainly due to the coming into force of the Maastricht Treaty which ushered in European Union on | EU Fourth Framework Aims, Funding Viewed |
FBIS3-20885_1 | analyze the endangered ecosystem of the third world, with emphasis on population growth and migration. The program entitled "Efficient Organization of Financial Markets and Institutions" also deals with contemporary problems. Germany's financial infrastructure is about to be fundamentally reorganized so as to improve international competitiveness. It is envisaged that the problems raised by the reorganization will be identified and solved by coordinated research. The theme of the third new priority program in the field of social sciences and humanities is "Information Processing in a Social Context." Priority programs in the biological sciences will be set up on the following topics: "Molecular Analysis of Regulation Networks in Bacteria," "Metabolism and Growth of Plants under Increased CO2 Concentrations," and "Genetic Analysis of Social Systems." In this last program, groups concerned with sociobiology and molecular genetics are working together. They are studying adaptation by natural and sexual selection during the course of evolution. How do pairing systems and propagation strategies develop in the animal kingdom? How can the division of labor and altruism be explained? The five newly launched priority programs in the natural sciences are: "Ergodic Theory, Analysis and Efficient Simulation of Dynamic systems," "Theory of Relativistic Effects in the Chemistry and Physics of Heavy Elements," "Structure and Function of Polyhedral Structures Composed of Main Group Elements," "Change in the Geo-biosphere over the Past 15,000 Years - Continental Sediments as an Expression of Changing Environmental Conditions," and "Refractory Organic Acids in Open Waters." The "II-VI Semiconductors" program is being extended. The new programs in the engineering sciences are "Mobile Communications," "Efficient Algorithms for Discrete Problems and their Application," and "Supercooled Metal Melts-Phase Selection and Glass Formation." The programs "Ion and Plasma Surface Technology," and "Innovative Quality Assurance in Production" are being extended. Basic research and industry will work together in the "Mobile Communications" program. Experts from microelectronics and high frequency engineering intend to solve the problems of transmitting and switching long-distance calls. The funding for the 17 newly launched and extended programs amounts to 48.2 million German marks [DM]. In 1994, the DFG will support 104 priority programs altogether with subsidies totaling DM224.9 million. A typical feature of these funding procedures is the supraregional cooperation between the participating scientists. Researchers from various institutions and disciplines work together for a limited time, mostly six years. In addition to special research fields, priority programs are the most important method of promoting interdisciplinary coordinated research. | German Research Association Approves Additional R&D Projects |
FBIS3-20890_1 | and medical practice. A third of all fatalities in the world can be traced to diseases caused by microbial pathogens. One and a half billion people -- primarily in the third world, suffer from the 19 infectious diseases (excluding AIDS), for which American doctors consider new vaccines must be developed as a matter of priority. The methods used in molecular and cytobiology, immunology, epidemiology, and structural chemistry now make it possible to arrive at a better understanding of the biology of the infection process and, consequently, at new approaches to the prevention and treatment of infectious diseases. Research into the biology of infection has thus increased considerably worldwide, although, apart from exceptions such as virus-dependent infectious diseases, it has not yet attained an internationally competitive level in Germany. With the founding of a Max Planck Institute of the Biology of Infection to carry out multidisciplinary research the MPG [Max Planck Society] has taken a decisive step toward establishing this field in the Federal Republic of Germany. By the time the institute is complete, it will comprise four departments: -- Immunology (headed by Professor Stefan E.A. Kaufmann), which will primarily study the interactions between immune systems and microbial pathogens, with particular reference to defensive and pathogenic mechanisms; -- Molecular Genetics, which will work on the molecular basis of the pathogenesis of infectious diseases and identify and analyze the factors responsible for virulence; -- Cytobiology, which will focus primarily on the invasion of host cells by microbes and on topics relating to intracellular proliferation and cell-to-cell spreading. Methods provided by cytobiology, electron microscopy, and biochemistry will be used to study communication between pathogen and host cell; -- Epidemiology, which will set out to identify virulence and resistance characteristics relevant to the spread of infectious diseases and to study microecosystems involved in infectious diseases. The plan from the outset is to include clinical research as an integral part of the institute's overall approach and to recruit clinicians specializing in infectious diseases to work with research teams. Programs of research into infectious diseases in developing countries will also be drawn up and undertaken either in collaboration with the research laboratories already established in the countries concerned or by setting up field stations there. It is also planned to extend the institute's scientific range by establishing independent teams of young scientists to work on topics that complement the research undertaken in the institute's own departments. | Germany: Max Planck Society Opens Institute for Infectious Diseases |
FBIS3-20898_18 | the MPG decided to found four more Max Planck institutes of, respectively, the Biology of Infection (3), Molecular Plant Physiology (4), Research into Economic Systems (5), and the Physics of Complex Systems (6); -- In 1993, it was decided to found the Max Planck Institute of the History of Science (7); and -- Decisions to found five more institutes are expected in fall 1993 or the first half of 1994. It was not until spring 1993, however, that the federal and land governments found themselves in a position to bring their budget priorities more closely into line with the Max Planck Society's institute founding work and to let the society know that it could now count on full support for the implementation of its long-term program in the new federal laender. Since June 1993, the Max Planck Society has received enough hints to assume that the federal and land governments will provide the funds needed to achieve its overall goal, which is for its coverage of the new laender to be similar to its presence in the original federal area. Since February 1993, the Max Planck Society's committees have been continuing the selection and discussion process with a view to founding further institutes in the new laender, in the expectation that it will be possible to implement their decisions. In order to be represented in the new laender by 15 to 20 institutes by the turn of the century, the Max Planck Society hopes to found up to eight more institutes in the new federal area over the next few years in addition to those already existing and those now being set up or about to emerge from the discussion procedure. The Max Planck Society is relying on the federal and land governments' promise to provide the requisite funds for these plans, which will now assume concrete form, as well. In order to meet the target of eight more institutes, the scientific members of the society have been asked to submit additional proposals for them, if possible by the end of November 1993. Spring 1994 will then see the beginning of specific discussions on the individual projects in the three sections of the Max Planck Society. As set out in box 3, the society plans to set up two institutes a year if possible between 1995 and 1999 in a continuous succession of planning and founding. Implementation of the Max | Germany: Max Planck Society Expands in New Laender Implementation of the Max Planck Society's Program to Set Up Research Facilities in the New Federal Laender (1991-1993) Implementation of the Max Planck Society's Program to Set Up Research Facilities in the New Federal Laender (1994-200) |
FBIS3-20903_3 | in top technologies and the low cost producers because she does not have a clear competitive advantage in either of the two fields. Rising unemployment and the growing number of needy industrial centers will tie up the resources required for technological renewal. It is not yet known whether this vicious circle can be broken. While the German Federal budget is supposed to increase 4.4% in 1994, the budget for research will remain nominally the same, i.e., it will drop in real terms. Due to reunification, the share of the economy's total expenditures for research in the gross domestic product has dropped dramatically from 2.88% in 1989 to the 2.66% in 1991. The situation is aggravated by the fact that of the 85,000 researchers in East German industry in 1989, more than 70,000 have already been discharged. Deindustrialization in the former GDR is devastating the research community and is--to a great degree--retarding economic development there. Competence. It is not yet sufficiently understood by the public that the loss of technological competence will inevitably result in strategic, i.e., long-term disadvantages and economic dependencies for Germany and for Europe. Defenders of the liberal foreign trade theory should realize that different laws pertain to the high technology markets and that it is extremely important whether a country producers microchips or potato chips. Such purely statistical thinking completely misjudges the importance investments in the so-called key technologies play in our future. Our country's standard of living, which is based on innovation and export, is already endangered and significant cutbacks are predictable if we fall behind further technologically on the world market. The following conclusions must be drawn: First, resources have to be concentrated and strategically redirected. The federal government is already in debt for its two largest budget items--social services and debt servicing (according to the 1997 financial plan, 112 billion German marks [DM] in taxes alone) to the point where the scope of possible actions in promising future fields rapidly disappears. Financial resources used as subsidies to support dying industries--whether in western or eastern Germany--are no longer available for promising future developments. Second, in concord with the strategic importance of high technology, research policy must also be strategically redirected. The presently held definition of research foci (priorities and posteriorities) is very promising in this regard. This approach must not be opposed by any orthodox economic policy. Rather, all parties must participate in the "strategic | FRG's Spaeth Proposes Changes in Technology Policy |
FBIS3-20903_6 | Unfortunately, the economic profits that might be derived from scientific successes are often lost because the theoretical breakthroughs are not converted into real products quick enough. The public must be made aware of the fact that our country is now confronted by a critical challenge, the meeting and mastery of which is mostly dependent on our innovative capability (in technical as well as societal matters). A comprehensive public discussion of problems pertaining to future technological developments, which would create understanding and acceptance for new economic and technical opportunities, is therefore highly desirable. The opening of East Europe has imparted an additional dynamic to the technological competition in the Europe-USA-Japan triad. At the same time, Germany is being confronted with another great challenge in the problems associated with unification. All the more reason for a reevaluation of policies now. With respect to economic performance as measured by the per capita gross domestic product, Germany today is in the sixth position in Europe, behind Italy. Germany must rid herself of compulsive distribution and redistribution thinking and return net product to top priority. We in Germany are currently warring over individual assets, while the sources of our collective standard of living--innovation, productivity, and strength on the world markets--are gradually drying up here at a time when they are bubbling forth in other countries. It should be clear to all of us that international developments are not going to wait on Germany and that global competition is rapidly entering a new phase. In the second half of the 1980s, international direct investments grew three times more rapidly than did world trade. That alone illustrates the new, global dimension of technology, markets, and companies. "Global players," who research, produce, and sell in several countries, dominate the scene. At the same time, people, capital, and know-how have become much more mobile. As Germany becomes less attractive as a site for research and production, companies react by selectively distributing their activities and resources geographically. As the exodus of development and production in the high technology sector proceeds, ever more top German researchers will leave the country because they will no longer be able to find the conditions necessary to pursue their work in Germany. This trend will intensify the desire to cling desperately to obsolete production practices. We are investing too much money in trying to make outdated facilities more efficient, instead of transplanting them to low-wage | FRG's Spaeth Proposes Changes in Technology Policy |
FBIS3-20904_0 | Language: French Article Type:CSO [Unattributed article: "Toward Legal Protection for Biotechnological Inventions in Europe"] [Text] Brussels--Following a meeting of the twelve ministers in charge of the EU [European Union] domestic market, held on 16 December, the chairman of the meeting, Mr. Robert Urbain, Belgian minister of European affairs, announced that the twelve had agreed on legal protection for biotechnological inventions within the Community. The draft directive (European law) aims first of all to promote the competitiveness of EU science and industry in the field of biotechnology. "Because inventions could not be protected in Europe, recent years saw a European brain drain toward areas where their patents were better protected," Mr. Urbain pointed out. The draft directive makes it possible to patent therapeutic methods that modify the human genetic makeup, but it also establishes the basic principle that the human body cannot be patented. "We are not going to promote genetic engineering." According to an expert, the objective is to pave the way for methods which offer prospects of curing hundreds of diseases, such as cystic fibrosis. It is understood that modifications must be undertaken solely for therapeutic purposes and must be fully consistent with human dignity. According to a diplomatic source, Spain was opposed to all methods that would lead to a modification of the human genetic makeup. "But if such modifications are patentable, it does not follow that they will be allowed," the Belgian minister also pointed out. The draft directive must still be formally approved by a ministers council before coming into force, by 1996 at the latest. | EU Approves Biotechnology Patent Directive |
FBIS3-20919_1 | They are characterized by complex structures and are often used in pharmacy. Using modern techniques it is hoped to shed light on their mechanisms and to produce new therapeutically effective substances. Scientists from the Max Planck Institute and the university in Goettingen are participating in the third biological project along with the Brunswick Technical University and the Hannover Medical College. Their subject area, developmental biology, has had an explosive career over the last 10 years: It has been possible, using new techniques, to identify those genes which control the development of an organism out of an egg cell. Now the question is how the activity of the genes is regulated in a particular developmental program. Investigations in various animals ought to facilitate a general understanding of molecular strategies and blueprints in the animal kingdom. Researchers from the Hamburg-Harburg Technical University and the GKSS Research Center in Geesthacht plan to concern themselves with an area of engineering which has been neglected in this country, the "micromechanics of multiphase materials." In view of the increasing need for innovative materials in industry, knowledge about the inner mechanism of materials is growing in importance. The behavior of metallic alloys, ceramics, or plastics must be known so that they can meet safety standards. Two more special research areas in engineering have been assigned to the Aachen Technical College. Ergonomists, electrical engineers, and mechanical engineers will study "autonomous production cells." In the process systems should be developed which perform complex processes substantially independently and without interruption. Human beings should once again play an appropriate role in the factories of the future as "machine directors." The heart of the "integrative material modeling" project is computer supported development of materials. Transcending the traditional classification of materials, the program ranges from the raw material to the finished components. The results will be important not only for basic research but also for business, since modeling is increasingly replacing expensive experiments in the production of components. A third special research area is being set up in Aachen. This deals with "asymmetrical syntheses using chemical and biological methods." Too little attention has been paid to the fact that in chemical syntheses "chiral forms" arise as mirror images of a compound. These differ in their biological activity, e.g. in medications or plant protection. One of the forms is unnecessary or even dangerous. Thus techniques are being sought by which pure natural substances and | German Research Society Sponsors New Research Areas |
FBIS3-20919_2 | various animals ought to facilitate a general understanding of molecular strategies and blueprints in the animal kingdom. Researchers from the Hamburg-Harburg Technical University and the GKSS Research Center in Geesthacht plan to concern themselves with an area of engineering which has been neglected in this country, the "micromechanics of multiphase materials." In view of the increasing need for innovative materials in industry, knowledge about the inner mechanism of materials is growing in importance. The behavior of metallic alloys, ceramics, or plastics must be known so that they can meet safety standards. Two more special research areas in engineering have been assigned to the Aachen Technical College. Ergonomists, electrical engineers, and mechanical engineers will study "autonomous production cells." In the process systems should be developed which perform complex processes substantially independently and without interruption. Human beings should once again play an appropriate role in the factories of the future as "machine directors." The heart of the "integrative material modeling" project is computer supported development of materials. Transcending the traditional classification of materials, the program ranges from the raw material to the finished components. The results will be important not only for basic research but also for business, since modeling is increasingly replacing expensive experiments in the production of components. A third special research area is being set up in Aachen. This deals with "asymmetrical syntheses using chemical and biological methods." Too little attention has been paid to the fact that in chemical syntheses "chiral forms" arise as mirror images of a compound. These differ in their biological activity, e.g. in medications or plant protection. One of the forms is unnecessary or even dangerous. Thus techniques are being sought by which pure natural substances and hormones can be produced. Scientists at Leipzig University will study "molecules in interaction with boundary surfaces." These surfaces control processes which are important in nature and technology and mark off functional spaces. Molecules change their characteristics when they come in contact with boundary surfaces and simultaneously have an effect on the behavior of the surfaces. The explication of fundamental relationships is important for new procedures in optoelectronics, sensorics, and informational technology, and also for medicine and environmental research. Economists and mathematicians from the Humboldt University in Berlin will apply themselves to the "quantification and simulation of economic processes." In this study economic, mathematical, and statistical procedures are to be combined to evaluate the dynamics of economic processes. | German Research Society Sponsors New Research Areas |
FBIS3-20948_5 | likewise a research field of a crucial nature. Materials for electronics, engineering ceramics, lightweight construction materials, high-temperature materials, functional polymers, composite materials and biological polymers are important research directions with a great demand. Public health, agriculture and ecology need research results from biotechnology and genetic engineering. Protein, peptide and enzyme research, microorganisms and genome decoding are the keywords for research directions. A research policy priority for the field of data systems and communications is to be inferred from the scenario-influenced trend in various fields of application of technology. The structure of Bavarian industry provides a good basis for this. This prioritizing includes microelectronics, optronics, sensor technology, micromechanics and microsystem engineering as well as the materials possible in each case. It also includes the development of more powerful computers and corresponding software. In addition, research emphasis should be placed on the fields of photovoltaics, hydrogen technology and recycling--especially of electronic equipment--and on certain research fields in biotechnology and genetic engineering. ------------------------------------------------------------------------------- |Table of Research Fields (Processes and Fields of Application) That Are to B-| |e Included in the Analysis | ------------------------------------------------------------------------------- |Materials and Process Level |Application Level | ------------------------------------------------------------------------------- |Electronics | ------------------------------------------------------------------------------- |Silicon technology, compound semicond-|Computer architecture | |uctors | | ------------------------------------------------------------------------------- |Chip-making processes (x-ray lithogra-|Data processing | |phy) | | ------------------------------------------------------------------------------- |Component development (vacuum microel-|Computer-integrated manufacturing (CI-| |ectronics) |M) | ------------------------------------------------------------------------------- |High-performance processors |Information systems for motor vehicles| ------------------------------------------------------------------------------- |Data storage |Information systems for aerospace | ------------------------------------------------------------------------------- |Software development processes |Entertainment electronics (new televi-| | |sion and radio equipment), other cons-| | |umer electronics (home electronics) | ------------------------------------------------------------------------------- | |Microsystem engineering | ------------------------------------------------------------------------------- | |Control and instrumentation technology| ------------------------------------------------------------------------------- | |Medical technology | ------------------------------------------------------------------------------- |Optoelectronics and Photonics | ------------------------------------------------------------------------------- |Switching (couplers, transducers) |Optical communications engineering | ------------------------------------------------------------------------------- |Data storage |Optical data processing | ------------------------------------------------------------------------------- |Amplifiers |Photonics in vehicle manufacturing | ------------------------------------------------------------------------------- |Transmission technology (optical fibe-|Computer networks | |r technology, separating filters, mic-| | |rooptics) | | ------------------------------------------------------------------------------- | |Optronic instrumentation | ------------------------------------------------------------------------------- |Sensor Technology and Micromechanics | ------------------------------------------------------------------------------- |Optical sensors (microoptics) |Medical technology (implanted devices)| ------------------------------------------------------------------------------- |Semiconductor sensors |Bioengineering | ------------------------------------------------------------------------------- |Biosensors |Environmental engineering | ------------------------------------------------------------------------------- |Mechanical and ultrasonic sensors |Microsystem engineering | ------------------------------------------------------------------------------- |Chemical sensors |Control and instrumentation technology| ------------------------------------------------------------------------------- |Electroviscous fluids |Industrial process engineering | ------------------------------------------------------------------------------- | |Robotics | ------------------------------------------------------------------------------- | |Sonar technology | ------------------------------------------------------------------------------- |System Engineering and Microsystem Engineering | ------------------------------------------------------------------------------- |Micro-electronics, -optics, -mechanic-|Medical technology | |s, -sensor technology | | ------------------------------------------------------------------------------- |Nanotechnology |Aerospace | ------------------------------------------------------------------------------- | | Germany: Technology Potential, Research Requirements of Bavarian Industry |
FBIS3-20973_0 | Language: French Article Type:BFN [Report signed L.M.: "TAB Adapted for Use in Small Batch Production"] [Text] Are electronic systems manufacturers interested in the development in France of a TAB (Tape Automated Bonding) process for assembling bare chips onto tape? Asked in a survey that could lead to the creation of a company within two years, this question again seems reasonable given the launch of the market in multichip modules (MCM's) which consist of several very complex bare chips assembled onto the same substrate (for use in military, aeronautical, computing, and telecommunication applications). Chips on Tape More Reliable Chips mounted on tape can be tested before they are assembled in the module and thus, even in short production runs, present a considerable financial advantage over bare chips connected by wires or beads (flip-chips) whose faults can only be detected after assembly. According to certain experts, tests on modules containing the most complex chips can result in a reject rate of up to 30 percent. For complex MCM's, assembling the chips onto tape also has the advantage of reducing the limitations placed on the connection pitch by the wire method (currently used for most applications) and without seriously affecting the chip design. Karel Kurzweil, in charge of microassembly technologies at Bull, explains: "The dimples for the connection of the chips on the tape are in the same locations as the pins for wire soldering, whereas bead connection over the whole area of the chip means that designers have to redefine the entire mounting process." Until now, and despite these advantages, the manufacturers of sophisticated electronic systems have snubbed TAB technology. Tape-mounted chips require expertise in a large number of manufacturing processes (tape preparation, putting the dimples on the wafers, mounting the chips on the tape, and assembling the TAB chips on the substrate) and thus require large scale manufacture to amortize all the machinery needed. The difference between the requirements of potential users and the requirements of TAB technology therefore dissuaded many outfitters. It is probable, on the other hand, that the creation of a more flexible structure, such as that envisaged by the general arms directorate [DGA], which would handle the assembly of chips on tape at a reasonable cost even for small and medium production runs, would interest MCM manufacturers. The participants in the DGA's project know that the cost of the service proposed will be the decisive factor. Mr. | French Tape Automated Bonding Technology, Manufacture Reviewed |
FBIS3-20999_3 | his office. Telepresence and telecommunication are the technical terms for this. In the future, says Dr. Josef Schaefer, program manager of the project, telepresence techniques should make it possible "to hold working meetings with participants in different locations using the same databases, transparent presentation media, and with joint work on the same document." That is far more than today's videoconferences already offer. Figure 1. Telepresence: Collaboration hundreds of kilometers apart. [Figure not reproduced] In general, the systems must assure the exchange of information between partners in different locations, facilitate collaboration between widely scattered sites, and support the cooperation of groups over relatively great distances. Through joint viewing of documents, telepointing, and joint editing, mediated by data lines, this should operate as if the coworkers were sitting in a single building on several different floors, as commonly happens today. In telegroup work areas, it must be possible for discussions to take place in which everyone has rapid access to the same archives, records, and documents. Personal teleworkstations should facilitate rapid contact with each other over hundreds of kilometers at any time. In this way, telecooperation, the shared performance and coordination of tasks, should become possible. In POLIKOM, a sort of personal assistant is supposed to organize tasks, manage and monitor deadlines, and perform secretarial duties. Information can be obtained quickly from a multimedia archive. Encoding functions and electronic signatures should provide for data security. Figure 2. Datalink: Multimedia documents from the electronic archive. Features include: decentralized information sources; records and written document management; multimedia archives; organizational knowledge bases and other sources of information; distributed telecooperation workstations; personal files; data switching; network access. [Figure not reproduced] All are functions which are available at least in the early stages today, but which must still be integrated into a whole. In today's prototypes of POLIKOM teleworkstations at the GMD-- cost per workstation about 50,000 marks--some of these functions are already being tested: video-tools, multi-media-mail, an organizational knowledge base, an activity assistant, or the security system SECUDE with chip card terminals for electronic signatures. The technical basis of the system will not only be cheaper in the future, but also considerably more powerful. The most important point however: The systems must be so reliable and easy to use that they are accepted. This is what GMD wants to test in practice. In the Cologne-Bonn area, it is currently working on a project in the area | Germany: Berlin-Bonn Datalink Proposed |
FBIS3-21001_0 | Language: German Article Type:CSO [Text] Synapse is Faster Neural networks for specific applications on conventional computers are already marketable. The trend is towards universally applicable neurocomputers made of special hard and software. Siemens researchers have developed such a high-power computer. The modern broker no longer depends only on his nose. Nor must he rely on the supernatural. The computer forecasts stock trends for him with greater probability. Conventionally structured computers must suffice for such tasks. Complex interrelations of this sort cannot be completely described mathematically. The usual devices with von Neumann architecture can only process given algorithms sequentially, and then only if the input information is complete. It is precisely this handicap which is overcome by specific software which imitates the functions of the human brain, the neural network. The brain, working together with nerve fibers and sensory organs, can comprehend and classify things, even if the input information is incomplete. The information is stored associatively, i.e. in specific interrelations. This makes the brain capable of learning. Since it builds up its connecting structures itself in accordance with actual conditions, it is also self-organizing. Millions of neurons work as active processors, linked by nerve fibers (axons) terminating in contact points which are connected in parallel to each other. In the brain of an adult human, there are approximately 10[.sup]13[/] such synapses. A neural network imitates brain function in a greatly simplified fashion using mathematical algorithms. Like its human counterpart, it is capable of learning and can thus be trained to recognize specific patterns. Numerous models were developed for this, from the simple algorithm with hardwired neurons to models in which the connections are formed by self-organization. First generation applications like the stock market forecaster mentioned in the introduction run on powerful workstations or other conventional computers. However, real time processing of language, processing of moving images and complex controls can no longer be carried out in this way. Therefore the trend in hardware is towards special components and chips (ASICS), which are significantly faster. Heretofore, solutions have been tailor-made for special uses and have not been universally applicable. Therefore, at the Central Research Department of Siemens AG in Munich they have gone one step further with a two-year project on the SYNAPSE-1 neurocomputer. "Our goal," says the director of the development team, Dr. Ulrich Ramacher, "was to build a neural special computer on which the simulation of any desired neural | Germany: Siemens Researchers Develop Neural Net |
FBIS3-21004_1 | leading-edge service no matter how heterogeneous the resources rendered operative. Defined in this way, their requirements are too varied to be met fully and directly by off-the-shelf purchasing of such products or civilian systems. Civilian investments, however, are not comparable to those authorized by the armed forces. For this reason, if the military telecommunications system, a meta-system harmoniously and effectively incorporating the "fixed" segment and the "tactical" segments, relies on the humongous technological effort that the telecommunications industry has made, it will incorporate developments appropriate for meeting specific requirements. Future Trap Technological progress will lead to an unprecedented development of data exchanges. An easy way to conjure up tomorrow's telecommunications is based on France Telecom's Eurodisney attraction entitled It's a Small World . In a scaled-down world, the latter displays a host of individuals who spend virtually all their time on the telephone or watching cartoons. Will technology enable everyone at any time to have all the data that one could wish to receive at the risk of no longer being able to choose among the data that will be submitted to that individual? Will the military itself not be overwhelmed by the load of available data and, mesmerized by the data, become incapable of making decisions and taking action? Will the world of telecommunications be the golden age that humanity dreams of or will it be a nightmare? Reduced Distances and Technological Innovation In the near future all transmittable signals will be in digital form. The transfer rates necessary for the different services will be highly varied, going from a few bits per second to tens of megabits per second. The transfer rates needed for different source codings will be heavily dependent on the desired quality. Music coding will be done for transfer rates varying in a ratio of 10. For speech, the ratio will approach 100. For images it will exceed 1,000, including videophone and the high-quality television necessary for productive societies. The transfer rate for data transmissions, in turn, will be limited only by computer memory access times. The rapid escalation of communications capacity will lead to a considerable subjective reduction of distances. A distant correspondent will be as easy to reach as the neighbor down the hall. Optical fiber is now being used in transatlantic cables. The TAT 9 cable that was put into service in 1991 between Europe and the U.S., makes it possible to | France: Telecommunications Techniques, Prospects Described |
FBIS3-21004_12 | in rare sectors not involving interoperability, innovation no longer can arise from an individual initiative but from a consensus that is all the more difficult to realize because the interests of the different parties are frequently at odds. The ability to persuade, therefore, is becoming an essential quality in engineers, an indispensable supplement to their technical expertise. Telecommunications already have greatly impacted our lifestyle. In the past, the telephone radically altered the relationships among individuals. Presently, the fax is transforming our work style by eliminating the mail carrier's delivery routes and abolishing delays in the transmission of documents. In the future, when the videophone becomes less expensive, it too will alter social behaviors. In the civilian world, development will occur because of a compromise between the disorder stemming from the development of new designs and engineering consistency that is the only thing able to allow different correspondents wishing to communicate to make themselves understood. Development will no longer be limited by engineering possibilities, but rather by the slowness of the standardization process, the investment burden to be amortized or even the difficulty in realizing a threshold of profitability for a new service. Military systems should supply quality services comparable in all respects to those offered by their civilian counterparts. Even more than in the past, those in charge of developing military systems will not tolerate anything less than total availability for the transmissions they will require. Only military systems are designed to completely dispense with the support of local infrastructures. Equipment manufacture in small series and durable in a very hostile environment cannot be compared to unshielded civilian systems. On the other hand, they should be interoperable with them in order to be able to afford the military optimum effectiveness under all circumstances. Military telecommunications have to remain operational in a major conflict. They will benefit from the development of civilian telecommunications but there will be no correspondence between the services offered by civilian telecommunications and the requirements of the military. Therefore, the systems cannot be identical. In this article terminals have been dealt with only through the intermediary of the services. By the year 2,010, what will the user interface look like? In a period of office communications what will the operational modes be that will be deemed ergonomic by the next generation? A further unresolved issue: besides civilian systems, with what others will it have to be interoperable? | France: Telecommunications Techniques, Prospects Described |
FBIS3-21006_0 | Language: German Article Type:CSO [Article by Adrian Morant: "From Janet to Super-Janet"] [Text] For a decade the local area networks (LANs) at approximately 200 universities, polytechnic colleges and research institutions in Great Britain have been connected to one another through Janet (Joint Academic Network). Janet was installed in the early 1980s, currently serves about 50,000 terminals and offers access to electronic mail services around the world. This system is now being improved by means of the most modern optical waveguide technology so that in addition to its existing function as a news transmission medium it will also function as a future-oriented communications structure for the academic community. The new improved network by the name of Super-Janet is needed to support certain teaching and research activities. In addition to language transmission, they also require rapid data, image and video transmission. Super-Janet will not replace the existing network but expand it. Powerful Overlay Network The new network will not radically change the type and way in which scientists access decentralized data bases and routinely communicate by E-mail with their colleagues all over the world. But it will create a significantly more powerful overlay network, to which gradually more and more facilities all over the country will be connected. After the development of similar networks in other countries, new perspectives will open up on this level as well. Dr. Robert Cooper, who heads the project for the Science and Engineering Research Council/Universities Funding Council Joint Network Team, regards Super-Janet as "singular in Europe." In explaining the pioneering role of the new network, he adds that it involves a test system for the demanding academic community. The British Universities Funding Council (UFC) awarded the contract, worth 18 million pounds over a period of four years, to British Telecom (BT). In the first phase data centers at the Universities of Cambridge and Manchester, Rutherford Appleton Laboratory, University College London (UCL), at Imperial College London and the University of Edinburgh will be interconnected. In the course of 1993/94 about 50 locations will be connected to the network. Additional ones will follow, according to the availability of the necessary funds. The network concept will be realized by means of the latest broadband technology. Most communications opportunities are based on the Switched Multimegambit Data Service Definition (SMDS) by BT. The Synchronous Digital Hierarchy (SDH) is to be used as a central network technology, which together with new broadband | UK: JANET Academic Telecommunications Network Expanded |
FBIS3-21029_2 | Environment Ministry, praises the Berlin-Hellersdorf facility: "Here an example is being set for the integration of all known technologies." The Federal Government's cost sharing is for the purpose of "raising the level of the technology in this field." Five points are of primary importance for auto recycling: Complete removal of fluids--so far it is only possible to drain about 95 percent, separation of all synthetic parts by type, extracting secondary raw materials, the greatest possible profit from sales of replacement parts and, finally, consideration for all ecological requirements. The project has national economic proportions. If projected onto the entire annual German number of cars, a total of about 1.7 million tons of metal and 450,000 tons of special waste in the form of oils and fluids, synthetic and compound materials, rubber and glass would result. Thus, professional and ecological disposal has its price: The Association of German Automobile Industry allocates DM 400 per car; experts from various institutes estimate DM 300 to 600. Pommerenke would like to push the cost down to an acceptable DM 150. Utilization of replacement parts from the old cars for maintenance and repairs can also make a contribution. On the shelves at Hellersdorf are stored engines, wheels, tires, doors, body parts, seats, radiators, tanks, carburetors, propeller shafts, dashboards, gear shifts, headlights, rear lights, mirrors... Pommerenke manages the inventory with the help of a computer: "We can react quickly to customer inquiries." The price advantage for auto firms, private persons, car repair garages, reprocessing enterprises and exporters is 30 to 50 percent below the new price. A supraregional operating system is being established at this time. In addition to the old oil, particularly the synthetics require a great deal of expenditure. If the legislators actually decree the return of cars and exclude thermal disposal, plastic parts must be easily separated out and properly recycled. For that reason, a laboratory is already a part of Pommerenke's pilot project. Dr. Dietrich Schumann is often a guest. In his laser laboratory in Adlershof (LLA GmbH), synthetic waste products with various fillers, contaminations and dyes are being studied. As a result, a near-infrared sensor was created (0.7-2.5 micron wavelength), with which synthetics can be detected in 10 milliseconds and--in a facility down the line--semiautomatically separated out. A type purity of 96 percent is to be possible. With his development, the LLA marketing chief says, he can only succeed in industry | Germany: Pilot Project To Recycle Old Vehicles |
FBIS3-21039_0 | Language: German Article Type:CSO [Text] A group of switchable molecules which when "switched on" conduct electrical current and when "switched off" serve as insulators has been produced by French scientists. These molecules might be used some day in organic computers to transmit impulses. Such computers would be many times more advanced in calculating time and storage capacity than today's computers of comparable size made with silicon semiconductors, because the components would be significantly smaller. As reported by the research group in the Journal of the Chemical Society, Chemical Communications (1993, Number 18, page 1439), the molecules can be chemically altered by irradiation with ultraviolet light. A new bond is formed between two parts of the molecules. This brings about a new structure which conducts electrical current, unlike the original molecule. If the molecules are irradiated with infrared light, the new bond is dissolved again. The original condition is restored and the molecules no longer conduct electricity. The molecules owe their special abilities to the circumstance that two thiophene rings are close to one another. In the transformation electrons are displaced, bringing about a socalled conjugate system. This arrangement of bonded electron pairs permits electrons to migrate, i.e. permits current to flow. In addition the molecules have the property that they react to light of completely different wavelengths in the "on" and "off" states. This is important in making switching on and off possible, and also serves to distinguish between the two states. The path to molecular computers is still a long one: The molecules must be precisely adjusted and incorporated into a complex system of components. This could be achieved if the molecules are arranged in ultrathin layers. Nobel prizewinner Jean-Marie Lehn, leader of the research team at the College de France in Paris, expressed himself cautiously in a report in the journal New Scientist (1003, Number 1901, page 16): "We have only created a basic unit." | UK: `Molecular' Computers Seen as Replacing Silicon Chips |
FBIS3-21042_1 | automatically tracking a high-speed target at a distance of 1,500 m (for example, an anti-tank missile) with a precision of 5 cm in real time (the "delay" is two video frames, i.e. 40 ms) and in the region of 1 cm in deferred time after automatic image analysis. A new generation of distance measurement systems currently being developed for the DGA [French General Armaments Delegation] (footnote 1) (The DGA is to purchase this system for testing future sub-munition missiles (of the Bonus-type, developed by Intertechniques with Sweden] will make it possible to simultaneously pick up 20 targets in real time and accurately track the progress of five of them, although in this case there will be a slight loss of precision. According to Project manager Patrice Huver: "It is not the tracking that is the most complex thing to achieve, but the robustness of the processing -- you need similarity criteria so that when two targets cross over they are not mixed up." Target tracking is ensured by a double image-processing technique: contrast analysis (resolution is 5 percent) and correlation (for each frame, the movement of the target is measured against its last position and is compared with its previous trajectory stored in memory). Benefits of Software This high performance has mostly been made possible by developments in the hardware and software of new image processing systems which include specific real-time processors, and the development of servo-control systems for the turrets (footnote 2) (internal model control-type which takes into account the modeled behavior of all turret components) that contain the various pieces of image acquisition equipment (video cameras, infra-red technology, laser range-finder, etc.). In addition to the control and launch tests envisaged by the DGA and NATO, the applications of these tracking systems are military (firing control for a weapons system), but also industrial and medical. Automatic, high-precision tracking could be used to produce sensitive land or sea site surveillance equipment or to develop equipment for localization or assisting large vessels in delicate port maneuvers. Work is said to be underway to adapt these systems for use with robots required in extreme operating conditions. In medical research, distance measuring equipment could be used to monitor or count bacteria or viruses viewed in an electron microscope. Other applications include high-speed top-of-the-range industrial process control and television (for automatic air photography, tracking aircraft or missiles, sporting events covered from a helicopter, etc.). | French Firm Develops High-Precision Target-Tracking System |
FBIS3-21051_0 | Language: English Article Type:BFN [Unattributed article: "High-Speed Sorter for Plastic Parts"] [Text] A consortium of European companies and research organisations has won a research contract worth nearly Ecu 1.5m from the Commission of the European Communities (CEC) to develop a system for the identification and separation of plastics in mixed waste. The consortium's proposal -- submitted under the CEC's Brite-Euram Industrial and Materials Technologies Programme -- was awarded an A1 (outstanding) assessment in competition with over 1,250 proposals. The proposed system has major implications for the efficiency and cost effectiveness of recycling plastics by detecting specially developed 'tracers' added in minute quantities to the various plastics used by the packaging, automotive and other industries. The tracers will be detected by an advanced device using the latest fluorosensor technology. One benefit of the system is that it is able not only to detect different generic plastics but also to segregate different grades of the same material. The potential for identifying and separating a wide range of different plastics types and grades is virtually unlimited. The system is unique in being able to identify plastics containing black and other strongly absorbing colours. It is also able to operate with materials which are surface contaminated, the system will also be able to identify and reject specific unwanted materials. A product of the contract will be a pilot sorting machine; this will be capable of making at least 100 identifications and of sorting plastics at speeds of at least 10 articles/s. Proving trials will take place at a waste management site. The consortium comprises: Pira International, UK -- lead contractor and project co-ordinator; Bayer AG, Germany -- will develop fluorescent tracers under its own patent; Cranfield University (RMCS), UK -- will develop a sensitive detection system using fluorosensor technology; Newell Engineering, UK -- will create handling systems for high speed segregation of plastics articles and construct a pilot sorting machine; APME, Technical and Environment Centre (formerly PWMI), Belgium -- responsible for proving the processability of the tracers and the conversion of plastic containing them into three dimensional articles; and Laboratoire National d'Essais France -- responsible for checking the stability of the tracer/polymer systems. | European Consortium To Develop Plastic Waste Sorting System |
FBIS3-21054_0 | Language: Dutch Article Type:BFN [Text] Next year the Netherlands will have a National Bureau for Wind Energy. This independent institution will promote the application of wind energy and provide scientific information. A location for the bureau has not yet been decided. The initiative comes from the Organization for Lasting Energy [ODE], the Netherlands Association for Wind Energy [Newin], and the Netherlands Energy and the Environment Company [Novem]. "The Bureau should partly assume the work which was formerly done by Newin and ODE separately," says Mirjam Tielen, staff member from ODE. Novem, together with industry, supplies the funding of the bureau. | Netherlands: Netherlands To Open Bureau for Wind Energy |
FBIS3-21055_0 | Language: German Article Type:BFN [Text] All over the world, great efforts are being made in various directions to make wider use of solar power. In addition to solar heat collectors, which are primarily used to heat water, solar cells also make it possible to generate electrical current directly from sunlight (photovoltaics). Photovoltaics is already being widely used to generate electricity in remote areas and for small-scale applications in appliances. Photovoltaics is also being used in numerous demonstration plants in conjunction with mains electricity. The electricity from main-connected photovoltaic systems still costs about 10 times as much as conventionally generated mains electricity. Of the several approaches being explored in an attempt to lower the cost of photovoltaics, it is considered that the scientific quest for more effective solar cell materials and the development of cheaper production methods hold out the best prospects. High-absorption thin-film solar cells and novel production processes involving cost-saving material deposition onto a substrate take on particular significance in this respect. The Berlin-based Hahn-Meitner Institute, working with the University of Stuttgart's Institute of Physical Electronics, has recently achieved a significant improvement in efficiency in a thin-film solar cell made of copper, indium, and sulfur. This sulfurous material is largely environment-compatible. The efficiency of this novel solar cell was raised to 10.2 percent -- in natural daylight and without further optimization in the form of, for example, an antireflection coating. This material's theoretical efficiency exceeds the maximum performance of silicon. The thickness of the absorber layer, which has a direct bearing on production costs, needs to be only three-thousandths of a millimeter, so copper-indium disulfide has great development potential. It was possible to raise the degree of efficiency in the new cells because the vapor deposition process produces copper-rich photoactive material with a high sulfur surplus. An improved "window material" used as a transparent, conductive contact layer also contributed to this positive result. | German Institutes Improve Efficiency of Solar Cells |
FBIS3-21057_2 | of chemical preparation methods) as material reuse provided in the draft amendment. This is because a fifty-fifty division of the discussed new utilization quota (60% instead of the previous 64%) between processed-material recycling (plastic remains plastic) and raw-material recycling (plastic becomes petrochemical raw material) is still not sufficient in the opinion of Dr. Johannes Brandrup, the director responsible in his association for environmental interests. For reasons of quality, only 10% to 20% of the recycled processed material may be accessible over the long term. Reutilization on a large scale, on the other hand, is provided by the raw material method. Prof. Dr. Klaus Topfer is the Federal Minister for the Environment. In an amendment to the Packaging Ordinance, he wants to see the pressure maintained on the industry by means of a specific quota for processed-material recycling. Corresponding technologies that are just starting in the small-business arena should not be allowed to wither because of a lack of critical mass. "Where we set bottlenecks in a market economy, the reaction is not resignation but rather technical progress." Virtually no packaging has remained unchanged for example as a result of the Ordinance -- with a corresponding reduction in the packaging volume. Even the DSD has struck a resounding chord with the people. The bottleneck in utilizing sales packages is not demonstrated in collecting nor in sorting but in material utilization. However, it could scarcely be expected that appropriate capacities for reutilization would be built before the corresponding quantities of material were available. According to Topfer, "For me, the question in amending the Packaging Ordinance is, what is utilization? For this reason, in the future, we will not only observe and make possible processed-material recycling but also raw-material recycling in all possible facets. We are assuming that both sub-areas will achieve a recycling quota of 60% by 1998 and want to specify this quota in the amended Ordinance." In the words of the Federal Minister for the Environment, everything exceeding these figures not only can be sent to a thermal utilization process but must be sent there. Says Topfer, "No one can explain to me why it is that we mine brown coal from the earth using open-pit mining, burn this coal for power and heat and then fill the holes we have made by mining with domestic trash when the domestic trash has a higher heating value than the brown coal." | Recycling of Raw Materials Solves Utilization Problems |
FBIS3-21058_0 | Language: German Article Type:CSO [Article by JB: "More Effective Waste Water Treatment With the Biogas Tower Reactor"] [Text] Anaerobic biotechnical waste water treatment in bioreactors is today already being used by the food industry, pulp production and paper manufacturing companies. The field of bioprocessing technology at the Hamburg-Harburg Technical University (Professor Herbert Maerkl, Denickestrasse 15, 21071, Hamburg) has now, in cooperation with Preussag Noell Wassertechnik GmbH, developed a new type of bioreactor concept for increasing the decomposition effects. As reported by Maerkl, anaerobic biotechnical cleaning methods are generally held to be less effective than aerobic ones. This is due to the slow rate of growth of the anaerobic microorganisms. However, the decomposition effects per gram of biomass are comparable to those of aerobic microbes. For that reason, if it is possible to increase the biomass in the reactor, anaerobic methods are also very effective. This increase has been achieved with the biogas tower reactor from Hamburg by using the sludge bed process. Another problem with anaerobic bioreactors is transferring the generated biogas to the outside. Gas production can be so high that disposal is impossible to deal with or would lead to a loss of biomass through flotation. This problem is also solved by the tower reactor. Gas suction equipment has been built into the reactor container at various heights. This makes it possible to dispose of gas even at low levels. Technically, the suction equipment works by adding pockets in the form of sloping metal sheets in the reactor volume. They partition the reactor into several compartments connected with each other and catch the rising biogas. The gas bubble formed under the sheet can be drawn off through a vent placed there. By regulating the gas extraction at the various heights, it is possible to regulate the gas content so as to be uniform throughout the reactor. But the gas bubble under the pockets has other advantages as well. By means of the free surfaces formed on the liquid, floating biomass particles are also kept down. Therefore, the gas extraction is possible without loss of biomass. The pockets can also help when mixing the reactor content. It is important for the decomposition effect that the microorganisms and the added waste water are as evenly distributed as possible. Since some microbes live in the form of symbiotic agglomerates, this blending must have as little gravitational force as possible. This problem | Germany: More Effective Waste Water Treatment With Biogas Reactor |
FBIS3-21061_1 | dynamic individual with the baroque figure expanded environmental engineering "to the second pillar" of the company. Mayer calls it "a gigantic growth market." In the meantime, systems for sewage sludge disposal and sewage and effluent handling make up one third of production. The people from Sangerhausen want to turn a hefty profit. They have more than tripled their revenue from 1991 to about 200 million marks today, primarily with a newly developed recycling system that detoxifies soil, slags and building rubble. A lot of contracts are beckoning. At the end of October, Federal Minister for the Environment Klaus Topfer presented the draft for the soil conservation law. This law would obligate the party responsible to eliminate hazardous waste from the past. The Federal Environmental Office in Berlin estimates that the restoration of about 240,000 locations suspected of containing hazardous waste from the past in Germany will consume up to 390 billion marks. Of these locations, 80,000 are in the New Lands. The Samag engineers are particularly proud of the fact that in their washing method, no residue remains that must be placed in a landfill. The dissolved pollutants which, at the end, adhere to tiny grains of earth and stone, are sealed. In technical language, they are immobilized. This happens, for example, by adding insoluble phosphates into the wash water. The encapsulation is so dead-certain, swear the engineers, that even acid rain could not rinse the poisons out in a thousand years. The immobilized granulate can then be used as building material for example for curb stones and noise abatement walls or it can be mixed with gravel. "With the hundred percent reuse, we are ahead of the competition by a nose," says Mayer joyfully. There is something to this. In the high-pressure soil washing system of Klockner Oecotec GmbH in Duisburg, one of the market leaders in Germany in cleaning contaminated soils, after washing 1000 metric tons of contaminated earth, 100 metric tons still end up in landfills for hazardous waste. "We must reduce this amount," promises the marketing director Winfried Brull. Immobilization such as that practiced by the people from Sangerhausen is one conceivable method. The Samag tinkerers also view themselves as having an advantage over thermal methods of soil cleansing such as that offered by Ruhrkohle Umwelttechnik GmbH (Rut) in Bottrop. This is because incineration only renders organic pollutants harmless but not heavy metals such as cadmium | German Firm Develops Innovative Methods for Detoxification |
FBIS3-21063_0 | Language: German Article Type:CSO [Article by Si: "Three-way System Solves the Plastics Problem"] [Text] In the future, processed material, raw material and thermal methods will be used jointly. The chance for plastics to develop into a recyclable packaging material continues to increase. Since the Federal German Packaging Ordinance went into effect, more and more paths are bypassing the landfill. According to Dr. Albrecht Eckell, "the question of plastic recycling will be answered by 1998," simply by means of raw-material recycling. Dr. Eckell is the chairman of the Association of the Plastics Producing Industry. He said that the chemical transformation of plastic waste back into its initial products could recycle several hundred thousand metric tons in the coming years. This was recently at the symposium on "Plastics + Environment" in Cologne. The announced recycling push is also urgently needed. However, in the opinion of Prof. Dr. Klaus Topfer, in the future, human labor will no longer be scarce. Rather energy, raw materials, and environmental media will be the scarce commodities of the economy. This will show up in the costs of the production processes as desired by the Federal Minister of the Environment. For this reason, he wants to continue to set clear priorities and provide an economic stimulus for material recycling (quota for plastics starting on 1 January 1998: at least 60%, half of this by means of polymer reutilization) even in the amendment of the Packaging Ordinance. However, Topfer also admits that thermal recycling is not only a possibility but a necessity for the remaining 40%. The recycling principle behind the German Packaging Ordinance is correct in the opinion of Wolfram Bruck. He is the manager of Dual System Deutschland (DSD) in Bonn. "Our government was compelled to reduce the amount of waste going to landfills because an economy can also choke on clogged landfills." Today, with the help of the Dual System, about 50% of the volume has been transferred from the trash cans of Federal German households onto other recycling tracks. In Cologne, Prof. Dr. Michael Droscher also confirmed the necessity of plastics recycling. "Used plastics do not belong in landfills," according to the chemist with a master's degree, responsible for environmental issues at Huls. Independent of this, there is less and less landfill space available. Droscher says, "In 1977, there were still 1,355 landfills. Today, there are about 290 and, by 1995, the capacity will drop | New Approaches to Plastics Recycling Viewed |
FBIS3-21064_0 | Language: German Article Type:CSO [Article by E. Schmidt] [Text] Environmental Protection Technology Provides Additional Company Profit Integrated Recovery Systems for Etching and Electroplating Return Valuable Materials to Production Effective environmental protection in a company does not just result in costs. Sometimes it becomes a profitable business if advanced recycling technology is used. Siemens Matsushita Components GmbH in Heidenheim and Siemens-Steckverbinderwerk [connector factory] in Speyer are demonstrating this. The environment is being saved in the future from 18,000 m[.sup]3[/] of waste water and up to 7,000 metric tons of compressed sludge residue. This previously resulted from the etching of aluminum capacitors. At the same time, the electronics firm of Siemens Matsushita Components has reduced the operating costs in its capacitor factory in Heidenheim by 1.7 million Deutsche marks annually. The system required an investment of 1.2 million Deutsche marks to realize these production and environmental goals. It is about 500,000 Deutsche marks cheaper than the previous model. Jakob Bauer is the Siemens environmental manager who provided these figures. He also provided information regarding the technical details. According to him, the new system is achieving a high degree of recycling. "Of the hydrochloric and sulfuric acids used here, 80% are recovered from used etching baths. Previously, these acids would be neutralized, the sludge removed and sent for waste disposal." This activity shows up in the statement of costs because resources are now being returned to the production cycle. Jakob Bauer emphasizes that, in Heidenheim, the bath residues coming from the etching process are "separated into highly acidic and weakly acidic fractions using a membrane method, diffusion dialysis. These fractions are rich in metals." In this way, according to Bauer, it has become possible to extend the working life of the etching baths. This saves money. Besides this, not only is 96% of the aluminum salts retained but also, in an additional step, they serve the goal of environmental protection. Now, these salts are supplied to community sewage treatment plants which can make use of them again as precipitating agents. Electroplating in the Siemens Factory in Speyer Waste water treatment that makes minimal use of chemicals, water cycling for rinsing baths, and recovery methods for resource recycling increase environmental protection and company profit. Another example of methods providing both increased environmental protection and profit potential is the Siemens-Kabelwerk [cable factory] in Mudanya in Turkey. There, a recycling system for cable remainders has been | Recycling Optimizes Production Process Environmental Protection Technology Provides Additional Company Profit Integrated Recovery Systems for Etching and Electroplating Return Valuable Materials to Production |
FBIS3-21067_0 | Language: German, Article Type:CSO [Article by OTM] [Text] MAINTENANCE: Tips and Tricks 1. Inspection of bearings in electric motor drives: After having recorded and evaluated the diagnostic data with the aid of a computer, we submitted the results to the operators with recommendation as to necessary steps to be taken. By repeating the measurements periodically, we monitored the steps taken and their effects. Our software also contained data on the location of machine sets, on the kind of drives, on the operating conditions, on prior disturbances, and on typical worn parts. 2. Generator and motor windings: By measurements made during partial load dumping, we determined the state of the insulation of individual coils. Depending on the results of diagnosis, it was decided whether a new complete winding should be installed or replacement of the damaged coil will suffice. 3. Transformers in industrial plants and electric public-utility networks: In oil-filled and thus high-cost transformers, for instance, electric and thermal anomalies during their still harmless early stage already produce small amounts of noxious gases which dissolve in the insulating oil. Using the appropriate methods, we extracted these gases from the oil and analyzed them by gas chromatography. The examinations were performed systematically, without considering the course of operation, whereupon we evaluated the results using a special computer program. In this way faults were detected already in the initial stage. 4. Switchgear components: Besides mechanical loads also and above all electrical loads can produce weak spots in the insulation, whether under the applied voltage or during fast short events such as switching, ground fault, short circuit, or lightning stroke. Using the appropriate methods and instruments, we have checked the state of the insulation during operation. From the results one can learn not only about just the switchgear alone, however. With a sufficiently sensitive method of diagnosis and with enough experience on hand, it is even possible to extract from the main switchgear of an industrial network ideas about the state of the insulation of equipment operating in substations tied into that network. | Germany: Environment-Friendly Products Reported. Production Methods. |
FBIS3-21070_0 | Article Type:CSO [Text] 1993 was the year of wind energy. The market for this clean and renewable energy source is experiencing a strong boom. According to the German Wind Energy Institute (DWI), the German wind energy park accumulated a total of 100 megawatts of rated output in 1993 (70 megawatts in 1992). One of the reasons for the increase, along with Federal and state funding programs and the selling price of 16.5 pfennigs per kilowatt hour guaranteed by the current input law of 1991, is the clear tendency to build large plants with a rated output of at least 500 kW, now being produced serially by several manufacturers. Experts anticipate that within two years at the most windmills with rated output of a megawatt and more will be available in series. The tendency to larger size has continuously increased the affordability of windmills, according to the rule of thumb, "the bigger, the cheaper." Today it is possible for windmills in windy areas, generally situated on the coast, to produce current at a cost of 8 to 16 pfennigs per kilowatt hour, which is scarcely more expensive than energy from conventional power plants. Armin Keuper of the DWI anticipates that at these sites wind energy plants could be functioning even without state funding within five to seven years at most and be "commercially successful." That is why more and more professional investors are getting involved with wind power along with the communes and associations of environmentalist citizens. Even banks have discovered wind generators as investment possibilities. The move to larger plants is amazing in view of the fact that at the very beginning a large-scale project which foundered took the wind out of the sails of the wind power movement. The so-called "Large Wind Energy Plant," popularly known as "Growian," was shut down in 1987 after a four-year test run because of technical flaws. After the failure of the three-megawatt generator and the dropping of the project by the disappointed major companies the industry went for small, simple plants, "away from technical development at one fell swoop and towards progress in small steps," as Keuper says. Such steps have brought about the development of wind technology from plants under 100 kW to today's size. Thus energy utilization per rotor surface has doubled over the last 10 years; wind current has gradually become about 30 percent cheaper since 1988. This was also | Germany: Technical, Economic Improvements in Wind Energy Projects |
FBIS3-21070_2 | out of the sails of the wind power movement. The so-called "Large Wind Energy Plant," popularly known as "Growian," was shut down in 1987 after a four-year test run because of technical flaws. After the failure of the three-megawatt generator and the dropping of the project by the disappointed major companies the industry went for small, simple plants, "away from technical development at one fell swoop and towards progress in small steps," as Keuper says. Such steps have brought about the development of wind technology from plants under 100 kW to today's size. Thus energy utilization per rotor surface has doubled over the last 10 years; wind current has gradually become about 30 percent cheaper since 1988. This was also helped by manufacturers' lowering of prices, which was made possible in part by increased productivity in serial production and was partly forced upon them by increasingly strong competition in the marketplace. Volker Friedrichsen, managing director of the company Vestas Deutschland GmbH in Husum, says, "Technical improvements were achieved with the jump to each new size level because of increased experience." The Danish parent company is the largest international producer of wind energy plants. Their robust construction methods, rooted in agricultural technology, and gradually enhanced by modern technology, is very successful in the marketplace; the proof is the 4,300 wind wheels they have installed all over the world. This has not prevented other manufacturers from looking for success with innovative and technically demanding ideas. These include wind wheels with electronically regulated rotor blade installation for optimal wind utilization, with a variable rotation rate instead of a fixed one, and most recently also with a driveless generator, as offered by the company Heidelberg Motor GmbH in Starnberg or Enercon GmbH in Aurich. Technology pioneers are particularly hoping for greater economy based on higher efficiency from these new developments. However, this advantage has not yet appeared. So far, in Keuper's professional opinion, there are "hardly any differences" between the plant concepts available on the market in price per kilowatt hour. Other experts point out that for enduring market success the plants have to establish themselves not only in Germany, but also on the world market. Here the traditional plants are considered to be proven, reliable technology. This reputation, which encourages business with the developing and emerging nations as well as with the Eastern European states, still has to be earned by high-tech windmills. | Germany: Technical, Economic Improvements in Wind Energy Projects |
FBIS3-21072_0 | Language: French Article Type:CSO [Article: "Modern Urban Waste Treatment Plant in Yvelines"] [Text] Versailles--Carrieres-sous-Poissy (Yvelines) has been chosen as the site for an urban waste treatment and conversion plant described as one of the least polluting in the world, it was learned at a 13 January press conference. The plant will serve 15 of the region's communes. This plant, unique in France in many respects, aims at "zero pollution." Once it goes into service--it is scheduled to begin operations in late 1996--it will process each year about 100,000 tons of household waste "produced" by the 200,000 inhabitants of the 15 communes that have joined in partnership under the umbrella of an intercommunal syndicate headed by the deputy mayor of Saint-Germain-en-Laye, Mr. Michel Pericard. Its standards for waste purification are 2 to 12 times as strict as those currently required in France. "For some ejecta, pollution levels are not even measurable today," said Mr. Pericard. For example, even the water-vapor plume released through the plant's smokestack will be eliminated with the help of condensation equipment. "We have accepted a financial sacrifice to obtain these results," admitted Mr. Pericard, noting that the cost of waste processing would be 498 French francs [Fr], versus Fr370 in the past. Dubbed "Azalys," the project was developed by Novergie (a part of the Lyonnaise des Eaux-Dumez economic interest group) at a total cost of Fr355.8 million. It also takes special pains with "final residues": the sludge that will be used in laying road underpaving, and treated oven-smoke residues. Those residues will be rendered "inert" before storage. Described by Mr. Pericard as a "technological showcase," the project was approved after 10 years of negotiations among the region's communes and represents a step toward meeting the target of eliminating all discharges of untreated waste by the year 2002 set forth in legislation enacted on 13 July 1992. | France to Launch Zero-Pollution Waste Treatment |
FBIS3-21074_0 | Language: Romanian Article Type:CSO [Text] At an altitude of 1,400 meters on the Semenic mountain plateau, the first pilot wind power station is beginning to take shape not far from the well-known resort of the same name. The project's history in this area which, according to experts, is most favorable for wind energy exploitation, began three years ago with the operation of the first experimental 300-kw wind turbine, the result of joint efforts of the Timisoara Technical University faculty staff, the researchers and designers of the Specializing Institute in Timisoara, and the machine builders in Bocsa. Recently, a second such power unit has just passed into the final installation phase, to be followed by two more units which are presently being built and tested in the Bocsa plant and the Timisoara workshops respectively. These four experimental 300 kw "EOLTIM"-type turbines will constitute the first pilote wind power station in our country. The next phase in wind energy exploitation, considered presently to be the cheapest form in the world, is the installation of 100 turbines of this type, and in the more distant future--according to experts participating recently in an international symposium on the subject--the constructing of a 900-kw power station: a true record in the field. | Romania: Wind Power Station Project |
FBIS3-21075_2 | Alexander Kineo, also contracted by the university, the couple will bring to Brazil advanced techniques for production of reagents to be used in faster and more efficient diagnosis of illnesses like toxoplasmosis, a disease transmitted by a protozoan that attacks the central nervous system and the eyes. The new diagnostic method (at present, this country imports the tests) will be developed by fusing cells that produce antibodies (the body's defense agents) with cells from tumors that have the ability to reproduce themselves on a large scale. This will produce a hybridoma, i.e., a cell that combines the capacity to defend an organism with the ability to multiply itself in large numbers, thereby making commercial production feasible. Transgenics A group of eight Russian scientists, all with doctor's degrees and headed by Oleg Serov and Alexander Kerkis of the Institute of Cytology and Genetics of the Academy of Sciences of Russia, will work on development of transgenic animals, such as goats that have been genetically altered to produce milk containing insulin. Other animals with transplanted genes might be used to obtain blood clotting factors that are vital to hemophiliacs. The chief product of the new materials laboratory will be the technology for producing artificial diamonds by compression of carbon molecules. These diamonds are essential to equipment such as dentists' drills, marble-cutting tools, and oil-drilling bits--the latter being one of the region's main economic activities. The technology of the synthetic materials known as "superhards," developed by a group of five Russian scientists that will work at UENF for two years, reflects the technological strategy being pursued by this institution: absorb the know-how at an advanced point in its development without spending many years on research, so that the technology can be transferred to industry in the midterm future. "The technologies will be intimately related to the vocations of this region," said Gilca Alves Wianstein, president of the State Foundation of Northern Rio de Janeiro, the institution responsible for administration of UENF, which has the flexibility and independence needed to set up commercial and technological partnerships with the production sector. In the vicinity of its 25,000 square meter campus--which during the first semester of this academic year will house 278 undergraduate and graduate students and 50 researchers--the UENF plans to encourage the formation of a high-tech complex sustained mainly by biofactories that produce cuttings for use in growing fruit and sugarcane, and in reforestation. | Brazil: Russian Scientists Contracted for High-Tech Research |
FBIS3-21082_0 | Language: Italian Article Type:BFN [Article by Franco Foresta Martin: "The European Biology Laboratory -- Italy Must Be Given More Importance"] [Text] The conditions of Italy's participation in the European Molecular Biology Laboratory [EMBL] in Heidelberg have become the cause of a conflict that is dividing our scientific community, stirring up opposing initiatives of solidarity and objection to the work of University and Research Minister Umberto Colombo. It is necessary to provide the background information before giving an update on a situation that has become incandescent. At the end of December, the Italian Government, at the initiative of Minister Colombo, decided to denounce the agreement under which our country belongs to the EMBL by protesting about the disproportion between our financial contribution (16 percent) and the number of Italian researchers present in Heidelberg (1 percent). According to the statute a member country must give a year's notice of its intention to leave. Therefore, if there are no new developments, Italy will leave this research organization in January 1995. Prof. Alfonso Maria Liquori, a biochemist, reminded us on these same pages (23 January 1994) of the historical roots of the Heidelberg laboratory, the benefits that Italian molecular biology had gained from it, and the damage that would result if Italy should leave. Prof. Riccardo Cortese and other scientists who have sent letters of protest to Minister Colombo are of the same opinion. "Italy's withdrawal from the EMBL would damage both the European scientific community and that of Italy, and in particular it would reduce the opportunities for exchanges to be made between young Italian researchers and their European colleagues." Intolerable Situation A large part of the biological community opposes these vehement requests and expresses appreciation of the action launched by Minister Colombo, stressing that this, rather than an irreversible abandonment of the Heidelberg laboratory, is the only way we can protest against a situation that has now become intolerable. ICGEB (International Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology) Director Prof. Arturo Falaschi in Trieste is a supporter of this position. "The EMBL," explains Falaschi, "conducts basic research into molecular biology and in particular it deals with the study of viruses, the cell cycle, the structure of proteins and the genome. The spin-offs from this research can be considerable for the vaccine and pharmaceutical industry in general, and for agriculture and food production." "The importance of this laboratory for Italy, where nothing exists of | Italy: Role in European Molecular Biology Lab Disputed |
FBIS3-21089_1 | researchers to collaborate with industry. The grants will be complementary to the funding provided by industry for strategic research. A small pilot scheme will be run with funding of 3.5 million pounds in 1994-95. The awards will be named ROPAs after the White Paper, "Realising our Potential". The pilot will be coordinated and run by three Research Councils - the Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council (EPSRC), the Biotechnology and Biological Sciences Research Council (BBSRC) and the Medical Research Council (MRC) -- an additional 0.6 million pounds to the CASE Awards available to firms which have demonstrated their ability to provide the right environment for postgraduate training in the past -- priority in the distribution of research funds to areas identified by industry as being of strategic importance. For example 2 million pounds to the innovative manufacturing programme, 3.4 million pounds to the human and animal genome and immunology programmes and 4.5 million pounds to chemistry. Commenting on the new ROPA scheme Mr Waldegrave said: "The unique feature of this scheme is that the conventional peer review system will not be used but industry's recognition of the researchers will be taken as an indicator of quality and relevance. It gives industry a major role in identifying the researchers, who will be eligible to apply for support for strategic research." Mr Waldegrave concluded by emphasising the importance partnership will play in taking forward the policies of the science White Paper: "Government took a strategic look at what scientific research and postgraduate training it should fund. And Government has resolved to build on existing strengths to create a closer and more systematic relationship with the science and engineering base, industry and commerce. "The new initiatives I have announced today will go a long way to furthering those objectives. I congratulate Sir John Cadogan, the new Director General of Research Councils on the imaginative programme he has designed." Detailed allocations to the Research Councils were announced today by Mr Waldegrave in reply to a parliamentary question from Cheryl Gillan MP, (Chesham and Amersham). Mr Waldegrave also placed in the Library of the House a paper setting out in more detail the allocation of the 15.4 million pounds to new programmes. Issued by: Press Office; Office of Public Service and Science; Cabinet Office; 70 Whitehall; London; SW1A 2AS; Tel: 071 270 0207/0393; Out of hours telephone 0399 1133 and ask for pager number 721338. | UK: Allocations to Research Council Implement White Paper |
FBIS3-21106_0 | Language: French Article Type:CSO [Article by J.G.; "Christian Blanc: We Must Catch up With or Outdo Lufthansa by 1997"; introductory paragraph in boldface as published] [Text] As far as the president of Air France is concerned, this is the only real challenge that the airline must absolutely meet if it does not want to be swept away. Air France President Christian Blanc and his team met with representatives of the company's union organizations early this week to discuss the contents of a memo he had sent them the week before. Considered a "focusing document" and having the value of a "framework," the 13-page document was intentionally left incomplete so that it could easily be altered, if necessary, or rounded out as a result of the talks held during the meetings. Comprising four chapters--"Where Are We?" "How Did We Get There?" "What Must the Spirit of Reform Be?" and "Air France's Battles"--the document reviews the situation (estimated losses of 7.5 billion francs in 1993 and indebtedness totaling some 36 billion francs) and sets forth the objectives to be achieved to enable Air France to catch up with the leading airlines and ensure its survival. The model chosen is Lufthansa because the challenge in that case is a reasonable one. "The German airline began to overhaul itself only a year ago, whereas British Airways began stirring 10 years ago," and besides, any recovery that might bring Air France up to the same level as American or Asian airlines would result in the "social destruction" of the French company, something that Christian Blanc rejects. The president of Air France notes in the memo distributed to union representatives that the company's announced losses for 1993 account for half the total losses reported by the IATA's [International Air Transport Association's] 212 member airlines for that year. He identified the following as being among the factors contributing to those losses: 1. Insufficient earnings: the airline's current revenues do not cover its current expenditures. 2. A poor commercial position: the company's market declined by 7 percent in 1993, whereas the German and British markets grew during that same period by 7 percent and 9 percent respectively. 3. Air France's share of the international market declined by 7 percent in 1993: 13 percent of all passengers chose the state-owned airline in 1989, but that figure is now down to 11 percent. 4. Unprofitable routes: every 100 francs taken | Air France Studying Cost-Cutting Plan |
FBIS3-21106_2 | 4. Unprofitable routes: every 100 francs taken in is offset by 117 francs in expenditures in North Atlantic traffic, 111 francs in South America, 110 francs in Europe, and 108 francs in Asia. Only West Africa pays off: with a profit of 6 francs! 5. The fleet is too heterogeneous: there are 24 different aircraft types (British Airways has 20) and 33 different cockpit versions. 6. Productivity is much too low: a British Airways agent produces 130 francs in revenues where an Air France agent produces 100, but what makes it worse is that the British agent costs 80 in wages and benefits, whereas the Air France agent costs 100. 7. Inappropriate working methods: where Air France spends 100 francs to carry passengers and/or freight, Lufthansa spends 94 francs and British Airways spends 89 francs. 8. Organization and operating methods are too cumbersome, complex, hierarchical, and centralized--in other words, too costly. 9. The idea of customer service is insufficiently developed. The objectives are set forth below. The meetings last Monday and Tuesday were to result in a new consensus document. That document will be submitted to all of the company's personnel, who will then have two months in which to give their input. The "plan for the company" that will emerge from this vast dialogue next spring will then be used as a common reference point for implementing the necessary actions. The objective is to see to it that a significant portion of Air France's capital will belong to the personnel within three years if the necessary actions are successful. Main Objectives 1. To increase the company's economic efficiency by 30 percent within three years. 2. To achieve a 14-percent increase in revenues within three years. 3. To achieve savings of 7 percent per year in all operating expenses for three years. This means buying less and better. 4. To reduce personnel costs by 10 percent annually for three years. 5. To reduce financial costs by half over the next five years. However, the state will not be able to inject more capital unless a return to a sound position becomes apparent. That is a necessary condition for getting the green light from Brussels. The target year is 1997, the reason being that 1997 will mark the start of the single European air transport market, and it should also mark an end to the era of overcapacity in the airlines. | Air France Studying Cost-Cutting Plan |
FBIS3-21123_10 | region; damage that depends on the amount of ion exposure which is significant in the higher energy region; and damage in the early stage that depends on the implantation energy. In the case of the damage caused by the amount of electric charge implanted, it is possible to reduce this by supplying neutral electrons, but since the damage by ion exposure will have bad a effect on the reliability of the oxide film, it is necessary to be cautious. Conclusion At the time of large current ion implantation, damage to the pressure tolerance of oxide film caused by charge up was studied. It was found that negative charge-up, in the case when neutral electrons are employed, is generated when excess high energy electrons exist, and when these electrons collect around the high density ion beam to which the material is exposed. And, as a way of preventing this negative charge-up, it was found through the results of our experiments in which a magnetic field was applied near the wafer or a DC bias was applied to the wafer, so that the distribution of electron energies reaching the wafer was controlled, and only the high energy electrons were eliminated, that the negative charge-up was effectively reduced. As a benchmark indicator for lowering the energy, we found that when the electron energy reaching the wafer is controlled to less than 40eV, damage of pressure tolerance in the oxide film was not seen even with capacitors having high antenna ratios. From the evaluation found using the Q[.sup]BD[/] method to assess the damage of oxide film due to ion implantation, it was determined that there are two causes: One mode is derived from the amount of implantation of electrical charge and is seen when the implanted energy is quite low, and another mode is derived from ion exposure and is seen when the implanted energy is relatively high. It was found that in the former case, the relation of the amount of implantation of electric charge and Q[.sup]BD[/] is almost the same as the constant current TDDB, and in the latter case, the amount of damage becomes greater as the injected energy becomes higher. From the discussion above, for the prevention oxide film damage during the process of ion implantation to gate electrodes, it is important to pay attention to the relation between the film density at gate electrodes and the energy implanted, so | Reducing Oxide Film Damage at the Time of High-Current Ion Implantation |
FBIS3-21147_1 | Its output will be 1,356,000 kW, the largest in Japan. Modifications include placing the recirculation pump inside the pressure vessel rather than outside to simplify the piping system. Two plants are under construction at Kashiwazaki. As of the end of October, NPP No. 6 was 50.6% completed and No. 7 was 22.3% completed. Every day seventy concrete mixers go in and out of the facility, and so far they have poured enough wet concrete to fill the Tokyo Dome twice. Kashiwazaki faces the Sea of Japan and experiences harsh winters. Plant director Masao Takuma says, ``The length of the construction period will depend on how efficiently we can work during the three winter months.'' Another important problem has been how to counteract winter lightning. Lightning in the Kanto area has about 10,000 amps of current, but at Kashiwazaki it can reach 150,000 amps. The power plant is susceptible to direct strikes because it sits on a sandy beach. Tokyo Electric Power had the Central Research Institute of the Electric Power Industry design a special tower 150 meters high as a lightning rod. They expect it to capture 80% of the lightning. NPP No. 7, which is being built by Hitachi, sports the world's largest self-propelled crane. The steel girders were subassembled first at the factory, transported all at once, and assembled on site. This crane has a maximum capacity of 840 tons. Using the crane enables much faster setup than building a scaffold and stacking up the girders one at a time. On the other hand, the NPP No. 6 construction site, supervised by Toshiba, is covered by a roof to create an environment with total climate control that is unaffected by the weather. This idea came up to handle the heavy snowfall at Kashiwazaki. The steel frame supporting the roof will be buried in the walls of the building after the reactor core is finished. Because the roof receives its strength from a meshwork of interwoven steel girders, the steel frame is no longer needed, but it eliminates the time and trouble of disassembly. Generally speaking, electric power companies that use BWRs will equip their future plants with ABWRs. They will also use advanced construction methods that provide the speed of the huge, self-propelled crane and the pleasantness of total climate control at their future construction sites. We can also expect more modifications to the ABWRs in the future. | Simple Piping System for Advanced Boiling Water Reactor |
FBIS3-21150_6 | green. A point situated between the two diodes helped to fix the subject's gaze. ``Throughout each experiment, it was necessary to avoid any and all spontaneous movement, which would inevitably have been translated into an emission of parasitic cerebral electric waves. The gaze fixing point proved insufficient, and the subjects had to be fitted with a kind of yoke to immobilize their head. All swallowing or any other movement whatever of the throat muscles was categorically forbidden!'' As for the principle of the test, it was utterly simple. The guinea-pig, wearing a headdress consisting of a dozen or so electrodes, was asked to pronounce the vowel a mentally upon the display of a given color. To eliminate the effects of anticipation or habit, the significance of the colors was reversed several times and the time intervals between displays were produced at random. ``We performed some 600 electroencephalographic measurements in all. Regardless of the mental response called for (think a or do not think a), a cerebral reaction was observed at the rear of the brain, in all cases, 0.3 second after the lighting of the diode. This reaction is altogether logical, in that this part of the brain encloses the center of vision. On the other hand, and this is the important thing, this wave was detected 0.42 second later in the frontal part, which lodges the centers of action, solely in the cases when the subject was asked to produce silent speech.'' In other words, each time the subject thought a, the Japanese researchers were able to detect an electric wave sweeping the cortex from back to front. And by statistical treatment of the 600 measurements taken, they were able to characterize the intensity of this wave. ``The large number of tests run enabled us to discard parasitic noises and to delimit a relatively powerful wave in the frontal region, whose negative potential ranged around an average value of -4.25 microvolts. Its duration varied between 0.4 and 1.2 second, depending on the subjects. It appeared in the midst of a myriad of small positive and negative waves, of much shorter duration, which can be considered the cerebral waves responsible for vision.'' A wave resembling that of the thought a was also detected when Norio Fujimaki asked the subjects to actually pronounce the letter a. This is equivalent to saying that, from the standpoint of cerebral activity, there is practically | A Computer Controlled by Thought |
FBIS3-21150_10 | waves representing the thought of a specific letter or word than at characterizing a broader mental activity, specifically, in this case, the evoking of an interior discourse. By being able to discern it in the midst of the background noise corresponding to suspended mental activity, Fujitsu would already have achieved an initial operable distinction of the ``idle''-``not idle'' type. Nothing would then prevent the codifying of this binary message, addressed to a machine, in terms of yes, no or of plus, minus. It remains to be seen whether it will be possible some day, one way or another, to decode the content of the thoughts passing through our minds. It must be acknowledged that the majority of the scientists who have long been doing work on the brain view such a quest as utopian. According to them, it is highly improbable that each given mental representation corresponds to a unique physicochemical state of the brain. On this basis, it hardly seems possible to achieve an alphabet, whether it consist of electrical, magnetic, or chemical signals, by means of which the sense of a thought could be reconstructed. ``This schema would be far too simplistic and static. Present-day imaging techniques, which enable us to grasp a little better what is occurring in the human brain as it performs its functions, reveal an extremely complex dynamic whose rules we are not anywhere near to discerning,'' says Bernard Mazoyer, head of the CEA's (Atomic Energy Commission's) Neurofunctional Imaging Group at Orsay. Nevertheless, studies realized to date on the functioning of the brain have already unveiled certain aspects of the mechanism of perception and of the nature of conscience. It has been shown, for example, that for a given mental operation several areas of the brain, including distant ones, are mobilized. By more refined observation, it has even been possible to show that all of the neurons concerned produce electrical discharges simultaneously and at the same frequency, throughout the duration of the stimulation. This manner of functioning would explain how we become instantly conscious of everything that surrounds us. Thus, as soon as we perceive an object, a bottle, for example, we immediately have an idea of its shape, its color, its feel, its weight, and its volume, even though we may be only seeing a part of it. As for knowing the manner in which distant groups of neurons communicate with each other | A Computer Controlled by Thought |
FBIS3-21157_0 | Language: Japanese Article Type:CSO [Text] A solar power generation system (see photo [omitted]) that the New Energy and Industrial Technology Development Organization (NEDO) was building with the Ministry of Energy, Posts and Telecommunications of Malaysia in Sabah State in the northern part of Kalimantan Island has been completed and experiments will begin this month. The efficiency of conversion from light energy to electric energy by solar cells drops when temperature rises, so experiments will be carried out to search for an effective way to cool solar cells in Malaysia, where high temperatures prevail. The system is composed of monocrystalline solar cells with 10 kilowatt (kw) output, 136 kw hour (kwh) storage batteries, and data collection equipment. Experiments will be conducted with several types of natural cooling and forced cooling methods. In experiments with natural cooling, modules of multiple solar cells mounted on a single board will be placed on water or separated from the ground surface; and various angles of inclination will be tried. In experiments with forced cooling, the surface of the modules will be sprayed with water or air will be blown from the back of the modules. A 100 kw output system will be built in FY95 in order to switch to large-scale research. NEDO's share of the cost is about ¥600 million. | NEDO To Begin Experiments on Solar Power Generation System with Malaysia |
FBIS3-21159_8 | elevator (Landmark Tower in Yokohama City, Kanagawa Prefecture); (3) Development of a refrigerator which does not use CFC; (4) Development of a thin film polycrystalline Si solar battery; (5) Development of a DINOR type flash memory; (6) Development of a client/server system for use in basic tasks. R&D Themes for 1994: (1) Development of the next generation of LSI (0.25 micron-scale miniaturized processing technology); (2) Multimedia-related application technology; (3) Development of a wide-band region ISDN equipment and mobile communication equipment; (4) Technology designed to solve energy and environmental problems; (5) Social system technology (a road traffic system and a total system for a building) Evaluation of R&D Using Criteria on Whether It Leads to New Product Since 1990, the amount of investment made by Mitsubishi has remained approximately 7% of the company's annual sales. This situation probably will continue at least for the next two to three years. Faced with this situation, effectiveness of R&D becomes primary importance. What we mean by ``effectiveness'' in this context is whether a given R&D will lead to a new product. If it leads to a product, its effectiveness is high and therefore is evaluated as a success. If it does not lead to product, then it is viewed as a failure. In order to enhance effectiveness, it is necessary to apply strict criteria in selecting R&D themes. In making investment, the company will focus its attention on the importance of R&D themes and make investment decisions accordingly. Based on this approach, the company restructured its R&D organizations in June 1993. Several research laboratories located at the development headquarters have been moved to the enterprise headquarters. The enterprise headquarters is now responsible for determining R&D themes. Overall adjustments of themes will be carried out by the development headquarters. Elimination of Waste by Transferring Authorities through Reorganization The reorganization we have undertaken is not a short-term change but rather is designed to solve the type of problems peculiar to the R&D setup of general electric manufacturers. The scope of general electric manufacturing business is expanding, more widely than we have ever imagined possible. In order to deal with this, from the 1970s to 1980s, our company had established one research laboratory after another at the development headquarters. Until recently, we had emphasized centralization for the sake of efficiency. We began to realize, however, that such a decision-making process as selection of themes, to be handled | Electronics Manufacturers Review R&D Projects Building up R&D Center To Achieve High Speed in Product Development Toshiba - Mr. Seiichi Takayanagi, Representative Executive Officer-Vice President. When Japan Turned Its Attention to Basic Research, U.S.'s Major Effort Shifted to Application Technology Mitsubishi Electric - Mr. Eiichi Ohno, Managing Director and Head of Development Headquarters. Evaluation of R&D Using Criteria on Whether It Leads to New Product Elimination of Waste by Transferring Authorities through Reorganization Laboratory-Nurtured Technology Now Linked to Products with More Definite Purpose We Have No Technology Which Can be Left to Other Companies To Develop Matsushita Electric Industrial Co. - Mr. Shiro Horiuchi, Managing Director To Construct Designs Linking Research Results Quickly to Profit Fujitsu - Mr. Mikio Otsuki, Representative Managing Director and Vice President; and Representative Managing Director and President, Fujitsu Laboratories Research Setup To Anticipate Market Needs and To Transform Research Results Quickly into Products Fujitsu Will Continue its Effort in Multimedia-Related Field into 1994 To Make Most of Each Country's Area of Expertise, System Research Assigned to U.S. and Device Research to Japan Sharp - Mr. Ichiro Fujimoto, Managing Director and Head of Technology Headquarters Reject ``Jack of All Trades'' Approach to R&D; Selection of Themes and Concentration of Efforts Important Oki Electric Industry Co., Ltd. - Mr. Shintaro Ushio, Managing Director and Head of R&D Headquarters From Agrarian to Hunting - Change Demands Researchers' Ability to Debate NTT - Mr. Miyawaki, Managing Director and Head of R&D Headquarters Important for Telecommunication Business to Establish Setup Design to Deal with Sweeping Change Affecting Industry Sanyo Electric - Mr. Kotoku Kuwano, Managing Director and Head of R&D Division Today's R&D Project Compels Japan To Establish Concept First IBM-Japan - Mr. Seiji Ishida, Managing Director-Vice President and Head of R&D Headquarters Aiming for Information Processing Best Suited to Japanese, Research Approached from Software and Device Standpoints |
FBIS3-21159_17 | bits SPARC chip) and new device (HEMT); (5) Development of compact portable information equipment and human interface; (6) Development of middle-ware (intelligent Pad, CASE, object-oriented DBMS, etc.) Research Setup To Anticipate Market Needs and To Transform Research Results Quickly into Products R&D spending for 1993 is expected to be ¥275 billion, which is a decrease of ¥40 billion over the 1992 figure. However, because of the efficient research setup we now have, we are able to maintain the same level of result. Through the consolidation of the divisions working on overlapping research themes and through joint research with other companies, Fujitsu company was able to reduce costs and time requirements. Results of joint developments undertaken with British ICL and PLC, as well as Amdhal in the U.S., have begun to emerge finally. They consist of a network management software and group-ware. In order to accelerate commercialization of these products, it is necessary to change a research setup. With the past setup, research began with seeds and only after research was under way, it was connected to needs. With our new setup, however, research will begin with well-defined needs and determine what technology will be required to satisfy those needs. In order to achieve this, we developed a measure enabling researchers in different fields to work jointly. For instance, in order to catch up with the United States in the field of microprocessor research, researchers in semiconductor process and system fields will be brought together to form a working group. A joint development project involving Fujitsu Laboratories and Fujitsu Corporation was undertaken in the field of computer peripheral devices for the first time two years ago. Four or five projects are currently in progress. Fujitsu Will Continue its Effort in Multimedia-Related Field into 1994 In the software field, Japan has no alternative but to accept the U.S.-produced operating systems. We should do our utmost to develop the middle ware which will play an important role in the future. Our company has been selling an object-oriented database, ``ODBII'' and a visual type development environment, ``Intelligent Pad.'' We will aggressively pursue multimedia, also. In 1993, Fujitsu established a new multimedia project headquarters and a personal system laboratory. Needless to say, basic research will not be neglected either. We developed a high-speed numerical processing (such as factorization) software, the Risal/Asir. At our information societal science laboratory, research in genetic algorithms (GA) is being conducted. | Electronics Manufacturers Review R&D Projects Building up R&D Center To Achieve High Speed in Product Development Toshiba - Mr. Seiichi Takayanagi, Representative Executive Officer-Vice President. When Japan Turned Its Attention to Basic Research, U.S.'s Major Effort Shifted to Application Technology Mitsubishi Electric - Mr. Eiichi Ohno, Managing Director and Head of Development Headquarters. Evaluation of R&D Using Criteria on Whether It Leads to New Product Elimination of Waste by Transferring Authorities through Reorganization Laboratory-Nurtured Technology Now Linked to Products with More Definite Purpose We Have No Technology Which Can be Left to Other Companies To Develop Matsushita Electric Industrial Co. - Mr. Shiro Horiuchi, Managing Director To Construct Designs Linking Research Results Quickly to Profit Fujitsu - Mr. Mikio Otsuki, Representative Managing Director and Vice President; and Representative Managing Director and President, Fujitsu Laboratories Research Setup To Anticipate Market Needs and To Transform Research Results Quickly into Products Fujitsu Will Continue its Effort in Multimedia-Related Field into 1994 To Make Most of Each Country's Area of Expertise, System Research Assigned to U.S. and Device Research to Japan Sharp - Mr. Ichiro Fujimoto, Managing Director and Head of Technology Headquarters Reject ``Jack of All Trades'' Approach to R&D; Selection of Themes and Concentration of Efforts Important Oki Electric Industry Co., Ltd. - Mr. Shintaro Ushio, Managing Director and Head of R&D Headquarters From Agrarian to Hunting - Change Demands Researchers' Ability to Debate NTT - Mr. Miyawaki, Managing Director and Head of R&D Headquarters Important for Telecommunication Business to Establish Setup Design to Deal with Sweeping Change Affecting Industry Sanyo Electric - Mr. Kotoku Kuwano, Managing Director and Head of R&D Division Today's R&D Project Compels Japan To Establish Concept First IBM-Japan - Mr. Seiji Ishida, Managing Director-Vice President and Head of R&D Headquarters Aiming for Information Processing Best Suited to Japanese, Research Approached from Software and Device Standpoints |
FBIS3-21177_3 | that will link research organizations beyond boundaries separating various fields of research and ministries, agencies and nations. At the same time it is necessary to strive for consolidating, expanding and speeding up the various research information networks in each organization, ministry and agency. In so doing, it is essential that the types of information equipment be provided that will enable harmonious affiliations and cooperation among the various organizations, ministries and agencies. 2. In consolidating and operating the research information network, it is important to proceed even-handedly, neutrally, flexibly, and in a stable manner with the cooperation of the ministries and agencies and related individuals based on the purposes and actual situations of each existing research information network. Moreover, it is necessary to respond in a timely manner to user needs and rapid technological innovations while also making an attempt to minimize differences between various regions in terms of information dissemination. 3. It is necessary to promote research concerning basic utilization technology such as improving convenience, security control, etc., to achieve sophistication and promote use of the research information network, and it is necessary to promote research concerning network use in various fields. Moreover, it is necessary to conduct surveys and studies concerning ways that users can contribute, etc. It is also necessary to incorporate in good order into the research information network from now on the results of technical developments in hardware and software relevant to future ultra-high-speed networks. 4. In addition to consolidating the research information network, it is necessary to strive for active transmission and overall utilization of research information held at each research organization by promoting databases for research data and articles that can be disseminated via the network. 5. It is essential that we establish and maintain the individual morality of each researcher for the proper and positive use of the research information network. From the standpoint of maintaining security, it will be necessary to hold training sessions that will include those who provide the operating manuals and manage the network. It is also essential to acquire a professional staff and train personnel to operate the network. 6. As a nation it is essential that we fulfill our responsibility to the world in terms of information dissemination by linking our research information network to foreign countries and cooperating with foreign nations in information dissemination and cooperative research via this network. 7. In consolidating the research information | Current Approaches to Consolidating Japan's Research Information Network Current Approach to Consolidating Japan's Research Information Network Outline of Information Network Forum, Policy Committee, Council for Science & Technology Establishing Interministry Research Information Network: Particulars Selected Results from Survey Concerning Research Information Network Main Guidelines for Promoting Science & Technology in 1994 Consolidation of Research Information Network and Basic, Fundamental Data |
FBIS3-21183_4 | extent that encryption is a technology that allows only subscribers to see broadcasts, there is a reason to maintain secrecy. However, non-participant manufacturers want to manufacture from the IC stage to lower costs. In fact, only the three participating manufacturers have produced decoders since 1991, even after JSB began pay broadcasts. Coatech arranged to maintain secrecy by disclosing information on only two of the integrated circuits. Two audio-visual manufacturers had already received permission. The JFTC has now set up an advance consultation system for joint development. ``If we say it is legal, no legal action will be taken as long as that is not withdrawn,'' says Hidekatsu Hirabayashi, regulation section chief in the JFTC's economics division. However, Shozo Obune, advisor to the Sanwa Research Institute which proposed clarification of policy on joint R&D to the JFTC's study group, emphasized that ``corporations should exercise their own judgment since the effort has been put into publishing the guidelines.'' To avoid problems, it is a good idea to report to the JFTC ahead of time and to report outside on the nature of joint work. However, joint R&D is an area of great strategic importance. There will probably always be cases of joint R&D that will not surface. There is no need to fear antimonopoly law excessively if a company takes advantage of the guidelines' clarification to set up a structure so that corporation's own research and legal departments regularly engage in frank exchange of information. Items and Excerpts from ``Antimonopoly Guidelines on Joint R&D'' Implementation of Joint R&D 1) Items which are recognized in principle as not coming under unfair methods of trade (terms for innocence): imposing requirement that necessary technical and other information be disclosed to participants, imposing requirement that secrecy be maintained regarding technical and other information disclosed by other participants, limiting appropriation of technology etc. disclosed by other participants for purposes other than the joint R&D project, limiting individual R&D and R&D with third parties on the joint research theme during the term of the joint R&D. 2) Items which may be considered as coming under unfair methods of trade (terms for gray areas): exceeding the scope necessary for preventing appropriation of technology etc. and limiting the use -- for purposes outside the joint R&D theme -- of technology etc. disclosed by other participants, exceeding the scope necessary for implementing joint R&D and limiting the introduction of the same | JFTC Publishes Antimonopoly Guidelines on Joint R&D Items and Excerpts from ``Antimonopoly Guidelines on Joint R&D'' |
FBIS3-21185_0 | Language: Japanese Article Type:CSO On 10 November, completion ceremonies will be carried out for the headquarters laboratory of the Research Institute of Innovative Technologies for the Earth (RITE) in the Kansai Science City (Otsu-machi, Kyoto Prefecture). The Institute aims to do R&D on technology useful for resolving environmental problems and to contribute to the world through environmental technology. This newspaper questioned Tsutomu Yamaguchi, managing director of RITE, about its goals. -- This is the real beginning of RITE's activities, isn't it? -- RITE is a key institution for developing revolutionary environmental technology for implementing the ``Earth Revitalization Plan'' (plan for comprehensive development of new energy technology and other earth conservation technologies). This is the only industry-government-academia partnership to grapple with these issues. We have a grave responsibility. -- What will be the focus of RITE's research? -- RITE will tackle three areas of fundamental research. Five researchers have been hired for five years on the annual salary [nembo] system. First, in the area of biology, RITE will do things such as using genetics to create plants that can be grown in deserts and searching for microorganisms which fix carbon dioxide, the cause of the earth's warming. In the area of chemistry, research will be conducted on topics such as developing catalysts that can remove hydrogen from water, developing a computer system that can design catalysts, and using a high polymer film to separate hydrogen dioxide. In the systems area, research will be conducted on using computers to evaluate technology for fixing carbon dioxide and for putting a price tag on environmental pollution. -- Internationalism will be another mainstay of RITE, won't it? -- RITE will take an international perspective on forming a network [for research cooperation]. There are plans to invite researchers from the Institute for International Applications Systems Analysis (IIASA) in Vienna to come as senior researchers for two months. They'll be the vanguard. In the future we want to have regular research exchanges between the two institutes. There is currently a Russian scientist on the catalyst research team. The chief researcher in the systems area is a Japanese who is concurrently an associate professor at Harvard University. An Italian chemical company is participating in the hydrogen production project and we're sounding out a large French chemical company on the possibility of research exchange on the fixing project. -- What method will be used for receiving the foreign countries? | RITE Official Interviewed on Goals in Environmental Technology |
FBIS3-21198_26 | of South Electrolytic method: Wind power generation: The EC is the following countries Africa: currently Alkaline water electrolytic generation: conducting operational are currently producing operating SASOL I plants in operation in Sweden research on a 1,000kW the cited amounts of (roughly 15,000 Canada and Brazil, etc.; currently class plant in Italy; The power: Philippines ton/day), SASOL Switzerland conducting operating a IEA is conducting (890,000kW), Mexico II (roughly basic research on solid 3,000kW operational research on (700,000kW), Italy 42,000 ton/day) high polymer electrolytic plant; two (2) 500kW class (570,000kW), New Zealand and SASOL III water method. Denmark is heating plants in Spain; (280,000kW), El Salvador (roughly 42,000 operating a Spain is operationally (160,000kW), Indonesia ton/day) using 2,000kW researching a 1,000kW (140,000kW), Kenya indirect plant; Canada plant.Photovoltaic power (50,000kW), Iceland liquefaction is operating generation: Italy is (50,000kW) and Nicaragua method. Canada: a 4,000kW operating a 300kW plant (70,000kW).Multipurpose Currently plant; The and developing a 100kW utilization: China, operating a 0.25 Netherlands plant for electric power; Russia and India are ton/day plant is operating Switzerland is conducting currently using deep using a direct a 1,000kW its Energy 2000 Project hydrothermal energy for liquefaction plant; Italy (manufacturing local heating purposes. method is developing technology).Solar heating (Co-processing a 1,500kW and cooling: The method).Russia: plant; Spain Netherlands, Australia, Currently is operating Austria and Sweden among operating a 5 a 1,200kW others are researching ton/day plant plant; Norway solar heating systems. using direct is operating liquefaction a 1,200kW method. plant. Fuel Cell Power Heat Pumps Superconductor Power Ceramic Gas Turbine Secondary Battery Generation Applications Technology Development Technology Japan Phosphoric acid --In process of Superconductive electrical (For power Na/S, Zn/Br batteries: fuel cells: Have developing 1,000kW generator: Developing a 7kW generation)Manufacturing Completed development of developed basic heat pump (super heat model superconducting a prototype of a 300kW batteries for a 1,000kW plant pump).For heating generator in line with basic ceramic gas turbine pilot plant (first in technologies. purposes only: 85C, plans for a 200,000kW pilot (TIT 1,200C). the world).Have Will soon COP6-8; For both superconducting commenced development of commercialize a heating and cooling: generator.Superconducting lithium batteries with 500kW or under 7/45C, COP6-8; For magnetic energy storage higher energy density on-site plant. high temperature uses: (SMES) equipment: and longer life than H4 Conducting 150/300C, Developing component batteries.Applications: research aimed COP3.--Chemical heat technologies for 100kW Fixed type (buildings, at accumulator storage homes); mobile uses practicalizing technologies.Heat facilities.Superconducting (electric vehicles). plant | Comprehensive Development of New Sunshine Plan -- Reference Material New Energy Technology Development Committee, Energy Conservation Technology Development Committee and World Environment Technology Development Committee (Reference 2) Analysis of Achievements Contributing Toward the Simultaneous Resolution of Sustained Economic Growth and Energy/Environmental Problems Via the Sunshine and Moonlight Plans. II. Roles of Sunshine and Moonlight Plans in Sparking Related Research on the Part of Industry III. Contributions Toward Increased Technology Stocks and Reduced Costs (Case of Solar Battery R&D) Contributions of the Sunshine/Moonlight Plans Toward Energy Conservation (CO (Reference 3) R&D Trends in Energy/Environmental Technology in the United States and Europe A. Transitions of Government Energy R&D Budgets and Their Breakdowns B. Transition of Government Energy R&D Budgets as a Percentage of GDP C. Transition of Energy-related R&D Budgets as a Percentage of Government R&D Budgets (Supplement) R&D Undertakings in the U.S. Related to Photovoltaic Power Generation. 1. Principle 9 ``Science and Technology'' from the Rio de Janiero Communique of June, 1992 Chapter 9 ``Preservation of the Atmosphere (Global Warming, Acid Rain and Protection of the Ozone Layer)'' Chapter 19 ``Sound Management of Toxic Chemical Substances from an Environmental Standpoint'' Chapter 21 ``Sound Management of Ordinary Waste Materials from an Environmental Standpoint'' |
FBIS3-21200_0 | Language: Japanese Article Type:CSO [Article by Seiji Samukawa, Microelectronics Research Laboratories, NEC Corp.] [Text] Introduction As we enter the age of 0.25 m or below, more accurate etching technology is required. However, this technology is still in large part dependent on empirical factors, hence a scientific approach is difficult. This is because the plasma states and surface reactions are extremely complicated and there are not many means to analyze them. Even though our understanding is insufficient, plasma can be generated relatively easily and a very active state can be produced. However, various equipment using different methods has been introduced, adding to the confusion. Nevertheless, it seems the appropriate time to start discussions and studies for the ultrafine fabrication of 0.25 m and below. This report reviews the items required for etching equipment for 256M DRAMs and beyond. High-Density Plasma Source Most active discussions about etching equipment are related to the plasma source. Previously, a low-pressure, high-density plasma source always referred to ECR plasma. Now, a variety of plasma sources, including helicon-wave and inductive-discharge (Figures 1 and 2) have been developed and introduced in the market. Helicon-wave plasma and inductive-discharge plasma use the RF frequency band at around 10 MHz and do not require a ferromagnetic field, so they can be implemented with compact size and simplified design. On the other hand, they have problems controlling the discharge state due to insufficient understanding of the mechanism of plasma generation. It has also been pointed out that their large-surface electric fields and plasma potentials sputter or etch the walls, influencing the etching characteristic of substrates. On the other hand, with ECR plasma, progress has been made in the analysis of the plasma state and elucidation of the discharge mechanism, and optimization of the plasma state is very advanced. However, the use of microwave and ferromagnetic fields makes the equipment large and complicated. Another problem is the production of abnormal etched shapes on the gate electrodes, as shown in Figure 3, which occurs when electric charge is accumulated on the wafer because the capture rates of electrons and ions with respect to the field are different, such as in the case of the presence of a ferromagnetic field on the wafer.[.sup]1[/] Therefore, with ECR plasma, reduction of the magnetic field on the wafer electrode and size reduction are important topics to be considered. Figure 1. Helicon-Wave Plasma Source (mfd. Plasma Figure 2. Inductive | Equipment To Tackle 256M DRAMs Etching Equipment Usable With 256M DRAM |
FBIS3-21201_4 | it is said that particles of more than one-fifth to one-tenth the minimum fabrication size degrade the device characteristics and decrease yield, the production of particles with diameters of more than 0.05 to 0.02 m should be minimized with 256M DRAMs (0.25 to 0.20 m process). There has been little research on the removal of these particles (residues) in ashing, but the basic orientation may be to use ashing for the removal of organic components (resist) and use a wet process for the removal of inorganic components (metals, etc.), contained in the resist. (It is desirable that ashing turns the inorganic components into a state easily removable by a wet process at the same time as removing the organic components.) Resist removal by the ashing process is specially difficult in cases where the resist is hard to release due to modification after high-dose ion implantation, for example, and in cases where the reaction products attached during etching remain as residues after aluminum etching or gate etching. These examples will be described in detail below. 1. Resist Removal After High-Dose Ion Implantation When high-dose ions are implanted using a positive resist as the mask, the rise in temperature due to ion impact degrades the resist surface, causing a drastic drop in the ashing rate in cases where the ashing is based on oxygen radicals. If ashing is processed at high temperature to increase the ashing rate, a phenomenon in which the resist splits into small pieces (pumping) occurs, and the resist turns into a state in which complete removal is impossible (a state in which oxidation is difficult). Figure 4 [photos not reproduced] shows a cross-sectional SEM micrograph after the pumping of a resist. The pumping is considered to be due to the emission of N[.sup]2[/] or other degases from the lower part of the resist that has not been degraded by high-temperature ashing. The pumping can be prevented by eliminating the gases in the resist by applying UV curing or hard baking to the resist before ion implantation. However, a fine residue is produced in the case of ashing based on oxygen radicals, even after UV curing or hard baking. For the present, such residue is removed by post-cleaning. The most effective method to remove the degenerated layer on the surface is ashing using the reaction with ion impact. It has been reported that H[.sup]2[/]O + H[.sub]2[/] RIE is capable | Equipment To Tackle 256M DRAMs Ashing Equipment Usable With 256M DRAMs |
FBIS3-21202_0 | Language: Japanese Article Type:CSO [Article by Takashi Murakami, Taketo Takahashi, and Yoji Kawasaki, Second LSI Process Development Dept., Mitsubishi Electric Corp.] [Text] Introduction Ion implantation equipment has advanced following the increased density of DRAMs, which are the leading devices fabricated using ultra-large-scale integration. Figure 1 shows the changes in the design rule, wafer size, and ion implantation technology used with each generation of DRAMs. In recent years, oblique rotation implantation equipment has been put to practical use with medium-current machines, and parallel-beam equipment has also been developed. With large-current machines, the electron shower has been improved to reduce charge-up and a high-performance plasma flood gun has been developed. High-energy (up to MeV) ion implanters have passed the R&D stage and are now starting to be used in mass production. In addition to the above, 256M DRAMs with more advanced microminiaturization require the improvement of low-energy implantation performance for the fabrication of shallow junctions. Previous technological trends -- that is the requirements to reduce the particles, contamination and charge-up, and improve implantation accuracy -- will become more severe following the microminiaturization of devices and the increase in wafer size. On the other hand, in actual equipment operation, improvements in the basic performance of production facilities such as automation, higher operating ratios, and easy maintenance will also be important. Figure 1. Different DRAM Generations and Changes in Ion This report describes the requirements of these items from the user perspective for the ion implantation equipment to be used with 256M DRAMs. Low-Energy Implantation Technology for the fabrication of shallow junctions is important for 256M DRAMs with a junction depth of about 0.1 m. Formation of junctions in the particularly shallow p[.sup]+[/] layer is difficult and has been dealt with by BF[.sup]2[/] implantation[.sup]1[/] or pre-amorphizing implantation.[.sup]2,3[/] The BF[.sup]2[/] implantation is advantageous with its possibilities of lowering the virtual acceleration energy and increasing the beam current. However, its use in processes is restricted due to such problems as the roughness of high-melting-point metal surfaces due to fluorine[.sup]4[/] or the segregation of fluorine, which was redistributed during annealing, in residual defects near the interface between the amorphous layer and single crystals.[.sup]5[/] Pre-amorphizing can be achieved by a method using Si or Ge[.sup]2[/] or a method using N[.sup]3[/] but in any case B[.sup]3[/] should be implanted at no more than 10 keV to obtain shallow junctions. However, if implantation energy is decreased using a conventional, electrostatic-scanning-type | Equipment To Tackle 256M DRAMs Ion Implantation Equipment Usable With 256M DRAMs |
FBIS3-21202_6 | longer beam line is advantageous in terms of its lower price but, when equipment size and performance are taken into consideration, the predominant equipment used in the future will be parallel-beam equipment. Basic Performance of Production Facilities Apart from the requirements for 256M DRAM-compatible ion implantation equipment from the viewpoint of process technology as described above, it is also important to improve the basic performance of ion implantation equipment by recognizing that it is a production facility. To improve the operating ratio, what is required is to reduce the failure frequency and to extend the service life of the ion source. Reduction of the failure frequency may not need any explanation. Extension of the service life of the ion source has been attempted by extending filament life, but the implantation capability of recent equipment is often affected by discharges due to contamination inside the ion source as well as the filament life. Future improvements should take this into consideration. While equipment automation has progressed, the error rate in the auto mode is so high that the reliability is not sufficient for use in automated fabrication in the age of the 256M DRAMs. This is not only due to software; errors also occur due to matching errors between software and hardware resulting from deviations in hardware adjustment. A reliable automated hardware/software system is necessary if the industry is to move forward. As for the processing capacity, while the equipment is operating the processing capacity is determined by such factors as wafer transportation, beam set-up, implantation operation and beam shut-down. Of these, the operation which presently takes the most time is automatic beam set-up. This is especially true in the R&D line where continuous processing of several lots using the same implantation condition is rather rare, and much time is required for auto set-up every time the implantation condition is to be changed. Also, as the source condition varies gradually during use, there are cases in which the beam will not start smoothly with the initially set parameters. To allow quick auto-beam start-up regardless of source condition changes in time, a measure such as the provision of learning functions may be necessary. Obviously, there is much room for automation improvement. It is almost needless to mention that for size reduction, operability and equipment safety are important. Recent equipment features better operability in the stationary state thanks to touch-screen input and various monitoring | Equipment To Tackle 256M DRAMs Ion Implantation Equipment Usable With 256M DRAMs |
FBIS3-21203_2 | also important to standardize equipment and components. By making such efforts it will be possible to reduce failure rate and the maintenance time even when the throughput is increased and clustering, which is effective in interface and surface control, is used. There are many problems to be solved in the development of equipment as seen above, and this report discusses the required measures to solve them by enumerating some of the concepts and topics related to the technology for the fabrication of thin films and shallow junctions required to manufacture 256M DRAMs. Annealing Equipment Following the reduction of device size, the formation of shallow junctions and the reduction of the redistribution of impurities are required more urgently than before. Presently, impurities are mainly introduced by ion implantation. However, because activation processing and damage recovery after ion implantation require highly accurate control of temperature, time, and atmosphere, resistance-heating-type electric furnaces currently used are approaching their technical limits. This is because the individual wafers have different thermal hysteresis if they are transported in batches to the electric furnace, and reduction of thermal hysteresis is difficult. RTP (rapid thermal processing) is utilized as the technology for compensating for this limitation of electric furnaces. RTP provides good throughput because it can activate impurities in a short period and it causes little diffusion of impurities as shown in Figure 2.[.sup]1[/] In addition, because of the advantages in its ability to handle wafers with increased size, this technology will be indispensable for manufacturing 256M DRAMs. However, its cold-wall design tends to radiate a great deal of heat from the wafer edges during heating, and uniformity in the wafer plane is difficult to achieve, sometimes causing crystal defects during heating. In addition, while the temperature is in general controlled by observing the infrared rays from the back of the wafer using a pyrometer, the infrared ray emission rate is often variable depending on the condition of the back of the wafer. Although RTP has already been put to practical use in some areas, there are many problems yet to be solved. Figure 2. Results of Experiments and Calculations on Depth RTP equipment has better properties than conventional electric furnaces as described above but, when considering throughput and other factors, the electric furnace is still superior in many processes and it is expected that the use of electric furnaces will continue in the fabrication of wells. The batch-type | Equipment To Tackle 256M DRAMs Oxidation, Diffusion and LP-CVD Equipment Usable With 256M DRAMs |
FBIS3-21203_10 | with often in recent years. Figure 7 shows the difference in oxide-film reliabilities when the oxygen concentration in the nitrogen gas in the furnace is varied.[.sup]10[/] As shown in the figure, the oxide-film quality and reliability vary extensively depending on the oxygen concentration in the furnace. Figure 7. In-Furnace Atmospheric Dependence of Gate-Oxide On the other hand, it has also been reported that, if a wafer with its Si surface exposed experiences a temperature rise or furnace input operation in high-purity nitrogen gas or inert gas, the irregularities on the silicon surface increase and cause deterioration of the electric properties.[.sup]11[/] Such a problem will not occur if a thin-oxide film is formed by irradiating the silicon surface with UV-O[.sup]3[/] before the wafer is input to the furnace.[.sup]11[/] This indicates that the thin-oxide film protects the surface layer. As described above, the electrical properties of oxide film are largely variable depending on furnace input conditions. If core tube-type equipment is used in the mass production of 256M DRAMs, it would be advantageous to solve the problems in furnace input without making the equipment more complicated. It is highly probable that RTP equipment will be applied in the fabrication of gate-oxide film. This is because its cold wall-type structure is expected to be capable of solving the above problems and that problems in throughput may not occur thanks to the gate-oxide film becoming thinner. RTP may also be effective for use in nitrogen-oxide film fabrication because the process gas and temperature can be switched instantaneously. Conclusion In the above, the process technologies required for oxidation, diffusion, and LP-CVD equipment in the 256M DRAM generation, and the problems in the equipment have been described. The process technologies for this generation feature the following five points: 1) interface and surface control; 2) continuous processing; 3) lower temperatures; 4) cleaning technology; and 5) complete control of process parameters. To improve the accuracy of such process technologies, it is important to improve control technology based on the understanding of natural phenomena in the manufacturing equipment. Presently, improvement of process accuracy is being attempted by clustering the manufacturing equipment, as this can remove unstable factors originating from outside the equipment. Clustering of equipment is also expected to improve the throughput due to the omission of processes such as cleaning. Conversely, a major source of worry in clustering is a possible increase in equipment failures due to increased | Equipment To Tackle 256M DRAMs Oxidation, Diffusion and LP-CVD Equipment Usable With 256M DRAMs |
FBIS3-21205_5 | The etch-back process is not necessary when blanket W is used directly for wiring. As seen above, there are several available process combinations, and it is important for the fabrication of multi-layer wiring to select low-cost processes which emphasize productivity. Figure 3. Examples of Multi-Layer Wiring Fabrication On the other hand, the implementation of clustered equipment is an approach for minimizing so-called process dead time by increasing throughput by means of several identical chambers as well as composite processes, the number of chambers based on the processing time of each process. This makes the use of modular chambers important. Figure 4 shows typical examples of the layout of the chambers of clustered equipment.[.sup]11[/] Figure 4. Examples of Chamber Configuration of Clustered Advantages of Clustered Equipment, Future Topics Table 2 shows the advantages of metal CVD, or generally speaking, the clustering of wiring equipment, and future topics. The biggest advantages include the maintenance of the fabricated film surface with high reproducibility, the prevention of contamination, and the reduction of processing time. Table 2. Advantages of Equipment Clustering, Future Topics Advantages Topics Maintenance of deposited surface Prevention of cross-contamination with high reproducibility through between sputtering and CVD vacuum transportation Prevention of foreign matter General reliability of equipment adsorption or contamination through continuous processing Reduction of processing time Soft reliability of composite process required for several processes Reduction of footprint in clean Development of several processes as a room total process Possibility of combining desired Reduction of cost process chambers with a high degree of freedom Increase of throughput It is said that more than 80 percent of the defects with 64M to 256M DRAMs are attributed to particles or metal contamination on the wafer. Particles and contamination are produced in the film-fabrication chambers or during wafer transportation and are influenced by the cleanness of the manufacturing line. In the future, because the environment of the manufacturing line will be "super-clean," particles and contamination will mainly be due to the equipment. It is estimated from the above that more than 90 percent of the drops in yield of 256M DRAM-class products would be due to particles and contamination.[.sup]12[/] In consequence, therefore, the problems in the clustering of equipment will include how to reduce dust production in individual film fabrication chambers and the transportation system. Particularly, with blanket W, if bonded layers are fabricated from sputtered TiN, W film separation from the periphery may | Equipment To Tackle 256M DRAMs Metal CVD Equipment Usable With 256M DRAMs |
FBIS3-21217_0 | Language: Japanese Article Type:CSO [Text] Dowa Mining Co., Ltd. (Dowa Mining), has successfully developed magnesium that is 99.9999 percent (6N or six-nine) pure. Previously the highest purity confirmed with magnesium had been 99.99 percent (4N). Thus, Dowa Mining was able to reduce the amount of impurities to 1/100th of the previously purest metal. Dowa Mining achieved the feat by ingeniously modifying its own metal purification method and by developing the necessary purification facility by itself. Knowing that high-purity magnesium can help improve the performance of the blue semiconductor laser that is under development by electric machine makers, Dowa Mining plans to broadly distribute samples of the new metal. As one can surmise from the fact that magnesium has been used for photographic flash, magnesium is highly reactive with air. Thus, it is more difficult to produce highly pure magnesium than to produce other high-purity metals. That is the reason 4N-purity magnesium had previously been the purest possible. Dowa Mining first designed its own purification facility with a new material to minimize the opportunity for magnesium to react with air, and it optimized temperature conditions for magnesium purification. Furthermore, Dowa Mining made use of previously known metal purification technologies, such as zone melting, chlorides, distillation and electrolysis, as well as added the production technology for gallium arsenide, a compound semiconductor, and developed the new purification method to achieve the 6N purity for magnesium. High-purity magnesium is used with zinc and selenium in the clad layer of the blue semiconductor laser. The blue semiconductor laser has been in the limelight as a next-generation product that major electric machine makers have been trying to develop. Today, the laser is not yet completely developed, as it can emit light only at a low temperature, and intermittently. The new, 6N magnesium is expected to improve the performance of the semiconductor laser. In addition, the high-purity metal provides the additional advantage of permitting laser developers to concentrate only on design improvement without worrying about any flaws in the material. Dowa Mining intends to sell samples of this purest magnesium at ¥30,000 per gram, and the aggressive sales activities will be coordinated with the sales of 6N-pure zinc and selenium. | Dowa Mining Develops Ultra-High-Purity Magnesium, Useful for Blue Semiconductor Laser |
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