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FBIS3-21245_5 | the country.'' At the same time, MITI has launched a substantial expansion of power source regional development policy using the fund from its 1993 budget. Its attraction is the establishment of ``Emergency Subsidy for the Promotion and Establishment of Regional Symbiotic-type Nuclear Power Generation Facility.'' In the past, the position of an electric power company was described as follows: ``In the beginning, there was a power plant.'' The concept of regional symbiotic power plant was developed in an effort to solve the question of ``how a power plant itself can contribute to the well-being of the region involved.'' Moreover, the 1994 budgets of both MITI and Science and Technology Agency (STA) reflect a substantial expansion of their support policies currently being planned. However, since electric power companies are the ones directly responsible for power development, they should not be wholly dependent on government support but rather should actively engage themselves in the promotion of regional development, securing understanding and support of regional self-governing bodies. Construction Will Begin at Higashidori in 1998 Aomori Prefecture's Shimokita Peninsula is located at the northernmost tip of Honshu. Although it is blessed with abundant natural beauty, its winter is extremely severe. Even in summertime, it is not free from hazards of a cold weather when a Yamase wind, a characteristic of the Pacific Coast, blows down from over the mountains for any length of time and reducing the number of hours of dry weather. Because of the decline in coastal fishery, many seek work away from home, thus accelerating the region's depopulation trend. This is about to be changed as the region is transformed into Japan's foremost nuclear power base. First to emerge is Rokkasho Village where nuclear fuel recycling facilities will be constructed. This recycling undertaking, which will become Japan's first commercial facilities, according to Kiyoshi Nozawa, president of Japan Nuclear Fuel, Ltd. (JNF), ``represents a double-edged sword of Japan's nuclear policy--development of nuclear power on one hand and recycling of plutonium on the other.'' It is a huge project in which the electric power industry is pouring its resources, investing a total of ¥1.25 trillion. Inheriting the research result produced by The Power Reactor and Nuclear Fuel Development Corporation (PNC) and purchasing from Mutsu Ogawahara Development Co. a land in Rokkasho Village, measuring approximately 7.4 million square meters in area, JNF launched construction of three types of facilities to deal with uranium enrichment, | Japan's Nuclear Power Plants Update Shimokita Hanto, Aomori Prefecture |
FBIS3-21246_8 | fishing industry to the brink of collapse. This factor was directly responsible for our decision to pursue the plan for nuclear power development. For local residents, construction at Onagawa Nuclear Power Plant site ultimately meant the revitalization of the region. How Japan is going to secure energy is an extremely important question. Who are going to be responsible for securing it and how will this be accomplished? We believe that Tohoku as a region is obligated to do its part. It must take on this responsibility. Would it be possible for us to provide a site for power development, and, at the same time, link this to our regional development plans? All of us gave this matter a serious consideration. However, initially, some residents were reluctant. Since our town is a center of the fishing zone, fishermen put up a strong resistance. The voices of pros and cons whirled around us, each side fighting hard for its cause. It was a good thing we spent a great deal of time talking the matter over, until finally every one had a clear understanding of what the nuclear power development had to offer to the community. We used the means of persuasion and explanation. Because of what both sides learned in the process, we have chosen the course of action which is working well for the community today. NIKKAN KOGYO SHIMBUN: Recently, a theme of ``establishing symbiotic relationship with the region'' is emphasized by those constructing plants. Suda: Looking back, we feel that from the very beginning, our approach was symbiotic. Our role as an energy supply base was compatible with local industry and fisheries. This indeed must be an equal symbiotic relationship. No problem exists between the company and our community. The company and their affiliates are making every effort to be a part of the region by participating town's social work and social circles and they are succeeding. When necessary, I do not hesitate to speak up, and the other side does the same. This is what symbiosis is all about. NIKKAN KOGYO SHIMBUN: What about Three Laws concerning the development of power source? Suda: I feel that it would be better if some restrictions are imposed on them. The present national Three-Law system is too narrow. Although I have no intention of making a request outside the legal framework, since industrial structure and geographical conditions differ from region to | Japan's Nuclear Power Plants Update Onagawa Nuclear Plant Two Projects Planned Following Onagawa and Higashidori Projects |
FBIS3-21249_0 | Language: Japanese Article Type:CSO [Article by Katsuo Katayama] [Text] Introduction As VLSI technology achieves a greater degree of miniaturization and high-density capabilities, users increasingly are demanding improved process technology and equipment which will enhance miniaturization process performance and will improve productivity. Concerning etching techniques and equipment, as a wafer aperture becomes larger, increasingly it becomes difficult to ensure uniformity and to reduce etching damage. In etching process which utilizes ECR plasma, formation of a uniform-particle plasma is essential in solving the problems mentioned above. As the methods of obtaining uniformity in plasma, what have emerged thus far consist of the use of multi-pole magnetic field[.sup]1)[/] in the ECR plasma currently under research, improvement in uniformity of a magnetic field in the direction of wafer surface in the ECR region, and other such methods based on arrangement of a magnetic field.[.sup]2),3)[/] The plasma particle density distribution is dependent not only on arrangement of magnetic fields but also on a microwave's electric field mode. In the vicinity of walls inside the plasma generation chamber, the above-mentioned microwave's electric field has a low-level strength. Moreover, diffusion of the plasma toward its interior walls results in lowering of plasma particle density. Therefore, by keeping walls of a plasma generation chamber away, namely, by enlarging the aperture of the plasma generation chamber, we can maintain the uniform particle density in plasma at the center of the plasma generation chamber involved in etching. This paper will evaluate change in plasma density distribution, caused by the enlargement of a plasma-generating chamber, by measuring ionic current density. Also covered will be a large-aperture diameter ECR plasma etching technology, making a high-aspect ratio etching feasible through the application of the above evaluation result to the process of oxide film etching. ECR Plasma Etching Equipment Figure 1 is a schematic diagram of a divergent magnetic type ECR plasma etching equipment. Microwaves will be introduced into the plasma generating chamber through a tapered waveguide and a granite entry window of the chamber. Around the plasma-generating chamber, 12 multi-pole magnets are attached. The main coil magnetic field has been structured so as to be able to achieve approximate uniformity in the ECR region in the direction of a wafer surface. Moreover, the secondary coil attached to the area surrounding the reaction chamber is structured in such a way that it is possible to print a mirror magnetic field. Figure 1. ECR Etching | Plasma Etching Large Aperture Plasma Etching |
FBIS3-21265_21 | | | | x 28.7YF[.sup]3 | | | | |[/] | | | ----------------------------------------------------------------------------- |YABC |20BaF[.sup]2[/] |430 |105 | | |x 40AlF[.sup]3 | | | | |[/] x 20YF[.sup]| | | | |3[/] x 20CaF | | | | |[.sup]2[/] | | | ----------------------------------------------------------------------------- |SYB |40BaF[.sup]2[/] |360 |50 | | |x 20YF[.sup]3[/]| | | | | x 40ScF[.sup]3 | | | | |[/] | | | ----------------------------------------------------------------------------- |BATYN |18ThF[.sup]4[/] |393 |94 | | |x 18.2BaF[.sup]2 | | | | |[/] x 27.2AlF | | | | |[.sup]3[/] x 9.1| | | | |NaF x 27.2YF[.sup]3| | | | |[/] | | | ----------------------------------------------------------------------------- |TNO |20ThF[.sup]4[/] |242 |91 | | |x 80NaF | | | ----------------------------------------------------------------------------- |TLN 2 |30ThF[.sup]4[/] |250 |79 | | |x 7BaF[.sup]2[/]| | | | | x 45LiF x 7NaF x | | | | |3YF[.sup]3[/] x | | | | |3CaF[.sup]2[/] | | | ----------------------------------------------------------------------------- |PMCFU |45PbF[.sup]2[/] |243 |61 | | |x 17MnF[.sup]2 | | | | |[/] x 35FeF | | | | |[.sup]3[/] x 2A-| | | | |lF[.sup]3[/] x 3| | | | |CaF[.sup]2[/] | | | ----------------------------------------------------------------------------- |CLAP |26.1CdF[.sup]2 |245 |100 | | |[/] x 10LiF x 3| | | | |0.6AlF[.sup]3[/]| | | | | x 33.3PbF[.sup]2 | | | | |[/] | | | ----------------------------------------------------------------------------- |BATYL |18ThF[.sup]4[/] |351 |56 | | |x 18.2BaF[.sup]2 | | | | |[/] x 9.1LiF x | | | | |27.2AlF[.sup]3 | | | | |[/] x 27.3YF | | | | |[.sup]3[/] | | | ----------------------------------------------------------------------------- |BIZYBT |30BaF[.sup]2[/] |324 |123 | | |x 20InF[.sup]3 | | | | |[/] x 20ZnF x 1| | | | |0YbF[.sup]3[/] | | | | |x 10ThF[.sup]4 | | | | |[/] | | | ----------------------------------------------------------------------------- |AlF[.sup]3[/] x |36.6AlF[.sub]3 |425 |89 | |BeF[.sup]2[/] |[/] x 63.4RF | | | | |[.sup]2[/] (R = | | | | |Mg, Ca, Sr, Ba) | | | ----------------------------------------------------------------------------- |AlF[.sup]3[/] x |33.0AlF[.sub]3 |391 |127 | |BeF[.sup]2[/] |[/] x 57.0RF | | | | |[.sup]2[/] x 10-| | | | |BeF[.sup]2[/] | | | ----------------------------------------------------------------------------- |AlF[.sup]3[/] x |27.5AlF[.sub]3 |363 |154 | |BeF[.sup]2[/] |[/] x 47.5RF | | | | |[.sup]2[/] x 25-| | | | |BeF[.sup]2[/] | | | ----------------------------------------------------------------------------- Assuming the reason for the vast improvement in stability of AlF[.sup]3[/] glass with additional BeF[.sub]2[/] lies in its structural properties (three-dimensional atom distribution), its three-dimensional structural properties have been analyzed using molecular dynamics computer | Designing, Searching for New Materials |
FBIS3-21274_0 | Language: Arabic Article Type:BFN [Article by Dr. Ibrahim Dasuqi Abazah] [Excerpt] President Husni Mubarak is very much interested in stability, and has been keen to call on the national forces to defend stability. His Excellency underlined this call in his recent speech at the Police Academy and described at length the dangers facing the country as a result of instability. We do not disagree with the president about the need for stability, and reject any attempt to undermine it. But we fully disagree with the president when he says that terrorism is the only cause of instability and that ending it will lead to stability. This is a simplification of the problem. It disregards the real reasons for and deep roots of the problem. The real reason for instability is not terrorism, but the ruling dictatorship that created terrorism. The bullets were not fired from a vacuum, but due to a painful reality produced by the dictatorship and its bad policies and abnormal actions. Had there been a flourishing economy, social justice, and equality before the law, no crisis would have developed, suffering would not have increased, and corruption would not have spread. All these factors created the atmosphere which led to violence and the spread of terrorism. They established terrorism as the basis for the bloody way of dealing with the ruling authority. Terrorism, if the president would like to know, is not the direct reason for instability, but the natural outcome of the regime's dictatorship. Why confuse cause and effect? Is the purpose of this confusion to prompt the political parties to stand behind the president against terrorism? If this was the purpose, it will only achieve something that already exists, because the parties reject terrorism and have often announced this rejection on every occasion. What more does the president expect from them? Does he expect them to go down on the streets to fight the terrorists? Or does he expect them to find work for every unemployed person? There is a home for every naked person; there is treatment for every sick person; and there is a punishment for every criminal. The opposition can do nothing more than reject terrorism and alert people to its dangers. It will not be able to contain or end terrorism, whatever means it may have, as long as the reason for the problem continues to exist. What is the purpose of | Writer Accuses `Ruling Dictatorship' of Nurturing Terrorism |
FBIS3-21279_3 | such case, nor was it the last. Since then the organization has received several complaints from the families of citizens who died under identical circumstances in police stations, police centers, or in locations that are affiliated with local authorities. The press also featured other similar cases where death had occurred and local authorities, in most cases, had taken no action to respond or comment. Those matters that were brought to the organization's attention most recently have to do with the death of Mustapha Hamzaoui in Khenifra and Abdallah Bentaouet and Mounir Azzag in Tangier. All inquiries sent to the Ministry of Justice, as the governmental authority that is responsible for the office of the attorney general, went unanswered, and none of the cases were turned over to justice, except for the 1989 case of Mr. Ben Khalifa Abderrahman in Ahwaz Marrakech and the 1991 case of Mr. Lamaskam El Hachemi in Casablanca. In those two cases death had occurred as a result of the two victims' being subjected to violence in the public street by public officials. The authorities have always claimed that these cases were suicides and that those who died had hanged themselves. In making such a claim the authorities were relying on medical testimony or reports prepared mostly by physicians who are not forensic physicians and unaccompanied by a sanctioned attendance roster. And yet, most of the medical documents that were examined by attorneys or by the organization do not always categorically rule out that violence or torture was used on the victims. Also, the physicians who were charged with performing autopsies were not always independent, nor did they observe the principles of medical ethics. Furthermore, the suicide story was often contradicted by identical evidence that pertained to the material circumstances of the case (the method used to commit suicide, the characteristics of the building where the detainee was being held, and the limited period of time during which the person was detained: between a few hours and two days). The suicide story was also contradicted by the absence of clear motives for suicide. That is why we find that families were always rejecting the official story. And yet it seems that most of the cases in which death had occurred under suspicious circumstances while a person was in custody or was being detained were closed after the office of the attorney general conducted what was merely | Human Rights Group Report on Prison Deaths [Unattributed article: "Moroccan Organization for Human Rights Publishes Report on Those Who Died While in Government's Custody; More Than 17 Deaths in the Government's Police Stations and Dungeons Because of Mistreatment, Torture; Cases Were Not Properly Investigated"] |
FBIS3-21279_4 | the authorities were relying on medical testimony or reports prepared mostly by physicians who are not forensic physicians and unaccompanied by a sanctioned attendance roster. And yet, most of the medical documents that were examined by attorneys or by the organization do not always categorically rule out that violence or torture was used on the victims. Also, the physicians who were charged with performing autopsies were not always independent, nor did they observe the principles of medical ethics. Furthermore, the suicide story was often contradicted by identical evidence that pertained to the material circumstances of the case (the method used to commit suicide, the characteristics of the building where the detainee was being held, and the limited period of time during which the person was detained: between a few hours and two days). The suicide story was also contradicted by the absence of clear motives for suicide. That is why we find that families were always rejecting the official story. And yet it seems that most of the cases in which death had occurred under suspicious circumstances while a person was in custody or was being detained were closed after the office of the attorney general conducted what was merely an administrative procedure. No judicial investigation was conducted in those cases, and even the few that were investigated did not end up in court. And yet, Morocco's penal code penalizes acts of violence committed by individuals, whoever they might be. And 14 years ago, the Moroccan state ratified the international convention on civil and political rights that renounces all forms of torture. In fact, it was recently, on 21 June 1994, that Morocco signed an agreement against torture and other forms of harsh, inhumane, or degrading treatment or punishment. The organization had welcomed a review of the criminal guidelines that went into effect two years ago. These include some mechanisms to protect people from torture during the course of an interrogation. It seems that this measure and the instructions that accompanied it contributed to a reduction in the practice of torture, which, according to the testimony of many, occurred quite frequently until the end of 1990. It has been noticed, nevertheless, that some public officials are still practicing torture. That was established in the courts in the cases of those citizens who were arrested in Bouznika during the June 1993 parliamentary elections, and it is also evident in the cases | Human Rights Group Report on Prison Deaths [Unattributed article: "Moroccan Organization for Human Rights Publishes Report on Those Who Died While in Government's Custody; More Than 17 Deaths in the Government's Police Stations and Dungeons Because of Mistreatment, Torture; Cases Were Not Properly Investigated"] |
FBIS3-21279_8 | public authorities, the national office of the Moroccan Organization for Human Rights is demanding [the following]: 1. 1. That the Ministry of Justice announce to the public the measures that are being taken by the judicial authorities, and specifically, by the competent district attorneys, on all the issues raised in this report; 2. That a fair judicial investigation be conducted in accordance with the law. Since the facts of this case are not old, an investigation cannot be impeded by the fact that a decision to close the case was made by the office of the attorney general; 3. That every officer in the judicial police or in the security forces against whom there is evidence that he became engaged in torturing a prisoner who was in his custody be taken to a duly qualified court of law where he may be duly tried in accordance with the requirements of the penal code. The same would apply to one who used unjustifiable violence in the public street. 4. That the courts award the victims' families the compensation to which they are entitled. The National Office of the Moroccan Organization for Human Rights protests all forms of evading punishment that run counter to the notion of a law and order state. Evading punishment also runs counter to our country's international commitments and violates the protection clause for individuals' fundamental rights. Proper application of the law against those who engage in torture is an unavoidable requirement for the elimination of a terrible practice that was too often used during preliminary investigations. Torture was even sometimes practiced outside those preliminary investigations. The practice of torture is an unacceptable violation of a person's right to life, his right to be free from bodily harm, and his right to dignity. A List of Victims from 1989 to 1993 Yaagoubi Abeljalil, in Ouarzazate, 1989; Bouizzat El Kharaz, in Boujaad, 1989; Abdessalam El Ouahabi, in Larache, 1989; El Arabi El Cherat, Sidi-Slimane, 1989; Abderrahim Ben Khalifah, Marrakech, 1989; Belghiti Moulay Ali in Casablanca, 1989; Habaysa El Talebi, in Azilal, 1989; Adali Ali, in Ouezzane, 1990; El Touati Idris, in Er Rachidia, 1991; Lamiskam El Hachemi, in Casablanca, 1991; Benmouh Mohamed Benabdelkader, in Rabat, 1991; Hadri Hamida, in Taourirt, 1991; El Nouaimi Mohamed, in Rabat, 1992; Mustapha El Hamzaoui, in Khenifra, 1993; Bentaouet Abdallah, in Tangier, 1993; Mounir Azzag, in Tangier, 1993. We will try to publish details | Human Rights Group Report on Prison Deaths [Unattributed article: "Moroccan Organization for Human Rights Publishes Report on Those Who Died While in Government's Custody; More Than 17 Deaths in the Government's Police Stations and Dungeons Because of Mistreatment, Torture; Cases Were Not Properly Investigated"] |
FBIS3-21299_1 | It went into effect with the Histadrut's signing of the agreement last weekend. The key clauses of the plan provide for worker layoffs with limited compensation to be paid by Mavtakhim, the Histadrut's insurance company. As if the sweeping dismissals were not enough, the workers have stated their willingness to take pay cuts of 15 percent by giving up the salary raises and cost of living increases that every Israeli employee is to receive this year. Another clause, which is considered essential to the recovery plan, grants IAI's management greater authority to transfer workers according to production needs among the various factories as they arise. This employee transfer clause was one of the main sticking points during the contacts and negotiations between the sides. People are now wondering whether the plan will save Israel's aircraft industry or give it some breathing room in the continuing world crisis that is putting red ink on the account books of most of the world's aircraft corporations. The threat presented by the crisis still hangs over IAI's skies. The industry's good times lie in the past; those days, when more than 24,000 workers were employed, will not return. The workers, too, know that; that is why they are willing to give up some of their take-home pay. More than a few of the workers who were destined to receive pink slips have already left the country, many of settling in South Africa or America's Silicon Valley. Others, who still have years to go before they can leave on pension, have taken early retirement on the promise of modest compensation. Yet there exists among the workers laid-off a segment that does not want to accept the judgment; it is a good bet that the "workshop quiet" will be shattered. As a general matter, however, the recovery plan for this major industry is becoming a concrete fact on the hope that IAI will learn to get back on its feet, and even open its doors to new markets, or adopt modern work techniques with new market shares both here and abroad. The success of IAI's recovery plan is of major importance for other Israeli businesses, including the military industry, that have sunk into crisis. As the upheaval in them persists, more than a few of those leading the fight for employees seek to rely on facets of IAI's recovery plan. Even so, the government has poured | Analysis of Aircraft Industry Reform Program |
FBIS3-21303_0 | Language: Arabic Article Type:CSO [Article by Ashraf al-Faqi, in Surt: "Foreign Minister 'Umar al-Muntasir: `Proposals to End Lockerbie Crisis'"] [Text] Mr. 'Umar al-Muntasir, the secretary of the People's Bureau for Foreign Liaison & International Cooperation--the Foreign Minister--has announced new Libyan proposals aimed at finding a solution to the Lockerbie crisis, with Western sources in Libya saying, in a statement to AL-HAYAH, that "the crucial thing is not proposals, but Tripoli's compliance with Security Council Resolution 731." In a press conference held yesterday in the city of Surt, al-Muntasir asked the United States, France, and Britain to help his country put an end to the Lockerbie crisis, as the result of the "severe harm" done to its economy. He expressed his consent to a trial of the suspects in the Lockerbie case, 'Abd-al-Basit al-Miqrahi and al-Amin Khalifah Fuhaymah, by Scottish judges in any third country (other than the United Kingdom or United States) agreeable to the three countries. He accused the American administration of playing the role of bully in the Security Council. He said that it was putting pressure on all the countries, including France, and not even sparing Dr. Butrus-Ghali, secretary general of the United Nations. He added that his country had adopted an Egyptian proposal last November that demanded the handing over of the suspects to France through the Arab-Maghreb Union, adding that France had rejected this proposal due to American pressure. "It is not just," he said, "for the Americans to reject our efforts to find a solution." He renewed his refusal to turn over the suspects to the United States or Britain, because they would then "not be able to defend themselves." He said that, if the accused were to surrender themselves voluntarily to these countries, "all they would have to do is to give their names, for them to be found guilty." Al-Muntasir called on Germany and Italy to help Libya in its efforts to find a solution that "respects Libyan sovereignty," given that Germany is a "partner" in the Lockerbie case, as the flight of the Pan American aircraft that blew up over Scotland had begun in Frankfort. Al-Muntasir accused Arab governments of failing to achieve reconciliation, and demanded that their peoples find a way to conciliate, especially as "these governments wasted a basic opportunity to develop" when the price of a barrel of oil was $40. He disclosed that his country is in | Libya Prepared To Live Without Its Oil |
FBIS3-21311_2 | words, "mediate") the problem if desired by the two sides. The debate over the possible scrapping of the Pressler Amendment is summed up thus: "Another U.S. policy that is likely to provoke regional opposition but remain unchanged is the suspension of U.S. aid to Pakistan. The 1985 Pressler Amendment to U.S. law requires that aid to Pakistan be withheld unless the U.S. President can certify that Islamabad does not possess nuclear weapons capability. The Bush administration revoked Pakistan's certification in 1990, and the aid cutoff has remained in effect ever since. Although the Clinton White House indicated in 1993 an interest in removing `country-specific' language from the foreign aid law to allow presidential discretion in such decisions, the principle that underlines the Pressler Amendment continues to be upheld. As a result, the aid cutoff can be expected to continue until Pakistan's nuclear programme ceases to be of international concern." Priority for non-proliferation: Citing Mr. Clinton's address to the U.N. General Assembly that he had "made non-proliferation one of our nation's highest priorities," the review describes how that official message was brought home during an October State Department briefing, with the statement that the United States was "particularly concerned" about the proliferation of weapons of mass destruction in regions such as South Asia. "We have ongoing, senior-level discussions on this issue with the Governments of Pakistan and India and we will continue to urge both Governments to undertake direct, high-level discussions on this and other issues dividing them, including Kashmir." Among the "good news" were the decision by India and Pakistan to resume official talks and the elections in the two countries, according to the official document. The Pakistani elections, according to the review, were widely hailed as having been the freest and fairest in its history with some observers suggesting that the process may have given birth to a genuine two-party system. The significance of the Assembly elections in India was spelt out thus: "Hindu-Muslim tensions heated up with the December 1992 destruction by Hindu nationalists of the historic mosque of Ayodhya, and riots which left hundreds dead. Tensions were further heightened by a bomb attack in downtown Bombay and the siege by Indian security forces of the sacred Hazratbal mosque in Kashmir, where Muslim militants had barricaded themselves. Those and other events led many to predict that Indian politics would become increasingly fractious and polarised by religious extremism. Instead, | South Asia Policy Ostensibly Unchanged Under Clinton |
FBIS3-21313_3 | for Iraq, Libya, Cuba or North Korea in Washington, or, for that matter, Moscow, in its earlier incarnation. In India's own case, shortly after independence when New Delhi was yet to be regarded as a "Soviet ally" by Washington, nothing that the powerful world personality of Nehru projected could persuade the United States to back the development of the public sector in this country, though both nations saw each other as civilised democracies. It is doubtful if lobbyists would have succeeded where Nehru had failed. It would not be unfair to the American lobbyists to suggest that their most notable successes lie on the domestic agenda. Lobby firms make it a practice of donating funds to election campaigns of politicians, and this is a key strength in their dealings on Capital Hill. Lobbyists (against India) also do well when constituencies of politicians include Khalistanis, PoK [Pakistan Occupied Kashmir] expatriates, or Pakistanis in useful numbers. But in the final analysis they work out best for an overseas client when American policy goals converge with the brief a lobbyist is handed. It is not clear what brief India expects its lobbyist in Washington to handle. Is it the economy and the flow of private foreign capital and business? Boot on other leg: The boot is on the other leg, really. Were the Americans themselves not lobbying India hard at the highest level for decades for a change in its economic structure so that U.S. business interest could be attracted? And when this did begin to happen, did American business not show a keen interest? That was well before a lobbyist was retained. Can India realistically look to a lobbyist to get it past the U.S. establishment on NPT [Nonproliferation Treaty], or the Kashmir question, or human rights, especially when these are centre-stage for policy-framers in Washington? Unfortunately, these cannot be achieved through hired retainers, but through national will, and skilful and augmented diplomacy. China presents a striking example of this. Recent visitors from the United States have suggested that the American executive and the legislature are crowded with men and women who have spent time in this country as Peace Corps volunteers, and a large number of them still see India through friendly eyes. Has the embassy in Washington, for a start, even sought to tap a natural reservoir of goodwill such as this, before rushing into lobbies of the image-building industry? | Unease Over Hiring Lobbyists in United States |
FBIS3-21329_1 | with European and American giants. The aim of the review of cross-media ownership rules is to ensure the survival of domestic TV production companies and strengthen them in their "assault" on rapidly expanding "global media markets." The BBC chief has already started talking of the BBC as "an empire without frontiers." But the review has raised basic concerns about plural sources of information in a democracy and about protecting readers/viewers. Dr Rao's panel hopes to examine these issues, promote debate and suggest policy because the government seems to be a "helpless spectator," as he put it. His comments about women and teachers being most concerned about the impact of TV is borne out by what is happening in Bombay. At least three schools in one Bombay suburb alone have been looking for counsellors recently because teachers are unable to tackle the problems students now face. In one school where the principal got the parents-teachers association involved in the proposal, there was stiff resistance from the men who felt that parents would not co-operate "because no one wants to discuss family problems with an outsider." It was the women present who asserted themselves, overruled the men and passed the proposal because, as one of them put it, "it is we who bear the brunt of what is happening, not the men who are too busy at work." Dr Rao said he was looking for volunteers in different parts of the country not connected with advertising to be involved with the panel on an honorary basis. Technology was changing social behaviour. Children were making crank calls or using the telephone to call sex and astrology services advertised on Star TV, out of curiosity, not realising these were international calls. In one girls' school in a middle-class suburb here, tenth standard children are being encouraged by their peers to have a "boyfriend." Those who say their parents will not allow them are told, "Don't worry, we'll get you a telephone friend." Those who do not have a phone at home find the telecom centres that have spouted out everywhere convenient to call their "telefriends." Parents are alarmed because "we do not even know who is at the other end of the line." Dr Rao said he first toyed with the idea of a mass media panel seven years ago when he set up a national council of TV viewers in 18 towns. Most | Plans Implemented for Social Audit of Mass Media |
FBIS3-21347_3 | like South Korea, Taiwan, Singapore, Malaysia, etc. We should also not fail to mention the important fact that inflation rates in our country are still reasonable, compared with many developing nations. The state has participated in stabilizing consumer goods through guiding public expenditures and organizing imports, as well as various means of support offered to local merchants. Causes of Income Reduction ['UKAZ] How can the Kingdom maintain its strong economic position and continue spending on construction, growth, development, and modernization, despite the burdens that have resulted from the Gulf war disaster and despite the falling oil prices? [Al-Mu'ammar] You mentioned two important matters in your question: the falling oil prices of the past 10 years, specifically 1983-1993, and the consequences stemming from the Gulf war. Both of these are problems that the Kingdom cannot deal with alone. On the contrary, international efforts through the organization of oil exporting nations known as OPEC, of which there are 12 permanent member states today, including the Kingdom, are being made to draw up production and pricing policies for the member states. However, in the middle eighties, we noted the difficulty OPEC had managing production and pricing policies by itself. This was because of many important factors including: 1. Increased oil production by countries outside of OPEC. Britain increased its oil production to 700,000 barrels per day [bpd] during 1993. Russia's production also increased to 1.6 million barrels during the same year, i.e., an increase estimated at 20 percent over the previous year, in view of its need for hard currency to support its economy. 2. Energy strategies followed in countries belonging to the International Energy Agency, which has made Paris its headquarters. Perhaps the most important of these strategies is the increase of strategic oil storage by industrial states, estimated at 4.5 billion barrels in the early nineties. World production of oil did drop slightly to 59.6 million bpd in 1993, as a result of reduced demand for refined products in those countries. 3. World economic stagnation in major industrial nations, such as Japan and Europe, and its ramifications on the world's demand for oil. Economic growth rates were relatively low; they are increasing only 1 to 1.5 percent annually in the best of conditions. 4. Divisions within OPEC nations themselves, either because of political conflicts like the Iraq-Iran War in the eighties; the Gulf war in 1990, resulting in the liberation of | Economist on Foreign Debt, Strength of Economy |
FBIS3-21348_14 | Arabia, which used to import 100 percent of its electrical cables, now exports about 30 percent percent of its electrical cable production? We will gradually set up more industries in order to reach the stage of self-sufficiency in a well-researched and scientific manner. [Al-Qaysi] Electricity still has not reached a number of villages in Saudi Arabia. How does Your Excellency explain this, especially in emergency cases? [Al-Zamil] Saudi Arabia lived through an emergency--the Gulf war--which could be considered to have been an extremely difficult circumstance. In that emergency, Saudi Arabia proved how strong its basic utilities were, whether electricity, telephones, or other utilities. Electricity was never cut off during the war, but rather was available wherever it was needed. As for the matter of providing electricity for all villages and agricultural settlements, the fact is that more than 92 percent of all of Saudi Arabia's cities, villages, and agricultural settlements have power. Right now we have a program called the "generator program." It is by means of this program that some remote agricultural settlements are borrowing electricity generators that belong to the Ministry. This program actually has to deal with great difficulties, because it is hard for the parties who borrow the generators to operate and maintain them, and this results in a lot of problems. Definite conditions are attached to obtaining the generators. Any agricultural settlement using a generator has to have at least 20 residences and some basic institutions such as schools or a mosque. These generators are distributed according to need and priorities, and not every request can be complied with in a short period of time. [Al-Qaysi] How has Saudi Arabia been able to maintain its strong economy in spite of the fact that it has had to deal with numerous crises, including such things as the brutal Iraqi invasion of Kuwait and the sharp decline in oil prices, and in spite of the fact that the process of growth, development, and modernization is still going on and requires certain well-thought-out expenditures? [Al-Zamil] In fact, the Saudi economy has gone through various phases and has met with obstacles. We had, for example, the Iraqi invasion of Kuwait and the consequences of this brutal invasion. Saudi Arabia had very great commitments to contend with as a result of this invasion that called for total expenditures of billions of dollars. These commitments directly affected the nation's economy and | Minister on Manufacturing, Investment, Exports |
FBIS3-21351_2 | economic growth declined in the 24 OECD [Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development] states from 1.5 percent in 1992 to 1.1 percent in 1993; in the United States from 2.4 percent to 1.5 percent; and in Japan from 1.5 percent to 0.5 percent. - Confirm, at the highest official level, the stable value of the national currency, the Saudi riyal, which the state has not devalued as several other nations have. That Royal Majestic confirmation by the King will play a fundamental role in strengthening the national economy and in maintaining the confidence it has earned over the year. - Underscore confidence in the private sector and its growing role in attaining development plan objectives. By casting it into the leading role to carry out projects, the private sector will be inspired to attain more objectives, especially as the state's appreciation of and confidence in businessmen begets more giving and loyalty to the motherland. - Continued state support of development projects. In contrast with other budgetary appropriations, allocations for development funds were only very imperceptibly lowered this year by no more than 2.5 percent. They stand at 7.8 billion riyals [R] compared with R8 billion in last year's budget. This is a fundamental factor and a strong incentive for the continued blossoming of the private sector and for encouraging citizens to invest in development projects with soft loans they secure from those funds. - The stability of prices in the Kingdom, despite the increase in world prices, means that the standard of living will continue at its high level. The cost of living in the final month of 1993 was only 1.8 percent higher than the same month a year earlier--a very small increase. The chairman of the Council of Saudi Chambers and of the Riyadh Chamber of Commerce and Industry emphasized that the Saudi economy, with all its sectors and segments, is capable of persevering; nay, of taking off to achieve more growth. There is no better proof of that than its success in competently and efficiently handling the crises it has encountered, especially the oil price crisis in the early eighties and the Iraqi invasion of Kuwait crisis and its aftermath in the early nineties. Less Dependence on Oil Dr. 'Abdallah al-Hamad, managing-director of the Arab Institute for City Development, said that the three royal decrees, the remarks of the Custodian of the Two Holy Mosques, and the | Economists, Businessmen Discuss 1994 Budget |
FBIS3-21356_7 | and Mexico, as well as the manufacture of automobile components in Taiwan, South Korea, Mexico, Thailand, and India). In summation, this part of international subcontracting leads to an increased dependency on foreign countries, technologically, financially, and commercially, with the accompanying weakening of the ties between local economic sectors. Machine Tools This is based on tools or capital goods, chiefly electrical and non-electrical tools. Machine tools fall into the subsector of non-electrical tools, chiefly tools producing chemical goods, machine tools, wood manufacturing tools, foodstuff preparation tools, agricultural tools and engines, and building and construction tools. The major industries necessary for these are the iron and steel industry and the engineering industries, including electrical and non-electrical tools. And so subcontracting has spread in this industry, with the machine tool industry divided into two broad sections, one of which is metal parts tools and the other being metal shaping tools. Parts tools accounted for 75 percent of global production of machine tools, and according to the nature of the use, there are multi-use tools, multi-purpose tools, universal machines, and special-purpose machines. It is clear that the first is used in several industries such as delivery equipment, heating and cooling equipment, and others, while the second in basic, agricultural industries. For example, if we wished to produce a certain tool or device, we must manufacture parts by thermal treatment of iron, steel, and other materials. The assembly of these parts follows. After the manufacture of the parts by machine tools, the most important parts of the manufacturing process, both in terms of manufacturing steps or the workshop, forms the basis of a mechanized society. No manufactured commodity comes out of the foundry, turning, screening, metal working, and surface stamping and coating processes. If you have mastered industrial operations, you are able to produce whatever commodity you want. Research, Planning, and Industrialization Units This is the third axis of development and the technological development of small industries. The core of manufacturing is industrial operations, and the heart of industrial operations is the building of production equipment, or the making of capital goods or equipment. The joint equipment components are: motors, generators, energy, control and measuring devices, metal and non-metal frameworks. To do this, one must have a prior concept of each one, as an integrated system, an automated system, capable of being assimilated into the major system, which is the production line in the factory. | Study Recommends Small Industry Saudization |
FBIS3-21356_12 | of dates, and storing vegetables. What encourages this is the fact that the small industry profits do not depend upon long-term production, meaning that they can produce some seasonal commodities for local sale. 5. Small industries in the Kingdom play a significant role in procuring and adapting to technology in some specialized fields. So international companies might be more prepared to transfer technology to small-scale industrial companies, which do not threaten their stake in regional markets, as would be the case with large industries. The best example of this is what is occurring in the electronics industries and personal accounts, and the medical instruments industry. 6. There are a number of traditional and artisan industries which are still widespread in the Kingdom, such as the manufacture of cloaks, veils, and ceramics, whose production requires uncomplicated methods which, to a large extent, suit the capabilities and capacities of small sectors. Thus the best way of preserving these industries is to see that small industries produce them. 7. Small industries, because of the small scale of investment in them, may be owned by family members or local individuals, as it preserves the extended family system, which is one of the good traits of Saudi society, and becomes more important when we realize that social values and cultural traditions are priceless. They are a trait of personality, or national identity. 8. Self-sufficiency in some commodities is still low, despite the availability of production elements for most of these commodities, thus providing investment opportunities for small industries. 9. The performance level of the free economies influence, to a large degree, global economic changes, and possibly small industries--through the flexibility they enjoy--can resist the fluctuations in economic conditions, adapting better to market conditions, compared to large industries, with the expansion of the small industry base in the Kingdom. This can gain the Saudi economy the ability to withstand global economic upsets. The Problems of Small Industries Despite the economic distinctions and characteristics and the role played by small industries in the economy of any country, the severity and effect of these problems are greater and harsher for small industries, compared to large ones. These problems might result from the nature of small industries themselves, or of the general environment in which the small industries function. A glance at the small industries in the Kingdom permits us to learn some of the most important problems they | Study Recommends Small Industry Saudization |
FBIS3-21358_0 | Language: Arabic Article Type:CSO [Article by A. Karim: "Rabah Kebir Persona Non Grata in Germany"] [Text] According to a statement issued yesterday in Bonn, Rabah Kebir will be forbidden to engage in any political activity on German soil. The German foreign minister announced that Kebir had made public statements about Algerian political matters in a manner conflicting with the foreign policy of the German Federal Republic and endangering Germany's interests. The German Foreign Ministry statement added that the situation in Algeria was disturbing. Many assassinations of foreigners had been reported. The danger to foreigners in Algeria, continued the statement, had real effects on German citizens. The German Foreign Ministry indicated that Kebir had requested political asylum some time ago. The declaration forbidding him to engage in political activity on German soil follows the statement that AGENCE FRANCE-PRESSE carried quoting from a close associate of Kebir, the head of the FIS' [Islamic Salvation Front] provisional executive body overseas. The statement, made in the name of this body, announced that in the period between 26 and 31 January, 45 persons had been killed by armed groups in Algeria. The source close to Kebir said that the executive body was announcing these assassinations but not claiming credit for them. The announcement forbidding Kebir to engage in his political activities, including contacts with FIS partisans and statements to the press, will be made by the interior minister of the state of North Rhine-Westphalia, who made the request to the German federal foreign minister. Kebir has made the state of North Rhine-Westphalia his headquarters since 6 September of last year. Last Saturday, German Chancellor Helmut Kohl made an appeal to Europeans in which he indicated that a fundamentalist regime might come to power and that this would represent an immediate danger to the Mediterranean basin. Referring to the influence of the Algerian Islamists, the German chancellor added that the missiles that Iraq launched against Israel and Saudi Arabia during the Gulf war could be refurbished and placed in other countries. Following these changes in the official German position on the presence of Algerian Islamists in Germany, German authorities are expected soon to announce a decision forbidding Kebir from engaging in political activities. If his request for political asylum is rejected, he may be asked to leave German territory. One should bear in mind that his German residence card has almost expired. Rabah Kebir, 36 years | Germany Restricts Kebir's Political Activity |
FBIS3-21365_4 | percent; those allocated to Health, by 77.1 percent. ------------------------------------------------------------------------------- |Table 1 - Increase in Budgets of Social Services (Operations and Investments)| ------------------------------------------------------------------------------- | |Education (Billion Dirha-|Health (Billion Dirhams) | | |ms) | | ------------------------------------------------------------------------------- |1988 |9.448 |1.721 | ------------------------------------------------------------------------------- |1989 |10.627 |1.737 | ------------------------------------------------------------------------------- |1990 |11.803 |2.082 | ------------------------------------------------------------------------------- |1991 |12.093 |2.161 | ------------------------------------------------------------------------------- |1992 |14.229 |2.777 | ------------------------------------------------------------------------------- |1994 |14.950 |3.048 | ------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Mr. Saadi goes on: "Another indicator of the negative impact of the SAP on the growth of productive forces is the stagnation of the investment rate" (Ratio of the GFCF [gross fixed capital formation] to the GDP: 22.2 percent in 1980; 23 percent in 1985; and 23 percent in 1992)." [punctuation marks as published] Compared with the statistics published by the Ministry of Planning ("Morocco in Figures"), these figures are not accurate. Here are the figures we found (in current dirhams: Table 2 - GFCF and GDP Increases (Billion Dirhams) GFCF GDP Ratio 1980 14.767 70.024 21% 1985 24.724 119.658 20.7% 1990[.sup]1[/] 51.179 207.876 24.6% 1992 55.804 242.448 23% [.sup]1.[/] For information only. The GDP increased by 246 percent in 12 years, and the GFCF by 278 percent. Let us overlook "the SAP low impact" on agriculture (although "by eliminating subsidies for fertilizer and seed, it furthered a production cost increase"). Note that the 1994 Finance Law eliminates the PFI [import tax levy] and the value-added tax on fertilizer. As for the processing industry, "it is still handicapped by its low integration level, the uneven development of its branches, and it strong dependence on foreign suppliers of capital goods and inputs (raw materials, intermediate products), and its reorientation toward foreign markets was not enough to offset the negative impact of the shrinking domestic market; all this accounts for the low industrial growth rate experienced during the last 10 years (3.8 percent during the eighties, and 2.5 percent from 1990 to 1992)." Let us take another look at the GDP figures (in constant dirhams) for the industry, during the nineties: 1990: DH40,284.2 million; 1991: DH42,845.1 million; 1992: DH45,015.1 million. Let us say it again: The industrial growth rate was 6.35 percent in 1991, and 5.1 percent in 1992, in constant dirhams, which is far more than the results quoted by Mr. Saadi who, still with the same bias, goes on to consider the foreign debt problem. Here is what he has to say: "Although the SAP was | Impact of Structural Adjustment Policy Questioned |
FBIS3-21365_5 | agriculture (although "by eliminating subsidies for fertilizer and seed, it furthered a production cost increase"). Note that the 1994 Finance Law eliminates the PFI [import tax levy] and the value-added tax on fertilizer. As for the processing industry, "it is still handicapped by its low integration level, the uneven development of its branches, and it strong dependence on foreign suppliers of capital goods and inputs (raw materials, intermediate products), and its reorientation toward foreign markets was not enough to offset the negative impact of the shrinking domestic market; all this accounts for the low industrial growth rate experienced during the last 10 years (3.8 percent during the eighties, and 2.5 percent from 1990 to 1992)." Let us take another look at the GDP figures (in constant dirhams) for the industry, during the nineties: 1990: DH40,284.2 million; 1991: DH42,845.1 million; 1992: DH45,015.1 million. Let us say it again: The industrial growth rate was 6.35 percent in 1991, and 5.1 percent in 1992, in constant dirhams, which is far more than the results quoted by Mr. Saadi who, still with the same bias, goes on to consider the foreign debt problem. Here is what he has to say: "Although the SAP was supposed to settle the foreign debt issue once and for all and restore Morocco's solvency, it appears that, after 10 years of structural adjustment, the foreign debt level remains particularly high ($21.3 billion in 1992). Certainly, the foreign debt/GDP ratio declined from 97 percent in 1983 to 78 percent in 1992, but the debt still places a burden on the State budget and on the balance of payment, and we should expect this burden to increase, as Morocco decided that, starting in 1993, it would no longer reschedule its foreign debt (as an example, it is expected that 19 percent of all the 1994 State budget resources will be earmarked to cover the foreign debt, which represents a considerable reduction of the resources available to stimulate the economy and start solving social problems)." Mr. Saadi probably imagined that the objective of the SAP was to obliterate the foreign debt. Actually, it was to enable Morocco to honor its signature. It did so, which greatly enhanced its credibility and the confidence it inspires in investors. Certainly, the debt is a heavy burden, and if we listened to Mr. Saadi, who denounces "the drop in public investments" during the eighties, it would | Impact of Structural Adjustment Policy Questioned |
FBIS3-21367_4 | and that his train of thought is affected if he takes part in a long conversation or in a public event that requires one to stand and concentrate for a long time. Feeling of Exhaustion In a press interview in the wake of the incident, al-Turabi said that he felt exhausted. Moreover, the physician who treated him at Civic Hospital in Canada told the court which considered Hashim Badr-al-Din's case last year that the patient (al-Turabi) had not regained his normal condition when he left the hospital. On top of this, the medical report that was submitted to the court noted that al-Turabi may need treatment in a "special unit" in the United States or Switzerland to regain his fitness. It is not known to date whether al-Turabi has received such special treatment, keeping in mind that he has not visited the United States since the Ottawa incident and that it has not been announced or learned that he has visited Switzerland since that date, even though rumors were circulated in Sudanese circles last year about a "secret visit" al-Turabi made to Switzerland. Extent of Injuries Al-Turabi (62) suffered a brain concussion, lost his speech ability, and experienced extreme weakness on the right side of his body as a result of the incident. A Canadian police officer is reported to have said in the wake of the incident that the blow al-Turabi received from Badr-al-Din did not cause much damage and that the main injury resulted when al-Turabi's head collided with the ground when he fell. That collision caused a nearly two-inch long wound on the right side of the back of his head. The wound did not need to be surgically stitched but it caused a brain concussion, which began as minor but intensified by the third day, according to the report of Dr. Vasco da Silva, the physician who treated al-Turabi at Civic Hospital. Before the court considering Badr-al-Din's case, da Silva described al-Turabi's injuries as follows: "The injuries can be described as three parts: al-Turabi suffered a superficial wound to the scalp, and this is the first part. The second part is the slight concussion which basically manifests itself in a passing or transient loss of consciousness lasting between 15 to 20 minutes. The more serious injury, which represents the third part, was suffered in what can be characterized as a brain concussion. "As a result of | Update on Al-Turabi's Health Head Injury Effects |
FBIS3-21367_12 | could produce adverse results and reflect the regime as a regime experiencing void or weakness because of al-Turabi's absence. 'Ali 'Uthman's argument did not convince the NIF's "old generation" who saw that 'Uthman was trying to gain sole control of the decisionmaking and to succeed al-Turabi "even while he is still alive." The feelings of annoyance among the ranks of the "old generation" began to appear in what this generation's men said in their private sessions. Some of them talked about endeavors by 'Ali 'Uthman to marginalize others and about 'Uthman's efforts to gain control of affairs and to impose his tendencies on the NIF and on the regime. It is to be noted that the majority of the Sudanese speak of 'Ali 'Uthman as the planning head behind the 30 June 1989 coup and as the real director of numerous domestic affairs, especially since al-Turabi is inclined to devote a large part of his time to working and planning with the other movements connected with the NIF in the region. It has been noticed that since the assault on al-Turabi, 'Ali 'Uthman has begun to figure more prominently in the political arena, has begun to assume ministerial positions, and has begun to expand his powers and to enlarge the sphere of his influence by giving positions to the Front's "young generation" and by marginalizing the "old generation" that can dispute his leadership of the NIF action. Even though al-Turabi has begun to exercise his leadership tasks since his return and, to a large degree, his recovery, some sort of division of roles has surfaced between him and 'Ali 'Uthman, with al-Turabi devoting most of his attention and time to the foreign movement and contacts and to coordination with other fundamentalist movements through the facade of the Islamic Arab Popular Conference. Meanwhile, 'Ali 'Uthman takes charge of domestic executive action, with the role of grand "master" and guide maintained by al-Turabi in the domestic arena as well. Many in the NIF and outside it realize that it will be difficult for 'Uthman to fill the void created in case al-Turabi disappears. This is because 'Uthman lacks al-Turabi's long experience and his extensive network of foreign relations. 'Uthman is not even known to many beyond Sudan's border, and some view him as more of a political figure than a religious leader. This is why NIF cohesion and unity seem to be | Update on Al-Turabi's Health Head Injury Effects |
FBIS3-21373_0 | Language: English Article Type:CSO [Article by C. Raja Mohan: "Human Rights Abuses Persist in India: U.S."] [Text] Washington, Feb. 1--In a wide-ranging critique of the Indian law and order agencies, the U.S. State Department has said that "despite extensive constitutional and statutory safeguards, significant human rights abuses persist throughout India." The severe charges against India are part of the department's annual survey of human rights record of the governments worldwide, that was released here today. The human rights abuses in India are "aggravated by severe social tensions and the authorities' attempts to contain violent secessionist movements," says the State Department. The abuses are particularly acute in disturbed areas such as Punjab and Kashmir, "where the judicial system has broken down in the face of terrorist threats." Areas of abuse: The areas of abuse in India listed by the State Department is long and includes extra-judicial and reprisal killings by security forces in Kashmir, Punjab and the Northeast, political killings, kidnapping and extortion by militants, torture, rape and death in custody all over India, detention for prolonged periods without charges, inadequate prosecution of implicated personnel from the police and security forces, inter-caste and communal violence, legal discrimination and social violence against women, lax prosecution of dowry deaths and widespread exploitation of indentured, bonded and child labour. The State Department has been presenting these annual reports on human rights violations to the U.S. Congress since 1977. The U.S. Congress has been demanding that the country's foreign and trade policies take into account the performance of various countries on human rights and workers' rights. Six sections: The reporting on each country is divided into six sections: respect for human rights, respect for civil liberties, practice of political rights, attitude to human rights activists, social discrimination and workers rights. Almost half of the report on India is devoted to the first section on violation of human rights, particularly in Punjab and Kashmir. Although the militant groups come for some criticism, the fire of the State Department is reserved mostly for the Indian police and security forces. It is sharply critical of a number of the Indian legal instruments such as the Terrorist and Disruptive Activities (Prevention) Act and the National Security Act, the conditions in Indian prisons, and the general functioning of the police and judicial system in dealing with militants. Only modest results: The State Department notes that New Delhi has begun to | Reportage, Comment on Relations With U.S. Human Rights Critique |
FBIS3-21373_1 | women, lax prosecution of dowry deaths and widespread exploitation of indentured, bonded and child labour. The State Department has been presenting these annual reports on human rights violations to the U.S. Congress since 1977. The U.S. Congress has been demanding that the country's foreign and trade policies take into account the performance of various countries on human rights and workers' rights. Six sections: The reporting on each country is divided into six sections: respect for human rights, respect for civil liberties, practice of political rights, attitude to human rights activists, social discrimination and workers rights. Almost half of the report on India is devoted to the first section on violation of human rights, particularly in Punjab and Kashmir. Although the militant groups come for some criticism, the fire of the State Department is reserved mostly for the Indian police and security forces. It is sharply critical of a number of the Indian legal instruments such as the Terrorist and Disruptive Activities (Prevention) Act and the National Security Act, the conditions in Indian prisons, and the general functioning of the police and judicial system in dealing with militants. Only modest results: The State Department notes that New Delhi has begun to address the international concerns on human rights violations in India by creating the Human Rights Commission and entering into a dialogue with international human rights groups. But it suggests that "these efforts have produced only modest results." It notes the "Indian Government's claim that 146 security force personnel had been disciplined for acts of omission and commission during the operations in Kashmir over the past three years. Since the Indian Government did not publicise the forms of punishment or the crimes involved," it was impossible to judge the adequacy of the punishment." It also notes that among the Kashmiris, "there is a general impression that official abuse goes unpunished." On New Delhi's relation to human rights activists in the country, the State Department says that despite the generally tolerant attitude, "human rights monitors have been targeted by the police for arrest and harassment." T.N. Govt. flayed: On civil liberties, the State Department notes the Constitutional protection of freedom of speech and the press in India. It recognises the vigorous press in India but cites instances of harassment by the Government. It is critical of the Tamil Nadu Government for putting pressure on the opposition press and using "defamation charges in | Reportage, Comment on Relations With U.S. Human Rights Critique |
FBIS3-21375_1 | of the Soviet Union and the inherent instability in Russia. South Asia was given a separate existence by the state department. But the inability of the administration to either fill the post of assistant secretary of state for the area or send an envoy to New Delhi reflected the interest Washington has shown in the region during the past year. By creating a separate bureau south Asia may have won some individual standing within the system. But in doing so, the region has also been made vulnerable to the whims and fancies of one individual. In the earlier system the region was placed within the near east bureau. Any major policy initiative went all the way up the ladder to the deputy secretary of state. It meant the personal prejudices behind individual decision making were put to scrutiny. The absence of a clear cut policy for south Asia has been evident throughout the first year of the Clinton presidency. Administration officials have made confusing statements. No particular interest in India has been shown, save to look at it through the prism of the administration's global interest of drawing nuclear hold outs into the nuclear nonproliferation net. The Indian Space Research Organisation-Glavkosmos controversy sparked the first major rift between Washington and New Delhi. The United States unveiled its missile and space technology denial policy through Mr Clinton's speech at the United Nations in September 1993. India had no option but to oppose Washington's attempts to unilaterally choke the supply of high technology to countries trying to develop space vehicles. Such development challenged Washington's commercial supremacy in the field. The issue is delicately poised even today. Russia is vertically split on the question of supplying cryogenic rockets. Suggestions have been made that India be admitted to the missile technology control regime as a full participating member. The United States has argued this would require the consent of the member states. The second obstacle to improving bilateral ties is Washington's policy of preaching on Kashmir. The architect of this policy is the newly appointed assistant secretary of state, Ms Robin Raphel, who returned from New Delhi to take up the new job. Ms Raphel, in her new avatar as the prima donna of subcontinental affairs, has been exhibiting an imperiousness wholly out of place with the underlying principles of Washington's envisaged "new world order." The third contention concerns the reprocessing plant at Tarapur. | Reportage, Comment on Relations With U.S. Clinton Letters Questioned |
FBIS3-21376_0 | Language: English Article Type:CSO [Article by Kenneth C. Brill: "All's Well Between India and U.S."] [Text] Pick up a newspaper these days and it is hard to avoid the impression that Indo-U.S. relations are at a low ebb. In this age of instant communications, even minor events can be blown out of proportion overnight, over-interpreted and attributed far greater importance than they can possibly deserve. But despite some of the recent headlines and commentary, Indo-U.S. relations are on a sounder and more substantial footing than they have been in decades. I believe this reflects the new importance each country attaches to the relationship. The relations are broad and complex, running the gamut from education, technology and trade to help to build a post-cold war world that reflects our shared democratic values. Most of the work in the context goes on quietly, away from the media spotlight, carried out by men and women in government, the private sector, voluntary and professional organisations and educational institutions. Their daily activities weave the fabric of the relationship and, in the process, linkages are developed, common interests identified and problems (new and old) are tackled. Bilateral Agenda India and the United States have a more complicated and ambitious bilateral agenda than ever before, a result of the opportunity the changes in the post-cold war world provide for our countries to expand and strengthen relations. This agenda demands two things of us: the vision to recognise and build upon those areas where our economic and political interests converge, and the willingness to engage in the hard work of reducing the differences in those areas where we disagree. From economic reform to environmental protection, from non-proliferation to peace-keeping, the United States and India have identified areas of constructive engagement and have begun substantive dialogue at a variety of official and unofficial levels. To what, then, can one attribute the gap between the reality of our relationship and the public perception? To a great extent, I attribute it to the turbulent times in which we live. Political change is occurring at a dizzying pace, and it is forcing every nation--including, let me stress, the United States--to reconsider long-held assumptions and re-examine old relationships. Always difficult, this process is further complicated when it involves the world's two largest democracies, with a shared tradition of vigorous, unfettered public debate. Both our political systems accommodate a wide range of views. Opposition | Reportage, Comment on Relations With U.S. Kenneth Brill Article |
FBIS3-21378_0 | Language: English Article Type:CSO [Editorial: "U.S. Sees Reason"] [Text] "My experience in public life suggests that there is far more value to keeping my mouth shut at times than to speaking" was Republican senator, Mr Hank Brown's riposte to Assistant Secretary of State, Ms Robin L. Raphel, during the U.S. senate foreign policy panel hearing on South Asian affairs. The season of reason seems to have just dawned on Washington politics. The American flip-flop on strategic issues, especially issues concerning the sub-continent never ceases to amaze policy watchers. India is one day a primitive, human rights abuser and becomes a non-cooperative nuclear nation another day, all thanks to the benevolence and quirkiness of Washington ditherers. Till yesterday, President Bill Clinton was testing his writing skills on the Punjab issue and trying his vocal chords on the Kashmir absurdities. As if to prove the promptness of his administration in dealing with strategic issues with immediacy, his staff was very prompt in responding to dubious organisations and painted India as a country of primitive inhabitants bent upon killing each other. Today, suddenly, the Clinton administration comes across precious evidence that India is a very big country, that there is a thriving democracy which has over a long period of time evolved democratic institutions and is in the process of addressing human rights abuses and adhering to international human rights standards. One is certain many Indian hearts swell with pride at hearing such pious outpourings by the greatest democracy on earth. But what explains for the American policy of yesterday? Did policy makers in Washington not realise that India with its continental dimensions, inhabited by different ethnic, religious and language groups, surrounded on one side by a country bent upon stoking the fires of terrorism and separatism, remain incident-free, trouble-free and violence-free? Why has it taken the Yanks so long to realise that the Government of India was doing its best to come to grips with an extremely volatile situation in a manner that at the same time did not lead to much loss of life? Why did it not recognise that the thousands of humans who sacrificed their lives to bring peace to the Punjab were policemen, who became common fodder to the terrorist bullets? Should a developing country spend enormous amounts of money and hire American lobbyists to open the eyes of lords in Washington to see home truths about India? | Reportage, Comment on Relations With U.S. U.S. `Flipflop' Scored |
FBIS3-21379_0 | Language: English Article Type:CSO [Article by Manoj Joshi] [Text] New Delhi, January 30--For those who were willing to see, there is nothing unique about the denoucement in Indo-American relations. Its basis was the mis-matched set of expectations of the two countries, the so-called "world's largest democracies." India, which had a "special relationship" with the Soviet Union, after its collapse sought to establish similar relationship with the United States. However, all that the United States wanted was a subservient "poor relative" in the Indian Ocean region. For this reason, even while the United States invested in India's economic future, it has made it clear that it is not willing to see India complicate the world's power balance by becoming a power like China. India could, if it wanted to, become a Germany or a Japan, whose foreign and security policies would be aligned to, or guided by Washington, all in the interests of global stability and peace. So the primary effort of the United States in India in the past one year has been on the proliferation front. Additional countries acquiring nuclear weapons are the "joker in the pack"(as THE ECONOMIST describes it) that are liable to upset the present international card game. One pincer of this policy is to delay and halt any addition to India's technological capabilities that can assist in the making of long-range missiles. This was the background to the American demand on the Russians to block the technology transfer component of the cryogenic motor deal, as well as the autumn demarche to halt the deployment of missiles. (This, notwithstanding that Pakistan has deployed short range missiles on the Indian border for the past two years and Indian deployments are at least a year away!) The second and more dangerous leg of this policy is to use Indian difficulties in Kashmir to compel India to freeze and roll back its nuclear weapons options--essentially enter into bilateral or multilateral agreements to place all its nuclear facilities under safeguards and declare all stocks of fissile material. So in a kind of an international "Mutt and Jeff" show, Pakistan is encouraged to threaten India with nuclear war, and India is told how dangerous things are and that it must co-operate to end the threat to regional and world peace. For that reason, Pakistan's role in facilitating and aiding terrorist activity in India are ignored. The tone and tenor of recent | Reportage, Comment on Relations With U.S. `Strategic Misunderstandings' |
FBIS3-21388_1 | the countries expected to become NIEs, such as Hong Kong and Taiwan, over the next two decades are China, India and Vietnam. In case India's economic reforms quickened, it could become a mega-economy such as China and Japan. While urging further opening up of the economy, especially in the banking sector, he felt that concessions extended to non-resident Indians should be available to other Singapore businessmen. "Singapore should be treated as an NRI (Nonresident Indian) country," he commented amidst laughter. On reducing customs tariff, he said it would be welcome, but recognised the revenue implications involved for the Government of India. Similarly, the need for taking into account trade unions' views on the unemployment likely to be caused by the economic restructuring in India was also a knotty political issue, he conceded. `India must go international': Replying to questions from Indian businessmen, Mr. Goh suggested that India's growth rate should be in the region of about six per cent per annum to take the two per cent population growth into account. This was the right time for India to "go international," he observed, as it had certain basic strengths in terms of an industrial base and pool of technically qualified manpower. Mr. Goh highlighted the prospects of joint ventures between the two countries, especially in the ASEAN countries as well as China, Myanmar and Vietnam. Singapore could offer capital, management, access to technology and the market. "We can be your link to the Asia-Pacific," he said. In this context, he mentioned the first major collaboration scheme, the $150 million Bangalore information technology park. This is an integrated project to develop offices, factories, houses and recreational facilities to be set up over a five-year period. It is a joint development programme involving a consortium of Singapore companies, Tatas and the Karnataka Government. Mr. Goh said, "we are building an external wing to our economy, we are encouraging our businessmen to invest in the region." He pointed out that till now Singapore's reserves have been invested mainly in bonds, stocks and real estate in the developed countries. But it had now been decided to invest a portion of the country's reserves in stable, high growth developing countries of Asia. The investment would be directly in infrastructure projects, industries, hotels and tourist facilities as well as commercial properties. `Open sky policy': Asked about the need for an "open sky policy" in India, he | Papers Report Singapore Prime Minister's Visit Remarks to Businessmen |
FBIS3-21390_11 | a big success in the economic sense and perhaps in the security context also. SAARC has yet to take off. What are the reasons for these two developments? [Goh] I have not done a deep study on SAARC so my observations may be superficial. I think first, the ASEAN has a longer history than SAARC. ASEAN is 27 years [old]. SAARC is only about seven years old. Secondly, in ASEAN, we have a few middle-income countries. SAARC is still an association of rather poor members. Thirdly, whilst several ASEAN countries have always been outward looking, the members in SAARC, have mainly been inward looking. In terms of economic strategy, India until recently has been inward looking. So has Pakistan been. With such an attitude, where is the scope for regional cooperation? In ASEAN, Malaysia, Singapore, and, to some extent, Thailand and Indonesia, have always been outward looking. So there are therefore benefits and compelling reasons for us to try and link our economies together so that we can reinforce each other and grow faster. Also we do not have intractable problems like some members of SAARC have. [THE HINDU] Like between India and Pakistan. [Goh] India and Pakistan. [THE HINDU] A lot of countries like Singapore seem to have completely forgiven communist countries for their past, whereas they have not quite forgiven countries like India which were friendly with the Communist countries. It is like being more sinned against than sinning. [Goh] Where do you get the perception from? [THE HINDU] From talking to people here. [Goh] I am very surprised. [THE HINDU] Mr. Prime Minister, even in Japan for instance, they have not quite forgiven us for being friendly with Soviet Union at that time. And they still talk about expropriation or nationalisation which has not happened for 30 years. [Goh] I think it could be a misconception. China is different. China is controlled by one party. If the party has decided to change course, the question we ask ourselves is who comes after Deng Xiaoping. Would the course be changed? And most of us have come to the conclusion that economic reforms in China would not be changed whoever is in charge in ten years' time. Therefore, there is confidence that the system will continue. For India, the democratic political processes can produce somebody who campaigns on the basis of nationalisation. And if that somebody wins, he is | Papers Report Singapore Prime Minister's Visit Interview with HINDU |
FBIS3-21392_5 | given moment. While change had to be accepted as a result of deliberate and objective thinking, "at the same time, those who wear the shoe and know where it pinches should have full say in deciding how to mend it." As such, he said, their scheme of change must take full note of contingencies like mass poverty and make allowance for them. The Prime Minister said while the remarkable advances in medicine, bio-technology, nuclear science and cybernetic promised to change human life beyond recognition, this should be so only if the new stimulus does not stop at the point of affordability. In this context, Mr Rao said he found India and a few other developing countries more fortunately placed and said "we do not find serious difficulty in the flow or absorption of technology, except when our progress itself tends to create some uneasiness in some quarters." Referring to the theme of the forum, Mr Rao called for new approaches and new programmes to solve the global problem of poverty and provision of basic needs to millions. With growing integration, any thought of insulating any part of the world from the problems of other parts would be futile," Mr Rao warned. He also called for harnessing technological developments in communications to banish illiteracy and suggested a healing relationship between the earth and human civilisation by removing the adverseal attitude towards nature. Mr Rao cautioned the business people of globe that the fallout of mass misery would not affect specific groups, countries or regions only, but would engulf the whole world. He said the end of Cold War would not usher in peace everywhere, though it could prevent major conflagration. It could foster conditions for the resolution of regional conflicts, provided it fits into the global strategy of the wielders of real power--one or more it matters little and the question is, Mr Rao said, who would wield that real power. In a clear rebuff to the developed western world, particularly the United States, the Prime Minister said no extraneous and unreasonable constraints and conditionalities should come in the way of technology transfer. The Prime Minister declared that in case of an unwarranted insistence on such conditionalities, the challenge would be to develop the necessary peaceful technologies at the national level. In an obvious reference to the West and the insistence of the United States to link transfer of technology and | Rao, Mukherjee Attend Davos Economic Forum Rao at Closing Session |
FBIS3-21399_0 | Language: Arabic Article Type:CSO [Article by Hasan 'Allam: "40 Million AIDS Cases by the Year 2000! Sharp Dispute Among Clergy Over Sick Mothers' Abortions'] [Excerpts] According to the World Health Organization's [WHO] figures, the number of AIDS cases is rising constantly, and in just six years, that is, in the year 2000, the number of those infected with the virus will reach approximately 40 million, with 90 percent of these cases in the developing world! In the face of these dreadful figures, the Islamic Medical Sciences Organization organized its sixth juristic symposium, entitled "An Islamic View of the Social Problems of AIDS." It was held in Kuwait and attended by representatives of 35 countries of the world, among them Egypt, which sent a medical delegation headed by the Minister of Health and a number of Muslim ulema, led by His Excellency the Mufti of the Republic. They discussed extremely sensitive topics and issues, such as: The isolation of AIDS patients; the position on someone who spreads the virus intentionally; the rights and duties of an infected husband; the admissiblity of performing an abortion on an infected mother; the extent of her nursing and breastfeeding her healthy child; the right of a healthy spouse to seek separation from an infected spouse; the nature of the marital intimacy under these circumstances; and whether AIDS may be considered a fatal disease. The conference spent three days in study and lively discussions, and ended its closing session with a number of important proposals and recommendations. At the beginning of this symposium, which is the Islamic Medical Sciences Organization's first since the liberation of Kuwait, and held in cooperation with the Kuwaiti Ministry of Health, the Academy of Islamic Jurisprudence in Jeddah, and the regional office of the WHO in Alexandria. One hundred and thirty medical and Islamic figures representing 35 Islamic and non-Muslim countries set out, at the outset, the global AIDS situation with the last WHO reports prepared by Dr. Muhammad Hilmi Wahdan, WHO's Director of Disease Prevention and Treatment, followed by Dr. Muhammad Haytham al-Khayyat: In the space of just a decade, AIDS has become an epidemic affecting millions of men, women, and children on every continent. Despite the early cases that appeared among "sodomite" men in several industrialized countries, it has since then become a wide-ranging plague. [passage omitted] Disaster of the Developing Countries It is indeed strange that approximately 90 | Rights of AIDS Victims, Other Issues Defined |
FBIS3-21399_1 | a healthy spouse to seek separation from an infected spouse; the nature of the marital intimacy under these circumstances; and whether AIDS may be considered a fatal disease. The conference spent three days in study and lively discussions, and ended its closing session with a number of important proposals and recommendations. At the beginning of this symposium, which is the Islamic Medical Sciences Organization's first since the liberation of Kuwait, and held in cooperation with the Kuwaiti Ministry of Health, the Academy of Islamic Jurisprudence in Jeddah, and the regional office of the WHO in Alexandria. One hundred and thirty medical and Islamic figures representing 35 Islamic and non-Muslim countries set out, at the outset, the global AIDS situation with the last WHO reports prepared by Dr. Muhammad Hilmi Wahdan, WHO's Director of Disease Prevention and Treatment, followed by Dr. Muhammad Haytham al-Khayyat: In the space of just a decade, AIDS has become an epidemic affecting millions of men, women, and children on every continent. Despite the early cases that appeared among "sodomite" men in several industrialized countries, it has since then become a wide-ranging plague. [passage omitted] Disaster of the Developing Countries It is indeed strange that approximately 90 percent of expected AIDS cases are in the developing countries. The situation is critical in the sub-Saharan region of Africa, where the number of adults infected with the virus exceeds seven million. About a third of pregnant women who have visited pregnancy clinics in the cities are infected with the human immunodeficiency virus. As a result, WHO now expects that by the year 2000, between 5 and 10 million HIV-infected children will have been born; by the mid-1990s--about one year from now--the anticipated increase in juvenile AIDS deaths will be equal to the decrease in deaths achieved by the Save the Children program over the last two decades! The average life expectancy at birth in these African countries before the spread of the AIDS virus rose 20 percent, but it will actually drop 5 to 10 percent by 2000, instead of rising, had it not been for the AIDS virus. Egypt participated in this symposium with a high-ranking medical delegation led by Minister of Heath Dr. 'Ali 'Abd-al-Fattah al-Makhzanji and a host of Egypt's medical notables: Dr. Ibrahim Badran; professor of pediatrics Dr. Ahmad Mustafa 'Isa; dean of medicine at 'Ayn Shams University Dr. Salah 'Id; Dr. Hasan Hathut, a | Rights of AIDS Victims, Other Issues Defined |
FBIS3-21399_8 | of AIDS infection. They concluded that if either partner were to be infected with this disease, then the uninfected partner may refrain from marital intimacy, because sexual contact is the major mode of transmitting the virus. If the healthy partner wishes to have sexual intimacy, then prudence requires him to use a condom, which reduces the likelihood of the virus and pregnancy, if he knows how to use it properly. The members of the symposium did not consider AIDS to be a fatal disease, until its symptoms appeared fully, and the patient was no longer able to pursue a normal life, and died. Ten Years of AIDS Addressing the importance of this symposium, and the Islamic view of the social problems of AIDS, Egyptian scientist Prof. Dr. Ahmad Raja'i al-Jundi, assistant secretary general of the Islamic Medical Sciences Organization spoke to AKHIR SA'AH. He said: "For 10 years the world has been devastated by this plague of our time, whose like the world has not yet seen. Before this sickness research is helpless to offer treatment, with those infected condemned to death, even though that may be after some time. This great threat to humanity confirms the words of the Prophet: "`If fornication spreads among a people, and they flaunt it, pains and illnesses that they never had before will appear on them.' If we consider this saying of the Prophet, we see that it speaks of fornication and the flaunting of it. "Now, with a passing glance, we find that the Western and Eastern worlds take pride in the absolute freedom which has given people sexual freedom so that they are more like animals than people, to the point that in the last conference on human rights, one of the points of conflict between the advanced countries and the Islamic group was complete, unrestricted freedom, including sexual freedom, in which they take pride, disdaining our Muslim countries. And now they are reaping what they have sown, with this calamitous plague sweeping the world, which may annihilate it if science does not find decisive solutions to this problem in the very near future. "The poor countries of Africa, and those of East Asia, are today seeing some villages being wiped out of existence by this dangerous disease. One of the common sights now is to see whole villages whose young people are gone, those who would been producing or working, | Rights of AIDS Victims, Other Issues Defined |
FBIS3-21411_4 | This policy establishes that all missiles carrying any equipment into space must be produced in the United States. That restriction applies to both military hardware (satellites carrying photographic instruments, satellites carrying warning devices, such as those used during the Gulf war, and communications and listening satellites) and the civilian market (communications satellites linking up computers, telephones or television transmissions), as well as to equipment intended for research, especially for NASA [National Aeronautical and Space Agency], the U.S. space agency. The reasons for this rule are mainly defense based; the idea is to prevent secrets from leaking to foreign elements. Foreign companies seeking to participate in American projects for launching equipment into space, or American companies that have sought to use foreign missile launchers, have had to apply to the Commerce Department and the GAO to seek an import license. And although some European companies and even Communist China have received a license from time to time, it has been denied to Israeli firms. As in other security-related fields, attempts to break into the American space market have been led by IAI through its representative in the United States, Marvin Klimo. With help from the Israeli Defense and Foreign Ministries and AIPAC [American Israel Public Affairs Committee], the pro-Israel Washington lobby, he has attempted to organize a faction in Congress. IAI previously had negotiated in vain with local companies such as Delta Research. "All our efforts in the past," says Klimo, whose title is vice president of IAI International, "were always blocked by the administration's policy of preventing proliferation" of strategic weapons systems. Now, as noted, that policy has been changed. Two senior administration officials, Dennis Ross from the State Department and Martin Indyk of the National Security Council, arrived in Israel some weeks ago with a letter for the Prime Minister from the President. In the letter, Clinton promised Rabin that he would change the previous policy. Administration officials explained that although the details of the new policy relating to Israel are still being worked out, it is already clear that the prohibition on exports of missile and space technology pursuant to the arrangement will continue. Nonetheless, the prohibitions on imports from Israel will be lifted. "Israel will no longer be considered a security risk," a senior State Department official puts it. From now on, American companies will be able to import space and launch technology from Israel and Israeli | Marketing Rocket Technology in Arkansas |
FBIS3-21415_3 | for example, more Islamic on the political level than Egypt is, does that make it more suspect?" He also asserted that he does not consider himself to be basically a fundamentalist or an Islamic extremist. He said: "The implementation of Islam in Sudan is not just a cultural movement, but is also an intellectual movement, which has the goal of creating a new expression of Islamic values in order to solve contemporary problems. The goal of our efforts is to achieve what is best for our country's economy and agriculture and to eliminate political corruption. Our goal is to have moral values and unity among our tribes and religious groups in a single society. We do not have expansionist or military goals, nor do we have any goals that are financial or connected with the media." What about Sudan's relations with Egypt and Algeria, who are experiencing a wave of terrorist attacks waged by Islamic extremists and whose governments assert that foreign elements are responsible for this? Al-Turabi replies: "Any modern movement in a given society has to know how to conduct itself vis-a-vis the government in power. If the government dominates it, then this will generate resistance, and a revolution might be necessary. This is why the French revolution occurred. But if there is freedom, even to a limited degree, then it is better if there is normal progress in the direction of Islam instead of revolution. Islam is a religion, and there must take place the occurrence of real and gradual progress toward it. In Algeria, the majority voted for the Islamic movement in its elections, but the army prevented its taking power. The Algerians are a mountain people and thus reject any form of coercion, just as they did when resisting French `imperialism.' Unfortunately, the struggle between the goverment and the opposition is something that is squandering all the energy of the people and the country. I hope that Algeria will have at least a minimum of freedom and equilibrium. However, the imposition of Islam by force would not do any good." In conclusion, al-Turabi said: "The jihad means defending oneself, not waging a war. We cannot win people's hearts by means of imposing Islam by force. If belief [in Islam] is something superficial, then Islam will attract only hypocrites and not [true] Muslims. I am a religious person and do not like the use of force." | Al-Turabi on Egypt, Algeria, Extremism |
FBIS3-21420_0 | Language: English Article Type:CSO [Editorial: "Blinkered View"] [Text] Considering that the U.S. State Department's South Asian desk has begun to compare the situation in Kashmir with the civil war in Afghanistan and has even been questioning the validity of the state's accession to India, Mr Clinton's latest remarks which have brought great joy to Pakistan are not all that surprising. In essence, what they denote is a strange reluctance on Washington's part to view the problem in all its complexity and an equally peculiar propensity to endorse without a thought the patently-motivated Pakistani propaganda on human rights violations in the valley. To the Americans, the problem is not really and probably never has been one of terrorist-inspired insurgency in an area which was entirely peaceful till the mid-eighties, presumably because such a stance will bring into focus Pakistan's clandestine role both in Kashmir and Punjab. Instead, the United States is bent on describing what is happening in the valley as an intensifying civil strife in which the Indian security forces are supposedly acting like an occupation army while an innocent Islamabad is merely standing on the sidelines, wringing its hands in despair about the plight of Muslims in the state. There is no appreciation in this blinkered view of Pakistan's earlier futile forays into the state, the threats, including one of a nuclear confrontation, that its leaders have been issuing about making India atone for the sins of liberating Bangladesh and of the treatment of minorities in Pakistan, compared with India's incomparably better record. If anything is clear from this inexplicably partisan attitude, it is that the United States cannot hope to act as a "catalyst," as it claims it wants to do, to promote better India-Pakistan relations. All that it can achieve through its tilt reminiscent of the Nixon-Kissinger period towards a country it was on the verge of declaring a terrorist state not long ago is to cause widespread dismay and disillusionment in India. Such feelings will be all the greater because the American stand is liable to be seen not as an expression of naivete, but as a cynical ploy to put pressure on India if only because the latter is recognised as far too independent-minded and dismissive of global American strategies. Clearly, the resentment in the American establishment about India's role as a leader of the nonaligned movement persists despite the total transformation of the international | Clinton Remarks to Pakistan Envoy Cause Concern Remarks `Not Surprising' |
FBIS3-21421_0 | Language: English Article Type:CSO [Article by C. Raja Mohan: "U.S. Softens Tone on India"] [Text] Washington, Feb. 10--The Clinton administration may not initiate any substantive change in its policy towards India, but a more cautious and gentler tone is evident. Apparently there is a recognition of the buffeting that Indo-U.S. relations have taken in the recent months, and the need to provide a better balance in the articulation of policy towards India. In the new perspective, the emphasis on the economic imperative is a little more pronounced than in the recent past. The differences on Kashmir, human rights and non-proliferation remain, but there is a stress on the positive elements of the relationship as well. The Assistant Secretary of State for South Asian Affairs, Ms. Robin Raphel, went to some length yesterday to correct the impression that Indo-U.S. relations "have soured because of public disagreements over such issues as Kashmir." Speaking to the Asia Society here, Ms. Raphel stated that the "reality is much different," and "the fabric of our relations extends much beyond disagreements we may have." She referred to close cooperation in education, culture, science and technology, besides the rapidly growing commercial relationship. Ms. Raphel regretted that while the differences get most of the media attention, there is a vast positive effort to improve the relations that remains outside the spotlight. In an important assessment, Ms. Raphel noted that expanding Indo-U.S. economic relations could be the "harbinger of further growth throughout the region." Suggesting that the rapid economic integration of South Asia with the world will encourage deeper involvement of American business, generate prosperity and provide a better market for U.S. goods. "Everybody will win" in the process, she asserted. Balanced perspective: On the nuclear issue, too, Ms. Raphel, presented a balanced perspective. Accepting that both India and Pakistan are "nuclear capable," she noted that there are "large constituencies" in both countries who believe that nuclear capability is indispensable to their national security. The United States, according to Ms. Raphel, must "also recognise the importance of outside factors--concerns about China, Central Asia and Russia--in the South Asian security equation." She asserted, however, that the United States must convince the two countries that nuclear weapons make the sub-continent a "more dangerous and unstable neighbourhood." The United States must make this case "honestly and without discounting the security perceptions of each side," Ms. Raphel stated. She expressed the intention to | Continuing Reportage on Relations With U.S. `Gentler Tone Is Evident' |
FBIS3-21452_5 | of customs duty on finished metals like copper, zinc and aluminium, has hit companies like Hindustan [HCL] Copper, Hindustan Zinc [HZL] and National Aluminium. While the Government has dereserved 15 minerals, ilmenite, siliminate and mica have been kept out of this list. Bauxite also does not appear in the deleted list although India ranks fifth among bauxite rich countries in the world. According to Mr. I.G. Jhingran, Secretary to Union Ministry of Mines, liberalisation of the mining policy will help indigenous companies to foster closer ties with mineral-rich Third World countries for joint exploration and development of ore resources. Hindustan Copper could explore the possibility of joining hands with Zambia which has rich copper ore deposits for exploration and tie up imports of the richer grade ores for blending with its low grade material. It has acquired considerable expertise in mining and smelting operations. Similarly, HZL also could go global with its expertise skills to find partners abroad to develop the mineral deposits in Third World countries. HCL is now free to even enter the metal trade. For expanding its Khetri copper smelter capacity from 35,000 tonnes to one lakh tonnes a year, it could source ore imports from Zambia to make its products competitive in the market. These public sector companies are moving from an era of protection to a competitive market and they should tap all avenues to make their operations economically viable. HZL is exploring the scope for setting up a joint venture in Vietnam for developing a gold ore deposit in collaboration with BRGM [Geological and Mineral Research] of France. Mr. A.C. Wadhawan, Chairman, HZL, says some Australian companies have evinced interest in exploration activities for base metal ores, including gold, in India. The finds in Karnataka and other southern States are promising for further evaluation and assessment. These projects for transition need long gestation period. If, meanwhile, LME zinc prices continue to drop, HZL may find itself in an unenviable position as the Government is unlikely to give it any budgetary support to weather the storm. The Mineral Exploration Corporation Ltd., with special skills in exploration activities, is facing a bleak future as it may run out of business if foreign mining companies enter the field. It will have to seek foreign collaboration for survival and technology upgradation. Its capacity utilisation has dropped in 1992-93 as the public sector mining companies are starved of funds. | Private Sector Role in Mining Increased |
FBIS3-21474_3 | the extent to which its terms will affect the local economy. The positions that have emerged in this debate have proved to be personal impressions not based on a practical foundation or on familiarity with the terms of the agreement or the extent of the Moroccan economy's compliance with these terms. These positions have made it clear that their authors have not been keeping up with the gradual process of customs reductions and with economic policy goals. In the face of this situation, the agency addressed regarding GATT has come to be the Ministry of Foreign Trade and Foreign Investments, whereas once there were many addressed. This ministry has come to be entrusted with the GATT portfolio and responsibility for giving answers about it to the media and other bodies. Here is its view of the issue that AL-SHARQ AL-AWSAT raised. It is followed by the view expressed at a Casablanca meeting on 10 February by exporters' and agriculturalists' associations. AL-SHARQ AL-AWSAT asked Driss Taraki, director of the ministry's Rabat bureau, what effect implementing the GATT agreement would have on Morocco's domestic economy. Driss Taraki said that over 90 percent of Morocco's foreign trade is with GATT members. He added that because Morocco has joined the agreement, its foreign trade and customs tariff would become subject to the multilateral agreement's principles and requirements, especially respect for the most favored nation principle, national treatment, and not resorting to nontariff measures to protect national production, such protection being effected basically through customs duties. Regarding possible stages of a phased application of the agreement, what sectors would be affected in the first phase, and an assessment of these effects, Driss Taraki said that the answer involved one of the most important focuses of the multilateral trade negotiations that took place in the Uruguay Round--market entry. Three sectors were included: industrial goods, agricultural goods, and textiles. Preferential Treatment Tarraki said that the principle of phased application applies basically to the agricultural and textile sectors. He explained that with regard to the farming sector, the Uruguay Round's second convention stipulated a 36-percent reduction of total customs tariffs implemented over six years. However, at the level of domestic support for this sector, the scheduled reduction would be 20 percent, spread over six years. Subsidies earmarked for supporting exports would be reduced by 36 percent, and the quantities supported would be reduced by 21 percent, also over | Effects of GATT on Economy Examined |
FBIS3-21475_0 | Language: Arabic Article Type:CSO [Article by al-Mahdi Lahlou: "Unemployment and Wages Under Present Conditions"] [Text] The manner in which the restructuring program has been carried out in Morocco has led to encouraging the exchange of goods at the expense of production and thus to the encouragement of an unregulated economy that pays low wages, refrains from carrying out social obligations, and avoids the payment of taxes. In the face of foreign competition, domestic private investment has increased [as published] without any compensating increase in foreign investment. All of this has fueled an unemployment crisis which has [also] been caused by the fact that the state has given up its role of providing employment. Unemployment is considered to be the most important problem from which Morocco suffers. This problem rapidly became worse in the early eighties and has continued to become worse during the nineties. The underlying reason for the problem goes back to the manner in which the restructuring policy has been applied in Morocco since 1983. The policy had the aim of restoring equilibrium to both the nation's domestic and foreign finances. It was also behind the push to have the state give up numerous job slots considered to be normal and natural even in liberal economies and to give up protecting the national economy, both in the face of foreign competition and with regard to social gains for the working class. The rate of unemployment went up for three basic reasons. The first reason was Morocco's open-door policy with regard to foreign countries. What this meant was that the doors were opened for foreign goods and services to be imported instead of having an increase in Morocco's exports, because our potential to produce and export goods had not risen to a level that could allow us to deal with foreign competition either on the technical or technological level or in terms of the nature and cost of our production. This liberal trade policy caused many Moroccan firms to go out of business, lay off many of their workers, or shorten their work hours. As a result, the rate of layoffs and level of unemployment both increased. The Moroccan companies were no longer able to employ as large a work force as they had, much less create new positions. Opening the doors of the economy in this fashion caused the economy to be oriented more toward the exchange of | Unemployment Trends Examined |
FBIS3-21475_6 | has decreased its volume of employment, starting in 1983, down to between 12,000 and 15,000 jobs per year. Judging from the overall situation that characterized the above-mentioned 10-year period, it is clear that there was a difference of between 200,000 and 250,000 jobs provided in the seventies as opposed to the eighties. This clearly explains the reasons for the widespead unemployment among the ranks of our young people. These young people cannot get jobs unless the state undertakes its role of providing employment, particularly in fields that are experiencing a large gap [in the number of positions filled]--such as the field of education on all levels and the field of public health, which is considered to be one of the most impoverished fields both on the regional and international levels. The employment of young people with degrees brings up the issue of the restructuring of our system of education and of programming its subjects in order to make the education more capable of providing young people with new opportunities to obtain jobs. This issue has become all the more relevant because the government has given up providing young people with employment, on the one hand, and because, in addition to this, the world economy has begun to demand that employees have skills and qualifications that are no longer provided by our system of education. The four above-mentioned factors are what have led to a widespread high rate of unemployment in Morocco. The manner used in the attempt to mitigate the severity of unemployment in general and unemployment among our young people in particular has proved to be of limited effect, because employing young people either directly or indirectly in establishments created especially for this purpose has not led to the results hoped for. Since 1991, not more than 45,000 young persons have received jobs, whereas the goal was to create 100,000 jobs for young persons holding degrees in 1991. And since 1991 the size of this group of unemployed persons has grown because additional graduates from institutes and colleges since 1991 have increased the ranks of the unemployed. In general, whether the matter concerns Morocco or other countries, the policy of restructuring has led to a decrease in employment because the policy was based on reducing the cost of labor and has caused the state to decrease its investments after the national economies of these nations were liberalized. Since the | Unemployment Trends Examined |
FBIS3-21476_4 | from the analysts working for the IMF. Robert Miller, one of the chief analysts who contributed to the study, says that "Egypt was far less promising than the other nations in the area because of the enormous number of state-owned establishments, which are moving only very slowly in the direction of privatization." Miller is worried about the negative effect that political problems in Egypt are having on the investment climate there. Those participating in the study say that the Middle East, as a whole, has been hurt by the world's falling oil prices. The study was confined to 46 nations, chiefly because the information utilized was not available in the case of the other developing nations. The study analyzes in detail the situation in five Middle Eastern and North African nations, which are Egypt, Morocco, Tunisia, Iran, and Turkey. One of the criteria used by the study to evaluate the capability of any of the economies to attract foreign investments was that of comparing these investments to the GNP. In Egypt, private investments were 7.8 percent of the GNP in 1992. This is a low percentage in comparison with the percentages in Thailand (32 percent) and Korea (25 percent). The rate of private investments in Tunisia was 10.7 percent of the GNP, and in Turkey this figure was 11.7 percent. The average rate for the 46 nations covered by the study was 13.2 percent. Taking the above-mentioned into consideration, Morocco's rate of private investments to its GNP was 13.4 percent (that is, above average). Perhaps Iran's good performance, which was accompanied by a noticeable increase in public investments, was in response to the reforms that in 1992 appeared to evidence considerable success. But it is also possible that this good performance is attributable to false information or statistics, according to officials in the IMF. The study draws attention to the influx of private investments in a number of nations in the Middle East or nations adjacent to it. The performance of the Turkish stock market was the strongest performance shown by any of the young markets during the last few years. But this stock market has lost 60 percent of its value in U.S. dollars during the last few months, a fact that indicates that its performance has been similar to that of a great many of the young markets in that it is capricious and not subject to controls. | Country Seen As EC's Mexico |
FBIS3-21493_1 | the Kurdistan Workers Party (PKK), installed with its facilities and its leadership--to operate quite legally, something that would be quite unthinkable in France or in the United States. Actually, these countries will admit only nonpolitical foreign associations. It was only when the PKK officially claimed responsibility for terrorist attacks perpetrated recently against Turkish diplomatic and commercial representatives (killing several German citizens in the process) that the Bonn government decided to suspend its activities. But that is not the most important. Next to the regular activities of Islamist movements, this peculiarity of German law has given rise to far more dangerous activities on the part of some small groups that identify with the fundamentalist movement. [passage omitted] extremist and radical [trends] of Islam are represented in Germany. Some maintain veritable rear bases there, others sometimes mere bridgeheads. Turkish and Iranian extra-Islamist ties in Germany--which remains one of the main destinations of the ayatollahs' agents in Europe--are also very strong within the Turkish community, by far the most imposing and one of the oldest in the country; numerous and very-well-organized fundamentalist networks were created already a long time ago. As a rule, they are the ones who provide financial and material support to their Algerian "brothers," members of the former FIS [Islamic Salvation Front], who reach Germany through France or Italy. Since the state of emergency was declared in Algeria in February 1992, close to 9,000 Algerians are said to have applied for "political asylum" with German authorities. Some are genuine militants of Abassi's party; most of the others are just young black-market traffickers or illegal aliens taking advantage of the Bonn government's generosity toward militants of the Islamist party to try and settle in the country. Many succeed with various degrees of luck, with the complicity of some very lenient officials. Actually, Germany is said to number now close to 200 Algerian Islamist fundamentalists who are genuine activists, and therefore dangerous. As these militants of the banned FIS settle and travel, they seem to favor the area extending from Alsace-Lorraine (France) to Belgium and Germany. They settle, among other places, in the towns of Neunled, Kaiserlautern, Stuttgart, and Mannheim. Rabah Kebir, who was just forbidden by German authorities to engage in any subversive political activities or statements against Algeria, lives in Soest, near Dortmund. There, he was allowed full latitude to engage in subversive activities until he was called to order. | Germany Said Home of FIS, Refugees |
FBIS3-21537_0 | Language: Ukrainian Article Type:BFN [Article by Oksana Boyko: "A Jacket of Aid for Ukraine Made in the West. A Strait-Jacket?"] [Text] The ambassadors of Belgium, Canada, Denmark, Finland, France, Italy, Japan, the Netherlands, Norway, Sweden, Spain, Great Britain, and the United States met on 14 February with President Leonid Kravchuk to hand him a joint declaration by their governments that cordially welcomed decisions made by the Ukrainian Supreme Council regarding the tripartite Declaration signed in Moscow by the Ukrainian, American, and Russian presidents and the START I Treaty. The above states expressed their intention to closely cooperate with Ukraine and to assist in the dismantling of nuclear weapons, the conversion program, environmental protection, retraining and alternative employment for those engaged in manufacturing and servicing the nuclear weapons, etc. Bilateral economic cooperation was also promised. However, no specific figures for the aid were given. As the diplomats explained at the press conference, specific projects are now in the works, though some governments have already devised their programs. The Japanese ambassador mentioned $100 million that his country intends to give to Ukraine, Russia, Belarus, and Kazakhstan for disarmament, while the German charge d'affaires said his government earmarked 10 million Deutschmarks for Ukraine, which were not paid because of conditions for START I put forward by the Ukrainian legislature. We will soon learn how much Foreign Minister Anatoliy Zlenko will "bring" back from Bonn, where he went on an official visit. So, we will have a jacket of aid made by the whole world. A thin jacket. The same applies to the security guarantees -- nothing specific was proposed here except for the bright prospects opened by the "Partnership for Peace" program, contacts with NATO and the North Atlantic Cooperation Council, etc. In general, however, all those solemn declarations are simply designed to give President Kravchuk moral support in his relations with the parliament, because Ukraine is expected to join the Nuclear Nonproliferation Treaty as a nonnuclear state. But another press conference was held that same day, where they talked about projects for Ukraine estimated at hundreds of millions of dollars, and at their initial stage at that. The multinational ABB, whose president Percy Barnevick visited Ukraine on the invitation of Leonid Kravchuk, is one of the leading corporations in power engineering. It offered us projects directed at Ukraine's energy independence. They involve energy-saving technologies in chemical and petrochemical industries as well as | Western Aid in Return for Scrapping Nukes Seen as Meager |
FBIS3-21572_1 | Ukraine fuel for its nuclear power stations in exchange for the nuclear warheads, but not in the form of reprocessed nuclear material from the missiles that have been removed. According to the expert, it will take a long time to reprocess it, from several months to a year. Fuel for the Ukrainian nuclear power plants will be exchanged for fuel from Russia's reserves. In reply to a question by the ITAR-TASS correspondent about help to Ukraine from Japan in eliminating nuclear weapons, the expert noted that international practice shows that nuclear weapons should be dismantled by whoever stockpiled them. The Russian side is capable of removing all nuclear warheads on the territory of Ukraine in the course of a year for dismantling subsequently at the enterprises where they were produced. The expert said that what may be at issue is help from Japanese specialists in secondary work, in particular, on dismantling silos. Acording to reports from ITAR-TASS correspondents from Yekaterinburg, Cherlyabinsk, and Tomsk, a number of specialist enterprises in these cities do not rule out the possibility that they may get the Ukrainian consignment. They are ready to receive it there. Russian nuclear experts also guarantee the Ukrainian side that all work in the process of removing and recovering strategic weapons will be carried out safely. An ITAR-TASS correspondent has been told by a duty officer at one of the main directorates of the Russian Ministry of Railways that, under the conditions of the tripartite agreement between Russia, the United States, and Ukraine, the route of the trains carrying the Ukrainian nuclear warheads is not to be disclosed. According to him, special strict security measures are observed on Russian railways when cargoes of this kind are transported. According to the Russian Defense Ministry, there are about 1300 warheads for intercontinental ballistic missiles (IBM), more than 600 warheads for air-launched cruise missiles and 176 IBM missile launchers, including 130 SS-19 and 46 SS-24 launchers, on Ukrainian territory. The state of nuclear safety in Ukraine causes particular concern to specialists and delays in withdrawing and dismantling them are fraught with unpredictable consequences. In particular, the guarantee period has expired for most warheads, and no maintenance is being carried out. Some weapons are on the point of posing a danger. The situation is being aggravated by the fact that there are not enough specialists in Ukraine to monitor the safety of nuclear weapons. | Ukraine Transfers Nuclear Warheads to Russia Amid Fuel Controversy Train-Load of Nuclear Warheads Leaves for Russia |
FBIS3-21593_1 | the advertised free market principles, based upon a balance of demand and supply? Third, if something really needs to be compensated for in full, it is Ukraine's growing strategic vulnerability. In accordance with the information issued by high-ranking representatives of Ukraine's Ministry of Defense that was broadcast on Ukrainian TV Channel One on 17 January, it may be necessary to proceed to modern types of nonnuclear weapons, something about which the Ukrainian president cautioned earlier. This means that it will be necessary to take additional enormous sums from the budget. However, due to the absence of any prospects of resolving this problem without assistance from the Russian military industrial complex, more specifically, by crediting its functioning, this may only be done by lowering the standard of living of the Ukrainian population. Fourth, such crediting will, in fact, be done for Russia's atomic industry. Russia has the possibility of selling the Ukrainian part of uranium for hard currency and at world prices and, at the same time, setting exclusive prices for those fuel elements that will be supplied to Ukraine. Belarus has already expressed its disagreement with Russia's thesis that the "lion's share" of profits from the sales of uranium will go toward covering the expenditure for destroying the missiles (IZVESTIYA, 19 January 1994). Moreover, at the news conference held by Colonel General Ye. Maslin, main expert of Russia's Ministry of Defense, that was broadcast by "Ostankino" on 18 January, a categorical demand was made that all nuclear missile warheads be immediately transferred to Russia as only then would reciprocal supplies of fuel elements be made. As they say, the more you have, the more you want. On the whole, even from the point of view of the degree of reliability of the highly advertised economic advantages that Ukraine may get, all of this does not look as radiant and nice as the numerous "advertisers" are trying to prove. At the same time, the "Ostankino" TV channel asserts with confidence and optimism that here, too, "Russia will in no way sacrifice its own national interests." Can anyone say the same thing about Ukraine? This particularly applies to the problem of guaranteeing Ukraine's national security, especially against the background of the recent "optimistically probabilistic" statement by the U.S. president who said there were "very good chances that Russia will not become an expansionist state again and will not threaten its neighbors." In | Scientist Views Disadvantages of Nuclear Disarmament |
FBIS3-21608_1 | the Government House aides de camp; Mrs. Edith Paz Zamora; and Rosario Paz Zamora, who took him flowers; as well as by [MIR president] Oscar Eid Franco, who paid the hospital bill. He gave Edgar Fernandez [another Chavarria employee] about $25,000 to pay the hospital expenses." Oscar Eid Franco has confirmed that he paid the bill. In this file we also find the answers to several questions. Meco Dominguez was arrested and taken to court when he broke his partnership with Chavarria and therefore with the MIR. Dominguez operated in the Regine discotheque, which has been closed by police investigations. Discotheque owner Juan Carlos Peredo Paz was arrested recently. Peredo Paz is a MIR member and a former official from the Agricultural Bank and the National Bank Superintendency. He has been a middleman in operations to launder dollars from drug trafficking activities. Peredo Paz has acknowledged that twice he received checks from Meco Dominguez for a total of $1.3 million. In the third section of Meco Dominguez' case file we find a letter found by the Special Anti-Narcotics Force [FELCN] in Chavarria's house. It is signed by Edgar Fernandez Lazcano, who is currently at large. In this letter, Edgar Fernandez tells Chavarria, for whom he worked, that in November 1990 he was arrested by the FELCN in La Paz but was soon released from prison thanks to a telephone call that he, Edgar Fernandez, thinks was made by Susana Seleme [not further identified] from Government House. Two pieces of evidence that unfortunately involve former President Jaime Paz Zamora are missing from this file. One of them is a video found in the house of Chavarria that FELCN did not want to show to either the public or the court. The FELCN also did not send to court the conflicting testimony between Meco Dominguez and Chavarria. In the testimony, Dominguez said in front of Chavarria that when Jaime Paz Zamora was president of the Republic he had lunch with Chavarria in a Santa Cruz restaurant. Meco Dominguez was present at the lunch but he says he did not hear the conversation between the two. Two photographs, which already have been published in the newspapers, are also missing from the file. The first one, which was first published four years ago, shows Jaime Paz Zamora and Chavarria together. The second picture was published on 20 February by EL DIARIO and shows Paz | Former President Paz Zamora, Top MIR Leaders Linked to Drug Traffickers |
FBIS3-21611_0 | Language: Spanish Article Type:BFN [Editorial: "The Drug Trafficking Problem: Unfavorable Winds Blow From Washington"] [Text] The U.S. anti-drug policy seems to have taken an unexpected and dramatic turn. First President Clinton himself, and later on the main U.S. Government authorities responsible for this area, announced to the world that the new administration had decided to lay emphasis on the prevention of drug consumption, and reduce repression activities. This announcement made sense taking into account the lamentable and universal failure of the repression activities carried out by the Army and police of that superpower, as well as of those carried out by the cocaine producing countries. The millions invested during the last years of the U.S. Republican administration were wasted, because repression by itself only pushes drug prices up, and this in turn gives the drug traffickers more power, thus generating more production and involving new people in this illegal trade. Another irrefutable argument was that U.S. taxpayers were sick of seeing their money ill spent on repression actions within their country and abroad, instead of being used for more profitable purposes. Bolivia received this news with a sense of relief and hope. The escalation in repression activities was not solving the problem at all; on the contrary it was creating the appropriate conditions for a fearful and dangerous wave of violence which--like what is happening in Colombia--could lead to bloodshed in the country, cause victims having nothing to do with drug trafficking, place the democratic process at stake, increase political and personal rivalries, and bring more hunger and unemployment to the conflictive rural areas engaged in producing coca leaves. Recent reports from Washington point in a different direction, however, and one not so encouraging for Bolivia, as the plan to emphasize prevention rather than repression only applies to the United States, as the armed struggle against drug trafficking in Bolivia will be even greater. As a correspondent of the international media pointed out when the announcement was made on 9 February, the change furnished by Clinton's plan forecasts days of peace for the United States but of war for Colombia, Peru, Bolivia, and Mexico. One could say that the increasing militarization of the struggle against drug trafficking is a positive fact, because it is a chance for the Armed Forces and police to receive more funds, thus relieving the National Treasury. This, however, is a cynical and highly dangerous conclusion | Daily Examines `Unexpected, Dramatic Turn' in U.S. Antidrug Policy |
FBIS3-21617_0 | Language: Spanish Article Type:BFN [Text] Cochabamba, 16 Feb (EL MUNDO) -- President Gonzalo Sanchez de Lozada said: "We disagree with the reduction of U.S. economic aid for interdiction and against drug trafficking. We believe we should have serious and permanent U.S. economic aid without disregarding national sovereignty. We should not be left alone with this problem. The United States now wants to concentrate more on the struggle against drug trafficking within its borders." Sanchez de Lozada held a very confidential meeting in Cochabamba's El Carmen Hotel with a U.S. senator [Robert Graham] from Florida who is a member of a committee on appropriations and intelligence and with the U.S. ambassador. Sanchez said: "The meeting was very important to let them know we believe it is just and necessary to have the continuation of aid but without violating national sovereignty. The struggle against drug trafficking is a Bolivian priority; it is not imposed but we need support for its success." Sanchez emphasized: The policy and appropriation of funds to fight drug trafficking depend a great deal on the U.S. committee. For Bolivia this is very important; there is a trend to cut resources for the developing countries. The U.S. Government also has problems with the budget deficit. Sanchez, who denied reports that the U.S. officials gave some kind of ultimatum for the total eradication of coca within the framework of the "Zero Option" project, said this issue was not discussed. Sanchez added: "There is nothing concrete on the `Zero Option' project. What we are after is a new project that would not leave us with the traditional mechanism of repression, eradication, and substitution. The `Zero Option' is still unknown. We are seeking a final solution, not a traumatic solution, to get out of this situation because that would not be good for anyone, for either the country, the peasants, or the world." Sanchez also said he conveyed to the U.S. ambassador and the senator the firm Bolivian commitment, as a country and a society, to struggle against drug trafficking, and "to try to get out of the drug business" that is destroying youths and becoming very dangerous because when it is combined with armed groups or cartels it will create violence. Sanchez indicated that this is an economic and social problem; it is not only a problem of repression because jobs also should be offered to the coca growers--"this is why | President Disagrees With Reduction of U.S. Antidrug Aid |
FBIS3-21652_0 | Language: English Article Type:BFN [Text] Jakarta, Feb 22 (AFP) -- Up to 2,000 Moslem youths staged an anti-American demonstration in front of the US Embassy here Tuesday, accusing it of involvement in drug trafficking and of anti-Moslem policies. "We demand an apology from the US government over the involvement of its two diplomatic staff in the crime of drug trafficking," said members of the group, which claims to belong to the Front for Indonesian Youths Saviour. One leader, haranguing the crowd through a megaphone, said the United States was influencing Indonesian youth with what he called a destructive culture, was unfair towards the Moslem world and was always forcing its interests on others. "America, out ... America, AIDS ... America, narcotics ..." the crowd alternately yelled, as well as calling for the hanging of the two embassy staff. The crowd, which according to police estimates numbered 2,000 people, delivered a statement to the US Embassy. The embassy's spokesman was not available for comment. The demonstration leader also blamed the unrealization of the North Atlantic Treaty Organisation's (NATO) threat to launch an airstrike on Serbian positions in Bosnia on pressures from Washington. Washington, he said, was also trying to pressure Indonesia, the world's largest Moslem-populated nation, to open ties with Israel. Indonesia, with about 88 percent of its 186 million population following Islam, is a staunch supporter of the Palestinian and Arab cause, and has no diplomatic ties with Israel. Reading out parts of the statement handed to the embassy, they also accused US diplomats [of] "contempt for Indonesian laws," for sending two embassy staff members, accused last month of drug trafficking, to the United States last week. The embassy has said the men would be court martialed in the United States. The demonstrators demanded that the two Americans, identified as Joseph Bryner and Michael Karajin, be returned to Indonesia for trial and that the embassy apologize for their conduct. The two, one holding diplomatic immunity, were among four foreigners and two Indonesian nabbed by the police here for their alleged involvement in the trade of a dangerous drug, known as Ecstasy. The group, also said Washington needs to be fair and honest in viewing the rise of Islam and its followers and avoid the influence of the Jewish lobby when determining its foreign policy. The group dispersed peacefully by themselves before police made any move to end the demonstration. There | Muslim Youths Demonstrate at U.S. Embassy in Jakarta, Demand `Apology' |
FBIS3-21653_0 | Language: English Article Type:BFN [Text] Jakarta, Feb 22 (ANTARA) -- Thousands of students from Jakarta and Bandung staged a demonstration in front of the US Embassy here Tuesday, on the Bosnia-Herzegovina issue and the recent drug trafficking involving two staff members of the embassy. "We insist that the US Government apologize over the involvement of its diplomatic staff in illegal-drug dealing," said the protesters, calling themselves the Salvation Front for Indonesia's Youth Generation (FPGMI). They also accused the US Government for influencing Indonesian youths with its "destructive culture", being unfair towards the Islamic world and forcing its interest on others. "The inconsistencies of the US in upholding justice and truth are reflected in its double-standard policy toward Islamic world," they claimed. The demonstrators interspersed anti-American chants with shoutings of "God is great" and sang a march. "US Embassy: we sell xtc (ecstasy), narcotics and morphine", "USA satellite of Zionism" and "Nato and USA are cowards, not heroes," said the banner and poster totting crowd. Two protesters then delivered a copy of their statement to an embassy staff, while the others peacefully and voluntarily dispersed before the police could make any moves to end the demonstration, which occurred in less than an hour. In the statement, the demonstrators demanded that the US Government honor and respect Indonesia's law and sovereignty by not abusing their priviledges. They also insisted that the US act honestly and fairly towards the Islamic world as well as refrain from using trade and economic issues for their own interests. In addition, they wanted the two members of staff caught in drug trafficking, Steven J. Bryner and Peter M. Karajin III, to be tried under Indonesian law. The two US diplomats who were arrested by the Indonesian authorities for the alleged drug trafficking, were recently brought back to the United States by the DEA officials. There were no arrests in the demonstration, witnesses said. | Further on Demonstration at U.S. Embassy |
FBIS3-21656_0 | Language: Malay Article Type:CSO [Text] Kuala Lumpur, 2 January--The effort to prevent drug addiction by education, which has been under way in the country for the past 10 years, is showing encouraging success. This was stated by Lee Lam Thye, vice president of Pemadam Kebangsaan [National Drug Prevention Program]. According to him, the rate of drug addiction, that is, the number of new drug abusers, has fallen by more than 50 percent, based on a study published by the Pasukan Petugas Anti-Dadah [PPAD--Anti-Drug Detachment] in the Office of the Prime Minister. In a New Year's statement issued on 2 January he said: "In 1983 the PPAD registered 14,624 new addicts, whereas in 1993 the total number declined, as 6,797 new addicts were registered." However, in the 1990's the drug addiction prevention effort using education needs to concentrate on the problem of repeat offenders. He said: "In 1993 10,637 repeat offenders were registered throughout the country, or 61 percent of all drug addicts recorded." Lee said that for this reason the drug rehabilitation effort needs to be supported by parents whose children are addicted to drugs. He said: "The community must also show a high level of commitment to welcoming drug addicts who have come to their senses." Beginning in 1994, the National Drug Prevention Program will increase its efforts to help the government in its war on drugs. He said: "This is in accordance with the objective adopted by nongovernment organizations (NGO) of helping the government resolve the social problems of the community." According to Lee, the National Drug Prevention Program will increase its preventive educational programs by establishing a rehabilitation service program for former drug addicts who have been released from treatment centers. He stated: "The National Drug Prevention Program hopes to be able to set up a larger number of rehabilitation service centers throughout the country to help former addicts return to the community." Lee said that the National Drug Prevention Program wants the people to participate in the war against drug addiction by carrying on preventive educational programs in the community. Furthermore, the people should support former addicts by giving them an opportunity to return to the community. | Official Discusses Program's Efforts To Prevent Drug Addiction |
FBIS3-21660_0 | Language: Thai Article Type:CSO [Excerpts] [Passage omitted] The AFP news service issued a report from Hong Kong on 10 December stating that Major General Thanat Phakpadiphat, a 55-year-old officer assigned to Supreme Command, appeared at the Hong Kong court last Thursday while awaiting extradition to the United States on charges of having smuggled $4 million worth of narcotics. He will have to wait until 4 February 1994, because it will take American officials that long to prepare the extradition documents. For the time being, Maj. Gen. Thanat will remain in the custody of the Hong Kong court. Maj. Gen. Thanat was arrested at the Hong Kong airport last Wednesday. U.S. DEA officials, with the cooperation of U.S. consular officials in Hong Kong, informed Hong Kong police that he was going to travel to Hong Kong in order to pick up $20,000, his share of the money. As for Maj. Gen. Thanat's background, he was promoted to major general in 1993. He spent his career working for Supreme Command before being appointed assistant director of the Directorate of Joint Communications, Supreme Command. He attended the Chulachomklao Royal Military Academy [CRMA] as a member of Class 9. Other members of this class include General Mongkhon Amphonphisit, the deputy chief of staff officers, Lieutenant General Anuson Kritsanaserani, the director of the Information Office, Supreme Command, and Lieutenant General Chettha Thanacharo, the 1st Army Region commander. He was once dismissed from government service for being involved in the April Hawai rebellion in 1981. That was during the period when he served as an aide to General San Chitpatima, the head of the Revolutionary Council. But later on, he was reinstated in the military. [passage omitted] On the morning of 10 December at the Sirikit National Conference Center, Mr. Chuan Likphai, the prime minister, said that the case involving Maj. Gen. Thanat must be handled based on the facts and in accord with the law. A reporter asked if officials will request that Maj. Gen. Thanat be returned to Thailand so that the case can be handled here. The prime minister said that the facts must be reviewed first. Mr. Chamni Sakdiset, the deputy minister of interior, said that heroin trafficking is an individual offense. Even if the person is a soldier, that has nothing to do with the military. If he is guilty, action must be taken against him. We must allow those who | Senior Officials Comment on General's Arrest for Heroin Trafficking Chuan, Chamni, Others Comment |
FBIS3-21667_0 | Language: Vietnamese Article Type:CSO [Article: "Antidrug Education in Schools--Drug Addiction, Production, and Trade Today"] [Excerpts] According to World Health Organization data, the world as a whole has 50 million drug addicts using 3,303 tons of opium annually. Southeast Asia has about 5 million addicts using 1,889 tons of opium. Our country today has about 500,000 addicts using 25 tons of opium annually. In 11 northern highland provinces alone, opium addicts number 130,000. A survey of the ages of addicts conducted by the detoxification center of Cao Bang Province shows that of 14,813 addicts, those in the 9-16 age group account for 13 percent; the 17-30 age group, 47 percent; 31-45, 26 percent; and 46-80, 14 percent. The majority of drug addicts in our country smoke opium. In Quang Nam-Da Nang and Ho Chi Minh City, there are some heroin addicts. Drug addiction prevails in the male population, with females accounting for only 1.92-8.33 percent. Most drug addicts have level I and level II educational backgrounds, with those in the well-to-do and rich group accounting for 47-80 percent and poor people 20-30 percent of all cases. At present, narcotics are produced on an ever-increasing scale. Except for a small quantity of them being legally produced, their trade is illegal. In the world today, many regions, such as a number of Latin American countries and Bolivia, Peru, and Colombia, or Southeast Asia such as the border area between Thailand, Laos, and Burma, are considered major drug centers. Some countries like Turkey and Iran openly grow poppy. In Vietnam, according to reports, from October to December 1992, in 9 northern provinces (Lao Cai, Ha Giang, Son La, Lai Chau, Yen Bai, Cao Bang, Nghe An, Thanh Hoa, and Hoa Binh) 41 districts raised poppy in a total area of 12,925 hectares. [passage omitted] In Vietnam, opium smoking, intravenous use of drugs, and smuggling of narcotics are increasing. This is a source of concern and worries for society as a whole. On 29 January 1993, the government issued Resolution 06/CP "On Strengthening Leadership Over Prevention and Control of Narcotics." This resolution clearly asserts that "It is necessary to firmly fight this ill by taking various propaganda, campaigning, educational, economic, administrative-handling, and criminal-law measures." | Addiction Levels, User Profiles Reported |
FBIS3-21668_4 | campaigns, obviously the campaign this time is different in both nature and scope. Addicts generally consist of: First, well-to-do people who have nothing to do but to seek pleasure, like the group of "da do" (red stone) people in Quynh Chau, or the new rich. Second, adolescents who curiously try something new by smoking just for fun and then get hooked. However, the third kind of addicts is the most numerous and pitiable: They are victims of poverty and backwardness. Addiction happens to these people in two ways. The first comes from the belief that opium has a tonic quality that gives them strength. To chop down trees and to clear bushes to make terraced fields is not an easy job, and this does not count the distance to be traveled that requires climbing hills and crossing streams. To compensate for this expending of energy, an appropriate intake of protein is needed. But these people usually do not have much to eat, just a few bowls of rice, even just a few pieces of manioc or wild roots. Then they come to the opium-smoking paraphernalia. And as a magic wand, a few puffs banish the fatigue in their body. They do not know that the opium provides them with stimulation that creates a false strength, a strength that saps their own body. The second way: Because of poverty and backwardness, they contract diseases. They do not get treatment by doctors, except for folk healers. They do not have medicines, but they have opium. Do they have to give it up? No, they just take a tiny piece of opium, put it into their mouth, and swallow it. Diseases are cured right away. When they are sick again, they will get another tiny piece of opium and swallow it. They do not even know when they have been hooked. This explains why we have "all-family" addiction and addiction of fetuses, just like the case of Hua Bac Village (in Ky Son District) where all residents, old and young, 100 percent of its population, are addicts. In the detoxification campaign this time, the province has the participation of its Ethnic Minorities Committee and Labor, War Invalids, and Social Welfare Service. As to districts, they usually send in a district deputy chairman. Villages send in their chairmen. Currently, Nghe An has five detoxification centers. Four are located in districts--Ky Son, Tuong Duong, Que | Counterdrug Efforts in Nghe An Province Examined |
FBIS3-21668_7 | Tu answered me, smiling. "First of all, the addicts wanted to be rid of the habit. They were broke. Their houses leaked. They had no rice. Their clothes were all rags. They were emaciated and sick. Both wives and husbands showed displeasure toward each other on their face. If they did not undergo detoxifying treatment, they would die. You see, my dear journalist, we enjoy lots of affection. In some villages, as we announced the detoxification program available for 10 addicts, 30 and 40 people showed up, which made us send several of them home." The Subregion 50 physicians really had been working hard in this totally humanitarian task. They had to travel all the way to Hanoi to learn from other physicians and to find medications. The Hanoi physicians, out of respect for their colleagues, taught them the method of treatment and sold them 10 doses of medications at the total price of 3 million dong. Back at the center, they used three doses on three patients. The first day, everything was fine. The second day, everything was fine. The third day, oh God, the patients either got mad or fainted. Everybody was scared stiff. Orders were given to stop the medication in order to look for another prescription. But which one? The Ky Son District CPV [Communist Party of Vietnam] Committee secretary, Cao Tien Tan, had a traditional prescription handed down from his ancestors which he believed was good. But unfortunately he was in the position of a district party secretary. What if something happened? "In Vientiane there is a brilliant healer," somebody suggested. The center wrote a letter to invite him over. Having learned from the experience with the Hanoi prescription, the prospective employer wrote: "We invite you to come and stay to treat our patients. We will provide you with meals and drinks. After the treatment, if it brings about good results, we will pay you the full amount of 3 million dong for the 10 doses of medications. We will reimburse you for travel expenses, too." The Vientiane doctor replied that he was very busy and that he would only sell the medications and could not stay at all. Why? It was obvious that he was not sure about the results of the treatment. Finally, the center had to lose 1.6 million dong as "supplemental allowance" paid to him. Ky Son also sent people to | Counterdrug Efforts in Nghe An Province Examined |
FBIS3-21668_9 | Vinh to buy other medications. And finally it had to use the district party secretary's prescription, now called TK92. It was TK92 that helped to cure 113 of the 118 cases, with only five patients becoming addicted again because of a recurrence of their chronic diseases. What did they use to treat these diseases? Once again, opium. And so they became addicted once more. Presently, patients in Van Chan District (in Yen Bai Province) and in Thai Binh Province have used TK92, with good results (but TK92 used for addicts in Quy Chau District has not brought about any good results, probably because of a failure to follow exactly the physician's prescribed instructions). The method that Quynh Giang Village used to detoxify addicts was totally different from that used by Ky Son. Whether because the 57 addicts there had violated the honor of a locality that had been given the national public health leading banner, or because of any other reasons, that Quynh Giang adopted the "dictatorial" measure to bear upon its addicts, we did not know. Prior to organizing the detoxification program, the village had built four high walls. It also put up a barbed-wire fence. In addition to the medical staff, the village cadres also stationed four public security men there. Then orders were issued for holding a meeting. Then people were sent out to escort the addicts in. It was as noisy as an operation launched to catch a bunch of bandits. In the first phase, there were 11 detoxification patients. After two months, a review found that five of them became addicted again. In the second phase, 12 patients were to receive treatment, but three of them escaped because of excessive fear. The nine addicts who were caught and taken to the center all went on "medication hunger strike" and promised that they would quit the habit by themselves. The results obtained in other centers were no better than those in Quynh Giang. Que Phong took in 22 addicts for detoxification, but four of them escaped from the center, leaving 18 behind. After two months, a review found that 14 became addicted again. In Quy Chau, after two months, 18 of 24 patients smoked again. In Tuong Duong, after two months, 18 of 27 patients smoked again. And so, excluding the Ky Son detoxification center, only 24 cases were treated sucessfully in the other four centers. | Counterdrug Efforts in Nghe An Province Examined |
FBIS3-21668_10 | the medical staff, the village cadres also stationed four public security men there. Then orders were issued for holding a meeting. Then people were sent out to escort the addicts in. It was as noisy as an operation launched to catch a bunch of bandits. In the first phase, there were 11 detoxification patients. After two months, a review found that five of them became addicted again. In the second phase, 12 patients were to receive treatment, but three of them escaped because of excessive fear. The nine addicts who were caught and taken to the center all went on "medication hunger strike" and promised that they would quit the habit by themselves. The results obtained in other centers were no better than those in Quynh Giang. Que Phong took in 22 addicts for detoxification, but four of them escaped from the center, leaving 18 behind. After two months, a review found that 14 became addicted again. In Quy Chau, after two months, 18 of 24 patients smoked again. In Tuong Duong, after two months, 18 of 27 patients smoked again. And so, excluding the Ky Son detoxification center, only 24 cases were treated sucessfully in the other four centers. And yet, in this phase 1, the state had spent 170 million dong. It was because of the successes and failures in phase 1 that the campaign leaders have changed the way to manage it. Since the middle of 1993 the Nghe An Public Health Service has been in charge of the detoxification program in the province. Perhaps this is the right approach. Medically speaking, drug addiction is a disease. Since it is a disease, treatment must come from physicians. Question Marks Remaining After more than a year of detoxification in Nghe An we must reluctantly ask these questions: Can Nghe An save the more than 6,000 people, the pitiable and reproachable people, from the vicious cycle of addiction? When is this mission of salvation over? It is difficult for anybody to offer an answer. However, this is not the only pain. We do not know whether some adolescents, malaria patients, and people afflicted by stomach diseases, stomach aches, and so on are getting close to opium and befriending it at the same time when statisticians are adding and subtracting figures or not. We do not know whether during the two years in which Nghe An succeeded in saving those | Counterdrug Efforts in Nghe An Province Examined |
FBIS3-21695_0 | Language: Georgian Article Type:BFN [Unattributed article: "Samachablo Begs To Be Saved!"] [Excerpts] Today, almost everyone has forgotten about the problems in Samachablo [South Ossetia]. The war in Abkhazia has overshadowed the tragic events taking place there. Sometimes the press or mass media remind us in short reports that the situation in Samachablo is ostensibly normal.... A Georgian would use this word ironically as anyone who has a good knowledge of the prevailing situation there would, I believe, not call it normal.... Let us begin with the fact that the so-called South Ossetian supreme council has adopted a new constitution whereby so-called South Ossetia consists of four rayons: Tskhinvali, Znauri, Java, and Leningori. Tskhinvali, the capital of so-called South Ossetia is preparing for new elections. Georgian jurisdiction does not extend to Georgian territory in Samachablo. The Russian ruble is the only currency in circulation there. This probably contributes to the fact that the so-called [Russian] peacekeeping troops brought into Samachablo are naturally defending the interests of the Ossetian side. Samachablo and, in particular, Tskhinvali have become a thriving center for the narcotics business that is so widespread in Georgia. It is a known fact that 80 percent of the cars hijacked in Georgia are driven to Samachablo and exchanged for drugs that are brought in freely through the Roki Tunnel [linking South and North Ossetia]. We have also learned that, apparently, "brave" Georgian men are bringing to Tskhinvali girls aged between 14 and 17 and are now starting to exchange this "live commodity" also for drugs. One way or another, the current authorities either are "unable to see" or do not want to see the complex political situation that has taken shape in Samachablo. [passage omitted] Batoni [Georgian polite form of address] Guram Beruashvili, a member of the all-Georgian Merab Kostava Society, has been elected chairman of the gamgeoba [board of administration] of the Eredvi temi [commune, embracing a number of villages in Gori rayon]. [passage omitted] In our conversation with him, Batoni Guram pointed out with chagrin that, leaving aside the political situation that had taken shape, the narcotics business had become one of the most painful problems in Samachablo today. In spite of the fact that the Georgian police were doing everything to capture the car thieves and those supplying them with drugs, the Ossetians, with the help of the Russian peacekeeping troops, were nevertheless managing to secure their | Tskhinvali Described as `Thriving' Center for Drug Trade |
FBIS3-21715_2 | numbers racket." According to the PM in Sao Paulo and Rio de Janeiro and the book Comando Vermelho (Red Command) by Carlos Amorim, the Red Command has 6,500 armed men, and 10,000 people involved in the drug traffic have ties with the organization. The CV's activities result in a turnover of $50,000 a day in Sao Paulo and Rio de Janeiro. The CV controls 100 major transit and distribution points in the drug traffic. The organization carries out an average of one holdup per day in Rio de Janeiro and an average of three per month in Sao Paulo. Sao Paulo Used as `Tax Haven' FOLHA DE SAO PAULO's reporters checked 18 police districts and the files of the Sao Paulo Military Police looking for evidence of the CV's presence in the city over the past two years. The most revealing evidence was found in the 36th Police District (Paraiso), and it involved Sergeant Jorge Luis de Souza Santos of the Rio de Janeiro PM. He was arrested in Sao Paulo at the end of 1992 as he was trying to extort money from an executive of the Barun [as published] Bovery firm by accusing him of cocaine trafficking so that he could then demand money to keep silent. The sergeant is currently in the Bangu I maximum security prison in Rio de Janeiro. Before being transferred there, the sergeant told Police Chief Aldo Galiano, Jr., how he had been operating in Sao Paulo. "The sergeant told me that he was working for the CV and that he had lost two kilos of cocaine in Rio de Janeiro. The result was that he owed the CV $50,000, and he decided to come to Sao Paulo to get money so he would not have to pay 50 percent of his robbery proceeds to the leaders in Rio," the chief said. "Sao Paulo is undoubtedly a kind of tax haven for them." A visit to the Sao Paulo Counter-Kidnapping Headquarters (Deas) turned up more evidence of the CV's presence in Sao Paulo. One of the CV's top leaders, Eroi de Lara, was arrested in Sao Paulo in 1992 on charges of being the leader in kidnappings. Groups Active in Prison The CV and the Backwoods Command have formed the so-called Freedom Group, consisting of leaders of the two groups. Darcy da Silva, president of the Sao Paulo Union of Penitentiary Officers, says | Red, `Backwoods' Commands Reportedly Cooperating in Armored Car Holdups |
FBIS3-21715_3 | that he could then demand money to keep silent. The sergeant is currently in the Bangu I maximum security prison in Rio de Janeiro. Before being transferred there, the sergeant told Police Chief Aldo Galiano, Jr., how he had been operating in Sao Paulo. "The sergeant told me that he was working for the CV and that he had lost two kilos of cocaine in Rio de Janeiro. The result was that he owed the CV $50,000, and he decided to come to Sao Paulo to get money so he would not have to pay 50 percent of his robbery proceeds to the leaders in Rio," the chief said. "Sao Paulo is undoubtedly a kind of tax haven for them." A visit to the Sao Paulo Counter-Kidnapping Headquarters (Deas) turned up more evidence of the CV's presence in Sao Paulo. One of the CV's top leaders, Eroi de Lara, was arrested in Sao Paulo in 1992 on charges of being the leader in kidnappings. Groups Active in Prison The CV and the Backwoods Command have formed the so-called Freedom Group, consisting of leaders of the two groups. Darcy da Silva, president of the Sao Paulo Union of Penitentiary Officers, says that the group exists not only on the street but also in the Sao Paulo Detention Center. "It consists of 90 prisoners from Rio de Janeiro who are distributed between Blocks 2 and 4 of the Detention Center," Darcy claims. He says the group is being formed because "no one looks into the past of Rio de Janeiro criminals arrested in Sao Paulo." A survey conducted by FOLHA DE SAO PAULO at four police stations in Sao Paulo shows that the criminal records of three CV big shots now in prison in Sao Paulo are known. One is Adauto Teixeira. He is in the state penitentiary after robbing five apartments. He said in court that "the stolen money is used to pay lawyers and improve conditions for those who are prisoners." Rio de Janeiro kidnapper Eloi de Lara is serving a sentence in the state penitentiary. Valteir Polito was sent to the Detention Center for robbing an apartment in 1992. Arrested with him was Leonardo Martins, who has "FV" (Red Phalange) tattooed on his right arm. Leonardo was transferred to the jail in Assis, Sao Paulo, from where he escaped at the beginning of 1993, when Polito also escaped. Both | Red, `Backwoods' Commands Reportedly Cooperating in Armored Car Holdups |
FBIS3-21726_0 | Language: Spanish Article Type:BFN [From the "NTC Newscast"] [Text] Alleged drug trafficker Jaime Orejuela Caballero of the Cali Cartel was taken to Shaio Clinic in Bogota following a heart attack. Orejuela was being held at DIJIN [Judicial Police and Investigations Directorate] headquarters after he was arrested during a narcotics operation in Cali. The alleged drug trafficker developed symptoms of angina, which prompted authorities to take him to a cardiology center. Orejuela was admitted to the Shaio Clinic on the evening of 17 February with severe chest pains, nausea, and fatigue. Specialists performed a catheter exploration and found one artery was 90 percent obstructed. Orejuela also suffers from diabetes, which will affect his present cardiac condition. Doctors will perform surgery to remove the obstruction. Orejuela is now in his room in this clinic under permanent DIJIN and Metropolitan Police guard. The only visitors he is allowed are his wife, father, and attorney. | Arrested Cali Cartel Leader Orejuela Caballero Has Heart Attack |
FBIS3-21734_1 | the complacency of the drug traffickers. This requirement is due to the natural difficulty in gaining access to the select core of clandestine clients among the military personnel, whose preeminent mission is to incapacitate (and, of course, not rearm) criminals and potential adversaries of the government of the republic. The tragic aspect of the story lies in the fact that those offering military merchandise could become the next mortal victims of the purchasers. This shady relationship jeopardizes the national security and, of itself, explains several of the original statements made about the scope of the clandestine neo-Zapatista army, its financing, and the authorities' unspeakable negligence. Despite the dimensions of the surveillance in an agitated region, the authorities failed to take timely action to prevent the New Year's uprising, even though many warnings were given, and there was evidence of paramilitary exercises at various "barracks" in the Lacandona sierra region. Regardless of the persistent statements by government sources, the incredible apathy of the military is irrational, when it was obvious that high-powered weapons were being accumulated and thousands of (supposedly monolingual) villagers were being trained. They were called upon to decide, through a less tainted vote than usual, whether or not to give the war cry as a last resort for easing their ancestral humiliation and increasingly underprivileged status, as well as the pangs of hunger, poverty, and disease. Although it may seem strange, the leaders of the so-called Zapatista Army of National Liberation (EZLN) were always in control: first, when they recruited the impoverished Indians, and subsequently, upon becoming accomplices of bad members of the military. The latter quite shamelessly put in the "rebels'" hands the shrapnel required to start a revolution of alarming proportions (they were fully aware of the potential of the weapons confiscated and later sold) and obviously dangerous to the Mexican political system. [passage omitted] The "narcos," for their part, have their own perspective. Would they perhaps benefit from the rise of an armed force other than their own, to pave the way for a war with social aspects, unrelated to the drug traffic? Since 1 January, has anyone paid attention to the activities of the "capos" and cartels? By connecting the two questions, surprising conclusions could be reached, especially if we start with a free, spontaneous confession of the original ownership of the weapons now supporting the rebels in the Lacandona sierra. Despite the meager | `Shady Relationship' Between Military, `Narcos' Putting Weapons in Zapatistas' Hands |
FBIS3-21737_0 | Language: Spanish Article Type:CSO [Article by correspondent Alonso Gomez Uranga] [Text] Torreon, Coahuila, 11 February--In the lake region, adolescents and youths are the main victims of drug addiction, because 40 percent of the addicts are aged between 15 and 19, 25 percent between 20 and 24, and the rest 25 years and older. The majority are of the male sex, single, and from the lower and lower-middle classes. This statement was made by the director of the local Youth Rehabilitation Center (CIJ), Beatriz Montemayor Gonzalez. She added that the conclusion was based on a study made from 1991 to 1993, with a sample of 1,700 patients; stressing that in 70 percent of the cases their schooling did not exceed the basic intermediate level, and that a high rate of school and work instability was recorded. Over 60 percent of the drug addicts in treatment require daily drug consumption; others, on several days a week; and 40 percent are consuming two or more substances simultaneously. Montemayor Gonzalez noted that the most frequent combinations are marijuana with alcohol or inhalants. She indicated that drug consumption most often begins between ages 10 and 19, primarily with marijuana or inhalants. These are followed by depressants intended for medical use, and the first experimenting with drug use is generally with school or work friends or companions. It occurs on public streets, in private residences, or at educational centers. Montemayor Gonzalez concluded by remarking that these are some of the results of an extensive study made by the CIJ with personnel specializing in the treatment of patients suffering from drug addiction within the lake region. | Addiction Among Youth in Coahuila Lake Region Studied |
FBIS3-21761_0 | Language: English Article Type:BFN [Text] Windhoek Feb 27 SAPA -- Africa continued to be the weakest link in the international war against drugs, with cannabis (dagga) the continents' most abused drug, according to a new report. Fifteen african countries were not party to any drug-control treaty, according to the International Narcotics Control Board (INCB) 1993 report. It said the worldwide drug menace had outgrown its traditional classification as a criminal and social issue to penetrate international politics and economics. Although the INCB recognised prevailing political, economic, social and even climatic conditions that created obstacles for African governments, it said limited law enforcement and weak control over the pharmaceutical market had contributed to increased drug abuse. Increased cultivation of dagga was attributed to growing domestic demand and trafficking to European markets. Supplies came from local cultivation and regional trafficking, said the report, which annually reviews the world drug scene and international compliance with three major drug control treaties. Heroin abuse, which a few years ago was a limited phenomenon, was increasing because African airports were being used to smuggle the drug into mainly European markets. A similar trend had been observed with cocaine, mainly in west Africa. The current drug pattern in Africa showed how quickly abuse and trafficking could spread in a region, notably central Africa and most recently to southern Africa where the report highlighted the illicit manufacture and distribution of methaqualone (mandrax). Established in 1968 as an independent and quasi-judicial organ for the implementation of the United Nations drug conventions, the INCB seeks to identify weaknesses in national and international drug control. | INCB Report Calls Africa `Weakest Link' in International War Against Drugs |
FBIS3-21766_0 | Language: English Article Type:BFN [Text] Prague Feb 28 (CTK) -- The Czech Republic, Hungary, Romania and Slovakia are increasingly being used as transshipment and storage sites in the heroin trade, according to the UN's International Council for Narcotics Control. Andreas Nicklisch of the UN Information Centre in Prague added that Prague Airport is being used by South American businessmen in cahoots with Czech citizens to ship cocaine. The economic and political power of drug cartels is increasing, the report says. Drug trafficking is most active in countries where there is civil war or where international treaties either are being ignored or have not been accepted. Nicklisch said that a UN team is operating in the Czech Republic to work out an estimate of what countermeasures are necessary to halt the spread of drugs. There is currently a project, he said, supporting efforts in the Czech Republic directed toward cutting the flow of drugs through the country and limiting the establishment of supplies and markets. He also said that Interior Minister Jan Ruml would meet with the executive director of the UN programme, Giorgio Giacomelli, on March 3-4 to discuss further cooperation between the UN and the Czech Republic in drug control. | UN Report Says Drug Trafficking in Republic Increasing |
FBIS3-21770_1 | and smuggling on an unbelievably large scale, armed attacks to obtain material gain and maintain an atmosphere of civic insecurity, money laundering and hacking into banking financial systems, labor-force swindles, illegal capital transfers abroad, the introduction into the country of large amounts of toxic waste, arms deals, hired killers, and blackmail. As far as corruption alone is concerned, I want to mention that, in 1990, we uncovered 1,197 such cases; in 1991--4,937; in 1992--6,043; and in 1993--10,631 cases of offering and taking bribes, misuse of one's position, and receipt of undue benefits. [passage omitted] The scale of such violations and the increasingly obvious tendency of criminals to organize themselves on the basis of Mafia-type principles have convinced the Ministry of Interior of the necessity to adopt more firm measures to try to control the explosion of this phenomenon and stop it from developing. I am talking of both creating and perfecting new organizational structures and ensuring the appropriate training of our staff with special tasks in the area of fighting crime. For example, in April 1993, we set up the Brigade for Fighting Organized Crime, which has parallel structures at the local level, as well as an office for combating corruption with similar departments at the level of county police inspectorates and in Bucharest. [passage omitted] As expected, the results of these measures were not slow in coming; some of them--please forgive my lack of modesty--were absolutely spectacular. For example, from April to December last year, employees from the Brigade for Fighting Organized Crime arrested 67 people from whom 11,374,925 [figures as published] kg of drugs were confiscated (105,658 kg of cocaine, 93,368 kg of heroin, 11,180 kg of cannabis, and 1,108 kg of opium). During the same period, more exactly in November, we uncovered two operations involving the smuggling of stolen automobiles in the counties of Bihor and Mures. [passage omitted] I want to specify that investigations into 27 counterfeit-money dealers have been finalized; they are Romanian and foreign citizens belonging to six groups. Investigations have revealed that these people have put into circulation counterfeit money amounting to no less than $900,000 and 35,000 German marks in Romania, the Republic of Moldova, Hungary, and Ukraine. It is worth mentioning the action organized by the Romanian police, together with the Criminal Police Directorate, in the Republic of Moldova, which resulted in the arrest of a network of criminals who had | Interior Minister Discusses `Explosion' of Mafia-Type Crime |
FBIS3-21771_0 | Language: English Article Type:BFN [Leonard Doyle article: "Drugs Intelligence Unit Sweeps Into Action"] [Text] After only two weeks in business, Europol, the new drugs intelligence unit of the European Union, is taking credit for two international drug sweeps involving the police forces of Greece, Belgium and France. The unit, which is based in The Hague, was established to combat what the police and politicians describe as an ever-escalating threat to European society from the international drugs trade and money laundering and organised crime associated with it. Seizures show that the quantity and value of drugs being shipped to the EU is rising all the time, and the organisations bringing it in are increasingly violent. There is further evidence of drug traffickers becoming involved in illegal arms sales and of links with subversive groups. Colombian drug cartels are shipping cocaine via Spain, Eastern Europe and Nigeria, while the classic Balkan pipeline for heroin has been diverted by the war in Bosnia. Heroin from South-east Asia is transported via Eastern Europe and also by courier through Nigeria. Europol's future role has yet to be decided, with some countries, like Germany, keen that it should become a fully operational European-style FBI. For now it is restricted to providing analysis to police narcotics squads. In the fight against drug dealers who operate across borders with virtual impunity, Europol is providing some badly needed assistance to overstretched police forces, which rarely communicate about operational matters because of language barriers. For the first time, EU drugs intelligence officers are providing instant tactical intelligence, helping to target individuals and organisations suspected of planning drug operations. Language problems are overcome by having a drug liaison officer from each EU country based at Europol's headquarters in The Hague. Others provide analysis on the mass of intelligence information that is now on tap. EU police are still unable to conduct cross-border operations, except for nine Schengen countries (which exclude Britain, Denmark and the Irish Republic) when they are already in hot pursuit. Jurgen Storbeck, Europol's acting director, said the organisation had already intervened to help Greek, Belgian and French drugs officers in recent raids, ensuring that two international sweeps went off without a hitch. The intelligence back-up they provided allowed police to move in and make arrests with pinpoint accuracy. The direct computer links to national police intelligence services accomplishing in hours, what would otherwise have taken weeks. In one | Europol's Initial Antidrug Efforts Reported |
FBIS3-21773_0 | Language: German Article Type:BFN [Text] Wiesbaden (DPA) -- Special task forces of the police in Frankfurt and Wiesbaden have now arrested nine Kurdish men and seized 2.5 kg of heroin. According to information released on Thursday, police had certain indications that Kurds put large amounts of drugs on the market already at the end of last year. In December, six suspects were arrested and 2.6 kg of heroin were seized. The operation shows that Wiesbaden has meanwhile become a "fixed location on the map of organized crime," the police stated. | Nine Kurds Arrested, 2.5 Kg of Heroin Seized in Wiesbaden, Frankfurt |
FBIS3-21781_1 | on them by detectives from the station. By early 1992, three officers had been suspended and eight transferred. One officer central to many allegations was Det-Con Roy Lewandowski, who was eventually charged with stealing valuables from the home of a man who died after a burglary at his home. He was also accused of planting evidence from the burglary scene on two men, who were later convicted. Lewandowski was jailed for 18 months in November, 1992, and the two men convicted on his evidence were freed last February. Since then another nine people, almost all imprisoned for drug offences on evidence by Lewandowski and some of his colleagues, have had their convictions quashed. After the most recent appeal in December, Lord Taylor, Lord Chief Justice, described police evidence as "tainted evidence from a source which ought to be reliable and in which the courts should have confidence." In all, Jackpot investigated 22 separate cases. Two others were dropped, one because the complainant decided to take out a civil action and the other because allegations were withdrawn. One officer featured in eight cases, another in seven and three in six, while two officers had 11 specific allegations against them. During the investigation, the inquiry team took 376 statements and examined transcripts of police interviews, custody records and court proceedings. The complaints authority said a difficulty facing the inquiry was the "limited co-operation" given by complainants. The first complaint was in September, 1991, and the last in August last year, which is why the inquiry was so protracted. Three complaints were made two years after incidents to which they related. "Whatever the reason for these delays, they did not assist the investigation," said an authority spokesman. An organisation calling itself the Hackney Community Defence Association has given advice and support to many complainants and has built up its own dossier against officers at Stoke Newington and Hackney. The association had dealt with 381 complaints against officers from the two stations since January, 1989, and was supporting 83 civil actions against Metropolitan Police Commissioner Paul Condon. Sir John Smith, deputy commissioner of the Metropolitan Police, said the Jackpot allegations were serious and involved a "significant number of police officers"--but only a tiny minority in the force. In Stoke Newington, there were "over 300 police officers doing a difficult and sometimes dangerous job in that difficult policing environment. The majority are untouched by the | Corruption Probe of Stoke Newington Police Winding Down |
FBIS3-21806_1 | come through these two routes because this type of weapon or ammunition do not exist in Miami or Paraguay." The PF investigations have shown that the Russian weapons may be coming from Africa through the Middle East and Asian countries such as Afghanistan, that have overcome difficult phases of regional wars and battles. Oliveira commented: "Russian weapons are cheaper because there are great quantities of them in African countries in conflict and in Lebanon. We are greatly concerned. As soon as these conflicts are over, the excess weapons are put up for sale." The contacts between Rio de Janeiro underground organizations and terrorists of countries such as Angola, Namibia, and Zaire may be being made by Africans who enter Brazil as tourists. A new route for the international trafficking of weapons may be being established the same way as Africans acted as middlemen for the shipment of cocaine from Brazil to Europe -- the Nigerian connection. Since the 1980's Rio de Janeiro represents a sort of supermarket for the population of poor African countries. Thousands of Angolans, Nigerians, Zairians, and Ghanaians come to Rio de Janeiro every year as tourists and return loaded with all sorts of merchandise (from sandals to electrical appliances). The PF is investigating whether these tourists are not representatives of guerrilla organizations, in charge of maintaining contact with Rio de Janeiro criminal organizations such as the CV (Red Command) and the TC (Third Command). Groups of policemen specialize in supplying drugs and foreign weapons to drug traffickers linked to the CV and TC. Parallel investigations carried out by the Civil and Federal Police came to the same conclusion. The DRE (Drug Control Precinct) of the Civil Police has identified groups of suppliers made up of civil, military, and federal agents. These groups sell sophisticated weapons that usually arrive in Rio de Janeiro through the International airport (northern zone), on their way to the drug traffickers. One of the groups of suppliers is allegedly headed by Civil Police Detective Cesar Pereira da Silva. DRE Director Walter Alves de Oliveira, 54, said the group sold weapons and drugs to Orlando da Conceicao, or Orlando Jogador, who is regarded by the police as one of the biggest drug traffickers in Rio de Janeiro. Jogador has cocaine and marijuana "sale spots" in the Bonsucesso, Penha, and Ramos shantytowns in northern Rio de Janeiro. Pereira da Silva was arrested last December. | Police Investigate Links Between Rio Traffickers, African Weapons Suppliers |
FBIS3-21846_3 | rupiah for the trip. (Jakarta THE JAKARTA POST in English 1 Mar 94 p 2) Malaysia National Drug Problem "Worsened" in 1993 The drug problem "worsened" in 1993 with 24,023 addicts reported, including 9,727 new cases. This is the highest figure registered since the National Dadah [Drug] Information System was introduced in 1988. If the trend does not change, the drug problem is expected to become more serious in the future. The number of new addicts increased from 7,750 in 1992 to 9,727 in 1993, while the number of rehabilitated addicts who suffered relapses rose from 12,486 to 14,296. The Federal Territory registered the highest number of addicts with 3,729; Penang, 3,679; Perak, 3,448; Selangor, 2,951; and Johor, 2,776. The number of new addicts increased in every state except Terengganu, Sarawak, and Kedah. Selangor recorded the largest number of new addicts with 1,403; Federal Territory, 1,330; and Penang, 1,210. Seizures of heroin, morphine, ganja, and prepared opium also increased last year, but cases involving psychotropic pills dropped to 97,250 pills from 356,839 pills in 1992. The number of arrests under Section 39B of Dangerous Drugs Act in 1993 was 820 compared to 776 in 1992, while cases under Section 39A rose to 1,951 from 1,899. (Kuala Lumpur NEW STRAITS TIMES in English 9 Mar 94 p 11) Singapore Three Thai Nationals Sentenced to Die for Drug Trafficking Three Thai nationals have been sentenced to death for drug trafficking. The three sold 1.2 kg of cannabis to an undercover agent in January 1993. (Singapore THE STRAITS TIMES in English 9 Mar 94 p 21) Thailand Amphetamines, Heroin Seized in Rat Buri Province Rat Buri provincial police, with cooperation from the Narcotic Suppression Bureau, arrested four people at a shrimp farm in Damnoen Saduak District on 4 March. Officials seized 25 kg of amphetamines, 10 tubes of heroin, and 14 items used in the production of amphetamine pills. Police said the heroin was intended for mixing with the amphetamines to make the addiction stronger; this is the first time police have encountered the use of this method. (Bangkok THAI RAT in Thai 6 Mar 94 pp 1, 2) Two Receive Death Penalty for Drug Dealing The Criminal Court handed down death sentences on two men--Wichai Kutchaka, 37, and Lance Corporal Rangsan Ploymuk, 35--on 8 March for possession of 3.8 kg of heroin. (Bangkok BANGKOK POST in English 9 March 94 p 8) | Narcotics Roundup for 7-13 March Burma Combined Group Makes Drug Seizures in Namhkam Township Indonesia Aceh Police Seize 144 Kg of Marijuana, Arrest Two Malaysia National Drug Problem "Worsened" in 1993 Singapore Three Thai Nationals Sentenced to Die for Drug Trafficking Thailand Amphetamines, Heroin Seized in Rat Buri Province |
FBIS3-21873_4 | a residence permit and this occurs "fairly often," as Jorgen Cemnitz, the leader of the Danish Red Cross asylum division, said. If such a marriage occurs they automatically drop out of the asylum system. "Formerly Africans acted as couriers, especially for Pakistani drug dealers. But that time is past. Today we have two independent drug gangs that cover all aspects after the drugs are produced in Thailand and Pakistan. This means purchasing, distribution, and sales," said Lundh. The gangs are based in West and East Africa respectively. The eastern gang members come from Uganda, Somalia, and Tanzania and the western ones from Ghana, Gambia, and Nigeria. And while the western organization is strongest in Denmark, the other Nordic countries notice the eastern gang more. It also operates in this country -- but on a smaller scale than the western one. The money earned from the drug trade is spent partly on lavish consumption in Denmark and partly on non-drug-related investments in their homelands. "In contrast to drug dealers from Turkey and Pakistan, for example, the Africans are well educated. Many have a heavy academic ballast," said Mogens Lundh, who thinks the connection between Denmark and Africa has its roots in earlier charter trips. Interpol estimates that a total of around 10 percent of all the world's money comes from drugs -- through production, sales, or consumption. This tells almost the whole story about the battle the police and customs agents are up against. It is estimated that illegal cocaine sales alone amount to 2.5 trillion kroner worldwide. Nordic Lands of Special Interest Heroin and cocaine are regarded as the means of payment of the downtrodden. Drug money can be used to buy arms for the struggle for liberation and independence. The hunger and widespread poverty in Africa also cause an increase in the supply of hard drugs. Therefore countries like Denmark are flooded with the deadly narcotics. We have the opposite commodities -- peace, money, and the coveted standard of living. The Nordic region is also interesting because of the many daily connections with places like Russia, Poland, and the Baltic states. "This provides many opportunities to get the desired goods inside the EU [European Union] community," they say at Interpol's European headquarters in Lyon, France. As a countermeasure, the Nordic countries have set up several working groups that try to obtain as much information from the individual cultures as | Prominence of African Gangs in Copenhagen Drug Scene Detailed |
FBIS3-21874_3 | when you sit there crying, having a hell of a time, and are ready to quit," "Maria" says. We met "Maria" at Halmtorvet, and over a Jolly Cola at Freddy's Bar she tells us that she has been an addict since she was 11 years old. "Cocaine and heroin. I spend 1,800 kroner a day on drugs. I walk the streets to make the money, and I have been convicted of having stolen cash, checks, and credit cards from my customers," "Maria" says. Her face is sunken and pale, she has lost several teeth, "they were knocked out" and her neck and hands bear signs of drug abuse over many years. She is dressed completely in black, boots, pants, shirt, coat. She tells us that she has been in prison four times--every time because of drugs. She was off drugs for four years when she lived at Jutland, but as soon as she returned to Vesterbro, she went back to the needle. Treatment Opportunity Unused Drug treatment: A catastrophic lack of treatment centers is the reason why so many addicts end up in jail rather than in treatment centers, according to a physician. Even now the criminal code offers the possibility of sentencing drug addicts to treatment rather than incarceration, but this possibility is mostly unused. "It is relatively rare that someone is sentenced to treatment because there is a lack of treatment centers and because it is expensive," says Peter Ege, the director of medicine of Copenhagen county. "Maybe it happens 20 times a year that someone is sentenced to treatment. This must be seen in relation to the fact that there are about 1,100 drug addicts in prison," he says. Ege's remarks come in response to BERLINGSKE TIDENDE's comments yesterday on four proposals that the Progress Party will submit next week. These proposals are to the effect that drug addicts who commit crimes stemming from their drug abuse shall be offered treatment instead of incarceration; that the treatment shall be financed by the national government instead of by the counties as it is at present; that a council for information about drug abuse be created, and that a treatment model like the one in Rome, where 85 out of 100 people go through a drug treatment plan, be adapted for Danish conditions. "It would be wonderful if treatment could be government financed, because it is not reasonable that | Reactions to Party's Decriminalization Proposals Detailed |
FBIS3-21885_2 | Drug Trafficking Investigation: "We conduct operations there almost every week. It's a difficult, complicated district, because it has its own very special connections for protection and complicity." It is also the area of the capital in which the largest number of needles can be found per square kilometer of roadways. Also in the capital area, Picheleira, Estoril's Fim do Mundo district, Olivais, and the vicinity of Damaia de Baixo are some of the convenient havens for drug addicts. In the north, the Porto districts of Cerco and Se are not advisable for anyone merely wishing to walk his little dog after 2200. Consumers and Traffickers Prominent among the 1,899 consumers arrested in 1992 were 465 manual workers, 92 street vendors, 90 students, 40 female domestics, 34 public servants, and 400 without occupations. There were also musicians, paramedics, members of the military, and teachers, as well as a theatrical performer who was arrested for playing his part. Over half of those arrested lived in their parents' homes; 43 percent were unemployed, without children; and only 2 percent of the total lived in rural areas. Most of the drug addicts were aged between 16 and 45 years, and only 7 percent of all those arrested were women. There were all types among the 931 traffickers arrested in 1992. The most significant figures indicate 228 manual workers, 101 street vendors, and, once again, female domestics: 60 ladies faithfully devoted to the drug traffic. Of this group of persons arrested, 61 percent had received primary or preparatory schooling, and only 1 percent had reached the university level. There are foreigners for all tastes participating in the drug traffic. The majority are Brazilians, Venezuelans, and Spaniards, followed closely by Guineans, Cape Verdeans, and Angolans. By November of last year, 1,209 traffickers had already been caught in the police trap, and 70 percent of them are in preventive custody. The municipalities in which this breed abounds are those of Aveiro, Braga, Coimbra, Loule, Faro, Porto, Gondomar, Lisbon, Loures, Oeiras, and Sintra. Anyone desiring drugs in Angra do Heroismo, Braganca, or Guarda has to sweat a little. They are the national municipalities in which the incidence of drug trafficking is slighter. However, crime sometimes compensates for this: at least until the criminal is caught. A few months ago, a female heroin trafficker operating in Casal Ventoso, and considered the leading one in the district, was arrested. This | Overview of Drug Seizures, Arrests in Country's Various Regions |
FBIS3-21886_1 | between Turkey and Afghanistan, Pakistan, and Iran, which are known as the "Golden Crescent" countries. The Directorate of Smuggling and Intelligence Work Narcotics Department, which is affiliated with the General Directorate of Police, has drawn up a report on the recent changes in drug trafficking in the region. The report said that several drug trafficking organizations have intensified their activities in Uzbekistan, Tajikistan, Turkmenistan, and Azerbaijan because they are close to the "Golden Crescent" countries. It also said: "The drug trafficking organizations in the Golden Crescent and the Golden Triangle (Laos, Thailand, and Burma) assign selected elements from the cocaine cartels in the United States and the terrorist organizations in Lebanon to supervise and control each and every stage of drug trafficking (production, transportation, and sale of drugs). An operation against drug trafficking in the United States has revealed that the Cali cartel assigned 40,000 men for the sale of cocaine in that country and even paid monthly salaries to each one of them." The report also drew attention to the possibility of international drug trafficking organizations cooperating with criminal groups in Uzbekistan, Tajikistan, Turkmenistan, and Azerbaijan. The report described Turkey as an important transit center for heroin and hashish trafficking in the world and noted that the Balkan route starts from Turkey for geographical reasons and stretches to North America. It said: "The political developments along that route have forced the drug traffickers to make certain changes. The fact that a large quantity of the narcotic drugs that were impounded in Europe in the latter part of the 1980's was smuggled through the Balkan route drew the attention of the officials at the time. The Interpol General Secretariat established the "Pro-Balkan Unit" within the framework of the Interpol sub-committee on drug trafficking. The unit was established in accordance with the proposal the Yugoslav delegation made in the Interpol General Assembly meeting in 1989." Drug traffickers used five routes to transport their narcotics through the Balkan region in the past. The narcotic substances brought to Turkey from the Golden Crescent countries and Lebanon were transported to other countries from: 1. Kapikule border gate in Edirne to Kapitan Andreevo in Bulgaria; Gradina, Yugoslavia; Spielfeld, Austria; Bad Reichenhall, Federal Germany, and other areas in Western Europe. 2. Ipsila to Kipoi [as published] and Borogodiko [as published] in Greece; Trieste, Italy; and other areas in Western Europe. 3. Istanbul to Sofia, Bulgaria; Bucharest, | Changes in Drug Trafficking Routes Viewed |
FBIS3-21905_4 | shall be opened in his case." This is the scope of the new regulations for the surrender policy, says the minister. In essence, these regulations require effective cooperation with law enforcement so that a preliminary investigation or formal probable cause proceeding may take place, resulting in sufficient evidence to prosecute the person appearing to provide such evidence. "We cannot forget the basic objective of the justice system, which is to bring criminals to justice, either by pursuing them until they are arrested and convicted, or by applying the surrender policy on the basis of cooperation for effective administration of justice." Finally, in his letter to De Greiff, the minister urges that a consensus be reached so that "we can continue the surrender program on the proper terms" and so that the government can decide what guarantees it will offer, including incarceration facilities and other security measures. "Because this issue is so important for the country, the government believes it is essential to maintain close and constant cooperation and coordination with the Prosecutor General's Office and the Attorney General's Office in this regard. In that way, the concerns that have been expressed can be taken into consideration and a consensus can be reached on such vital issues, and this will benefit the surrender policy," emphasizes the letter. [Box, p 22A] Highlights of the Letter - The mere fact that a person appears before the appropriate authority on the pretext that he is being sought by law enforcement is not, in our opinion, legal grounds for issuing an order to open a preliminary investigation or probable cause proceeding; if that were to occur, the decision to pursue criminal action would be placed exclusively in the hands of those who are deceitfully trying to get a criminal prosecution going against themselves (...). Anyone who appears without intending to cooperate is only trying to inveigle the authorities into issuing a decision that will serve as an obstacle later on, to prevent unfavorable rulings when the state manages to obtain sufficient evidence of his guilt. - A person appearing for the sole purpose of having an investigation opened so that the state will try to prove that he committed a punishable act runs counter to the purpose of the regulation, which is to ensure the effectiveness of justice; unless the person simply confesses his crime, in which case Article 369B of the Code of Criminal | Newspaper Highlights Justice Minister's Letter to De Greiff |
FBIS3-21905_6 | simply confesses his crime, in which case Article 369B of the Code of Criminal Procedure should be applied. - The application of Article 369E of the procedural statute is predicated upon cooperation with justice authorities. Indeed, the aforementioned regulation is part of the legal institution known as "surrender to and cooperation with justice authorities," which is aimed at imposing the proper penalties on those who have violated other people's rights but who have agreed to abide by the social and legal order. That is also the reason why the appearance is made exclusively before the prosecutor general of the nation or his deputy. - The provisions that set forth rewards for cooperating with justice authorities distinguish between two situations: that of persons who are being prosecuted and that of persons who are not. As for the first case, it necessarily implies that the authorities have evidence of the person's guilt, so coming forward and cooperating effectively are among the many criteria taken into consideration in the discretionary decision to grant the benefits provided by law (literal E), Article 369A. Now, if the person is not being criminally prosecuted, Article 369B of the Code of Criminal Procedure should be applied. It was specifically designed to address such cases, which is why it is entitled "Benefits for Persons not Being Prosecuted." Its second paragraph states: "If the person giving testimony freely and spontaneously confesses his participation in punishable acts, pursuant to Article 33 of the Political Constitution, and cooperates to ensure that justice is done, an investigation shall be opened in his case...." It should be noted that in this case, appearing before the authorities is not one of the criteria for deciding whether to grant benefits, and, therefore, it was expressly excluded as a reason for granting benefits during the debate and passage of the law in the Congress of the Republic. - From the above, it is concluded that as we interpret Article 369E of the procedural statute, the following prerequisites would have to be met for its application: a. That there be effective cooperation in the administration of justice, in accordance with the criteria that govern such matters. b. That there be a preliminary investigation or formal probable cause proceeding. c. That such proceedings result in sufficient evidence to prosecute anyone who is thought to be involved in criminal activity or who has come forward to provide such evidence. | Newspaper Highlights Justice Minister's Letter to De Greiff |
FBIS3-21921_0 | Language: Spanish Article Type:CSO [Article by Hector Adorno Ruiz] [Excerpts] Claiming that there are no privileges nor distinctions at the Almoloya de Juarez federal maximum security prison, and that all inmates have the same rights and obligations, this incarceration center's director, Juan Pablo de Tavira, emphasized: "It is quite likely that the campaign against this prison center is being financed by the leading drug trafficking `capos' held there, such as Miguel Angel Felix Gallardo, Javier Pardo Cardona, and Rafael Caro Quintero, among others." During a press conference held at the Government Secretariat's headquarters, De Tavira declared that the facilities of the "Number One Federal High Security Center," as the Almoloya federal prison is officially called, serve the purpose for which they were created. [passage omitted]. The Almoloya de Juarez federal prison director commented on the press campaign conducted during recent weeks, with the publication of notices and the organization of informational events. He indicated that members of the Inter-American Human Rights Committee in Defense of Prison Inmates (CIDH-DIP), defense attorneys, and relatives of those held in the aforementioned prison, located in Mexico State, have taken part in these activities. He remarked: "It is quite likely that this campaign against the operation of the Number One Federal High Security Center is being financed by the leading drug trafficking `capos.' They include, among others, persons such as Miguel Angel Felix Gallardo, Javier Pardo Cardona, Rafael Caro Quintero, Rafael Arellano Felix, Ernesto Fonseca Carrillo, and Gilberto Ontiveros Lucero. They are living at Almoloya under conditions far different from those that they had been enjoying at the centers from which they came, since there are no privileges nor distinctions here. All inmates have the same rights and obligations." [passage omitted] The official noted that the one who has represented the inmates at the press conferences held at a capital hotel and at his office is the litigator, Efrain Garcia Ramirez. "He is an accredited attorney in the case records of the drug traffickers Rafael Caro Quintero, Rafael Arellano Felix, Ernesto Fonseca Carrillo, and Marcio Alvarez. The latter was also tried for the murder of the Jalisco prison director." Furthermore, he stressed that the press conferences have been attended by the wives of the inmates Rafael Caro Quintero, Felix Gallardo, and Rafael Pardo Cardona, the latter "a Colombian associated with the Medellin Cartel." He added: "These subjects, with Garcia Ramirez, have been the only ones | Almoloya Prison Director Claims Drug `Capos' Financing Negative Press Campaign |
FBIS3-21973_3 | "colleague" a disdainful glance and let him go. He was not the only one of his kind at their service. While walking along the passage they stopped several times, first to have a little word with two big men with shaven heads, then with a heavily made-up prostitute. The young lady told the civil guardians about the movements of some "chick in a fur coat." Several minutes later, as though friends, they both sat on an iron box near the escalator and, while dangling their boots, shelled seeds... A Racket in Uniform The militia is fighting against the social order. The police sergeant stops anyone that seems suspicious to him, of which there are many on Pushkin Square. Ilya lives close by. His outer appearance unfortunately arouses an inexplicable tension in policemen. It seems to them that the reason he frequently stands at the metro entrance is not that he lives close by, but something else. -- Every other day they stop me. What am I guilty of, having a suspicious appearance? During curfew hours, imposed not long after the events in October, the militia organizes round-ups at all the suspicious places where non-conformists gather. An entire detachment of OMON officers [Special Purpose Militia Detachment], arriving on a bus late in the evening searched the apartments where the followers of Petlyura live, the designer and charismatic leader of the youth underground. They found nothing. How did they know that drugs were there? It is incomprehensible. The militia is doing its duty. Our legislation makes no distinction between those dealing drugs and those using them. Anyone found with drugs during a search can end up in jail. In any quantity. So the militia searches. The more people they stop the greater chance of guessing right... Not all who are caught go to the police station, however. The Law frequently resorts to being an official racket; if there is no money, identification information is taken down and threats are made to "take them in" if no money appears. Chances of finding the needed drug dealer or user on the street are great for the militia. According to infrequent polls, the number of occasional drug users in the CIS at the beginning of last year neared 8 million. A year before that there were approximately 1.5 million. These figures were arrived at after estimating the volume of drugs in circulation within the borders | Moscow Drug Scene Profiled |
FBIS3-21986_0 | Language: Spanish Article Type:BFN [Text] U.S. Ambassador James Cheek on 14 March said that on 21 March U.S. Vice President Al Gore will propose to President Carlos Menem the need for Congress to pass a law creating the status of repentant within a group of new legal weapons against drug trafficking. Cheek thus confirmed what was reported by CLARIN on 14 March. In order that Gore's proposal not sound like diplomatic pressure, Secretary for the Prevention of Drug Abuse Alberto Lestelle said "it is very probable" that Gore and President Menem will discuss this sensitive subject. "There is absolute coordination between Argentina and the United States on this subject," Lestelle pointed out. During a news conference on 14 March to report on Gore's agenda here, Cheek said the "United States has been suggesting and endorsing the laws approved by Congress that, I understand, are supported by the Argentine Government and the majority of Congress." In order to clarify any doubt, the U.S. ambassador added: "We have stressed the need for the approval of these laws in order to give the Argentine Government the necessary cooperation." In this manner, Cheek referred to the draft bills that create the status of repentant, informer, undercover agent, and controlled delivery of drug shipments, which the powerful DEA (Drug Enforcement Administration) demands to make the struggle against drug trafficking in our country "more efficient." DEA experts believe that with these new laws drug traffickers can be fought "more efficiently." Besides asking to approve these laws, Washington also wants the military to give their logistical support to the security forces in this struggle, although it understands that "for the time being" it is not necessary. U.S. Antinarcotics Under Secretary Robert Gelbard [title as published] last week gave signals about these two subjects to officials from the Argentine Foreign and Interior Ministries and the Secretariat for the Prevention of Drug Abuse. Following a ceremony in the Communications Secretariat headed by Oscar Gonzalez, Ambassador Cheek referred to the U.S. interest in the approval of a law including, among other subjects, the status of repentant. The U.S. concern over these laws began to be expressed mainly after the Mar del Plata Penal Court for Economic Crimes released Colombian John Arroyave Arias, who was involved in the Shrimp Operation. After learning about Cheek's statements, Lestelle said he believes the draft bill he sent to Congress 20 days ago "will be | Drug Enforcement Laws To Be Discussed During Vice President Gore's Visit |
FBIS3-21987_0 | Language: Spanish Article Type:BFN [Article by Daniel Santoro; copyright CLARIN] [Text] The United States has reiterated its "subtle" request that the Argentine Government make antinarcotics action "more efficient" by opening two battle fronts. On the one hand, Washington wants more legal weaponry to be given to judges and to the police "this year," incorporating -- for example -- the case of "repented" persons in Argentine law, in reducing the penalty of detainees who provide information on drug trafficking. The U.S. administration also pointed to the need for the military to provide logistical support (without engaging in combat with drug traffickers) to security forces. Foreign diplomatic sources, however, have told CLARIN that the powerful DEA (the U.S. antinarcotics agency) believes that "for the time being" this step is not necessary. These precise and clear signals of what Washington wants were conveyed by DEA head Robert Gelbard [as published] to officials at the Foreign Ministry, the Interior Ministry, and the Antinarcotics Secretariat during his stay in Buenos Aires last week. The sole reference to the Argentine military becoming indirectly engaged in the fight prompted a debate within the government, causing its anticipated rejection by the military. However, according to the same sources -- who preferred to remain anonymous -- the DEA has another priority that comes before this one: incorporating, among others, the following provisions in the antinarcotics legislation: Informers: Depenalize the actions of persons who, while not being criminals, provide information about drug traffickers. The repented: Judges should be allowed to reduce penalties in return for information. This case is regulated by law in other countries. In Spain, for example, it was applied to the case of "repented" Andy Cruz Iglesias, who reported to Spanish judges the Argentine connection of an international dollar laundering gang, which originated the so-called Yoma affair in Argentina. Undercover agents: Policemen should be allowed to infiltrate traffickers' organizations, under judicial branch control. Judicial branch controlled shipping: International drug trafficking operations should be allowed to continue in order to arrest the gang in the receiving country. The objective of these measures, which are added to the reiterated claim for increasing control over the "laundering" of narco-dollars, is to prevent the crimes linked with drug trafficking and to try to catch the heads of the organizations. DEA priorities for Argentina are consistent with the U.S. concern about the releasing of Colombian John Arrayave Arias, one of the men | Defense, Foreign Ministries Disagree Over U.S. Antinarcotics Proposal |
FBIS3-21997_1 | in the Chale shantytown in Mangueira, where the boss, "F," turned 14 on 4 January. His gang is composed of children, young men, and even adults who follow his orders. There are two factors behind the increasingly significant presence of boys and adolescents in the indoor drug markets, according to police: the fact that they are minors and so cannot be given long sentences; and the type of relationship -- blind loyalty -- they develop with the traffickers. Their youth gives them an impulsiveness that makes them heedless of physical safety in a way an adult would not be. "They are just the wadding for the cannons," a policeman said. "B," Age 16 "B" is confined at the Padre Severino Institute for the third time. The first time was for theft, then for robbery, now he is there for trafficking. "I lived in the Fatima neighborhood, and that was where I had my first contact with drugs. I was 12. I started stealing things on my street. I got a reputation [manjado] and started stealing things on buses, working with four others. I bought a Browning 9 mm. Then I was arrested and spent some time here. My parents began to hate me. I got out and started school again. That didn't last long and I went back to look for my buddies there in Querosene (a shantytown in Catumbi). I used to guard the hillside in the evenings (I was a `soldier') and I was paid in cocaine. I was arrested trying to stick up a gas station. I came back here. Almost a year later, I was back on the street. I got a lot of money from a deal with the owner of the boca and set up my own business there in Fatima. I used to buy 50 grams of pura (pure cocaine) and stretch it into 500 grams. I would invest $300 and turn it into $3,000 a week. I bought a motorcycle, fulfilling my greatest dream. But then I got caught and so I'm back here." "R," Age 17 A soldier for trafficker Ernaldo Pinto Medeiros, aka "Ue," in one of the shantytowns in the Alemao Complex in Penha, "R" was found standing with "C," age 8, on a flight of steps on the hillside. Armed with a Glock 9mm pistol, he says he lives very well on the CR$30,000 he gets every week. | Rio Drug Traffickers Reportedly Employ 5,000 Minors |
FBIS3-21997_7 | nor negotiated. You pay with your life. Ten Percent of Crimes Committed by Minors Are Drug-Related During the first ten months of 1993, the Children and Adolescents Protection Division (DPCA) recorded a total of 1,166 crimes committed by children and young people between the ages of 7 and 18. Of this total, about 120 cases were related to consumption or dealing in drugs. In the opinion of Judge Siro Darlan, of the 2nd Juvenile Court, the majority of the robbery or thefts committed by young people are drug-related. "The adolescent steals something, sells to a fence -- usually an adult -- and immediately goes out and buys drugs," the judge said. The pressures on minors who engage in the traffic are also irresistible, according to the judge. "Those who are attracted by the traffic receive the kind of wages that a legal activity would almost never pay them. They start supporting their families and, in some cases, even gain their parents' sympathy. But in general, they are victims of a system in which you earn a lot, but you don't live long." The Public Square by Day, Drug Market by Night "S," age 13, is an example of the vicious circle the minors involved with drugs are caught up in. Last Tuesday afternoon, he was in Saenz Pena Square with three friends. "S" told O GLOBO reporters that he is a compulsive user of cocaine. The money to buy it comes from thefts. The "fence," he said, is a 19-year-old. "I stopped sniffing for awhile because my nose was sore. Now, I'm in great shape. I spend the day on the square and at night I go to Sa Viana," (the street that leads to one of the principal bocas-de-fumo on the Andarai hillside). The kids on Saenz Pena Square have been getting help for two years from the 6th BPM [Military Police Battalion] (Tijuca). The coordinator of the Special Crime Prevention Unit, Lieutenant Marcelo Luiz Ribeiro de Almeida, has succeeded in cutting the number of crimes on the square by 70 percent since he started a project there. Many of the young people were taken to the BPM, where they are learning a trade. A defender of the Child and Adolescent Statute, the lieutenant said that it was drafted with the Brazilian reality in mind and should be enforced in its essence. "Every child can be rehabilitated," he said. | Rio Drug Traffickers Reportedly Employ 5,000 Minors |
FBIS3-22022_0 | Language: Portuguese Article Type:BFN [Text] Brasilia -- The United Nations estimates that between 70 and 80 percent of the chemical substances used in processing cocaine in Peru and Bolivia are either manufactured in or shipped through Brazil. The statement was made yesterday by Herbert Schaepe, secretary of the UN International Board on Narcotic Drugs [Junta Internacional de Estupefacientes da ONU]. Schaepe requested that Brazilian Justice Minister Mauricio Correa report on Brazilian compliance with three agreements on the control of drug production and use. Noncompliance with these international agreements will make it difficult for Brazil to obtain resources to fight the drug trade. According to Schaepe, the opinion of the Board is important for the disbursement of these funds. The Board--which is headquartered in Vienna, Austria--consists of 13 member countries, which will evaluate the Brazilian Government's reports. The United Nations is concerned about Brazil having become a route for cocaine substances, as well as about the consumption in the country of 80 percent of the world production of Fenproporex, a basic appetite suppressant that causes physical and psychological dependence. Fenproporex is an anorectic amphetamine that is used in Brazil, namely by drug stores filling up prescriptions issued by "obesity doctors" to patients who are seeking to lose weight. In addition to dependence, Fenproporex causes irritability, depression, and increases the heartbeat. This drug is more dangerous when it is used with other pain relievers. According to the United Nations, the Brazilian Government is not informing the Board about controls adopted in these two cases. Justice Minister Correa said that the reports requested by the United Nations will be filed in the next few days. He noted that during the Collor administration the Health Ministry discontinued its controls over use of legal drugs such as appetite suppressants. He said the Brazilian Government is willing to comply with all of its agreements. | UN Asks Government To Report on Precursors, Drug Situation |
FBIS3-22042_1 | determine whether the reopening of the case is in order. These individuals received the benefit of a "no cause" verdict on Friday, 14 January. The new "evidence" reportedly was turned over to the prosecutor this Thursday morning, during a visit to the DNCD headquarters, where a meeting was held with high officials of the antidrug agency. The content of the report said to have been prepared by the DNCD legal office was not explained. However, the statement was made that, "it is consistent to keep those benefiting from the `no cause' verdict in prison, and to take them to the criminal court." Those who benefited from the release order of the Santo Domingo Classification Chamber are Roberto Antonio Tonos Mauad, Ramon Emeregildo Abreu Diaz, Guillermo Enrique Torchio Hernandez, Manuel Orlando Barrcus, Julio de Jesus Sanchez, Tirson Cesar de Leon Reyes, Julia Rosina Oneyda de la Cruz, Carlos Juan Robles Sosa, Benito Rodriguez Nunez, Anibal Alcantara de los Santos, Julio Valentin Alcantara Rosario, Francisco Valdez Garcia, Benjamin Valdez Jaquez, and Sergio Tulio Fontana. The attorney general of the Republic, Efrain Reyes Duluc, and the prosecutor of the Santo Domingo Court of Appeals, Jose Leonardo Duran Fajardo, investigated to learn whether there were any anomalies in the release order that benefited the accused. Dr. Duran Fajardo claimed that the investigation had been ordered because of "charges and information" to the effect that this decision had been handed down improperly. The judges who issued the "no cause" verdict are Jose Ramon Lantigua, of the Santo Domingo Court of Appeals; Danilo Diaz Diaz, of the National District's Ninth Chamber of Criminal Proceedings; and Juan Ubaldo Castillo, of the Monte Plata court. The notice of the Classification Chamber's decision was given to the National District prosecutor's office on Monday, 17 January, through the Criminal Department. Prosecutor Gonzalez Hardy began studying the case records on Tuesday, 18 January, and, on Wednesday, the 19th, announced that he would sign the release order if no new charges were submitted to him against the accused. The official said that he would take note of Dr. Duran Fajardo's statements regarding the investigation of the Classification Chamber's decision. The procedure has been established whereby, after the Classification Chamber's "no cause" verdict is officially announced, the Public Prosecutor's Office has 48 hours to order the release of those benefiting from the decision, if no new charges are brought to reopen the case. | Freed Drug Traffickers Face New Trial |
FBIS3-22043_2 | to send to the CONSEP executive secretary's office and to the Superintendency of Banks a copy of the final report on the investigations conducted. In instances wherein the presence of members of the National Directorate of Narcotics Investigations and Interpol is required in the institution in which the investigation sought by the CONSEP executive secretary is to be made, this fact will be announced to the enjoined institution's legal representative. It will be stated in a message informing him that the investigation is to be conducted and will include the list of personnel who will be visiting the institution. If, at the request of the CONSEP secretary, an agent from the Superintendency of Banks is to participate, that person will attend with written authorization from the superintendent. The data and information obtained by members of the National Directorate of Narcotics Investigations and Interpol will be reported directly to the national director of narcotics investigations and Interpol. They will notify the CONSEP executive secretary that the procedure has been implemented. If one of the institutions subject to control and surveillance by the Superintendency of Banks is suspected of making conversions or transfers of funds to the financial system, the Superintendency of Banks, at its own initiative or at the request of the CONSEP executive secretary, will conduct the pertinent examinations in cooperation with the National Police. They will be based on the parameters stipulated in the General Law on Banks and the other laws governing the subject. The message in which the CONSEP executive secretary notifies the superintendent of banks of the aforementioned suspicion will contain suitable grounds, and must specify the causes and records that have prompted those suspicions. Once the examination has been made, if there is evidence that the institution under investigation has converted or transferred money, securities, freely convertible instruments, and those of legal tender originating in the drug traffic or its related activities to the financial system, the Superintendency of Banks will make the report on the examination known to the competent authorities. This measure also will be in order when the Superintendency of Banks, upon making a routine examination of the institutions subject to its control and surveillance, detects a possible participation by the examined institution in the crimes of conversion, concealment, or transfer of assets classified and penalized in the Law on Narcotics and Psychotropic Substances. This includes the institution's financing for the commission | New Measures To Prevent Money Laundering Announced |
FBIS3-22085_1 | so-called laundering of dirty money. The second part defines legal means and procedures that would make it possible to expose and document serious criminal activity in a way that could be used as evidence in court [s procesnou posobnostou]. The course of action by the bodies involved in criminal proceedings has until now been formal, in a certain way, so that findings by the criminal police that were not obtained by the set procedures could not be used as evidence in court. [Handzo] What is the purpose of the proposed legal means? [Seges] We would like to break through the principle that is valid now, according to which it is possible to start collecting evidence, for it to be recognized in court, only after criminal prosecution has been formally initiated. In the case of listed criminal acts (which are enumerated in the draft law), the bodies involved in criminal proceedings should be permitted to collect evidence that will be recognized in court before the initiation of criminal prosecution. These bodies should be endowed with such powers as would allow them to investigate effectively, in a way that will be recognized in court, when their crime-solving experience and other indications suggest that they are confronted with organized crime, even if they do not avail themselves of findings signaling a specific criminal act. [Handzo] Could the application of legal means permitting the start of investigations in the event of a mere suspicion not constitute encroachment upon basic human rights in certain cases? [Seges] The draft law makes it possible for bodies involved in criminal proceedings to secure evidence, in the case of listed (enumerated) criminal acts, without there being a formal resolution on the initiation of criminal prosecution. Therefore, should a charge be raised, the effects of the start of criminal prosecution would retroactively authorize even the deployment of operational technical devices [operativno-technickych prostriedkov], telephone tapping, or the use of a secret agent operating under an assumed identity (alias), who would penetrate into the criminal environment with the aim of obtaining evidence. It is self-evident that, in view of this being a very serious encroachment upon citizens' civil rights and liberties, all of these means could be used only with the consent of the judge or prosecutor. Opponents of this regulation argue that it is anticonstitutional or that it restricts basic human rights. However, the Constitution expressly states that these rights can | Official Outlines Draft Law on Organized Crime |
FBIS3-22090_0 | Language: Danish Article Type:CSO [Article by Anders Lehmann: "Police Made Whipping Boy in Narcotics Debate"--first paragraph is BERLINGSKE TIDENDE introduction] [Text] The director of a drug treatment center fears that drug addicts will be victims of neighborhood action if the police withdraw from Vesterbro. Heightened police effort forces drug addicts into treatment, he says. Drug addicts would continue to use drugs even if police ceased going after pushers. The police offensive against drugs on the street forces many addicts into treatment. That is what Jorgen Green, director of the County Youth Center in Storstrom County told BERLINGSKE TIDENDE. Ever since the 1960s, when hard drugs made their impact, Green has been working with drug abusers and their addiction. "The police have been wrongfully made the whipping boy. People say that police raids on drug dealers on the streets are responsible for the death of drug addicts. I do not feel that there is any proof of this. It has not been our experience that this is what is happening," he said, "The drug treatment facilities will simply have more to do if the police do not constantly make inroads on the drug trade," he said. Green feels the rise in drug use is due to the fact that drug addicts do not receive the treatment they need; that their average age has risen; that AIDS is the cause of a number of deaths; and that drug addicts are psychologically and physically run down. "Drug addicts die because they do not get into treatment or are refused treatment. The moment the police are on the street we find more drug addicts asking to get into treatment," said Green. He strongly opposes stopping the police actions against drug dealing and pushers in places such as Vesterbro. "I know very well what the inhabitants of Vesterbro will do if the police withdraw. They will get hold of some baseball bats and they will drum both drug dealers and addicts out of the Vesterbro quarter. If the police leave, they will become the victims of local justice," he said. These remarks come two weeks before Health Minister Torben Lund (Social Democrat) is expected to make a drug policy statement. | Police Street `Offensive' Against Drugs Lauded |
FBIS3-22101_3 | on the "black" market. According to information obtained from the security police, a five-gram package of marijuana and one cubic [centimeter] of liquid opium cost 50 kroons, one gram of hashish--no less than 75 kroons, and a cubic [centimeter] of a synthetic drug (too weak for "professionals")--as little as 25 kroons. Cocaine belongs to a class of the most expensive and, apparently, least popular "substances" for this reason. It is not cheap in Europe, either--a five-gram package fetches $205. At present, drugs of both vegetable origin (marijuana, hashish, opium milk) and medicinal origin (diazepam) are common in the republic. The former are more common, after all. Depending on the specifics of transportation, their form differs widely. A drug-sniffing dog "smells" drugs of vegetable origin. However, the contrivances of drug dealers may rob it of the scent. Previously, drugs were often transported in car bumpers. The "merchandise" was placed there, and fresh epoxy resin was poured over it. There is no way that a dog would "sniff out" a drug in this hiding place for the next three or four days. Opium poppies--quite recently, this combination of words was associated solely with Central Asia, and to a lesser degree with Ukraine. However, a few years ago it was learned how to grow this crop in Estonia and Lithuania out of high-grade seeds brought in from Kazakhstan. There are hills with plantations between them. They can only be seen from a helicopter, and are not visible from the road. The owner harvests, say, one-tenth of a hectare, sells the crop, and buys a new house, a horse.... In 1989 an entire syndicate delivering drugs from Lithuania to us was uncovered. Fourteen people ended up in the dock. The Realm of Transit Poison comes to Estonia from Russia, Lithuania, Central Asia, and the Caucasus. Luckily we cannot afford Western products. New times have resulted in new opportunities for drug sales. The transit of drugs through the Baltic area, in particular through "us," previously without precedent, at any rate on this scale, has become established. Given the actually nonexistent border and the "most incorruptible" customs in the world, the organization of deliveries is not too exacting an endeavor. Outside groups have appeared which have ultimately established themselves solidly here. The deep pockets of their members have been helpful in securing residence permits or citizenship for them. And how many nerves do the common residents | Country's Drug Trade Examined `A Strange Small State in Which the Drug Problem Is of No Concern to Anyone' |
FBIS3-22109_0 | Language: English Article Type:BFN [Report by Murray Hiebert from Hanoi] [Text] As Vietnam opens its economy to market forces, the cachet of foreign goods is on the rise. But conspicuous consumpton is only one of the problems Hanoi's bureaucrats now need to keep an eye on. They are quickly learning that the industrialized world has more to unload than champagne, computers and cars; it also has garbage. Vietnam's customs officers are the last line of defense in a country belatedly acknowledging the need to sort the rich world's waste from its other goods offered. So when Tra Vinh Cereal and Foodstuff Co. asked the Customs Department to inspect its 61-container shipment of "assorted, mixed plastic," customs officers became curious when the shipment failed to show up. Eventually, the missing containers were located in early January at the Anh Sang Private Enterprise in the suburbs of Ho Chi Minh City. What they found was shocking even to the department's seasoned veterans: the "assorted, mixed plastic" turned out to be 1,114 tonnes of filthy, used plastic bags. Fearing that Anh Sang would either try to recycle the bags--causing serious air and water pollution--or bury them in a landfill, Ho Chi Minh City's environment committee promptly ordered the bags to be re-exported to their original owner. (The environment committee said that the containers originated in Germany but wouldn't identify the names of any foreign companies involved with the shipment.) Vietnamese officials say this incident marks the first known case of foreign waste materials arriving in the country. But the desire to do so is not new. Government officials say many foreign companies have sought permission to dump their waste in Vietnam since Hanoi launched its free-market reforms seven years ago. "Foreign companies try to exploit the poor knowledge of local officials by telling them these imports won't hurt Vietnam," says Nguyen Ngoc Sinh, acting director of Vietnam's National Environmental Agency. "They try to prove we will earn much money and be able to resolve our unemployment problem." These arguments appear to have won at least some converts. During the debate on an environmental protection law, passed by the National Assembly in late December, some delegates argued that Vietnam should consider accepting some solid-waste imports. In the end, their proposal was defeated. The new environment law, Vietnam's first, seeks to prevent further degradation of the environment as the country rushes to develop in the | Economic Opening Brings Environmental Damage |
FBIS3-22111_0 | Language: English Article Type:BFN [Text] Sofia, January 8 (BTA) -- Experts of the World Bank, the International Bank for Reconstruction and Development, the U.S. Agency for International Development and the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency arrived on a visit to Bulgaria at the invitation of Environment Minister Valentin Bosevski. The visit will last until February 17. The mission, led by Spyros Margetis, senior environmental specialist for Europe and Central Asia at the World Bank, will survey the implementation of the plan of action which is part of Bulgaria's environmental strategy. The plan, specifying the main aspects of this country's environmental policy until the year 2000, was developed in 1991 by Bulgarian specialists with the assistance of experts of the same financial institutions and agencies. Some of the foreign experts are members of the present mission. The plan will be updated to bring it into line with the changes that took place in Bulgaria over the last few years. Stress will be laid on the development of an investment matrix specifying the ways and mechanisms of attracting investment for the implementation of the updated plan of action. The draft update is expected to be ready by the end of March. Bulgaria would like to show it pursues a consistent environmental policy conducting cooperation with the international financial and political institutions concerned with the problems of environment at the 1995 Conference on European Environment which Sofia is to host, Environment Minister Bosevski said today before the opening of the working meeting with the foreign experts. He stressed that Bulgaria seeks integration with the financial and political mechanisms of Europe and the world for the purpose of optimizing its environmental policy. As hosts to the 1995 environmental conference, we want to make our own contribution to the formulation of the concept about environmental policy, Minister Bosevski added. World Bank resident representative John Wilton, who attended the opening of the meeting, said that the updated plan of action could also provide an input to the meeting of international donors organized by the World Bank in June this year. The idea of both meetings is to provide assistance for those priority actions that are to be taken in the environmental area, Mr. Wilton stressed. Minister Bosevski expressed his hope that during the mission's visit a national group would be established to draw up Bulgaria's report for the 1995 conference. "This national team would act as a | International Delegation Arrives To Update Environment Plan |
FBIS3-22114_0 | Language: English Article Type:BFN [Text] Prague, Feb 23 (CTK) -- Greenpeace and two Czech environmentalist groups, Duha (RAINBOW) and Deti Zeme (Children of the Earth), have lodged a complaint with the Constitutional Court against the Government and the Trade and Industry Ministry over the Temelin power station, the groups' legal representative Petr Kuzvart told CTK today. Last March when the Ministry of Trade and Industry was preparing material in advance of a government decision on the Temelin plant in southern Bohemia, the ministry clearly had information that a study on the economic feasibility of the plant had been commissioned from the Belgian company Tractabel Kuzvart said. Part of the report studied the possibilities of energy saving and concluded that energy saving procedures would cost the country less than the production of electricity by any method. By 2010, the report stated, 3,500 megawatts could technically be saved, it would be economically advantageous to save 3,000 megawatts but the feasible saving by that year is only 1,200 megawatts. The study shows that the amount of energy saving possible is six times higher than Trade and Industry Minister Vladimir Dlouhy announced, Kuzvart said. Other government offices and constitutional officials had no information about this section of the study before the decision was taken to complete Temelin, as is shown by Environment Minister Frantisek Benda's proposal that a study be done including energy sources and needs and assessing the realistic energy saving potential, Kuzvart said. The government could only have made the announcement that, with coal power plants cutting production, a new source producing around 2,00 megawatts had to be found, if the Tractabel study had not been taken into account, he said. In the interests of averting looming environmental damage construction at Temelin should not have been resumed before new discussions, Kuzvart said. | Environmentalists Lodge Complaint Over Temelin |
FBIS3-22118_2 | from the Volga. Away from prying eyes, a constant stream of explosions releases thick clouds of toxic substances into the atmosphere. It is here that the army destroys its excess of chemical weapons before Western observers can notice the deception. All this occurs to the detriment of the most basic safety rules. It is claimed that whole vats of toxic substances are buried or burned without any safety measures whatsoever. No surprise then, that it is at Chikhaniy that the highest number of ophthalmic lesions and eye cancers are recorded -- twice as many as in the rest of the country. State secrecy means that medical information for the regions concerned also remains a closely guarded secret. However, we do know that a number of soldiers who took part in the destruction of mustard gas at the Kambark base in the sixties have since died of cancer. Near the Novocheboksariy region of central Russia, almost 90 percent of the population suffers from various types of pathological illness. In 1993, the 12,000 children of Chikhaniy developed twice as many respiratory illnesses as in the previous year while the number of complications quadrupled.... In the east, the largest threat posed by the military chemical industry does not, however, lie simply in this half-truth. Russia has two powerful binary weapons capable of wiping out entire populations when their internal membrane splits to mix two individually inoffensive gases. The first of these weapons, named VX, is produced using chemical substances that are banned by the Paris convention and which should soon be destroyed. The second weapon, on the other hand, is the most fearful arm ever dreamed up in this domain -- fearful because it is untouchable. According to Vladimir Uglev, the developer of the gas code-named A-232, the weapon's originality lies in the simplicity of its components which are used in civilian industry and which cannot therefore be regulated by international experts. "We know that the chemical parameters of such a weapon cannot escape the clutches of the generals or terrorists for long," Vladimir Uglev accepts. "The question is whether to make its composition public knowledge and so demand strict international control, or else wait for a `leak' to occur, despite our vigilance." By concealing the results obtained during the A-232 research and accusing the developers of these weapons of "violating state secrecy," the Kremlin seems to have opted for the latter solution. | Scientist Fears Lethal Gas Will Fall in Terrorist Hands |
FBIS3-22119_11 | today, while another 1,225 million suffer from real poverty. In developing countries, 95% of children are born, live and die in poverty, being deprived of the benefits of the scientific and technological achievements. About 2 billion people suffer from water shortage and have to use unhealthy water; the low quality of water is the cause of various diseases [7]. The outbreaks of the diseases which had been declared as eliminated (cholera, malaria), have been registered again. New diseases have appeared, the most dangerous of which, so far, is AIDS. The number of the poor and homeless in developed countries is growing as well. Drugs addiction, violence and terrorism are spreading there. The number of technological scientists has increased sharply; the number of genetic and blood diseases grows, as well as that of malignant tumours. Differences between the North and the South with regard to population growth have become more pronounced. In 1950 about 22% of the global population lived in North America and Europe, and only about 9% in Africa. Now the proportion is reversed. The Southern developing countries comprise the major part of the world population. The debt of this part of the world amounts to 1,200 billion US dollars, which constitutes about one half of the gross national product of the debtor countries. Poverty and starvation, diseases and general frustration are doubtless fraught with unpredictable conflicts and violence. There appeared numerous environmental refugees. The shortage of land and water resources is obvious, and this can cause conflicts and provoke wars. Worrisome features of development have appeared in the late 1980s. This has become the first time since 1950 when the crop yield has stopped increasing the grain production output has dropped, and the areas of arable and irrigated land per capita have decreased. If, according to Adam Smith, "an invisible hand" appears to regulate the population growth this hand is most likely to bring about the destruction of the biosphere followed by starvation and diseases. The 40 years of technological progress has entailed an enormous impact on the environment, since this progress had been based on ruthless exploitation of natural resources. Economic estimations have practically never taken into account the depletion and damage to natural resources, or their direct consequence which is the harmful effect on human health. Moreover, the future generations will be deprived of their share of natural resources. And as a result, the biosphere has | Book Analyzes State of Global, Russian Environment |
FBIS3-22119_17 | sources should be used. The other concept of environmental safety proceeds from an intuitive belief that it is necessary to conserve a certain part of biosphere and keep it free from any economic activity. It is assumed that this part of biosphere is necessary to keep in order to sustain the environment. But no assessments are given as to the threshold areas of the preserved territories for sustained biosphere. The first concept actually admits the possibility of complete destruction of the natural biosphere, since it assumes an unlimited economic activity which would not result in the degradation of the environment. A solution of any environmental problem is assumed to be possible through using adequate methods of economic development and the utilisation of efficient environmental management systems. The second concept proposes the solution of the problem through preservation of parts of the biosphere against its possible destruction. The final objective of both concepts is provision of equilibrium and wasteless management. To accomplish the task, however, an enormous control system of unprecedented complexity and scale would be needed, which could ensure a sustainable development in the absence of unperturbed biota functioning according to the Le Chatelier principle [2,5]. Thus, there is no essential difference between both concepts. Systems of this type are often referred to as the noosphere. Estimations of the information flows to be processed by such a control system, and of expenditures required for its operation shows us that such a system cannot be practically realised. If the system had been created, however, the maintaining of its stability would have required over 99% of the total energy and labour produced by mankind. Recently, a new concept has been proposed which attributes the appearance of environmental problems to excessive consumption. Today, the output of matters per capita resulted from mining, industry, agriculture and forest catting amounts to 20 tons annually. Subsequent processing of these 20 tons of raw materials requires 2.5X03 of energy power and 800 tons of water. The final products intended for direct consumption are about 2 tons. The remaining part is direct (technological) wastes, whereas the 2 tons of final products are delayed wastes. The concept assumes that the problem might be solved by reducing individual consumption. In reality, however, the optimal individual consumption value in a modern industrial society does not exceed the basic needs of a human being, which are necessary to maintain an adequate standard | Book Analyzes State of Global, Russian Environment |
FBIS3-22119_32 | answers to fundamental problems which remained unsolved within the scopes of the previous concepts. Perspectives for Survival As has been suggested above, one has every reason to believe that only the biosphere which consists of the biota and the environment interacting with it, is capable to sustain the environment, provided that external perturbations do not exceed a permissible threshold, that is the biosphere functions according to the Le Chatelier principle. That is why, the conservation of natural communities and the existing species in amounts reassuring the functioning of the le Chatelier principle with regard to perturbations is the basic condition for the continuation of life on the Earth and the survival of the human race. The modern civilization does not ensure this. It has also brought about a discrepancy between the genetic programme of a human being and his present ecological niche, which should lead to the degradation of the gemone of man. This last problem means an extreme importance of the population genetics. Research efforts should be directed towards seeking for new data and obtaining more precise information in support of the concept of the biological control to sustain the environment. For this purpose, global monitoring of biological cycles should be improved (first of all, that of the carbon cycle); more reliable assessment of the biologic primary production should be made both on the global and regional scales; parts of the land and ocean which are subject to exceptionally strong anthropogenic impacts should be identified; carbon dioxide emissions by the land biota should be calculated on the basis of observations, and regions of the most intensive emissions should be singled out. To solve these and other problems, it is necessary to correct the relevant national and international research programmes. All systems of environmental monitoring and modelling should be reoriented with due attention to the priority aspects of the global environmental safety. The first and foremost objective to be achieved is to reduce the man- made perturbations of the biosphere thus guaranteeing recovery of the adequate functioning of the Le Chatelier principle in the biosphere. One has stopped the expansion of economic activity on a global scale in order to save those biospheric regions which have not degraded due to civilization. They might become the sources for recovery of the entire biosphere, since the biota possesses a powerful mechanism of self-control. It is particularly essential to conserve forests and wetlands | Book Analyzes State of Global, Russian Environment |
FBIS3-22120_0 | Language: English Article Type:BFN [Text] Moscow, February 1, RIA -- The allegations that Russia has already turned into a site for deploying harmful industrial waste from Western countries have no grounds and are misinformation, runs today's statement of the Russian Ministry of Environmental Protection. The statement followed a report, "Russia: dust heap of Western waste", which was issued by the Greenpeace organization late in 1993. The report impelled some media to similar publications. According to the report, 96 attempts have been made in the last six years to supply to Russia 34 million tons of waste. The statement notes that the cited data testifies only to intentions and is not an accomplished fact really threatening Russia's ecological security. According to the Russian Ministry of Environmental Protection, local environmental protection bodies have rejected the overwhelming majority of Western proposals following expert conclusions. | Ministry Charges Greenpeace With Misinformation |
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