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FBIS3-41874_0 | Editorial Sees U.S. `Targeting' Islamic Countries | Language: Urdu Article Type:BFN [Editorial: ``The Atom, American Concern, and Islamic Countries''] [Text] The distinguished journal ECONOMIST has disclosed that the United States has decided to intensify surveillance of nuclear facilities in Muslim countries because of fears about the possible proliferation of nuclear arms in Islamic countries by the end of this century, and that it will take military action against them if they do not desist from making atom bombs. Pakistan is the only country in the Islamic world that has acquired the capability to manufacture nuclear weapons. According to American experts, Iran is making serious efforts to manufacture nuclear weapons, but it may take eight to 10 years to succeed in this task. Besides, the Islamic countries are so rich with oil wealth that any one of them may become inclined to acquire nuclear weapons. The apprehensions in the minds of the United States and its allies reflect their thinking and logic. Pakistan has assured the Clinton administration in clear-cut terms that its nuclear program is meant only for peaceful energy purposes, that it does not have any intention of manufacturing nuclear weapons, and that it will adhere very strictly to its policy of not transferring nuclear technology to any other country. Despite this, the United States is not ready to trust these assurances. Beyond just Pakistan, it is also planning to take to task those Muslim countries that may attain nuclear capability within eight to 10 years, as well as those with the financial capacity to buy such weapons. This clearly shows that to establish world supremacy under the new world order, the United States is targeting Islamic countries by raising the specter of nuclear proliferation. Under one pretext or another, Iraq and Libya have already been U.S. targets. Other Islamic countries -- especially Pakistan and Iran -- should work out a common strategy to foil these American designs. |
FBIS3-41876_0 | Editorial Backs Use of Nuclear Reactors To Meet Power Needs | Language: Urdu Article Type:BFN [Editorial: ``Pakistan To Build Nuclear Reactor''] [Text] Foreign Minister Sardar Asif Ahmad Ali has said that the United States should either repeal the Pressler Amendment or bring India under its purview. South Asia faces a threat from India, not Pakistan, which wants to meet its power shortfall by utilizing nuclear energy. Pakistan has no other option but to build its own nuclear reactor to meet its energy requirements. He made these observations while addressing the 23d graduation and awards ceremony at the Center for Nuclear Studies. Pakistan is faced with the problem of increasing its power output. The existing resources cannot produce an adequate amount of electricity to meet the requirements of the industrial, agricultural, and trade sectors as well as domestic consumers. That is why the country has to cut power distribution every year, thereby affecting industrial and agricultural production and disrupting people's normal lives. Increasing electricity production is essential for Pakistan's all-around development. The country's existing thermal and hydroelectric power stations are generating electricity at full capacity; to produce additional power, Pakistan will have to utilize nuclear energy. France is an example for everyone. That country meets most of its energy requirements with its nuclear power stations. Pakistan can also become self-sufficient in electricity production. The nuclear power plant in Karachi has been running successfully for the past 20 to 22 years, and the expertise gained with this plant can be utilized to operate other nuclear power stations. The country can rely on the expertise of Pakistani scientists and technical experts to build nuclear reactors to generate electricity. |
FBIS3-41877_1 | Article Reviews Nuclear Weapons Program | weapons. Shortly after Pokhran test by India in 1974, the experts say, Pakistan launched a separate effort to acquire the capability for producing highly enriched uranium, the alternative material usable for nuclear weapons. The key to this secret endeavour was Dr. Abdul Qadir Khan, a Pakistani metallurgical engineer who later became Chief of Pakistan's Atomic Energy Agency. From 1972 to 1975, Mr. Khan worked in the metallurgical section of a Dutch engineering firm, the Physical Dynamics Research Laboratory whose parent company was playing a key role in an ultracentrifuge uranium enrichment plant under construction in the town of Almelo in the Netherlands. The facility was built by the British Dutch-West Germany consortium `URENCO' to produce low enriched nuclear power plant fuel. The experts say subsequently it was revealed that Mr. Khan had gained access both to secret technical data concerning the plant's highly classified uranium enrichment process and to detailed lists of equipment used in the facility, all of which he transferred to Pakistan. Even before Khan had left his post in the Netherlands in 1975, Pakistani nuclear scientists were using the information he had provided to begin purchasing key components for a Pakistani ultracentrifuge pilot plant which was later built in the town of Sihala, south west of Islamabad. Later, under Khan's direction, Pakistan initiated construction of an industrial scale plant at nearby Kahuta with thousands of centrifuge units. The experts say later Pakistan was able to obtain as much as 100 metric tonnes of uranium concentrate popularly known as yellow cake not subject to International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) monitoring from Libya. The material had originally been purchased by Libya from Niger and then reexported to Pakistan. They say Pakistan's first nuclear power plant, known as Karachi Nuclear Power Project, a 137 megawatt, natural uranium/heavy water reactor purchased from Canada, was completed in 1972. It was subjected to IAEA inspections and has capacity to produce nuclear weapon grade material. After the 1971 Indo-Pak war, Zulfikar Ali Bhutto, the chief architect of Pakistan's nuclear programme, decided to develop atomic weapons. Since 1973, the country has been making efforts to acquire reprocessing and uranium enrichment technology both overtly and covertly and finally it was able to commission fuel fabrication plant at Chashma which is not subject to IAEA safeguard, the experts say. The experts say this gave Pakistan a source of plutonium-bearing spent fuel from which the plutonium could be |
FBIS3-41878_0 | Iraqi, Iranian Radar, Missile Experts' Presence Noted | Language: Arabic Article Type:BFN [Spelling of all place-names as published] [Text] Port Sudan--Sources from our Sudanese brothers in the city of Port Sudan affirm that the area of the Red Sea mountain range is currently witnessing a large influx of Iraqi experts working under the cover of prospecting for oil, when everyone knows that Iraq does not have any technology to dig for oil. Specially informed sources in the eastern region affirmed that investigations have proven that the Iraqis there are experts in missiles, defense systems, radar, and planes. The first post where the Iraqis are stationed is in Madabay in Khawr Ashraf and Port Sudan city. This region was more or less a marginal station for radar before the coup by the Islamic Front. Recently, it has been reinforced with highly developed equipment, as well as computers. The region is experiencing strict security measures and 24-hour armed patrols roam around it. Shepherds and Arab nomads have been completely removed from the area within a 60 km circumference. The region of Dalawat on the Red Sea near the city of Hala'ib also has an Iraqi presence. The identity of the people is unknown and strict security measures are also in force. In addition, there is a station at the town of It, parallel to the city of 'Arus al-Sahaliyah where there are some Iranian elements. Alleged Iraqi experts were also seen in the region of Karnakanat on the northern coast of the city of Tawkar. This is a region for prospecting for natural gas. The contract of a French company working in this area was terminated. Some armed boats belonging to the Sudanese Navy are also in the same region supervised by Iranians. In addition, our sources confirm Iraqis are supervising the development of the secret airport in Udrus, west of al-Wihdah district, the last district of Port Sudan. This region is surrounded by special forces and shock troops to secure the area. |
FBIS3-41883_3 | Agreements Needed on Missile Warning System | region, Latvia, and Ukraine. A plan was then developed for total, continuous OTH coverage in the missile-vulnerable western, southwestern, southern, and northeastern sectors. At the same time work was also under way on a fundamentally new phased-array OTH radar station called ``Daryal''.... As we can see, the system was progressively built in missile-vulnerable areas. Needless to say, at the time no one thought that the Union would break up and that the radar field erected would be bisected by the national borders of sovereign states. Or that they would de facto end up under Russia's ``nuclear umbrella.'' However, now the question is this: Do the republics need these services today? And, if so, on what terms? If not, what is to be done with the stations? Regrettably these are not idle questions, since there are still no clear accords in this sphere or clear prospects. Admittedly there is the Treaty on Collective Security signed by six CIS states. But ``nothing is forever''.... Remember the promises about the unified ruble, economic, and information area. What has happened to all that? Is it true that the future of these stations and maybe the future of the MAEW is today being decided not only in Moscow but also in the CIS nation states? ...The Balkhash area, where an MAEW unit is stationed, greeted us with cold gusts of wind and snow. A strange building like a gigantic hut rose above the wild semidesert. ``Our new `Daryal' looks strange and, you'll agree, impressive,'' Colonel G. Kozlyuk, deputy commander for work with personnel, broke into my thoughts. ``The only thing is that the construction workers and fitters are unable to hand it over. So at the moment we are working with a `Dnepr.''' Vast sums of money at the old prices have been invested in the station -- around 1 billion rubles. It is a reliable radar. It has triple-redundant technological apparatus, several independent power sources, and space, radio, and facsimile communications.... It provides highly important information about ballistic missile launches, identifies objects during the booster phase of their flight path, and can instantly compute warheads' launch and landing sites as well as their flight time.... ``We provided backup for the `Soyuz-Apollo' flight and all flights from Baykonur and obtained information on `Ferret' [as transliterated], `Columbia,' and the shuttle,'' Colonel N. Buchuk, deputy commander for arms, said not without pride. The MAEW has never given |
FBIS3-41910_4 | Nuclear Control Said `Technically Possible' | yes, the decree is at variance with some articles of the Lisbon Protocol under which our president's signature appears; yes, the document itself, from the point of view of politicians, contains rather naive points regarding security guarantees for Ukraine. However, it is pointless to assert either the wisdom or worthlessness of that document, proceeding from immediate considerations alone: Doubtless the future, perhaps, not so distant, will provide such an assessment. Let me remind you that the deputies almost unanimously (what a surprise!) approved the reduction, over seven years, of 36 percent of launch vehicles and 42 percent of warheads. They [the deputies] advanced conditions to the world: Never use nuclear weapons against Ukraine; do not use conventional armed forces against it, and do not resort to the threat of force; refrain from exerting economic pressure for the purpose of resolving any disputes; respect Ukraine's territorial integrity and inviolability of borders. By the time the decree was adopted, Ukraine had 176 vertical-launch installations with 1,240 nuclear warheads and 43 heavy bombers with 372 nuclear warheads. That the position of the Ukrainian parliament should not be characterized in categorically negative terms was soon confirmed by the Russian elections in which Zhirinovskiy, a ``sincere friend'' of the former imperial colonies, triumphed. Anti-Ukrainian articles on nuclear topics immediately disappeared from Moscow newspapers (apparently, not for long). The world became concerned and a question arose: Is it generally safe to transfer the Union's nuclear weapons to Russia? At any rate, the warheads of 17 missiles that were deactivated by Ukraine at the end of December have remained ``at home.'' At other times, this would have given rise to certain emotions in Russia. Now, there is complete tranquility. Maybe, the United States will also revise its policy with regard to Ukraine. So far, it only listened to what Russia was saying. According to [Ukrainian President] Leonid Kravchuk, Ukraine will continue to adhere to its decision to become a nuclear-free state, but we will demand that a tripartite agreement be concluded with Russia and the United States. Meanwhile, an opinion is being formed among Ukrainian parliamentarians on the need for Ukraine to gain full control of its missiles: Such control on the part of Russia is dangerous for our country. It is significant that there is no nonaggression agreement between the two states. Besides, Russia's military doctrine envisages a preventive nuclear strike against nuclear countries. Technically speaking, |
FBIS3-41918_1 | CDU/CSU Criticizes Strict Arms Export Controls | German companies at a disadvantage: ``Thousands of jobs and high-tech know-how that are of enormous importance for the civilian industry threaten to be lost.'' Lamers demands a uniform European Union [EU] policy on arms exports. This is also mentioned as an objective in the section on joint foreign and security policy of the Maastricht treaty. Lamers said that, due to the resistance of other European states, however, the high German standards cannot be maintained in Brussels. Bonn's attempts to facilitate the exporting of arms via Brussels meet with strong resistance from the Social Democratic Party of Germany [SPD]. SPD Bundestag Group manager Peter Struck said the constitution demands that the Bundestag has to be consulted by the Federal Government first. The constitutional amendment passed when the Maastricht treaty was ratified says: ``The Federal Government, before agreeing to an introduction of new laws by the EU, gives the Bundestag the opportunity to comment. The Federal Government bases its negotiations on these comments.'' The deputy SPD chairwoman and European affairs expert, Heidemarie Wieczorek-Zeul, accused the government of negotiating a softening-up of the arms export guidelines in the European Council of Ministers, ``behind the Bundestag's back, ignoring the constitution, and excluding the public.'' The government is ``by no means entitled to do this.'' The Economics Ministry denies negotiating uniform export guidelines for traditional armament products within the EU. These negotiations only refer to dual-use products. This means products that can be used for both civilian and military purposes, such as machinery, special steels, and pesticides. The government coordinator for aerospace and space technology, Reinhard Goehner, has repeatedly said that it will not be possible to maintain the strict German export regulations. Negotiations on dual-use products have reached the final stage. The German guidelines for traditional arms and dual-use products were tightened after the Second Gulf War in early 1991. United Nations inspectors had discovered that a large share of Iraqi dictator Saddam Husayn's arms supply came from German companies. Since then, the German arms industry constantly complained about disadvantages as compared to other countries, especially France and Great Britain. Arms producers from these countries have blamed the Germans for being unreliable, the German arms industry said. Over the past four years, 280,000 jobs were lost in the armament industry. Yet, according to the Stockholm-based SIPRI Institute, with a 3.1 billion German marks turnover, Germany was still the world's third-largest arms exporter in 1992. |
FBIS3-41934_3 | Reportage Continues Over Munitions Plant Threats Are U.S. `Pressure' | at the Labor Skills Development Department, police officials from the Suppression Division took a number of suspects and a large number of documents concerning illegal job placement and turned them over to the director-general of the department. After reviewing the documents, Mr. Sinchai Riantrakun, deputy director-general of the Labor Skills Development Department, said that General Chawalit Yongchaiyut, minister of labor, ordered the department to cooperate with officials from the Suppression Division and special operations units in searching the offices of the Handle Group Company Ltd. located at 119/265 Sukhaphiban Road. There, they found job applications, pictures of the workers, money orders that the job applicants had given to the company, money orders for agent fees, airplane tickets, 119 passports, and labor contracts from Libyan employers. Some of these documents were fakes that had been copied from the Labor Employment Department. The officials arrested Mrs. Sisuphat Hongthong, Mr. Suchat Hongthong, Mr. Suphot Phetmunwai, and Mr. Narong Yingsap and charged them with placing laborers without first obtaining permission from the registrar. These people are all company officials. The owners of this company, Mr. Chatchai Hongthong and Mrs. Arak Phinrat, managed to escape. Officials are now looking for them. Mr. Sinchai said that during the interrogation, the company officials said that the company had been sending workers to Libya for 2 to 3 years. Their fee was 30-40,000 baht per person. On the application, it stated that the workers would be employed as mechanics, welders, blacksmiths, concrete workers, and physicians' assistants. But it hasn't been confirmed that this company was sending laborers to work at the chemical weapons plant in Libya as American officials have stated. The suspects will have to be questioned further, and the data on the large number of disks will have to be studied. "I want to stress that this action was taken in accord with the labor employment law. Employers in Libya probably understand this. This should not have any effect on our international relations, because this action was taken in accord with Thai laws. The illegal labor issue is a major problem today. The Labor Employment Department will take resolute action in investigating matters. Those who find jobs for people abroad must do things in accord with the law," said Mr. Sinchai. He added that these violations are criminal violations for which people can be imprisoned for up to ten years and fined 60,000 to 200,000 baht. |
FBIS3-41941_1 | Statute on Nuclear Safety Agency Discussed | Government of the Russian Federation, international treaties, including with members of the Commonwealth of Independent States, and this statute. 3. The Gosatomnadzor Rossii shall within its competence adopt decisions binding on the organs of state administration and enterprises, organizations, and army units located on the territory of the Russian Federation, regardless of their subordination and forms of ownership, and also on officials and the citizens. 4. The Gosatomnadzor Rossii shall within its competence be responsible for the state of official supervision of nuclear and radiation safety. The Gosatomnadzor Rossii's discharge of its functions shall not relieve from responsibility the owners (users) of facilities (products) using nuclear materials, atomic energy, and radioactive substances or involved in the recycling and burial of radioactive waste and spent nuclear materials for the nuclear and radiation safety of these facilities (products). 5. Expenditure on the maintenance of the central staff of the Gosatomnadzor Rossii and its regional bodies shall be funded from appropriations for the maintenance of the federal executive authorities provided for in the republic budget of the Russian Federation. 6. The principal tasks of the Gosatomnadzor Rossii shall be: -- participation in the formation and realization in conjunction with other organs of state administration of the Russian Federation of a system of legal, economic, and organizational-technical measures ensuring nuclear and radiation safety; -- establishment of the criteria, rules, and standards in the sphere of nuclear and radiation safety; -- supervision of the compliance by ministries, departments, enterprises, organizations, army units, and citizens with the requirements of legislation of the Russian Federation in respect to assurance of nuclear and radiation safety in the sphere of the production, handling, and use for peaceful and defense purposes of atomic energy, nuclear materials, and radioactive substances and products based thereon and in the development, manufacture, testing, shipment, storage, and elimination of nuclear weapons, and also with nuclear and radiation safety rules and standards. The procedures for state supervision and licensing in respect to facilities of the nuclear-weapons complex, nuclear weapons, nuclear munitions, and naval submarines shall be determined by a special arrangement. Supervision does not extend to activity pertaining to shipment and storage of nuclear munitions that are part of the sites (delivery systems) of nuclear weapons on operational alert (in service) or to the nuclear power packs of surface ships and submarines when they are on operational alert (in service); -- supervision of the organization and |
FBIS3-41958_11 | Nuclear Research Director Interviewed | been done in Denmark and the United Kingdom, guaranteeing those that use the equipment (usually small producers) that their energy will be purchased. ENEA has collaborated with two Italian industries in the research and development for the construction of various models that are slightly different from those used in the northern European countries because of the lower wind speeds found in our regions. Denmark and the United Kingdom are demonstrating that already today it is possible to produce abundant energy from the wind, and to do so at competitive prices. The time is also ripe for us to make the jump in quality from research to industrial application. It is one thing to construct a single prototype unit generating energy from the wind and it is another to construct a hundred, being able to count on the economies of scale. Prestipino: And solar energy? Cabibbo: Solar energy is less conventional than wind energy. The energy produced by solar power plants has a higher cost. It is an interesting technology for certain specialized applications, such as isolated houses. However, it still cannot make an impact on the energy consumption of the country. Solar panels that are cheaper than those currently available are necessary if their use is to have a relevant impact. Once we have gotten over this problem, the solution to which could be found in the coming years, (ENEA is doing a lot of work in this direction, both at the Portici center and in collaboration with other countries) the photovoltaic cell will become very desirable, both for ecological motives, and from the aesthetic point of view. Let us not forget that wind-powered generators have been strongly contested in the United Kingdom because, according to some environmentalists, the blades of the windmills disfigure the countryside. Prestipino: In conclusion, Prof. Cabibbo, where is ENEA going? How will it respond to the many older employees who are retiring early? How will the agency be renewed? Cabibbo: ENEA is still feeling the influence of nuclear energy, which required an organizational set-up that is too burdensome today. As an agency that dedicates itself to other activities it will be necessary to adjust the team. The early retirements would be very positive if it were possible to bring young people into the agency. At present we can only hire about 10 percent with respect to the number of people who are leaving. An ideal |
FBIS3-41961_0 | UK Export License Facilitates Computer Exports | Language: English Article Type:BFN [UK press release from the Department of Trade and Industry: "Department of Trade and Industry Cuts Red Tape for Computer Exporters"] [Text] The Department of Trade and Industry has introduced an Open General Export Licence (OGEL) which will cut red tape faced by computer exporters. Reflecting relaxations on export controls agreed by the Coordinating Committee for Multilateral Export Control (COCOM) earlier this month, the new licence will allow - subject to some conditions - the export of certain computers and signal processing equipment without the need to apply for individual export licences. The new licence comes into force immediately, however existing licenses are still valid for export. Now exporters will be required to include with the official documentation for Customs a note stating that `the goods are being exported under the Open General Export Licence (Computers)'. They should keep records of all goods exported under the licence and must, before or within 30 days of the first use of the Licence, give the Secretary of State their details and an address where the records can be inspected. The two types of goods which will now be eligible for the OGEL are: digital computers whose composite theoretical performance (CTP) is no more than 67 million theoretical operations per second (Mtops); and signal processing or image enhancement equipment with a CTP of no more than 40 Mtops. The OGEL also contains provisions imposing certain conditions on use of the licence relating to the non-proliferation of weapons of mass destruction. Destinations to which the OGEL does not apply are: Iran, Iraq, Libya, North Korea, Syria, Serbia, Montenegro, the United Nations Protected Areas in Croatia and those areas of Bosnia-Herzegovina under the control of the Bosnian Serb forces. Note for Editors The Coordinating Committee for Multilateral Export Controls (COCOM) was established in 1950 as a non-Treaty based regime which operates informally through a number of committees supported by a permanent secretariat based in Paris. It operates on the basis of consensus and has traditionally been a forum where NATA allies, with Japan and Australia, review the scope of multilateral controls on the exports of sensitive dual-use, military and nuclear equipment and technology. The recent relaxation of these export controls has been brought about by agreement reached within COCOM in response to changing strategic concerns and advances in technology. |
FBIS3-41975_28 | Background, Overview of Pyongyang's Nuclear Capabilities | declaration on non-proliferation, stipulating possible responses to similar problems in the future, whether they involve withdrawal from the treaty or the open declaration of nuclear status. The five permanent members of the Security Council should begin drafting a declaration obligating the nuclear states to eliminate their arsenals, and the non-nuclear states to never create them. This declaration could be the deciding factor in the reinforcement of the non-proliferation framework. During the discussion in the Security Council, the DPRK complained to the United States that Washington was continuing to deploy nuclear weapons in South Korea and that the discussion of nuclear issues could only be continued within the framework of bilateral talks with the United States. The American representative to the United Nations said that Washington was willing to conduct these negotiations and stressed that the United States had no intention of attacking North Korea and did not have any nuclear weapons in South Korea. The apparent possibility of breaking the deadlock was realized in bilateral American-North Korean talks in New York and Geneva (June-July). The first round resulted in the publication of a joint statement, which said that the DPRK was rescinding its announced withdrawal from the treaty. This certainly can be viewed as a victory in the struggle to uphold the authority and prestige of the Non-Proliferation Treaty. It is too early, however, to say that the crisis has been surmounted, because the DPRK is still insisting that IAEA inspectors will not be allowed access to the suspect facilities. Prospects: At this time it is difficult for experts to guess how the crisis will end. On the one hand, Pyongyang's political ambitions and the scales and progress of its nuclear program indicate an obvious desire to acquire nuclear weapons of its own. On the other, the fact that all five permanent members of the UN Security Council are party to the treaty, and that they acknowledged the need for a consistent fight against the proliferation of nuclear weapons in January 1992, suggests that the crisis might be resolved through joint efforts, especially now that the overwhelming majority of industrially developed and developing non-nuclear countries share the "big five's" insistence on the need to strengthen the Non-Proliferation Treaty and its framework. Experts believe that the international community is facing its first test since the war in the Persian Gulf, and only time will tell how it will end. FOOTNOTES 1. |
FBIS3-41979_2 | Refugee Tells of Chemical Weapons Use | and the events that followed it. Dr Sharistani, held in solitary confinement for 10 years before being released from jail in 1991, is confident that UN investigators can be led to the spot where hundreds of people were reported to have died from shells that killed without wounding. "Everyone we have spoken to agreed these projectiles were unlike any others they had seen," Dr Sharistani said yesterday. "They were liquid and made little noise when they exploded. The smell was different from other shells; there wasn't the usual burning smell." Witnesses said the attack on the Hor Alawi area on the eastern edge of the Hammar marshes began early on September 26, when dozens of armoured vehicles advanced with artillery. The attack was beaten off by resistance fighters, who had occupied Hor Alawi after the drainage of the Amara marshes flooded the area north of the Euphrates. "The resistance captured six armoured vehicles," Dr Sharistani said. "In one of them they discovered a briefcase with a notebook containing the minutes of a meeting. The third point in these minutes said that if they could not dislodge the rebels from the area, they should use chemical weapons as a last resort." Survivors said shells fired by the Iraqis emitted a thick, white, ball-shaped gas cloud that hung a few yards above the ground for about an hour, causing breathing difficulties. Some said there was a smell of rotten apples -- a smell Iraqis associate with chemical weapons used during the war with Iran. All said the Iraqi soldiers carried gas masks and filters attached to chest straps. The resistance abandoned Hor Alawi at nightfall after running out of ammunition. As they retreated, Dr Sharistani said, they fired shells captured during the battle. Two or three days later, informers in the marshes said hundreds of Iraqi troops had been killed. The bodies had no visible wounds, but were blistered and discoloured. The informers said army casualties had filled military hospitals in Basra, Qurna and Medainah. Local people reported numerous mourning ceremonies in the days after the attack, and said Iraqi troops took the unusual step of burning the bodies of dead civilians. Iraqi diplomats in New York have denied the use of chemical weapons. UN officials are seeking access to the marshes to ascertain whether chemicals or a combination of other lethal agents were used. COPYRIGHT: Guardian Newspapers Limited, November 8, 1993 |
FBIS3-41980_0 | Ex-Nuclear Scientist Blames Al-Majid for Chemical Attacks | Language: English Article Type:BFN [Report by Annika Savill: "`Butcher' Directs Attack on Shias"] [Text] 'Ali Hasan al-Majid, a cousin of Saddam Husayn who rose to fame as the butcher of Kurdistan and Kuwait, is the man in charge of depopulating the southern marshes through executions, chemical attacks and desertification. General al-Majid, dubbed "Ali Chemical" in Iraq, has been made acting Governor of al-Basrah in addition to his position as Defence Minister. From there, he personally supervised the chemical attacks in September against the Shias in the marshes, according to Husayn Shahristani, formerly Iraq's top nuclear scientist. The General is an expert in genocide and depopulation; he was personally responsible for poison-gas attacks against the Kurds - such as the one on the town of Halabjah in 1988 - during Saddam's "Arabisation" drive in the north. He extended the system of forced removal under which some 100,000 Kurds fled the country. In 1990, he was made governor of the newly annexed Kuwait. There, he oversaw the exodus of civilians while attempting to conscript Kuwaiti men into his Iraqi army. Now, General al-Majid is turning his talents to a three-pronged programme finally to depopulate the southern marshes. "When Saddam realised the southermost marshes were not drained, and the rains started again after the summer, he decided to speed up the exercise," Dr Shahristani, on a visit to London, told the Independent. So in addition to the draining that has turned most of the south into a modern desert, General al-Majid launched a chemical attack on the population on 26 September. "He has sent word to the Shia fighters that that he will do to them what he did to the Kurds," said Dr Shahristani. He is also rounding up Shia men and executing them summarily. Dr Shahristani, himself a Shia, has met relatives who have had to claim the bodies from Abu Ghurayb jail in Baghdad. They speak of decomposition beyond the stage of identification. Dr Shahristani, who quit Iraq's nuclear energy programme in 1979, said the chemicals used in the south were different from those used in Halabjah. "These are newly made, with tear-gas and a cocktail mix of lethal ingredients. These do not require much equipment. They can be made in university laboratories, or the equipment can easily be buried." Eyewitnesses have told Dr Shahristani the chemicals were fired in shells by mortar. They spoke of "bodies changing colour to |
FBIS3-41981_7 | Overview of Arrow Missile Program, Tasks | The U.S. would pay 80 percent, with Israel picking up the rest. In May 1991, the U.S. and Israel announced the second stage of the Arrow. It now had a new name, Arrow Continuation Experiments (ACES), and a lot more money. The second stage would comprise 11 launches, and Washington agreed to pay 72 percent of the $322m, with Israel paying the rest. Israel also agreed to absolute U.S. control and accepted the condition that it could not sell Arrow technology or even use it for other Israeli projects. Meanwhile, the debate over the Arrow intensified as the IDF poured in more money. Sources in the General Staff pointed out that the IDF's pre-Gulf war forecast of Scud damage had been overestimated, and grumbled that Israel didn't need a missile defense system. Others said Arab missiles were too weak to make a difference in war. The Air Force was upset that it did not lead a project that it might eventually be asked to purchase and deploy. "In the beginning, the IAF was not in the picture," Bin-Nun says. "The IAF didn't sign anything. They haven't allowed the IAF to lead this. It is a mistake for the IAF to stand on the side, to give advice but not have direct responsibility." The biggest question was whether the Arrow was making real progress. There was no ready answer. What qualifies as success when the project is huge, the technology novel and the exact price hard to pin down? "For the IDF, it makes sense not to put all of its money into one thing it can't back out of," says Ze'ev Eytan, a senior researcher and an editor of the annual military survey released by the Jaffe Center for Strategic Studies. The early launches of the Arrow were difficult. Sources close to the project say the first, in August 1990, lasted only five seconds; news reports said it lasted six seconds. The tracking radar failed to operate and the safety officer feared that the missile might go off course. The officer aborted the mission and instructed the missile to self-destruct. Arrow sources say the Pentagon determined that the flight did not constitute a test. The project slipped further. The second Arrow test was on March 25, 1991, four months behind schedule. Arrow sources say that flight lasted 16 seconds. The central computer of the missile overheated from external heat and |
FBIS3-41993_0 | Congress Urged To Approve Dual-Purpose Military Goods Bill | Language: Portuguese Article Type:BFN [Article by Maria Helena Tachinardi] [Text] The government is waiting for Congress to approve a bill to establish controls on the export and import of dual-purpose military goods (for civilian and military purposes and directly linked services) prior to negotiating our entry into the Missile Technology Control Regime (MTCR), an organization created by a group of countries in 1987 to control the export of technologies and systems that can contribute to the proliferation of missiles capable of carrying nuclear warheads. Draft bill 2530/92, which is included in the executive branch message 36/92, has already been approved by the Chamber of Deputies Economy Committee and has a preliminary favorable opinion of coordinator Fabio Feldmann, of the Consumer Defense, Environment, and Minorities Committee. His advisers state that the report will be finished by the end of the month and will be included the amendments proposed by the Navy Ministry last week. The draft was also sent to the National Defense, Science and Technology, and Constitution and Justice Committees. Having been approved two by committees -- because the Foreign Ministry already has the approval of the Environment Committee -- the government will now ask for very urgent discussion of the bill using a procedure that sends the bill directly to the plenum without passing through other committees. Diplomatic sources have stated that the government wants to increase Brazilian credibility before the international community. To become a member of the MTCR, Congress must first approve the bill controlling the export of dual-purpose materiel. Congress must also ratify the quadripartite nuclear safeguards agreement among Brazil, Argentina, the Brazilian-Argentine Agency for Accounting and Control (ABACC), and the amendments to the Tlatelolco Treaty that ban nuclear weapons in Latin America. The Senate Foreign Relations Committee postponed voting on both items last week. A diplomatic source commented: ``Brazil's participation in the MTCR comes under the nonproliferation policy.'' By approving the bill, Brazil will be prohibited from passing technologies received from industrialized countries to countries considered untrustworthy, such as Iraq, North Korea, and Libya. The bill sent to the Chamber of Deputies in August 1992 provides for the creation of an international importation certificate by which importers commit themselves to refrain from exporting certain goods without previous authorization of the appropriate Brazilian authorities. The bill also creates a delivery verification certificate to confirm the entry of the product into the importing country. The bill anticipates |
FBIS3-42005_3 | Safety of Planned Underground Nuclear Plant Questioned | and submarines is listed in the three-digit range. I will cite a sample from a report by the Government Commission for Investigating Causes of the Chernobyl Nuclear Power Plant Breakdown. ``There has been no single year without an emergency situation at the nuclear power plant... There have been 1,042 emergency stoppages of power units over the last five years; among them, only 35 percent have occurred due to human error.'' This means that the remaining 65 percent were caused by technical malfunctions and led to serious consequences. The most frequent emergency situation on nuclear submarines is fire. An analysis of the causes of fires on Soviet and U.S. Navy nuclear submarines shows that 70 percent of such accidents have been caused by short circuits in electric switchboards and wires, which are connected with technical defects. There are twice as many electric wires in a nuclear power plant as on a submarine. Whereas a nuclear submarine can surface and call for help from other naval vessel, an underground nuclear power plant will not sail, and therefore, politely speaking, it is very hard to extinguish a fire in one. There is an array of intermediate scenarios between these two extremes, but it is obvious that a number of problems will have to be solved over the coming decades or even centuries, depending on the half-lives or degeneration of nuclear components. There are also two intriguing economic aspects of building a nuclear power plant. The first one is that the Malakhit joint stock company will charge only for designing a nuclear power plant, which will take three or five years. Who will built it, provide necessary supplies, and complete the work? All Malakhit needs right now is money, and later it will somehow be built. The second aspect is that those who have suffered from nuclear arms research have been asking who is responsible for that after these many years. Who is to pay compensation for possible accidents? My position is clear: We do not need such problems. However, neither the current administration nor future parliament will have the right to resolve this problem. I am deeply convinced that only the entire population of our oblast, having complete information about the risks facing them as well as possible profits and losses, can decide whether they want to live in such a neighborhood. This can be done only by way of a region-wide referendum. |
FBIS3-42006_5 | Kozyrev Advocates `Partnership' With NATO | the open nature of regional organizations and institutions as a guarantee of their appropriate adaptation to the current European realities. Russia has no right to dictate who should and who should not join NATO, but we have the right to count on the fact that the North Atlantic Alliance will take into account the particularities of the transition period, which is inevitably a long-term process. And if we were to talk about a longer term process, it should confirm the position included in the documents through which NATO declares itself open to accept all democratic states in the Euro- Atlantic region. One should not exclude a priori that in the future Russia will also request to be accepted into NATO. It is important to ensure an effective partnership, based on equal rights in the period of transition and of mutual adaptation. -- ensuring an equal level of security for each European state. The emergence of ``first degree security and second degree security,'' of ``gray zones,'' of ``special spheres of influence,'' of ``isolated regions,'' or of ``cordons sanitaires'' in Europe are inadmissible. -- the preservation of a contract-juridical base for European security. -- the elimination of territorial claims in interstate relations in Europe. The major goals of the strategy of partnership that we are proposing in the political sphere and in the area of security must be the following: -- First: to develop Euro-Atlantic cooperation. The CSCE should be turned into a political organization for all the regions (a general regional organization), and the North Atlantic Cooperation Council into an organization of independent political and military cooperation, but closely connected with the CSCE. Their goal should be to coordinate the efforts of NATO, the Western European Union, and the CIS on international security, achieving peace, and ensuring the active defense of the European ethnic minorities' rights to their language and other rights. I believe that a great step in this respect would be to adopt at the Rome session of the CSCE a declaration on fighting aggressive nationalism. -- Second: to create a system of mutual guarantees for the security of Central and Eastern European countries. The stronger interstate relations are, the more durable the nature of their relations will be. -- Third: I welcome the proposal of my German colleague Kinkel to conclude certain conventions of cooperation and consultation between NATO on the one hand and Central and Eastern European |
FBIS3-42024_0 | Official Reaction on Denuclearization, Treaty Reported Maslin on Missile Dismantling | Language: English Article Type:BFN [By ITAR-TASS correspondent Vladimir Gondusov] [Text] Moscow January 18 TASS -- ``We are able to remove all nuclear warheads stationed on the Ukrainian territory to Russia within a year for subsequent dismantling them at enterprises at which they were produced,'' Colonel-General Yevgeniy Maslin, a military expert for nuclear safety and a department chief of the Russian Defence Ministry, told a briefing here today. He highly assessed an agreement on the removal of nuclear weapons from the Ukrainian territory, signed by the three presidents. Maslin reminded of the fact that talks on this problem had been going on since 1992 and it was only now that the talks came to a logical end. Maslin informed journalists that currently, there are 176 launching installations of intercontinental ballistic missiles (IBM) in Ukraine, including 130 installations of SS-19 type and 46 of SS- 24 type. There are also around 40 heavy bombers Tu-160 and Tu-95 capable of launching air-based long-range cruise missiles. The overall number of warheads stationed in Ukraine includes 1,300 warheads for IBM and over 600 warheads for air-based cruise missiles. In the opinion of the military expert, nuclear safety in Ukraine causes permanent concern of experts. According to Maslin. Ammunition depots are overloaded with warheads and nuclear ammunition removed from combat alert, which resulted in a considerable increase of the radiation level. This was confirmed by experts of the Russian nuclear centre ``Arzamas-15'' who visited Ukraine in September, 1993. The designed life of the majority of warheads has expired, while maintenance preventive checks had not been carried out and some missiles are currently in a critical condition. As an example, Maslin mentioned three nuclear warheads which had to be hastily removed from the Ukrainian territory as they were in a critical condition. It is difficult to say how many hazardous warheads are in Ukraine yet because there is a lack of experts exercising control over the safety of nuclear weapons, Maslin said. The expert pointed out that any delay in removing and dismantling nuclear weapons is inadmissible since it is fraught with unpredictable consequences. However, there are still people in the republic who either do not realise this or are deliberately playing out ``the nuclear card,'' he said. Maslin pointed out that Russian experts can give ukraine guarantees of safety of all operations in the process of removal and utilization of strategic weapons. |
FBIS3-42028_3 | Official Reaction on Denuclearization, Treaty Reported MP Tarasenko Views Agreement | after its parameters are specified. Ostapenko: I am sorry to interrupt you. You have just read out the item that has to do with all sides without exception. But nothing is said here about the Supreme Council resolution on the ratification of START I with reservations. It clearly stipulates that 36 percent of launcher vehicles and 42 percent of warheads are subject to elimination today. That is to say, these parameters have been extended to all nuclear [word indistinct]. Tarasenko: Absolutely. They run contrary to the Supreme Council resolution. The Supreme Council resolution and START I envisage percentage and here is says about the complete elimination. In this connection I would like to say the following, so that our radio listeners and our compatriots, our half-brothers, as they say, would know it: All those strategic nuclear systems located on the territory of Ukraine are targeted at certain objectives in the United States of America and relevant bases beyond the borders of the U.S. Correspondingly, approximately the same number of nuclear weapons are targeted at our territory. Well, this is military strategy and tactics and there is nothing incomprehensible here. Everybody understands this: If you target me, then I target you. But this document should also envisage adequate moves on the part of the United States of America, and our control over this, because everyone will control us, control how we eliminate nuclear weapons, remove nuclear warheads, transfer them from Ukraine to Russia. The only thing envisaged here is that Ukraine will have the possibility to control Russia neutralizing the nuclear warheads. However, this agreement does not envisage what the United States will do with that quantity of strategic nuclear weapons that are targeted at us, and what will be Ukraine's role in carrying out control over this process, as far as the actions of the United States are concerned. Bill Clinton and Boris Yeltsin declared that they would decode their missiles, which would then be retargetted at some deserted islands, or something like that. Ukraine's participation here is not envisaged, is that right? Tarasenko: Ukraine's participation here is not envisaged. Moreover, I disagree with such a stand, just as a citizen and just as an inhabitant of this planet Earth. If Ukraine eliminates these weapons, the former weapons of the Soviet Union, as is known, then the United States of America should eliminate and neutralize the same quantity of weapons. |
FBIS3-42037_0 | Commentator Weighs Pros, Cons of Super-Phoenix Reactivation | Language: French Article Type:BFN [Commentary by Jean-Francois Augereau and Jean-Paul Dufour: ``Superphenix Reactor: A Political Choice''] [Text] Following the Nuclear Safety Directorate's recommendation on Tuesday [18 January] that the Super-Phoenix reactor should be reactivated under certain conditions, the debate on the Creys-Malville superbreeder reactor has reentered the economic and political arena. By requesting an in-depth reassessment of ``all financial, legal, and social aspects of the installation,'' opponents are hitting the right target. It no longer is a matter of criticizing security alone. Even the danger posed by the fires caused by leaked sodium, which were very difficult to control, was played down in the expert report. It is now up to the politicians to decide whether or not to continue the development of this technology, which, as everybody agrees, will not be economically viable for several decades. One kW/h produced by the Super-Phoenix prototype is 2.3 times more expensive than 1 kW/h generated by a conventional nuclear power station. This fact, together with the collapse of the uranium market and the freeze in nuclear programs, seems to argue against the construction of a superbreeder reactor network. So, should we halt this program for good? This would cost us a little fortune, both for decommissioning the reactor and for indemnifying France's [foreign] partners. Should we opt, instead, to continue this program and try to make a little profit out of the installation by having it generate kW/h and incinerate small quantities of waste? The latter solution would keep the research teams busy and enable us to keep current of developments in this technology should it one day become econmomically viable. Pending this decision, the reactor operator and the political authorities are working on the financial figures. Super-Phoenix required an investment of 27.7 billion French francs [Fr] (current francs), including Fr7.65 billion in intercalated interests [interets intercalaires]. Moreover, the superbreeder reactor costs more when it is idle (Fr750 to 800 million per year) than when it is operating normally (Fr650 million). However, this has to be weighed against the political pressure emanating from ecological groups, for whom Superphenix has become the symbol of the nuclear danger that has to be eradicated. |
FBIS3-42040_0 | Statement Issued on U.S., Russian Arms Sales Controls, Policy Joint Statement on Issues of Export Controls and Policy in the Area of Transfers of Conventional Weapons and Dual-Use Technologies | Language: English Article Type:BFN [Text] [no dateline as received] Joint Statement on Issues of Export Controls and Policy in the Area of Transfers of Conventional Weapons and Dual-Use Technologies The secretary of state of the United States of America and the minister of foreign affairs of the Russian Federation underscored the staunch commitment of their countries to efforts to curb the proliferation of weapons of mass destruction and to enhance global and regional stability. In keeping with the spirit of the new strategic partnership between the United States and Russia the ministers have agreed on development of wide-ranging cooperation in the field of export control. Moreover, they have agreed that all necessary steps in this field be taken expeditiously, and have established a senior-level working group for this purpose, as well as to initiate bilateral cooperation in the areas specified in a memorandum of intent signed this day in Moscow. The ministers expressed satisfaction with steps taken since the last meeting of the President of the United States and the president of the Russian Federation to eliminate the vestiges of the Cold War, such as the Coordinating Committee for Multilateral Export Controls (COCOM), which according to the understanding reached by COCOM members will be terminated not later than 31 March 1994. They also welcomed the decision to establish a new multilateral regime for enhancing responsibility and transparency in the transfers of armaments and sensitive dual-use technologies. This new arrangement would not be directed against any state or group of states, and would prevent the acquisition of such items for military end uses if the behavior of a state is or becomes a cause for serious concern as determined by the participants of the new multilateral regime. The United States and Russia, as leading exporters of conventional weapons, military equipment and dual-use technologies, are convinced that additional measures are needed on an international basis to increase responsibility, transparency and, were appropriate, restraint in this area. They expressed their willingness to work with other countries in bringing about the early establishment of a new multilateral regime in order to achieve these objectives, which would supplement existing nonproliferation regimes, in particular through arrangements to exchange information for the purpose of meaningful consultations. |
FBIS3-42055_9 | Article Reveals Czech Company's Arms Talks With Iran | was used recently by MLADA FRONTA DNES on 10 January: ``To be slightly cynical, selling the Iranians a reactor just means a good deal to the tune of tens of millions of korunas. It would be hard for the company's management to explain to its shareholders that they had left such an opportunity to the competition.'' The Road to Prosperity The uproar over the nuclear reactor is the second time recently that the world has tried to scuttle Czech-Iranian nuclear cooperation. In June 1993 the secretary at the U.S. Embassy in Prague asked the Foreign Ministry to suspend the contract to supply technology for extracting and processing uranium ore concluded between the Prague company Geoindustria GMS and the Iranian Atomic Commission. The Czech side replied that it was impossible to turn down the deal because it involved ``peaceful equipment,'' but in the end -- apparently, thanks to voluntary cooperation from the exporter -- the export deal fell through. Last year the GMS company even terminated its work on a geological survey of the uranium deposits in the Anarak and Bandar Abbas regions in Iran. Skoda Plzen, of course, refuses to make similar concessions in the nuclear business. The pressure to terminate the contract is, according to it, merely an ``unfair move by the competition.'' The question of who this competition is remains unanswered. In democratic countries today there is no risk of being lost in the crush over orders for the Iranian nuclear program. The Federal Government (under pressure from the United States) prohibited Siemens from undertaking nuclear activity in Iran several years ago and the French Framatome company and -- of course -- the U.S. Westinghouse company cannot export there either. Skoda has also been criticized in the foreign press not for reasons of ``competition,'' but on the contrary, because -- as an alleged intermediary -- it enables these companies to conduct prohibited business deals. At the moment, Iran has a contract with Russia to construct a nuclear power plant (the VVER [water-moderated water-cooled power reactor] type). Russia is also apparently considering whether to complete the half-built (and partly bombed) power plant in Bushehr that had to be abandoned by Siemens. According to Skoda Deputy Director Frantisek Svitak, the Plzen company is interested in participating in -- to say the least -- the first order as a general supplier via Russia. The point of view of the experts from |
FBIS3-42068_1 | Commentator Hails Startup of Daya Bay Nuclear Power Station | station has adhered to the policy of reform and opening up, has opened up a new path for making use of foreign funds to build large basic industrial projects, and also has made useful attempts at the establishment of a modern enterprise system. At each crucial moment, leading comrades of the CPC Central Committee and the State Council have given it concern and support, and have solved a series of important problems so that the entire project could progress smoothly. Local governments and departments concerned have done a great deal of work and have supported all aspects of the construction of the nuclear power plant. The successful construction of the Daya Bay nuclear power station is the result of giving play to the enthusiasm of the central authorities and of the local governments, as well as the result of the concerted efforts of all quarters concerned across the country. In the entire course of the construction of the Daya Bay nuclear power station, the principles of "quality first and safety first" have been adhered to. Over one thousand nuclear power specialists and engineering technical personnel from more than 20 countries and regions have cooperated closely. The plant has absorbed the experience of, and has drawn lessons from nuclear power construction projects abroad. It has followed international safety standards and codes, and has established strict quality supervision and guarantee systems. It also has undergone safety assessments and examinations by state and international atomic energy organizations and specialists. Therefore, the project quality and operational safety of the nuclear power station is ensured. Nuclear power is a safe, clean, and economical energy source. China's energy resources are abundant, but they are not evenly distributed. In particular, the comparative shortage of energy resources in the economically developed southeast coastal areas has constituted a "bottleneck" that is constraining economic development. Therefore, while making great efforts to develop thermal and hydropower, the appropriate development of nuclear power in accordance with local conditions is an important way to solve the energy-shortage problem in these areas. At present, China has made a good start in developing nuclear power. The 300,000 kW Qinshan nuclear power station has been operating safely and steadily for more than one year and has reached the design load factor index two years ahead of schedule. After the nos. 1 and 2 generating units of the Daya Bay nuclear power station are all completed and |
FBIS3-42069_4 | ROK Press Reacts to DPRK Ministry Statement | the IAEA's regular Board of Governors meeting slated for 21 February. The article refers to some observations on the ROK and U.S. side that North Korea will likely allow the IAEA inspection team to visit North Korea around 16 February -- Kim Chong-il's birthday. The pro-government SEOUL SINMUN publishes on page 5 a 1,200-word article by Yang Sung-hyon analyzing the background of the statement by a North Korean Foreign Ministry spokesman. Describing it as "a message to the United States," the article analyzes that the statement has a long-term objective to secure an advantageous position in future talks with the United States by blaming the United States for breaking a promise, thus causing a stalemate in the negotiations with the IAEA. The article notes that "North Korea could not easily accept the IAEA's requirements presented in the fourth contact on 17 January because North Korea had intended to use them as the conditions for a package deal in the third round talks with the United States." The article speculates that the hard-line moves by the United States and the ROK, including discounting the meaning of the suspension of the Team Spirit exercise and the discussion on the deployment of Patriot missiles, may have stimulated North Korea's intention to seek a resolution through U.S.-North Korean contacts again. The article ends by quoting a government official as saying: "It will be difficult for North Korea to secure another contact with the United States" due to the firm U.S. stance to side with the IAEA. The independent left-leaning HANGYORE SINMUN publishes on page 3 a 1,500-word article by Pak Chong-mun entitled "North Korea's Nuclear Statement in the Final Stage, Is It a Tactic or Does the North Mean It?" Noting that the statement implies a probability that North Korea may depart from a peaceful resolution of the nuclear issue, the article reports the Foreign Ministry is gravely concerned about the aggravation of the situation, although it tries to appear calm. The article analyzes that the Foreign Ministry is not optimistic because: "First, if the statement is interpreted as North Korea's actual refusal of overall inspection [chonmyon sachal], the situation is in a deadlock because the United States and the IAEA cannot make any more concessions. Second, if the statement is interpreted as aiming at another contact with the United States for further reduced scope of inspections, there is still little possibility of settlement |
FBIS3-42082_0 | Editorial Underlines Importance of Nuclear, Patents Bills | Language: Portuguese Article Type:BFN [Editorial from the "Notes and Information" page: "Difficulties Ahead"] [Text] The Foreign Ministry has an almost impossible task ahead: to defend Brazilian interests without the cooperation of the Senate, which has been making decisions affecting foreign policy. In an interdependent world -- regardless of whether we agree with it -- many domestic policy decisions end up becoming part of a conflict with other nations, which are sometimes more powerful than Brazil and can impose conditions during a negotiating process. The Senate is currently debating two items that have a strong effect on our relations with the United States: 1. The approval of agreements between Brazil and Argentina and the quadripartite agreement between Brazil, Argentina, the nuclear agency created by both governments, and the International Atomic Energy Agency -- all related to the international supervision of the Brazilian nuclear program -- and; 2. the approval of the law on patents. The delay in approving the agreements has produced all kinds of negative effects. Now only a very swift and expeditious Foreign Ministry action will be able to make the members of the select nuclear club believe that Brazil does not have a second purpose in developing its nuclear program. The damage produced by the delay in approving those agreements affects the image of Brazilian diplomacy, and wears out our relations with the nuclear club, but it does not produce immediate damage to the country's economic interests. The delay in voting on the intellectual property law has doubly negative effects, as it affects the image of the country's diplomacy and hurts it economically. The Senate seems incapable of realizing that the U.S. Government -- following U.S. domestic laws and subject, without the shadow of a doubt, to reasonable pressures -- has designated the month of February for verifying whether or not the legislation on intellectual property rights in Brazil contemplates certain requirements. If the answer is negative, that country will apply sanctions on Brazilian exports. The problem for the Brazilian Foreign Ministry -- which at the beginning of the month will send the Foreign Ministry secretary general to Washington to attempt, once more, to postpone a judgment on the question -- is that the U.S. position is sometimes so oblivious to reality that it is comparable to that of some Brazilian industrial groups. These national groups are blind to the fact that the economy today has a global |
FBIS3-42084_1 | ISRO Chief Views Cyrogenic Engine Plans, U.S. Embargo | the deal falling through had received wide publicity. However, ISRO would not approach the Americans and ask them to lift the embargo. "I don't care what they (the Americans) do. They are the ones who imposed the embargo. It is up to them to lift it," he said. Rao agreed that embargoes were a nuisance but pointed out that ISRO had enough past experience with them. Many dual-use technologies were not available to ISRO and even mundane items such as the wheels for the mobile rocket-launching tower were not given to ISRO in the past. "We had to make it ourselves," he said. "Fundamentally a sovereign country like India has to develop its own capability in high technology. We cannot become a global competitor if we cannot stand on its own two feet." Pointing out that any country with any high technology held on to it, preventing other countries from acquiring it, he said: "We must develop our own technologies because the market is right here. We must take advantage of it." Rao related the apocryphal story of an aspirin manufacturer who said that if every Indian and every Chinese took one aspirin a day, then he would not have to worry about the rest of the world. Rao reiterated that India's own cryogenic engine would be ready in four years. "Nothing will stop us from making it by 1998. I say this with the biggest confidence because of the kind of people we have working in the Space Department." Rao said ISRO already had its fuel manufacturing facilities at Mahendragiri and testing facilities are being developed speedily. ISRO had built a one-tonne cryogenic engine which had been tested extensively. "Most of the problems in building a bigger engine we will be able to tackle. We do not foresee any major technical-problems," he said. Rao pointed out that the Russian contract had been entered into after ISRO had decided to go into indigenous manufacture of cryogenic engines. "We did not go to anybody for the engines. They came to us," he said. First it was General Dynamics of the US, then Ariane of France and finally Glavkosmos. Rao said, while ISRO had refused the earlier offers, it had accepted the Russian offer as it was cheap and it was felt it would cut down the time needed to develop an indigenous engine. However, now that renegotiations are on, Rao said |
FBIS3-42099_0 | Paper Views U.S. Aid Condition, Favors Nuclear Program | Language: Urdu Article Type:BFN [Editorial: "The New U.S. Condition for Economic and Military Aid"] [Text] The U.S. Administration has hinted that restrictions on economic and military aid to all nonnuclear states will be maintained even if the Pressler Amendment is abolished. A discussion paper addressed to congressmen said that the U.S. Government will make economic and military assistance conditional to freezing, rolling back, and eventual destruction of the nuclear program. It has been clarified to Pakistan also that freezing the nuclear program will not be enough. The program will have be rolled back if it wants to receive the aid which is now lying in the pipeline. Pakistan should not foster any optimism after the clear indication by the U.S. Administration because the United States is not even satisfied with our present position and it wants a total scrapping of the nuclear program. Given this situation, Pakistan is left with no alternative but to achieve self-sufficiency in arms production and to try to become a self-reliant country to get rid of economic aid and loans. The government should pay immediate attention to making basic changes in the nation's economic structure and policies so that the objective can be achieved. It should give top priority to reliance on domestic resources, checking waste, increasing national production, and especially to developing Pakistan's relations with the economic bloc of Islamic countries. It is encouraging that Pakistani scientists and engineers have begun work on attaining the capability to design and set up nuclear power plants. It will at least help overcome the country's power crisis, thereby accelerating the pace of industrial development. Since India has already become a nuclear power, it will not be affected by the U.S. restrictions. Furthermore, the United States is also giving preferential treatment to India. Pakistan has refused to accept any unilateral U.S. restrictions. After the U.S. Administration's latest decision, Pakistan should now depend on its own resources to meet its defense and economic requirements instead of seeking help from the United States. We can fully overcome this trial if we can master the subject of efficient planning and rely on our own resources. We should never think of renouncing the nuclear technology which we acquired with our own labor, talent, and resources because it is a matter of protecting our sovereignty and independence. Any compromise on it will be tantamount to national suicide. |
FBIS3-42100_0 | Maintenance of Nuclear Deterrent Urged | Language: Urdu Article Type:BFN [Editorial: "The U.S. Offer of Effective Defense in Exchange for Nuclear Program Is Not Acceptable"] [Text] According to press reports, a five-member delegation of the U.S. State Department's "Arms Control and Disarmament Agency" has come here to hold extensive talks with Pakistani authorities on the nuclear nonproliferation issue. A proposal will probably be made by the U.S. side that if Pakistan abandons its nuclear program, then it will be offered a package which will include the supply of the most modern conventional weapons and steps to make the Pakistani Armed Forces more effective in the battlefield. Pakistan's nuclear program has long been an eyesore for the United States and heavy pressure is being exerted on Pakistan so it will abandon the program. The United States, through a constitutional amendment, has suspended military and economic aid to Pakistan. The irony is that the delivery of F-16 planes, for which Pakistan already paid, also has been withheld. A notice was also issued to pay the storage charges for those planes. The United States has not only taken a number of serious steps against Pakistan to punish it for the nuclear program, but also instructed the rest of the world to strangle Pakistan. Despite having an agreement, France withheld the supply of a nuclear reactor. Last year, Japan also curtailed its aid to Pakistan. China is the only country which is unwilling to bow to U.S. pressure. The United States has made the whole world, with the exception of China, hostile toward Pakistan. The United States is pursuing a double-standard policy on the nuclear program issue. It vehemently dislikes Pakistan's nuclear efforts. It, however, did not even say a single word about India, which already carried out a nuclear explosion in 1974. About a dozen nuclear research centers are active throughout India, and according to a report of the United States' own CIA, India possesses enriched uranium sufficient to produce 40 to 100 nuclear bombs. India's past history also proves that it has the habit of launching aggression and it has ventured into military adventure with all its neighbors. Pakistan was made the target of the Indian aggression in 1949, 1965, 1971, and 1984. And now, for the last five years, Indian forces are engaged in bloodshed and massacre in occupied Kashmir. The danger is always there that India might embark on an onslaught against Pakistan in its disgust |
FBIS3-42111_0 | Scientist Claims Parts of Russia Affected by `Agent Orange' | Language: English Article Type:BFN [Text] Thousands of Russians live in localities affected by a U.S.-style Agent Orange chemical tested there in the 1960's and 1970's, president of the pressure group for chemical security Lev Fedorov told Interfax. He is the co-author of a 1992 newspaper article together with chemical scientist Vil Mirzayanov on Russia's development of binary weapons leading to the latter's arrest on charges of divulging a state secret. Fedorov who is one of the witnesses in a closed trial in Moscow, says that there is still a shroud of secrecy not only about new generation weapons but also obsolete toxic agents which are no longer produced or have been destroyed either in part or in full. Thousands of tons of the Agent Orange type chemical weapons were produced at a chemical plant in Ufa between 1965 and the late 1970's, Fedorov said. He spoke of having evidence that the weapons were tested in the Primorskiy, Krasnoyarsk and Krasnodar regions and in the northern Caucasus. These must have been sprayed but the government is still reluctant to declassify the secret information, Fedorov said. In his words, decomposition of the weapons leads to the formation of dioxins, a substance that is hazardous to human health. |
FBIS3-42128_6 | Agreement To Deploy U.S. Patriot Missiles in ROK Viewed Press Overview of Deployment | by noting, "It is, therefore, effective for combat purposes to deploy the much-improved second stage Patriot missiles. The deployment of the type which was used during the Gulf war could give an impression that the United States is disposing of old stock. The deployment of the Patriot should not be viewed only from the perspective of creating tension between the North and the South." KYONGHYANG SINMUN on page 4 carries a 900-word article by New York-based correspondent Pak Su-man and reporter Song Yong-sung entitled "What Was the Background for the Deployment of the Patriot in the ROK?--Pros And Cons in the ROK and the United States." The article notes, "The U.S. Government plan to deploy Patriot missiles to the ROK implies that the United States is preparing for the potential circumstances where not only economic but also military sanctions will have to be taken in case of a failure to bring about the settlement of the North Korean nuclear issue." The article notes the view of U.S. intelligence agencies that the Patriot will be capable of protecting the targets of a preemptive North Korean missile attack on the ROK. The article notes some ROK Government officials show an unwelcome reaction to the U.S. plan but refrain from explicitly commenting on it under the weight of the cause of building up the combat capability of the ROK-U.S. combined forces. The article also notes, "Some are of the opinion that if the nuclear inspection negotiation fails and the situation aggravates leading to sanctions on the North, North Korea may well be angered by it, and that it will then be necessary for the U.S. Forces in the ROK to be equipped with an augmented combat capability to cope with such a situation." The article then notes insufficient performance of the Patriot and some ROK Government officials' view that the deployment of the Patriot is ill-timed for the North Korea-U.S. negotiation on the nuclear issue. KYONGHYANG SINMUN on page 4 also carries an 800-word article by reporter Choe Chung-ung on the performance of the Patriot missile which notes that the Patriot intercepted and shot down 50 to 60 percent of the Scud missiles during the Gulf war and the "shortcomings" of the Patriot, namely, "its enormous price, namely $120 million per unit; the extensive fallout of its fragments which can cause heavy human casualties and material loss; and the helpless situation in case |
FBIS3-42131_3 | Agreement To Deploy U.S. Patriot Missiles in ROK Viewed More Press Reaction | regarding North Korea's nuclear issue. The article notes that we cannot overlook the fact that the ROK may be used as a major weapons market by the U.S. defense industry. The article reports: "There are rumors that core figures of the U.S. defense industry in Washington secretly visited the ROK and met with high-ranking officials to discuss the sale of the Patriots." The article notes that the recent moves of the U.S. military are an ultimatum to North Korea regarding the settlement of its nuclear issue and to confirm to Northeast Asian countries, including Japan and China, U.S. presence in this region. The article concludes: "Moves for the increase of U.S. capability in the ROK cannot by any means be limited to the Korean peninsula issue." HANGUK ILBO in Korean publishes on page 3 a 800-word editorial entitled: "Unusual Atmosphere on the Korean Peninsula." The editorial notes "the ROK Government is remaining silent" about U.S. plans to deploy Patriot missiles and Apache helicopters and to send an aircraft carrier to the waters around the Korean peninsula in case of a possible military provocation on the South by North Korea. The editorial notes that the people are worried about this matter because "the United States and North Korea reached an agreement in principle regarding the nuclear issue late last year and that negotiations are under way between the International Atomic Energy Agency and North Korea on the method for inspection of North Korea's nuclear facilities." The editorial elaborates on the pros and cons of the United States increasing its capability. The editorial notes that the people are curious about "the concrete content of the proposal for the settlement of the nuclear issue as agreed upon between the United States and North Korea, its progress, the real reason for the United States to increase its capability in the ROK, and the nature of U.S.-ROK consultations at this time." The editorial urges the government to be clear about these matters and explain everything to the people. The editorial concludes: "How the situation develops and how rapidly changes are made on the Korean peninsula are directly related to our security, right to live, and interest." The liberal TONG-A ILBO in Korean publishes on page 1 a 900-word article on the issue of "deployment of ultramodern weapons for U.S. forces in the ROK." Noting this issue was revealed by the U.S. side first, the article |
FBIS3-42151_0 | U.S. Firm To Construct Ukrainian Nuclear Waste Storage Facilities | Language: English Article Type:BFN [Text] Ukraine appears to have secured at least a five-decade respite from its insistent nuclear waste disposal headache caused by Russia's stubborn reluctance to admit Ukraine's nuclear fuel waste material to its reprocessing facilities now that the Zaporizhye nuclear power plant production association is reported to have signed a contract with the U.S. Duke Power company for construction of nuclear waste storage facilities. The contract materialized as a result of an international contest for nuclear waste disposal projects that the production association had to organize in view of the relevant governmental bodies' obvious indifference, inaction, and incompetence. The contest reportedly drew participants and tenders from Germany, Britain, France, Canada, the United States, Spain, and [word indistinct]. The Zaporizhye nuclear power plant management chose the project drafted by the Duke engineering and service affiliates of the Duke Power company (?as specially) following the Ukrainian nuclear power industry's technological [word indistinct] and requirements. The project reportedly provides for storing used nuclear fuel cases in armored concrete cylinders. Despite their relative simplicity and cheapness, they are said to be both durable and reliable for storing fissionable materials, nuclear safety experts maintain. Currently, ecological and feasibility studies are under way in these sites. If everything goes well, the first storage facility is expected to be completed by late 1995. Similar storage facilities are being contemplated for construction at other Ukrainian nuclear power plants. |
FBIS3-42167_3 | Al-Turaybi on US, Terrorist Accusations, FIS | I was excited by the richness and precision of the French language, the culture, the history of the Revolution, the relations between Church and state, and the study of the different Constitutions. I was not focused exclusively on my law studies. I went to the National Library, I visited museums. During the university vacations, I went to Strasbourg, Toulouse, and Albi, to Germany, and Italy. I think that the world is like a book of which you have only read the first page until you have left your own country. [Darcourt] How did you enter politics? [Al-Turaybi] My first public engagement was to launch a campaign for the emancipation of Sudanese women and to give them the right to vote. I thought that they should play a full part in building a new Islamic society, well-anchored in this century. They also needed to be taken from the exclusive confinement of domestic tasks. It was a difficult enterprise, but those reforms succeeded. [Darcourt] You are the founder of the Arab-Islamic People's Conference, which holds its congress in Khartoum each year. Are you satisfied with its work? [Al-Turaybi] The scale of this meeting is a unique event in history. More than 500 delegates representing 56 countries from four continents -- Africa, Asia, Europe, and Latin America -- took part in it. Nobody was excluded. Among the delegates were around 20 leaders of the Sunni clergy; muftis from Bosnia, Greece, and Albania; the rector of the Grand Mosque in Paris; German imams; several mullahs; imams from the United States, and others -- Belgians, Spanish, French -- many women; and even 12 American bishops in the framework of the Church-Islam dialogue which we launched last year. This conference primarily aimed to mobilize the largest number of groups and prominent individuals to reconcile the Muslims divided among the four corners of the world and unite them in the face of those who are relentlessly hostile to them. Consensus was reached on a firm will: To raise the idea of God in the face of American society in which the supremacy of commercial materialism backed by an overwhelming military power leaves room for no faith in divine law. [Darcourt] During the conference, the United States was clearly named as "Islam's mortal enemy..." [Al-Turaybi] The arrogance of the United States which has become the only world superpower offends us. It subjects countries which refuse to bow to |
FBIS3-42167_4 | Al-Turaybi on US, Terrorist Accusations, FIS | delegates representing 56 countries from four continents -- Africa, Asia, Europe, and Latin America -- took part in it. Nobody was excluded. Among the delegates were around 20 leaders of the Sunni clergy; muftis from Bosnia, Greece, and Albania; the rector of the Grand Mosque in Paris; German imams; several mullahs; imams from the United States, and others -- Belgians, Spanish, French -- many women; and even 12 American bishops in the framework of the Church-Islam dialogue which we launched last year. This conference primarily aimed to mobilize the largest number of groups and prominent individuals to reconcile the Muslims divided among the four corners of the world and unite them in the face of those who are relentlessly hostile to them. Consensus was reached on a firm will: To raise the idea of God in the face of American society in which the supremacy of commercial materialism backed by an overwhelming military power leaves room for no faith in divine law. [Darcourt] During the conference, the United States was clearly named as "Islam's mortal enemy..." [Al-Turaybi] The arrogance of the United States which has become the only world superpower offends us. It subjects countries which refuse to bow to its diktats to a harsh economic blockade. This is true of Sudan, which is deprived of all development aid, and blacklisted for "violation of human rights and collaboration with terrorist organizations." [Darcourt] This is also true of Libya... [Al-Turaybi] The situation is different. Nobody is accusing us of having blown up airplanes and we respect the embargo. Colonel al-Qadhdhafi has been in power for a quarter of a century. He started his national socialist revolution inspired by al-Nasir, then he launched his revolution of the Little Green Book. He apparently no longer believes in it. His current preoccupation is to unite the tribes. But the Americans are stepping up the pressure on his entourage and will continue to stifle Libya. This is only a remark, but al-Qadhdhafi is likely to end up in the next cell to General Noriega, the former dictator of Panama. [Darcourt] Sudan is regarded as one of the hubs of international terrorism... [Al-Turaybi] These accusations are unfounded. Sudan, devastated by a civil war which has been going on for 10 years and which is costing it $1 million per day, does not have the money or material resources to maintain guerrillas abroad in Egypt or Algeria. |
FBIS3-42177_0 | Twenty Reported Killed in Mardin `Terrorist' Raid | Language: Turkish Article Type:BFN [Announcer-read report over video] [Text] Terrorists raided the Akyurek and Ormancik villages in Mardin's Savur District last night, killing a total of 20 persons, mostly women and children. Seven persons were injured in the incident. Two of the terrorists who participated in the massacre were killed near Akyurek village. According to information received by a TRT correspondent from the State of Emergency Region Governor's Office, a group of terrorists who raided Akyurek and Ormancik villages martyred four of the village guards who resisted them. The terrorized and frightened villagers gathered together, whereupon the terrorists hurled a hand grenade and a deadly gas bomb on them. Fifteen persons were killed immediately and a child died later in hospital. The injured persons were taken to Mardin State Hospital. Extensive operations continue in the region to catch the terrorists. Unal Erkan, State of Emergency Region governor, left for the area of the incident this morning to hold contacts. |
FBIS3-42178_0 | Iraq-Turkey Oil Pipeline Bombed Pipeline Sustains Damage | Language: Turkish Article Type:BFN [Text] The Iraq-Turkey oil pipeline sustained heavy damage after PKK [Kurdish Workers Party] militants bombed it last night. The damage to the pipeline, which was sabotaged at a point near the town of Cizre in Sirnak district, is estimated to be 500 billion Turkish lira. BOTAS [Turkish Pipeline Company] has started work on repairing the pipeline. [Begin off-screen correspondent recording] PKK militants who attacked two villages in Mardin Province on Saturday night massacred 20 citizens, eight of them children, using chemical gas. The PKK members attacked Cizre in Sirnak district the next day but were repulsed. One police officer was martyred during the clash. After being defeated in Cizre, the PKK militants bombed the crude oil pipeline at around 0100 this morning. A highly explosive bomb was used in the attack in the Duzova area between Idil and Cizre. Cizre, which lies 6 km away, was shaken by the force of the explosion. Smoke rising from the burning crude oil covered the Cudi Mountain and most of Cizre district. The fire was put under control when the valves were shut. The equivalent of 50,000 barrels of oil spread throughout the surrounding area and caught fire. Damage caused by the pipeline fire is estimated at almost 500 billion lira. [end recording] |
FBIS3-42179_0 | Iraq-Turkey Oil Pipeline Bombed 16 Abducted; Fire at Pipeline Extinguished | Language: Turkish Article Type:BFN [Text] The PKK [Kurdish Workers Party], which planted a bomb at the government building in Diyarbakir, has this time targeted civil servants. The PKK militants cut off the Diyarbakir-Lice road and abducted 16 people, 14 of them civil servants. [Begin off-screen reporter recording] The terrorists stopped vehicles travelling from Lice to Diyarbakir near the village of Guclu last night and abducted 16 travelers. Some 14 of them were civil servants working at various public organizations in Lice. Operations are continuing in the region to catch the terrorists. Elsewhere, the fire that broke out at the Iraq-Ceyhan crude oil pipeline as a result of sabotage has been extinguished. The damage is being assessed and efforts are under way to collect the crude oil in wells dug by teams of workers. The oil had spread to the surrounding area. The valves on the pipeline will be replaced before repair work starts. [video shows a sketch map of the scene of the abductions followed by footage of fire and smoke billowing from the burnt pipeline and an oil slick.] |
FBIS3-42189_0 | Bomb Blasts Create `Unrest' on Eve of Public Workers Strike Blackouts Caused Throughout Guatemala | Language: Spanish Article Type:BFN [From the "Telepress" newscast] [Text] A terrorist attack which caused a blackout in a large part of Guatemala and diverse acts of violence contributed this Thursday to create a climate of unrest in the country. This has occurred on the eve of a public workers strike, which according to the strike promoters, will be joined by over 200,000 workers. The uncertainty heightened in the wake of the decision by the Transportation Coordinating Board to paralyze activities this coming Tuesday. This measure could leave the country without a normal fuel supply during the strike. The explosion that we mentioned earlier injured three persons who were identified as: Lydia Bolanos, 32; Carlos Bolanos, 35; and Ramon Hernandez, 32. Mrs. Bolanos is employed by the computer section of the National Police and happened to be passing by the area. The shrapnel scattered up to a radius of 5 km, reaching the Kennedy and Galilea neighborhoods of Zone 18. [sentence as heard] There were reports of other bomb explosions in the outlying part of the city, in Panorama neighborhood in the city of San Cristobal. [Begin recording] [Volunteer firefighter Aguirre] Thus far we have received reports of three bomb blasts that occurred in Las Ilusiones neighborhood in Zone 18 where the electricity towers were damaged. Also, it was reported that another electricity tower was damaged on the Pacific highway at the 22-km marker. Our units were dispatched to the area and are searching for possible casualties. Also, we received a report of another bomb explosion in Panorama in the city of San Cristobal. [Unidentified reporter] Mr. Aguirre, can you tell us if these bombs have caused any casualties? [Aguirre] Yes, we learned that three persons injured in Ilusiones neighborhood were taken to the general hospital in Zone 6 for emergency treatment. [Reporter] How badly were they injured? [Aguirre] Up to the moment, we learned that they sustained cuts, bruises and injuries to several parts of their bodies. [Reporter] Mr. Aguirre, can you tell us about a gasoline station on fire in Zone 11? [Aguirre] Yes, at this moment units 29, 31, and 37 are trying to control a big fire on 16th Street in Zone 11. Thus far it is not known what caused the fire. [end recording] |
FBIS3-42193_0 | Turkish-Syrian Crisis Over PKK Scrutinized | Language: Arabic Article Type:CSO [Article by Riyad 'Alam-al-Din from Ankara: "Secrets of the New Security Alliance Between Ankara and Tel Aviv: Turkish Commando Units To Receive Israeli Assistance in Gaining Access to al-Biqa'; Reasons Why Turkey Joined U.S.-Israeli Campaign To Close in on Damascus; Ankara Sets Up Special Militias, Using Kurds, Turkish Hizballah To Fight Kurds; Turkish Military Plan To Pursue PKK in Syria."] [Text] There is more than the Kurdistan Workers' Party [PKK] behind the campaign of military threats Turkey has been mounting against Syria for some time. Information obtained by AL-WATAN AL-'ARABI affirms that Turkey's minister of foreign affairs returned from his "historic" visit to Israel with a plan for the two countries to cooperate on security matters. This would involve the implementation of a Turkish military plan to send commando units to al-Biqa' and to Syria under the pretext of shelling the PKK's positions. However, the real objective of this plan, which received Washington's blessing, was to drag Syria into the peace process by closing in on it and intensifying the pressure on it. What are the particulars of this plan? Why did Turkey reveal the Israeli cards it has been holding at this time in particular? And what will it receive as its payback? Late last October, an emergency secret meeting was called by Tansu Ciller, the prime minister of Turkey. The meeting was held in her office, the prime minister's office in Ankara, and it was attended by Ms. Ciller; by Mehmet Golhan, the minister of defense; and by Dogan Gures, the chief of staff of Turkey's armed forces. At that meeting Ciller stressed the need to adopt a new military action plan to fight what she called Kurdish terrorism. She was referring specifically to operations by the PKK, which is led by Abdullah Ocalan, also known as Apo. Recently, these operations took a grave turn for the worse when General Aydin, the chief of police, was assassinated in Diyarbakir. Aydin's assassination aggravated Turkey's official position to such a degree that Ciller removed Nevzat Ayaz, the minister of defense, from his position. Ciller then issued very strong statements, threatening neighboring countries who were supporting "Kurdish terrorism." [She was referring] specifically to Syria and Iran. Ciller started her meeting with senior military officials with a pessimistic pronouncement expressing her disappointment with the failure of previous military plans. She called for the application of a new, more |
FBIS3-42193_6 | Turkish-Syrian Crisis Over PKK Scrutinized | left without resolution." He added, "The future of relations with Syria depends first of all on the elimination of terrorism." The implications of the warning issued by Ankara were quickly grasped by those who have been watching developments and monitoring the secrets of Turkish politics and the question of the PKK. And yet, given the public and unequivocal entry of Israel into the picture, these observers wondered with considerable concern about the implications of the warning and its [possible] aftermath. They wondered, specifically, about what Turkey and Israel had in store for Syria, the country which was obviously becoming the object of attention, and they wondered also about the roles the new Turkish-Israeli alliance would play in the region. Information available to AL-WATAN AL-'ARABI affirms that Turkey's minister of foreign affairs visited Israel against the backdrop of the new strategy devised by Turkey's military and political leaders. The Turkish minister's visit to Israel was not made in the context of making a contribution to promote the peace process. The Turkish minister did not go to Israel to play a part in the multilateral negotiations and in [the talks over] the problem of water. The minister went to Israel in an attempt to put an end to the PKK and in an effort to get Israel to make a security contribution to that effort. The magnitude of that contribution could become greater in light of developments in the peace process. This information indicates that Turkey's new military plan, which was approved to fight the PKK, includes a declaration of some sort indicating that all the [country's] military capabilities would be mobilized and all of Turkey's regional and international cards would be utilized to bring about the success of the plan. Turkey's new military plan is based on increasing the number of personnel in the Turkish army from 700,000 to 1 million soldiers. Military operations against PKK fighters in Turkey would be stepped up, and those PKK fighters would be pursued on land and in the air inside Iran's, Iraq's, and Syria's borders, even if clashes with these countries' forces were to become necessary and lead to the creation of tension in relations with them. In conjunction with this plan Ankara would go back to using the waters of the Euphrates as a weapon to apply pressure to Damascus. The new plan would also continue the policy of planting mines on the |
FBIS3-42205_0 | Jordanian Report Ties Iran, Abu-Nidal to Recent Violence | Language: Arabic Article Type:BFN [Unattributed report: "Iran and Abu-Nidal Behind the Assassination. Rivoli Was the First Message. Full Details of the Story of the File that Killed al-Ma'ayitah"] [Excerpts] The assassination of the Jordanian diplomat in Beirut, Na'ib al-Ma'ayitah, has opened the door wide for speculation. Our sources assert, however, that there is much more to it than meets the eye. Our information indicates that the martyr was not just an ordinary employee who had specific duties at our embassy in Beirut, and that he had worked there for only nine months, indeed a year, as was previously announced. He had performed similar duties at our embassy in Cairo. Observers in the know link the assassination to domestic and foreign developments that have to do with the peace process and Jordan's strained relations with several radical movements, specifically allied with the Islamic Republic of Iran. Interviewed by AL-BILAD, al-Ma'ayitah's relatives told the paper al-Ma'ayitah had a very sharp mind. He was a man who belonged to his homeland and nation, his brother Najib al-Ma'ayitah said. This gives an indication, one of the ministers told us, of the nature of the special national tasks performed by the martyr in the Lebanese arena. This is especially true since al-Ma'ayitah's killers stole a very important file the martyr was carrying with him, and not in his briefcase, immediately after the assassination. Our sources link this file to problems that arose recently between the government and the Islamic Republic of Iran. The sources recall His Majesty King Husayn's remarks a month ago about considering taking official measures regarding diplomatic relations with the Islamic Republic of Iran. The sources further say that a Jordanian decision was made last Thursday [27 January] according to which the Iranian side was told to reduce its diplomatic mission in Amman, which has 33 people. Our sources say that the security agencies believe most of them are Iranian security officers. Active Iranian sources in Amman told AL-BILAD the Jordanian ambassador in Tehran was the target of several attacks by Iranian groups last month. The Jordanian Foreign Ministry, however, chose not to go public about the attacks, although it addressed official memorandums to its Iranian counterpart in this regard. These sources say that Amman has recently witnessed more activities by extremist groups that previously operated in Syria and Lebanon and visited Iran. The sources assert that the Jordanian security agencies have |
FBIS3-42209_6 | AL-WASAT Interviews AIG Committee Head on Objectives | cause of God" as violence? Can any Muslim allow himself to say this about God's words, unless he is a believer in the laws of the East and the West, which serve their own interests? We do not recognize the secular separation between military and political action. [Question] Why have you attacked foreigners, and what is the message you want to deliver? [Answer] We attacked foreigners (Jews, Christians, and polytheists) because they are part of an infidel, colonialist scheme. They represent a living artery and throbbing heart of every occupation, be it external or domestic, explicit or implicit. Also, those foreigners are spies for the infidels in the Islamic world. In addition, those foreigners represent a mainstay of the economy. If they live in peace, then this means that the country is leading a normal life. However, killing and fighting them is practical evidence of the weakness of the infidel regime and the return of Islam as prophesied by the prophet, may God's peace be upon him. [passage omitted] [Question] There are reports about Iranian aid and facilities from other neighboring states. How true is this? Do you receive foreign support and how do you finance your military operations? [Answer] Iran is a Shiite state, and so we cannot receive aid from it. God Almighty has saved us the trouble. But to God belong the treasures of the heavens and the earth, but the hypocrites understand not. [Koranic verse] [Question] What are the goals that you aspire to achieve by armed action? [Answer] It is a jihad for the cause of God, and not armed action. Our only objective is to see God's law prevail, make people worship God, end injustice and debauchery, and achieve justice as the Koran orders us to do. By doing this, we seek only to win God's satisfaction, and nothing else. [Question] What is the nature of your relationship with the Salvation Front, and can you ignore it? Suppose a change takes place, are you qualified to fill the vacuum in terms of the cadres, the army, police, security, etc? [Answer] What front do you mean? There are many fronts, many branches, and many spokesmen. Be more specific so that we can give you an answer. [passage omitted] [Question] Several names in the Algerian arena adopt violence. What are the major groups in terms of strength and presence in the arena of military action? [Answer] |
FBIS3-42214_3 | French Professor Analyzes Army-FIS Relations, Possibilities | observe their religion. Some have even gone on pilgrimage to Mecca. They are the same age, have followed the same educational careers: So their profile is not so far removed from that of the so-called second-generation FIS members. Furthermore, these officers share a number of nationalist values with the Islamic fundamentalists. When the Islamic fundamentalists refer to the FLN [National Liberation Front] of the war of independence, they adopt the nationalist statements of the past, so dear to the military. Moreover, in the future, the military and the Islamic fundamentalists may find that they have the same line with regard to the Sahara, which is likely to become a pretext for upping the stakes and launching a confrontation with Morocco with the aim of repairing Algerian national unity. [LE NOUVEL OBSERVATEUR] Even if such a convergence took place, would the army's interests be reconcilable with the Islamic fundamentalists' political objectives? [Leveau] If it is guaranteed a pact on impunity with regard to the corruption scandals in which a number of general officers are implicated; if its resources are maintained; and, above all, if its administrative autonomy is not affected--the promotion scale, recruitment by military academies, housing, pensions--the army might ultimately agree to allow the FIS to run the country's affairs. This is the hypothesis of a change like the one which took place in Chile, in which the army abandoned power without giving up its privileges and in which, above all, the democratic government agreed not to put Pinochet on trial. In this spirit, it is even possible to imagine that the young officers I mentioned above might no longer feel complete solidarity with their elders and might agree to sacrifice some of them on the altar of morality. Provided, of course, the edifice of the army in general was not excessively undermined. Also provided that the Islamic fundamentalists, for their part, were prepared to neutralize their most radical elements. Another, possibly more plausible hypothesis is that of an army which played a greater part in a pluralist political system. In that case, it would have the position of arbiter between the FIS, the moderate Islamic movement, the Republicans, the Berbers, and civilian society. That would presuppose the FIS agreeing to be limited to a popular role--that of the defense of the poor and disinherited. But, in both hypotheses, the army would do all it could to maintain its autonomy. |
FBIS3-42218_0 | Human Rights Group Blames Islamists for Rising Violence | Language: English Article Type:BFN [Text] The Egyptian Organisation for Human Rights (EOHR) said, in a report issued last weekend, that Islamist militant groups bear the "major part of the responsibility" for all acts of violence carried out in 1993, while police forces were becoming less and less involved in acts of "physical liquidation" directed against these groups. The report did not absolve the government of responsibility for the spread of religious extremism and fanaticism, however, but noted that the state institutions and state-controlled media were "retreating" in the face of the pressures brought to bear by the "political Islamic tendency." EOHR said it "followed with extreme concern the escalating terrorist activity and the acts of violence carried out by some armed groups of the political Islamic tendency which constituted, in 1993, an unprecedented violation of a fundamental human right, which is the right to live." Statistics compiled by the EOHR indicate that "the harvest of bloody violence" in 1993 included the death of at least 207 people, more than the total for the previous three years during the course of which 139 people were killed in acts of violence. The statistics show that these Islamist groups "bear the major part of responsibility for all acts of violence in the country, although they had shared this responsibility with the police forces in 1992," EOHR said. In 1992, Islamist groups killed 39 people while 38 others were killed by police fire. In 1993, however, Islamist groups were responsible for the death of 137 people including 90 policemen, 39 innocent civilians, 6 Christians and 2 foreign tourists. On the other hand, 59 Islamist militants were killed either in clashes with police or in suicide missions. Moreover, 11 citizens were killed by police fire in the course of clashes between police and members of militant Islamist groups. "EOHR, while noting that 59 police victims were killed deliberately in acts of physical liquidation carried out by these groups, must also note that police have desisted since last March from acts of physical liquidation of members of these groups," the report said. It said that while 118 people were killed by Islamist groups, only eight members of these groups were killed by police forces when they stormed Al-Rahmah (Mercy) mosque in Aswan last March. The report also noted that Islamist groups have upgraded their techniques by using explosive parcels, booby-trapped cars and time-bombs placed in public |
FBIS3-42218_2 | Human Rights Group Blames Islamists for Rising Violence | and members of militant Islamist groups. "EOHR, while noting that 59 police victims were killed deliberately in acts of physical liquidation carried out by these groups, must also note that police have desisted since last March from acts of physical liquidation of members of these groups," the report said. It said that while 118 people were killed by Islamist groups, only eight members of these groups were killed by police forces when they stormed Al-Rahmah (Mercy) mosque in Aswan last March. The report also noted that Islamist groups have upgraded their techniques by using explosive parcels, booby-trapped cars and time-bombs placed in public squares and densely-populated areas "in order to cause the largest possible number of human losses." The year 1993 witnessed 12 major terrorist explosions, including nine explosions which aimed to kill indiscriminately. The year also witnessed a sharp escalation in assassination plots directed at state officials, the report said, citing abortive attempts on the lives of Prime Minister 'Atif Sidqi, Information Minister Safwat al-Sharif, and Interior Minister Hasan al-Alfi, in addition to numerous attacks on police forces. In the southern governorate of Asyut alone, 57 policemen were killed. Christians and tourists also continued to be terrorist targets, the report said. EOHR affirmed its position that the only way to deal with this escalation of violence is "the peaceful and courageous confrontation of all violations of human rights, regardless of their source and the identity of their intended victim." It said a police confrontation is not enough, "particularly in view of the increasing retreat of the state institutions and media before the pressures brought forth by the political Islamic tendency, which is bound to encourage religious fanaticism and sectarian hatred. "In this connection, EOHR notes that the state institutions were giving in to the pressures exercised by Al-Azhar and the political Islamic groups to ban numerous literary, intellectual and enlightened works under the pretext that they are opposed to Islam," the report said. "The organisation also notes that the state is primarily responsible for the social phenomenon of religious extremism and fanaticism. Educational institutes, state-owned media and religious newspapers published by the state or the ruling party are playing a role which is as grave as that of the newspapers of the political Islamic tendency in preparing society to accept and encourage religious fanaticism and sectarian hatred, curtail freedom of expression and literary and artistic creativity," the report said. |
FBIS3-42234_0 | Armed Group Attacks Mosque; 10 Killed `Foreigners' Said Involved | Language: Arabic Article Type:BFN [Statement from the Ministry of the Interior--read by announcer] [Text] An armed group whose number is estimated at five individuals has carried out a wicked act of aggression at a mosque in the first quarter, at al-Thwarah, in Omdurman, during Friday prayers. The incident resulted in the death of 10 people and in various injuries to others, some of whom are in serious condition. The aggressors fled. Initial reports indicate that foreigners are among them. The police have managed to arrest one of the suspects. The police and security forces are continuing their efforts to arrest the criminals and uncover the dimensions of the incident. The Ministry of the Interior hereby calls on honorable citizens to cooperate with the security organs in reporting the criminals and whoever is suspected of participating in this regrettable incident. It would also like to reassure honorable citizens that the ministry has taken the necessary measures to preserve the security and safety of citizens and to state that the minister of the interior is personally supervising the follow-up on the situation and all other measures. Finally, the ministry would like to extend its warmest condolences to the families of the dead. The ministry prays for God's mercy on their chaste souls. It wishes the injured a speedy recovery, the statement concludes. |
FBIS3-42235_0 | Armed Group Attacks Mosque; 10 Killed Opposition Party Accuses Front of Planning Mosque Attack | Language: Arabic Article Type:BFN [Text] Cairo, 5 Feb (MENA)--A statement by Sudan's al-Ummah opposition party has accused armed elements of the Sudanese National Front of attacking prayers during Friday prayers at Ansar al-Sunnah Mosque in Omdurman yesterday. [see item EA0402195294 in previous Terrorism Report] The statement described the incident as a massacre planned and carried out by the National Front, leaving 28 worshipers dead [number as received], including four students, and more than 300 others wounded. The statement added that the incident coincided with similar organized attacks on other mosques affiliated with the Ansar al-Sunnah in Abu Sa'd and Zaqalona. The statement denounced the incident and noted that this bloody attack exposes the front and its claims that it is defending Islam as well as its so-called cultural plan. |
FBIS3-42250_0 | German Report Details European Right-Wing Extremist Groups | Language: German Article Type:BFN [Unattributed report: "Right-Wing Extremists"] [Text] More than 70 neo-Nazi and right-wing extremist organizations and splinter groups with a total of about 41,500 members are haunting Germany. While so far authorities have assumed that the right-wing extremist scene is largely torn by strife, now constitutional protectors admit that they have underestimated the interlacement of the groups. The slogan of "Marching separately, striking together," which was issued by the late neo-Nazi leader Michael Kuehnen, is increasingly being followed. Controlled by the supra-regional cadre organization "New Front Association of Like-Minded People," individual groups at home and abroad are coordinating their activities through magazines, information telephones, and mailbox systems. The militant nature of the scene is also alarming: By the end of 1993 the Federal Office of Criminal Investigations had reported 1,814 acts of violence with right-wing extremist motives. Eight people were killed; in 1992 there were 17 deaths. The Right-Wing Extremist Scene in Germany Parties: The Republikaner (REP): Founded in Munich in 1983. [Chairman Franz] Schoenhuber tries to draw a line between the party and militant neo-Nazis. Many ex-Republikaner have good contacts with the neo-Nazi scene. About 25,000 members. German League for People and Homeland (DL): Collection point for former members of the Republikaner and the NPD [National Democratic Party]. Ex-Republikaner [and DL Chairman Harald] Neubauer has a seat in the European Parliament and is establishing Europe-wide contacts. The DL has 1,000 members. National Democratic Party of Germany (NPD): In terms of personnel it is closely linked to the neo-Nazi scene. It took in members of the German Alternative, cooperates with the Viking Youth, and has contacts with Worch (National List, New Front of Like-Minded People). About 5,000 members. Its chairman is Guenter Deckert. German People's Union (DVU): With 26,000 members it is one of the largest right-wing extremist organizations. Publisher [Gerhard] Frey (DEUTSCHE NATIONAL-ZEITUNG) cooperates with the Russian fascist Zhirinovskiy. It has contacts with the DL. Liberal German Workers Party (FAP): The only openly national socialist party. Has taken in many activists of the National Offensive, the German Alternative, and the Nationalist Front. Attracts attention by marches and militant actions. About 220 members. Its chairman is Friedhelm Busse. Umbrella Organization: New Front of Like-Minded People (GdNF): The GdNF considers itself as the cadre organization of the right-wing movement in Germany. Its goal is the new establishment of the NSDAP [National Socialist German Workers' Party, or Nazi party]. The |
FBIS3-42254_0 | Cetin Interviewed on PKK, US Ambassador's Visit | Language: Arabic Article Type:BFN [Interview with Turkish Foreign Minister Hikmet Cetin by Egyptian weekly newspaper AL-'ARABI correspondent Ghunaym 'Abduh; place, date not given] [Excerpts] [passage omitted] ['Abduh] Turkey does not want to know the internal reasons or motives of the Kurdish problem. It does not want to listen directly to the Kurds or their proposals for a solution. Indeed, Turkey is searching for a solution to the problem beyond its border, making threats against neighboring countries. What is your comment? [Cetin] The Turkish Government realizes that the essence of Kurdish Workers Party [PKK] terrorism stems from Turkish territory. But it is fueled by the party's branches outside Turkey, which extend into neighboring countries and some European capitals, where the party has representation offices. We are always eager to discuss this subject during all our meetings with our neighbors and European allies. I am glad we convinced the allies. This was manifest in Germany's recent strict measures against the party. PKK offices in Germany and other parts of Europe have been closed. An inclination to cooperate has also emerged from the governments of Syria and Iran and from Kurdish leaders in northern Iraq. In its handling of PKK terrorism, Turkish policy is based on suppressing it and rapidly implementing immense investment projects in southeast Turkey to improve public services and standards of living, hoping to achieve tangible results soon. The parliament--approximately 25 percent of the members of which are Kurds--the press and the media and the various academies are involved in a broad dialogue on the proposed or possible solutions to the problem of backwardness in southeast Turkey to end PKK terrorism. [passage omitted] ['Abduh] The deputy chairman of the Islamic Welfare Party in Turkey has stated that the West is using its protection of Iraqi Kurds to back the PKK and fight the Islamic tide in Turkey. As an example, he mentioned the U.S. ambassador's visit to southeast Turkey in an effort to surround the Islamists in Turkey. [Cetin] The American ambassador's visit aimed to achieve nothing of this sort. Since the beginning, U.S. policy has firmly opposed terrorism and the PKK. This was announced on various levels. The visit had nothing to do with an alleged fight against the Islamic tide. ['Abduh] Prime Minister Tansu Ciller has recently affirmed that Turkey will not relinquish secularism in any circumstances. How are you going to deal with the growing fundamentalist tide |
FBIS3-42255_0 | Kurdish Leader Comments on Air Attack on Zhalah Camp | Language: Turkish Article Type:BFN [Report by Faruk Balikci: "Journalists Not Allowed Into the Zhalah Camp"] [Text] Irbil--Journalists have not been allowed to enter the Zhalah camp in northern Iraq, which was bombed by Turkish Air Force units. The Kurdish Workers Party [PKK] informed Turkish journalists who traveled to northern Iraq to visit the Zhalah camp after it was bombed in a cross-border air operation on Friday that the "embargo on the press is being maintained" and that they will not be allowed into the camp. Several Kurdish sources in the region have claimed that the PKK militants left the Zhalah camp at 0500 and returned at 1900 on 26 January. Meanwhile, 'Abdallah Rasul Kusret, prime minister of the federal Kurdish state in northern Iraq, said that his government was not informed about Turkey's air operation. He asserted: "Consequently, we were not able to take precautionary measures in our villages. We lost 18 people in Sheni, Goreser, and Sune, which are close to the border. Many of our people were wounded. Nine people were killed and 19 others were wounded in Iran. The PKK lost only seven men." Stressing that they have informed Ankara on their reaction to the air operation, Kosret said: "The Zhalah camp is 120 km from Turkey's border. PKK maintained its activities in areas close to Turkey. We signed a protocol with that organization and allowed its members to settle in the Zhalah camp. Our objective was to keep the PKK away from the border. Turkey is aware of that. The protocol we have signed is still valid. The PKK members are in the Zhalah camp. That is where they maintain their activities." Local sources have said that 1,200 militants were based in that camp until recently. However, they also said that considering the possibility of an air attack, the PKK recently reduced the number of its militants in that camp to 500 and began to use it as a facility for support services instead of a base for military and political training. |
FBIS3-42305_0 | US Conditions To Remove Syria from Terrorist List Cited | Language: Arabic Article Type:BFN [Report by Mahmud Bakri] [Text] Political sources have stated that preparations are underway to hold a meeting between the Syrian Foreign Minister and the U.S. Secretary of State to discuss the removal of Syria's name from the list of states that support terrorism. The meeting will discuss the conditions which U.S. President Bill Clinton conveyed to Syrian President Hafiz al-Asad during their recent meeting in Geneva. The sources said these conditions are: 1. Syria should support the U.S. efforts to fight the current of fundamentalist terrorism in the region by handing over files on the Iranian personalities who support this current, on Iran's role in giving material support for this, and on Iran's present contacts with some Arab personalities to intensify the fundamentalist terrorists' operations. In this regard, the United States has asked Syria to disclose the intricate details of Iranian-Syrian relations. Clinton alleged that the United States has information that Syrian intelligence services have complete files in this connection. 2. Syria should halt the Palestinian factions opposing the peace process and turn over to Israel about 23 Palestinians wanted for committing serious (terrorist) incidents where many Israeli citizens were killed. These individuals are living under the protection of the Syrian regime. 3. Syria should halt all forms of support for the pro-Iranian Hizballah forces in Lebanon and hand over files regarding Hizballah's plans, the main figures behind the terrorist operations, and the Iranian personalities who have direct influence in Iran. 4. Syria should condemn the intifadah in the occupied Arab territories. The sources said there are some differences between the two sides regarding the U.S. conditions. Contacts are underway to narrow these differences and bring about a meeting between the Syrian foreign minister and the U.S. Secretary of State. |
FBIS3-42306_0 | Al-Shar': Syria Does Not Support PKK | Language: English Article Type:BFN [Text] Istanbul, Feb 5 (AA) -- On Saturday, Syrian Foreign Minister Faruq al-Shar' expressed his country's concern over the lack of a `water sharing agreement' between Turkey, adding it will be a source for tension as long as such an agreement is not signed. [passage omitted] On the terrorism issue, al-Shar' said that Damascus fully supports Turkey's territorial integrity, reiterating that Syria does not support the terrorist PKK [Workers Party of Kurdistan] organization. `Turkey's future can only be determined by its own people, no other foreign forces can decide for it,' he said, adding Syria denounces any kind of terrorism. However al-Shar' did not qualify the terrorist PKK organization as `terrorist.' Foreign Minister Hikmet Cetin, who held the opening speech of the meeting, said that the tripartite consultation meeting was held to evaluate the latest situation in the region where the three countries are situated specially the developments in Iraq, adding it is not directed against any other country. He said the protection of Iraq's territorial unity is as vital for the three countries concerned as for the whole world, adding the support or incentives towards separatist movements is unacceptable, a point also stressed by Syria and Iran. [passage omitted] |
FBIS3-42314_0 | Left-Wing Extremists Use Videos to Profile Targets | Language: German Article Type:BFN [Peter Scherer report: "Manhunt With Video Films"] [Text] Frankfurt/Main -- German left-wing extremists are now using secretly made video films against their potential terrorism victims. The "black films" were produced, as the extremists claim themselves, at a high cost, and show "persons, structures, and meeting places" of political opponents, that is, of right-wing extremists or suspected right-wing extremists. As of now, it should be possible to "take them to task at any time, be it in their favorite restaurants or in their apartments," a paper of the Antifascist Action says, which the Federal Office for the Protection of the Constitution [BfV] considers as belonging to autonomous groups from the Rhine-Main area who are ready to use violence. The filmed "wanted posters" are accompanied by a topical militant brochure, giving details such as names, photographs, and addresses of the "militant fascists." In the area of Aschaffenburg, 23 "targets" are listed, in Frankfurt 14, in Hanau 7, and in Mainz 5. In addition, the lists also contain the car license plates of the "target persons," who must "be stood up to wherever they are." One of the persons listed has been the target of left-wing extremist violence several times. After an attempted arson attack on his car, the perpetrators justified their attack as follows: "There are enough reasons to put a stop to the plans of such swine as.... We will get them all. Antifascist resistance must not peter out with slogans and limit itself to pure symbolism." Acts of violence by the autonomous groups are not limited to the Rhine-Main area. In Berlin, too, people have been called to participate in "Volxsport" [distortion of "Volkssport," which means "popular sport"], which is a synonym often used in the milieu to mean attacks. "Wanted posters" were also printed by the Hanover paper RAZZ "to serve as a basis for all antifascist forces who have recognized the necessity of directly combatting and politically isolating neofascism." In the view of the BfV, a new wave of violence in Germany's extremist scene threatens because of the mutual publication of "political hit lists" -- at the end of last year, the neo-Nazi brochure EINBLICK published the names of "anti-German and antinationalist forces." The so-called Revolutionary Cells are also involved in that. In a position paper, their women's group -- Red Zora -- has now committed itself for the first time again after a |
FBIS3-42314_1 | Left-Wing Extremists Use Videos to Profile Targets | fascists." In the area of Aschaffenburg, 23 "targets" are listed, in Frankfurt 14, in Hanau 7, and in Mainz 5. In addition, the lists also contain the car license plates of the "target persons," who must "be stood up to wherever they are." One of the persons listed has been the target of left-wing extremist violence several times. After an attempted arson attack on his car, the perpetrators justified their attack as follows: "There are enough reasons to put a stop to the plans of such swine as.... We will get them all. Antifascist resistance must not peter out with slogans and limit itself to pure symbolism." Acts of violence by the autonomous groups are not limited to the Rhine-Main area. In Berlin, too, people have been called to participate in "Volxsport" [distortion of "Volkssport," which means "popular sport"], which is a synonym often used in the milieu to mean attacks. "Wanted posters" were also printed by the Hanover paper RAZZ "to serve as a basis for all antifascist forces who have recognized the necessity of directly combatting and politically isolating neofascism." In the view of the BfV, a new wave of violence in Germany's extremist scene threatens because of the mutual publication of "political hit lists" -- at the end of last year, the neo-Nazi brochure EINBLICK published the names of "anti-German and antinationalist forces." The so-called Revolutionary Cells are also involved in that. In a position paper, their women's group -- Red Zora -- has now committed itself for the first time again after a five-year break to continuing the "armed struggle." The "destruction of installations, buildings, and objects" is an "important, indispensable part of revolutionary women's policy," the 38-page brochure says. In a "practical handbook" the activists inform the reader about, among other things, the handling of explosives, the building of incendiary charges, and the forging of documents. Whoever does not seriously decide in favor of militant actions and armed struggle, Red Zora admonishes, does not recognize the dimension of the opponent and of the apparatus of power. Thus, the terrorists recommend, for instance, "punitive actions" against rapists' lawyers. According to the BfV, more than 28,000 persons in Germany belong to left-wing extremist organizations and groups. Autonomous groups that are ready for violence and that have more than 5,000 followers, register a steady influx of new members. The mobilization potential amounts to a further several thousand persons. |
FBIS3-42317_0 | Aftermath of Air Raid on PKK's Zhalah Camp Reporters Visit Vicinity | Language: Turkish Article Type:BFN [Selin Caglayan, Faruk Balikci, and Saban Sevinc report: "The PKK Is Reluctant To Leave Zhalah"] [Excerpt] A team from HURRIYET has succeeded in traveling to the Zhalah Camp in northern Iraq, which was bombed by Turkey last week. The Kurdish Workers Party [PKK] militants were reluctant to show the current situation of their camp to the correspondents. However, they claimed that only seven of their colleagues were killed in the air attacks and noted: "We are not afraid of bombs. As you have observed, we are still here in the camp." We reached the vicinity of the camp with great difficulty. We arrived in an area which had many craters created by exploding bombs. That area was 500 meters from the Zhalah Camp. One of the PKK militants who blocked our way identified himself as the person in charge of the camp. He claimed that the Turkish newspapers are being used as an instrument and said that we could not enter their camp. The correspondents said: "If you claim that the Turkish Government is lying, then you should allow us to enter to determine the true state of affairs." However, the PKK militants were determined not to allow us into their camp, which had been destroyed by the military aircraft. Two buildings close to the entrance of the camp seemed to be intact. However, the main camp was hidden deep in the canyon. The PKK militants refused to show us the results of the bombing raids. Although the PKK militants claimed that no damage was caused to the camp, a resident of Shele village, which is near the Zhalah Camp, said: The Turkish aircraft dropped many bombs. It was like hell. Even Saddam Husayn was not bombed by the United States to that extent. I saw buildings collapse." He also said that he was in the camp when the Turkish aircraft attacked. It has been ascertained that the bombing of the camp frightened nearby villagers a lot. However, residential areas and civilians around the camp were unharmed except for some individuals who were smuggling contraband goods on mules. The journalists did not observe any damage in the villages around the camp. The PKK militants claimed that the Turkish aircraft dropped their bombs from an altitude of 20,000 meters [as published] to stay out of range of their antiaircraft guns. They also claim that they shot down |
FBIS3-42318_0 | Aftermath of Air Raid on PKK's Zhalah Camp Camp Commander on Impact of Raid | Language: Turkish Article Type:BFN [Telephone interview with Numan Ucar, alias Mahir, the commander of the ARGK's -- People's Liberation Army of Kurdistan -- Zhalah camp in Iraq, by Behcet Avsar, in Cologne; date not given] [Excerpts] [Avsar] What were the aims and results of the operation launched against Zhalah? [Ucar] The operation was the most comprehensive air attack against us. Contrary to claims by the Turkish Government, Zhalah plays no role in "training and sending guerrillas to Turkey." The reason for exaggerating the importance of the Zhalah camp, which has a role of its own, is the impasse in the war. The aim is to create the impression that our struggle does not come from inside Turkey, but from abroad. [passage omitted] [Avsar] Is it true that the leaders' headquarters and communications room were destroyed? [Ucar] Our radio broadcasts and wireless communications are continuing uninterrupted. As for the destruction of leading cadres: The PKK's [Kurdish Workers Party] leading cadres never stay together in the same region or spot. They are in areas were fighting is taking place. Besides, the PKK's leading cadres exist in every locality where we are active. [passage omitted] [Avsar] Why was Zhalah selected for the raid? Did Zhalah take the place of al-Biqa'? [Ucar] [passage omitted] Recently, they tried to divert attention from the struggle inside the country by stepping up the propaganda about the Zhalah camp. By claiming to have destroyed Zhalah, which they asserted has supplanted al-Biqa', they actually aimed to shore up their image before the elections. Zhalah camp can never supplant Mahsum Korkmaz Academy [the PKK's camp in the al-Biqa' valley]. It has assumed no such function. [passage omitted] [Avsar] Will you respond to this operation? [Ucar] Our war, with all the attacks launched so far, has given the necessary reply. We have no intention of making a special reply. We will respond by perpetuating, developing, and intensifying our war. [passage omitted] [Avsar] Reportedly, other operations are also taking place near Kanimasi and troops have been brought to Dahuk. [Ucar] We have some information in this regard. We have received reports that tanks and troops have been massed in Kanimasi and that the Democratic Party of Kurdistan will participate in these operations. We have made preparations to retaliate. |
FBIS3-42319_0 | PKK's ARGK Gives Its Own Casualty Figures for January | Language: Turkish Article Type:BFN [Text] Botan (KURD-A) -- The commander of the main headquarters of ARGK [People's Liberation Army of Kurdistan] issued a statement on the casualty figures for the month of January. It noted that despite attacks by the state forces, ARGK stepped up its operations and expanded the struggle for the liberated areas. According to these figures, 371 soldiers, 14 of them officers, and 63 village guards were killed in January. ARGK lost 49 guerrillas killed and 31 injured. The statement said that the state has increased its attacks to force the city and village dwellers in every region, particularly in regions where the war has intensified, to abandon their homes and submit to the authorities, and is resorting to coercion and torture to force people to become village guards. The statement said: "The state has unleashed the special military forces on the people. They abduct innocent people from their homes and murder them under torture, cut off their heads and throw them on the sidewalks, and kill the patriotic clerics and throw their bodies from helicopters." Pointing out that the state regards 1994 as a crucial year for its survival, the statement gave the following ARGK casualty figures for January: -- In operations carried out in 193 separate spots, 13 being road checks, some 371 soldiers, 14 of them officers, were killed; 233 soldiers, nine of them officers, were injured; 63 village guards were killed and 56 others were injured; 54 agents, policemen, and members of counter-guerrilla organizations were killed and 47 others injured; some of the 50 village guards and their relatives, who were collaborating with the state, were detained and released after interrogation, while others are still being interrogated. -- It reported that 49 guerrillas died and 31 were injured during these operations. -- It stated that during these operations, 29 rifles, 71 pistols, one grenade launcher, one semi-automatic rifle, 3,000 various types of bullets, 1,221 magazines, 57 mines, six rockets, three wireless kits, three binoculars, 39 million Turkish lira, and 240 sheep have been confiscated from the state forces during these same operations. -- It claimed that two warplanes, three helicopters, four tanks, four police armored cars, and 24 other vehicles were destroyed and put out of action during these operations. -- It noted that the state evacuated two garrisons which could not be defended against the guerrilla attacks. Seven schools and four police |
FBIS3-42321_0 | Syria Offers Reassurances on PKK During Tripartite Talks | Language: English Article Type:BFN [Excerpt] Ankara -- Syrian Foreign Minister Faruq al-Shar' this weekend assured Ankara that his country has clamped down on the activities of Turkey's Kurdish separatists and will not allow any terrorist leaders to shelter in its territories, his Turkish counterpart Hikmet Cetin said on Sunday (6 February). Cetin told the TURKISH DAILY NEWS that the Syrian Foreign Minister also indicated that Damascus was in touch with Lebanon on this issue. "Minister al-Shar' unequivocally said that they are not supporting the PKK (Kurdistan Workers' Party)," Cetin said. "He added that they would never allow their territories to be used by the separatists." The Turkish Foreign Minister said his Syrian counterpart had even proposed to increase cooperation between the security organizations of both countries and organize more frequent meetings. Developments in neighboring Iraq, Kurdish activities and regional waters were the highlights of a tripartite summit held in Istanbul on Saturday between the foreign ministers of Turkey, Syria and Iran. The meeting resulted in a declaration of support for the continuation of Iraqi sovereignty, a mutual condemnation of terrorism, and a Turkish rejection of Syrian efforts for a water-use agreement for the Tigris and Euphrates Rivers. Syria said a formal agreement on the rivers, which al-Shar' described as "international waters," was needed to avoid escalating the dispute. "But I explained how sensitive Turkish public opinion was with regard to terrorist activities, and the impressions that are imbedded in Turkish public opinion about Syria in this context," Cetin said. In his talks with al-Shar', the Turkish Foreign Minister suggested that doing away with this impression was one of the conditions for a better dialogue between the two countries, including on the subject of "regional waters." Cetin and al-Shar' met for talks on Friday when the Syrian foreign minister arrived in Turkey. They also met immediately after Saturday's three-way talks. The assurances al-Shar' gave Cetin in bilateral talks were in line with remarks he made during a press conference on Saturday. He said Syria did not support "any acts which violated the sovereignty of Turkey," and strongly denied allegations that Damascus was supporting PKK terrorism. Diplomatic sources noted that al-Shar' appeared to be sincere in his remarks related to Ocalan, the PKK and terrorism, and that Iranian Foreign Minister 'Ali Akbar Velayati and his delegation had also approached Turkey in friendly fashion. Cetin said he had observed "an atmosphere of understanding" |
FBIS3-42322_4 | `Time Bomb' Seen Among `Radical' British Muslims | with links to local councils and British political parties. A recent study by Derby University turned up some 1,400 Islamic organisations operating in this country, but the academics believe that there may be as many as 4,000. Liberal Muslims say a climate of fear is growing in Britain's estimated 1,000 mosques as the fight for spiritual supremacy between liberals and radicals intensifies. Many imams and mosque officials say they feel besieged. Liberal imams say that when they refuse Hizb-ut-Tahrir permission to speak at their mosques, they become the target of campaigns by activists. One elderly imam from west London, who accompanied me to the Hizb-ut-Tahrir gathering, begged me not speak to him during the meeting. "You will get me into trouble with them and I don't want that," he said. "I have to deal with them in my community and I cannot go against them. Nobody can. I'm only going to the meeting to be seen. I don't agree with their views at all, there's too much hate in them. But you can't fight them." Young liberal Muslims say much of the blame for the inroads of the radical groups must be laid on the Muslim establishment. "They are operating the mosques as though they were still in Karachi," complained Ehsan Massoud. "We want better educated imams with more modern views, and more say in the management. But they won't let us in." One young radical described the present management committees of mosques as "groups of local supermarket millionaires in the pay of Saudi Arabia." A top demand by young Muslims is for sermons in English. They complain that the imams imported from Pakistan and the Middle East are often ill-qualified for the job and do not speak English. "I want to see the mosques more open to women. Many of the mosques ban women, and this is a Pakistani tradition, not a British one," Massoud said. Young Muslims also want their mosques to operate centres, providing advice on job problems, addiction or how to deal with social services. Imams should function more as counsellors and be less remote, the young Muslims say.... One suggestion is wider British training for imams. At present, there are only two main training centres. One, in Dewsbury, West Yorkshire, offers the same education as that available on the Indian subcontinent. The other is the Muslim College in Ealing, which by contrast also offers courses |
FBIS3-42344_0 | Update on Anti-US Activities Guerrillas Blamed for Attacks on US Firms | Language: Spanish Article Type:BFN [Text] A wave of terrorist attacks in Medellin on 3 February has caused property damage but no fatalities or injuries. Authorities attribute the attacks to urban guerrillas. Colonel Daniel Peralta, subcommander of the Medellin Metropolitan Police, said four bombs exploded during the day and three were deactivated in a wave of attacks perpetrated by guerrilla commandos against U.S. companies. Col. Peralta said the attacks were made on a stationery store, two educational centers, and a construction site near a bus terminal. "The bombs, each one made with 3 kg of dynamite, exploded at an English language school, a German language school, and a travel agency. Two other bombs were deactivated at the Citibank and Diner's Club main offices," Col. Peralta reported. He added that the most serious incident occurred at the "El Ancla" stationery store, located in downtown Medellin, where the explosion started a fire causing damage estimated at 20 million pesos. According to reports, the blast caused millions of dollars in property damage due to shattered windows and glass doors and a fire, which started in one of the offices that was attacked, but there were no fatalities. "The attacks were perpetrated by guerrilla commandos protesting the presence of U.S. troops in Colombia," Col. Peralta said. Authorities attribute the bomb attacks to guerrillas from the Army of National Liberation and the Revolutionary Armed Forces of Colombia, which declared U.S. companies and citizens living in Colombia military targets to protest the presence of U.S. soldiers in Colombia. Currently, there are 249 U.S. soldiers in Colombia working on humanitarian and social assistance projects, training programs, and the installation of radars for the fight against drug trafficking. The largest group, 156 soldiers, are building a school, a hospital, and a road in the town of Juanchaco, in Valle del Cauca Department. The other units are constructing a military base in Puerto Lopez, Meta Department. A week ago, rebels blew up two Mormon churches and a Coca Cola plant in the city of Bucaramanga, and kidnapped two missionaries in eastern Colombia. |
FBIS3-42347_0 | Three Bombings in Pereira; Perpetrators Unknown Bomb in Front of Clinic; No Casualties | Language: Spanish Article Type:BFN [From the "National Newscast"] [Text] A bomb of moderate intensity exploded in front of the Social Security's San Pedro Claver Clinic in Santa Fe de Bogota early this morning. The blast occurred a few meters from the district's administrative center. The terrorist action caused no casualties but did cause serious damage to businesses and houses near the area. Authorities blame the guerrillas' urban commando units. The Santa Fe de Bogota Metropolitan Police have arrested no one for this incident yet. |
FBIS3-42348_0 | Three Bombings in Pereira; Perpetrators Unknown Bombs at Pereira Political Party Offices | Language: Spanish Article Type:BFN [From the "24 Hours" newscast] [Text] [Announcer] Violence against political party offices spread to Pereira and Dos Quebradas in the last few hours. Andres Botero in investigating the violence in Risaralda Department. [see Selected Video Reports section for accompanying footage] [Botero] Pereira citizens had not yet recovered from the dramatic attack on a city clinic when criminals detonated two more explosive devices at 2200 on 8 February, injuring five persons and causing damages estimated at 300,000 pesos. The first explosion destroyed the facade of the office of Juan Hurtado Cano, Conservative Party senate candidate, in downtown Pereira. At the same time in Dos Quebradas Municipality, terrorists detonated another explosive charge in front of the offices of Legislator Maria Isabel Mejia Marulanda. [Begin Representative Victor Manuel Tamayo recording] This is not an isolated incident. It is the result of a confrontation between obscure forces and the Colombian democratic system. [end recording] [Botero] Risaralda has become the most violent department in the country. The figures are shocking. In the last three months, 330 people have been murdered, 158 of them in Pereira. [Begin Risaralda Governor Roberto Galves recording] One disturbing element is the subversive groups, particularly an urban commando that is operating in Pereira and Dos Quebradas. There are also confrontations between drug trafficking groups that have found in Pereira a strategic location for their operations. [end recording] [Botero] Civilian and military authorities have convened a special security council to evaluate the situation and adopt corrective measures, including a disarmament plan similar to those implemented in Cali and Santa Fe de Bogota. |
FBIS3-42359_0 | Serial Bombings in Lima 7-8 Feb Four Banks Dynamited | Language: Spanish Article Type:BFN [Excerpts] Lima, 7 Feb (AFP) -- At least six persons were injured Monday evening in an escalation of dynamite attacks by the Maoist Shining Path against bank offices and public entities in the Peruvian capital, police have reported. [passage omitted] The evening attacks affected four bank offices, two of which are the Banco de Credito and Interbanc. The explosions injured six pedestrians and partially destroyed the facade of the offices. Special police units alerted by telephone traveled through different parts of Lima and defused packages containing explosives near two state banks. A vehicle was found in the populous Yerbateros neighborhood, east of Lima, with a homemade rocket launcher inside that was about to go off. At least five explosions were registered in the outskirt districts of San Juan de Lurigancho and Comas, according to police reports. Police stations increased their security in light of the possibility of Shining Path attacks and police patrols in strategic areas of the capital have been doubled. The acts of violence reported Monday coincide with leaflet advertisements, which were delivered to editorial rooms of various Lima dailies, stating that the Shining Path is preparing to launch a wave of attacks in February. |
FBIS3-42362_0 | Syrian Ambassador to Iran Comments on US Influence on Relations | Language: Persian Article Type:BFN [Report on an "exclusive" interview with Syrian Ambassador to Iran Ahmad al-Hasan by an unidentified IRNA correspondent in Tehran; date not given] [Excerpts] [passage omitted] On the effect of any possible agreement between Israel and Syria on the presence of Syrian forces in Lebanon and the dismantling of Hizballah bases, Syrian Ambassador in Tehran Ahmad al-Hasan said: The Israeli forces are on Lebanese territory and will remain until the Israeli forces withdraw from south Lebanon. [passage omitted] Commenting on Western news media analyses of the possibility of U.S. pressure on Syria to influence its relations with Tehran, he said: Syria will permit no country to interfere in its internal affairs. Syria's independent stance is clear to all. On the presence of Palestinian forces opposed to the Gaza-Jericho Accord in Damascus, the Syrian ambassador said: We believe that those who fight to liberate their territory are not terrorists. They are merely struggling to liberate their usurped land. [passage omitted] |
FBIS3-42366_1 | Iranian Letter on Beirut Murder, Jordan Embassy Staff | should be written by a Jordanian figure of the status of Dr. al-Mahasinah, who is the professor of law at the university. In his article, al-Mahasinah tried in vain to link this cowardly act with the Islamic Republic of Iran's stand on the so-called peace or with the issue of the reduction of the number of Iranian diplomats in Jordan. [passage omitted] Dr. al-Mahasinah should not have announced his stand off the cuff. He should have waited until things became clear and facts became solid before leveling accusations at others. In order to put him in the picture along with others who do not know, we say that the Islamic Republic of Iran's stand toward the Zionist enemy is a principled and constant stand that will not change one iota under any circumstance. This stand was not developed yesterday or by chance. Indeed, it is older than the victorious Islamic revolution in Iran. History recorded the Islamic and principled stands adopted by Imam Khomeyni, may God sanctify his secret, throughout his life against the occupying enemy whether in the Shah's dungeons, in exile, or in power. Therefore, our stand toward what is now called the peace process emanates from this principled and deep-rooted stand. As regards the issue of reducing the number of Iranian diplomats in Jordan, we would like to emphasize that the warm relations between the two fraternal countries, which are permeated by the spirit of brotherhood and love, are proceeding forward under the wise leadership of the two countries. For our part, we are concerned about maintaining these relations and we will not allow anyone to undermine them. From this particular premise, we say that the reduction of the number of diplomats is purely an organizational issue as stated by responsible quarters in Jordan. Here, we also reaffirm our concern about maintaining the higher interest of the two countries and about proceeding forward with these active relations no matter what the sacrifices are. We have no doubt at all that the Jordanian leadership shares the same feeling and that the recent statements by the wise leadership in Jordan are evidence of this. Hence, while we reiterate our deep regret about what was written outside the realm of logic, we ask the honorable and esteemed SAWT AL-SHA'B newspaper to be accurate and cautious more than ever before. [Signed] The Embassy of The Islamic Republic of Iran in Amman. |
FBIS3-42378_2 | Overview of Physical Layout of Baykonur Cosmodrome | the former are located in compact fashion at a single site. The rocket itself is exceptionally reliable. Created by the KB [design bureau] under the supervision of Academician M. Yangel in the middle of the 1960s, it has not suffered a single accident right up to the present day. The launch complex is convenient to operate and highly automated. Satellites with nuclear power plants were launched from here in the 1970s, which caused great unpleasantness when they failed in orbit. They are no longer employed today. Map The principal rocket and space complex for which the "left" flank is renowned is the Proton. It includes two launch areas with four launch pads, a refueling and neutralization station and an engineering position with two installation and testing wings. The residential compound is designed for 10,000 people. "Center." The launch and engineering structures for the Soyuz and Energiya launch vehicles, the spacecraft they put into orbit and the Buran orbital vessel are all located here. The famous "two," with the Gagarin launch pad, two installation and testing wings, a hotel, guest cottages, a museum of cosmonautics and the cabins of S. Korolev and Yu. Gagarin, is located 30 km from Leninsk. The daring assault on the universe began here. Soviet and many international crews that brought honor to our state "left" for orbit from this launch pad. The ground elements of the Energiya/Buran reusable space system are located alongside "two," where the structures of the king of rockets-- the N-1--run along the main road for a distance of more than 15 km. The launching set-up, a service tower shortened by 60 meters and the moving portion of the rocket erectors have been partially utilized from the N-1 equipment. All the rest had to be created anew. This most complicated ground complex occupies an area of more than 10 km[.sup]2[/]. It consists of several dozen structures and more than 50 technological and 200 engineering systems. Two identical launch pads are located here. They are served by a cryogenic center located to the north, with storage areas (spherical containers 12 meters in diameter) for liquid oxygen and hydrogen and gaseous nitrogen and helium (pressure in the tanks 400 atmospheres). The launch structure goes down five stories. It is a reinforced- concrete structure with monitoring and check-out apparatus, elevator equipment, massive protective doors weighing two tonnes apiece, a gas offtake port 20 meters in diameter, |
FBIS3-42386_8 | Way to Ease Technician Shortage Using Warrant Officers Proposed | for all of the Air Forces, as it were. What was I able to find out? The units are staffed with officer technicians and engineers in such a way that they are, at a minimum one, out of six specialists short. The question of where the graduates of the Air Forces technical schools are is a natural one. Some 354 young specialists have come here over the last ten years. Sixty nine of them were "lost" virtually irretrievably to the IAS over that time--34 transferred to other service, and 35 were discharged into the reserves. One out of five VATU graduates, in short, lost touch with the IAS over the ten years. It turns out that each school trained two full classes for... the national economy and filling vacancies in support units. There is another fact of no small importance as well. Forty one of those remaining advanced in the service, and 17 went for training at military higher educational institutions in their fields. Isn't that where the "floating" level of education of IAS officers comes from? The problem of technical personnel staffing levels for the IAS cannot be solved by calling up reserve officers for two years of service after their completion of civilian higher educational institutions, since these people are by and large in the army temporarily. According to the data, only 53 of the 237 people who came to the aviation units from civilian life over the last decade remain in the ranks of the Ministry of Defense. The large understaffing of the IAS with technical personnel is thus obvious. Is there a way out of this situation? I think there is. This problem can moreover be resolved at the local level in most cases. The aviation units have able specialists (the discussion here concerns warrant officers) who want to perform the duties of technicians and senior technicians. Just give them the opportunity to study up in special courses, and they are ready technicians, chiefs of servicing groups and the TEChs of detachments and flights... I am confident that a warrant officer who becomes an officer will serve until discharge into the reserves for age reasons or based on total time served. Why not make use of that? The sad statistics would change immediately, it seems, if we were to do that. In favor of the IAS. Major S. Timofeyev (Achinsk VATU) COPYRIGHT: "Aviatsiya i kosmonavtika", 1993. |
FBIS3-42390_1 | `European Defense' | of European Security." It defined the goals, tasks, and basic directions of military organizational development in Europe. In accordance with the document, a "Eurodefense" system was to be built taking into account the following basic principles: Keeping an American military presence in Western Europe, including a nuclear presence; maintaining the powerful armed forces of West European states at a level ensuring deterrence of any aggressor; improving the nuclear forces of France and Great Britain and maintaining them at an "impressive level." The document placed special emphasis on the fact that the Western European Union is assigned the role of a "European mainstay" of NATO. Thus, the planned "European defense" system was to be created in close coordination with the North Atlantic alliance and help to strengthen its military positions. The process of West European integration in the military area was stepped up noticeably in the early 1990's. This was largely helped by the signing of a treaty in Maastricht in late 1991 by leaders of countries of the European Community (previously the EEC or Common Market) on plans for creating the European Union, the component elements of which, as is expected, will be military-political and currency-economic alliances. The main function of the new organization is to be to work out a unified foreign policy course of the states of Western Europe, including questions of defense and security. A leading role in carrying out these tasks is allotted to the WEU--the only purely European organization today possessing powers in the area of defense. In recent years, as the integration process in Western Europe developed, the WEU's role grew noticeably, and the number of its members increased. Spain and Portugal joined in 1988, and Greece joined at the WEU council session held in Rome in October 1992. Turkey, Norway, and Iceland were accepted as associate members, and Denmark and Ireland as observers. Thus, the WEU today unites all European NATO countries and all member-states of the European Community. In the assessment of western experts, the necessary conditions are thereby created for the Western European Union to fulfill the role both of a "European mainstay" of NATO and the military nucleus of the future European Union. The question of forming military structures within the WEU framework is now actively being studied. Thus, at the WEU council session in Bonn in July 1992, the decision was made to create its standing armed forces. Participants |
FBIS3-42391_8 | U.S. Intelligence: Past and Present | newspaper wrote, the FBI "had its own agents in most capitals of the world and in many cities of various countries." The Drug Enforcement Administration, which engaged in identifying on U.S. territory and abroad organizations producing and supplying drugs and, at the same time, assessing the economic capabilities of certain countries, was operationally subordinate to the FBI. The new economic upheavals by the early 1980's enlivened the activities of the Secret Service of the U.S. Treasury Department (Intelligence Support Office), which began to concentrate its efforts not only on studying the financial situation in leading capitalist states but also on obtaining data on the credit and financial system of socialist countries and its capabilities for financing defense measures. The intelligence service of the Department of Energy has also defined its role in the U.S. intelligence community. It has begun in earnest to engage in the collection and analysis of information on the nuclear industry, scientific discoveries, and research developments in the area of nuclear physics and on the availability and amount of fissionable materials in the leading powers of the world. It also is engaged in the development of aerospace reconnaissance systems for detecting nuclear tests and in the assessment of the capabilities of foreign states in the areas of creating nuclear weapons. Former CIA Director R. Helms named the following as among the CIA's urgent problems in the 1990's: Monitoring the proliferation of nuclear, chemical, and biological weapons; intensifying the collection of information in key regions of the world, including using the latest satellites; strengthening cooperation with the intelligence services of NATO countries; conducting intelligence collection against Russia and its economic, nuclear, and military potentials; increasing interest in the Middle East and China; increasing the role of covert agent intelligence in obtaining information. In unison with the statement by R. Helms, the American newspaper the BOSTON GLOBE noted that the CIA has intensified "spy activities against Russia" together with other intelligence services of East European and also Baltic states, having received consent for such cooperation from the White House in July 1992. Former President G. Bush spoke even more openly concerning this when he addressed CIA employees in January 1993. In particular, he emphasized that today the White House requires more, not less, intelligence information. Bush, who once headed the CIA, substantiated this position by the "preservation of real threats to U.S. national security." The new U.S. President B. |
FBIS3-42399_101 | THE PRINCIPLES OF COMBINED ARMS BATTLE CHAPTER ONE - ROLE AND IMPORTANCE OF PRINCIPLES OF COMBINED ARMS BATTLE IN MILITARY THEORY AND PRACTICE 1. Origin and Development of Principles of Tactics and Their Interrelationship with Principles of Operational Art and Strategy 2. Guiding Lights in the Commander's Control Activity in Battle 1. From the History of the Origin and Development of the Principle of Combat Readiness 2. Problems Connected With Upgrading Troop Combat Readiness at the Present Stage CHAPTER THREE - DECISIVENESS, AGGRESSIVENESS AND CONTINUITY OF CONDUCTING THE BATTLE 1. From the History of the Origin and Development of the Principle of Decisiveness and Aggressiveness 2. Principle of Decisiveness and Aggressiveness in Defensive Battle 3. Principle of Decisiveness and Aggressiveness in Offensive Battle and the Meeting Engagement CHAPTER FOUR - COORDINATED EMPLOYMENT OF SUBUNITS OF COMBAT ARMS AND SPECIAL TROOPS AND MAINTENANCE OF CONTINUOUS INTERWORKING AMONG THEM 1. From the History of the Origin and Development of the Principle of Interworking 3. Principle of Interworking in Offensive Battle and the Meeting Engagement | the authoritarian assessments and judgements in scientific research, and the abstract schemes and hard-and-fast postulates been implanted for a long time instead of bold, innovative searches? Pertinent, vital, painful questions are posed. Without having answered them, without having delved into the reasons which dictated the dominant influence in the troop training system of dogmatic blinders which shackle officers' creative thinking and retard the perestroyka process, it is impossible to accomplish the cardinal task of achieving a radical turning point in improving troop combat training. It should be said that negative phenomena in combat training have been accumulating for us for years and even decades; as a result not one, but a multitude of different objective and subjective reasons have been concentrated which predetermined the stagnation in troop training and education. Above all we will note that the very difficult process of developing military affairs cannot be understood and explained correctly if it is considered by itself, outside of contact with the life of society. Military organizational development always has been and is now under the determining influence of a system of sociopolitical and socioeconomic factors and acts as a unique reflection of their development level. The ailments of society in years of stagnation could not help but affect the state of the Armed Forces. This was manifested in particular in the fact that a firm belief was implanted in people's social awareness, including among servicemen, that our advance on all fronts was going according to "laws of accelerated development." This inspired confidence that we were steadily on the ascent and the thought did not arise about the possibility of any kind of lag. The thesis that "advantages of the system of socialism also ensure advantages of its military organization"[.sup]31[/] was interpreted straightforwardly. In being guided by this thesis, the attention of military cadres was not always directed to the fact that the social system in itself merely creates objective preconditions for successful accomplishment of tasks and that it can in no way insure the Army against mistakes and lag. In this connection it is impossible not to reproach our military philosophers, whose sacred duty is to arm officers with correct methodological lines conforming to the spirit of the time and to act as pace-setters in an uncompromising struggle against manifestations of inertness, cliches, and routine in military affairs. Unfortunately, our military-philosophical thought did not withstand the "euphoria of general successes" |
FBIS3-42399_301 | THE PRINCIPLES OF COMBINED ARMS BATTLE CHAPTER ONE - ROLE AND IMPORTANCE OF PRINCIPLES OF COMBINED ARMS BATTLE IN MILITARY THEORY AND PRACTICE 1. Origin and Development of Principles of Tactics and Their Interrelationship with Principles of Operational Art and Strategy 2. Guiding Lights in the Commander's Control Activity in Battle 1. From the History of the Origin and Development of the Principle of Combat Readiness 2. Problems Connected With Upgrading Troop Combat Readiness at the Present Stage CHAPTER THREE - DECISIVENESS, AGGRESSIVENESS AND CONTINUITY OF CONDUCTING THE BATTLE 1. From the History of the Origin and Development of the Principle of Decisiveness and Aggressiveness 2. Principle of Decisiveness and Aggressiveness in Defensive Battle 3. Principle of Decisiveness and Aggressiveness in Offensive Battle and the Meeting Engagement CHAPTER FOUR - COORDINATED EMPLOYMENT OF SUBUNITS OF COMBAT ARMS AND SPECIAL TROOPS AND MAINTENANCE OF CONTINUOUS INTERWORKING AMONG THEM 1. From the History of the Origin and Development of the Principle of Interworking 3. Principle of Interworking in Offensive Battle and the Meeting Engagement | presumes coordination of efforts of all interworking personnel and equipment so as to ensure effective fire and electronic countermeasures to enemy weapons, reliable fire cover from the ground and from the air for troops moving forward, their swift negotiation of obstacles created by enemy remote minelaying equipment, and combat against enemy airborne assault forces, tactical airmobile detachments and raiding and reconnaissance units being landed on routes of forward movement and in the rear of attacking troops. It is important to ensure high survivability and protection of subunits against strikes by the defender's precision weapon systems and rapid restoration of troop combat effectiveness in case they are subjected to enemy nuclear and fire strikes. In coordinating actions of units and subunits in the process of forward movement, deployment and launching an assault, it is necessary to take into account the range and effectiveness of enemy weapons which may bring pressure on forward-moving units. Timely engagement of those weapons whose impact zone they successively enter as they approach the FEBA should be envisaged for this. Above all it is necessary to destroy ground and airborne elements of reconnaissance-strike complexes, missile launchers, MLRS, combat helicopters on pads, field artillery employing guided munitions, ATGM systems and other antitank weapons, especially armored targets. Simultaneously, one should coordinate efforts of missile troops and artillery with aviation for engaging personnel and weapons in company or platoon strongpoints during fire preparation and then also during fire support of an assault by motorized rifle and tank subunits. In coordinating efforts of troops moving forward for combating enemy airborne assault forces, their possible landing areas are determined, necessary antilanding forces are assigned, and helicopter ambushes are arranged whose operations are tied in with air strikes and artillery fire and also with actions of forward-moving motorized rifle and tank subunits. In determining the procedure for negotiating mass obstacles created by the enemy in the period of the troops' forward movement, it is necessary to take into account when and by what method he may emplace them. Surprise "straddling" of subunits' combat or march formation by remote minelaying equipment presents special danger. It must be borne in mind that all remotely laid mines have safety devices preventing premature initiation. Many are armed 5-8 minutes after falling to the ground. With the presence of such devices confirmed and the type of mines determined, the best method of troop actions is their immediate departure |
FBIS3-42400_56 | The Artillery Battalion in Battle Artillery Battalion Commander's Instructions on Combat Support Carrying Out Measures for Preparing Subunits of the 2d Battalion, 8th Artillery Regiment, for Combat Operations Withdrawal and Deployment of the Artillery Battalion; Checking Readiness Artillery Accompaniment of the Troop Offensive in the Enemy's Rear Features of Conducting Combat Operations Under Various Conditions Maintaining the Artillery Battalion's Readiness To Repel Enemy Attacks Features of Conducting Combat Operations Under Various Conditions | of a thorough clarification of the mission received and comprehensive assessment of the situation. The artillery (battery) commander clarifies the mission while it is being received and plots it on the map. In doing so, he must understand: the combat mission and the concept of the commander of the combined-arms unit (subunit) to which the battalion (battery) is attached or which it is supporting; the missions being carried out by assets of the senior commander (chief) on the axis of operations of the combined-arms unit (subunit); the missions of adjacent units and the procedure for cooperation with them; the missions of the battalion (battery) for fire engagement of the enemy, and the areas of observation posts and command and observation posts; the base line of fire and the methods of determining range and azimuth settings for most effective firing; the time and order for the battalion (battery) to move to the designated area and the order of maneuver during the course of combat; and the readiness time for carrying out the mission. As a result of clarification of the mission, the artillery battalion (battery) commander determines the measures that must be carried out immediately and gives instructions for their execution. When calculating time, he determines how much total time is available to prepare the battalion for combat operations, including daylight time. He plans the primary measures for preparing subunits and the time periods for carrying them out, taking into account measures being carried out by the senior artillery commander (chief) and the battalion (company) commander. Variants of calculating the time by the artillery battalion commander are given in the tactical examples. Experience shows that it is advisable to record the planned measures and timing in a special tablet, in a notebook, or on the back of the work map. The planned sequence of carrying out measures is tentative. Necessary updates are made as the situation changes. When organizing preparation of subunits for combat operations, the artillery battalion commander indicates to the chief of staff the following: measures for preparing personnel, armament, equipment, and ammunition; the order of replenishing supplies; the time and order of work to organize combat operations on the terrain; and other measures which must be conducted for the most rapid preparation of the subunits. The artillery battalion commander (chief of staff) tasks the battalion. He assigns tasks of organizing reconnaissance of the enemy to the battalion intelligence |
FBIS3-42403_3 | Early Soviet Efforts on Weapons Grade Uranium | they did not have the slightest idea of gas-diffusion machinery, especially since at that time the machines themselves were a "complete unknown" for many physicists, as is evident from the documents. An Imported Wind At this point, when a painstaking selection of the way to "separate isotopes" was under way, a book by Professor G.D. Smith appeared in the U.S., "Atomic Energy for Military Purposes." It also had a second, more intriguing name: "Official Report on the Development of the Atomic Bomb Under the Supervision of the U.S. Government." Via intelligence channels the book was immediately sent to Moscow and translated. Interest in the unusual publication was even stronger because the author was an active participant in the "Manhattan Project." The book was studied most carefully at Laboratory No 2. The suspicion arose: Might this be "disinformation?" Before Hiroshima and Nagasaki, i.e. before August 1945, all atomic matters of the U.S. had been kept in the strictest secrecy, and now suddenly there were such revelations in September. By then, there were no special revelations. Professor Smith was sly. The scientific and technical details were submerged in the laudatory outpourings of the author, and when the logic of his discussions demanded specifics, there would be the apologetic phrase: "For reasons of secrecy, we cannot say," etc. Nonetheless, the "grain" was found, and with it the physicists received confirmation that the path they had chosen was the right one. It was clear from the text that "serious study of the diffusion method had begun in the U.S. in mid-1941," and the fact of receipt of secret information from the British was recalled, where work had been done on gas-diffusion separation in 1941-1942. So there was something behind this, especially since the Americans used enriched uranium in their bomb. Installation D-1 So it was gas diffusion. On 1 December 1 1945, a government decree was signed on the development of installation D-1 (this was the designation of the gas-diffusion plant). An area close to the village of Verkh-Neyvinsk was chosen as the construction site. This was in the Northern Urals, comparatively close to the former Sverdlovsk. In the 18th century, the famous Demidov had built a small metallurgical plant here on the bank of the Neva. There was a rail spur nearby, and an electrical transmission line, and the incomplete hulk of an aviation plant had an area of fifty thousand square meters. |
FBIS3-42405_7 | Russian Federation Law on State Secrets SECTION III. CLASSIFICATION OF INFORMATION AND ITS STORAGE MEDIA SECTION IV. DECLASSIFICATION OF INFORMATION AND ITS STORAGE MEDIA SECTION V. DISPOSITION OF INFORMATION COMPRISING STATE SECRETS SECTION VIII. CONTROL AND OVERSIGHT OF PROTECTION OF STATE SECRETS | on allocation of land, subsoil and water areas for these facilities; - on the disposition, real names, organizational structure, armament and numerical strength of large strategic formations, combined units and units of the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation. 2) Information in the areas of economics, science and technology: - on the content of plans for preparation of the Russian Federation and its individual regions for possible military actions, on the mobilizational capacities of industry for manufacturing armament and military equipment, on delivery volumes and reserves of strategic raw materials and supplies, and on the distribution and actual dimensions of state material reserves; - on use of the infrastructure of the Russian Federation in the interests of providing for its defense capability and security; - on civil defense forces and resources, on the disposition, purpose and degree of protection of administrative and public safety facilities, and on the functions of industry, transportation and communications in the Russian Federation as a whole; - on the volumes and plans (assignments) of state defense orders, on production and deliveries (in monetary or physical terms) of armament, military equipment and other defense products, on presence and augmentation of the capacities for their production, on cooperative ties of enterprises, and on developers or manufacturers of the indicated armament, military equipment and other defense products; - on scientific research, experimental design, planning and production procedures having important defensive or economic significance influencing the security of the Russian Federation; - on state reserves of precious metals and gems of the Russian Federation, and on its finances and budgetary policy (besides general indicators characterizing the overall state of the economy and finances). 3) Information in the area of foreign policy and economics: - on foreign political and foreign economic (commercial, credit and foreign exchange) activity of the Russian Federation, premature dissemination of which may do damage to its interests. 4) Information in the area of intelligence, counterintelligence and operational investigative activity: - on forces, resources, methods, plans and results of intelligence, counterintelligence and operational investigative activity, as well as data on the financing of this activity, if these data reveal the nature of the listed information; - on persons cooperating or who had cooperated confidentially with agencies engaging in intelligence, counterintelligence and operational investigative activity; - on the system of government and other forms of special communications, on state codes, and on the methods and resources of their |
FBIS3-42412_6 | Weapon Training: Problems of Troop Training | for too long a time, people become fatigued and apathy appears as a result. Their further continuation is only a vain waste of material resources and time. The optimum, practically tested option is three weapon drills and firings per week (one of them at night) lasting no more than 3 hours. Thus, 12 weapon drills and firings may be held in a month, and it is advisable to rehearse the practice and test firing exercises day and night at least once. Consequently, the gap between practical classes should not exceed three days. But combat training programs provide that the cumulative number of weapon drills and firings is at least eight per month, with up to a four-day break allowed between them, and even longer for subunits working eight training days. Preparatory measures (before the beginning of winter and summer training periods) interrupt the training process by another one and one-half to two months, which of course has a very negative effect on preparedness of gun crew members. These measures are dictated above all by the existing manpower acquisition system and by the scope of administrative-economic functions assigned to each military unit. The Ground Troops Main Combat Training Directorate is forced simply to determine the minimum permissible number of weapon drills and firings to maintain the minimum skills necessary in soldiers' performance of functional duties. But with the transition to an 18-month term of service and to contract service, such an approach to determining the scope of servicemen's knowledge, abilities and skills will hardly prove acceptable. The procedure and content of personnel training in skillful, effective use of authorized weapons and hand grenades in battle are spelled out by the Gunnery Course. Motorized rifle and tank subunits have been guided for eight years in weapon training by the unified "Kurs strelb KS SO, BM i T SV-84" [1984 Ground Troops Small Arms, Fighting Vehicle and Tank Gunnery Course]. Of course, in these years it has become somewhat outdated and no longer fully meets the requirements for training servicemen. Recently the Ground Troops Main Combat Training Directorate together with academies and military schools began work on a Gunnery Course which takes account of changes in manpower acquisition and in the procedure for performance of duty, and also the conditions under which subunits will have to perform actual combat and training missions.[.sup]1[/] Officers from the troops often ask the question: why is so |
FBIS3-42413_5 | Kornukov Briefs Moscow Air Defense Status | that the skies over Moscow are protected. [Buldakov] From whom? Are the Western countries still considered to be our main potential enemies? How do the Russian air defense defense troops feel about their colleagues from the former Union republics? [Kornukov] As for the West, not all of the missiles that were aimed at Moscow have been aimed somewhere else. Well, we are working successfully with air defense defense forces, for example, of Ukraine and Belarus: We notify one another about aircraft that are coming from our territories. We are very sensitive to aircraft that carelessly come without notification. The Baltic republics are frequently guilty of this. Sometimes we force the aircraft to return to the airfield from which it took off. But we hope that we will never use weapons against our former friends in the Union. It is impossible to allow a free-for-all in the sky. We must agree on "corridors." Soon, when the Western Group of Forces takes its fighters up, we will especially need these corridors. [Buldakov] And, finally, a question inevitably arises as soon as the topic comes around to modern weapons. How safe are they from accidents? Are we sure some untrained soldier will not press the wrong button? [Kornukov] We have never placed ignoramuses in front of the radar screen or behind the wheel of those immense missile transporters. Only trained officers are seated at the "buttons." At the airfields the equipment is again serviced by officers and warrant officers. Basically we do not have enough enlisted men and noncommissioned officers. And in the last fall-winter callup the plan was fulfilled by only 8 percent. But I think that in two or three years we will eliminate such things as having majors stand guard or be in a detachment for loading coal. There are 2,400 military servicemen on duty in the air defense defense system 24 hours a day. More than 10,000 people are serving under contract (more than half of them are women). There are officer teams capable of waging combat without enlisted men and noncommissioned officers. The wages of a fighter pilot (captain, major) are R150,000-160,000 plus 30 percent of the salary for special duty. And food is free. Judge for yourself how much that is when the salary of our district commander when translated into dollars is barely half as much as that of a sergeant in the U.S. Air Force. |
FBIS3-42429_1 | IDEX-93: Results, Conclusions | that since this is a state matter, an attitude corresponding to this status should be taken toward it. The exhibition demonstrated once again that we must give priority for the immediate future to the development of the most modern intelligence equipment, including airborne facilities. So long as we continue to invest money in the revitalization of enterprises producing obviously noncompetitive models, this problem will not be solved properly. Is it not time to officially designate in the nation a minimum of two or three competitors producing these products? Foreign experience has indicated the need for such measures. The government of postwar Japan, for example, did not permit firms to produce products for export until a fully competitive basis had been shaped in the industry. The effects of these decisions were so great that competition became one of the most important organizational principles even in relations within firms. We know that the Sony company is presently developing computers and video recorders simultaneously in ten highly competitive areas. This is typical also for the companies of other Western nations. Among the largest American companies producing the latest weapons, for example, only a tenth of the projects now reach the stage of commercial sale. Their designers always bear in mind the individual, the team or the crew. A convenient arrangement of this or that weapon model, well-designed lighting for the compartment, reliable intercom systems, fans and air conditioners, and effective fire-extinguishing facilities are a basic requirement of the arms purchasers. Extremely important along with the administrative and legal measures are economic regulators, which include long-term measures (programs, subsidies and benefits for effecting important structural and technological reforms in the defense industry), as well as measures designed to stimulate ongoing legal competition. Along with foreign economic actions, these measures include the regulation of prices, taxes, interest and the benefit of state orders. It will clearly be extremely difficult for our nation to take such a turn, particularly since the removal of the state from the economy has only begun. And this means that in order to stimulate competition the state must concern itself with the viability of those enterprises which are not experiencing the best of times. This state concern must differ from that of the present, however. If the state intends to take on the support of weak competitors, then it must see to the implementation of measures to improve their health. Incidentally, |
FBIS3-42432_2 | Merimskiy: `Afghanistan: Lessons, Conclusions' | Advisor made a casual remark to the Commander of an Afghan Army regiment, the reply was this: "We didn't ask you to come here. Go back to your own country, and we'll sort things out ourselves." "The situation in the country took a dramatic turn for the worst after Amin assumed unshared power," S. F. Akhromeyev explained. "Repressions assumed mass proportions, by which the existing regime compromised itself, and conditions under which Amin might be overthrown by the counterrevolution had been created." "But isn't it true that Amin isn't the first, and probably not the last ruler to be deposed in Afghanistan?" I noted. "That's all so," S. F. Akhromeyev agreed, "but the Americans could come in together with the counterrevolution, and that would be extremely undesirable. In addition our relations with China, which supports Pakistan, are strained. And the situation in Iran isn't clear. It was in this situation that the question as to what we were going to do arose. "The position of the General Staff was unequivocal--don't introduce any forces. When we were given the question of troop introduction for preplanning, we prepared a report to the Ministry of Defense. It indicated that extremely weighty arguments would have to support such a critical decision as introducing troops into a foreign country, and all the more so an Eastern country, and that we didn't have such arguments. "Of course the leadership feels that our forces would stay in their garrisons and defend the existing regime against attempts to overthrow it from without, while inside the country the Afghan Army would deal with the rebels, and we would soon leave. Of course, it was more likely that our prestige and international position would be undermined. Moreover, grounds would appear for accusing the Soviet Union of aggression. But an order is an order. Although let me say once again that the General Staff is opposed to introduction." "So what are we preparing the division for--introduction or invasion?" I asked. "For both the former and the latter," was the reply. In the morning of 14 December 1979 our group took off by air to its base in the city of Termez. S. F. Akhromeyev was delayed in Moscow until evening. We were met at the airfield by 40th Army commander Lieutenant-General Yu. V. Tukharinov and Army Military Council Member Major-General A. V. Taskayev. Immediately upon our arrival at headquarters the commander |
FBIS3-42432_18 | Merimskiy: `Afghanistan: Lessons, Conclusions' | a developmental stage, and that it required aid, although attempts were already being made to infringe upon the rights of PDPA members of the Khalk faction. This announcement caught our attention. Could it be that the reverse process was about to begin, in which the Parcham faction, which was now in power, would enjoy a privileged position while persecution of the Khalk faction would begin. All statements by the ambassador, and especially his conclusions, were categorical in nature. It felt as if a person who had become accustomed to ruling was talking. Prior to his appointment as ambassador, Tabeyev enjoyed the reputation of a highly placed career party worker, possessing enormous power in the republic and having grown accustomed to unquestioning fulfillment of his directives. He was internally convinced that he would handle his new duties successfully. In short, in Afghanistan Tabeyev continued to feel himself to be more an oblast committee secretary that an ambassador. On that same day S. L. Sokolov, the Ambassador and I were received by B. Karmal. He met us very warmly. Approaching S. L. Sokolov, he inquired after his health, expressed pleasure in our arrival, and invited all to sit down. He was extremely gracious in his manners, but a certain cautiousness could be sensed. The discussion was general--I would even say introductory. B. Karmal talked basically about the difficulties he encountered upon assuming the post of head of state, and about the kind of aid that would be desirable from our country. It was evident from everything that the new head of state had not yet acquired confidence, and was only starting to familiarize himself with the numerous duties imposed upon him. Sergey Leonidovich--a heaven-sent diplomat--steered the discussion very competently, directing it into the needed channel. He emphasized several times that our forces had been introduced into Afghanistan to provide moral support to the country's leadership and to exert a psychological influence upon antigovernment forces. The troops could take the most important state facilities under their protection, and free the Afghan Army to fight the rebels and to strengthen national rule. If necessary they were ready to provide assistance to Afghan subunits and units in personnel training and in preparation for combat activities. As far as concerned supplying arms, combat equipment and military property to the Afghan Army, this issue had to be resolved at the government level. In the evening we talked |
FBIS3-42432_23 | Merimskiy: `Afghanistan: Lessons, Conclusions' | V. Shatalin. What we saw was not pleasant. For practical purposes the Afghan divisions did not exist as a single whole. Subunits were significant distances apart from one another, and they lacked communication not only among themselves but also with the staffs of their units. The local government authorities didn't look any better. Having no contact with the provincial centers and the capital, they were left to their own devices. Telephone communication was disrupted by rebels throughout almost the entire country. The population received information on the situation in the republic from the mouths of the clergy, who were mostly opposed to the revolutionary transformations. A visit to the Afghan 20th Infantry Division in Bagram left an especially depressing impression. The 4th Artillery Regiment, an infantry battalion of the 10th Infantry Regiment, and two battalions of the 31st Infantry Regiment had gone over to the rebels as a sign of protest against introduction of our forces. Only 60 officers out of 130 and around 100 of 1,300 enlisted men were left in the 31st Infantry Regiment. Only the 24th Infantry Regiment, located in Faizabad 200-250 km away from the division headquarters, was still combat worthy. It was our conclusion that the division had ceased to exist as a fighting unit. I had occasion to visit these garrisons during my first visit to Afghanistan. Comparing the situation of 2-3 months ago with the present, I noted a dramatic worsening. The officers were in confusion. One of the causes of low morale was universal replacement of senior commanders by oft-unprepared personnel who were loyal to B. Karmal. The apathy and inertia that spread among the personnel were intensified even more by all kinds of panicky rumors. It was obvious that action had to be taken not only against the rebels but also chiefly against the army's demoralization. Of course the situation could not but cause concern in S. L. Sokolov, and he felt it necessary to share his ideas once again with Defense Minister M. Rafi. The meeting was held immediately upon our group's return to Kabul. Sergey Leonidovich acquainted the minister with his estimate of army affairs, after which he said: "The current situation in the army needn't be considered to be hopeless. The state has sufficient strength to oppose the rebels. In my opinion the main task of the ministry today is to reinforce order and organization in the army, |
FBIS3-42459_121 | "Mosaeroshow-92" Russian Aerospace Exhibition (Survey) | is adequate to carry out the mission with a return to base. For example, the fiberglass from which the main rotor and tail rotor blades are manufactured has high residual strength when damaged. The dimensions and spar sections were selected with the calculation that weapons of the most probable caliber will not cause an unacceptable loss of their durability when hit. The crew cockpit is protected with titanium armor with external ceramic plates and has armored glass with flat low-reflective panels. The Mi-28 has a five-bladed main rotor and a titanium hub with elastomeric bearings. The blades have fiberglass D-shaped spars that are manufactured using the spiral fiber winding method, have Kevlar plastic sections with a Nomex-type filler, and anti-abrasive titanium pads have been installed on the leading edges of the blades. The blades have high load-bearing profiles and streamlined tips. The diameter of the main rotor was selected approximately the same as the Mi-24's so that the improved Mi-28 helicopter blade could subsequently be transferred to the Mi-24. The main rotor shaft is inclined ahead by 5 and the rotation of the main rotor is 242 rpm. The crew is located in cockpits arranged in step fashion: the navigator-operator's work station is located in the forward cockpit and the pilot is located in the raised rear cockpit. The pilot's mission is to fly the helicopter and employ the unguided weapons and the navigator-operator's mission is search, detection, identification, and destruction of small targets at maximum range using precision-guided weapons and the gun and also helicopter navigation. The X-shaped tail rotor consists of two two-bladed rotors with fiberglass blades. The rotors are installed at angles of 35/145 on one shaft on an elastomeric bearing (one three-bladed tail rotor was initially used on the first two prototype helicopters). The tricycle landing gear with tail support is nonretractable. It has single-wheel landing gears, the sizes of the main tires are 720 x 320 mm, the operating pressure is 0.54 MPa, and the dimensions of the self-orientating tail wheel is 480 x 200. The power plant consists of two TVZ-117 GTD [gas turbine engines] that have been installed in nacelles along the sides of the upper section of the fuselage over the engines, and the engine nozzles are canted downward. The engines have a modernized electronic adjustment system. The air intakes have dust protection devices and an anti-icing system with bleed air from |
FBIS3-42459_150 | "Mosaeroshow-92" Russian Aerospace Exhibition (Survey) | 18 6 x 18 10 x 18 [tonne-force] Fuel 14 11 10-11 10-11 10-11 consumption, grams per passenger kilometer Power-to-weight 0.38 0.4 0.33 0.36 0.3 ratio Weights and payloads: Total weight, 9 35 110 300 600 tonnes Payload/number 2.5/24 10/80 35/300 100/1,000 200/2,000 of passengers, tonnes/people Structural mass, 5.0 15 40 100 200 tonnes Fuel, tonnes 1.5 10 40 100 200 Average wing 102 88 88 88 88 load, kg/m[.sup]2[/] Average 380 470 470 470 470 flotation pressure, kg/m[.sup]2[/] Flight data: Flight speed, 470-650 (identical for all) kph Flight altitude, 5.5-6.0 8.5-10 8.5-10 8.5-10 8.5-10 m Flight range, km 2,000 4,500 8,600 8,600 8,600 Take-off run, m 400 450 500 500 500 Runway type dirt/water (identical for all) At the exhibition, the OKB imeni P.O. Sukhoy disseminated information on the development of the S-90-200 highly comfortable passenger amphibious wing-in-ground effect vehicle which has been ongoing for several years now. Development is based on a preliminary agreement with the Singapore firm Aero Marine. This twindeck liner is designed to transport passengers and cargo on medium and long routes that run primarily over a water surface with poorly equipped stopping points. The configuration of the upper deck envisions two salons: first class for 39 passengers and tourist class for 54 passengers. Eight cabins are located on the lower deck. The capability to embark and disembark passengers on shore in locations that are not equipped with piers is the outstanding feature of this vehicle. The wing-in-ground effect vehicle must ensure flight safety over the sea in areas with a large number of islands and intense navigation. ------------------------------------------------------------------------------- |Specifications of the S-90-200 | ------------------------------------------------------------------------------- |Wingspan |61 m | ------------------------------------------------------------------------------- |Vehicle length |40 m | ------------------------------------------------------------------------------- |Vehicle height |11.5 m | ------------------------------------------------------------------------------- |Maximum take-off weight |132 tonnes | ------------------------------------------------------------------------------- |Maximum payload weight |25 tonnes | ------------------------------------------------------------------------------- |Crew |14 people | ------------------------------------------------------------------------------- |Number of passengers |210 people | ------------------------------------------------------------------------------- |Power plant: | | ------------------------------------------------------------------------------- |Number and type of engines |2 NK-92 | ------------------------------------------------------------------------------- |Output |2 x 8,832 kVt | ------------------------------------------------------------------------------- |Maximum cruising speed |470 kph | ------------------------------------------------------------------------------- |Flight range with maximum fuel reserve|8,000 km | ------------------------------------------------------------------------------- |Flight altitude over the ground |3 m | ------------------------------------------------------------------------------- |Maximum flight altitude |5,000 m | ------------------------------------------------------------------------------- The OKB imeni G.M. Beriyev A-40 multimission amphibious aircraft demonstrated at "Mosaeroshow-92" in flight and on the ramp was developed for long-range antisubmarine warfare operations, with the capability to develop various civilian modifications for |
FBIS3-42463_0 | Prospects for Solar Power Engineering in Japan | Article Type:CSO [Text] Solar batteries, the energy of which is being used to operate air conditioners, have been installed in a building at Sanyo Electric enterprise (Island of Avadzi [transliterated], Western Japan). Utilization of solar energy as an ecologically clean source is becoming increasingly attractive as a result of growing alarm due to the harmful aftereffects for the planet's ecology of the combustion of fossil fuels. The volume of world production of solar batteries have dramatically increased recently, although their share in the overall production of energy remains quite insignificant. The total output of solar batteries in 1991 increased to 55 MVt (which is equivalent to the output of a small generator plant), in contrast to practically zero in 1977. Japan's share in world production of solar batteries has increased in the last several years and totaled 36% in 1991. The U.S.' share totals 30% and the EEC countries' share is 24%. So far, solar batteries have been employed in a quite limited assortment of items. They are primarily used in calculators and watches, devices with low energy consumption, and the utilization of solar batteries in them was dictated by convenience rather than economic or ecological considerations. The main problem preventing the broader introduction of solar batteries is their high cost. Although the installation of solar batteries permits a dramatic reduction of expenditures for electrical energy, the user must initially spend 1.5 million yen ($12,000) on that system. Sanyo is cooperating with Misawa Homes design home-building company in the construction of homes equipped with solar batteries. According to the calculations of Sanyo experts, expenditures on the installation of solar batteries in the amount of 6 million yen ($49,000) will be recouped in just 10 years. They need to increase the batteries' efficiency (depending on the type of element) and reduce their cost in order to expand the sales market for these batteries. Elements produced by Kiosera, the second largest manufacturer of solar batteries, based on semicrystallized silica, have the greatest efficiency (16%). These elements are expensive to produce (the energy expended in their manufacture is recovered in two years) and must be subjected to temperatures of 1,500C in the manufacturing process. Sanyo's elements are made from amorphous silica and are more efficient: A temperature of approximately 300C is required for their manufacture, the energy transformation coefficient is more than 10%, and the expended energy is recovered within a year. Sanyo |
FBIS3-42464_1 | Processing Explosives into Fertilizers | best way to dispose of explosives in Germany. Combustion of the explosives in furnaces is practically unacceptable because it would take approximately five years just to obtain the license for this technology. And even if the incinerator's technical specifications meet the standards, the cost of just the stack scrubbers alone would total approximately 75 million marks (£25 million). In Dahn's words, £1.5 million were required to develop the explosives microbiological scrapping process, and initiating the experiments and construction of the explosives scrapping plant on an industrial scale will require another £4.7 million. He estimates the plant will be able to process the entire stockpile of explosives in five to 10 years. NEW SCIENTIST, 8 August 1992, Vol. 135, No. 1833, p. 9. Tire Scrapping Technology Britain's AEA Technology has developed a cheap technology to process old automobile tires into gas, oil, and other products. The technology is based on the separation of tire materials under the impact of high temperature. The developers say that this technology is cleaner and more economical than scrapping tires through incineration. A pilot plant has been tested at an AEA Technology test site near London. Tires are heated up to 1,080C in a kiln and, in the process, two fuels, gas and oil, a substance rich in high-quality carbon, and steel were separated. The kiln is equipped with a condenser to recover oils and with a gas scrubber. AEA Technology sold the first commercial MPD (Multi-Purpose Disposer) plant to an American firm that will manufacture and sell the plant in North America. Each plant that operates based upon the new technology can handle 1,000 kg of tires in less than nine hours. Two hundred [as published] plants can be linked up to annually process 14,000 tonnes. Each tonne of European-produced tires produces up to 220 kg of aromatic oils, 240 kg of gas, 420 kg of carbon, and 160 kg of steel. The carbon-containing element that is formed when the tires are scrapped is of sufficiently high quality and calorific value that it can be used either in filters or as a fuel. The oil and gas can be pumped straight into nearby thermal electric plants using pipelines. Its developers state that the MPD system meets all of the clean air standards that have been adopted in the countries of Europe at the present time and could be licensed in any state of the United |
FBIS3-42464_2 | Processing Explosives into Fertilizers | in the process, two fuels, gas and oil, a substance rich in high-quality carbon, and steel were separated. The kiln is equipped with a condenser to recover oils and with a gas scrubber. AEA Technology sold the first commercial MPD (Multi-Purpose Disposer) plant to an American firm that will manufacture and sell the plant in North America. Each plant that operates based upon the new technology can handle 1,000 kg of tires in less than nine hours. Two hundred [as published] plants can be linked up to annually process 14,000 tonnes. Each tonne of European-produced tires produces up to 220 kg of aromatic oils, 240 kg of gas, 420 kg of carbon, and 160 kg of steel. The carbon-containing element that is formed when the tires are scrapped is of sufficiently high quality and calorific value that it can be used either in filters or as a fuel. The oil and gas can be pumped straight into nearby thermal electric plants using pipelines. Its developers state that the MPD system meets all of the clean air standards that have been adopted in the countries of Europe at the present time and could be licensed in any state of the United States, except California, where clean air standards surpass world standards at the present time. The unit requires relatively simple refinements to meet those standards. NEW SCIENTIST, 29 August 1992, Vol. 135, No. 1836, p. 21. Electricity Extinguishes Fires Israeli experts from Ben-Gurion University (Beer-Sheva) have developed a fire extinguishing device, the principle of operation of which is based on the phenomenon of so-called electric wind that is capable of putting out any flame on a flat surface, for example, a rug or a pool of burning oil. The device has a diameter of one meter and does not have a harmful impact on the environment because the use of water, foam, or Halon gas are not required for its operation. The device consists of two electrodes--a flat electrode and a sharp electrode. When voltage is applied to them, an electrical field is formed, which is much more dense near the sharp electrode. If the field is large enough, atoms near the sharp electrode lose electrons which are transformed into positively-charged ions and, propelled by the field, move away from the sharp electrode, in the process interacting with other, neutral atoms. This movement of atoms and positive ions is called electric |
FBIS3-42466_0 | Mitsubishi's New 3000GT Automobile | Article Type:CSO [Text] Japan's Mitsubishi has manufactured a new model of the 3000GT automobile, to which the definition of "leading technology" has been totally applied. This is an all-wheel drive automobile with a V-shaped twin-engine with a turbocharger, an antilock braking system, electronically controlled suspension, and an aerodynamic shape that can be adjusted depending on speed. Comfort, safety, and ease of driving is ensured thanks to the use of all of the systems listed above. The new automobile is capable of reaching speeds of up to 250 kph and can accelerate from 0-100 kph in 5.9 seconds. This automobile demonstrated the capability to move at a speed of 56 kph in fifth gear in anticipation of the moment when road conditions would permit it to reach normal speed on the heavily traveled roads of Bedfordshire and Hertfordshire. The engine operates quietly with the drive shaft at more than 1,000 rpm and a speed of 48 kph and emits a melodic hum when shifted into the upper gears at 6,000 rpm and higher. The Mitsubishi 3000GT has surprisingly low road noise for an automobile with 17-inch (432 mm) wheels and very low-placed tires (SP 8060 tires specially developed for the sports car by Dunlop). The automobile is equipped with an air conditioner and driver-side air bag. The rear seats play an auxiliary role and do not provide adequate comfort; the rear portion of the coupe is designed more for storing baggage, for which the rear hatch can be raised. The Mitsubishi 3000GT is being offered in a four-seat variant for £35,500, which is £20,000 cheaper than Honda's NS-X two-seat model of that same class and nearly £4,000 cheaper than a Porsche-968. However, the Mitsubishi 3000GT is more expensive than Nissan's 300ZX (£32,775) and the just produced Subaru SVX model (£27,996). One hundred 3000GT automobiles will be shipped to Great Britain in 1992 and orders have been received for more than half of the shipment. The English market for sports cars and coupe models with high specifications went down from 11,100 vehicles in 1990 to 7,481 vehicles in 1991. A total of 2,965 vehicles of that type were sold during the first half of 1992. Experts think that the overall economic decline, increased insurance payments, and also the stricter actions of law enforcement agencies with regard to individuals who exceed the speed limit is the cause of the decline in demand. FINANCIAL |
FBIS3-42470_81 | 6. Aircraft Armament Air-to-Air Missiles | with an HF receiver and a removable protective cover. The ground-based radio interrogator antenna trailer consists of an antenna, a synchronized servo drive, and a spare parts kit. The radar is capable of detecting F-117A class low-observable aircraft. The mobile electrical power generation unit consists of two 30-kw diesel generators, automated and remote control equipment, and a panel for connection to an industrial grid. The more powerful 55Zh6-1 Metric Band 3-D Radar developed by the same enterprise is designed for effective detection and determination of the coordinates of modern and future aircraft, helicopters, cruise missiles, aerostats, and also other aircraft under conditions of intensive reflections from ground clutter and man-made electronic countermeasures. The radar can be operated under any meteorological conditions and in any climactic zones. The radar is capable of operating both as part of automated command and control systems and independently. Transportation of the radar is carried out by motor vehicle, rail, air, river, and maritime transport. Information on the radar's display can be recorded by the objective monitoring device. The system consists of an antenna-mast device (AMU); the antenna that is attached to the mast has a 16 x 3.24 m phased array. The vertical position of the mast is ensured by guy cables. The design of the antenna-mast device ensures its operability under conditions of an ice storm and wind loads of up to 35 mps. The radar's transmitter and maintenance area are located in KPP-15 vans and include a radar reception device, a specialized microcomputer, two operator workstations, a function monitoring and diagnostics device, an IFF device, and also a simulator. The transfer device contains a radar operating mode control device and three displays. The transfer indicator device equipment is designed to control and depict radar information at air traffic control facilities with a distance of up to 1,000 m via a cable line (it is possible to increase the number of operator workstations to five and to connect a second 55Zh6-1 Radar). The 50E6 Electrical Power Supply System consists of two diesel electrical power generators and a distribution-transformer device (it is possible to control the operating modes and turn the generator on from the maintenance area). ------------------------------------------------------------------------------- |Specifications of the 55Zh6-1 and 1L13-3 Radars | ------------------------------------------------------------------------------- | |Type of radar | ------------------------------------------------------------------------------- | |55Zh6-1 |1L13-3 | ------------------------------------------------------------------------------- |Frequency range |Metric |Metric | ------------------------------------------------------------------------------- |Field of surveillance: | | | ------------------------------------------------------------------------------- |Range, km |500 |300 |
FBIS3-42470_84 | 6. Aircraft Armament Air-to-Air Missiles | low to supersonic. Work on the development of the radar was begun in 1983 under the leadership of V. Kopeykin and Yu. Stepanov headed the program after him. The first models of the new radar began to enter RTV [radiotechnical troops] units in 1986. The 35N6 Radar permits the detection of small targets in the background of intensive reflections of the underlying surface, ground clutter, and hydrometeorological formations. The three-channel moving target selection system permits targets to be effectively isolated from interference. The radar is mounted on two KamAZ motor vehicles: the electronic equipment (transmitter, receiver, monitoring and communications equipment, operator workstation, etc.) are located in the first KamAZ and the second KamAZ carries the antenna, a diesel electrical power generator for an independent power source, and an external power grid frequency transformer. It has a reserve power generator on a single-axle trailer. The operator's portable workstation can be deployed at a distance of up to 300 meters from the radar. The radar can operate both with the main antenna and with an antenna that has been installed on a light mobile mast with a raised height of up to 50 meters. This permits the radar to be deployed in a forest, city, or on rugged terrain. The 35N6 Radar's mean time between failures is 300 hours, and operation is possible at temperatures from -50 to +50 C and at wind speeds of up to 25 mps in snow, ice storms, and rain. During the development of the radar, an adequately high level of comfort for the operators was ensured: the noise level has been reduced, there are air heating and cooling systems, and individual and sanitary ventilation. The absence of high-voltage power sources promotes work safety for the crew. The effect of X-rays and SHF radiation on people has been excluded. During tests the radar successfully detected small light-motor aircraft piloted by test pilots who attempted to penetrate the air defense line at extremely low altitude. The possibility of developing a specialized coastal radar based on the 35N6 radar to detect ships with small RCS's is being studied. ------------------------------------------------------------------------------- |Specifications of the 35N6 Radar | ------------------------------------------------------------------------------- |Frequency range |decimetric | ------------------------------------------------------------------------------- |Detection range |5-150 km | ------------------------------------------------------------------------------- |Maximum target detection range |6 km | ------------------------------------------------------------------------------- |360 surveillance period |5 and 10 seconds | ------------------------------------------------------------------------------- |Aircraft detection range (depending o-| | |n RCS): | | ------------------------------------------------------------------------------- |At an altitude of |
FBIS3-42484_7 | Adm Gromov Summarizes 1993 Training Year | failure to fulfill requirements of the leadership and operating instructions. The quality of technical maintenance and preparation of ships for sea cruises remains low, personnel continue to violate fire and explosion safety requirements during potentially dangerous work, and inspections of ship hulls, fittings and systems by permanent ship commissions are poor in certain combined units. The role of staff specialists in providing for and maintaining the technical readiness of ships has been diminished in the fleets. Requirements on them in carrying out routine scheduled inspections are relaxed, and measures to eliminate faults and raise the level of repair training of the personnel are not being implemented promptly. The internal resources of combined units and ships for carrying out high quality planned preventive repairs and inspections are not being utilized fully. The Pacific Fleet combined unit under the command of Rear Admiral A. Klimenok was the most unfavorable last year in terms of equipment failure. The rate of equipment failures associated with ship control did not decrease. In this case half of the incidents of this sort occurred in the Black Sea Fleet. The morale of naval personnel is evaluated as stable. While the situation aboard ships and in the units is being monitored and is under control, it remains complex. Despite unfavorable trends, most military collectives are distinguished by proper observance of regulations, good organization, and healthy cohesiveness of all categories of servicemen, which is generally making it possible to successfully carry out missions and maintain the fighting capability of fleet forces. This was promoted in many ways by the personal example set by the absolute majority of commanders and chiefs in fulfillment of their official and military duty, by certification of officer personnel, and by initiation of the transition to contract service. A lack of concreteness in efforts to implement measures of social and legal protection of servicemen is a serious shortcoming in the organizational and educational activities of commanders, staffs and elements in work with personnel. This is having a negative effect on the morale, mood and behavior of officers, shore-based and seagoing warrant officers, petty officers and seamen. As a result considerable tension, conflicts and negative trends that undermine the foundation of military service--proper organization and maintenance of law and order--persist in the military collectives, having a deleterious effect on the overall level of military discipline. Last year the Navy was unable to create an integrated system |
FBIS3-42496_7 | Transport Network Problems in Terms of New Military Doctrine | if the questions of transportation support of the Armed Forces were also fully reflected in it. In particular, in the near future we must take a serious look at questions of preparation of new points for unloading and loading troops and temporary transfer areas, development of military requirements on new transportation resources, and also on the means of control, and the transportability of new types of armaments and military equipment. We need the appropriate approaches to the development of new high-speed roads. This is only one example. At present, the possibility of construction of a high-speed Moscow-Brest-Warsaw-Berlin-Paris rail line is being examined. It will allow our country to join the Unified High-Speed Net with a track gauge of 1.435 mm. But this in turn will greatly complicate the technical support and restoration of this line on the territory of Russia from the standpoint of defense requirements. And even now many such problems are arising. The tone is now set by the economy in transportation strategy. The basic volume of railroad construction in the foreseeable future will go to the Asiatic part of the country, in connection with the economic conquest of new regions. The construction of the Berkakit-Yakutsk railroad line will be a kind of beachhead for the future creation of a supporting system of railroads in the eastern part of the country with possible extension subsequently to Magadan and on to Chukotka, Kamchatka, and the U.S. transportation system. The Surgut-Urengoy-Igarka-Norilsk line under construction is intended to provide all-weather communications with the Norilsk mining and metallurgical combine. Talk that the Russian economy will grow Siberia has already become a cliche, but what will grow the combat capacity and mobility of the Armed Forces? And finally, under present conditions the problem of "transportation and conversion" is a very important one. In my view it requires the closest attention from the standpoint of all structures and priority financing, because this is precisely the case in which, by switching defense enterprises to peacetime channels, one can both effectively influence the development of the Russian economy and help raise the combat capacity of the Army and Navy. The production of transport planes, dry-cargo ships, tankers, road-building machinery and so forth indisputably will most effectively raise military potential, whose level is set by the military doctrine of Russia. I think that this direction in conversion of military industry must become one of the highest priorities. |
FBIS3-42541_4 | Disadvantages to Russia Seen in `Alpha' Space Station Project | in approaches to space in the United States. In Russia there has been a strong outflow of personnel. The branch has aged in a blink: those have remained who have no place to go. The production of many components of rocket-space equipment without which the implementation of long-term space programs is impossible has been put on the shelf. Viktor Chernomyrdin visited the Flight Control Center at Kaliningrad, near Moscow. He advised a "downsizing." However, now at the very top, according to Mr. Koptev, proposals have been made which should fundamentally improve the situation in the branch. The wage is being increased eightfold in comparison with the present-day minimum. Provision also is being made for a number of other payments. Alas, even with such a sharp "jump" in wages the salary will remain much lower than the earnings not only of people from commercial organizations, but even workers in many ordinary production fields. But as long as the stage of regularization continues, inflation will succeed in reducing everything to the former level. In order for Russia to participate in the Alpha project it will be necessary to restore connections among tens of enterprises not only in Russia, but also in nearby foreign countries. That is, return to the same circles from which we just emerged. How much will participation in the project cost Russia? No one knows the answer. But it is clear that this will be hundreds and hundreds of billions of rubles. Western participants see in the project a sort of locomotive which will favor further advance in many branches of science and technology: medicine, biology, materials science and use of the environment. Will Russia be able to use space attainments as effectively as our partners? All earlier experience in national cosmonautics forces us to doubt this. Just consider space environmental science. It earlier remained a "thing unto itself." Now environmental surveys, if we speak of the territory of Russia, are becoming virtually impossible. Alpha will be put into an orbit with an inclination of approximately 52 degrees, traditional for our stations. It is advantageous from the energetics point of view, but the northern territories will not fall in the station field of view. Earlier we settled for this: nevertheless the most populated southern part of the USSR was clearly observable. Now from aboard the station it will be possible to observe only 7% of the territory of Russia. |
FBIS3-42542_2 | Former IKI Director Sagdeyev Comments on Russian Space Program | America is buying us for a pinch of snuff is oversimplified and erroneous. It is impossible to give America things free -- that is opposed by the American aerospace business, which in the case of Russian dumping loses its own orders. It was precisely American companies which were successful in setting quotas for Russia in order not to allow inexpensive Russian space technologies on the world market. Sigov: It is assumed that under pressure from the United States Russia has reexamined or frozen many of its projects with other countries. In this sphere to what degree is Moscow actually dependent on Washington? Sagdeyev: I feel that there is no political pressure by the United States on Russia along these lines. To be sure, there is the form of conclusion of exclusive deals between companies in the two countries from which Russia, when something is disadvantageous to it, has the right to refuse. However, there also are extremely advantageous proposals. For example, a joint enterprise was recently established with the participation of Russian, American and French companies for the development, sale and production of a new generation of plasma engines. Such contracts will help Russia to enter the world market with the minimum losses to it. But at the same time Russia today is simply obligated to cooperate with the United States also in another direction -- nonproliferation of rocket technologies, especially those which can be used for military purposes. Precisely this cooperation also in the last analysis exerted an influence on the fate of the Russian-Indian contract for cryogenic engines. Sigov: Did not Moscow sell out by breaking the extremely advantageous contract with Delhi and how, in general, will such Russian behavior be interpreted in other "third world" countries desiring to cooperate with Russia? Sagdeyev: With respect to the Indian contract there was no simple and unambiguous solution. In Moscow, evidently, it was decided that in comparison with the "friendship of a friend" (with India), the principles (nonproliferation of rocket technologies) were more precious. International strategic stability also is preserved due to these principles. Unfortunately, the protocol on the nonproliferation of rocket technologies was signed by the seven leading world powers, but Russia was not among its initiators, although we had a moral right to this as the homeland of cosmonautics. In the case of the Indian contract I feel that Moscow acted correctly, although that type of cryogenic engines |
FBIS3-42559_0 | Problems in Presidential Flight Team Noted | Language: Russian Article Type:CSO [Article by Aleksandr Sargin under the rubric "Scandal": "A Soft Landing to You, Mr. President!"] [Text] It is interesting whether the president of Russia will be able to endure aerobatic maneuvers, such as "loops" or "rolls," and still retain his ability to work. It appears that we will not have to wait long for the outcome of a bold experiment. However, let us have everything in proper order. Few people know that the plane carrying B.N. Yeltsin has already repeatedly been on the brink of crashing, and that this has not been arranged for him by his foreign partners but rather by his own pilots. The first case. Returning from Yakutsk on 18 June 1993, chief pilot A. Larin, the commander of a separate aviation detachment of civil aviation of the Russian Federation Ministry of Transportation, landed the plane in Vnukovo flying 1,350 meters further than prescribed. B. Yeltsin was on board the plane at the time. The second case. Without restricting himself to what had already been achieved, A. Larin flew an excessive 1,400 meters at the already mentioned Vnukovo when returning from Warsaw on 24 August 1993 (the president was on board the plane on this occasion, too). Incidentally, if excess flight by an Il-62 comes to no more than 800 meters, the pilot receives a grade of "three" for such a blunder in the flight critique. There is no need to say what the aforementioned numbers "merit." The length of the runway at Vnukovo is 3,050 meters; the flight operations manual for the Il-62 says that the runway for its landing should be no shorter than 2,700 meters. Therefore, had it not been for good meteorological conditions, the presidential liner would have plowed into the fields of Vnukovo. To be sure, B. Yeltsin is already accustomed to this; he experienced hard landings as early as 1990, and in Spain, when he was "disgraced." Apparently this is what the culprits in these emergencies counted on, as they concealed the emergencies from the leadership of the country. Prior to these cases there had been no flight accidents in "detachment No. 1." The crews of the Separate Aviation Detachment of Civil Aviation of the Russian Federation Ministry of Transportation have carried everyone on their liners! After all, this enterprise, known as detachment No. 235, is intended to carry specifically "the powers that be." Naturally, the professional |
FBIS3-42570_2 | Clinton's Approach to Foreign Affairs Assessed The Fall of the `Iron Curtain' Has Separated Russia and the United States Even More | be advanced without any particular energy in view of the quite exotic counteralliances (like that of Pakistan and North Korea) between "threshold" states which have already emerged. On the whole, the geopolitical takeoff run of previous U.S. administrations is not today switching to ascent thrust. The words of Helmut Schmidt of two years ago: "Some people today take America to be the sole superpower. I consider this a delusion or, at least, an exaggeration; in a few years this euphoria will disappear," are being confirmed, evidently. The capacity of the President and his team for maneuver and their readiness for the necessary tactical retreats merit attention under such conditions. Clinton is avoiding drastic steps with unpredictable consequences. This reflects both his recognition of the imperfection of methods that were effective 18 months ago even and more profound factors. It Is a Good Thing That There Is a Zhirinovskiy Inasmuch as there is more freedom, as distinct from democracy, in Russia than in America, radicals are the main ones engaged in earnest in ascertaining the potential of discontent. Within the framework of election and other political campaigns they at their expense bring to the surface the scale of rejection of the authorities by the populace and identify the real reserve of strength of the system. The simple and inexpensive indicator of social tension operates in good time. In the United States there are costly means of ascertaining and suppressing the radicals themselves. For this reason the authorities have to rely more on the estimates of research services, intuition, and the criticism of respectable political opponents. All the more unexpected are instances where the seals and valves on the American social boiler fail, and one can see for oneself the real tension brewing within. The two days of disturbances in Los Angeles, the second biggest city of the United States, in 1992 cost 53 lives and half a billion dollars' worth of physical damage. TIME Magazine, which is not usually given to socioeconomic determinism, acknowledged a year later that it was a question of unemployment, which in the "black" neighborhoods amounted to 50 percent, the catastrophic shortage of funds for social needs, and the fact that the poverty level was in places higher than the indicator of 1965--the time of the previous large-scale unrest. Nor did TIME overlook the consequences of the drastic cutback in military production: this was the reason for |
FBIS3-42570_3 | Clinton's Approach to Foreign Affairs Assessed The Fall of the `Iron Curtain' Has Separated Russia and the United States Even More | authorities by the populace and identify the real reserve of strength of the system. The simple and inexpensive indicator of social tension operates in good time. In the United States there are costly means of ascertaining and suppressing the radicals themselves. For this reason the authorities have to rely more on the estimates of research services, intuition, and the criticism of respectable political opponents. All the more unexpected are instances where the seals and valves on the American social boiler fail, and one can see for oneself the real tension brewing within. The two days of disturbances in Los Angeles, the second biggest city of the United States, in 1992 cost 53 lives and half a billion dollars' worth of physical damage. TIME Magazine, which is not usually given to socioeconomic determinism, acknowledged a year later that it was a question of unemployment, which in the "black" neighborhoods amounted to 50 percent, the catastrophic shortage of funds for social needs, and the fact that the poverty level was in places higher than the indicator of 1965--the time of the previous large-scale unrest. Nor did TIME overlook the consequences of the drastic cutback in military production: this was the reason for the loss of over 150,000 jobs in the city. And the ethnic clashes and the violence, which got out of control, should be seen merely as a consequence of these circumstances. The gangs operating in the city have up to 130,000 combatants "under arms." For comparison: The United States intends to leave approximately as many in Europe to maintain the "balance of forces." The events in Los Angeles were a kind of apotheosis of the preceding decade marked by Reaganomics, an arms buildup, the show and use of force, and the victorious conclusion of the cold war. The social results of this policy are as follows: In 1979 some 19 percent of wage workers doing a full day's work received wages below the poverty criteria, at the start of the 1990's the proportion of these was in excess of 25 percent. Real wages declined constantly and the gap between the rich and poor groups of society grew in these same years. According to Harvard economist Richard Freeman, "the United States is evidently developing in the direction of a 'class-based society' of the type that exists in Latin America, with severely uneven income and unstable governments." While drawing a distinction between |
FBIS3-42570_6 | Clinton's Approach to Foreign Affairs Assessed The Fall of the `Iron Curtain' Has Separated Russia and the United States Even More | States Even More The level of geopolitical confrontation with Russia has been reduced, it would seem, to warnings against the suppression of its own democracy and half-hints at the undesirability of an undermining of the sovereignty of its CIS partners. For many people in Russia this serves as the best proof of the insidiousness of Washington's new policy. Some people simply cannot endure the absence of the former two-dimensional reference points: "We will not, they say, let the Poles, Czechs, and Hungarians into NATO, Russia must not be isolated." The response of the former enemy surprisingly does not contain an ultimatum: "Nor do we intend admitting them, particularly against your wishes. This is for us a secondary issue, and we will not cause any aggravation for the sake of it. You yourselves wanted to join, for that matter, as we recall?" The winding down of the entire zone of military rivalry, where the bulk of the contacts and mutual attention between the United States and Russia was in fact concentrated, is objectively reducing the overall extent of their relations and the degree of urgent interest in one another. Inasmuch as bilateral economic, scientific, and cultural relations between them remain negligible, the contours of the United States on the horizon of the Russian world perception are being eroded, as it were. By virtue of the decline in the significance of the Russian and American military arsenals, the immense socioeconomic gap is now at the forefront as the measure of comparison: by a factor of six in terms of GNP, by a factor of 10 in terms of inhabitants' car ownership, and so forth. All this is perceived and is essentially a giant barrier, which, as it might seem, has separated our countries forever. We are moving further away from one another in our national priorities. We should at least avoid losing an adequate understanding of the problems and aspirations of the other side. How Might the Former Rivals Help One Another Russians were for a long time raised in fear of the well-nigh invulnerable transatlantic monster. Today the domestic media are steeped in an inordinate piety in respect to American power and its boundlessness. In actual fact, the emphasis on constant economic growth and the military rivalry have thoroughly undermined this power. The greatest damage has been done to the social sphere, where a significant charge of instability and conflicts has |
FBIS3-42570_7 | Clinton's Approach to Foreign Affairs Assessed The Fall of the `Iron Curtain' Has Separated Russia and the United States Even More | the contours of the United States on the horizon of the Russian world perception are being eroded, as it were. By virtue of the decline in the significance of the Russian and American military arsenals, the immense socioeconomic gap is now at the forefront as the measure of comparison: by a factor of six in terms of GNP, by a factor of 10 in terms of inhabitants' car ownership, and so forth. All this is perceived and is essentially a giant barrier, which, as it might seem, has separated our countries forever. We are moving further away from one another in our national priorities. We should at least avoid losing an adequate understanding of the problems and aspirations of the other side. How Might the Former Rivals Help One Another Russians were for a long time raised in fear of the well-nigh invulnerable transatlantic monster. Today the domestic media are steeped in an inordinate piety in respect to American power and its boundlessness. In actual fact, the emphasis on constant economic growth and the military rivalry have thoroughly undermined this power. The greatest damage has been done to the social sphere, where a significant charge of instability and conflicts has arisen. A recognition of the seriousness of the accumulated socioeconomic problems is prompting President Clinton toward a serious modernization of American policy not only overseas but primarily within the country. His main role at the present stage of the development of the United States consists of this attempt, possibly. There are certain parallels between the domestic condition of the United States and Russia. If it is true that the less developed countries see the foremost countries as their future, it is just as true that the problems of the foremost have become particularly serious in the less developed countries. The factors of instability in Russia could be manifested in the very near future in the United States also. The United States is not in a position to render Russia significant economic assistance, and Russia will hardly in the foreseeable future become an equal partner for America. But they could help one another, exchanging models and experience of the accomplishment of specific tasks, primarily in the sphere of an improvement in people's living conditions. It is obvious that an intensive accumulation of such experience has already begun in the United States under the leadership of Bill Clinton. Moscow would be making |
FBIS3-42572_0 | 1992, 1993 Export, Import Figures Compared | Language: Russian Article Type:CSO [Economic report by the Center for Economic and Business Conditions of the Russian Federation Government: "On the Commodity Structure of Exports and Imports"] [Text] The Center for Economic and Business Conditions of the Council of Ministers--Government of the Russian Federation has used official reporting data from state statistics organs to conduct an analysis of the dynamics of the physical and cost indices of exports and imports of the most important commodities in Russia's foreign trade turnover with the states of the far abroad for the period January-October 1993. It follows from the analysis conducted that in comparison with the period January-October 1992: --exports, amounting to $31.4 billion, were maintained on the level of the same period of 1992, this basically due to the influence of extensive factors; --an increase in export production was observed in: --ferrous metallurgy--by $1.34 billion; --timber, woodworking, and pulp and paper industry--by $0.37 billion; --fresh and frozen fish--by $0.2 billion; --a reduction took place at the same time in the export production of: --the fuel and energy complex--by $0.7 billion; --uncut diamonds--by $0.66 billion; --machine building--by $0.47 billion; --chemicals and petrochemicals--by $0.16 billion; --nonferrous metallurgy--by $0.16 billion; --imports, amounting to $15.5 billion, decreased by almost 46 percent, 3 percent more than for January-September 1993; --in absolute terms, the reduction in imports came to $13.2 billion; --proportion of the total reduction in imports attributable to specific commodity groups: --machinery and equipment--45.4 percent; --foodstuffs--28.1 percent; --nonfood consumer products--10.2 percent; --medicines--5.1 percent; --other products--11.2 percent. EXPORTS Production in the Fuel and Energy Complex A weak but steady trend toward diminished percentages of commodities representing fuel and energy production output was observed in 1993. Thus, in January-August of 1993, this index amounted to 53.2 percent; in January-September it was 52.7 percent; and in January-October it was 52 percent, approximately 2 percent lower than the levels seen for the same period of 1992. Aggregate deliveries of fuel and energy complex output in physical terms (taking into account gas converted to standard tonnes) increased by 23 percent in January-October 1993 as compared with the same period of 1992, at the same time that hard currency proceeds decreased by 4.1 percent. The total reduction in export production output in the fuel and energy complex from the level of January-October 1992 amounted to $695 million. Oil shipments in January-October 1993 increased 30 percent over the level of the same period |
FBIS3-42576_4 | Statute on Service for Hard Currency, Export Control | of the territorial currency and export control authorities and their representatives in institutions of the Russian Federation overseas and in authorized banks; o) interact with organs of the executive of components of the Federation on questions of the provision of the territorial currency and export control authorities with office buildings, transportation, computer equipment, and other material and technical resources, and their employees, with housing, general amenities, and medical services in the established procedure; p) interact with the currency and export control authorities of foreign states; q) represent the Russian Federation at the behest of the Council of Ministers-Government of the Russian Federation independently or in conjunction with other authorities and agents of currency and export control in international negotiations geared to the conclusion of international treaties and arrangements on questions of the organization and exercise of currency and export control; r) implement measures for the selection, vocational training, and the retraining of personnel; s) exercise other functions connected with currency and export control specified by legislation of the Russian Federation. III. Rights and Obligations 7. The Federal Service shall in accordance with the tasks entrusted to it and the functions it discharges be entitled: a) to obtain from the authorities and agents of currency and export control the necessary information and documents for the efficient accomplishment of its tasks; b) to conduct inspections of financial documents, ledgers, accounts, plans, estimates, declarations, contracts, arrangements (agreements), and other documents connected with economic transactors' exports and imports of goods and services, barter transactions, and other foreign economic transactions, the receipt and transfer of foreign exchange assets, and the discharge of obligations to the state in foreign currency; c) to obtain from legal entities and individuals documents and copies thereof that concern currency, export-import, and other foreign economic transactions and are necessary for an assessment of their compliance with the provisions of legislation of the Russian Federation and also information and data on matters arising in the course of the inspections; d) to appeal to government and nongovernment organizations, firms, and banks of foreign states for assistance when inspecting the activity overseas of Russian legal entities and individuals and also their assets, with observance of the legislation of the corresponding countries; e) to raise the question in the established procedure of the suspension of currency, export-import, and other foreign economic transactions and the deprivation of economic transactors of licenses and other rights in the |
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