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FBIS3-42952_1 | Tajik Official Interviewed on Economic Ties With Russia | with the intention of working in this era. In Moscow we made an important comparison of viewpoints--they are similar across the entire spectrum of Russian-Tajik relations. Russia, Uzbekistan, and other CIS countries have been and will remain our main partners in the foreseeable future. Up to 80 percent of the Tajik economy is contingent upon CIS countries. And it hardly makes sense for the Commonwealth, with Russia as its centripetal center, to reject the economic opportunities of the Tajik market. In terms of not only raw materials but also finished products. [Chernyshev] The opinions has been voiced in the Russian press that bringing a number of CIS states back into the ruble zone will cause a new round of inflation in the economy. What can you say on this subject? [Samadov] Such a viewpoint has a right to exist. But let us look at this phenomenon from another angle as well. Expansion of the ruble zone will boost, launch, develop, and strengthen production, economic, and many other ties. Tajikistan, for instance, is ready to supply cotton, fruit, vegetables, and other products. But we need metal, equipment, petroleum products, and many other things. In the situation of separate "zones," that is, disrupted ties, Russian textile enterprises began to experience a dearth of cotton; the trade sector needs cheap fruit, vegetables, canned products; other consumers need the variety of products previously supplied by Tajikistan. In the Russian market all this was being made up for by shipments of goods mainly from West Europe. For hard currency, of course. Because the West does not want to buy those Russian products that in the past went to Tajikistan. Which means that having broken the ties with the CIS countries, the Russian economy and society were subjected to a great cataclysm, a shock. But this did not translate into therapy; in a number of places production declined sharply. Has the ruble become stronger for this? Has the people's situation improved? Has domestic production gone up? We heard these kinds of biting questions and opinions from competent Russian specialists in finance, economics, and production. This means that we need different mechanisms to carry out the tasks we have set for ourselves. Therefore we noted with great satisfaction the position of a number of deputy groups and factions in the State Duma and the Federation Council, the leadership of the Russian Federation Ministry of Finance and Central |
FBIS3-42965_9 | Official Examines Immigration Trends | on minimum subsistence, citizens are forced to agree to such fictive marriages in order to earn some additional income). In practice, our workers have come upon the situation where one married spouse does not know the other spouse's date of birth, residential address, or even the proper spelling of the last name (in many cases, the spouses retain their own last names). The fourth group consists of political and economic refugees from CIS hot "spots". They join relatives or friends here, hiding the true reasons for coming, and often mention contracts for work or study in Latvia as the reason for their proposed stay in Latvia. In this respect, I would like to examine the Riga Civil Aviation University. This institution is a magnet for foreigners. This "Alma mater" attracts a large number of students from the Transcaucasian republics, who arrive here with their entire families (wives, children, fathers, mothers). I cannot neglect to mention that there are also quite a few aspiring students from the countries of the Near and Far East, who, during the school semester, attempt to register marriages with citizens of Latvia (also fictive marriages). I would like to know what sort of specialists this university is training, if even during the study period or immediately after completing studies, they are registering companies in the Republic of Latvia Business Registry with twenty or thirty dollars or so in their pockets to start business activities? It seems that no one at present can tell how many firms and limited liability companies are registered under the roof of this university, what they are involved with, and how this benefits our nation? In my opinion, the site of this university could be used for the creation of the Academy for State Officials, as discussed by the Minister of Reform, and then there would be no need to evict the archives from 15 Rainis boulevard, which is involved with the gathering and examination of party and KGB documents. And finally, if the administration does not adopt stronger entry regulations, if it doesn't adopt quotas for issuing permits for stay already now, then the uncontrollable entry will continue of foreigners who are hostile, do not know the language, and do not understand the culture and traditions, and who are writing to every organization in the world about human rights violations, further confusing the issues -- rights of citizens and human rights. |
FBIS3-42967_0 | Government Policies, Financing `Undermine' Russian Academy of Medical Sciences | Language: Russian Article Type:CSO [Speech by President of the Russian Academy of Medical Sciences V.I. Pokrovskiy at the Second (LXV) Session of the General Meeting of the Russian Academy of Medical Sciences, 26-30 January 1993: ``The Report of President of the Russian Academy of Medical Sciences V.I. Pokrovskiy''] [Text] The scientific portion of this session is devoted to the neurosciences.[.sup]1[/] This is connected with the fact that an increase of the number of people suffering from nervous and mental illnesses, the outcome of which in half of the cases is disability, is being noted throughout the world. This is not only the loss of manpower resources, but also a loss of the intellectual potential of the nation, as well as one of the causes of serious social deformations. Diseases of the brain are usually accompanied by disturbances of thinking, behavior, and the emotional sphere, of which an increase of drug addiction, crime, and suicides is a direct consequence. In Russia not less than 20 million people suffer from diseases that to one degree or another are connected with brain disorders. About 5 million people are chronically disabled owing to these illnesses. The maintenance of patients costs approximately 23 billion rubles [R] a year. The scale of the total losses of society in connection with pathology of the nervous system is unprecedented. They are estimated, for example, in the United States alone at $401 billion a year, which amounts to an economic value that is equal to 7.3 percent of the gross national product. Of course, the noneconomic harm is extremely great, but it is not liable to scientific determination. It should also be considered that the process of the increase of the length of the biological life of man is not being accompanied, unfortunately, by the lengthening of the period of his labor activity. On the contrary, it is making him unprotected against nervous system diseases of old age and in need of the help of others. Nervous and mental disorders, particularly psychoemotional stress, are the favorite place of the application of the activity of charlatans of all colors--sorcerers, psychics, and miracle workers. This also merits the more active attention of specialists. The World Health Organization and the leadership of a number of countries have made at the state level the decision on a 10-year program on the study of the brain--``The Decade of the Brain, 1990-2000''. In the United |
FBIS3-42967_7 | Government Policies, Financing `Undermine' Russian Academy of Medical Sciences | of property should also been attached to the academy and its institutions, since the lack of the same considerably complicates the activity of scientific collectives. Further, it is necessary to legalize what was incorporated in the decree of the Government of July 1992 and, unfortunately, has thus far not been fulfilled--the determination of the level of financing of the academy and the social support of scientific associates of the academy and the assignment to the academy of the expert evaluation of scientific plans and the distribution of assets through grants. In spite of the existing difficulties, scientists of Russia continued to conduct scientific research intensively. Among the achievements of world level are the isolation of clones of hybridoma cells, which secrete monoclonal antibodies to the antigens of B cells of the pancreas, and the development of methods of the early diagnosis of insulin-dependent diabetes. Various immunomodulators were developed and were partially introduced in practice. Sparing methods of the treatment of intricate disturbances of the heart rhythm, techniques of transluminal angioplasty, and methods of the combined therapy of lymphogranulomatosis, which ensure a five-year survival rate of 70-92 percent, were developed. New neurotropic and psychotropic drugs, heart remedies, and others were developed, tested, and introduced in practice. Original X-ray endovascular methods of the replacement of blood vessels, sclera-strengthening methods for the prevention of the progression of myopias, and equipment and instruments for microsurgical operations, traumatology, and orthopedics, which have received world recognition, were developed. The Urat-2 device for the intrarenal crushing of stones was developed. Scientists of the Siberian Department developed methods of monitoring the health of the population and the environment and conducted depth epidemiological studies of the most prevalent noninfectious diseases. This made it possible to carry out the medical demographic, public health, and ecological mapping of a number of territories of Siberia and the Far East. A collection of molecular probes of synthetic oligonucleotides, which is making it possible to study the structure of human DNA, were created. The universal phenomenon of regenerator-plastic insufficiency and the decrease of metabolism was established, which makes it possible to reveal one of the mechanisms of the adaptation of the body under present adverse ecological conditions and creates the foundation for the development of fundamentally new approaches to prevention and therapy. New drugs were obtained from local resources. It is possible to continue this list. But now is not the time to talk |
FBIS3-42972_8 | Retooling and Development of Russian Metallurgy | not competitive. An analysis of the general economic conditions and the state of ferrous metallurgy in Russia makes it possible to draw the conclusion that if necessary measures in retooling the industry and protecting the domestic market from imported metal products during the modernization period as well as ensuring a controlled price increase for energy resources are not taken, Russian metallurgy will virtually cease to exist. Mindful of the world experience and the economic futility of winding down domestic metallurgy and aiming at importing metal products, Russia is left with no alternatives to radical modernization of metallurgical production. At the same time, the performance of enterprises in 1992 demonstrated that the overhaul and retooling measures in the industry, including those taken at government levels, do not resolve a number of acute problems in the industry. Mindful of the fact that the task of supplying the national economy with metal products with the requisite quality and assortment, mostly the agroindustrial and fuel and energy complex, developing production of durable consumer goods and communication and transportation facilities, maintaining Russia's defense capabilities at the necessary level, and developing the expert potential while increasing the proportion of ready products as well as a cardinal improvement in the environmental conditions in the metallurgical regions is of paramount importance, the Russian Federation Committee on Metallurgy developed a draft of the national program of "Metallurgy Retooling and Development in Russia." Completion of the program will require efforts both on part of the state and on part of the Metallurgical Enterprise and Scientific Research and Design Institute staff and management. The program pinpoints key issues of industrial development and outlines the specific and effective ways of resolving them. According to the program, a reduction in expenditures for production, primarily a decrease in the energy-to-output ratio and specific material consumption of production, a decrease in labor outlays, and an improvement in production quality indicators will be responsible for ensuring the economic efficiency of production, profitability of ferrous metallurgy enterprises, and guaranteeing that they receive the resources necessary for normal operation, including the development of their expert potential. Realization of the national program will enable the industry to develop on the basis of domestic scientific developments and domestic equipment. This will require a system of state support for promising scientific developments, preservation of the scientific and technical potential, and financing of basic scientific research. The retooling of metallurgy must be |
FBIS3-42974_1 | Privatization of Metallurgical Complex Enterprises: Experience and Problems | a sharp drop in operating ore extraction production capacities and wear and obsolescence of the capital stock. The production processes used in production systems operating in metallurgy can explain the rather complicated and tense environmental situation which developed in various vast Russian regions. Suffice it to say that atmospheric discharges of harmful substances by metallurgical complex enterprises reach 27% of all Russian enterprise discharges while contaminated water effluents exceed 15%. The need to address a broad range of global issues related to decreasing harmful substance discharges over large territories and air and water space and improving the working conditions and daily life of metallurgical enterprise workers led to considerable increases in the cost of production and a drop in the effectiveness and profitability of individual productions, enterprises, and subindustries since improvements in the air and water quality involve considerable expenditures. Thus, operating metallurgical complex enterprises are characterized by the high cost of fixed capital and its considerable wear and obsolescence (more than 50%), vast outlays for solving environmental and social problems, and the existence of marginally profitable or unprofitable infrastructure both at enterprises and individual subindustries. The economic reforms which have been carried out in recent years and involve changes in managing the enterprises and the industry as a whole, improving cost accounting, self-financing, raw material and metal price deregulation, profit taxation, and limitations in the wage fund did not sufficiently take into account (or to be more precise, did not take into account at all) these very important characteristics of mining, dressing, mining-metallurgical, and processing enterprises in Russia's basic industry of the national economy--metallurgy. As a result, instead of stabilization and an increase in the production effectiveness, we are witnessing its sharp decrease, while the mining extractive and metallurgical enterprises which produce metals and items crucial for other enterprises and industries have become marginally profitable or unprofitable. The situation in the metallurgical complex is continuing to deteriorate, pig iron and steel production and smelting are dropping, rolled stock and steel pipe production is declining, and nonferrous metallurgy enterprises are in a critical state due to a deterioration of their supplies of raw material resources and intensive retirement of ore capacities from operation. An analysis of the status quo in metallurgy demonstrates that by late 1992, the drop in the production of individual types of metals will reach 50% compared to the preceding year which, in turn, will lead to |
FBIS3-42975_6 | Formation and Development of Light and Specialty Alloy Metallurgy | or both sides are used for making current conducting electrical equipment, current leads, contactors, and circuit breakers, and repeater and radar systems; in household appliances, this ensures a high operating reliability and saves scarce copper. Rolled welded panels and thermal plates from aluminum and its alloys are used in heat exchange systems for developing household refrigerators, heat and pressure chambers, and life support systems and for making solar water heaters. One hundred and eighty extrusion complexes and production lines on the basis of horizontal hydraulic presses with a force from 5 to 200 MN are in operation in rolling mills of specialty metallurgy plants. They are used to produce more than 20,000 types of sections from aluminum alloys. Commercial production of thin-walled panels with a 960-2,100 mm width and an up to 12 m length from aluminum (including aluminum-lithium) alloys on the basis of presses with a force of 50-80-120 and 200 MN has been underway for 25 years. This unique technology is based on extruding finned pipe and subsequently uncoiling it into a plane on special dressing equipment. The domestic industry is producing hot-extruded, cold-strained, and welded pipes. In addition to making regular round pipes, finned, rectangular, and oval-shaped pipes are also produced. A method has been developed and specialized production line equipment for making drilling pipes has been manufactured. In recent years, highly efficient methods of producing seamless tubes from aluminum alloys with an inside corrosion-resistant coating has been developed in Russia in recent years. Methods of making wound grain storage structures have been developed. Large-size stamped blanks (with a broad assortment) from aluminum alloys are produced in vertical hydraulic stamping presses with a force from 50 to 750 MN. Spars, beams, arm props, chassis frames, etc., are being produced with a minimum machining allowance. Rolled large-size rings should be mentioned among large-size semifinished products. A technology of stamping piston-type parts from alloy AK12D containing 12-14% Si has been developed at specialty metallurgy plants. Full-scale tests demonstrate that their wear resistance increased by fivefold while their service life was extended by approximately twofold. Such branches as the aviation industry, shipbuilding, general mechanical engineering, chemical and petroleum machinebuilding, and metallurgy have a need for titanium rolled stock. Russia's titanium production set up at the VSMPO possesses the largest smelting capacities in the world for making ingots. With respect to the equipment range and capabilities and ingot production, the smelting |
FBIS3-42976_0 | Technical and Economic Aspects of Aluminum Rolled Stock Production and Applications in Russia | Language: Russian Article Type:CSO [Article by B.I. Bondarev, B.P. Kondakov, G.S. Makarov, All-Russia Light Alloys Institute; UDC 69.717] [Text] Compared to iron, steel, copper, brass, wood, and glass, aluminum as a structural material is relatively young since it has been produced for a little over 100 years. Yet nevertheless, due to the considerable diversity of its properties, aluminum now substitutes these materials and even has certain advantages over them. No other material is known which would be represented in such diverse forms, e.g., sheet and plate rolled stock, plates (slabs), foil (with a thickness up to 5m, sections, forged products, shaped cast products, wire, and powder. A unique combination of the most diverse aluminum properties makes it possible to use it efficiently in various branches of the national economy, primarily such large sectors as the automotive engineering industry, construction, container and packaging production, electrical engineering, agriculture, etc. Noticeable successes in the development of materials, practices, and structures and their optimum utilization have been achieved in these particular applications. Let us consider several examples. The most important issue for Russia is to solve the food problem, primarily the tasks of harvesting, storing, and transporting grain since its poor organization leads to losses of up to 30% or more. The solution used widely in world practices is to develop a system of metallic mechanized grain storage facilities which can be rapidly erected and positioned in direct proximity to the food production locations. The construction cycle of one elevator tower with a 250 t capacity in the field is 24 h while a "turnkey" mechanized complex with a 1,000 t capacity can be completed in 30 days. A structure has been set up which will make it possible annually to construct in Russia storage facilities for 2 million tons of grain. This will require 25,000 t of aluminum rolled products. A large number of other efficient aluminum building structures for agricultural purposes which are characterized by a high degree of plant finish (chicken coops, greenhouses, potato storage, irrigation pipes for irrigated farming, etc.) as well as agricultural transport structures (refrigerators, truck trays for transporting fertilizer, milk tanks, etc.) has been developed. The development of production of canning band as an integral component of a complex of efforts aimed to set up production of rolled sheets was a considerable achievement. Scientific principles and production methods have been developed and a large volume of design |
FBIS3-42982_2 | Sprint Network Now Available in Russian Regions | Yakutsk, Omsk, Tomsk, Barnaul and Volgograd. The communication services of `Sprint Set' are also proliferated through a network of distributors. In other words, we would like to facilitate creation of the most modern data utility network in cities of the CIS and Baltic states that will have an outlet to 110 world nations via the SprintNet global data network.'' In the words of sales and marketing director Tatyana Prokhorova, the most popular service among clients is E-mail: ``This is the exchange of electronic messages, transmission to the fax or telex of another subscriber at any point on the globe. Last year, `Sprint Set' finished work enabling E-mail subscribers to interact with 120,000 clients of the Russian AT-50 teleprinter exchange service.'' ``Among our clients are the Ministry of Defense, the Ministry of Foreign Affairs and the Ministry of Security of Russia, the Russian affiliate of the World Association of Nuclear Plant Operators, Morflot, `Interfaks' Information Agency, and major world corporations like IBM, Texaco, 3M, and British Petroleum.'' Tatyana Prokhorova emphasizes that more than 100 ``nearby'' and ``remote'' foreign banks have become clients, using ``Sprint Set'' to expedite handling of negotiable instruments and information both within their own system and among separate banks. The joint venture also assists them in organizing electronic correspondence with foreign partners. The system of communication services offered by the company, which is based on the capabilities of the data network, hardware and software for handling transactions, among other things enables banking, commercial and travel institutions within seconds to verify the credit of a customer using a charge card, and to automatically process data for clearing transactions for goods and services. The rapidly developing package and complexity of services offered by ``Sprint Set,'' from furnishing communication lines to delivery of turnkey equipment in accordance with customer specifications, their exceptionally high quality and 24-hour customer support has made ``Sprint Set'' a leader in the development of modern technology of data transmission on the territory of the former USSR. The joint venture has developed and put into service an extensive network for Bashkortostan, contracts have been signed and the development of republic-wide data networks has begun in Kazakhstan and Uzbekistan. The joint venture has made an announcement of production of advanced telecommunication equipment in Russia. But still the basic attraction is that ``Sprint Set'' joint venture knows how to organize and conduct telecommunication business oriented toward customer needs. Under conditions |
FBIS3-42984_44 | IBYa RU AS-89 Nuclear Safety Rules for Nuclear Power Plant Reactor Plants: Official Documents Notes: This requirement pertains to the reactors in which charging and recharging is carried out with the reactor and reactor plant systems filled with a homogeneous liquid absorber solutions. | serving for transporting heat from the primary reactor plant circuit must have a heat exchange surface margin for compensating for the deterioration of its heat conducting characteristics during operation. 2.5.7. Should forced circulation pumps be used for facilitating this circulation, these pumps must have sufficient inertia in the case where they lose electric power supply and the emergency reactor protection system operates at any reactor power level so as to ensure forced coolant flow rate in the primary circuit until the moment when natural circulation ensures the removal of residual heat release without exceeding the operational fuel element damage limits. 2.5.8. The reactor plant detail design must stipulate the following facilities: automatic protection from unacceptable increases in pressure in the primary circuit under normal operation, departures from normal operation, and design emergencies; facilities for compensating for the changes in the coolant volume due to temperature variations; and facilities for compensating for the coolant losses in the case of leakage (the maximum leak rate which compensates for these facilities is established by the reactor plant detail design). 2.5.9. The reactor plant detail design must stipulate installation of leakage arresters in the pipelines branching off from the main circulation pipeline. Failure to install the leak arresters must be justified in the reactor plant detail design. 2.5.10. The primary reactor plant circuit elements must be equipped with devices which lower the effect of seismic shocks. 2.5.11. The quality and chemical composition indicators of the coolant as well as the requirements for the means of maintaining them during operation, including coolant purification to remove radioactive fission and corrosion products, must be included in the reactor plant detail design. 2.5.12. The reactor plant detail design must stipulate the engineering measures aimed at preventing the primary circuit from a coolant drainage unforeseen by the reactor plant operation regulations. The admissibility of deliberate partial draining during repair works and recharging must be justified in the reactor plant detail design. 2.5.13. The reactor plant detail design must stipulate for the resources and methods of detecting with the justified precision the location and rate of the primary circuit coolant leakage. 2.5.14. The liquid absorber concentration stipulated by the reactor plant detail design must be ensured in the reactor and primary circuit. 2.5.15. Engineering measures must be taken to eliminate unforeseen ingress of clean condensate and liquid absorber solution with a concentration below that permitted by the operating regulations into |
FBIS3-42986_3 | Medical-Biological and Genetic Consequences of Chernobyl Disaster | accident, and atrophic erosive hypochlorhydric and achlorhydric gastritides, ulcers and stomach polyps. 3. Development of pathology of the cardiovascular system among a considerable number of victims. Rapid escalation of functional disorders into organic shifts is observed (neurocirculatory dystonia of various types into hypertonia and ischemia), early development of atherosclerotic shifts. 4. Occurrence of pathology of the orl-organs and organs of respiration from the first days of staying in the zone of the accident with subsequent development of atrophic processes of the mucous upper respiratory passages. 5. Occurrence of disorders of the central nervous system in the form of asthenic and vegetative manifestations among most of those taking part in cleanup of the aftermath of the accident. Subsequently there is a rapid progression of disturbances of marrow hemogenesis. In isolated cases, shifts of mental state are observed. 6. Skin disorders in the form of beta-dermatitides of the lower extremities and face. The cause of these disorders was not only the effect of external beta and gamma radiation, but also incorporation of radionuclides and other harmful substances, which was confirmed by mass-spectrometric studies (presence of long-lived radionuclides: nuclear fuel fragments, boron, lanthanides and so on). b. Concerning State of Health of Juvenile Population The overall morbidity of children on radionuclide-contaminated territories increased until 1989. In the structure of morbidity, a leading place belongs to diseases of the respiratory organs, infectious and parasitic, diseases of the organs of digestion, the endocrine system, blood and hemogenic system (especially iron-deficiency anemias), and neuropsychiatric disorders. All republics show an increase in the group of chronically ill children, especially with respiratory illnesses. Among children of the younger age group who were born to mothers pregnant at the time of the accident, the number of acute respiratory illnesses is doubled on average. An increase is observed in the specific weight of kidney disorders in 1986-1990. There is an increase in frequency of abdominal pain, gastritis and dyspancreatism. There is an increase in the frequency of astheno-neurotic syndromes. Children exposed to irradiation show high prevalence of functional deviations of the cardiovascular system, functional cardiopathies. Three fourths of children show sympathovascular dystonia, disturbances of sympathetic regulation, and so on. Children of preschool age receiving a high dose on the thyroid gland may be categorized in the cardiovascular pathology risk group. Large shifts are observed in the frequency and severity of endocrinological disorders. Aggravation of the course of endemic diseases is |
FBIS3-42986_4 | Medical-Biological and Genetic Consequences of Chernobyl Disaster | Population The overall morbidity of children on radionuclide-contaminated territories increased until 1989. In the structure of morbidity, a leading place belongs to diseases of the respiratory organs, infectious and parasitic, diseases of the organs of digestion, the endocrine system, blood and hemogenic system (especially iron-deficiency anemias), and neuropsychiatric disorders. All republics show an increase in the group of chronically ill children, especially with respiratory illnesses. Among children of the younger age group who were born to mothers pregnant at the time of the accident, the number of acute respiratory illnesses is doubled on average. An increase is observed in the specific weight of kidney disorders in 1986-1990. There is an increase in frequency of abdominal pain, gastritis and dyspancreatism. There is an increase in the frequency of astheno-neurotic syndromes. Children exposed to irradiation show high prevalence of functional deviations of the cardiovascular system, functional cardiopathies. Three fourths of children show sympathovascular dystonia, disturbances of sympathetic regulation, and so on. Children of preschool age receiving a high dose on the thyroid gland may be categorized in the cardiovascular pathology risk group. Large shifts are observed in the frequency and severity of endocrinological disorders. Aggravation of the course of endemic diseases is noted: doubling of the growth of goiter, an increase in the number of children suffering from thyrotoxicosis. There is an increase in prevalence of hyperplasia of the thyroid gland, especially among children exposed to irradiation at the age of 1-3 years (three times as often as among other groups). Studies of hormonal status indicate the highest degree of radiation illness of the thyroid gland for children aged younger than three years. There was an increase, especially in Belarus, in the number of children with cancer of the thyroid gland; for example, 51 cases were diagnosed in 1990-1991, of which 29 were children from Gomelskaya Oblast. The data of analyses were verified not only in the Soviet Union, but also in special clinics of Germany and other nations. A study of the immune state showed some reduction of cellular and humoral immunity, especially among children of women who became pregnant three months after the accident. This group of children is characterized by an increased number of anomalies of development. On territories contaminated by radionuclides there are signs of an altered course as compared with the usual for some illnesses: bronchopulmonary pathologies and allergic disorders. Pneumonia among children shows a tendency toward |
FBIS3-42986_5 | Medical-Biological and Genetic Consequences of Chernobyl Disaster | noted: doubling of the growth of goiter, an increase in the number of children suffering from thyrotoxicosis. There is an increase in prevalence of hyperplasia of the thyroid gland, especially among children exposed to irradiation at the age of 1-3 years (three times as often as among other groups). Studies of hormonal status indicate the highest degree of radiation illness of the thyroid gland for children aged younger than three years. There was an increase, especially in Belarus, in the number of children with cancer of the thyroid gland; for example, 51 cases were diagnosed in 1990-1991, of which 29 were children from Gomelskaya Oblast. The data of analyses were verified not only in the Soviet Union, but also in special clinics of Germany and other nations. A study of the immune state showed some reduction of cellular and humoral immunity, especially among children of women who became pregnant three months after the accident. This group of children is characterized by an increased number of anomalies of development. On territories contaminated by radionuclides there are signs of an altered course as compared with the usual for some illnesses: bronchopulmonary pathologies and allergic disorders. Pneumonia among children shows a tendency toward a more severe and protracted course, and less sensitivity to antibiotics. All children living on territories with elevated radiation background may be categorized in the group of risk with respect to development of unusual post-vaccination complications. Thus, most significant is the change of the symptom complex in illnesses of children, and a more severe course of illnesses with greater difficulty of treatment. These shifts are similar on radionuclide-contaminated territories in Russia, Belarus and Ukraine, and give evidence that the Chernobyl accident has impacted on the health of children. c. Concerning the State of Health of the Populace Examination of the population of radionuclide-contaminated territories of Belarus, Ukraine and Russia revealed a significant growth in frequency of some diseases (both absolute and relative). This applies to illnesses of the blood and hemogenic organs, endocrine disorders, diseases of the gastroenteritic tract and urogenital system, neural and mental disorders. Illnesses assume a more severe and protracted nature, and are more difficult to treat. An increase is observed in the number of malignant tumors, especially cancerous diseases of the thyroid gland. In Gomelskaya, Mogilevskaya and Bryanskaya oblasts, a special epidemiological examination revealed a statistically significant increase in the incidence of leukemia and other hemoblastoses |
FBIS3-42986_7 | Medical-Biological and Genetic Consequences of Chernobyl Disaster | in older age groups in 1988-1989 (mainly with chronic course). Examination of the population of radionuclide-contaminated territories of Belarus, Ukraine and Russia revealed a significant growth in frequency of some diseases (both absolute and relative). This applies to illnesses of the blood, diabetes for Bryanskaya Oblast, neuropsychiatric disorders, diabetes, chronic lympholeucosis for Gomelskaya and Mogilevskaya oblasts, cardiovascular and neuropsychiatric disorders for Ukraine, cancer of the thyroid gland for Belarus. Thus, the results of examination of the cleanup crew and of the juvenile and adult population residing on contaminated territories have shown the detrimental impact of the Chelyabinsk accident on state of health. General Findings 1. After analyzing the materials of various medical institutions, statistical data of the Ministries of Public Health of Belarus, Russia and Ukraine, USSR and republic registries, it can be stated that the Chernobyl accident has had a detrimental impact on the state of health of the population residing on radionuclide-contaminated territories and of those taking part in cleanup of the aftermath of the accident. In all cases, an increase is observed in general morbidity, and in some cases in relative morbidity, a reduction in the number of people acknowledged as healthy, intensification of severity of illnesses and extension of its duration, and less sensitivity of disease to the action of medication. There is an increase in the number of diseases of the blood and hemogenic organs, endocrinological diseases, diseases of the gastroenteritic tract and urogenital system, nervous and mental disorders. For many cases, it is found that the number and severity of diseases depend on the dose of irradiation. There is an increase in the total number of oncological patients due to an increase in the number of cancerous diseases of the thyroid gland, lympholeucoses, and non- Hodgkin's lymphomas. 2. Persons taking part in cleanup of the aftermath of the accident and residents of radionuclide-contaminated regions show elevation by several times in the level of aberrations of chromosomes in lymphocytes of the peripheral blood that is uniquely related to irradiation dose and dose rate. A tendency is noted toward an increase in the level of aberrations of chromosomes in time among children permanently residing on territories with an elevated level of radiation. An elevated level of aberrations of chromosomes in lymphocytes of the peripheral blood is evidence of real genetic injury of cells of the human organism due to the Chernobyl disaster. In regions most contaminated |
FBIS3-42986_8 | Medical-Biological and Genetic Consequences of Chernobyl Disaster | and extension of its duration, and less sensitivity of disease to the action of medication. There is an increase in the number of diseases of the blood and hemogenic organs, endocrinological diseases, diseases of the gastroenteritic tract and urogenital system, nervous and mental disorders. For many cases, it is found that the number and severity of diseases depend on the dose of irradiation. There is an increase in the total number of oncological patients due to an increase in the number of cancerous diseases of the thyroid gland, lympholeucoses, and non- Hodgkin's lymphomas. 2. Persons taking part in cleanup of the aftermath of the accident and residents of radionuclide-contaminated regions show elevation by several times in the level of aberrations of chromosomes in lymphocytes of the peripheral blood that is uniquely related to irradiation dose and dose rate. A tendency is noted toward an increase in the level of aberrations of chromosomes in time among children permanently residing on territories with an elevated level of radiation. An elevated level of aberrations of chromosomes in lymphocytes of the peripheral blood is evidence of real genetic injury of cells of the human organism due to the Chernobyl disaster. In regions most contaminated with radionuclides, an increase is observed in intrauterine losses during pregnancy, most of which have genetic etiology. A statistically significant increase is observed in the frequency of congenital anomalies in close follow-up in regions most highly contaminated with radionuclides as compared with the period prior to the accident. This is also a consequence of injury of genetic material among persons residing in regions hit by the Chernobyl disaster. A considerable fraction of the genetic damage due to the Chernobyl disaster is anticipated among the progeny of irradiated parents in the form of multifactor hereditary diseases that show up throughout a person's lifetime, chiefly during middle and advanced age. REFERENCES 1. Burlakova, Ye. B., text of report at Sakharov Lectures, 1991. 2. Dubinin, N. P., ``Genetic Risk of Ionizing Radiation,'' DOKLADY AKADEMII NAUK, Vol 314, No 6, 1990, pp 1491-1494. 3. Dubinin, N. P., Arsenyeva, M. A., Glembotskiy, Ya. L. et al., ``Genetic Effect of Small Doses of Ionizing Radiation'' in: ``Materialy Tretyey Mezhdunarodnoy konferentsii OON po ispolzovanii atomnoy radiatsii v mirnykh tselyakh'' [Materials of Third International UN Conference on Peaceful Uses of Atomic Radiation], Geneva, 1964. 4. Kosenko, M. M., Izhevskiy, P. V. et al., ``State of Progeny of Population |
FBIS3-42987_10 | Consequences of the Disaster at Chernobyl Nuclear Electric Power Plant for the Republic of Belarus | electric power plant, is expressed by sixteen annual budgets of the republic; in the post-accident period, incidence of thyroid cancer among children increased by a factor of seven over the republic, and by a factor of 22 in Gomelskaya Oblast; in zones of radioactive contamination of 17 regions of Mogilevskaya and Gomelskaya Oblasts, for three years after the accident the frequency of congenital defects of development in close follow-up nearly doubled in comparison with the period preceding the accident; cytogenetic studies have shown that pregnant women (and fetuses) from the southern regions of Gomelskaya and Mogilevskaya Oblasts received doses of radiation that increase the overall level of spontaneous mutations of chromosomes by a factor of 1.5-2, and the number of dicentric and ring chromosomes in some mother-fetus pairs increased by a factor of 4-10; an absorbed dose of 400 cGy or more is considered a considerable risk factor of laboratory hypothyroidism and autoimmune disorders of the thyroid gland among children; significant prevalence of dyspancreatism syndrome has been established among children with level of incorporation of cesium-137 of more than 0.3 Ci/organism; children residing on contaminated territories show greater frequency (compared with the control) of persistent asthenic states (by a factor of 2), hypochondriac syndrome (by a factor of 4.6), phobic syndrome (by a factor of 2.3) and so on; among children and adolescents residing on contaminated territories, especially under conditions of elevated incorporation of cesium-137, there is an increase in disorders of the digestive system. For example, the occurrence of chronic gastritides and gastroduodenitises among children and adolescents in 1990 in these regions reached 171-297% (in the control--125-153%); the level of recorded primary incidence of circulatory system disorders (CSD) in 1990 increased by comparison with 1985 by a factor of 3.5 over Gomelskaya Oblast, and by a factor of 2.5 over Mogilevskaya Oblast. 2. The republic program for alleviating consequences of the Chernobyl disaster for 1993-1995 and ahead to the year 2000 must take as a priority direction the production of clean food products, implementation of the concept of safe habitation of people on radionuclide-contaminated territories. 3. Contamination in the Republic of Belarus covers 45,600 km[.sup]2[/] or 23 percent of the territory of the republic, more than 1,866,000 ha of arable land, of which 106,000 ha was removed from agricultural use in the first year following the disaster; in 1986-1989, a total of 256,700 of arable land was taken out |
FBIS3-42988_9 | Consequences of the Disaster at Chernobyl Nuclear Electric Power Plant for Ukraine and Russia | indicators and radioecological factors of the habitat of the populace in radioactively contaminated regions. 1. Contingent of people subjected to the action of radiation and residing on various territories differ significantly in the structure of morbidity. Ecological factors of the regions on the whole have a noticeable effect on the state of health of the populace residing there. 2. In regions with an elevated level of radiation contamination, there is a considerable change in the structure of morbidity due to an increase in the percentage of rare illnesses: in regions of the Chernobyl zone as a whole, there is a dramatic increase in the incidence (double or triple) of diseases that are virtually not seen in Moscow. 3. Based on the example of Tulskaya Oblast, trustworthy dose dependences have been discovered between morbidity and degree of radiation contamination of regions, which serves as direct proof of radiation causality of some illnesses. 4. Analysis of the dynamics of morbidity has revealed a genuine change of morbidity with respect to a number of separate nosological units both toward an increase, and toward a decrease. 5. The dynamics of the integral measure of deviation of morbidity with respect to the totality of nosological units from the initial (1985) state is markedly nonlinear. An assessment of the direction of these changes shows that they are negative on the whole: in the period following 1986, there is an increase in morbidity, especially dramatic in 1986-1988, with some reduction of the increase in morbidity and stabilization in 1990. 6. ``Splitting'' of the totality of illnesses into a group with positive dynamics and a group with negative dynamics is consistent with the concept of integrated action of factors of the habitat on the organism as a hierarchical structure of mutually regulated subsystems, and may serve as an argument supporting this concept. 7. The time dependence of the integral index of directionality of correlations between different illnesses shows extremum behavior. The position of the maximum in 1986-1987 gives evidence of the important contribution of the radiation component to the observed changes of morbidity. 8. Our approach allows an integral assessment of the state of health of the population of regions, tracking of dynamics, and establishment of a relation between the state of health and the degree of radiation contamination, which opens the way to demarcation of territories of elevated risk and development of purposeful and effective protective measures. |
FBIS3-42989_6 | Power Industry Development in Kyrgyzstan in 1993-2010 and Cooperation With CIS Countries in This Field | and midsections of the Naryn River and its tributaries which include 19 hydroelectric power plants with a 5,400-MW power and a 16.8 billion kWh generation in 2010. Construction of the GES-2 Kambartin hydroelectric power plant with a 360-MW capacity and 1.1 billion kWh/yr generation began in 1991. At the same time, preliminary work and construction of the Kambartin GES-1 hydroelectric power plant with a planned 1,900-MW power and an annual electric power output of 4.5 billion kWh have begun; it will be fully commissioned by 2005. Construction and commissioning of the Kambartin GES-3 hydroelectric power plant with a planned power of 170 MW would be expedient in 1996-2005. Kambartin hydroelectric power plants will operate in a power mode since the availability of the Toktogul reservoir downstream frees them from any irrigation constraints. Plans for 2001-2010 call for building the Ala-Bukin hydroelectric power plant with a 600-MW design power in the midsection of the Naryn River and the Kara-Bulun plant with a 120-MW power in 2006-2010. Preparatory work on the Upper Naryn hydroelectric power plant cascade will begin in 1993 while construction of the principal structures--in 1995 with subsequent commissioning of five hydroelectric power plants in the cascade before 2005 with a total power of 291 MW. The republic's small hydroelectric power plants could make a significant contribution to electric power generation. The total hydroelectric power potential of small rivers with rates of flow between 0.7 and 50 m[.sup]3[/]/s is estimated as 7.0 billion kWh/yr. Its utilization will make it possible to supply electric power to installations in distant pastures and for highland agriculture. Today, only 3% of the possible hydroelectric resources of small rivers have been utilized in the republic. The irrigation reservoir and numerous canal and river resources are not being utilized for generating electric power. In order to accelerate the development of small-scale hydroelectric industry in the republic, plans call for building new and rebuilding small hydroelectric power plants with a total power of 178 MW and annual production of approximately 0.5 billion kWh. Table 4. Electric Network Construction Scope, km/MVA Transmission According to 1993 1994 1995 1996-2000 2001-2005 2006-2010 line and design substation name 500 kV total 1,424/2,500 0/0 94/0 0/0 490/1,000 590/1,000 250/500 220 kV total 2,170/4,076 248/250 180/450 180/125 687/2,000 415/750 460/501 35-100 kV 6,520/6,750 450/550 500/500 500/500 1,900/2,000 1,670/1,700 1,500/1500 total Total for 35 10,114/13,326 698/800 774/950 680/625 3,077/5,000 2,675/3,450 2,210/2,501 kV and higher |
FBIS3-42989_9 | Power Industry Development in Kyrgyzstan in 1993-2010 and Cooperation With CIS Countries in This Field | line with the following 500-kV substations (PS): the Kambartin hydroelectric power plant with the Kemin substation, the Kambartin hydroelectric power plant with the Kyrgyz substation in Osh oblast, and the Frunze substation with the Kemin substation which are used both to distribution power from the Kambartin hydroelectric power plants and for enhancing the links between the southern and northern parts of the power system. The scope of the network construction and overhaul up to the year 2010 allowing that the planned hydroelectric power plants will generate power are summarized in Table 4. The electric power distribution in the republic during 1992-2010 will continue to utilize the formula 110/35/10-6/0.4 and 110/10-6/0.4 kV. Electrification is regarded as one of the objectives and an important means of implementing Kyrgyzstan's new energy policy. The primary goal of its subsequent accelerated development is to maximize participation in standardizing and then subsequently greater improving the living conditions of the population. This will call for expanding the use of electric power in everyday life and the sphere of social services. The second objective of accelerating the development of electrification is to enhance its participation in increasing the production sphere efficiency and increasing the national economic resources which result in invigorating the republic's economy. It is expected that industrial electric power consumption will continue to decrease in 1993-1994; in addition to the declining volume of electric power generation, a continuing increase in the electric power cost which stimulates an increase in the electric power consumption efficiency will also have their impact. The economy is expected to pick up eventually, and some of it will be due to an increase in the electric power-to-worker ratio which will lead to an increase in electric power consumption. Nevertheless, a rather moderate rate of industrial electric power consumption growth is predicted allowing for energy conservation. Furthermore, the proportion of industry in the total electric power demand will decrease from 37.2% in 1992 to 29% in 2005. Roughly the same trends will characterize the electric power consumption for agricultural needs. At the level of 2,000, this category of users will consume one-fifth of the total electric power demand in the republic. The anticipated substantial shifts in the electric power consumption structure will occur due to a deliberate accelerated development of electrification of the daily life of the population by implementing energy-intensive heating appliances in residences. A stage-by-stage increase in the number of such |
FBIS3-42992_7 | Description of Flu Epidemics in Alma-Ata in 1985-1990 | Alma-Ata had a two-wave course, and was characterized by dissimilar involvement of inhabitants in different age groups. At the start, in the 50th week of 1987 (7-13 December), the epidemic threshold was exceeded by schoolchildren, and after 3 weeks preschool children were involved in the epidemic process. Among younger children, the epidemic lasted 5 weeks, and in this time 6.7 percent of the children up to 2 years old and 8.8 percent of those 3-6 years of age were stricken. The epidemic had a continuous pattern in children 7-14 years of age, and 15.6 percent of them were stricken. The distinction of this epidemic was the fact that the adult population of the city was virtually uninvolved in the epidemic process. On the whole, 2.5 percent of the inhabitants of Alma-Ata were stricken with influenza during the epidemic. In the first wave of rise in incidence of influenza (December 1987), we examined 159 nasopharyngeal washings from patients and isolated 2 strains of influenza virus B. HIT of 89 paired serum samples from stricken individuals revealed influenza B in 8.8 percent of the cases, A(H1N1) in 3.5 percent, and A(H3N) in 2.2 percent. In 10 percent of the cases, we diagnosed influenza infection of mixed etiology. During the period of the second rise in incidence of influenza (1st quarter of 1988), 22 strains of the virus sero-subtype A(H3N2) were isolated from material taken from 414 patients. The strains were characterized by marked antigenic heterogeneity. One strain showed great resemblance to the standard A/Si-Chwan/2/87, others to A/Mississippi/1/85, and others yet to A/Philippines/2/82. HIT of 181 paired serum samples of patients demonstrated diagnostic rise in antibody titer to virus A(H3N2) in 18.2 percent of the cases, to A(H1N1) in 2.2 percent, and to B in 3.3 percent. In March, testing of 69 pairs of blood serum samples revealed an increase to 17.4 percent in seroconversions to influenza B virus. During the period of epidemic rise in influenza, serologically we established microcirculation of relic strains of influenza A(H2N2) virus and A(H0N1) to 4.0 percent, as well as active circulation of other groups of respiratory viruses: parainfluenza, RS virus, and adenovirus, the share of which ranged from 16.0 to 23.0 percent. In 1989, the epidemic rise in incidence of influenza in Alma-Ata started among 4-14-year school children in the 4th week of the year (16-22 January). Two weeks later, the flu epidemic struck preschool children |
FBIS3-42992_10 | Description of Flu Epidemics in Alma-Ata in 1985-1990 | epidemic process. During the epidemic period, we examined virologically 364 samples of nasopharyngeal washings. We isolated 10 hemagglutinating agents, 6 of which were referable to influenza A(H1N1) virus, 1 to A(H3N2), 1 to B, and 2 isolates were a mixture of serovariants A(H1N1) and A(HSW1N1). Strains of A(H1N1) showed antigenic resemblance to standard viruses A/Prague/1/84 and A/Taiwan/1/86, and were neutralized by immune sera to these viruses to a full and half homologous titer, respectively. HIT of 151 paired serum samples from patients revealed diagnostic increase in titers of antigens to A(H1N1) in 8.0 percent of the cases, to B in 11.2 percent, to A(H3N2) in 2.0 percent, and mixed influenza infection was found in 4.6 percent. In January 1990, there was a new epidemic rise in influenza in Alma-Ata. Unlike the preceding epidemics, it began among the adult population in the 2d week of the year (8-14 January), and a week later children became involved in the epidemic. Maximum incidence of influenza was recorded only 3 weeks after the start of the epidemic, when 2.5 percent of the inhabitants were involved. On the whole, the epidemic lasted in the city for 6 weeks, and 4.7 percent of the inhabitants were stricken. Also, in the period of the epidemic, 1.5 percent of children up to 2 years old, 11.4 percent of those 3-6 years old, 12.9 percent of those 7-14 years of age and 2.4 percent of adults were stricken with the flu. These findings indicate that in this epidemic too, morbidity among preschool and schoolchildren exceeded that of adults by 5.5 times (see Table 1). Virological examination of 293 samples of nasopharyngeal washings in the 1st quarter of 1990 resulted in isolation of 8 strains of influenza A(H3N2) virus, 4 of which were isolated form children up to 14 years of age and the other 4, from adults. The etiology of the epidemic was confirmed by serological testing of 182 paired blood serum samples from patients with the flu. Thus, influenza A(H3N2) was documented in 28.6 percent of the tested individuals. Thus, in 1985-1990, there were 6 recorded influenza epidemics in Alma-Ata, 2 of which were caused by influenza virus serotype B (1986, 1987) and the other 4, by influenza A virus. In particular, there was prevalence among the public of strains of variants of A(H1N1) in 1985, 1986 and 1989, and of influenza A(H3N2) virus in 1988 and 1990. |
FBIS3-42994_8 | Information Technology for Creating a Data Base on Metabolic Pathways Primary Stages of the Technology for Support and Utilization of the Data Base on Metabolic Pathways Formalizing the Object Field and the MPDL Language for Representing Primary Data | first type is always directed from an intermediate to an enzyme and indicates the intermediate's participation as a substrate in an enzyme-catalyzed reaction. A branch of the second type is always directed from an enzyme to an intermediate and indicates the intermediate's participation as a product in an enzyme-catalyzed reaction. An image may also contain various names for each node and be viewed on two different scales. Initial planar configuration of the graph. A special interative algorithm for planar graph configuration is utilized to construct the inital image [7]. The algorithm is empirical and intended for producing graphic images that are visually well perceived. Our experience indicates that as a result of using the algorithm, at least the general structure of the graph is viewed well. In conjunction with a sensitive algorithm developed by us for the initial configuration of points, the system asks the operator to assign one of two methods for initial configuration of graph nodes, utilizing his own knowledge regarding the cyclic nature of the metabolic pathway. MPGE graphic editor. The MPGE graphic editor is intended for putting the metabolic pathway image in a form suitable for visual analysis. The editor's resources take into account requirements that are traditionally imposed on metabolic pathway diagrams, but they do not restrict the author in the selection of a method for planar graph configuration. All operations can be carried out with a mouse. The editor allows one to intermix individual nodes or groups of nodes and to arrange a group of nodes in a circle of desired radius or in a line of desired length. Operations may be conducted on two image scales. It is possible to work with named nodes or without them. With the input of changes, the image is automatically reconstructed. Information storage in the data base. Data base structure. After an image of the required form is created, information on the metabolic pathway can be stored in the data base by means of a special command. The image form is stored as node coordinates. The data base consists of 16 files in the relational SUBD "Paradox" (Borland) format that contain information on metabolic pathways in an internal form as well as support information. Input of changes to the data base. It is possible to input two types of changes: changes to the image form and changes to metabolic pathway information at the MPDL-communication level. In the |
FBIS3-42996_3 | Protection of Ukraine's Population Gene Pool | an especially high negative effect on the gene pool.5. The multinational and multiethnic character of Ukraine's population is the result of the complicated history of the people who for many centuries has been divided among several states and affected by internal and external migration of large population masses, the 1932/ 1933 famine, substantial losses during WWII and other factors. This is why the gene pool of Ukraine's population and her regional and ethnic formations requires that a differentiated population)genetic research be conducted.The above circumstances (as well as other circumstances that have not been listed, make it possible to conclude that the question is not only preservation but also protection of Ukraine's gene pool. Apparently it is necessary to have a thoroughly thought over and carefully worked out program of scientific studies and practical actions.The main idea in developing a program to protect the gene pool of Ukraine's population is the understanding of its urgency by a group of scientists and by the Health Ministry management and taking into account certain work performed in this area and the available personnel and material and technical potential.A group of scientists had been developing the program in the 1980s, but it only became possible to develop a complete project in 1990/1991. The concept of the Program is based on the fact that problems of legislative, medical, scientific, personnel, economic and organizational support must be solved in an integrated manner, with a clear definition of the work scope and stages.The Program has been developed for a five)year period and counts on participation of researchers from various fields of biological and medical science and medical)genetic service practitioners.All Program provisions were centered around the following conceptual components: 1) studying the status of the gene pool of Ukraine's population; 2) genetic monitoring; 3) prevention and treatment of hereditary disturbances and native developmental defects; and 4) computerized forecasting systems for integrated control of the gene pool of Ukraine's population [5].The Program passed the competition conducted in 1991)1992 by the State Committee of Ukraine on Science and Technology Problems and took the first prize in the ``Human Health'' field. Thus it has acquired the status of a state S&T Program.In 1992 74 projects of 27 academic and industry scientific and scientific production organizations and universities were under way within the Program framework. The Program consists of 8 sections and 48 subsections that cover aspects of medical and scientific support and |
FBIS3-42996_9 | Protection of Ukraine's Population Gene Pool | and the entire RNA from a human heart were extracted in order to create kDNA probes. Differential screening of the kDNA library of human livers was performed, and clones with liver specific and "generic" genes were obtained.The spectrum of 2.5)oligoadenylates in initial cultures of cells of chronic lymphoid leukosis patients was studied, as well as changes of the expression of receptors of interleukin 2 and the C3 fraction of the complement in patients' leukocytes due to the effect of immunity correcting preparations.The possibility of injecting RecA protein E. coli into an jejukaryotic cell while preserving protein enzyme activity has been demonstrated. Peculiarities of expression of the human ApoAI genome and DNA genes in a cell culture of mammals controlled by promoters of cytomegalovirus, mice rybosomic and RNA polymerase II were studied (human Alu repeat). It was demonstrated that in a plasmid retrovector DNA (plasmid probe pSTH lg 1/Rtsp) there is a fragment that corresponds to the human growth hormone gene. This makes it possible to continue developing a gene therapy model based on the human hematopoietic system. A system for computer storage and processing of electrophoregrams, particularly when detecting point mutations in various genome areas, was developed. Based on computer analysis data, oligonucleotide primers for the constant area of the IgE gene were calculated. It was demonstrated that the IgE response (pollinosis) is linked to human organism resistivity to respiratory diseases, and it was also found that in recent years there had been a trend towards a decrease in the number and functional activity of T lymphocytes accompanied by increased reactivity of B lymphocytes (Molecular Biology and Genetics Institute, AN Ukrayiny; Ukrainian Medical Genetics Science Center, MOZ and AN Ukrayiny).Work on genetic monitoring is conducted within the framework of the Program. The key point of the work is a combination of genetic and ecological studies. Results of studies of ground in five national preserves in the Western, Eastern and Southern regions show the presence of toxic and mutagenous effects. Analysis of aberrations (mostly chromatide) detected in sprout roots of Allium cepa onion shows the dominant action of chemical mutagens, and in areas adjacent to arable land it could possibly be pesticide phenomena. But positive results of bioindication in the absence of evidence of the presence of local pollution sources indicate a regional or global (including biospheric) character of pollution [8].Work has begun on genotoxicological evaluation of the territory of national |
FBIS3-42996_15 | Protection of Ukraine's Population Gene Pool | of Ukraine [14].A longitudinal polymorphism of restriction fragments of the apo)B gene that were obtained using the polymerase chain reaction and then the XbaI and SSt)1 restrictases was studied. The relation between the detection of three genotypes of X1X1 and X2X2 and indices of lipoid metabolism was analyzed. Prospects for further studies of genes of basic apo)proteins in the population at the preclinical and clinical stages of atherosclerosis in families of young patients have been delineated (Ukrainian Therapy SRI, MOZ Ukrayiny). During cytogenetic examination of children that were subjected to the effects of the Chernobyl catastrophe an increased frequency of specific markers of radiation effects was detected, and based on this an attempt was made to calculate the overall radiation dose [9].Methods are being developed for determining mutagenous effects of chemical and physical factors on the gene pool using sensitive genetically marked strains of microorganisms that can register one mutation per 10 to 100 million of normal cells, which borders on the spontaneous mutagenesis background (Microbiology and Virology Institute, AN Ukrayiny).Enriching the arsenal of anti-mutagenic means is especially important for solving problems of preventing and correcting hereditary pathology, and it has been the subject of several projects.Scientific fundamentals of the search for and development and application of antimutagenes and gene protectors are being developed. They are aimed at increasing the effectiveness of organism's internal protective forces, particularly DNA reparation systems, blocking damaged genome structures etc.Promising studies of interferon inductors and prolongators were performed, and optimum conditions for obtaining its preparations and developing a compound that can induce interferon that has the antimutagenic effect were determined (Kiev University).T 0*0*0*00T The effect of bioflavonoids and polysaccharides on anti-mutagenic and radio protection activity of beta carotene was studied. It had been determined that beta carotene displays well pronounced antimutagenic activity against nitrozoguanidine, a supermutagen and supercarcinogen, and average antimutagenic activity against carbon and phosphorus radioactive isotopes (Microbiology and Virology Institute, AN Ukrayiny). A search for natural anti-mutagenes is being conducted. Researchers are finding even more advantages of natural antimutagenes over chemical factors. Experiments with higher plants demonstrate the protective effect of the millimeter wave band electric field on the chromosome apparatus. It has been determined that low exposures and doses of a UHF field help reduce the total number and shrink the spectrum of chromosome mutations. The possibility of extrapolating these results to other biological objects including a human organism has been demonstrated. |
FBIS3-42997_5 | Characteristics of the Immune Status of the Population of the Republic of Karakalpakstan | |<19 |16.6 | ------------------------------------------------------------------------------- | |> 37 |5.74 | ------------------------------------------------------------------------------- |CD8[.sup]+[/], abs. |<300 |37.6 | ------------------------------------------------------------------------------- | |> 800 |7.47 | ------------------------------------------------------------------------------- |CD4[.sup]+[/]/CD8[.sup]+|<1.2 |39.08 | |[/] | | | ------------------------------------------------------------------------------- | |> 2.5 |4.4 | ------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Phagocytic activity of leukocytes was significantly higher among Karakalpakstan residents when compared with residents of Semipalatinsk, Moscow and Nizhniy Tagil: 85.4 +/- 0.56, 64.8 +/-0.86, 71 +/- 0.7 and 58.5 +/- 0.99 respectively. The percentage of persons for whom the phagocytosis indicator was above standard values is 65.8 for Karakalpakstan residents (see tables 2, 3). Such an increase in phagocytic activity is possibly associated with a source of constant infection. Evaluation of the B-system of immunity in Karakalpakstan residents revealed a significantly higher concentration of IgG, IgA, IgM and IgE than in the residents of the cities used for comparison. Thus, while the concentration of IgG, IgA and IgM in residents of Semipalatinsk, Moscow and Nizhniy Tagil was 1337.4 +/- 21.8, 1313 +/- 27 and 1095.3 +/- 13.17 for IgG, 190.3 +/- 6.82, 215 +/- 9.1 and 220 +/- 5.7 for IgA, and 156.7 +/- 5.3, 140 +/- 5.1 and 144.4 +/- 4 for IgM, these indicators for Karakalpakstan residents were equal to 1497.6 +/- 17, 265.3 +/- 5.6 and 167.1 +/- 3.9 respectively. The percentage of people for whom these indicators were above normal was 1.14 for IgG, 17.8 for IgA and 12.9 for IgM (see Table 3). The percentage of persons with hypoglobulinemia did not differ from the union-wide value. Additional research characterizing activity of the immune system did not reveal gross disturbances, and the levels of the rheumatoid factor, antibodies to thyroglobulin and trinitrophenyl fluctuated within normal limits. The morbidity structure of the Karakalpakstan population is dominated by autoimmune diseases, which exceed union-wide indicators by 2-8 times, while the frequency of diseases falling within the infection syndrome exceeds the union-wide indicator by 2.5-4 times (see Table 1). When taken together, these figures are very similar to laboratory data and morbidity indicators obtained in surveys of elderly people [4]. It may be hypothesized that the residents of the indicated regions are exposed to unfavorable factors that lead to the described changes in immunological indicators, which manifests itself phenomenologically as early aging and as diseases associated with immunodeficiency. However, additional research will be required to establish a direct relationship between this morbidity and disturbance of the immune system. Conclusions 1. The relative and |
FBIS3-42997_6 | Characteristics of the Immune Status of the Population of the Republic of Karakalpakstan | 1337.4 +/- 21.8, 1313 +/- 27 and 1095.3 +/- 13.17 for IgG, 190.3 +/- 6.82, 215 +/- 9.1 and 220 +/- 5.7 for IgA, and 156.7 +/- 5.3, 140 +/- 5.1 and 144.4 +/- 4 for IgM, these indicators for Karakalpakstan residents were equal to 1497.6 +/- 17, 265.3 +/- 5.6 and 167.1 +/- 3.9 respectively. The percentage of people for whom these indicators were above normal was 1.14 for IgG, 17.8 for IgA and 12.9 for IgM (see Table 3). The percentage of persons with hypoglobulinemia did not differ from the union-wide value. Additional research characterizing activity of the immune system did not reveal gross disturbances, and the levels of the rheumatoid factor, antibodies to thyroglobulin and trinitrophenyl fluctuated within normal limits. The morbidity structure of the Karakalpakstan population is dominated by autoimmune diseases, which exceed union-wide indicators by 2-8 times, while the frequency of diseases falling within the infection syndrome exceeds the union-wide indicator by 2.5-4 times (see Table 1). When taken together, these figures are very similar to laboratory data and morbidity indicators obtained in surveys of elderly people [4]. It may be hypothesized that the residents of the indicated regions are exposed to unfavorable factors that lead to the described changes in immunological indicators, which manifests itself phenomenologically as early aging and as diseases associated with immunodeficiency. However, additional research will be required to establish a direct relationship between this morbidity and disturbance of the immune system. Conclusions 1. The relative and absolution numbers of T-lymphocytes and their subpopulations are reduced among residents of the Karakalpakstan Republic. 2. A higher concentration of serum IgG, IgA, IgM and IgE and higher phagocytic activity of leukocytes are typical of residents of the surveyed region. Bibliography 1. Alekseyev, L. P. et al., in ``Metodologiya, organizatsiya i itogi massovykh immunologicheskikh obsledovaniy'' [Methodology, Organization and Results of Mass Immunological Surveys], Angarsk, 1987, p 37. 2. ``Itogi vseobshchey dispanserizatsii naseleniya Karakalpakii po materialam Minzdrava Respubliki Karakalpakstan'' [Results of Universal Clinical Examination and Treatment of the Population of Karakalpakstan Based on Materials of the Ministry of Health of the Republic of Karakalpakstan]. 3. Petrov, R. V et al. (editors), ``Otsenka immunnogo statusa cheloveka: Metod. rekomendatsii'' [Evaluation Human Immune Status: Methodological Recommendations], 1984. 4. Petrov, R. V., ``Immunologiya: Uchebnik'' [Immunology: A Textbook], Moscow, 1983. 5. Petrov, R. V. and Oradovskaya, I. V., in "Metodologiya, organizatsiya i itogi massovykh immunologicheskikh obsledovaniy," Angarsk, 1987, pp 215-234. |
FBIS3-42998_2 | The Epidemiology of Risk Factors of Cardiovascular Diseases and Their Combination Among the Male Population in the Cities of Various Regions of the CIS and the Baltic Countries : A Cooperative Investigation | out and coordinated by the Department of the Epidemiology of Noninfectious Diseases of the All-Russian Scientific Research Center of Preventive Medicine of the Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation [VNITsPM Minzdrava RF]. Materials and Methods> Random representative samples of the male population aged 20-54 years, living in one of the regions of eight cities, Moscow, St. Petersburg, Tallinn, Kiev, Novosibirsk, Alma-Ata, Tashkent, and Bishkek, were the material for the investigation. The number of subject in these cities ranged from 2350 to 2950 persons with a response rate more than 70%. The program of study and its methods were presented in detail in previously published papers [8, 9]. Uniform criteria of the level of RF were used for all centers in the analysis of the data. A level of arterial pressure (AP) of 160/95 mm Hg and above (WHO criteria) corresponded to arterial hypertension (AH). The assessment of the presence dyslipoproteinemias (DLP) was based on the following criteria: a total blood cholesterol level of 250 mg/dl and above corresponded to hypercholesterolemia (HCH); a blood level of total triglycerides of 200 mg/dl and above corresponded to hypertriglyceridemia (HTG); and a level of high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL CH) of 35 mg/dl and below corresponded to hypoalphacholesterolemia (hypo-_a_-HDL CH) [22]. A body weight index [body weight (BWI) (in kg)/height[.sup]2[/] (in m)] of 29.5 kg/m[.sup]2[/] and above corresponded to excessive body weight (EBW) [12]. Any man smoking at least one cigarette per day was considered a smoker. All methods were carefully standardized before the beginning of the investigation, and quality control was constantly carried out during the investigation. Quality control of the lipid studies carried out in all centers was performed by the Department of Standardization of Biochemical Research Methods of the All-Russian Scientific Research Center of Preventive Medicine of the Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation. Results Data on the prevalence of RF (separately and in various combinations) in men aged 20-54 years are presented in Table 1. The per cent of individuals with one RF was minimal in populations of Bishkek and Kiev (26.1 and 28.6, respectively), and maximal in men from Moscow and St. Petersburg (42.8 and 45.1, respectively). Smoking was the most frequently identified RF in the populations in question; its frequency ranged from 13.0 (Bishkek) to 34.5% (St. Petersburg). DLP occupied second place in prevalence among the RF. This indicator was lowest in men from Novosibirsk and highest |
FBIS3-42998_10 | The Epidemiology of Risk Factors of Cardiovascular Diseases and Their Combination Among the Male Population in the Cities of Various Regions of the CIS and the Baltic Countries : A Cooperative Investigation | EBW was also identified substantially more often in men engaged in physical labor from St. Petersburg and Tallinn. At the same time, the combination of DLP and AH was found substantially more often in intellectual workers among the subjects from St. Petersburg. Other combinations of two RF in the populations did not depend on the character of the menUs work activity. The prevalence of RF combinations consisting of three RF was higher in the majority of populations in physical laborers, but a significant difference was observed only in the subjects from St. Petersburg and Kiev. DLP, AH, and smoking were included in the combination of three RF most often. Overall, in all of populations studied, such RF as DLP, AH, EBW, and smoking, were observed individually and in various combinations more often in physical laborers. It should be emphasized that RF combinations were encountered in both intellectual workers and physical laborers substantially more often in populations living in the European part of the CIS and Siberia, while the frequency of identification of RF was significantly lower in men from the Central Asian region. Comparative data on the prevalence of RF individually and in various combinations as a function of the educational level of the men are presented in Table 3. The presence of one RF was observed substantially more often in Moscow, Tallinn, and Alma-Ata in individuals with secondary and elementary education. RF were recorded individually more often in men with elementary education among those from Tallinn and Novosibirsk. DLP was found significantly more frequently in men with higher education in Moscow, St. Petersburg, Tallinn, Kiev, Alma-Ata, and Bishkek. Whereas, the frequency of smoking was substantially higher in individuals with elementary education in Moscow, Tallinn, Novosibirsk, and Alma-Ata. Further, the prevalence of smoking in men in Moscow, Tallinn, and Alma-Ata with elementary and secondary education was higher than in individuals with higher education. The frequency of identification of smoking in men with higher and secondary education from St. Petersburg and Bishkek was significantly higher than in individuals with elementary education. The prevalence of AH separately was somewhat greater in individuals with higher education, but significant differences were observed only in Tallinn and Novosibirsk. The presence of RF individually in the male population from Tashkent did not depend on the educational level. Smoking was the most prevalent RF in the men; its frequency was higher in individuals with elementary education, whereas |
FBIS3-42998_18 | The Epidemiology of Risk Factors of Cardiovascular Diseases and Their Combination Among the Male Population in the Cities of Various Regions of the CIS and the Baltic Countries : A Cooperative Investigation | most frequently [23]. RF were observed more often in our investigation in physical laborers. Differences in the RF level among intellectual workers and physical laborers were determined first of all by a higher frequency of smoking and its combinations with DLP and AH. In other investigations carried out in populations from the CIS, also among men engaged in physical labor, a higher prevalence of smoking and its combinations with other RF was observed [3, 13, 15]. Data are available regarding the higher prevalence of RF individually and in various combinations among workers of industrial enterprises of Norilsk [16]. When the men were studied in relation to educational level, we established that the frequency of RF individually and in different combinations has an inverse relationship to the educational level. The highest level of RF is observed in the majority of populations in individuals with elementary education; a lower level, in men with higher education. A similar relationship of the prevalence of RF as a function of educational level was identified in populations from Minneapolis (USA) and Australia [28, 29]. Conclusions 1. For men living in various cities of the CIS, a high prevalence of risk factors (RF) individually and in various combinations, is characteristic; at the same time, the RF level is substantially higher in men from the European part and Siberia than in populations from the Central Asian region. 2. In descending order with respect to frequency of identification, the following RF are most prevalent among the men of the various cities of the CIS: smoking, dyslipoproteinemia (DLP), arterial hypertension (AH), and excessive body weight (EBW). DLP and smoking are included in a combination of two RF most often; DLP, AH, and smoking in a combination of three. 3. The prevalence of RF individually and in various combinations depends on the character of the work activity of the men: the level of RF is higher in men engaged in physical labor than in individuals engaged in intellectual work. 4. The prevalence of RF separately and in various combinations as a function of educational level, exhibits an inverse relationship: the highest RF level is observed in men with elementary education, the lowest in men with higher education. LITERATURE 1. Volkov, V. A., The influence of a combination of several risk factors on the mortality of the male population, 20-59 years of age, from ischemic heart disease and vascular lesions of the |
FBIS3-43002_3 | Environmental Protection Problems and Ways of Solving Them | earth in the form of precipitation falling on pastures, meadows, fields, gardens, and vegetable gardens. Polluted precipitation also falls into water reservoirs. The acids contained in precipitation react with metals (aluminum, cadmium, mercury, lead, etc.) in the soil, and they infect the water and thus the fish. Precipitation is not the only source of water pollution. Industrial, transport, and household wastes are dumped into water reservoirs in quantities such that many rivers and lakes can no longer be cleaned with existing resources. The natural purity of relatively shallow ground waters has been lost. Phosphates from wastes, the nitrates that are used everywhere as fertilizers, and other toxic materials have infiltrated them. The situation regarding irrigation water is no better. Its chemical composition largely dictates the quality of agricultural projects, in which the content of nitrates, phosphates, and metals has also risen. Countries with a high technological discipline permit the use of relatively small amounts of fertilizer. In countries with a lower technological discipline, the level is higher owing to an attempt to increase crop yields. As a rule, this results in a decline in product quality. And so, the circle has closed: People harm the environment, the environment shortens their life. The child mortality rate in many countries has stopped decreasing, and in several countries it has even begun to increase. Studies conducted by the World Health Organization gave the sad results: An elevated lead content was discovered in the blood of 30 percent of neonates. Where is the way out? Reason suggests that, as soon as possible, further destruction of nature must be halted, it must be restored on a planetwide scale, and population control must be begun so as not to extend beyond the scope of the biosphere's objective capabilities. Understanding of the fact that people's lives truly depend on their effect on nature has not yet become widespread. It must be acknowledged that more than a few measures to regulate man's relationship with nature have been developed. In the developed countries, where the economy is subject to market relationships, energy-saving technologies are being developed intensively. This is making it possible to burn less fuel and, consequently, reduce the release of carbon into the atmosphere. The manufacture of lead-free gasoline has begun, and exhaust gases have begun to contain far less toxic impurities. Today, the search for ways of solving ecological problems is being conducted at the international, |
FBIS3-43002_5 | Environmental Protection Problems and Ways of Solving Them | state, and sector levels. Many countries regularly exchange information about the current condition of the environment and are creating a common ecological data bank. Unfortunately, our country has not yet become sufficiently actively engaged in this process. And the situation in our country cannot be called good. According to existing data, about 30 million of our citizens are living in ecological disaster areas. Life itself is compelling us to consider the problems of restoring and protecting nature as priority problems. Quality sewage treatment is not provided in 600 cities, more than two thirds of toxic sources do not meet the requirements specified in standards. Volumes of unutilizable toxic industrial wastes are increasing, and a large portion of them are transported to household waste dumps or else to disorganized storage sites, which eventually results in toxic materials ending up in underground waters and water reservoirs and in infection of the plant and animal world. Unfortunately, the aviation industry, whose technical policy has long failed to recognize ecology as a priority directly, is a definite contributor to these negative consequences of economic activity. Each year, about 290,000 tons of toxic materials in the form of gases released from stationary sources are formed throughout the sector as a whole. From them, dust- and gas-scrubbing units trap 136,500 tons of toxic materials (47.1 percent), and 153,700 tonnes, i.e., about 0.25 percent of the total volume of wastes throughout the country, are released into the atmosphere. Considering the fact that the sector's enterprises are located in cities with an industrially developed potential, where tough standards are in effect, and also, as a rule, in densely populated complexes of apartment buildings, the negative effect of the sector's production on the environment is not always adequately reflected by the volumes of emissions of toxic materials. In the total mass of emissions, the greatest volume percentage of pollutants comes from boiler and other thermal power plants (36-40 percent), foundry work (15-18 percent), painting (14-15 percent), and engine ground tests (14-15 percent). The sector's production is characterized by a long list of wastes. And although solid particles and hydrocarbons predominate in the composition of toxic materials generated (they account for 74.6 and 13 percent respectively), individual enterprises release up to 70 different toxic elements and compounds into the air medium. Each year, about 3,800,000 tons of ash, slag, spend molding and core mixtures, sediments in cleaning equipment, and other |
FBIS3-43002_25 | Environmental Protection Problems and Ways of Solving Them | industry are used, as are 98 percent of polystyrene wastes. The savings of primary polystyrene thanks to the use of 1 tonne of secondary polystyrene averages 986 kg for the subsector. In the subsector, wastes from the sawmilling industry are used for manufacturing particle board and mail (postal) boxes, constructing temporary structures in the sector's own ancillary facilities, and selling to state farms and collective farms (sawdust) and the public (trim, slabs, and lumber that has already been used). Polystyrene wastes are used to produce components for basic production, industrial-engineering goods, cultural and general goods, and goods intended for sale in the economy. Sector enterprises obtain some woodworking and polystyrene wastes from other enterprises in the region for processing and use in their own production. One plant, for example, has at its own initiative found a profitable method of reprocessing a large volume of sawmilling and woodworking wastes from enterprises of various sectors throughout the region. Yearly production of particle board averages 1,500 m[.sup]2[/] with an economic impact of 530,000 rubles yearly. Each year, the Vpered [Forward] Machine Building Plant in Moscow uses sawmilling and polystyrene wastes to manufacture hangers, motor vehicle and door handles, bread baskets, candlesticks, cutting boards, decorative spatulas, and small serving tables in quantities of 450,000 units each year for an economic impact of 370,000 rubles. The Gidromash [Hydraulic Machinery] Production Association (Nizhniy Novgorod) uses polystyrene wastes to produce household goods in quantities of 500,000 units each year with an economic impact of 420,000 rubles. It should be noted that enterprises in the subsector sell polystyrene wastes mainly to manufacturing organizations. A fairly insignificant amount of woodworking and sawmilling wastes are transported to dumps, buried, or destroyed. The NIID has evaluated the ecological situation in the sector in relation to the recovery of slime wastes generated during the electrochemical treatment of gas turbine engine components and subassemblies. According to data obtained from sector enterprises, there is a total of 1,572 tons of slime each year. Of that amount, 251 tonnes are recovered, and the rest is transported to a dump. Titanium-containing slimes, which amount to 947 tons a year, are particularly valuable. It should be noted that the processing sectors of industry, for example, the paint-and-varnish and construction sectors, are not especially interested in this quantity of slime. The principles of no-waste technology require that these wastes be included in technological chains, however. The NIID has |
FBIS3-43003_4 | Formation of Radioecological Psychology in the Ukraine | to recruit the nation's leading scientific institutions to implement it. In the Ukraine, the Ukrainian Psychological Research Institute was appointed as the head organization (director: A. V. Kirichuk), and 18 of the 42 topical problems of this program were worked on there. The results of its research and clinical work carried out in 1991 were summarized at the interregional scientific conference on ``Socio-psychological Rehabilitation of Children and Adolescents Affected by the Chernobyl Disaster,'' which convened in February 1992 in Kiev [8]. The findings of these studies can be summarized as follows: The accident at the Chernobyl AES caused catastrophic changes in the ecological situation, radical breakdown of the age-old lifestyle, system of relations, and made substantial adjustments in people's value orientations (first of all, those dealing with attitude toward the environment, society, health and rearing children). The psycho-traumatic situation that developed after the Chernobyl disaster enhanced "centrifugal tendencies" in personality development of children and adolescents, which was manifested by a tendency toward accentuation of temperament, diminished resistance to stress, increased aggressiveness and conflict in some, passivity, asthenization, formation of consummatory and pension-neurosis mindsets in others. On the whole, the following developmental disturbances were typical in children and adolescents who suffered the consequences of the Chernobyl accident: --physical: asthenization, deterioration of indicators of physical readiness, early development of chronic diseases; --mental: stress, deadaptation, diminished attention, memory, work capacity (including mental work), volitional and emotional disturbances, nostalgia for the past and uncertainty about the future, diminished motivation, distorted self-appraisal, and others; --spiritual: existential crisis, difficulties in personal and professional self-assertion, formation and persistence of the helpless victim complex doomed to a short and difficult life; --social: increased aggressiveness, conflict; social apathy, difficulties in communicating (particularly in children evacuated from the 30-km condemned zone). In other words, there was a large number of "children who had gone through a lot," which is not normal in peacetime. At the same time, what had been experienced was, in a number of instances, instrumental in intensive formation of the personality of affected children and adolescents, appreciable improvement in family relations, and others. However, the existing positive facts have not yet been reliably aired in psychological publications. The following tasks moved to the fore in solving problems of sociopsychological rehabilitation of children and adolescents in the zone of the Chernobyl catastrophe: --determination of factors and conditions that arose because of the Chernobyl disaster and prevent proper development |
FBIS3-43003_6 | Formation of Radioecological Psychology in the Ukraine | of children and adolescents in the accident zone, and their relationship to other concurrently existing factors; --establishment of patterns of impact of the aggregate of all existing factors on mental development of different territorial and age groups of victims; --elaboration of an integral concept of providing for proper development of children and adolescents in the zone of the Chernobyl disaster; determination of scientific ally validated ways and means of rendering the necessary psychological aid to victims. The most important factors that hinder proper development of children and adolescents in the accident zone are: --external and internal radioactive irradiation that is deleterious to health and particularly dangerous for children born in 1986; --unsatisfactory level of medical care of affected children, only 15 percent of whom are under clinical observation; --inadequate information given to the public about the radioecological situation, safety measures, health status, and results of scientists' studies; --distorted image of the Chernobyl disaster in the mass media, which are transformed into "mass mental traumatization" media, continued circulation of various rumors and conjectures that initiate social stress and personal anxiety, also affecting children; --deterioration of sociodemographic population indicators in the accident zone, which is being abandoned by the best educated people who are replaced by those who expect only benefits, housing and high wages; --erosion of family-relative relations, prolonged separation of parents and children during vacations, impossibility of restoring previous forms of organization of everyday work and leisure; --material and technical difficulties in organizing the educational-rearing process in public education institutions situated in the zone of rigid radiation monitoring (crowded cafeterias, no gyms, ancillary facilities, technical educational equipment, etc.), shortage of qualified personnel, overfatigue of pedagogues; --inadequate efficacy of sociopsychological rehabilitation of children and adolescents during vacations, its virtual absence at their place of residence; --shortage of funds and resources to implement laws and enforceable enactments called upon to provide social protection of victims, diminished attention given to the latter on the part of local authorities and the world community. In assessing the prospects for overcoming the sociopsychological sequelae of the accident at the Chernobyl AES, we must state that: 1) the sources of radiation hazard have not disappeared and their impact will probably last for tens of years; new victims of the disaster have also been found who were previously convinced that they were not involved in its consequences; 2) it is impossible to provide all victims with normal living |
FBIS3-43003_9 | Formation of Radioecological Psychology in the Ukraine | have to date is fragmentary, and for this reason it is dangerous to draw far-reaching conclusions on its basis. Only one thing is apparent: we can make a distinction of at least nine subgroups among affected children, which differ in number, relocation, proportion of radioecological and psychotraumatic factors, and how the stress situation is experienced. They are: --1) those evacuated from the 30-km accident zone in 1986; --2) those living or who have lived in the zone of mandatory relocation; --3) those referred to the guaranteed relocation zone; --4) those living in regions of continuous radiometric monitoring; --5) those living on "safety islands," situated in the accident zone (Kiev, Slavugich and others), who do not, however, agree with this assessment of the situation, as well as: --6) children of "eradicators," who were born after their parents had fulfilled their civic duty; --7) "grandchildren of Chernobyl," i.e., children of the grown representatives of the above subgroups; --8) children and adolescents in "clean" territories, who were exposed to the risk of internal irradiation due to consumption of contaminated food; --9) children born in 1986 who were the most affected by the radiation factor. A considerable number of children and adolescents of the Chernobyl zone were given the status of victims and have the right to expect the State's aid; the rest who have, so to speak, fallen through the cracks, have not undergone humanitarian socio-psychological expert evaluation. The reason is clear: not a single decision or enforceable enactment underwent expert humanitarian sociopsychological evaluation. The program of further scientific and clinical work in 1992-1995 aimed at eradicating the socio-psychological consequences of the Chernobyl disaster covers the following: --organization of monitoring of the sociopsychological situation, mental development of a representative sample of children and adolescents in the zone of the Chernobyl disaster, starting a distributed data bank in order to assess the situation and predict its future dynamics; --expert humanitarian evaluation of decisions pertaining to provision of appropriate living conditions for children and adolescents affected by the consequences of the accident at the Chernobyl AES, organization of the educational-rearing process in and beyond the area where they reside; --development, experimental trial and adoption of psychological-pedagogic recommendations to workers in public education and health care institutions, and parents of affected children; --establishment of an infrastructure of specialized institutions for socio-psychological rehabilitation of affected children and adolescents, provision of psychological consultations for them; --training and advanced |
FBIS3-43004_3 | Funding Sought for Research on Chronic, Low-Dose Radiation | sources within the doses acceptable for operating personnel (5 rad/year) increase the number of chromosomal mutations. Little is known about the joint effect of radiation and chemical substances except perhaps tobacco smoke. The risk for a non-smoking uranium mine worker receiving a close-to-maximum permissible irradiation dose can be compared to the risk of a non-irradiated smoking worker. Yet the joint effect of smoking and irradiation does not double but quadruples mortality. In 1970, medical X-ray examinations in the United States took more lives than household injuries, fires, and poisonings together. It seems like there is a bit more clarity with higher doses. A 300-500 rad dose results in a bone marrow injury, and half of the irradiated persons die. At 50-100 rad, some cells lose their ability to function normally but still regenerate. At 10 rad, temporary sterility is observed in men. The probability of dying from cancer under 100 rad increases by only 0.1-0.5%, while the number of serious genetic impairments in the sex cell ranges from zero to unity (it is higher among men). The probability that a disfigured child may be born to irradiated parents is low--0.2% per 100 rad. Yet more recent studies show that cancer and genetic impairments appear even at doses which are one-to-two orders of magnitude lower than those according to the UN Scientific Committee data (Science No. 5002, 1991 and New Scientist No. 1871, 1993). What Has Chernobyl Shown? Here are some data from the expert conclusion drawn by the "International Commonwealth on Restoring the Habitat and Safe Human Living Conditions" (Chernobylskaya Katastrofa (Chernobyl Catastrophe): Causes and Consequences, Minsk, 1992). In Belarus, thyroid gland cancer increased by sevenfold and cardiovascular diseases rose by 3.5-fold. In many regions of Gomel and Mogilov oblasts, chromosomal mutations increased by 1.5-2 times, the frequency of miscarriage and congenital diseases doubled, low birth weight jumped by fivefold, and ischemic heart disease increased by ninefold. Most schoolchildren have cardiovascular system disorders, and one-third of the population in these regions hase a weakened immune system. Infant mortality and general population morbidity are continuing to rise, the intake of radionuclides into plants is not decreasing, and the physiological conditions of the animals are deteriorating despite the predictions of scientists from Biofizika and despite the measures taken in the aftermath of the accident. Social tensions are on the rise. Between 57 and 90% of the respondents stated their categoric desire to |
FBIS3-43004_4 | Funding Sought for Research on Chronic, Low-Dose Radiation | and genetic impairments appear even at doses which are one-to-two orders of magnitude lower than those according to the UN Scientific Committee data (Science No. 5002, 1991 and New Scientist No. 1871, 1993). What Has Chernobyl Shown? Here are some data from the expert conclusion drawn by the "International Commonwealth on Restoring the Habitat and Safe Human Living Conditions" (Chernobylskaya Katastrofa (Chernobyl Catastrophe): Causes and Consequences, Minsk, 1992). In Belarus, thyroid gland cancer increased by sevenfold and cardiovascular diseases rose by 3.5-fold. In many regions of Gomel and Mogilov oblasts, chromosomal mutations increased by 1.5-2 times, the frequency of miscarriage and congenital diseases doubled, low birth weight jumped by fivefold, and ischemic heart disease increased by ninefold. Most schoolchildren have cardiovascular system disorders, and one-third of the population in these regions hase a weakened immune system. Infant mortality and general population morbidity are continuing to rise, the intake of radionuclides into plants is not decreasing, and the physiological conditions of the animals are deteriorating despite the predictions of scientists from Biofizika and despite the measures taken in the aftermath of the accident. Social tensions are on the rise. Between 57 and 90% of the respondents stated their categoric desire to relocate. The ratio of C-graders to A-graders in schools has increased by tenfold. The relocated persons are often met with hostility, as if they were lepers, and they run back to their contaminated places only to find new owners--refugees from the "near abroad." We still have a long way to go to match the Philippines or Indonesia where 80% of the population regard themselves as happy. One cannot ascertain any pattern in the chaos of data. The favorite trick--to compare the polluted region to a clean one--does not work since contaminated food, water, and dust in the air know no boundaries. Cows in slightly contaminated territories (7 Ci/km[.sup]2[/] or approximately 7 rad per lifetime) give milk containing 20 times the maximum permissible concentration (PDK) of radionuclides. These territories are home to approximately 1 million persons. Given a 40 Ci/km[.sup]2[/] contamination, milk contains 100 times the norm, yet shipments under state contracts continue from these territories. Drink our milk, my dear, and eat our beef... According to some estimates based on Japanese analyses, the marginal cancer mortality due to Chernobyl will reach 70,000 persons (A. Lyutsko). The Belarussians estimate the loss from the catastrophe as 60 annual budgets or 200 billion |
FBIS3-43005_0 | Government Policies, Financing `Undermine' Russian Academy of Medical Sciences | Language: Russian Article Type:CSO [Speech by President of the Russian Academy of Medical Sciences V.I. Pokrovskiy at the Second (LXV) Session of the General Meeting of the Russian Academy of Medical Sciences, 26-30 January 1993: ``The Report of President of the Russian Academy of Medical Sciences V.I. Pokrovskiy''] [Text] The scientific portion of this session is devoted to the neurosciences.[.sup]1[/] This is connected with the fact that an increase of the number of people suffering from nervous and mental illnesses, the outcome of which in half of the cases is disability, is being noted throughout the world. This is not only the loss of manpower resources, but also a loss of the intellectual potential of the nation, as well as one of the causes of serious social deformations. Diseases of the brain are usually accompanied by disturbances of thinking, behavior, and the emotional sphere, of which an increase of drug addiction, crime, and suicides is a direct consequence. In Russia not less than 20 million people suffer from diseases that to one degree or another are connected with brain disorders. About 5 million people are chronically disabled owing to these illnesses. The maintenance of patients costs approximately 23 billion rubles [R] a year. The scale of the total losses of society in connection with pathology of the nervous system is unprecedented. They are estimated, for example, in the United States alone at $401 billion a year, which amounts to an economic value that is equal to 7.3 percent of the gross national product. Of course, the noneconomic harm is extremely great, but it is not liable to scientific determination. It should also be considered that the process of the increase of the length of the biological life of man is not being accompanied, unfortunately, by the lengthening of the period of his labor activity. On the contrary, it is making him unprotected against nervous system diseases of old age and in need of the help of others. Nervous and mental disorders, particularly psychoemotional stress, are the favorite place of the application of the activity of charlatans of all colors--sorcerers, psychics, and miracle workers. This also merits the more active attention of specialists. The World Health Organization and the leadership of a number of countries have made at the state level the decision on a 10-year program on the study of the brain--``The Decade of the Brain, 1990-2000''. In the United |
FBIS3-43005_7 | Government Policies, Financing `Undermine' Russian Academy of Medical Sciences | of property should also been attached to the academy and its institutions, since the lack of the same considerably complicates the activity of scientific collectives. Further, it is necessary to legalize what was incorporated in the decree of the Government of July 1992 and, unfortunately, has thus far not been fulfilled--the determination of the level of financing of the academy and the social support of scientific associates of the academy and the assignment to the academy of the expert evaluation of scientific plans and the distribution of assets through grants. In spite of the existing difficulties, scientists of Russia continued to conduct scientific research intensively. Among the achievements of world level are the isolation of clones of hybridoma cells, which secrete monoclonal antibodies to the antigens of B cells of the pancreas, and the development of methods of the early diagnosis of insulin-dependent diabetes. Various immunomodulators were developed and were partially introduced in practice. Sparing methods of the treatment of intricate disturbances of the heart rhythm, techniques of transluminal angioplasty, and methods of the combined therapy of lymphogranulomatosis, which ensure a five-year survival rate of 70-92 percent, were developed. New neurotropic and psychotropic drugs, heart remedies, and others were developed, tested, and introduced in practice. Original X-ray endovascular methods of the replacement of blood vessels, sclera-strengthening methods for the prevention of the progression of myopias, and equipment and instruments for microsurgical operations, traumatology, and orthopedics, which have received world recognition, were developed. The Urat-2 device for the intrarenal crushing of stones was developed. Scientists of the Siberian Department developed methods of monitoring the health of the population and the environment and conducted depth epidemiological studies of the most prevalent noninfectious diseases. This made it possible to carry out the medical demographic, public health, and ecological mapping of a number of territories of Siberia and the Far East. A collection of molecular probes of synthetic oligonucleotides, which is making it possible to study the structure of human DNA, were created. The universal phenomenon of regenerator-plastic insufficiency and the decrease of metabolism was established, which makes it possible to reveal one of the mechanisms of the adaptation of the body under present adverse ecological conditions and creates the foundation for the development of fundamentally new approaches to prevention and therapy. New drugs were obtained from local resources. It is possible to continue this list. But now is not the time to talk |
FBIS3-43010_8 | Retooling and Development of Russian Metallurgy | ferrous metallurgy in Russia makes it possible to draw the conclusion that if necessary measures in retooling the industry and protecting the domestic market from imported metal products during the modernization period as well as ensuring a controlled price increase for energy resources are not taken, Russian metallurgy will virtually cease to exist. Mindful of the world experience and the economic futility of winding down domestic metallurgy and aiming at importing metal products, Russia is left with no alternatives to radical modernization of metallurgical production. At the same time, the performance of enterprises in 1992 demonstrated that the overhaul and retooling measures in the industry, including those taken at government levels, do not resolve a number of acute problems in the industry. Mindful of the fact that the task of supplying the national economy with metal products with the requisite quality and assortment, mostly the agroindustrial and fuel and energy complex, developing production of durable consumer goods and communication and transportation facilities, maintaining Russia's defense capabilities at the necessary level, and developing the expert potential while increasing the proportion of ready products as well as a cardinal improvement in the environmental conditions in the metallurgical regions is of paramount importance, the Russian Federation Committee on Metallurgy developed a draft of the national program of "Metallurgy Retooling and Development in Russia." Completion of the program will require efforts both on part of the state and on part of the Metallurgical Enterprise and Scientific Research and Design Institute staff and management. The program pinpoints key issues of industrial development and outlines the specific and effective ways of resolving them. According to the program, a reduction in expenditures for production, primarily a decrease in the energy-to-output ratio and specific material consumption of production, a decrease in labor outlays, and an improvement in production quality indicators will be responsible for ensuring the economic efficiency of production, profitability of ferrous metallurgy enterprises, and guaranteeing that they receive the resources necessary for normal operation, including the development of their expert potential. Realization of the national program will enable the industry to develop on the basis of domestic scientific developments and domestic equipment. This will require a system of state support for promising scientific developments, preservation of the scientific and technical potential, and financing of basic scientific research. The retooling of metallurgy must be carried out by effectively utilizing the economic capabilities of the enterprises themselves and |
FBIS3-43011_15 | New Materials in Metal Products Market | war led to a division of the metallic beverage container market: the Coca Cola Company prefers aluminum cans while Pepsi Cola--steel cans [17]. Material property standardization principles. As we have already mentioned, while possessing a broad range of diverse properties, the same types of metal products, as a rule, are used in items for very different purposes, i.e., are multifunctional. This determines the specific features of unifying the properties in standards and other regulatory technical documents. In standardizing production, the indicators used in all application versions must be mandatory (base); the remaining requirements are optional and become mandatory only upon additional agreement (contract) between the producers and consumers. Sometimes, it is sufficient to have reliable reference data on a range of properties cited in an appendix to the standard or a supplier company catalogue. This approach takes into account the mutual interest of the producers and consumers and ensures their constructive technical dialogue and, in the final analysis, metal product utilization effectiveness. This standardization principle is widely used in foreign standards and is reflected in all newly developed domestic regulatory technical documents. The set of properties for new materials for specific purposes (developed for the specific product) must be standardized and mandatory with respect to the service characteristics of the product indicating the procedures for measuring these properties. The chemical element composition standards for steel and alloy properties for specific applications must be strictly regulated. For multifunction metal products, rigid standardization of the chemical composition is unacceptable since in order to ensure a specific range of requested properties, one must be able to manipulate the chemical composition to a certain extent. Depending on whether the product is crucial, the requirements for the level to which the properties regulated by the standards are ensured differ. Thus, experience shows that for metal products used in construction, this norm is at least 0.95 but for more crucial applications--0.97 or more. In addition to the requirement to ship products in accordance with international or national standards of technically advanced countries, the manufacturer penetrating an external market must ensure that all contract requirements are met and guarantee the quality stability of the shipped products which, as a rule, is confirmed by the export production certification by acknowledged international or national societies (the British Lloyd Register, the German TGF, the American Oil and Gas Institute, etc.) One should keep in mind that certification of the product |
FBIS3-43012_1 | Privatization of Metallurgical Complex Enterprises: Experience and Problems | a sharp drop in operating ore extraction production capacities and wear and obsolescence of the capital stock. The production processes used in production systems operating in metallurgy can explain the rather complicated and tense environmental situation which developed in various vast Russian regions. Suffice it to say that atmospheric discharges of harmful substances by metallurgical complex enterprises reach 27% of all Russian enterprise discharges while contaminated water effluents exceed 15%. The need to address a broad range of global issues related to decreasing harmful substance discharges over large territories and air and water space and improving the working conditions and daily life of metallurgical enterprise workers led to considerable increases in the cost of production and a drop in the effectiveness and profitability of individual productions, enterprises, and subindustries since improvements in the air and water quality involve considerable expenditures. Thus, operating metallurgical complex enterprises are characterized by the high cost of fixed capital and its considerable wear and obsolescence (more than 50%), vast outlays for solving environmental and social problems, and the existence of marginally profitable or unprofitable infrastructure both at enterprises and individual subindustries. The economic reforms which have been carried out in recent years and involve changes in managing the enterprises and the industry as a whole, improving cost accounting, self-financing, raw material and metal price deregulation, profit taxation, and limitations in the wage fund did not sufficiently take into account (or to be more precise, did not take into account at all) these very important characteristics of mining, dressing, mining-metallurgical, and processing enterprises in Russia's basic industry of the national economy--metallurgy. As a result, instead of stabilization and an increase in the production effectiveness, we are witnessing its sharp decrease, while the mining extractive and metallurgical enterprises which produce metals and items crucial for other enterprises and industries have become marginally profitable or unprofitable. The situation in the metallurgical complex is continuing to deteriorate, pig iron and steel production and smelting are dropping, rolled stock and steel pipe production is declining, and nonferrous metallurgy enterprises are in a critical state due to a deterioration of their supplies of raw material resources and intensive retirement of ore capacities from operation. An analysis of the status quo in metallurgy demonstrates that by late 1992, the drop in the production of individual types of metals will reach 50% compared to the preceding year which, in turn, will lead to |
FBIS3-43013_6 | Formation and Development of Light and Specialty Alloy Metallurgy | or both sides are used for making current conducting electrical equipment, current leads, contactors, and circuit breakers, and repeater and radar systems; in household appliances, this ensures a high operating reliability and saves scarce copper. Rolled welded panels and thermal plates from aluminum and its alloys are used in heat exchange systems for developing household refrigerators, heat and pressure chambers, and life support systems and for making solar water heaters. One hundred and eighty extrusion complexes and production lines on the basis of horizontal hydraulic presses with a force from 5 to 200 MN are in operation in rolling mills of specialty metallurgy plants. They are used to produce more than 20,000 types of sections from aluminum alloys. Commercial production of thin-walled panels with a 960-2,100 mm width and an up to 12 m length from aluminum (including aluminum-lithium) alloys on the basis of presses with a force of 50-80-120 and 200 MN has been underway for 25 years. This unique technology is based on extruding finned pipe and subsequently uncoiling it into a plane on special dressing equipment. The domestic industry is producing hot-extruded, cold-strained, and welded pipes. In addition to making regular round pipes, finned, rectangular, and oval-shaped pipes are also produced. A method has been developed and specialized production line equipment for making drilling pipes has been manufactured. In recent years, highly efficient methods of producing seamless tubes from aluminum alloys with an inside corrosion-resistant coating has been developed in Russia in recent years. Methods of making wound grain storage structures have been developed. Large-size stamped blanks (with a broad assortment) from aluminum alloys are produced in vertical hydraulic stamping presses with a force from 50 to 750 MN. Spars, beams, arm props, chassis frames, etc., are being produced with a minimum machining allowance. Rolled large-size rings should be mentioned among large-size semifinished products. A technology of stamping piston-type parts from alloy AK12D containing 12-14% Si has been developed at specialty metallurgy plants. Full-scale tests demonstrate that their wear resistance increased by fivefold while their service life was extended by approximately twofold. Such branches as the aviation industry, shipbuilding, general mechanical engineering, chemical and petroleum machinebuilding, and metallurgy have a need for titanium rolled stock. Russia's titanium production set up at the VSMPO possesses the largest smelting capacities in the world for making ingots. With respect to the equipment range and capabilities and ingot production, the smelting |
FBIS3-43014_0 | Technical and Economic Aspects of Aluminum Rolled Stock Production and Applications in Russia | Language: Russian Article Type:CSO [Article by B.I. Bondarev, B.P. Kondakov, G.S. Makarov, All-Russia Light Alloys Institute; UDC 69.717] [Text] Compared to iron, steel, copper, brass, wood, and glass, aluminum as a structural material is relatively young since it has been produced for a little over 100 years. Yet nevertheless, due to the considerable diversity of its properties, aluminum now substitutes these materials and even has certain advantages over them. No other material is known which would be represented in such diverse forms, e.g., sheet and plate rolled stock, plates (slabs), foil (with a thickness up to 5m, sections, forged products, shaped cast products, wire, and powder. A unique combination of the most diverse aluminum properties makes it possible to use it efficiently in various branches of the national economy, primarily such large sectors as the automotive engineering industry, construction, container and packaging production, electrical engineering, agriculture, etc. Noticeable successes in the development of materials, practices, and structures and their optimum utilization have been achieved in these particular applications. Let us consider several examples. The most important issue for Russia is to solve the food problem, primarily the tasks of harvesting, storing, and transporting grain since its poor organization leads to losses of up to 30% or more. The solution used widely in world practices is to develop a system of metallic mechanized grain storage facilities which can be rapidly erected and positioned in direct proximity to the food production locations. The construction cycle of one elevator tower with a 250 t capacity in the field is 24 h while a "turnkey" mechanized complex with a 1,000 t capacity can be completed in 30 days. A structure has been set up which will make it possible annually to construct in Russia storage facilities for 2 million tons of grain. This will require 25,000 t of aluminum rolled products. A large number of other efficient aluminum building structures for agricultural purposes which are characterized by a high degree of plant finish (chicken coops, greenhouses, potato storage, irrigation pipes for irrigated farming, etc.) as well as agricultural transport structures (refrigerators, truck trays for transporting fertilizer, milk tanks, etc.) has been developed. The development of production of canning band as an integral component of a complex of efforts aimed to set up production of rolled sheets was a considerable achievement. Scientific principles and production methods have been developed and a large volume of design |
FBIS3-43020_2 | Sprint Network Now Available in Russian Regions | Yakutsk, Omsk, Tomsk, Barnaul and Volgograd. The communication services of `Sprint Set' are also proliferated through a network of distributors. In other words, we would like to facilitate creation of the most modern data utility network in cities of the CIS and Baltic states that will have an outlet to 110 world nations via the SprintNet global data network.'' In the words of sales and marketing director Tatyana Prokhorova, the most popular service among clients is E-mail: ``This is the exchange of electronic messages, transmission to the fax or telex of another subscriber at any point on the globe. Last year, `Sprint Set' finished work enabling E-mail subscribers to interact with 120,000 clients of the Russian AT-50 teleprinter exchange service.'' ``Among our clients are the Ministry of Defense, the Ministry of Foreign Affairs and the Ministry of Security of Russia, the Russian affiliate of the World Association of Nuclear Plant Operators, Morflot, `Interfaks' Information Agency, and major world corporations like IBM, Texaco, 3M, and British Petroleum.'' Tatyana Prokhorova emphasizes that more than 100 ``nearby'' and ``remote'' foreign banks have become clients, using ``Sprint Set'' to expedite handling of negotiable instruments and information both within their own system and among separate banks. The joint venture also assists them in organizing electronic correspondence with foreign partners. The system of communication services offered by the company, which is based on the capabilities of the data network, hardware and software for handling transactions, among other things enables banking, commercial and travel institutions within seconds to verify the credit of a customer using a charge card, and to automatically process data for clearing transactions for goods and services. The rapidly developing package and complexity of services offered by ``Sprint Set,'' from furnishing communication lines to delivery of turnkey equipment in accordance with customer specifications, their exceptionally high quality and 24-hour customer support has made ``Sprint Set'' a leader in the development of modern technology of data transmission on the territory of the former USSR. The joint venture has developed and put into service an extensive network for Bashkortostan, contracts have been signed and the development of republic-wide data networks has begun in Kazakhstan and Uzbekistan. The joint venture has made an announcement of production of advanced telecommunication equipment in Russia. But still the basic attraction is that ``Sprint Set'' joint venture knows how to organize and conduct telecommunication business oriented toward customer needs. Under conditions |
FBIS3-43022_44 | IBYa RU AS-89 Nuclear Safety Rules for Nuclear Power Plant Reactor Plants: Official Documents Notes: This requirement pertains to the reactors in which charging and recharging is carried out with the reactor and reactor plant systems filled with a homogeneous liquid absorber solutions. | serving for transporting heat from the primary reactor plant circuit must have a heat exchange surface margin for compensating for the deterioration of its heat conducting characteristics during operation. 2.5.7. Should forced circulation pumps be used for facilitating this circulation, these pumps must have sufficient inertia in the case where they lose electric power supply and the emergency reactor protection system operates at any reactor power level so as to ensure forced coolant flow rate in the primary circuit until the moment when natural circulation ensures the removal of residual heat release without exceeding the operational fuel element damage limits. 2.5.8. The reactor plant detail design must stipulate the following facilities: automatic protection from unacceptable increases in pressure in the primary circuit under normal operation, departures from normal operation, and design emergencies; facilities for compensating for the changes in the coolant volume due to temperature variations; and facilities for compensating for the coolant losses in the case of leakage (the maximum leak rate which compensates for these facilities is established by the reactor plant detail design). 2.5.9. The reactor plant detail design must stipulate installation of leakage arresters in the pipelines branching off from the main circulation pipeline. Failure to install the leak arresters must be justified in the reactor plant detail design. 2.5.10. The primary reactor plant circuit elements must be equipped with devices which lower the effect of seismic shocks. 2.5.11. The quality and chemical composition indicators of the coolant as well as the requirements for the means of maintaining them during operation, including coolant purification to remove radioactive fission and corrosion products, must be included in the reactor plant detail design. 2.5.12. The reactor plant detail design must stipulate the engineering measures aimed at preventing the primary circuit from a coolant drainage unforeseen by the reactor plant operation regulations. The admissibility of deliberate partial draining during repair works and recharging must be justified in the reactor plant detail design. 2.5.13. The reactor plant detail design must stipulate for the resources and methods of detecting with the justified precision the location and rate of the primary circuit coolant leakage. 2.5.14. The liquid absorber concentration stipulated by the reactor plant detail design must be ensured in the reactor and primary circuit. 2.5.15. Engineering measures must be taken to eliminate unforeseen ingress of clean condensate and liquid absorber solution with a concentration below that permitted by the operating regulations into |
FBIS3-43024_3 | Medical-Biological and Genetic Consequences of Chernobyl Disaster | accident, and atrophic erosive hypochlorhydric and achlorhydric gastritides, ulcers and stomach polyps. 3. Development of pathology of the cardiovascular system among a considerable number of victims. Rapid escalation of functional disorders into organic shifts is observed (neurocirculatory dystonia of various types into hypertonia and ischemia), early development of atherosclerotic shifts. 4. Occurrence of pathology of the orl-organs and organs of respiration from the first days of staying in the zone of the accident with subsequent development of atrophic processes of the mucous upper respiratory passages. 5. Occurrence of disorders of the central nervous system in the form of asthenic and vegetative manifestations among most of those taking part in cleanup of the aftermath of the accident. Subsequently there is a rapid progression of disturbances of marrow hemogenesis. In isolated cases, shifts of mental state are observed. 6. Skin disorders in the form of beta-dermatitides of the lower extremities and face. The cause of these disorders was not only the effect of external beta and gamma radiation, but also incorporation of radionuclides and other harmful substances, which was confirmed by mass-spectrometric studies (presence of long-lived radionuclides: nuclear fuel fragments, boron, lanthanides and so on). b. Concerning State of Health of Juvenile Population The overall morbidity of children on radionuclide-contaminated territories increased until 1989. In the structure of morbidity, a leading place belongs to diseases of the respiratory organs, infectious and parasitic, diseases of the organs of digestion, the endocrine system, blood and hemogenic system (especially iron-deficiency anemias), and neuropsychiatric disorders. All republics show an increase in the group of chronically ill children, especially with respiratory illnesses. Among children of the younger age group who were born to mothers pregnant at the time of the accident, the number of acute respiratory illnesses is doubled on average. An increase is observed in the specific weight of kidney disorders in 1986-1990. There is an increase in frequency of abdominal pain, gastritis and dyspancreatism. There is an increase in the frequency of astheno-neurotic syndromes. Children exposed to irradiation show high prevalence of functional deviations of the cardiovascular system, functional cardiopathies. Three fourths of children show sympathovascular dystonia, disturbances of sympathetic regulation, and so on. Children of preschool age receiving a high dose on the thyroid gland may be categorized in the cardiovascular pathology risk group. Large shifts are observed in the frequency and severity of endocrinological disorders. Aggravation of the course of endemic diseases is |
FBIS3-43024_4 | Medical-Biological and Genetic Consequences of Chernobyl Disaster | Population The overall morbidity of children on radionuclide-contaminated territories increased until 1989. In the structure of morbidity, a leading place belongs to diseases of the respiratory organs, infectious and parasitic, diseases of the organs of digestion, the endocrine system, blood and hemogenic system (especially iron-deficiency anemias), and neuropsychiatric disorders. All republics show an increase in the group of chronically ill children, especially with respiratory illnesses. Among children of the younger age group who were born to mothers pregnant at the time of the accident, the number of acute respiratory illnesses is doubled on average. An increase is observed in the specific weight of kidney disorders in 1986-1990. There is an increase in frequency of abdominal pain, gastritis and dyspancreatism. There is an increase in the frequency of astheno-neurotic syndromes. Children exposed to irradiation show high prevalence of functional deviations of the cardiovascular system, functional cardiopathies. Three fourths of children show sympathovascular dystonia, disturbances of sympathetic regulation, and so on. Children of preschool age receiving a high dose on the thyroid gland may be categorized in the cardiovascular pathology risk group. Large shifts are observed in the frequency and severity of endocrinological disorders. Aggravation of the course of endemic diseases is noted: doubling of the growth of goiter, an increase in the number of children suffering from thyrotoxicosis. There is an increase in prevalence of hyperplasia of the thyroid gland, especially among children exposed to irradiation at the age of 1-3 years (three times as often as among other groups). Studies of hormonal status indicate the highest degree of radiation illness of the thyroid gland for children aged younger than three years. There was an increase, especially in Belarus, in the number of children with cancer of the thyroid gland; for example, 51 cases were diagnosed in 1990-1991, of which 29 were children from Gomelskaya Oblast. The data of analyses were verified not only in the Soviet Union, but also in special clinics of Germany and other nations. A study of the immune state showed some reduction of cellular and humoral immunity, especially among children of women who became pregnant three months after the accident. This group of children is characterized by an increased number of anomalies of development. On territories contaminated by radionuclides there are signs of an altered course as compared with the usual for some illnesses: bronchopulmonary pathologies and allergic disorders. Pneumonia among children shows a tendency toward |
FBIS3-43024_5 | Medical-Biological and Genetic Consequences of Chernobyl Disaster | noted: doubling of the growth of goiter, an increase in the number of children suffering from thyrotoxicosis. There is an increase in prevalence of hyperplasia of the thyroid gland, especially among children exposed to irradiation at the age of 1-3 years (three times as often as among other groups). Studies of hormonal status indicate the highest degree of radiation illness of the thyroid gland for children aged younger than three years. There was an increase, especially in Belarus, in the number of children with cancer of the thyroid gland; for example, 51 cases were diagnosed in 1990-1991, of which 29 were children from Gomelskaya Oblast. The data of analyses were verified not only in the Soviet Union, but also in special clinics of Germany and other nations. A study of the immune state showed some reduction of cellular and humoral immunity, especially among children of women who became pregnant three months after the accident. This group of children is characterized by an increased number of anomalies of development. On territories contaminated by radionuclides there are signs of an altered course as compared with the usual for some illnesses: bronchopulmonary pathologies and allergic disorders. Pneumonia among children shows a tendency toward a more severe and protracted course, and less sensitivity to antibiotics. All children living on territories with elevated radiation background may be categorized in the group of risk with respect to development of unusual post-vaccination complications. Thus, most significant is the change of the symptom complex in illnesses of children, and a more severe course of illnesses with greater difficulty of treatment. These shifts are similar on radionuclide-contaminated territories in Russia, Belarus and Ukraine, and give evidence that the Chernobyl accident has impacted on the health of children. c. Concerning the State of Health of the Populace Examination of the population of radionuclide-contaminated territories of Belarus, Ukraine and Russia revealed a significant growth in frequency of some diseases (both absolute and relative). This applies to illnesses of the blood and hemogenic organs, endocrine disorders, diseases of the gastroenteritic tract and urogenital system, neural and mental disorders. Illnesses assume a more severe and protracted nature, and are more difficult to treat. An increase is observed in the number of malignant tumors, especially cancerous diseases of the thyroid gland. In Gomelskaya, Mogilevskaya and Bryanskaya oblasts, a special epidemiological examination revealed a statistically significant increase in the incidence of leukemia and other hemoblastoses |
FBIS3-43024_7 | Medical-Biological and Genetic Consequences of Chernobyl Disaster | in older age groups in 1988-1989 (mainly with chronic course). Examination of the population of radionuclide-contaminated territories of Belarus, Ukraine and Russia revealed a significant growth in frequency of some diseases (both absolute and relative). This applies to illnesses of the blood, diabetes for Bryanskaya Oblast, neuropsychiatric disorders, diabetes, chronic lympholeucosis for Gomelskaya and Mogilevskaya oblasts, cardiovascular and neuropsychiatric disorders for Ukraine, cancer of the thyroid gland for Belarus. Thus, the results of examination of the cleanup crew and of the juvenile and adult population residing on contaminated territories have shown the detrimental impact of the Chelyabinsk accident on state of health. General Findings 1. After analyzing the materials of various medical institutions, statistical data of the Ministries of Public Health of Belarus, Russia and Ukraine, USSR and republic registries, it can be stated that the Chernobyl accident has had a detrimental impact on the state of health of the population residing on radionuclide-contaminated territories and of those taking part in cleanup of the aftermath of the accident. In all cases, an increase is observed in general morbidity, and in some cases in relative morbidity, a reduction in the number of people acknowledged as healthy, intensification of severity of illnesses and extension of its duration, and less sensitivity of disease to the action of medication. There is an increase in the number of diseases of the blood and hemogenic organs, endocrinological diseases, diseases of the gastroenteritic tract and urogenital system, nervous and mental disorders. For many cases, it is found that the number and severity of diseases depend on the dose of irradiation. There is an increase in the total number of oncological patients due to an increase in the number of cancerous diseases of the thyroid gland, lympholeucoses, and non- Hodgkin's lymphomas. 2. Persons taking part in cleanup of the aftermath of the accident and residents of radionuclide-contaminated regions show elevation by several times in the level of aberrations of chromosomes in lymphocytes of the peripheral blood that is uniquely related to irradiation dose and dose rate. A tendency is noted toward an increase in the level of aberrations of chromosomes in time among children permanently residing on territories with an elevated level of radiation. An elevated level of aberrations of chromosomes in lymphocytes of the peripheral blood is evidence of real genetic injury of cells of the human organism due to the Chernobyl disaster. In regions most contaminated |
FBIS3-43024_8 | Medical-Biological and Genetic Consequences of Chernobyl Disaster | and extension of its duration, and less sensitivity of disease to the action of medication. There is an increase in the number of diseases of the blood and hemogenic organs, endocrinological diseases, diseases of the gastroenteritic tract and urogenital system, nervous and mental disorders. For many cases, it is found that the number and severity of diseases depend on the dose of irradiation. There is an increase in the total number of oncological patients due to an increase in the number of cancerous diseases of the thyroid gland, lympholeucoses, and non- Hodgkin's lymphomas. 2. Persons taking part in cleanup of the aftermath of the accident and residents of radionuclide-contaminated regions show elevation by several times in the level of aberrations of chromosomes in lymphocytes of the peripheral blood that is uniquely related to irradiation dose and dose rate. A tendency is noted toward an increase in the level of aberrations of chromosomes in time among children permanently residing on territories with an elevated level of radiation. An elevated level of aberrations of chromosomes in lymphocytes of the peripheral blood is evidence of real genetic injury of cells of the human organism due to the Chernobyl disaster. In regions most contaminated with radionuclides, an increase is observed in intrauterine losses during pregnancy, most of which have genetic etiology. A statistically significant increase is observed in the frequency of congenital anomalies in close follow-up in regions most highly contaminated with radionuclides as compared with the period prior to the accident. This is also a consequence of injury of genetic material among persons residing in regions hit by the Chernobyl disaster. A considerable fraction of the genetic damage due to the Chernobyl disaster is anticipated among the progeny of irradiated parents in the form of multifactor hereditary diseases that show up throughout a person's lifetime, chiefly during middle and advanced age. REFERENCES 1. Burlakova, Ye. B., text of report at Sakharov Lectures, 1991. 2. Dubinin, N. P., ``Genetic Risk of Ionizing Radiation,'' DOKLADY AKADEMII NAUK, Vol 314, No 6, 1990, pp 1491-1494. 3. Dubinin, N. P., Arsenyeva, M. A., Glembotskiy, Ya. L. et al., ``Genetic Effect of Small Doses of Ionizing Radiation'' in: ``Materialy Tretyey Mezhdunarodnoy konferentsii OON po ispolzovanii atomnoy radiatsii v mirnykh tselyakh'' [Materials of Third International UN Conference on Peaceful Uses of Atomic Radiation], Geneva, 1964. 4. Kosenko, M. M., Izhevskiy, P. V. et al., ``State of Progeny of Population |
FBIS3-43025_10 | Consequences of the Disaster at Chernobyl Nuclear Electric Power Plant for the Republic of Belarus | electric power plant, is expressed by sixteen annual budgets of the republic; in the post-accident period, incidence of thyroid cancer among children increased by a factor of seven over the republic, and by a factor of 22 in Gomelskaya Oblast; in zones of radioactive contamination of 17 regions of Mogilevskaya and Gomelskaya Oblasts, for three years after the accident the frequency of congenital defects of development in close follow-up nearly doubled in comparison with the period preceding the accident; cytogenetic studies have shown that pregnant women (and fetuses) from the southern regions of Gomelskaya and Mogilevskaya Oblasts received doses of radiation that increase the overall level of spontaneous mutations of chromosomes by a factor of 1.5-2, and the number of dicentric and ring chromosomes in some mother-fetus pairs increased by a factor of 4-10; an absorbed dose of 400 cGy or more is considered a considerable risk factor of laboratory hypothyroidism and autoimmune disorders of the thyroid gland among children; significant prevalence of dyspancreatism syndrome has been established among children with level of incorporation of cesium-137 of more than 0.3 Ci/organism; children residing on contaminated territories show greater frequency (compared with the control) of persistent asthenic states (by a factor of 2), hypochondriac syndrome (by a factor of 4.6), phobic syndrome (by a factor of 2.3) and so on; among children and adolescents residing on contaminated territories, especially under conditions of elevated incorporation of cesium-137, there is an increase in disorders of the digestive system. For example, the occurrence of chronic gastritides and gastroduodenitises among children and adolescents in 1990 in these regions reached 171-297% (in the control--125-153%); the level of recorded primary incidence of circulatory system disorders (CSD) in 1990 increased by comparison with 1985 by a factor of 3.5 over Gomelskaya Oblast, and by a factor of 2.5 over Mogilevskaya Oblast. 2. The republic program for alleviating consequences of the Chernobyl disaster for 1993-1995 and ahead to the year 2000 must take as a priority direction the production of clean food products, implementation of the concept of safe habitation of people on radionuclide-contaminated territories. 3. Contamination in the Republic of Belarus covers 45,600 km[.sup]2[/] or 23 percent of the territory of the republic, more than 1,866,000 ha of arable land, of which 106,000 ha was removed from agricultural use in the first year following the disaster; in 1986-1989, a total of 256,700 of arable land was taken out |
FBIS3-43026_9 | Consequences of the Disaster at Chernobyl Nuclear Electric Power Plant for Ukraine and Russia | indicators and radioecological factors of the habitat of the populace in radioactively contaminated regions. 1. Contingent of people subjected to the action of radiation and residing on various territories differ significantly in the structure of morbidity. Ecological factors of the regions on the whole have a noticeable effect on the state of health of the populace residing there. 2. In regions with an elevated level of radiation contamination, there is a considerable change in the structure of morbidity due to an increase in the percentage of rare illnesses: in regions of the Chernobyl zone as a whole, there is a dramatic increase in the incidence (double or triple) of diseases that are virtually not seen in Moscow. 3. Based on the example of Tulskaya Oblast, trustworthy dose dependences have been discovered between morbidity and degree of radiation contamination of regions, which serves as direct proof of radiation causality of some illnesses. 4. Analysis of the dynamics of morbidity has revealed a genuine change of morbidity with respect to a number of separate nosological units both toward an increase, and toward a decrease. 5. The dynamics of the integral measure of deviation of morbidity with respect to the totality of nosological units from the initial (1985) state is markedly nonlinear. An assessment of the direction of these changes shows that they are negative on the whole: in the period following 1986, there is an increase in morbidity, especially dramatic in 1986-1988, with some reduction of the increase in morbidity and stabilization in 1990. 6. ``Splitting'' of the totality of illnesses into a group with positive dynamics and a group with negative dynamics is consistent with the concept of integrated action of factors of the habitat on the organism as a hierarchical structure of mutually regulated subsystems, and may serve as an argument supporting this concept. 7. The time dependence of the integral index of directionality of correlations between different illnesses shows extremum behavior. The position of the maximum in 1986-1987 gives evidence of the important contribution of the radiation component to the observed changes of morbidity. 8. Our approach allows an integral assessment of the state of health of the population of regions, tracking of dynamics, and establishment of a relation between the state of health and the degree of radiation contamination, which opens the way to demarcation of territories of elevated risk and development of purposeful and effective protective measures. |
FBIS3-43027_6 | Power Industry Development in Kyrgyzstan in 1993-2010 and Cooperation With CIS Countries in This Field | and midsections of the Naryn River and its tributaries which include 19 hydroelectric power plants with a 5,400-MW power and a 16.8 billion kWh generation in 2010. Construction of the GES-2 Kambartin hydroelectric power plant with a 360-MW capacity and 1.1 billion kWh/yr generation began in 1991. At the same time, preliminary work and construction of the Kambartin GES-1 hydroelectric power plant with a planned 1,900-MW power and an annual electric power output of 4.5 billion kWh have begun; it will be fully commissioned by 2005. Construction and commissioning of the Kambartin GES-3 hydroelectric power plant with a planned power of 170 MW would be expedient in 1996-2005. Kambartin hydroelectric power plants will operate in a power mode since the availability of the Toktogul reservoir downstream frees them from any irrigation constraints. Plans for 2001-2010 call for building the Ala-Bukin hydroelectric power plant with a 600-MW design power in the midsection of the Naryn River and the Kara-Bulun plant with a 120-MW power in 2006-2010. Preparatory work on the Upper Naryn hydroelectric power plant cascade will begin in 1993 while construction of the principal structures--in 1995 with subsequent commissioning of five hydroelectric power plants in the cascade before 2005 with a total power of 291 MW. The republic's small hydroelectric power plants could make a significant contribution to electric power generation. The total hydroelectric power potential of small rivers with rates of flow between 0.7 and 50 m[.sup]3[/]/s is estimated as 7.0 billion kWh/yr. Its utilization will make it possible to supply electric power to installations in distant pastures and for highland agriculture. Today, only 3% of the possible hydroelectric resources of small rivers have been utilized in the republic. The irrigation reservoir and numerous canal and river resources are not being utilized for generating electric power. In order to accelerate the development of small-scale hydroelectric industry in the republic, plans call for building new and rebuilding small hydroelectric power plants with a total power of 178 MW and annual production of approximately 0.5 billion kWh. Table 4. Electric Network Construction Scope, km/MVA Transmission According to 1993 1994 1995 1996-2000 2001-2005 2006-2010 line and design substation name 500 kV total 1,424/2,500 0/0 94/0 0/0 490/1,000 590/1,000 250/500 220 kV total 2,170/4,076 248/250 180/450 180/125 687/2,000 415/750 460/501 35-100 kV 6,520/6,750 450/550 500/500 500/500 1,900/2,000 1,670/1,700 1,500/1500 total Total for 35 10,114/13,326 698/800 774/950 680/625 3,077/5,000 2,6 75/3,450 2,210/2,501 kV and |
FBIS3-43027_10 | Power Industry Development in Kyrgyzstan in 1993-2010 and Cooperation With CIS Countries in This Field | the power system. The scope of the network construction and overhaul up to the year 2010 allowing that the planned hydroelectric power plants will generate power are summarized in Table 4. The electric power distribution in the republic during 1992-2010 will continue to utilize the formula 110/35/10-6/0.4 and 110/10-6/0.4 kV. Electrification is regarded as one of the objectives and an important means of implementing Kyrgyzstan's new energy policy. The primary goal of its subsequent accelerated development is to maximize participation in standardizing and then subsequently greater improving the living conditions of the population. This will call for expanding the use of electric power in everyday life and the sphere of social services. The second objective of accelerating the development of electrification is to enhance its participation in increasing the production sphere efficiency and increasing the national economic resources which result in invigorating the republic's economy. It is expected that industrial electric power consumption will continue to decrease in 1993-1994; in addition to the declining volume of electric power generation, a continuing increase in the electric power cost which stimulates an increase in the electric power consumption efficiency will also have their impact. The economy is expected to pick up eventually, and some of it will be due to an increase in the electric power-to-worker ratio which will lead to an increase in electric power consumption. Nevertheless, a rather moderate rate of industrial electric power consumption growth is predicted allowing for energy conservation. Furthermore, the proportion of industry in the total electric power demand will decrease from 37.2% in 1992 to 29% in 2005. Roughly the same trends will characterize the electric power consumption for agricultural needs. At the level of 2,000, this category of users will consume one-fifth of the total electric power demand in the republic. The anticipated substantial shifts in the electric power consumption structure will occur due to a deliberate accelerated development of electrification of the daily life of the population by implementing energy-intensive heating appliances in residences. A stage-by-stage increase in the number of such heating appliances will be responsible for an increase in the proportion of domestic thermal processes in the total electric power consumption of up to 20-30% after 2000. At the same time, the electric power consumption for traditional household needs will also increase. This electric power consumption is tentatively estimated as 11.8 billion kWh in 1995 and 17.4 billion kWh in 2000. |
FBIS3-43030_7 | Description of Flu Epidemics in Alma-Ata in 1985-1990 | Alma-Ata had a two-wave course, and was characterized by dissimilar involvement of inhabitants in different age groups. At the start, in the 50th week of 1987 (7-13 December), the epidemic threshold was exceeded by schoolchildren, and after 3 weeks preschool children were involved in the epidemic process. Among younger children, the epidemic lasted 5 weeks, and in this time 6.7 percent of the children up to 2 years old and 8.8 percent of those 3-6 years of age were stricken. The epidemic had a continuous pattern in children 7-14 years of age, and 15.6 percent of them were stricken. The distinction of this epidemic was the fact that the adult population of the city was virtually uninvolved in the epidemic process. On the whole, 2.5 percent of the inhabitants of Alma-Ata were stricken with influenza during the epidemic. In the first wave of rise in incidence of influenza (December 1987), we examined 159 nasopharyngeal washings from patients and isolated 2 strains of influenza virus B. HIT of 89 paired serum samples from stricken individuals revealed influenza B in 8.8 percent of the cases, A(H1N1) in 3.5 percent, and A(H3N) in 2.2 percent. In 10 percent of the cases, we diagnosed influenza infection of mixed etiology. During the period of the second rise in incidence of influenza (1st quarter of 1988), 22 strains of the virus sero-subtype A(H3N2) were isolated from material taken from 414 patients. The strains were characterized by marked antigenic heterogeneity. One strain showed great resemblance to the standard A/Si-Chwan/2/87, others to A/Mississippi/1/85, and others yet to A/Philippines/2/82. HIT of 181 paired serum samples of patients demonstrated diagnostic rise in antibody titer to virus A(H3N2) in 18.2 percent of the cases, to A(H1N1) in 2.2 percent, and to B in 3.3 percent. In March, testing of 69 pairs of blood serum samples revealed an increase to 17.4 percent in seroconversions to influenza B virus. During the period of epidemic rise in influenza, serologically we established microcirculation of relic strains of influenza A(H2N2) virus and A(H0N1) to 4.0 percent, as well as active circulation of other groups of respiratory viruses: parainfluenza, RS virus, and adenovirus, the share of which ranged from 16.0 to 23.0 percent. In 1989, the epidemic rise in incidence of influenza in Alma-Ata started among 4-14-year school children in the 4th week of the year (16-22 January). Two weeks later, the flu epidemic struck preschool children |
FBIS3-43030_10 | Description of Flu Epidemics in Alma-Ata in 1985-1990 | epidemic process. During the epidemic period, we examined virologically 364 samples of nasopharyngeal washings. We isolated 10 hemagglutinating agents, 6 of which were referable to influenza A(H1N1) virus, 1 to A(H3N2), 1 to B, and 2 isolates were a mixture of serovariants A(H1N1) and A(HSW1N1). Strains of A(H1N1) showed antigenic resemblance to standard viruses A/Prague/1/84 and A/Taiwan/1/86, and were neutralized by immune sera to these viruses to a full and half homologous titer, respectively. HIT of 151 paired serum samples from patients revealed diagnostic increase in titers of antigens to A(H1N1) in 8.0 percent of the cases, to B in 11.2 percent, to A(H3N2) in 2.0 percent, and mixed influenza infection was found in 4.6 percent. In January 1990, there was a new epidemic rise in influenza in Alma-Ata. Unlike the preceding epidemics, it began among the adult population in the 2d week of the year (8-14 January), and a week later children became involved in the epidemic. Maximum incidence of influenza was recorded only 3 weeks after the start of the epidemic, when 2.5 percent of the inhabitants were involved. On the whole, the epidemic lasted in the city for 6 weeks, and 4.7 percent of the inhabitants were stricken. Also, in the period of the epidemic, 1.5 percent of children up to 2 years old, 11.4 percent of those 3-6 years old, 12.9 percent of those 7-14 years of age and 2.4 percent of adults were stricken with the flu. These findings indicate that in this epidemic too, morbidity among preschool and schoolchildren exceeded that of adults by 5.5 times (see Table 1). Virological examination of 293 samples of nasopharyngeal washings in the 1st quarter of 1990 resulted in isolation of 8 strains of influenza A(H3N2) virus, 4 of which were isolated form children up to 14 years of age and the other 4, from adults. The etiology of the epidemic was confirmed by serological testing of 182 paired blood serum samples from patients with the flu. Thus, influenza A(H3N2) was documented in 28.6 percent of the tested individuals. Thus, in 1985-1990, there were 6 recorded influenza epidemics in Alma-Ata, 2 of which were caused by influenza virus serotype B (1986, 1987) and the other 4, by influenza A virus. In particular, there was prevalence among the public of strains of variants of A(H1N1) in 1985, 1986 and 1989, and of influenza A(H3N2) virus in 1988 and 1990. |
FBIS3-43032_8 | Information Technology for Creating a Data Base on Metabolic Pathways Primary Stages of the Technology for Support and Utilization of the Data Base on Metabolic Pathways Formalizing the Object Field and the MPDL Language for Representing Primary Data | intermediate's participation as a substrate in an enzyme-catalyzed reaction. A branch of the second type is always directed from an enzyme to an intermediate and indicates the intermediate's participation as a product in an enzyme-catalyzed reaction. An image may also contain various names for each node and be viewed on two different scales. Initial planar configuration of the graph. A special interative algorithm for planar graph configuration is utilized to construct the inital image [7]. The algorithm is empirical and intended for producing graphic images that are visually well perceived. Our experience indicates that as a result of using the algorithm, at least the general structure of the graph is viewed well. In conjunction with a sensitive algorithm developed by us for the initial configuration of points, the system asks the operator to assign one of two methods for initial configuration of graph nodes, utilizing his own knowledge regarding the cyclic nature of the metabolic pathway. MPGE graphic editor. The MPGE graphic editor is intended for putting the metabolic pathway image in a form suitable for visual analysis. The editor's resources take into account requirements that are traditionally imposed on metabolic pathway diagrams, but they do not restrict the author in the selection of a method for planar graph configuration. All operations can be carried out with a mouse. The editor allows one to intermix individual nodes or groups of nodes and to arrange a group of nodes in a circle of desired radius or in a line of desired length. Operations may be conducted on two image scales. It is possible to work with named nodes or without them. With the input of changes, the image is automatically reconstructed. Information storage in the data base. Data base structure. After an image of the required form is created, information on the metabolic pathway can be stored in the data base by means of a special command. The image form is stored as node coordinates. The data base consists of 16 files in the relational SUBD "Paradox" (Borland) format that contain information on metabolic pathways in an internal form as well as support information. Input of changes to the data base. It is possible to input two types of changes: changes to the image form and changes to metabolic pathway information at the MPDL-communication level. In the first case, changes are entered by means of the MPGE editor; in the second--it |
FBIS3-43034_3 | Protection of Ukraine's Population Gene Pool | an especially high negative effect on the gene pool.5. The multinational and multiethnic character of Ukraine's population is the result of the complicated history of the people who for many centuries has been divided among several states and affected by internal and external migration of large population masses, the 1932/ 1933 famine, substantial losses during WWII and other factors. This is why the gene pool of Ukraine's population and her regional and ethnic formations requires that a differentiated population)genetic research be conducted.The above circumstances (as well as other circumstances that have not been listed, make it possible to conclude that the question is not only preservation but also protection of Ukraine's gene pool. Apparently it is necessary to have a thoroughly thought over and carefully worked out program of scientific studies and practical actions.The main idea in developing a program to protect the gene pool of Ukraine's population is the understanding of its urgency by a group of scientists and by the Health Ministry management and taking into account certain work performed in this area and the available personnel and material and technical potential.A group of scientists had been developing the program in the 1980s, but it only became possible to develop a complete project in 1990/1991. The concept of the Program is based on the fact that problems of legislative, medical, scientific, personnel, economic and organizational support must be solved in an integrated manner, with a clear definition of the work scope and stages.The Program has been developed for a five)year period and counts on participation of researchers from various fields of biological and medical science and medical)genetic service practitioners.All Program provisions were centered around the following conceptual components: 1) studying the status of the gene pool of Ukraine's population; 2) genetic monitoring; 3) prevention and treatment of hereditary disturbances and native developmental defects; and 4) computerized forecasting systems for integrated control of the gene pool of Ukraine's population [5].The Program passed the competition conducted in 1991)1992 by the State Committee of Ukraine on Science and Technology Problems and took the first prize in the ``Human Health'' field. Thus it has acquired the status of a state S&T Program.In 1992 74 projects of 27 academic and industry scientific and scientific production organizations and universities were under way within the Program framework. The Program consists of 8 sections and 48 subsections that cover aspects of medical and scientific support and |
FBIS3-43034_9 | Protection of Ukraine's Population Gene Pool | and the entire RNA from a human heart were extracted in order to create kDNA probes. Differential screening of the kDNA library of human livers was performed, and clones with liver specific and "generic" genes were obtained.The spectrum of 2.5)oligoadenylates in initial cultures of cells of chronic lymphoid leukosis patients was studied, as well as changes of the expression of receptors of interleukin 2 and the C3 fraction of the complement in patients' leukocytes due to the effect of immunity correcting preparations.The possibility of injecting RecA protein E. coli into an jejukaryotic cell while preserving protein enzyme activity has been demonstrated. Peculiarities of expression of the human ApoAI genome and DNA genes in a cell culture of mammals controlled by promoters of cytomegalovirus, mice rybosomic and RNA polymerase II were studied (human Alu repeat). It was demonstrated that in a plasmid retrovector DNA (plasmid probe pSTH lg 1/Rtsp) there is a fragment that corresponds to the human growth hormone gene. This makes it possible to continue developing a gene therapy model based on the human hematopoietic system. A system for computer storage and processing of electrophoregrams, particularly when detecting point mutations in various genome areas, was developed. Based on computer analysis data, oligonucleotide primers for the constant area of the IgE gene were calculated. It was demonstrated that the IgE response (pollinosis) is linked to human organism resistivity to respiratory diseases, and it was also found that in recent years there had been a trend towards a decrease in the number and functional activity of T lymphocytes accompanied by increased reactivity of B lymphocytes (Molecular Biology and Genetics Institute, AN Ukrayiny; Ukrainian Medical Genetics Science Center, MOZ and AN Ukrayiny).Work on genetic monitoring is conducted within the framework of the Program. The key point of the work is a combination of genetic and ecological studies. Results of studies of ground in five national preserves in the Western, Eastern and Southern regions show the presence of toxic and mutagenous effects. Analysis of aberrations (mostly chromatide) detected in sprout roots of Allium cepa onion shows the dominant action of chemical mutagens, and in areas adjacent to arable land it could possibly be pesticide phenomena. But positive results of bioindication in the absence of evidence of the presence of local pollution sources indicate a regional or global (including biospheric) character of pollution [8].Work has begun on genotoxicological evaluation of the territory of national |
FBIS3-43034_15 | Protection of Ukraine's Population Gene Pool | of Ukraine [14].A longitudinal polymorphism of restriction fragments of the apo)B gene that were obtained using the polymerase chain reaction and then the XbaI and SSt)1 restrictases was studied. The relation between the detection of three genotypes of X1X1 and X2X2 and indices of lipoid metabolism was analyzed. Prospects for further studies of genes of basic apo)proteins in the population at the preclinical and clinical stages of atherosclerosis in families of young patients have been delineated (Ukrainian Therapy SRI, MOZ Ukrayiny). During cytogenetic examination of children that were subjected to the effects of the Chernobyl catastrophe an increased frequency of specific markers of radiation effects was detected, and based on this an attempt was made to calculate the overall radiation dose [9].Methods are being developed for determining mutagenous effects of chemical and physical factors on the gene pool using sensitive genetically marked strains of microorganisms that can register one mutation per 10 to 100 million of normal cells, which borders on the spontaneous mutagenesis background (Microbiology and Virology Institute, AN Ukrayiny).Enriching the arsenal of anti-mutagenic means is especially important for solving problems of preventing and correcting hereditary pathology, and it has been the subject of several projects.Scientific fundamentals of the search for and development and application of antimutagenes and gene protectors are being developed. They are aimed at increasing the effectiveness of organism's internal protective forces, particularly DNA reparation systems, blocking damaged genome structures etc.Promising studies of interferon inductors and prolongators were performed, and optimum conditions for obtaining its preparations and developing a compound that can induce interferon that has the antimutagenic effect were determined (Kiev University).T 0*0*0*00T The effect of bioflavonoids and polysaccharides on anti-mutagenic and radio protection activity of beta carotene was studied. It had been determined that beta carotene displays well pronounced antimutagenic activity against nitrozoguanidine, a supermutagen and supercarcinogen, and average antimutagenic activity against carbon and phosphorus radioactive isotopes (Microbiology and Virology Institute, AN Ukrayiny). A search for natural anti-mutagenes is being conducted. Researchers are finding even more advantages of natural antimutagenes over chemical factors. Experiments with higher plants demonstrate the protective effect of the millimeter wave band electric field on the chromosome apparatus. It has been determined that low exposures and doses of a UHF field help reduce the total number and shrink the spectrum of chromosome mutations. The possibility of extrapolating these results to other biological objects including a human organism has been demonstrated. |
FBIS3-43035_5 | Characteristics of the Immune Status of the Population of the Republic of Karakalpakstan | |<19 |16.6 | ------------------------------------------------------------------------------- | |> 37 |5.74 | ------------------------------------------------------------------------------- |CD8[.sup]+[/], abs. |<300 |37.6 | ------------------------------------------------------------------------------- | |> 800 |7.47 | ------------------------------------------------------------------------------- |CD4[.sup]+[/]/CD8[.sup]+|<1.2 |39.08 | |[/] | | | ------------------------------------------------------------------------------- | |> 2.5 |4.4 | ------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Phagocytic activity of leukocytes was significantly higher among Karakalpakstan residents when compared with residents of Semipalatinsk, Moscow and Nizhniy Tagil: 85.4 +/- 0.56, 64.8 +/-0.86, 71 +/- 0.7 and 58.5 +/- 0.99 respectively. The percentage of persons for whom the phagocytosis indicator was above standard values is 65.8 for Karakalpakstan residents (see tables 2, 3). Such an increase in phagocytic activity is possibly associated with a source of constant infection. Evaluation of the B-system of immunity in Karakalpakstan residents revealed a significantly higher concentration of IgG, IgA, IgM and IgE than in the residents of the cities used for comparison. Thus, while the concentration of IgG, IgA and IgM in residents of Semipalatinsk, Moscow and Nizhniy Tagil was 1337.4 +/- 21.8, 1313 +/- 27 and 1095.3 +/- 13.17 for IgG, 190.3 +/- 6.82, 215 +/- 9.1 and 220 +/- 5.7 for IgA, and 156.7 +/- 5.3, 140 +/- 5.1 and 144.4 +/- 4 for IgM, these indicators for Karakalpakstan residents were equal to 1497.6 +/- 17, 265.3 +/- 5.6 and 167.1 +/- 3.9 respectively. The percentage of people for whom these indicators were above normal was 1.14 for IgG, 17.8 for IgA and 12.9 for IgM (see Table 3). The percentage of persons with hypoglobulinemia did not differ from the union-wide value. Additional research characterizing activity of the immune system did not reveal gross disturbances, and the levels of the rheumatoid factor, antibodies to thyroglobulin and trinitrophenyl fluctuated within normal limits. The morbidity structure of the Karakalpakstan population is dominated by autoimmune diseases, which exceed union-wide indicators by 2-8 times, while the frequency of diseases falling within the infection syndrome exceeds the union-wide indicator by 2.5-4 times (see Table 1). When taken together, these figures are very similar to laboratory data and morbidity indicators obtained in surveys of elderly people [4]. It may be hypothesized that the residents of the indicated regions are exposed to unfavorable factors that lead to the described changes in immunological indicators, which manifests itself phenomenologically as early aging and as diseases associated with immunodeficiency. However, additional research will be required to establish a direct relationship between this morbidity and disturbance of the immune system. Conclusions 1. The relative and |
FBIS3-43035_6 | Characteristics of the Immune Status of the Population of the Republic of Karakalpakstan | 1337.4 +/- 21.8, 1313 +/- 27 and 1095.3 +/- 13.17 for IgG, 190.3 +/- 6.82, 215 +/- 9.1 and 220 +/- 5.7 for IgA, and 156.7 +/- 5.3, 140 +/- 5.1 and 144.4 +/- 4 for IgM, these indicators for Karakalpakstan residents were equal to 1497.6 +/- 17, 265.3 +/- 5.6 and 167.1 +/- 3.9 respectively. The percentage of people for whom these indicators were above normal was 1.14 for IgG, 17.8 for IgA and 12.9 for IgM (see Table 3). The percentage of persons with hypoglobulinemia did not differ from the union-wide value. Additional research characterizing activity of the immune system did not reveal gross disturbances, and the levels of the rheumatoid factor, antibodies to thyroglobulin and trinitrophenyl fluctuated within normal limits. The morbidity structure of the Karakalpakstan population is dominated by autoimmune diseases, which exceed union-wide indicators by 2-8 times, while the frequency of diseases falling within the infection syndrome exceeds the union-wide indicator by 2.5-4 times (see Table 1). When taken together, these figures are very similar to laboratory data and morbidity indicators obtained in surveys of elderly people [4]. It may be hypothesized that the residents of the indicated regions are exposed to unfavorable factors that lead to the described changes in immunological indicators, which manifests itself phenomenologically as early aging and as diseases associated with immunodeficiency. However, additional research will be required to establish a direct relationship between this morbidity and disturbance of the immune system. Conclusions 1. The relative and absolution numbers of T-lymphocytes and their subpopulations are reduced among residents of the Karakalpakstan Republic. 2. A higher concentration of serum IgG, IgA, IgM and IgE and higher phagocytic activity of leukocytes are typical of residents of the surveyed region. Bibliography 1. Alekseyev, L. P. et al., in ``Metodologiya, organizatsiya i itogi massovykh immunologicheskikh obsledovaniy'' [Methodology, Organization and Results of Mass Immunological Surveys], Angarsk, 1987, p 37. 2. ``Itogi vseobshchey dispanserizatsii naseleniya Karakalpakii po materialam Minzdrava Respubliki Karakalpakstan'' [Results of Universal Clinical Examination and Treatment of the Population of Karakalpakstan Based on Materials of the Ministry of Health of the Republic of Karakalpakstan]. 3. Petrov, R. V et al. (editors), ``Otsenka immunnogo statusa cheloveka: Metod. rekomendatsii'' [Evaluation Human Immune Status: Methodological Recommendations], 1984. 4. Petrov, R. V., ``Immunologiya: Uchebnik'' [Immunology: A Textbook], Moscow, 1983. 5. Petrov, R. V. and Oradovskaya, I. V., in "Metodologiya, organizatsiya i itogi massovykh immunologicheskikh obsledovaniy," Angarsk, 1987, pp 215-234. |
FBIS3-43036_2 | The Epidemiology of Risk Factors of Cardiovascular Diseases and Their Combination Among the Male Population in the Cities of Various Regions of the CIS and the Baltic Countries : A Cooperative Investigation | out and coordinated by the Department of the Epidemiology of Noninfectious Diseases of the All-Russian Scientific Research Center of Preventive Medicine of the Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation [VNITsPM Minzdrava RF]. Materials and Methods> Random representative samples of the male population aged 20-54 years, living in one of the regions of eight cities, Moscow, St. Petersburg, Tallinn, Kiev, Novosibirsk, Alma-Ata, Tashkent, and Bishkek, were the material for the investigation. The number of subject in these cities ranged from 2350 to 2950 persons with a response rate more than 70%. The program of study and its methods were presented in detail in previously published papers [8, 9]. Uniform criteria of the level of RF were used for all centers in the analysis of the data. A level of arterial pressure (AP) of 160/95 mm Hg and above (WHO criteria) corresponded to arterial hypertension (AH). The assessment of the presence dyslipoproteinemias (DLP) was based on the following criteria: a total blood cholesterol level of 250 mg/dl and above corresponded to hypercholesterolemia (HCH); a blood level of total triglycerides of 200 mg/dl and above corresponded to hypertriglyceridemia (HTG); and a level of high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL CH) of 35 mg/dl and below corresponded to hypoalphacholesterolemia (hypo-_a_-HDL CH) [22]. A body weight index [body weight (BWI) (in kg)/height[.sup]2[/] (in m)] of 29.5 kg/m[.sup]2[/] and above corresponded to excessive body weight (EBW) [12]. Any man smoking at least one cigarette per day was considered a smoker. All methods were carefully standardized before the beginning of the investigation, and quality control was constantly carried out during the investigation. Quality control of the lipid studies carried out in all centers was performed by the Department of Standardization of Biochemical Research Methods of the All-Russian Scientific Research Center of Preventive Medicine of the Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation. Results Data on the prevalence of RF (separately and in various combinations) in men aged 20-54 years are presented in Table 1. The per cent of individuals with one RF was minimal in populations of Bishkek and Kiev (26.1 and 28.6, respectively), and maximal in men from Moscow and St. Petersburg (42.8 and 45.1, respectively). Smoking was the most frequently identified RF in the populations in question; its frequency ranged from 13.0 (Bishkek) to 34.5% (St. Petersburg). DLP occupied second place in prevalence among the RF. This indicator was lowest in men from Novosibirsk and highest |
FBIS3-43036_10 | The Epidemiology of Risk Factors of Cardiovascular Diseases and Their Combination Among the Male Population in the Cities of Various Regions of the CIS and the Baltic Countries : A Cooperative Investigation | and EBW was also identified substantially more often in men engaged in physical labor from St. Petersburg and Tallinn. At the same time, the combination of DLP and AH was found substantially more often in intellectual workers among the subjects from St. Petersburg. Other combinations of two RF in the populations did not depend on the character of the menUs work activity. The prevalence of RF combinations consisting of three RF was higher in the majority of populations in physical laborers, but a significant difference was observed only in the subjects from St. Petersburg and Kiev. DLP, AH, and smoking were included in the combination of three RF most often. Overall, in all of populations studied, such RF as DLP, AH, EBW, and smoking, were observed individually and in various combinations more often in physical laborers. It should be emphasized that RF combinations were encountered in both intellectual workers and physical laborers substantially more often in populations living in the European part of the CIS and Siberia, while the frequency of identification of RF was significantly lower in men from the Central Asian region. Comparative data on the prevalence of RF individually and in various combinations as a function of the educational level of the men are presented in Table 3. The presence of one RF was observed substantially more often in Moscow, Tallinn, and Alma-Ata in individuals with secondary and elementary education. RF were recorded individually more often in men with elementary education among those from Tallinn and Novosibirsk. DLP was found significantly more frequently in men with higher education in Moscow, St. Petersburg, Tallinn, Kiev, Alma-Ata, and Bishkek. Whereas, the frequency of smoking was substantially higher in individuals with elementary education in Moscow, Tallinn, Novosibirsk, and Alma-Ata. Further, the prevalence of smoking in men in Moscow, Tallinn, and Alma-Ata with elementary and secondary education was higher than in individuals with higher education. The frequency of identification of smoking in men with higher and secondary education from St. Petersburg and Bishkek was significantly higher than in individuals with elementary education. The prevalence of AH separately was somewhat greater in individuals with higher education, but significant differences were observed only in Tallinn and Novosibirsk. The presence of RF individually in the male population from Tashkent did not depend on the educational level. Smoking was the most prevalent RF in the men; its frequency was higher in individuals with elementary education, |
FBIS3-43036_18 | The Epidemiology of Risk Factors of Cardiovascular Diseases and Their Combination Among the Male Population in the Cities of Various Regions of the CIS and the Baltic Countries : A Cooperative Investigation | encountered most frequently [23]. RF were observed more often in our investigation in physical laborers. Differences in the RF level among intellectual workers and physical laborers were determined first of all by a higher frequency of smoking and its combinations with DLP and AH. In other investigations carried out in populations from the CIS, also among men engaged in physical labor, a higher prevalence of smoking and its combinations with other RF was observed [3, 13, 15]. Data are available regarding the higher prevalence of RF individually and in various combinations among workers of industrial enterprises of Norilsk [16]. When the men were studied in relation to educational level, we established that the frequency of RF individually and in different combinations has an inverse relationship to the educational level. The highest level of RF is observed in the majority of populations in individuals with elementary education; a lower level, in men with higher education. A similar relationship of the prevalence of RF as a function of educational level was identified in populations from Minneapolis (USA) and Australia [28, 29]. Conclusions 1. For men living in various cities of the CIS, a high prevalence of risk factors (RF) individually and in various combinations, is characteristic; at the same time, the RF level is substantially higher in men from the European part and Siberia than in populations from the Central Asian region. 2. In descending order with respect to frequency of identification, the following RF are most prevalent among the men of the various cities of the CIS: smoking, dyslipoproteinemia (DLP), arterial hypertension (AH), and excessive body weight (EBW). DLP and smoking are included in a combination of two RF most often; DLP, AH, and smoking in a combination of three. 3. The prevalence of RF individually and in various combinations depends on the character of the work activity of the men: the level of RF is higher in men engaged in physical labor than in individuals engaged in intellectual work. 4. The prevalence of RF separately and in various combinations as a function of educational level, exhibits an inverse relationship: the highest RF level is observed in men with elementary education, the lowest in men with higher education. LITERATURE 1. Volkov, V. A., The influence of a combination of several risk factors on the mortality of the male population, 20-59 years of age, from ischemic heart disease and vascular lesions of |
FBIS3-43040_3 | Environmental Protection Problems and Ways of Solving Them | earth in the form of precipitation falling on pastures, meadows, fields, gardens, and vegetable gardens. Polluted precipitation also falls into water reservoirs. The acids contained in precipitation react with metals (aluminum, cadmium, mercury, lead, etc.) in the soil, and they infect the water and thus the fish. Precipitation is not the only source of water pollution. Industrial, transport, and household wastes are dumped into water reservoirs in quantities such that many rivers and lakes can no longer be cleaned with existing resources. The natural purity of relatively shallow ground waters has been lost. Phosphates from wastes, the nitrates that are used everywhere as fertilizers, and other toxic materials have infiltrated them. The situation regarding irrigation water is no better. Its chemical composition largely dictates the quality of agricultural projects, in which the content of nitrates, phosphates, and metals has also risen. Countries with a high technological discipline permit the use of relatively small amounts of fertilizer. In countries with a lower technological discipline, the level is higher owing to an attempt to increase crop yields. As a rule, this results in a decline in product quality. And so, the circle has closed: People harm the environment, the environment shortens their life. The child mortality rate in many countries has stopped decreasing, and in several countries it has even begun to increase. Studies conducted by the World Health Organization gave the sad results: An elevated lead content was discovered in the blood of 30 percent of neonates. Where is the way out? Reason suggests that, as soon as possible, further destruction of nature must be halted, it must be restored on a planetwide scale, and population control must be begun so as not to extend beyond the scope of the biosphere's objective capabilities. Understanding of the fact that people's lives truly depend on their effect on nature has not yet become widespread. It must be acknowledged that more than a few measures to regulate man's relationship with nature have been developed. In the developed countries, where the economy is subject to market relationships, energy-saving technologies are being developed intensively. This is making it possible to burn less fuel and, consequently, reduce the release of carbon into the atmosphere. The manufacture of lead-free gasoline has begun, and exhaust gases have begun to contain far less toxic impurities. Today, the search for ways of solving ecological problems is being conducted at the international, |
FBIS3-43040_19 | Environmental Protection Problems and Ways of Solving Them | 52,069 - product wastes, tonnes Broken glass, 276 1 6 134 119 43 tonnes Used 2,520 - - 198 1,536 61 fluorescent lamps, millions of units Ash and slag, 62,280 19,507 - 2,414 12,620 20 tonnes Abrasive 2,261 87 365 1,290 1,042 46 wastes, tonnes Shake-out 247,273 38,704 - 144 204,404 83 sand, tonnes Refractory 11,411 1,658 1,663 5,370 3,367 30 scrap, tonnes Note: RMR = recyclable material resources Solving this problem requires a new systems approach to using all recyclable material resources. Recently, the recovery of raw material resources from wastes has become a matter of governmental importance in many developed countries. Unused recyclable material resources require significant expenditures for storage (or burial). In addition, burying them aggravates the ecological situation. Reducing the volume of industrial wastes and making rational use of them reduces the size of dumps and the costs of maintaining them. About 2 million hectares of land in our country are currently used as dumps. The dumps become full in an average of 4-5 years, after which new dump sites must be found. The territory occupied by dumps can only be recovery after 10-20 years. The area of land withdrawn from circulation is therefore constantly increasing. Today, it is important that the public understand that the solution to economic and ecological problems is not purification equipment, on which enormous funds are spent, but rather no-waste technology and reprocessing of recyclable material resources. When recyclable material resources are reprocessed, environmental pollution is reduced by 40-45 percent versus when primary resources are used, and capital expenditures are 4-5 times lower than the costs of obtaining and processing comparable types of primary resources. Obtaining 1 ton steel from scrap metal, for example, requires 80 percent less energy than the entire cycle to produce steel from iron ore does. Reusing 100 million bottles makes it possible to save 30,000 tons of sand, 10,000 tons of soda, 6,000 tons of oil, 18 million kwh of electric power, and 15 million m[.sup]3[/] of gas. Producing 1 tonne of lubricating oils based on spent product will save 6 tons of oil, and 1 ton of rag wool will yield about 700 kg of recovered wool. Using waste paper when manufacturing paper makes it possible to reduce air pollution by 46 percent and water pollution by 25-45 percent. When assessing the feasibility of investing large amounts of funds in the creation of some new |
FBIS3-43040_25 | Environmental Protection Problems and Ways of Solving Them | old rubber into a polymeric composite material suitable for manufacturing hoses, gaskets, rollers, and even new tires. The method entails grinding worn tires into powder and adding it to plastics to form a composite mixture. Calculations performed at the NIID indicate that more than 90 percent of wastes may be reprocessed and used in the interests of the national economy. Ninety percent of wastes from the sawmilling and woodworking industry are used, as are 98 percent of polystyrene wastes. The savings of primary polystyrene thanks to the use of 1 tonne of secondary polystyrene averages 986 kg for the subsector. In the subsector, wastes from the sawmilling industry are used for manufacturing particle board and mail (postal) boxes, constructing temporary structures in the sector's own ancillary facilities, and selling to state farms and collective farms (sawdust) and the public (trim, slabs, and lumber that has already been used). Polystyrene wastes are used to produce components for basic production, industrial-engineering goods, cultural and general goods, and goods intended for sale in the economy. Sector enterprises obtain some woodworking and polystyrene wastes from other enterprises in the region for processing and use in their own production. One plant, for example, has at its own initiative found a profitable method of reprocessing a large volume of sawmilling and woodworking wastes from enterprises of various sectors throughout the region. Yearly production of particle board averages 1,500 m[.sup]2[/] with an economic impact of 530,000 rubles yearly. Each year, the Vpered [Forward] Machine Building Plant in Moscow uses sawmilling and polystyrene wastes to manufacture hangers, motor vehicle and door handles, bread baskets, candlesticks, cutting boards, decorative spatulas, and small serving tables in quantities of 450,000 units each year for an economic impact of 370,000 rubles. The Gidromash [Hydraulic Machinery] Production Association (Nizhniy Novgorod) uses polystyrene wastes to produce household goods in quantities of 500,000 units each year with an economic impact of 420,000 rubles. It should be noted that enterprises in the subsector sell polystyrene wastes mainly to manufacturing organizations. A fairly insignificant amount of woodworking and sawmilling wastes are transported to dumps, buried, or destroyed. The NIID has evaluated the ecological situation in the sector in relation to the recovery of slime wastes generated during the electrochemical treatment of gas turbine engine components and subassemblies. According to data obtained from sector enterprises, there is a total of 1,572 tons of slime each year. Of that |
FBIS3-43041_4 | Formation of Radioecological Psychology in the Ukraine | to recruit the nation's leading scientific institutions to implement it. In the Ukraine, the Ukrainian Psychological Research Institute was appointed as the head organization (director: A. V. Kirichuk), and 18 of the 42 topical problems of this program were worked on there. The results of its research and clinical work carried out in 1991 were summarized at the interregional scientific conference on ``Socio-psychological Rehabilitation of Children and Adolescents Affected by the Chernobyl Disaster,'' which convened in February 1992 in Kiev [8]. The findings of these studies can be summarized as follows: The accident at the Chernobyl AES caused catastrophic changes in the ecological situation, radical breakdown of the age-old lifestyle, system of relations, and made substantial adjustments in people's value orientations (first of all, those dealing with attitude toward the environment, society, health and rearing children). The psycho-traumatic situation that developed after the Chernobyl disaster enhanced "centrifugal tendencies" in personality development of children and adolescents, which was manifested by a tendency toward accentuation of temperament, diminished resistance to stress, increased aggressiveness and conflict in some, passivity, asthenization, formation of consummatory and pension-neurosis mindsets in others. On the whole, the following developmental disturbances were typical in children and adolescents who suffered the consequences of the Chernobyl accident: --physical: asthenization, deterioration of indicators of physical readiness, early development of chronic diseases; --mental: stress, deadaptation, diminished attention, memory, work capacity (including mental work), volitional and emotional disturbances, nostalgia for the past and uncertainty about the future, diminished motivation, distorted self-appraisal, and others; --spiritual: existential crisis, difficulties in personal and professional self-assertion, formation and persistence of the helpless victim complex doomed to a short and difficult life; --social: increased aggressiveness, conflict; social apathy, difficulties in communicating (particularly in children evacuated from the 30-km condemned zone). In other words, there was a large number of "children who had gone through a lot," which is not normal in peacetime. At the same time, what had been experienced was, in a number of instances, instrumental in intensive formation of the personality of affected children and adolescents, appreciable improvement in family relations, and others. However, the existing positive facts have not yet been reliably aired in psychological publications. The following tasks moved to the fore in solving problems of sociopsychological rehabilitation of children and adolescents in the zone of the Chernobyl catastrophe: --determination of factors and conditions that arose because of the Chernobyl disaster and prevent proper development |
FBIS3-43041_6 | Formation of Radioecological Psychology in the Ukraine | of children and adolescents in the accident zone, and their relationship to other concurrently existing factors; --establishment of patterns of impact of the aggregate of all existing factors on mental development of different territorial and age groups of victims; --elaboration of an integral concept of providing for proper development of children and adolescents in the zone of the Chernobyl disaster; determination of scientific ally validated ways and means of rendering the necessary psychological aid to victims. The most important factors that hinder proper development of children and adolescents in the accident zone are: --external and internal radioactive irradiation that is deleterious to health and particularly dangerous for children born in 1986; --unsatisfactory level of medical care of affected children, only 15 percent of whom are under clinical observation; --inadequate information given to the public about the radioecological situation, safety measures, health status, and results of scientists' studies; --distorted image of the Chernobyl disaster in the mass media, which are transformed into "mass mental traumatization" media, continued circulation of various rumors and conjectures that initiate social stress and personal anxiety, also affecting children; --deterioration of sociodemographic population indicators in the accident zone, which is being abandoned by the best educated people who are replaced by those who expect only benefits, housing and high wages; --erosion of family-relative relations, prolonged separation of parents and children during vacations, impossibility of restoring previous forms of organization of everyday work and leisure; --material and technical difficulties in organizing the educational-rearing process in public education institutions situated in the zone of rigid radiation monitoring (crowded cafeterias, no gyms, ancillary facilities, technical educational equipment, etc.), shortage of qualified personnel, overfatigue of pedagogues; --inadequate efficacy of sociopsychological rehabilitation of children and adolescents during vacations, its virtual absence at their place of residence; --shortage of funds and resources to implement laws and enforceable enactments called upon to provide social protection of victims, diminished attention given to the latter on the part of local authorities and the world community. In assessing the prospects for overcoming the sociopsychological sequelae of the accident at the Chernobyl AES, we must state that: 1) the sources of radiation hazard have not disappeared and their impact will probably last for tens of years; new victims of the disaster have also been found who were previously convinced that they were not involved in its consequences; 2) it is impossible to provide all victims with normal living |
FBIS3-43041_9 | Formation of Radioecological Psychology in the Ukraine | have to date is fragmentary, and for this reason it is dangerous to draw far-reaching conclusions on its basis. Only one thing is apparent: we can make a distinction of at least nine subgroups among affected children, which differ in number, relocation, proportion of radioecological and psychotraumatic factors, and how the stress situation is experienced. They are: --1) those evacuated from the 30-km accident zone in 1986; --2) those living or who have lived in the zone of mandatory relocation; --3) those referred to the guaranteed relocation zone; --4) those living in regions of continuous radiometric monitoring; --5) those living on "safety islands," situated in the accident zone (Kiev, Slavugich and others), who do not, however, agree with this assessment of the situation, as well as: --6) children of "eradicators," who were born after their parents had fulfilled their civic duty; --7) "grandchildren of Chernobyl," i.e., children of the grown representatives of the above subgroups; --8) children and adolescents in "clean" territories, who were exposed to the risk of internal irradiation due to consumption of contaminated food; --9) children born in 1986 who were the most affected by the radiation factor. A considerable number of children and adolescents of the Chernobyl zone were given the status of victims and have the right to expect the State's aid; the rest who have, so to speak, fallen through the cracks, have not undergone humanitarian socio-psychological expert evaluation. The reason is clear: not a single decision or enforceable enactment underwent expert humanitarian sociopsychological evaluation. The program of further scientific and clinical work in 1992-1995 aimed at eradicating the socio-psychological consequences of the Chernobyl disaster covers the following: --organization of monitoring of the sociopsychological situation, mental development of a representative sample of children and adolescents in the zone of the Chernobyl disaster, starting a distributed data bank in order to assess the situation and predict its future dynamics; --expert humanitarian evaluation of decisions pertaining to provision of appropriate living conditions for children and adolescents affected by the consequences of the accident at the Chernobyl AES, organization of the educational-rearing process in and beyond the area where they reside; --development, experimental trial and adoption of psychological-pedagogic recommendations to workers in public education and health care institutions, and parents of affected children; --establishment of an infrastructure of specialized institutions for socio-psychological rehabilitation of affected children and adolescents, provision of psychological consultations for them; --training and advanced |
FBIS3-43042_3 | Funding Sought for Research on Chronic, Low-Dose Radiation | sources within the doses acceptable for operating personnel (5 rad/year) increase the number of chromosomal mutations. Little is known about the joint effect of radiation and chemical substances except perhaps tobacco smoke. The risk for a non-smoking uranium mine worker receiving a close-to-maximum permissible irradiation dose can be compared to the risk of a non-irradiated smoking worker. Yet the joint effect of smoking and irradiation does not double but quadruples mortality. In 1970, medical X-ray examinations in the United States took more lives than household injuries, fires, and poisonings together. It seems like there is a bit more clarity with higher doses. A 300-500 rad dose results in a bone marrow injury, and half of the irradiated persons die. At 50-100 rad, some cells lose their ability to function normally but still regenerate. At 10 rad, temporary sterility is observed in men. The probability of dying from cancer under 100 rad increases by only 0.1-0.5%, while the number of serious genetic impairments in the sex cell ranges from zero to unity (it is higher among men). The probability that a disfigured child may be born to irradiated parents is low--0.2% per 100 rad. Yet more recent studies show that cancer and genetic impairments appear even at doses which are one-to-two orders of magnitude lower than those according to the UN Scientific Committee data (Science No. 5002, 1991 and New Scientist No. 1871, 1993). What Has Chernobyl Shown? Here are some data from the expert conclusion drawn by the "International Commonwealth on Restoring the Habitat and Safe Human Living Conditions" (Chernobylskaya Katastrofa (Chernobyl Catastrophe): Causes and Consequences, Minsk, 1992). In Belarus, thyroid gland cancer increased by sevenfold and cardiovascular diseases rose by 3.5-fold. In many regions of Gomel and Mogilov oblasts, chromosomal mutations increased by 1.5-2 times, the frequency of miscarriage and congenital diseases doubled, low birth weight jumped by fivefold, and ischemic heart disease increased by ninefold. Most schoolchildren have cardiovascular system disorders, and one-third of the population in these regions hase a weakened immune system. Infant mortality and general population morbidity are continuing to rise, the intake of radionuclides into plants is not decreasing, and the physiological conditions of the animals are deteriorating despite the predictions of scientists from Biofizika and despite the measures taken in the aftermath of the accident. Social tensions are on the rise. Between 57 and 90% of the respondents stated their categoric desire to |
FBIS3-43042_4 | Funding Sought for Research on Chronic, Low-Dose Radiation | and genetic impairments appear even at doses which are one-to-two orders of magnitude lower than those according to the UN Scientific Committee data (Science No. 5002, 1991 and New Scientist No. 1871, 1993). What Has Chernobyl Shown? Here are some data from the expert conclusion drawn by the "International Commonwealth on Restoring the Habitat and Safe Human Living Conditions" (Chernobylskaya Katastrofa (Chernobyl Catastrophe): Causes and Consequences, Minsk, 1992). In Belarus, thyroid gland cancer increased by sevenfold and cardiovascular diseases rose by 3.5-fold. In many regions of Gomel and Mogilov oblasts, chromosomal mutations increased by 1.5-2 times, the frequency of miscarriage and congenital diseases doubled, low birth weight jumped by fivefold, and ischemic heart disease increased by ninefold. Most schoolchildren have cardiovascular system disorders, and one-third of the population in these regions hase a weakened immune system. Infant mortality and general population morbidity are continuing to rise, the intake of radionuclides into plants is not decreasing, and the physiological conditions of the animals are deteriorating despite the predictions of scientists from Biofizika and despite the measures taken in the aftermath of the accident. Social tensions are on the rise. Between 57 and 90% of the respondents stated their categoric desire to relocate. The ratio of C-graders to A-graders in schools has increased by tenfold. The relocated persons are often met with hostility, as if they were lepers, and they run back to their contaminated places only to find new owners--refugees from the "near abroad." We still have a long way to go to match the Philippines or Indonesia where 80% of the population regard themselves as happy. One cannot ascertain any pattern in the chaos of data. The favorite trick--to compare the polluted region to a clean one--does not work since contaminated food, water, and dust in the air know no boundaries. Cows in slightly contaminated territories (7 Ci/km[.sup]2[/] or approximately 7 rad per lifetime) give milk containing 20 times the maximum permissible concentration (PDK) of radionuclides. These territories are home to approximately 1 million persons. Given a 40 Ci/km[.sup]2[/] contamination, milk contains 100 times the norm, yet shipments under state contracts continue from these territories. Drink our milk, my dear, and eat our beef... According to some estimates based on Japanese analyses, the marginal cancer mortality due to Chernobyl will reach 70,000 persons (A. Lyutsko). The Belarussians estimate the loss from the catastrophe as 60 annual budgets or 200 billion |
FBIS3-43045_0 | Relationship of Planet's Electromechanics to Global Processes in Ocean | Language: Russian Article Type:CSO [Article by I.P. Kopylov, Moscow] [Abstract] The search for new sources of electric power prompted an attempt to consider the power of the ocean--the principal store of energy on the planet--from the viewpoint of general electromechanics. The approach to developing commercial power plants for generating large quantities of electric power necessitated an examination (qualitative, at first) of the ocean power from the viewpoint of electromechanical energy conversion. To this end, the planet Earth is considered as an electrical machine whose magnetic field is created by a longitudinal current on the boundary of the solid core and liquid magma as well as radiation belts in space. The design of a unipolar electric motor is cited, and the planet Earth-electric machine is simulated by a machine which combines a magnetohydrodynamic (MGD) generator with an MHD motor in a single electromechanical system. It is assumed that the Earth rests on space just like electric machines working in parallel with a network of infinite power in engineering electromechanics. The sine-shaped curve of transverse current on the planar Earth projection is plotted, and it is noted that the sinusoidal curve coincides with the great oceanic currents, i.e., the Gulfstream and the Great Pacific Current. The effect of retardation of the Earth's spinning speed is taken into account. The high probability of a global change in the geomagnetic field and its consequences call for setting up state programs aimed at addressing the resulting global issues. The conclusion is drawn that electromechanical energy conversion has a certain role to play in our planet's evolution and that electromechanical energy's fraction of the total energy balance of the planet is on the same order of magnitude as thermal energy. Figures 4; references 9. |
FBIS3-43058_0 | Observation and Description of Mitochondrial Plasmid-Like DNA of Cotton | Language: Russian Article Type:CSO [Article by T. Yu. Yusupov, R. M. Nauruzbayeva, I. R. Khazratov, A. P. Ibragimov, Institute of Experimental Plant Biology, UzSSR Academy of Sciences, NPO Biolog, Tashkent; UDC 577.113:633.51] [Abstract] In recent years, increasing attention has been devoted to the study of the genetic system of chloroplasts and mitochondria as a result of the possibility of the use of intact organelles and their genetic elements in experiments involving genetic and cell engineering. Particularly noteworthy is the analysis of ARS fragments of DNA of cell organelles and plasmids as a possible means of engineering potential plant vectors. The work reported here represents the first time mitochondrial plasmid-like DNA of cotton has ever been identified and described. The mitochondrial DNA was isolated from etiolated cotton shoots via differential and equilibrium ultracentrifuging in a CsCl-Hoechst 33258 density gradient. Electron microscopy and electrophoresis in agar gel showed that the mitochondria of G. hirsutum L. (108-F) contain, in addition to the principal high-molecular-mass DNA, two mini-ring DNA of 6.5 and 2.4 kbp. The plasmid-like DNA was found to contain no appreciable traces of nuclear or plastid DNA. Figures 4, references 12: 5 Russian, 7 Western. |
FBIS3-43059_0 | The Effect of the Vaccine Strain of Plague Microbe on the Fusion of Lysosomes With Phagosomes in Peritoneal and Alveolar Macrophages | Language: Russian Article Type:CSO [Article by G.I. Vasilyeva, A.K. Kiseleva, and Ye.P. Doroshenko, Antiplague Scientific Research Institute, Russian Federation State Committee for Sanitary-Epidemiological Oversight, Rostov-na-Donu] [Abstract] The microbicidal effect of macrophages is primarily due to the functioning of lysosomes, and many researchers consider an elevated lysosome content and intensified secretion of lysosomal enzymes signs of macrophage activation. The participation of lysosomal enzymes in the intracellular killing process depends not only on their synthesis, however, but also on processes ensuring their contact with absorbed microorganisms, which is to say on the fusion of lysosomes with phagosomes. Evidence exists that fusion of lysosomes with phagosomes does not always guarantee intracellular killing. In particular, the reports regarding the relationship of the plague microbe Yersinia pestis with lysosomes have been contradictory. Consequently, a study was conducted to examine the effect of a vaccine strain of Yersinia pestis on the fusion of lysosomes with phagosomes in peritoneal and alveolar macrophages. Nonpedigree guinea pigs weighing 250 to 300 g each were immunized either subcutaneously or aerogenically with a vaccine strain of Yersinia pestis (10 guinea pigs were immunized in each case). Peritoneal and alveolar macrophages of the immunized animals were studied on days 1, 7, 14, and 21 after immunization to determine their lysosome content and the fusion of the lysosomes with phagosomes. The experiments established that the frequency of fusion of lysosomes with phagosomes in the alveolar macrophages was only half that in the peritoneal macrophages. Subcutaneous immunization stimulated the fusion of lysosomes and phagosomes in the peritoneal macrophages but not in the alveolar macrophages, whereas aerogenic vaccination stimulated the fusion of lysosomes with phagosomes in both types of macrophages. A correlation between the macrophages' ability to kill Yersinia pestis and the frequency of fusion of lysosomes with phagosomes was established. It was hypothesized that during endocytosis of plague microbe in unvaccinated guinea pigs, there occurs a suppression of the fusion of lysosomes with phagosomes that is much more pronounced in the case of alveolar macrophages than in the case of peritoneal macrophages. Figures 2; references 12: 5 Russian, 7 Western. |
FBIS3-43060_0 | Detecting Human DNA in Cell Hybrids by Method of Polymer Chain Reaction | Language: Russian Article Type:CSO [Article by S.A. Bulat, M.V. Filatov, and R.A. Pantina, Saint Petersburg Institute of Nuclear Physics, Russian Academy of Sciences, Gatchina] [Abstract] Cell hybrids containing human chromosomes or their fragments against the ``background'' of the hamster or mouse genome are among the most popular tools for analyzing the human genome. Until now, attempts to create and maintain such hybrids have been fraught with a number of problems. A fundamentally new technique for detecting human DNA based on a polymerase chain reaction [PCR] with arbitrary primers (referred to as the AP-PCR method) has been developed. The new method was tested on two previously created hybrid clones representing a cross of Chinese hamster (VL79-_g_-8) and the human cell line HeLa. The yeast strain Saccharomyces cerevisiae 15V P4 was used as a negative control. Genome DNA that yielded well-differentiated PCR patterns when amplified with two different arbitrary primers (21 and 45) was isolated from the hybrid clones and from the pure cell lines. From the standpoint of the appearance of their PCR patterns, the two hybrid clones produced with the two different primers were in no way different from the starting hamster line. Dot hybridization of the amplified DNA of these clones with tagged human amplified DNA clearly demonstrated the presence of human DNA, however. The DNA of the yeasts amplified with primer 45 yielded the same negative result as the hamster DNA. In the human genome DNA (HeLa), researchers succeeded in amplifying those unique, strictly specific genome sequences that, when used as a tagged probe, revealed homologous human DNA in the DNA cell hybrids and thus confirmed their hybrid nature. Dot hybridization with the amplified hamster DNA used as a probe demonstrated that hamster-specific sequences are completely absent in the human DNA amplified with the same primer. Similar results were obtained for primers 21 and 45. The new AP-PCR, which is said to be without analogues, was deemed suitable not only for detecting human DNA in interspecific hybrids but also in identifying human chromosomes by in situ hybridization or cross dot hybridization with monochromosomal human hybrids. The new AP-PCR method was said to possess the following distinctive features: - the selection of primers is unlimited (no knowledge of nucleotide sequence is required when constructing primers, and paired combinations of primers may be used to make sequencing easier; - one and the same primer may be used to identify the |
FBIS3-43061_0 | Obtaining Clones of ``Man x Chinese Hamster'' Hybrid Cells Containing Various Parts of the Human Genome | Language: Russian Article Type:CSO [Article by M.V. Filatov, S.A. Bulat, Ye.A. Drobchenko, L.V. Kotlovanova, R.A. Pantina, Ye.V. Semenova, S.I. Stepanov, A.N. Tretyakov, and O.G. Shcherbakova, Saint Petersburg Institute of Nuclear Physics, Russian Academy of Sciences, Gatchina] [Abstract] A set of techniques has been proposed for obtaining hybrid cell lines representing a cross between human and Chinese hamster cells. Specifically, the technique of introducing exogenous genetic material into cells by transfecting the cells is proposed as a way of overcoming existing problems with genetic markers. The transfected material serves to mark various segments of the genome in the different cell clones. These portions of the genome may then be preserved in cell hybrids by using a selective medium. The human DNA preserved in the hybrids may be obtained and tested in two ways: 1. by karyotyping the hybrid cells by means of continuous cytometry (which makes it possible to identify and sort human chromosomes as individual peaks on the resultant histogram and 2. by obtaining large amounts of human DNA from the hybrids by a chain polymerase reaction with primers homologous to the consensus sequence of Alu-repeats specific for human DNA. The experiments conducted to test and illustrate the proposed procedure were performed on a subclone of a crossed line of lung fibroblasts of Chinese hamster (V79-_g_-8). A culture of human embryo lung fibroblasts served as the primary culture. The cells were grown in Eagle's medium plus either 20 percent bovine serum or 10 percent embryonal calf serum and 5 percent human umbilical cord serum. The plasmid psv2neo, which caries a gene of resistance to the antibiotic G418, was used to transfect the human fibroblasts. The plasmid was introduced into the cells by electroporation. The transfected cells were selected in a medium containing the antibiotic G418 (500 g/ml). To obtain the cell hybrids, the researchers incubated the cell mixture in a suspension with phytohemagglutinin (10 g/ml) for 10 minutes. This was followed by centrifugation and processing of the cells for 1 minute with 50 percent polyethylene glycol. The hybrid cells were selected in a medium with a reduced serum content (7 percent) in the presence of 500 g/ml antibiotic. The primer Alu-517 was used in the chain polymerase reaction. After the polymerase reaction had been completed, aliquots of amplified DNA (volume, 2 l) were separated in 1.8 percent agarose in 0.75xTAE buffer. Several dozen clones of human embyro lung fibroblasts resistant |
FBIS3-43062_0 | Use of Peroxidase-Antiperoxidase Method to Determine Cell Antigens on Cryostate Sections Via IKO Monoclonal Antibodies | 59-62 937C0080B Moscow KLINICHESKAYA LABORATORNAYA DIAGNOSTIKA Language: Russian Article Type:CSO [Article by V. V. Pochinko, V. V. Novikov, Nizhegorod Medical Institute imeni S. M. Kirov; Nizhegorod Scientific Research Institute of Epidemiology and Microbiology, Ministry of Health, Russian Federation; UDC 616.153.96-097-078.33] [Abstract] One of the most promising trends in immunomorphology is the use of EIA, a variation of which is the peroxidase-antiperoxidase method. The discovery of new monoclonal antibodies allowing the identification of various antigens of normal and tumorous tissue has expanded the capabilities of morphological research. Peroxidase immunoassay has enabled the evaluation of local immunity and the morphological study of the role of various populations of lymphocytes in the immune response, as well as the identification of micrometastases in regional lymph nodes. Despite that, the technique is little used in Russia, because of the inadequate amount and inadequate variety of high-quality reagents and the small number of studies of the procedures associated with the technique. The researchers here developed a variation of the peroxidase-antiperoxidase method that enables immunomorphological studies on cryostate sections of tissue of benign and malignant tumors of the mammary gland, as well as of regional lymphatic nodes removed in radical mastectomy. The work involved the monoclonal antibodies IKO-1, IKO-12, IKO-31, IKO-86, and IKO-90. Among the round-cell infiltrates both of benign and malignant tumors, the most pronounced expression was noted for the CD3 antigen, which is typical of T lymphocytes and was identified with IKO-90. CD3-positive cells were found to predominate. CD22- positive cells among the infiltrates was approximately equal to or a little more numerous than those with benign tumors, with a ratio of 1:2 in relation to CD3-positive cells. In regional lymphatic nodes without metastatic damage, IKO-90[.sup]+[/] cells were noted most often in the paracortical area as focal clusters. IKO- 12[.sup]+[/] cells were identified, as a rule, in lymphoid follicles as focal clusters. Usually, the center of the follicle was represented as B-cells, with lymphocytes on the periphery expressing CD4 and CD8 antigens. IKO-31[.sup]+[/] and - 86[.sup]+[/] cells were noted most often as clusters in the interfollicular regions. Lymphocytes labelled with the monoclonal antibodies of IKO-1 were found in the follicles, pulpy cords, and interfollicular regions. Figures 3, references 7: 5 Russian, 2 Western. |
FBIS3-43064_0 | Method of Identifying Antigens of Salmonella and Yersinia Adsorbed on the Erythrocyte Surface | 71-72 937C0080C Moscow KLINICHESKAYA LABORATORNAYA DIAGNOSTIKA Language: Russian Article Type:CSO [Article by A. G. Valiyev, A. I. Kamilov, F. Z. Nizamov, First Tashkent Medical Institute; UDC 616.153.962.4-097] [Abstract] Reports have been filed in recent years to the effect that with burns and a number of infectious diseases, specific antigens not only bind into immune complexes, but are also partially adsorbed on the surface of erythrocytes and thrombocytes. Although that is of diagnostic and predictive significance, methods for identifying antigens adsorbed on the surface of formed elements of the blood are procedurally complex, special equipment is required, and reagents are expensive. The researchers here have devised a simple, specific, fast method for identifying specific antigens -- salmonella and yersinia -- on the erythrocytes surface. The method, based on the fact that erythrocytes with adsorbed specific antigens enter into a hemagglutination reaction when they interact with specific antibodies, is called hemagglutination reaction with autoerythrocytes. The diagnostic value of the reaction was checked by means of examination of essentially healthy individuals and individuals with acute Flexner dysentery, viral hepatitis A, or staphylococcal diarrhea. In the healthy individuals and the individuals with dysentery and hepatitis A, in the presence of nonadsorbed agglutinating serum of salmonella and yersinia, the reaction was positive in titres of 1:5 and 1:10. In individuals with salmonellosis and yersiniosis, in the presence of nonadsorbed agglutinating serum of salmonella and yersinia, the reaction was positive in 85 percent and 90 percent of the observations, in titres of 1:80 to 1:640. Reaction titre declined in a gradual, statistically reliable manner when the individuals' conditions improved. The researchers conclude that the diagnostic titre is 1:20 or higher. References 2 (Russian). |
FBIS3-43066_1 | Health Fund Sponsors Baby Food Production | traditionally low in recent years. Denmark, on whose level we are now, is cited as an example. These are false figures. The point is that when compared with the Danes, we have a 40-fold higher maternal mortality rate and a 5-fold higher child mortality rate. Are such incorrect comparisons -- we and they -- possible? From the standpoint of perspective, it is better here to take Germany, Israel, and America, which have until recently stimulated immigration. They understand that the worker will make their government prosper and strengthen its power. They give shelter citizens from various countries of the world, and we unfortunately cannot take care of our own children and women. Recently a new and dangerous trend has made itself known. The child mortality curve has moved upward since June 1991. I will mention that before then, it had decreased steadily for 3 years. The maternity hospitals in Moscow, and yes throughout all of Russia, today stand empty or half empty. I think the reasons are clear and common for all of society: the meagerness of financing, the lack of the most elementary drugs, the low salaries of medical personnel, etc. And indeed before the collapse of the Union a program was undertaken to construct modern maternity hospitals throughout the entire country. Now when will there be time for them? [Vasilyev] Excuse me, but why build if they are now standing empty? [Baranov] The trouble is that in our country health care has always seemed to be in the background of society. The things we just never built -- KamAzes [i.e., automobiles produced by the Kamsk Automotive Plant], canals, dams. The programs we just never thought of. The medicine we just never paid attention to. Maybe it's a commonplace situation. Specifically, the overwhelming number of our maternity hospitals are in old impractical buildings or buildings that are simply falling to pieces. That is why we must build. [Vasilyev] We have spoken with you about the birth rate. But what about maternal health... [Baranov]Here, as you understand, the situation is hardly any better. Four million abortions are performed in our country each year as opposed to 1,700,000 births. There is no larger number of abortions anywhere in the world, hence the maternal mortality and various female diseases and the overall health of the nation. Our fund has chosen the task of family planning as its main direction. The question is |
FBIS3-43067_3 | Interview With Head of Humanitarian Aid Commission | 100,000 tons of Taiwan rice and several other forms of humanitarian aid. I should like to stress that, in principle, we coordinate our actions with the donors who deliver these products to us. Our aim is to have part of the humanitarian aid used ``for the future,'' for development of production. [Question] The Commission does not have its own shops. Through what channels is such aid implemented? [Answer] We are making a careful study of the capabilities of those who express the wish to participate in handling products received as aid. Sale is categorically prohibited without the Commission's special permission. The entire process is reflected in documentation, and we monitor it through the pertinent departments. [Question] Nevertheless, one can find products obviously received in the form of humanitarian aid in numerous stands loaded with alcoholic beverages and smoking materials. [Answer] We have checked this repeatedly. We learned that the products are offered to the stand owners by those who received them as aid in order to use the proceeds for other, more needed items. We are much more concerned with the instances of direct stealing. [Question] Is there much theft? [Answer]The losses from theft constituted about 35 million rubles. Of course, this is very sad and outrageous. But the losses related to selling items of humanitarian aid are much lower, as compared to the total aid which amounted to about 35 billion rubles last year, than in ordinary trade. It is nonsense that the commercial structures supposedly get rich from this aid. Anyone who sells products with our permission sets prices that are slightly below market prices for speedy sale, and is compensated only for inevitable expenses, for example, transport. The Commission, however, does not spend a single ruble of deductions from humanitarian aid to maintain its staff of 18 people. [Question] However, you are the target of unfavorable criticism? [Answer] I wish to note that humanitarian aid is often used in Russia as an arena for political battle. What sins have not been placed upon us! However, recently, a commission of the Ministry of Finance Control Administration failed to find any abuses in our performance. [Question]I should like to hope that soon potentially wealthy Russia will no longer have to seek help in foreign countries.... [Answer] We are experiencing a very difficult period, but there is no turning back. The road ahead toward implementing reforms, with consideration of present |
FBIS3-43068_20 | RF Decree on Psychiatry Statute on Procedure for Issuing Licenses for Psychiatric Care to State, Non-State Psychiatric, Neuropsychiatric Institutions, and Psychiatrists in Private Practice | toxic substance with the State Motor Vehicle addiction (allowed if there is persistent Inspectorate), motor vehicles remission). ELECTROCARDIOGRAPHY. with manual controls for all EXPERIMENTAL PSYCHOLOGICAL TESTING categories of invalids (disabled veterans of the Great Patriotic War and others in the military service, work-related invalids and invalids since childhood); --all types and makes (Category Epilepsy and diseases associated with A) of mopeds; narcoleptic and cataleptic episodes. Syncopic states. Disability-group-classified mental illness, and other cases on an individual basis. Alcoholism, toxic and narcotic substance addiction (allowed if there is persistent remission). ELECTROCARDIOGRAPHY. EXPERIMENTAL PSYCHOLOGICAL TESTING --motor vehicles weighing no more Borderline mental retardation and than 3500 kg, with driver's and 8 retarded mental development (on an passenger seats (Category B), individual basis, recertification in 3 with the right to work for hire, years). Epilepsy and syncopic states. operate tractors and other Alcoholism, narcotic and toxic substance motorized vehicles; addiction (allowed if there is persistent remission after specialized treatment; in the absence of personality deterioration and somatoneurological disorders, the question of permission to work is decided on an individual basis upon submitting a favorable reference and petition from the employer and information about behavior from internal affairs agencies near place of residence. Narcotic and toxic substance addicts are allowed to work if there has been a persistent remission for at least 3 years). ELECTROCARDIOGRAPHY. EXPERIMENTAL PSYCHOLOGICAL TESTING --motor vehicles weighing no more Borderline mental retardation and than 3500 kg, with driver's and 8 retarded mental development (on an passenger seats (Category B), individual basis, recertification in 3 without right to work for hire; years). Epilepsy and syncopic states. Alcoholism, narcotic and toxic substance addiction (allowed if there is persistent remission). ELECTROCARDIOGRAPHY. EXPERIMENTAL PSYCHOLOGICAL TESTING --trucks designed to carry loads Borderline mental retardation and weighing more than 3500 kg retarded mental development (on an (Category C); individual basis, recertification in 3 years). Epilepsy and syncopic states. Alcoholism, narcotic and toxic substance addiction (allowed if there is persistent remission after specialized treatment; in the absence of personality deterioration and somatoneurological disorders, the question of permission to work is decided on an individual basis upon submitting a favorable reference and petition from the employer and information about behavior from internal affairs agencies near place of residence. Narcotic and toxic substance addicts are allowed to work if there has been a persistent remission for at least 3 years). ELECTROCARDIOGRAPHY. EXPERIMENTAL PSYCHOLOGICAL TESTING --vehicles designed to transport Borderline |
FBIS3-43068_21 | RF Decree on Psychiatry Statute on Procedure for Issuing Licenses for Psychiatric Care to State, Non-State Psychiatric, Neuropsychiatric Institutions, and Psychiatrists in Private Practice | and toxic substance addicts are allowed to work if there has been a persistent remission for at least 3 years). ELECTROCARDIOGRAPHY. EXPERIMENTAL PSYCHOLOGICAL TESTING --motor vehicles weighing no more Borderline mental retardation and than 3500 kg, with driver's and 8 retarded mental development (on an passenger seats (Category B), individual basis, recertification in 3 without right to work for hire; years). Epilepsy and syncopic states. Alcoholism, narcotic and toxic substance addiction (allowed if there is persistent remission). ELECTROCARDIOGRAPHY. EXPERIMENTAL PSYCHOLOGICAL TESTING --trucks designed to carry loads Borderline mental retardation and weighing more than 3500 kg retarded mental development (on an (Category C); individual basis, recertification in 3 years). Epilepsy and syncopic states. Alcoholism, narcotic and toxic substance addiction (allowed if there is persistent remission after specialized treatment; in the absence of personality deterioration and somatoneurological disorders, the question of permission to work is decided on an individual basis upon submitting a favorable reference and petition from the employer and information about behavior from internal affairs agencies near place of residence. Narcotic and toxic substance addicts are allowed to work if there has been a persistent remission for at least 3 years). ELECTROCARDIOGRAPHY. EXPERIMENTAL PSYCHOLOGICAL TESTING --vehicles designed to transport Borderline mental states and retarded passengers with more than 8 mental development. Epilepsy and syncopic passenger seats, in addition to states. Alcoholism, narcotic and toxic driver's (category D), substance addition. Speech defects and tractor-trailers in vehicle severe stuttering (on an individual categories B, C or D (Category basis). ELECTROCARDIOGRAPHY. EXPERIMENTAL E); PSYCHOLOGICAL TESTING trolleys, trolley buses; Borderline mental states and retarded mental development. Epilepsy and syncopic states. Alcoholism, narcotic and toxic substance addiction. Speech defects and severe stuttering (on an individual basis). ELECTROCARDIOGRAPHY. EXPERIMENTAL PSYCHOLOGICAL TESTING motorized wheelchairs Borderline mental states and retarded mental development (on an individual basis, recertification in 3 years). Epilepsy and syncopic states. Alcoholism, narcotic and toxic substance addiction (on an individual basis). ELECTROCARDIOGRAPHY. EXPERIMENTAL PSYCHOLOGICAL TESTING Other types of professional activities and job categories: --employees of food industry enterprises, public catering services and trade, dairy farms, dairy kitchens; food distribution centers, bases and warehouses, who come in contact with foodstuffs in production, storage and sales, including those involved in sanitary treatment and repair of stock, equipment, as well as individuals in direct contact with foods while being carried in all types of transportation; students at technical schools, schools, general education schools, VUZs [higher educational institutions] before |
FBIS3-43068_22 | RF Decree on Psychiatry Statute on Procedure for Issuing Licenses for Psychiatric Care to State, Non-State Psychiatric, Neuropsychiatric Institutions, and Psychiatrists in Private Practice | mental states and retarded passengers with more than 8 mental development. Epilepsy and syncopic passenger seats, in addition to states. Alcoholism, narcotic and toxic driver's (category D), substance addition. Speech defects and tractor-trailers in vehicle severe stuttering (on an individual categories B, C or D (Category basis). ELECTROCARDIOGRAPHY. EXPERIMENTAL E); PSYCHOLOGICAL TESTING trolleys, trolley buses; Borderline mental states and retarded mental development. Epilepsy and syncopic states. Alcoholism, narcotic and toxic substance addiction. Speech defects and severe stuttering (on an individual basis). ELECTROCARDIOGRAPHY. EXPERIMENTAL PSYCHOLOGICAL TESTING motorized wheelchairs Borderline mental states and retarded mental development (on an individual basis, recertification in 3 years). Epilepsy and syncopic states. Alcoholism, narcotic and toxic substance addiction (on an individual basis). ELECTROCARDIOGRAPHY. EXPERIMENTAL PSYCHOLOGICAL TESTING Other types of professional activities and job categories: --employees of food industry enterprises, public catering services and trade, dairy farms, dairy kitchens; food distribution centers, bases and warehouses, who come in contact with foodstuffs in production, storage and sales, including those involved in sanitary treatment and repair of stock, equipment, as well as individuals in direct contact with foods while being carried in all types of transportation; students at technical schools, schools, general education schools, VUZs [higher educational institutions] before and during on-the-job training in enterprises, institutions and organizations, whose employees are subject to medical psychiatric certification; health care workers in surgical Epilepsy (on an individual basis) hospitals, maternity homes (departments), pediatric hospitals (departments), departments of neonate and premature infant pathology; employees of educational institutions; employees of children's and adolescents' health-improving facilities, including seasonal ones employees of preschool institutions, child centers, homes for children, boarding schools, school boarding houses; workers in medical-preventive [therapeutic and preventive care] institutions, sanatoriums, rest homes, boarding houses, boarding schools, who are directly involved in organizing patient nutrition; workers in enterprises of sanitary and hygienic services to the public (bath-house, shower-room employees, hairdressers, manicurists, pedicurists, cosmeticians, ancillary personnel of laundries, laundry-receiving centers, dry-cleaning establishments); swimming trainers and Epilepsy and syncopic states. instructors, swimming-pool and ELECTROCARDIOGRAPHY therapeutic bath employees who administer treatment; service personnel of hotels, dormitories, conductors aboard long-distance passenger trains; employees of water-supply installations directly involved in treating water, and individuals who service the water-supply system; workers at livestock farms and complexes. [Text]Notes: 1. All categories of invalids undergo certification by expert medical industrial commissions in order to determine medical psychiatric contraindications to operation of vehicles. 2. Psychiatric certification of workers servicing commercial rail (including |
FBIS3-43072_3 | Fundamentals of Ukrainian Health Law Fundamentals of Health Care Legislation of the Ukraine Article 2. International agreements of the Ukraine in the field of health care Article 3. Concepts and terminology used in health care legislation Article 5. Health care as the mutual obligation of society and State Section II. Citizen Rights and Duties in the Field of Health Care Article 9. Limitations on citizen rights related to health status Article 11. Rights and duties of foreign citizens and stateless individuals Article 12. Health care, the priority direction of State activities Article 21. Tax-related and other preferential treatment in the field of health care Article 22. State monitoring and oversight in the field of health care Article 23. Higher oversight of adherence to health care legislation Article 25. Maintenance of public standard of living essential to health Article 27. Providing sanitary-epidemic welfare of territories and population centers Article 28. Providing beneficial working, educational, living and recreational conditions Unified sanitary-hygienic requirements are established for the organization of industrial and other processes related to human activities, as well as for the quality of machinery, equipment, structures, consumer goods and other things that could have a deleterious effect on health, in order to provide working, educational, living and recreational conditions that are beneficial to health, a high level of work fitness, to prevent traumatism and occupational disease, poisoning and other possible harm to health. All State standards, specifications and industrial prototypes must be in agreement with health care agencies following procedure established by legislation. Article 29. Preservation of genetic pool of the Ukrainian people Article 44. Use of preventive, diagnostic, therapeutic methods and drugs Article 47. Transplantation of organs and other anatomical material Article 53. Special preventive and therapeutic methods for socially dangerous diseases Article 54. Procedure for supplying drugs and immunological agents Article 57. Incentives for mothers. Guaranteed health care for mothers and children Article 59. Concern for strengthening and protecting the health of children and adolescents Article 62. Monitoring child health protection in child-rearing and educational institutions Article 63. State aid to citizens in caring for children with physical or mental developmental defects Article 65. Monitoring vocational training, apprenticeship, and working conditions of adolescents Article 66. Mandatory medical certification of working adolescents Section VIII. Medicosanitary Support of Sanatorium-Resort Care and Vacations Article 67. Medicosanitary support of sanatorium and resort care Article 71. Forensic medical and forensic psychiatric expertise Article 75. Training, retraining and advanced training of medical and pharmaceutical workers Article 77. Professional rights and benefits of medical and pharmaceutical workers Article 78. Professional duties of medical and pharmaceutical workers Article 79. International collaboration in the field of health care Section XII. Liability for Violation of Health Care Legislation Article 80. Liability for violation of health care legislation | care; --mixed health care economics and multi-channel funding thereof, combining State guarantees with demonopolization and incentives for entrepreneurism and competition; --decentralization of State administration, development of self-administration of institutions and independence of health care workers on a legal and contractual basis. Article 5. Health care as the mutual obligation of society and State State, social and other agencies, enterprises, institutions, organizations, officials and citizens must provide for priority of health care in their own work, without causing harm to health of the public and individual people, to provide within the limits of their competence care for patients, invalids and victims of accidents, cooperate with workers in health care agencies and institutions, as well as perform other duties as provided by health care legislation. Section II. Citizen Rights and Duties in the Field of Health Care Article 6. The right to health care Each Ukrainian citizen has the right to health care, which provides: a) a standard of level, including food, clothing, housing, medical care and social services and security, necessary to maintain health; b) an environment that is safe to life and health; c) sanitary-epidemic welfare of the territory and population center where the individual resides; d) safe and healthy working, schooling, living and recreational conditions; e) qualified medicosanitary aid, including free choice of physician and health care institution; f) reliable and prompt reporting about the health of the individual and health of the people, including existing and potential risk factors, and severity thereof; g) participation in discussion of drafts of legislative acts and offering suggestions on shaping State policy in the field of health care; h) participation in health care administration and social expertise on these matters according to procedure stipulated by legislation; i) opportunity to form social organizations for the purpose of cooperating in health care; j) legal protection against all illegal forms of discrimination related to health status; k) compensation for harm done to health; l) complaints about illegal decisions and actions of health care workers, institutions and agencies; m) opportunity to obtain an independent expert medical opinion expertise in case of the citizen's disagreement with conclusions of State medical experts, being submitted to forced treatment, and in other cases if the actions of health care workers could infringe upon universally recognized human and citizen rights. Ukrainian legislation can also define other citizen rights in the field of health care. Ukrainian citizens abroad are guaranteed the right |
FBIS3-43072_4 | Fundamentals of Ukrainian Health Law Fundamentals of Health Care Legislation of the Ukraine Article 2. International agreements of the Ukraine in the field of health care Article 3. Concepts and terminology used in health care legislation Article 5. Health care as the mutual obligation of society and State Section II. Citizen Rights and Duties in the Field of Health Care Article 9. Limitations on citizen rights related to health status Article 11. Rights and duties of foreign citizens and stateless individuals Article 12. Health care, the priority direction of State activities Article 21. Tax-related and other preferential treatment in the field of health care Article 22. State monitoring and oversight in the field of health care Article 23. Higher oversight of adherence to health care legislation Article 25. Maintenance of public standard of living essential to health Article 27. Providing sanitary-epidemic welfare of territories and population centers Article 28. Providing beneficial working, educational, living and recreational conditions Unified sanitary-hygienic requirements are established for the organization of industrial and other processes related to human activities, as well as for the quality of machinery, equipment, structures, consumer goods and other things that could have a deleterious effect on health, in order to provide working, educational, living and recreational conditions that are beneficial to health, a high level of work fitness, to prevent traumatism and occupational disease, poisoning and other possible harm to health. All State standards, specifications and industrial prototypes must be in agreement with health care agencies following procedure established by legislation. Article 29. Preservation of genetic pool of the Ukrainian people Article 44. Use of preventive, diagnostic, therapeutic methods and drugs Article 47. Transplantation of organs and other anatomical material Article 53. Special preventive and therapeutic methods for socially dangerous diseases Article 54. Procedure for supplying drugs and immunological agents Article 57. Incentives for mothers. Guaranteed health care for mothers and children Article 59. Concern for strengthening and protecting the health of children and adolescents Article 62. Monitoring child health protection in child-rearing and educational institutions Article 63. State aid to citizens in caring for children with physical or mental developmental defects Article 65. Monitoring vocational training, apprenticeship, and working conditions of adolescents Article 66. Mandatory medical certification of working adolescents Section VIII. Medicosanitary Support of Sanatorium-Resort Care and Vacations Article 67. Medicosanitary support of sanatorium and resort care Article 71. Forensic medical and forensic psychiatric expertise Article 75. Training, retraining and advanced training of medical and pharmaceutical workers Article 77. Professional rights and benefits of medical and pharmaceutical workers Article 78. Professional duties of medical and pharmaceutical workers Article 79. International collaboration in the field of health care Section XII. Liability for Violation of Health Care Legislation Article 80. Liability for violation of health care legislation | working, schooling, living and recreational conditions; e) qualified medicosanitary aid, including free choice of physician and health care institution; f) reliable and prompt reporting about the health of the individual and health of the people, including existing and potential risk factors, and severity thereof; g) participation in discussion of drafts of legislative acts and offering suggestions on shaping State policy in the field of health care; h) participation in health care administration and social expertise on these matters according to procedure stipulated by legislation; i) opportunity to form social organizations for the purpose of cooperating in health care; j) legal protection against all illegal forms of discrimination related to health status; k) compensation for harm done to health; l) complaints about illegal decisions and actions of health care workers, institutions and agencies; m) opportunity to obtain an independent expert medical opinion expertise in case of the citizen's disagreement with conclusions of State medical experts, being submitted to forced treatment, and in other cases if the actions of health care workers could infringe upon universally recognized human and citizen rights. Ukrainian legislation can also define other citizen rights in the field of health care. Ukrainian citizens abroad are guaranteed the right to health care in the forms and scope provided by international agreements, in which the Ukraine is a participant. Article 7. Guarantee of right to health care In accordance with the Ukrainian Constitution, the State guarantees to all citizens the expression of their rights in the field of health care by means of: a) creation of a branched out network of health care institutions; b) organization and implementation of a system of State and social steps to safeguard and strengthen health; c) delivery to all citizens of a guaranteed level of medicosanitary care to the extent established by the Ukrainian Cabinet of Ministers; d) implementation of a State system of gathering, processing and analyzing social, ecological and special medical statistical data; e) establishment of liability for violating rules and legal interests of citizens in the field of health care. Article 8. State protection of rights to health care The state recognizes the right of each Ukrainian citizen to health care and health protection. In the event that legal rights and interests of citizens in the field of health care are violated, pertinent State, social or other agencies, enterprises, institutions and organizations, their executives and citizens must take steps to restore |
FBIS3-43072_18 | Fundamentals of Ukrainian Health Law Fundamentals of Health Care Legislation of the Ukraine Article 2. International agreements of the Ukraine in the field of health care Article 3. Concepts and terminology used in health care legislation Article 5. Health care as the mutual obligation of society and State Section II. Citizen Rights and Duties in the Field of Health Care Article 9. Limitations on citizen rights related to health status Article 11. Rights and duties of foreign citizens and stateless individuals Article 12. Health care, the priority direction of State activities Article 21. Tax-related and other preferential treatment in the field of health care Article 22. State monitoring and oversight in the field of health care Article 23. Higher oversight of adherence to health care legislation Article 25. Maintenance of public standard of living essential to health Article 27. Providing sanitary-epidemic welfare of territories and population centers Article 28. Providing beneficial working, educational, living and recreational conditions Unified sanitary-hygienic requirements are established for the organization of industrial and other processes related to human activities, as well as for the quality of machinery, equipment, structures, consumer goods and other things that could have a deleterious effect on health, in order to provide working, educational, living and recreational conditions that are beneficial to health, a high level of work fitness, to prevent traumatism and occupational disease, poisoning and other possible harm to health. All State standards, specifications and industrial prototypes must be in agreement with health care agencies following procedure established by legislation. Article 29. Preservation of genetic pool of the Ukrainian people Article 44. Use of preventive, diagnostic, therapeutic methods and drugs Article 47. Transplantation of organs and other anatomical material Article 53. Special preventive and therapeutic methods for socially dangerous diseases Article 54. Procedure for supplying drugs and immunological agents Article 57. Incentives for mothers. Guaranteed health care for mothers and children Article 59. Concern for strengthening and protecting the health of children and adolescents Article 62. Monitoring child health protection in child-rearing and educational institutions Article 63. State aid to citizens in caring for children with physical or mental developmental defects Article 65. Monitoring vocational training, apprenticeship, and working conditions of adolescents Article 66. Mandatory medical certification of working adolescents Section VIII. Medicosanitary Support of Sanatorium-Resort Care and Vacations Article 67. Medicosanitary support of sanatorium and resort care Article 71. Forensic medical and forensic psychiatric expertise Article 75. Training, retraining and advanced training of medical and pharmaceutical workers Article 77. Professional rights and benefits of medical and pharmaceutical workers Article 78. Professional duties of medical and pharmaceutical workers Article 79. International collaboration in the field of health care Section XII. Liability for Violation of Health Care Legislation Article 80. Liability for violation of health care legislation | oversight. In the Ukraine, unified sanitary-hygienic requirements are established for: planning and construction of population centers; construction and operation of industrial and other entities; purification and decontamination of industrial and municipal emissions, garbage and waste; upkeep and use of residential, industrial and business buildings and territories where they are located; organization of public catering facilities and water supply; production, use, storage, transportation and burial of radioactive, toxic and potent substances; upkeep and slaughtering of domestic and wild animals, as well as for other activities that could endanger sanitary-epidemic welfare of territories and population centers. Article 28. Providing beneficial working, educational, living and recreational conditions Unified sanitary-hygienic requirements are established for the organization of industrial and other processes related to human activities, as well as for the quality of machinery, equipment, structures, consumer goods and other things that could have a deleterious effect on health, in order to provide working, educational, living and recreational conditions that are beneficial to health, a high level of work fitness, to prevent traumatism and occupational disease, poisoning and other possible harm to health. All State standards, specifications and industrial prototypes must be in agreement with health care agencies following procedure established by legislation. Proprietors and administrators of enterprises, institutions and organizations must provide in their work for adherence to labor safety rules, industrial sanitation and other labor safety requirements, as stipulated in labor legislation, and must not allow any factors that are deleterious to human health and the environment. The State implements oversight and monitoring of creation of working, educational, living and recreational conditions beneficial to health, and cooperate in public monitoring of these matters. Article 29. Preservation of genetic pool of the Ukrainian people The State implements a set of measures aimed at elimination of factors that have a devastating impact on the human genetic system, as well as establishes a system of State genetic monitoring, organizes medicogenetic aid for the public, assists in enrichment and dissemination of scientific information in the field of genetics and demography, in the interests of preserving the gene pool of the Ukrainian people, preventing a demographic crisis, assuring the health of future generations and prevention of hereditary diseases. Medical interventions that could impair the human genetic system are prohibited. Article 30. Prevention of dangerous infectious diseases The State provides for regular, scientifically validated prevention, treatment, localization and eradication of mass scale infectiousdiseases. Individuals who are carriers of pathogens |
FBIS3-43072_23 | Fundamentals of Ukrainian Health Law Fundamentals of Health Care Legislation of the Ukraine Article 2. International agreements of the Ukraine in the field of health care Article 3. Concepts and terminology used in health care legislation Article 5. Health care as the mutual obligation of society and State Section II. Citizen Rights and Duties in the Field of Health Care Article 9. Limitations on citizen rights related to health status Article 11. Rights and duties of foreign citizens and stateless individuals Article 12. Health care, the priority direction of State activities Article 21. Tax-related and other preferential treatment in the field of health care Article 22. State monitoring and oversight in the field of health care Article 23. Higher oversight of adherence to health care legislation Article 25. Maintenance of public standard of living essential to health Article 27. Providing sanitary-epidemic welfare of territories and population centers Article 28. Providing beneficial working, educational, living and recreational conditions Unified sanitary-hygienic requirements are established for the organization of industrial and other processes related to human activities, as well as for the quality of machinery, equipment, structures, consumer goods and other things that could have a deleterious effect on health, in order to provide working, educational, living and recreational conditions that are beneficial to health, a high level of work fitness, to prevent traumatism and occupational disease, poisoning and other possible harm to health. All State standards, specifications and industrial prototypes must be in agreement with health care agencies following procedure established by legislation. Article 29. Preservation of genetic pool of the Ukrainian people Article 44. Use of preventive, diagnostic, therapeutic methods and drugs Article 47. Transplantation of organs and other anatomical material Article 53. Special preventive and therapeutic methods for socially dangerous diseases Article 54. Procedure for supplying drugs and immunological agents Article 57. Incentives for mothers. Guaranteed health care for mothers and children Article 59. Concern for strengthening and protecting the health of children and adolescents Article 62. Monitoring child health protection in child-rearing and educational institutions Article 63. State aid to citizens in caring for children with physical or mental developmental defects Article 65. Monitoring vocational training, apprenticeship, and working conditions of adolescents Article 66. Mandatory medical certification of working adolescents Section VIII. Medicosanitary Support of Sanatorium-Resort Care and Vacations Article 67. Medicosanitary support of sanatorium and resort care Article 71. Forensic medical and forensic psychiatric expertise Article 75. Training, retraining and advanced training of medical and pharmaceutical workers Article 77. Professional rights and benefits of medical and pharmaceutical workers Article 78. Professional duties of medical and pharmaceutical workers Article 79. International collaboration in the field of health care Section XII. Liability for Violation of Health Care Legislation Article 80. Liability for violation of health care legislation | does not carry out medical instructions or intramural rules of the health care institution, provided that this would not endanger the life of the patient and health of the public. The physician is not liable for the health of a patient if the latter refuses to carry out medical instructions or does not adhere to the regimen established for him. Article 35. Types of treatment and preventive care The State guarantees accessible, socially acceptable primary treatment and preventive care as the chief component of medicosanitary aid which implies consultation of a physician, simple diagnostic procedures and treatment of the main and most widespread diseases, trauma and poisoning, preventive measures, referral of patient for specialized and highly specialized care. Primary treatment and preventive care are rendered mainly on a territorial basis by family physicians or other general practitioners. Specialized (secondary) medical-preventive care is rendered by physicians who have the appropriate specialization and can provide more qualified consultation, diagnosis, prevention and treatment than general practitioners. Highly specialized (tertiary) medical-preventive care is rendered by physicians or a team of physicians who have appropriate training in the field of diseases that are difficult to diagnose and treat, in the case of treatment of diseases requiring special diagnostic and therapeutic methods, as well as for the purpose of diagnosing and treating rare diseases. Article 36. Patient referral abroad Ukrainian citizens may be referred abroad for treatment in case of need for a type of medical care that cannot be rendered in Ukrainian health care institutions. State agencies are obliged to assist Ukrainian citizens in travel and stays abroad. Procedure for referring Ukrainian citizens abroad for treatment is established by the Ukrainian Cabinet of Ministers. Article 37. Urgent and emergency medical care Medical workers must render first emergency care in cases of accidents and acute diseases. Medical care is provided by the medical first aid service or closest medical-preventive institution, regardless of departmental subordination and forms of ownership with subsequent reimbursement of expenses. In urgent cases, when it is impossible to administer on-site care due to absence of medical personnel, enterprises, institutions, organizations and citizens must provide transportation to move the victim to a medical-preventive institution. In such cases, first aid should also be given by militia, fire department, accident service personnel, vehicle operators and representatives of other occupations upon whom this duty is placed by legislation and official instructions. If there is a threat to |
FBIS3-43075_5 | Academician Komarov Comments on Demographics, Public Health | of acute intestinal infections, salmonellosis and viral hepatitis--many hundreds of thousands of cases per year. Cholera, which has been forgotten by most developed countries, is revealing itself more and more frequently. Tuberculosis is returning. Women are a special problem. In the last 3 years their morbidity increased abruptly in connection with absence of proper diet, because of the shortage of proteins, vitamins and microelements. Maternal mortality is very high--four to five times higher than in developed countries. By the way, not a single developed country in the world has so many women dying from abortions as we do (Russia can be compared only to Tanzania). Moreover death could be prevented in 60 out of 100 cases. [Kozlov] Are things any better with the health of men? [Komarov] Unfortunately Russia is one of those countries in which ``supermortality'' among men is especially pronounced. In comparison with women, the mortality indicators for men of young and middle working age are four to five times higher. Only around 70 percent of urban and around 60 percent of rural men live to 60. In comparison with the USA, the FRG, Japan, France and Great Britain, men of what we might call ``working age'' die 2.5 times more frequently in our country. [Kozlov] The figures are saddening, if not tragic. Is there a solution? [Komarov] Our country's leadership must finally realize the simple truths. First, without health, there cannot be a healthy economy. And second, if the necessary emergency measures are not implemented very soon, in 7-15 years Russia will transform into a degraded society. While in developed countries up to 10-12 percent of the gross national product is allocated to public health, in our country no more than 3-4 percent is allocated. Each year more than $2,500 are spent per capita in the USA, while in our country 6,500 rubles were planned in 1993. Each time, statistical bodies publish increasingly more alarming data indicating a decrease in life span and birth rate, growth in the number of suicides and murders, of venereal diseases, of alcoholics and drug addicts, congenital deformities, and disengagement of the people's ``moral restraints.'' These are manifestations of a chronic disease in society, a menacing warning that unless the dangerous trends are curtailed, the country and the people may find themselves without a future. This danger is more terrifying than the economic and political crisis. Today, there are practically no illusions |
FBIS3-43075_6 | Academician Komarov Comments on Demographics, Public Health | Maternal mortality is very high--four to five times higher than in developed countries. By the way, not a single developed country in the world has so many women dying from abortions as we do (Russia can be compared only to Tanzania). Moreover death could be prevented in 60 out of 100 cases. [Kozlov] Are things any better with the health of men? [Komarov] Unfortunately Russia is one of those countries in which ``supermortality'' among men is especially pronounced. In comparison with women, the mortality indicators for men of young and middle working age are four to five times higher. Only around 70 percent of urban and around 60 percent of rural men live to 60. In comparison with the USA, the FRG, Japan, France and Great Britain, men of what we might call ``working age'' die 2.5 times more frequently in our country. [Kozlov] The figures are saddening, if not tragic. Is there a solution? [Komarov] Our country's leadership must finally realize the simple truths. First, without health, there cannot be a healthy economy. And second, if the necessary emergency measures are not implemented very soon, in 7-15 years Russia will transform into a degraded society. While in developed countries up to 10-12 percent of the gross national product is allocated to public health, in our country no more than 3-4 percent is allocated. Each year more than $2,500 are spent per capita in the USA, while in our country 6,500 rubles were planned in 1993. Each time, statistical bodies publish increasingly more alarming data indicating a decrease in life span and birth rate, growth in the number of suicides and murders, of venereal diseases, of alcoholics and drug addicts, congenital deformities, and disengagement of the people's ``moral restraints.'' These are manifestations of a chronic disease in society, a menacing warning that unless the dangerous trends are curtailed, the country and the people may find themselves without a future. This danger is more terrifying than the economic and political crisis. Today, there are practically no illusions left regarding the possibility for reforming our economic system swiftly, in a few years. Therefore despite the slogans, the social sphere, including public health, will once again be financed on the basis of the residual principle, and it will experience even further degradation. Sad as it may be, the conclusion we are forced to reach is this: The people's health is in serious jeopardy. |
FBIS3-43077_0 | Neurophysiological Analysis of Mechanisms of Neuroendocrine Regulation Under the Stress and Antistress Effect of Delta-Sleep Inducing Peptide | Language: Russian Article Type:CSO [Article by N.M. Malyshenko and A.V. Yeliseyev, Biomedical Problems Institute, Russian Federation Ministry of Health, Moscow; UDC 612.822.014.46:577.175.537] [Abstract] Existing and newly published data on the mechanisms of the reaction of a number of structures of the brain and pituitary-adrenal system under stress were examined. Published information on the following topics was examined: the role of the hypothalamus and extrahypothalamic structures (the hippocampus, tonsils, septum, and reticular formation); the role of the adrenergic, seritoninergic, and cholinergic systems of the hypothalamus-reticulum-limbic complex; the role of neuropeptides; and delta-sleep inducing peptide [DSIP] and its biological role. In addition, the regulation of the pituitary-adrenal system and the functional activity and intercenter interrelationship of the structures of the brains in a stressed state of aggressive-defensive behavior and the effects of corticosteroids and DSIP were examined in a study of 982 adult male rats. The rat studies established that the development of aggressive-defensive behavior results in a marked restructuring of the functional activity of the hypothalamic-reticular-limbic structures and cerebral cortex, as well as in a change in the nature of intercenter interrelationships that correlate with a change in the content of corticosterone and DSIP in blood plasma. Specifically, the stressed state of aggressive-defensive behavior was accompanied by an elevation of corticosterone level from 12.29 +/- 0.5 to 126.1 +/- 1.5 mmol/l and a decrease in DSIP from 388.1 +/- 41.06 to 242.3 +/- 31.88 fmol/l. Also during aggressive-defensive behavior, the bioelectric activity of the rats' brains manifested a change in theta-rhythm spectrum, the integral strength of which (in V/s) in the hippocampus rose from 18.8 +/- 3.6 (background) to 6.1 +/- 5.9. Theta-activity in the hippocampus thus increased from 31 to 54 percent. In the ventromedial hypothalamus theta-activity increased from 17 to 43 percent, and in the reticular formation of the midbrain it increased from 31 to 37 percent (this change was coupled with increases in respiration and heart rates). The correlation between DSIP level and corticosterone level during aggressive-defensive behavior was seen as especially noteworthy. Exogenous injection of DSIP against the background of advanced stress resulted in myorelaxation and elimination of aggression. Injection of DSIP before the development of aggressive-defensive behavior led to a decrease in corticosterone level from 12.29 +/- 0.5 to 9.64 +/- 0.7 mmol/l and to a less pronounced increase in the level of corticosterone in the rats' blood plasma after the onset of aggressive-defensive behavior than |
FBIS3-43083_4 | Foreign Aid for Russian S&T Fails to Materialize | rewards. Some foreign funds would like to avoid high taxes in their own countries and therefore are not adverse to investing sums for beneficial purposes, such as the subsidization of Russian science. However, it is not so easy to accomplish this. In the Russian Federation private individuals do not have the right to receive hard currency from abroad. No one is fully confident that the allocated sums will reach the intended recipients because they pass through several bureaucratic levels (customs, bank, institution where the specialist works). It is not always possible to set up the base necessary for research in place. Sending the money on is complicated by high taxes. The Americans have become convinced that the Russian side is misusing the aid sent. For example, Russian individuals in many cases travel to the United States who have nothing to do with those programs for which the sums were allocated. This circumstance prompted our American colleagues to put this work under their control. In December 1992 the Russian Federation was visited by a group of scientists from the United States for on-the-spot familiarization with the most promising scientific centers. Without special difficulty they determined 22 research groups meriting special attention, 21 of which were immediately included in a plan for the funding of scientific work. A grant in the sum of $5,000 annually was set aside for the scientists of each group and one scientific association received $30,000 from the Human Genome fund. The money will be sent directly to those doing the work. Plans call for increasing the number of grants, the amount of which varies from $10 to $100 thousand, under two-year scientific programs. Difficulties arise with respect to expert evaluation of the applications submitted for receiving such grants. Plans call for involving the leading scientists of the United States, Western Europe and Japan in this work. Cooperation with Western colleagues in the science field is not limited solely to funding. It is not less important to exchange scientific information [publications, holding of scientific conferences and such. In this connection the authors of publications mention the slowness in the finalization of exit visas, which results in the disruption of foreign missions of Russian scientists.] The table accompanying this article, published in the mentioned journal, is of interest. We duplicate it in full. ----------------------------------------------------------------------------- |Who's Helping the Russians | ----------------------------------------------------------------------------- |Initiative |Promised (million-|Delivered (1992- 1|Status | | |s of |
FBIS3-43083_5 | Foreign Aid for Russian S&T Fails to Materialize | 21 of which were immediately included in a plan for the funding of scientific work. A grant in the sum of $5,000 annually was set aside for the scientists of each group and one scientific association received $30,000 from the Human Genome fund. The money will be sent directly to those doing the work. Plans call for increasing the number of grants, the amount of which varies from $10 to $100 thousand, under two-year scientific programs. Difficulties arise with respect to expert evaluation of the applications submitted for receiving such grants. Plans call for involving the leading scientists of the United States, Western Europe and Japan in this work. Cooperation with Western colleagues in the science field is not limited solely to funding. It is not less important to exchange scientific information [publications, holding of scientific conferences and such. In this connection the authors of publications mention the slowness in the finalization of exit visas, which results in the disruption of foreign missions of Russian scientists.] The table accompanying this article, published in the mentioned journal, is of interest. We duplicate it in full. ----------------------------------------------------------------------------- |Who's Helping the Russians | ----------------------------------------------------------------------------- |Initiative |Promised (million-|Delivered (1992- 1|Status | | |s of dollars) |993) | | ----------------------------------------------------------------------------- |Soros (ISF) |100 |20 |10,000 $500 grant-| | | | |s to be awarded t-| | | | |his fall | ----------------------------------------------------------------------------- |ISTC |74 |0 |Awaiting approval | | | | |by Russian parlia-| | | | |ment, outlook unc-| | | | |ertain | ----------------------------------------------------------------------------- |G. Bush initiative|25 |0 |Proposal submitte-| | | | |d to U.S. congress| ----------------------------------------------------------------------------- |NSF Program |- |5 |Mostly short-term | | | | |joint research | ----------------------------------------------------------------------------- |NIH Program |- |7 |Primarily short-t-| | | | |erm joint research| ----------------------------------------------------------------------------- |EC Association |27 |0 |First collaborati-| | | | |ve grants approve-| | | | |d not yet issued | ----------------------------------------------------------------------------- |Howard Hughes Med-|15 |0 |In June 1993 anno-| |ical Institute | | |unced about 40-60 | | | | |grants from $10,00| | | | |0 to $75,000 annu-| | | | |ally for basic bi-| | | | |ology research in | | | | |countries of form-| | | | |er USSR; equal am-| | | | |ount for collabor-| | | | |ation with the We-| | | | |st | ----------------------------------------------------------------------------- |AAAS |- |0 |First shipment of | | | | |2,904 journals |
FBIS3-43085_3 | Ukrainian AS President Stresses Achievements, Downplays Problems | precision soldering of silicon nitride ceramics is of great importance for machine building. Soldered connections of steel and ceramics in the parts of internal combustion and gas turbine engines have already been obtained. Professional physicists have established the presence of photoinduced light absorption and macroscopic quantum interference in high-temperature superconductors. In the molecular biology field the capability of cells to change the rate of synthesis of individual _g_-RNA was detected, which may find application in bioengineering, diagnosis and treatment of oncologic and genetic diseases. Academy physiologists have developed new methods for studying the functions of vitally important macromolecules in nerve and muscle cells, have investigated calcium conductivity and other properties of the membranes of nerve cells. New trends are characteristic for the development of research in the social sciences and humanities. The efforts of economists, jurists and sociologists have been concentrated on carrying out economic reforms and the development of the scientific principles of the structural-investment and innovative policy of the Ukraine corresponding to governmental and juridical acts. Historians, archeologists and archeological historians are carrying out major work in restoring the material and spiritual monuments of the past and in setting up a national ``Ukrainian archival and manuscript bank.'' Philological science has been enriched by research on the ancient history of the Slavic languages. It must be noted that now, under conditions of an increasing economic crisis, Ukrainian science is being inflicted losses from which it will be difficult to recover. This is fraught with the most severe consequences for the intellectual potential of the people. Creative groups and the traditional bonds created through the efforts of scientists of several generations are being destroyed. The scales of fundamental research in the most promising, vitally important directions are being cut back. This is accompanied by a reduction in the general level of scientific research, is being expressed in the quality of training of scientific and scientific-technical specialists and is causing irreversible consequences in the entire educational system. The shortage of foreign exchange is contributing to the isolation of our scientists. Hence the massive brain drain. The most promising scientists are going far from the scientific sphere and are departing for abroad. All this constitutes an unquestionable threat to the national interests of the country. The need for immediate specific steps at the governmental level is evident. To be sure, today the sovereign Ukraine for objective reasons cannot support the level of |
FBIS3-43087_0 | A Method for Constructing an Efficient Programmed Small Capacity Cryptomodule | Language: Russian Article Type:CSO [Article by A. A. Moldovyan, N. A. Moldovyan; UDC 681.3] [Abstract] A two-stage cryptographic transformation system with probabilistic selection of pseudo-randomly-long key sequences from several initial secret keys is described. This system exhibits a resitance to cryptoanalysis, based on the known initial text and the corresponding cipher, which is sufficient for any practical applications. The first stage consists of preliminary preparations when the specific transformation mechanism is rearranged, depending on the user selected password, and the second stage is the actual coding. A programmable three- key cryptomodule was developed, with a 2M bit/s coding rate and 16 MHz clock frequency for applications with IBM PC/AT type computers. With this module, it was possible to convert any initial text into a pseudo-random train of characters with code representation by binary numbers from 0 to 255. The frequency distribution of characters in the code was nearly uniform, and the rms deviation was from 1 to 10% for different texts. This implies that statistical methods of cryptoanalysis for deciphering such codes are not effective. It is pointed out that in systems with a special type of addressing to the on-line memory this method can provide much greater coding rates. Figure 1, references: 2 Russian |
FBIS3-43115_10 | FOREIGN PRESS SURVEY--FB PSE 93-054--EAST EUROPE | meeting held from 29 November to 3 December. Officials from Austria, Bulgaria, Croatia, the Czech Republic, Hungary, Romania, and Slovakia took part in the talks, which were also attended by an EC Commission delegation. Slovenia, Ukraine, and Moldova will receive copies of adopted resolutions, Branimir Natov, deputy minister of environment and leader of the Bulgarian delegation, told a news conference in Sofia on 3 December. The meeting coordinated the final version of the draft convention, which is expected to be signed in the middle of 1994. The convention aims to achieve stable and balanced water management, including the protection and rational use of surfaceand ground waters, in the Danube basin. It will apply to an area of almost 817,000 square kilometers including the territories of 14 European countries. Bulgaria attaches special importance to the convention because of the serious pollution of the Danube's lower reaches, most sources of which are outside this country. The measures that the convention sets out will help reduce water pollution in the lower reaches of the Danube River. An international system of notification and control of pollution incidents will be set up. (Sofia BTA in English 1407 GMT 3 Dec 93 AU) SUGAR REFINERY PRIVATIZED: The Privatization Agency announced on 3 December that it had signed a bill of sale for the Kristal Svoboda Sugar Processing plant in Kameno, Burgas District, but declined to identify the new owner. The plant is the largest of its kind in the country, but at present it is operating far below capacity. (Sofia Khorizont Radio Network in Bulgarian 2000 GMT 3 Dec 93 AU) CONSTRUCTION WORKERS EMPLOYED IN GERMANY: 5,800 Bulgarian builders were employed in Germany in November, officials announced at the Bulgarian-German working meeting held at the Ministry of Construction in Sofia. The last two months saw a fulfillment of over 28 percent of the annual quota (of 2,000 workers a month). The sides will sign a protocol to specify the 1991 bilateral accord. (Sofia BTA in English 1521 GMT 4 Dec 93 AU) NEW TYPE OF CEMENT: The Granatoid Company near Pernik has begun producing a new type of cement, used for making stressed concrete. The material's strength has been enhanced. Experts say that it is suitable for building bridges. According to Deputy Director Panayot Panayotov, many companies have shown interest. (Sofia BTA in English 1521 GMT 4 Dec 93 AU) OVER 30,000 TOURISTS EXPECTED THIS WINTER: |
FBIS3-43119_0 | NEAR EAST/SOUTH ASIA: RELATIONS WITH CIS MUSLIM STATES, No. 1 | REGIONAL Turkey Fears Losing Oil Advantage to Moscow In an interview, Turkish economist Mustafa Sonmez expressed concern over developments in the route-selection process for oil and natural gas pipelines from Central Asia to Europe. Sonmez, who is known for his pipeline research, said that Russia's preference for Novorossiysk Port for both oil and natural gas would put control of the spigots in Russia's hands and cautioned operators and financing institutions to concentrate lobbying activities on avoiding such a possibility. Upon his return from a three-day international conference at Tampa, Florida at which the pipelines were a major topic of debate, Sonmez answered questions about how the Central Asia pipelines will affect regional economic and diplomatic balances and whether Turkey will be able to take advantage of the "golden opportunity" they represent. Sonmez said that Turkmenistan natural gas will help Turkey develop gas-fueled power plants and chemical facilities to meet the increased fertilizer requirement resulting from the irrigation side of the giant Southeast Anatolia (dam and irrigation) Project. Sonmez stated that the gas pipeline will create jobs, bring in $250 to $400 million annually in foreign exchange through transshipment, and produce up to $600 million annually in the export of goods and services, as well as the opportunity to "offset" the cost of gas used. According to Sonmez, four routes have been proposed: (1) Turkmenistan prefers a route to Eastern Anatolia via Iran, to avoid riling that neighbor; (2) Turkey prefers a pipeline under the Caspian Sea to Azerbaijan-Nakhichevan and on to Anatolia, (3) while the European Bank for Reconstruction and Development (EBRD), which will finance the project, has tried to balance Muslim and Christian interests by supporting; a route passing through Armenia from Azerbaijan-Nakhichevan, or; (4) Azerbaijan-Georgia-Anatolia. Sonmez estimated that an oil pipeline from the Caspian to the Mediterranean would carry 40 million tons of crude oil per year, 25 million tons of which would be Azerbaijan oil. The 1,040-km line would intersect the existing Kirkuk-Ceyhan pipeline at Viransehir in Turkey and would cost $1.5 billion. He added that the Caspian- Mediterranean route would benefit Turkey by providing constant foreign exchange from offset and transit earnings and could be built with $400 million in capital and $800 million in credit (numbers as reported). (Istanbul NOKTA 3-9 Oct 93) Sonmez noted, however, that Russia does not favor this route and was denied its preferred route through the Turkish Straits because Turkey |
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