query stringlengths 12 2.51k | pos list | neg list | task stringclasses 1
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|---|---|---|---|---|
Paulo Henrique Souza de Oliveira ( born 5 January , 1943 ) is a former Brazilian football player . | [
"Paulo Henrique Souza de Oliveira ( born 5 January 1943 in Macaà ) , usually called Paulo Henrique , is a former Brazilian footballer ."
] | [
"Carlos Eduardo Marangon , best known as Edu Marangon or as Edu ( born 2 February 1963 ) is a retired Brazilian football player and manager ."
] | SimpleWiki | {
"query": "Represent the Wikipedia sentence about Sports:",
"pos": "Represent the Wikipedia description about Sports:",
"neg": "Represent the Wikipedia description about Sports:"
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Aartselaar is a municipality located in the Belgian province of Antwerp . | [
"Aartselaar ( old spelling : Aertselaer ) is a municipality located in the Belgian province of Antwerp . The municipality only comprises the town of Aartselaar proper ."
] | [
"Bornem ( old spelling : Bornhem ) is a municipality located in the Belgian province of Antwerp ."
] | SimpleWiki | {
"query": "Represent the Wikipedia text about Geography:",
"pos": "Represent the Wikipedia sentence about Geography:",
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Baking soda is where the carbon dioxide comes from , and the acid releases it , like this : | [
"Baking soda is the source of the carbon dioxide , and the acid-base reaction can be generically represented as"
] | [
"While sodium reacts with water at room temperature , the sodium piece melts with the heat of the reaction to form a sphere , if the reacting sodium piece is large enough ."
] | SimpleWiki | {
"query": "Represent the sentence:",
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Because carbon dioxide is made faster by baking powder than yeast , breads made with it are called quick breads . | [
"Because carbon dioxide is released at a faster rate through the acid-base reaction than through fermentation , breads made by chemical leavening are called quick breads ."
] | [
"Yeast-raised doughnuts contain about 25 % oil by weight , whereas cake doughnuts ' oil content is around 20 % , but they have extra fat included in the batter before frying ."
] | SimpleWiki | {
"query": "Represent the sentence:",
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Baking powder works by making a reaction between an acid and a base , which produces carbon dioxide bubbles to make the mixture light . | [
"Baking powder works by releasing carbon dioxide gas into a batter or dough through an acid-base reaction , causing bubbles in the wet mixture to expand and thus leavening the mixture ."
] | [
"A butter cake is a cake in which one of the main ingredients is butter . Butter cakes consist of taking the most basic of ingredients butter , sugar , eggs , flour , and a leavening agent ( baking powder or baking soda ) and transforming them into a baked good ."
] | SimpleWiki | {
"query": "Represent the Wikipedia sentence:",
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Most baking powders are made up of an alkaline ( usually baking soda ) , one or two acid salts , and a starch ( cornstarch or sometimes potato starch ) . Baking soda is where the carbon dioxide comes from , and the acid releases it , like this : | [
"Baking powder is generally just baking soda mixed with an acid , and a number of kitchen acids may be mixed with baking soda to simulate commercial blends of baking powder ."
] | [
"Xanthan gum ( When sometimes not made from wheat - See below for GF allergy information ) is also used in gluten-free baking . Since the gluten found in wheat must be omitted , xanthan gum is used to give the dough or batter a `` stickiness '' that would otherwise be achieved with the gluten ."
] | SimpleWiki | {
"query": "Represent the sentence:",
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Most baking powders are made up of an alkaline ( usually baking soda ) , one or two acid salts , and a starch ( cornstarch or sometimes potato starch ) . | [
"Most commercially-available baking powders are made up of an alkaline component ( typically baking soda , also known as sodium bicarbonate ) , one or more acid salts , and an inert starch ( cornstarch in most cases , though potato starch may also be used ) ."
] | [
"Xanthan gum ( When sometimes not made from wheat - See below for GF allergy information ) is also used in gluten-free baking . Since the gluten found in wheat must be omitted , xanthan gum is used to give the dough or batter a `` stickiness '' that would otherwise be achieved with the gluten ."
] | SimpleWiki | {
"query": "Represent the text:",
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James Inglis born 26 August , 1986 in England is a rugby union player for Harlequins in the Guinness Premiership . | [
"James Inglis born 26 August , 1986 in England is a rugby union player for Harlequins in the Guinness Premiershiphe is currently on loan at national league 1 table toppers Esher ."
] | [
"Nick Royle born in England is a rugby union player for Sale Sharks in the Guinness Premiership ."
] | SimpleWiki | {
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If you wish to write articles for the Simple English Wikipedia , read How to write Simple English articles . | [
"In general , Simple English articles are simplifications of the most important points in existing articles , rather than being new . This is likely to make Simple English articles a good way to introduce those written in complex English ; if someone has trouble understanding a concept in complex English they can `... | [
"There 's a page about the NPOV policy that has tips on how to effectively write about disparate points of view without compromising the NPOV status of the article as a whole ."
] | SimpleWiki | {
"query": "Represent the Wikipedia text:",
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When the Simple English Wikipedia began , the ordinary English Wikipedia already had 150,000 articles , and seven other Wikipedias in other languages had over 15,000 articles . | [
"The project began to see major contributions after 150,000 + articles in the original English Wikipedia and articles in each of seven other languages had been created ."
] | [
"The Arabic Wikipedia is currently the 25th largest edition of Wikipedia by article count , and is the first Semitic language to exceed 100,000 articles ."
] | SimpleWiki | {
"query": "Represent the Wikipedia sentence:",
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This makes Simple English articles a good way to understand difficult articles from the ordinary English Wikipedia . If someone can not understand an idea in complex English , they can read the Simple English article . | [
"This is likely to make Simple English articles a good way to introduce those written in complex English ; if someone has trouble understanding a concept in complex English they can `` fall back '' to the Simple version ."
] | [
"The Outline is also intended to be a study guide , to put subjects in their proper perspective , and to suggest a series of Britannica articles for the student wishing to learn a topic in depth ."
] | SimpleWiki | {
"query": "Represent the Wikipedia sentence:",
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Since the other Wikipedias already have so many articles , most Simple English articles take articles from other Wikipedias and make them simple ; they are usually not new articles . | [
"Non-English Wikipedias can also be translated from the articles here ."
] | [
"While familiarizing yourself with how things work on Wikipedia is good , what 's even more important is writing good articles , keeping them up to date , keeping them accurate , and fighting vandalism ."
] | SimpleWiki | {
"query": "Represent the Wikipedia sentence:",
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Articles in the Simple English Wikipedia use fewer words and easier grammar than the ordinary English Wikipedia . | [
"The Simple English Wikipedia uses fewer words and simpler grammar than the original English Wikipedia ."
] | [
"For example , should be used when citing a news source . For general information about citations in Wikipedia articles , see Cite sources ."
] | SimpleWiki | {
"query": "Represent the sentence:",
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In fluid dynamics , turbulence or turbulent flow is a flow regime characterized by chaotic , stochastic property changes . | [
"In fluid dynamics , turbulence or turbulent flow is a flow regime characterized by chaotic and stochastic property changes ."
] | [
"Fluid mechanics can be divided into fluid kinematics , the study of fluid motion , and fluid dynamics , the study of the effect of forces on fluid motion , which can further be divided into fluid statics , the study of fluids at rest , and fluid kinetics , the study of fluids in motion ."
] | SimpleWiki | {
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Flow that is not turbulent is called laminar flow . | [
"For pipe flow , a Reynolds number above about 4000 will most likely correspond to turbulent flow , while a Reynold 's number below 2100 indicates laminar flow ."
] | [
"Liquids are relatively incompressible , while some can be compressed , the main action of a pump is to pressurize and transport liquids ."
] | SimpleWiki | {
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Khuda-e-Sukhan Mir Taqi Mir ( born 1723 in Agra - died September 21 , 1810 in Lucknow ) , . Mir is sometimes written as Meer , he was an Urdu poet and one of the pioneers who gave Urdu shape to itself . | [
"Khuda-e-Sukhan Mir Taqi Mir ( Urdu : ' ) ( born 1723 - died September 21 , 1810 ) , whose original name was Muhammad Taqi ( Urdu : ' ) and takhallus ( pen name ) was Mir ( Urdu : ' ) ( sometimes also spelt as Meer Taqi Meer ) , was the leading Urdu poet of the 18th century , and one of the pioneers who gave shape ... | [
"Ahmed Ghulamali Chagla ( also spelt Ghulam Ali ) ( 1902-1953 ) wrote the score for the national anthem of Pakistan , in 1950 ."
] | SimpleWiki | {
"query": "Represent the Wikipedia sentence about History:",
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He also acted in many other television series over the years including : S.W.A.T. ( 1975 ) , Soap ( 1977 ) and The Lazarus Man ( 1996 ) . | [
"He also appeared in other television series over the years including : S.W.A.T. ( 1975 ) , Soap ( 1977 ) , and The Lazarus Man ( 1996 ) , as well as in several feature films including Turk 182 !"
] | [
"Litefoot has also appeared in Hollywood films , such as The Indian in the Cupboard ( 1995 ) , Mortal Kombat : Annihilation ( 1997 ) , Kull the Conqueror ( 1997 ) , and Adaptation ( 2002 ) , and several independent films , including 29 Palms ( 2002 ) ; Song Of Hiawatha ( 1997 ) as the titular role ; and The Pearl (... | SimpleWiki | {
"query": "Represent the Wikipedia sentence about Television series:",
"pos": "Represent the Wikipedia sentence about Television series:",
"neg": "Represent the Wikipedia sentence:"
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Robert Urich ( December 19 , 1946 â `` April 16 , 2002 ) was an Emmy-winning actor , famous for playing private investigators on the television series Spenser : For Hire ( 1985 â `` 1988 ) and Vega $ ( 1978 â `` 1981 ) . | [
"Robert Urich ( December 19 , 1946 -- April 16 , 2002 ) was an American actor . He played the starring role in the television series Spenser : For Hire ( 1985 -- 1988 ) and Vega $ ( 1978 -- 1981 ) ."
] | [
"Dixie Virginia Carter ( May 25 , 1939 -- April 10 , 2010 ) was an American film , television and stage actress , best-known for her role in the sitcom Designing Women ( 1986 -- 1993 ) ."
] | SimpleWiki | {
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Helmut Heinrich Waldemar Schmidt ( 23 December 1918 in Hamburg ) is a German politician and was Chancellor of the Federal Republic of Germany from 1974 to 1982 . | [
"Helmut Heinrich Waldemar Schmidt ( ; born 23 December 1918 ) is a German Social Democratic politician who served as Chancellor of West Germany from 1974 to 1982 ."
] | [
"Johannes Rau ( 16 January 1931 -- 27 January 2006 ) was a German politician of the SPD ."
] | SimpleWiki | {
"query": "Represent the Wikipedia sentence:",
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"neg": "Represent the Wikipedia description about Religion:"
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Life insurance has different types of policies . | [
"Universal life insurance ( UL ) is a relatively new insurance product intended to provide permanent insurance coverage with greater flexibility in premium payment and the potential for greater growth of cash values . There are several types of universal life insurance policies which include `` interest sensitive '... | [
"Credit default swaps have many variations ."
] | SimpleWiki | {
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It is the busiest English station outside London , and the UK 's second busiest station outside London after Glasgow Central . | [
"In 2008\\/9 , Leeds was the busiest railway station in the North of England and the third busiest in the United Kingdom outside London , after Birmingham New Street and Glasgow Central ."
] | [
"There are 173 airports in Japan ; the largest domestic airport , Haneda Airport , is Asia 's second-busiest airport ."
] | SimpleWiki | {
"query": "Represent the sentence:",
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Leeds railway station or Leeds City Station is one of the largest railway stations in the United Kingdom . | [
"Leeds railway station ( also known as Leeds City station ) is the mainline railway station serving the city center of Leeds in West Yorkshire , England ."
] | [
"Flinders Street Station is the central railway station of the suburban rail network of Melbourne , Australia ."
] | SimpleWiki | {
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The railway station has services to London , Sheffield , Manchester , Liverpool , Newcastle Upon Tyne , Birmingham , Bristol , Edinburgh , Glasgow , Kingston upon Hull and Scarborough . | [
"The station provides connections to London , Bristol , Plymouth and the South West , Nottingham , Birmingham and the Midlands , Newcastle upon Tyne , York , Edinburgh and the North East , Manchester and Liverpool and the North West , Hull , Scarborough , Selby and Doncaster , as well as to local and regional desti... | [
"It is situated to the east of junctions 7 and 8 of the A1 ( M ) , and is between Letchworth Garden City to the north , and Welwyn Garden City to the south ."
] | SimpleWiki | {
"query": "Represent the sentence:",
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It was directed by Guillermo del Toro and stars Ron Perlman . | [
"The movie is directed by Guillermo del Toro and is a sequel to the 2004 film Hellboy , which del Toro also directed . Perlman reprises his role as the titular character ."
] | [
"Chase was awarded the 2003 Best Villain award at the MTV Movie Awards for her performance , beating out Mike Myers , Colin Farrell , Willem Dafoe and Daniel Day-Lewis ."
] | SimpleWiki | {
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Hellboy II : The Golden Army is a 2008 movie . | [
"Hellboy II : The Golden Army is a 2008 American fantasy superhero film based on the fictional Dark Horse Comics character Hellboy , starring Ron Perlman and Selma Blair ."
] | [
"Hercules and the Circle of Fire is a made for TV movie ."
] | SimpleWiki | {
"query": "Represent the Wikipedia sentence:",
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Yaw Preko ( born 8 September 1974 ) is a former Ghanaian football player . He has played for Ghana national team . | [
"Yaw Preko ( born September 8 , 1974 in Accra ) is a former football striker from Ghana ."
] | [
"David Bisconti ( born 22 September 1968 ) is a retired Argentine football player who played 12 times for the Argentina national team ."
] | SimpleWiki | {
"query": "Represent the Wikipedia description:",
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Terry Lynn Nichols ( born April 1 , 1955 ) is a U.S. Army veteran who was convicted of being an accomplice of Timothy McVeigh , the man convicted of murder in the bombing of the Alfred P. Murrah Federal Building ( Oklahoma City , Oklahoma , April 19 , 1995 ) , which claimed 168 lives . | [
"In 1994 and 1995 , he conspired with McVeigh in the planning and preparation of the Oklahoma City bombing â `` the truck bombing of the Alfred P. Murrah Federal Building in Oklahoma City , Oklahoma on April 19 , 1995 which claimed the lives of 168 people including 19 children ."
] | [
"The building was the target of the Oklahoma City bombing on April 19 , 1995 , which killed 168 people , including 19 children ."
] | SimpleWiki | {
"query": "Represent the Wikipedia sentence:",
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Chazeaux is a commune of the Ardà che dà partement in the southern part of France . | [
"Chazeaux is a commune in the Ardà che department in southern France ."
] | [
"Fà lines is a commune in the Ardà che department in southern France ."
] | SimpleWiki | {
"query": "Represent the sentence about Geography:",
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There are 10 distinct paragraphs . | [
"There are 10 distinct paragraphs , but it can produce up to 20 ."
] | [
"There are also several hotels ."
] | SimpleWiki | {
"query": "Represent the text:",
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It takes three parameters : the number of paragraphs to generate , paragraph prefix , and paragraph suffix . | [
"It takes four parameters : the number of paragraphs to generate , paragraph prefix , paragraph suffix , and an option to link lorem ipsum ."
] | [
"If an entry can be found with a tag matching that of the desired datum , the datum in the entry is used instead ."
] | SimpleWiki | {
"query": "Represent the Wikipedia text:",
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Tuscany was given to France , 1807-1814 . | [
"Tuscany was annexed by France , 1807-1814 ."
] | [
"He died in 1727 and the principality was merged in the Crown in 1731 ."
] | SimpleWiki | {
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Tuscany was annexed by Kingdom of Sardinia , on 22 March 1860 | [
"Tuscany was annexed by Piedmont-Sardinia , on 22 March 1860 ."
] | [
"As a semi-independent state , the Principality existed from 1571 to 1711 ."
] | SimpleWiki | {
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He abdicated in favor of his son , Ferdinando IV , on 21 July 1859 , but Ferdinando IV was never recognized in Tuscany , and was deposed by the government on 16 August . | [
"He abdicated in favor of his son , Ferdinando IV , on 21 July 1859 , but Ferdinando IV was never recognized in Tuscany , and was deposed by the provisional government on 16 August ."
] | [
"He was the younger brother of Louis XVIII , who , upon the defeat of Napolà on Bonaparte , and by agreement of the Allied powers , had been installed as King of France ."
] | SimpleWiki | {
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A sex doll ( also called love doll or blow up doll ) is a sex toy . It has the size of a sexual partner , and should help with masturbation . | [
"A sex doll ( also love doll or blow up doll ) is a type of sex toy in the size and shape of a sexual partner for aid in masturbation ."
] | [
"According to some , a quickie between a heterosexual couple generally satisfies only the man 's desire ; others claim that quickies ( with intercourse or some other form of stimulation of the vulva ) can be `` a major turn-on '' for a woman , too , but still may not give a woman enough time to lubricate naturally ... | SimpleWiki | {
"query": "Represent the Wikipedia sentence:",
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Republic of Ireland national football team is the national football team of Republic of Ireland . | [
"The Republic of Ireland national football team represents the nation of Ireland in association football ."
] | [
"The Singapore national football team is the national association football team of Singapore ."
] | SimpleWiki | {
"query": "Represent the Wikipedia description:",
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The Berlin Observatory ( Berliner Sternwarte in German ) has its origins in 1700 when Gottfried Leibniz initiated the Società t der Wissenschaften ( Brandenburgische Science Society ) which would later ( 1744 ) become the Preuà ischen Akademie der Wissenschaften ( Prussian Academy of Sciences ) . | [
"The Berlin Observatory ( Berliner Sternwarte in German ) is a series of observatories and related organizations in and around the city of Berlin in Germany , starting from the 18th century . It has its origins in 1700 when Gottfried Leibniz initiated the Società t der Wissenschaften ( Brandenburgische Science Soci... | [
"Friedrich Schiller University of Jena ( FSU ) ( German Friedrich-Schiller-Universit à t Jena , colloquially Uni Jena ) , is a public research university located in Jena , Thuringia , Germany ."
] | SimpleWiki | {
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Dave Attell ( born January 18 , 1965 ) is an American comedian and host of the TV show `` Insomniac with Dave Attell '' , shown on Comedy Central in the United States . | [
"Dave Attell ( born January 18 , 1965 ) is an American stand-up comedian and the host of Comedy Central 's Insomniac with Dave Attell and The Gong Show with Dave Attell ."
] | [
"Caroline Gilchrist Rhea ( born April 13 , 1964 ) is a Canadian stand-up comedienne and actress who was the original host of the reality television show The Biggest Loser on NBC , until Alison Sweeney took her place after the end of the third season ."
] | SimpleWiki | {
"query": "Represent the Wikipedia text:",
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Gighera is a commune found in Dolj County , Romania . | [
"Gighera is a commune in Dolj County , Romania with a population of 3,405 people ."
] | [
"Arbore is a commune located in Suceava County , Romania ."
] | SimpleWiki | {
"query": "Represent the Wikipedia text:",
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Bluefield is a town of Virginia in the United States . | [
"Bluefield has not always borne the name Bluefield ."
] | [
"Kenton Vale is a city in Kenton County , Kentucky , United States ."
] | SimpleWiki | {
"query": "Represent the Wikipedia sentence:",
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Angelo Domenghini ( born 25 August , 1941 ) is a former Italian football player . | [
"Angelo Domenghini ( born August 25 , 1941 ) is an Italian former footballer ."
] | [
"Roberto Tricella ( born 18 March 1959 ) is a former Italian footballer ."
] | SimpleWiki | {
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MÃ 1\/4 llheim is a municipality of the district of Steckborn in the canton of Thurgau in Switzerland . | [
"MÃ 1\\/4 llheim is a municipality in the district of Frauenfeld in the canton of Thurgau in Switzerland ."
] | [
"TÃ gerwilen is a municipality in the district of Kreuzlingen in the canton of Thurgau in Switzerland ."
] | SimpleWiki | {
"query": "Represent the Wikipedia sentence about Geography:",
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There are several unanswered issues with this hypothesis . | [
"There remain several unanswered issues surrounding this hypothesis ."
] | [
"But they are not the only reliable sources in such areas ."
] | SimpleWiki | {
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Also , lunar samples do not have expected ratios of volatile elements , iron oxide , or siderophilic elements ( chemical elements which bond with iron ) , and there is no evidence that the Earth ever had the magma ocean implied by the hypothesis . | [
"Also , lunar samples do not have expected ratios of volatile elements , iron oxide , or siderophilic elements , and there is no evidence to suggest that the Earth ever had the magma ocean implied by this hypothesis ."
] | [
"Gold 's theory is that flow of food is due to out-gassing of primordial methane from the Earth 's mantle ; more conventional explanations of the food supply of deep microbes ( away from sedimentary carbon compounds ) is that the organisms subsist on hydrogen released by an interaction between water and ( reduced )... | SimpleWiki | {
"query": "Represent the Wikipedia description:",
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Lunar oxygen isotopic ratios are essentially identical to Earth , with no evidence of a contribution from another solar body . | [
"Lunar oxygen isotopic ratios are essentially identical to Earth 's , with no evidence of a contribution from another solar body ."
] | [
"Recently , estimates of these sources suggest that the heavy bombardment before 3.5 Ga within the early atmosphere made available quantities of organics comparable to those produced by other energy sources ."
] | SimpleWiki | {
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The giant impact hypothesis is that the Moon was created out of the debris from a collision between the young Earth and a Mars-sized protoplanet . | [
"The giant impact hypothesis proposes that the Moon was created out of the debris left over from a collision between the young Earth and a Mars-sized body ."
] | [
"The current asteroid belt is believed to contain only a small fraction of the mass of the primordial belt ."
] | SimpleWiki | {
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Laura Branigan was an American born singer-songwriter and actress of Italian and Irish ancestry . | [
"Laura Ann Branigan ( July 3 , 1957 â `` August 26 , 2004 ) was an American singer-songwriter and actress of Italian and Irish ancestry ."
] | [
"Paula Dacia DeAnda ( born November 3 , 1989 ) is an American pop singer-songwriter and actress ."
] | SimpleWiki | {
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Wong Tai Sin Temple ( é '' å ä '' ç , or literally : the Temple for Big Deity Wong ) is a famous temple in Kowloon , Hong Kong . | [
"Wong Tai Sin Temple is one of the most famous shrines in Hong Kong ."
] | [
"Southern Praying Mantis ( å -- æ 3\\/4 è è , which reads in Cantonese as Nam ( south ) Pai ( Clan ) Tong Long , translated as Praying Mantis-where the literal translation means ` King Insect ) is a Chinese martial art native to the Hakka people ( å cents å , in Cantonese read Ha Ka or Ha Ga , a reference to descen... | SimpleWiki | {
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The National Football League ( NFL ) playoffs are a single-elimination tournament that happen at the end of the 16-game regular season . | [
"The National Football League ( NFL ) playoffs are a single-elimination tournament held at the end of the 16-game regular season to determine the NFL champion ."
] | [
"The injured reserve list is a list of reserved players who are injured and unable to play for a period of time , used most prominently in the National Hockey League ( NHL ) and National Football League ( NFL ) ."
] | SimpleWiki | {
"query": "Represent the Wikipedia sentence:",
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Enslaved is a band from Haugesund , Norway ; their music has been called black metal and viking metal . The band was formed in 1991 . | [
"Enslaved is a progressive viking black metal band formed in June 1991 in Sveio , Norway , and currently based out of Bergen , Norway ."
] | [
"TNT is a Norwegian hard rock\\/glam metal band from Trondheim , formed in 1982 ."
] | SimpleWiki | {
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It forms oxides and hydrides in moist air , causing the plutonium sample to expand by up to 70 % . | [
"In a moist environment , plutonium forms hydrides on its surface , which are pyrophoric and may ignite in air at room temperature . Plutonium expands up to 70 % in volume as it oxidizes and thus may break its container ."
] | [
"When the white form is exposed to sunlight or when it is heated in its own vapor to 250 Â C , it is transmuted to the red form , which does not chemoluminesce in air ."
] | SimpleWiki | {
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Plutonium-244 has a half-life of about 80 million years . The half life of 244Pu is long enough that some of this isotope of plutonium is found in very small amounts in nature . | [
"Plutonium is the heaviest primordial element ( see also primordial nuclide ) , by virtue of its most stable isotope , plutonium-244 , whose half-life of about 80 million years is just long enough for the element to be found in trace quantities in nature ."
] | [
"Therefore , all primordial americium ( americium that was present on Earth during its formation ) should have decayed by now ."
] | SimpleWiki | {
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The heterokonts or stramenopiles are a major line of eukaryotes with more than 100,000 known species , most of them diatoms . | [
"The heterokonts or stramenopiles are a major line of eukaryotes currently containing more than 100,000 known species , most of them diatoms ."
] | [
"In many ways , the evolution of the brown algae parallels that of the green algae and red algae , as all three groups possess complex multicellular species with an alternation of generations . Analysis of 5S rRNA sequences reveals much smaller evolutionary distances among genera of the brown algae than among gener... | SimpleWiki | {
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An Italian volcanological mission analyzed gas samples from the fumaroles along the Arenas crater floor and proved them to be a mixture of carbon dioxide and sulfur dioxide , indicating a direct magmatic release into surface environment . | [
"An Italian volcanological mission analyzed gas samples from fumaroles along the Arenas crater floor and proved them to be a mixture of carbon dioxide and sulfur dioxide , indicating a direct release of magma into the surface environment ."
] | [
"Magma is blown apart when it interacts violently with volcanic gases and steam ."
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The eruption reached Volcanic Explosivity Index 3 . | [
"The eruption reached a value of 3 on the Volcanic Explosivity Index ."
] | [
"Other major 20th-century eruptions occurred in 1949 , 1971 , 1981 , 1983 and 1991 â `` 1993 ."
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The eruption caused an estimated 23,000 deaths , 5,000 injuries , and destroyed more than 5,000 homes . | [
"In total , over 23,000 people were killed and approximately 5,000 were injured . More than 5,000 homes were destroyed ."
] | [
"More recent estimates have revised that figure to as between 500,000 and 750,000 ."
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On November 13 , 1985 , at 9:08 pm , Nevado del Ruiz erupted ; ejecting dacitic tephra more than 30 kilometers into the atmosphere . | [
"At 9:09 pm , on November 13 , 1985 , Nevado del Ruiz erupted , ejecting dacitic tephra more than 30 k into the atmosphere ."
] | [
"Altogether , there are about 90 islets and reefs , volcanic rocks formed in the Cenozoic era , more specifically 4.6 to 2.0 million years ago ."
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It encircles the Pacific Ocean , and houses some of the world 's most active volcanoes . | [
"Nevado del Ruiz lies within the Pacific Ring of Fire , a region that encircles the Pacific Ocean and contains some of the world 's most active volcanoes ."
] | [
"The land hemisphere has seven-eighths ( 87.5 % ) of the land on the Earth , including Europe , Africa , North America , nearly all of Asia and most of South America ."
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Scientists later looked back to the hours before the eruption and noticed that several long period earthquakes had occurred . Long-period earthquakes are those which start out strong and then die down very slowly . | [
"Scientists later looked back to the hours before the eruption and noticed that several long-period earthquakes , which start out strong and then slowly die out , had occurred in the final hours before the eruption ."
] | [
"However , the interiors of Great Dark Spots are relatively cloud-free , and unlike Jupiter 's spot , which has lasted for hundreds of years , their lifetimes appear to be much shorter , forming and dissipating once every few years or so ."
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In April 2008 , the Nevado del Huila volcano erupted , and thousands were evacuated . Volcanologists were worried that this could be another `` Nevado del Ruiz '' . | [
"When another Colombian volcano , the Nevado del Huila , erupted in April 2008 , thousands of people were evacuated because volcanologists worried that the eruption could be another `` Nevado del Ruiz '' ."
] | [
"Hurricane Tico left thousands homeless in Mazatlà n ; Tropical Storm Octave killed several people in one of Arizona 's worst disasters ; and Hurricane Winnie was a rare December cyclone ."
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In addition , it was the deadliest lahar in recorded history , and Colombia 's worst natural disaster . | [
"It is also the deadliest known lahar , and Colombia 's worst natural disaster ."
] | [
"Boris caused heavy flooding in southern Mexico that resulted in ten fatalities ; however , a damage estimate is unknown ."
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About 23,000 people died when the lahar covered the Armero , making this the most deadly lahar in the history of the world . | [
"On November 13 , 1985 , a small eruption produced an enormous lahar that buried and desolated the town of Armero in Tolima Department , causing an estimated 23,000 deaths . This event later became known as the Armero tragedyâ '' the deadliest lahar in recorded history ."
] | [
"The United States Geological Survey lists it as the third deadliest earthquake in history ."
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Normally , these type of stratovolcanoes generate explosive Plinian eruptions with associated pyroclastic flows that can melt snow and glaciers near the summit , thus producing devastating lahars . | [
"As is the case for many subduction-zone volcanoes , Nevado del Ruiz can generate explosive Plinian eruptions with associated pyroclastic flows that can melt snow and glaciers near the summit , producing large and sometimes devastating lahars ( mud and debris flows ) ."
] | [
"These pyroclastic flows glowed red in the dark . Pyroclastic flows that contain a much higher proportion of gas to rock are known as `` fully dilute pyroclastic density currents '' or pyroclastic surges ."
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Volcanologist Bernard Chouet said that these earthquakes occurred in the final hours before an eruption . According to Chouet , `` the volcano was screaming ` I 'm about to explode ' , '' but scientists at the time doubted his theory . | [
"Volcanologist Bernard Chouet said that , `` the volcano was screaming ` I 'm about to explode ' '' , but the scientists who were studying the volcano at the time of the eruption were not able to read this signal ."
] | [
"The deluge created a 66 foot ( 20 m ) wave of water that caught many off guard due to the time of night and only about 15 minutes to prepare , according to eyewitnesses who criticized the decision ; the flooding killed at least 35 people and left homes in seven towns flooded ."
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The amount of magma erupted from the volcano was 3 % of that from Mount St. Helens in 1980 . | [
"The total mass of the erupted material ( including magma ) was 35 million tonnesâ '' only 3 % of the amount that erupted from Mount St. Helens in 1980 ."
] | [
"It is the most active volcano in Indonesia and has erupted regularly since 1548 ."
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The Andean volcanic belt was produced by the eastward subduction of the oceanic Nazca plate beneath the South American continental plate . | [
"The Andean Volcanic Belt is produced by the eastward subduction of the oceanic Nazca Plate beneath the South American continental plate ."
] | [
"The gravitational instability of mature oceanic lithosphere has the effect that at subduction zones , oceanic lithosphere invariably sinks underneath the overriding lithosphere , which can be oceanic or continental ."
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A very high lahar risk was stressed in the mission 's report delivered on October 22 , 1985 and various simple preparedness techniques were proposed to local authorities . | [
"The mission 's report , delivered on October 22 , 1985 , judged the risk of lahars to be very high . The report proposed various simple preparedness techniques to local authorities ."
] | [
"As a result , protocols for tree management prior to , during and after construction activities are well established , tested and refined ."
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Thorium is a chemical element . | [
"Thorium is a naturally occurring radioactive chemical element , found in abundance throughout the world ."
] | [
"It 's a colourless gas at room temperature and pressure ."
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It has the atomic number 90 . | [
"Thorium atoms ( symbol Th ) have an atomic number of 90 , with 90 protons and 90 electrons , of which 4 are valence electrons ."
] | [
"Argon is a chemical element represented by the symbol Ar ."
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Vanuatu national football team is the national football team of Vanuatu . | [
"The Vanuatu national football team is the national team of Vanuatu and is controlled by the Vanuatu Football Federation ."
] | [
"The Singapore national football team is the national association football team of Singapore ."
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The fictional Skarloey Railway was based on the Talyllyn Railway . | [
"The Talyllyn Railway is represented in the Thomas the Tank Engine books as the Skarloey Railway ; most of the fictional locomotives are based on real-life equivalents ."
] | [
"The 2 f gauge of the track is unusual , and was shared by only three other public railways in the United Kingdom : the nearby Corris Railway ( which predated the Talyllyn ) , and the subsequent Plynlimon and Hafan Tramway and Campbeltown and Machrihanish Light Railway ."
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Underground working began in the early 1840s . By 1847 the quarry was being worked by local landowner John Pughe . | [
"Underground working began in the early 1840s , and by 1847 the quarry was being worked by local landowner John Pughe ."
] | [
"The Gunnedah Colliery Company was registered in May 1899 and by 22 June a private railway some 5.7 k in length had been completed from the railway station to their mine ."
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Tyler agreed to this arrangement , and to this day all carriages on the Talyllyn have doors on one side only , an unusual feature for a public railway . This feature is however shared with the neighbouring Corris Railway , though for different reasons . | [
"Tyler agreed to this arrangement , and to this day all carriages on the Talyllyn have doors on one side only , an unusual feature for a public railway which is shared ( albeit for different reasons ) with the neighbouring Corris Railway ."
] | [
"The coaching stock was extremely solidly constructed , and offered levels of accommodation far in advance of anything else at the time - certainly compared to any other narrow gauge railway ."
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McConnel set about improving Bryn Eglwys to increase its output . In 1865 his company earmarked money for the construction of a narrow gauge railway connecting the quarry with the port of Aberdyfi . | [
"McConnel set about improving Bryn Eglwys to increase its output and in 1865 his company earmarked money for the construction of a narrow gauge railway connecting the quarry with the port of Aberdyfi ."
] | [
"To provide water for its steam locomotives , the Commissioners decided to provide a dam and pump water from it to a facility , known as Young Tank , at the 246 m post ."
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In January 1864 , McConnel formed the Aberdovey Slate Company . The company leased the land including Bryn Eglwys from the landowner , Lewis Morris of Machynlleth . | [
"In January 1864 , McConnel formed the Aberdovey Slate Company , which leased the land including Bryn Eglwys from the landowner , Lewis Morris of Machynlleth ."
] | [
"Ellis was the son of Abraham Charles Ellis , a general manager of the Metropolitan Railway , and Isabelle Flockart Carswell ."
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The 2 f gauge of the track is unusual . It was shared by only three other public railways in the United Kingdom : the nearby Corris Railway ( which predated the Talyllyn ) , and the subsequent Plynlimon and Hafan Tramway and Campbeltown and Machrihanish Light Railway . | [
"The 2 f gauge of the track is unusual , and was shared by only three other public railways in the United Kingdom : the nearby Corris Railway ( which predated the Talyllyn ) , and the subsequent Plynlimon and Hafan Tramway and Campbeltown and Machrihanish Light Railway ."
] | [
"The Plym Valley Railway is part of the closed South Devon and Tavistock Railway near Plymouth , a branch line of the Great Western Railway in Devon ."
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The Talyllyn Railway is a narrow-gauge preserved railway in Wales . It runs for 7.25 m from Tywyn on the Mid-Wales coast to Nant Gwernol near the village of Abergynolwyn . | [
"The Talyllyn Railway is a narrow-gauge preserved railway in Wales running for 7.25 m from Tywyn on the Mid-Wales coast to Nant Gwernol near the village of Abergynolwyn ."
] | [
"Other significant rivers include the River Aeron which has its estuary at Aberaeron , the River Ystwyth and the River Rheidol both of which reach the sea in Aberystwyth harbor ."
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The line was opened in 1866 to carry slate from the quarries at Bryn Eglwys to Tywyn . It was the first narrow gauge railway in Britain authorised by Act of Parliament to carry passengers using steam haulage . | [
"The line was opened in 1866 to carry slate from the quarries at Bryn Eglwys to Tywyn , and was the first narrow gauge railway in Britain authorised by Act of Parliament to carry passengers using steam haulage ."
] | [
"Tyler agreed to this arrangement , and to this day all carriages on the Talyllyn have doors on one side only , an unusual feature for a public railway which is shared ( albeit for different reasons ) with the neighbouring Corris Railway ."
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The internal width of the overbridges was only 9 f , but the railway 's passenger carriages were 5 f wide . This left less than 2 f clearance on either side , which was less than the minimum required clearance of 2 f. To alleviate this problem , McConnel proposed that the doors on one side of each carriage be permanent... | [
"The internal width of the overbridges was only 9 f , but the railway 's passenger carriages were 5 f wide , leaving less than 2 f clearance on either side , less than the minimum required clearance of 2 f. To alleviate this problem , McConnel proposed that the doors on one side of each carriage be permanently barr... | [
"No. 1 was returned to its manufacturer where a set of trailing wheels was added to reduce the rear overhang , and the springs on No. 2 were adjusted and the crank pins shortened to reduce its oscillation ."
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Slate quarrying began in the hills above Tywyn in the 1830s . Although many small quarries and test levels were established , only one major quarry was developed in the region . | [
"Slate quarrying began in the hills above Tywyn in the 1830s , but although many small quarries and test levels were established , only one major quarry was developed in the region , at Bryn Eglwys , 7 m north east of the town ."
] | [
"The presence of coal and clay in the area led to urbanisation as colleries , brickworks and potteries came to dominate Swadlincote . These industries continued to expand until the Second World War ."
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The standard gauge Aberystwyth and Welsh Coast Railway was expanding rapidly from its base at Machynlleth however . In 1863 this railway had reached Tywyn , so McConnel decided to build his line from the quarry to Tywyn . | [
"The standard gauge Aberystwyth and Welsh Coast Railway was expanding rapidly from its base at Machynlleth , however , and in 1863 had reached Tywyn , so McConnel decided to build his line from the quarry to Tywyn , as the nearest point where slate could be transferred to the standard gauge railway ."
] | [
"The Midland was initially unenthusiastic , but then realized that the branch could be extended to Rowsley , albeit with difficulty , avoiding the section from , on its Manchester , Buxton , Matlock and Midlands Junction Railway , which was shared with its rival the London and North Western Railway ."
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An Act of Parliament ( 28 and 29 Vict , cap cccxv ) allowing the company to operate passenger trains as a public railway was given Royal Assent on 5 July 186 . , The company appointed James Swinton Spooner as engineer for the construction . | [
"An Act of Parliament ( 28 and 29 Vict , cap cccxv ) allowing the company to operate passenger trains as a public railway was given Royal Assent on 5 July 1865 , and the company appointed James Swinton Spooner as engineer for the construction ."
] | [
"Lieutenancies soon became more organised , probably in the reign of his successor Edward VI , their establishment being approved by the English parliament in 1550 ."
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One such owner was William McConnel of Lancashire . In 1859 he purchased a house near Dolgellau , north of Tywyn . | [
"One such owner was William McConnel of Lancashire who , in 1859 , had purchased a house near Dolgellau , north of Tywyn ."
] | [
"In 1865 he married Eliza Lakin ( 1837 - 1900 ) , becoming a part-time farmer and raising four children at Walnut farm in Barrow upon Trent ."
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Since preservation , the railway has operated as a tourist attraction . It has increased the amount of rolling stock it has . | [
"Since preservation , the railway has operated as a tourist attraction , expanding its rolling stock through acquisition and an engineering program to build new locomotives and carriages ."
] | [
"Consequently , Japan had a greater need for new high speed lines than countries where the existing standard gauge or broad gauge rail system had more upgrade potential ."
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Tyler 's report led to an unusual alteration . It was discovered that the loading gauge of the line was too small . | [
"Tyler 's report led to an unusual alteration , as it was discovered that the loading gauge of the line was too small ."
] | [
"The new work included the extension of the military appearance of the house , though it never had any military significance ."
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In 2001 , the preservation society celebrated its 50th anniversary . In 2005 a major rebuilding and extension of Tywyn Wharf station took place . | [
"In 2001 , the preservation society celebrated its 50th anniversary , and in 2005 a major rebuilding and extension of Tywyn Wharf station took place , including a much-expanded facility for the Narrow Gauge Railway Museum ."
] | [
"The Bird and Reptile House was completed in 1929 ; the following year the Lion House opened ."
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In 1861 the outbreak of the American Civil War cut off supplies of cotton to the mills of the north west of England . As a result a number of prosperous mill owners looked for new business opportunities to diversify their interests . | [
"In 1861 the outbreak of the American Civil War cut off supplies of cotton to the mills of the north west of England and as a result a number of prosperous mill owners looked for new business opportunities to diversify their interests ."
] | [
"In the United States these companies were located in rural Pennsylvania , New England or the Midwest where labor was cheap , and paper produced nearby , but still within a few hours ' travel time of the major publishing centers ."
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The fictional Skarloey Railway was based on the Talyllyn Railway . This fictional railway formed part of the Railway Series of children 's books by The Rev. W. Awdry . | [
"The fictional Skarloey Railway , which formed part of the Railway Series of children 's books by The Rev. W. Awdry , was based on the Talyllyn Railway ."
] | [
"Pingwings , Pogles ' Wood , Noggin the Nog , Ivor the Engine , Clangers and Bagpuss , were all made by Smallfilms , the company he set up with Peter Firmin , and were shown on the BBC between the 1950s and the 1980s , and on ITV from 1959 to the present day ."
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No. 1 was returned to its manufacturer where a set of trailing wheels was added to reduce the rear overhang . The springs on No. 2 were adjusted and the crank pins shortened to reduce its oscillation . | [
"No. 1 was returned to its manufacturer where a set of trailing wheels was added to reduce the rear overhang , and the springs on No. 2 were adjusted and the crank pins shortened to reduce its oscillation ."
] | [
"The maximum tractive effort of 50000 l was unusually high for a Type 2 locomotive but , as there were five ( not four ) driving axles , the risk of wheelslip was minimal ."
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Tal-y-llyn is a large glacial ribbon lake at the foot of Cadair Idris 3 m further east . | [
"The origin of the railway 's name is uncertain : it may refer to the parish of Talyllyn , which contains its eastern terminus , or it may come from Tal-y-llyn , a large glacial ribbon lake at the foot of Cadair Idris 3 m further east ."
] | [
"The highest point in the Cotswolds range is Cleeve Hill at 1083 f , 2.5 m to the north of Cheltenham ."
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The finished slates were sent by packhorse to the wharf at Pennal . They were then transferred to boats for a river trip to Aberdyfi ( also known as Aberdovey ) . | [
"The finished slates were sent by packhorse to the wharf at Pennal , transferred to boats for a river trip to Aberdyfi ( then known as Aberdovey ) , and then finally loaded into seagoing vessels , a complex and expensive transportation arrangement which limited the quarry 's output ."
] | [
"The origin of the railway 's name is uncertain : it may refer to the parish of Talyllyn , which contains its eastern terminus , or it may come from Tal-y-llyn , a large glacial ribbon lake at the foot of Cadair Idris 3 m further east ."
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In 1985 , Elfman met director Tim Burton . | [
"In 1985 , Tim Burton and Paul Reubens invited Elfman to write the score for their first feature film , Pee-wee 's Big Adventure ."
] | [
"In 2003 , Benson collaborated with director James Kerwin to produce her play , Albert Hall , in Hollywood ."
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Elfman worked with Burton on all but two of Burton 's movies . | [
"Elfman immediately developed a rapport with Burton and has gone on to score all but two of Burton 's major studio releases : Ed Wood , scored by Howard Shore , which was under production while Elfman and Burton were having a fight , and Sweeney Todd , an adaptation of the 1979 Stephen Sondheim Broadway musical . H... | [
"The couple maintains a close relationship with Johnny Depp , who appears in many of Burton 's films ."
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The Toray Pan Pacific Open ( æ ã ã '' ã ` ã ã '' ã ` ã ã ã # ã ã ã '' ã ã ã ) is a WTA Tour of tennis tournaments for women . It is held every year since 1984 in Tokyo , Japan . | [
"The Toray Pan Pacific Open ( æ ã ã '' ã ` ã ã '' ã ` ã ã ã # ã ã ã '' ã ã ã ) is a WTA Tour affiliated professional tennis tournament for women , held every year since 1984 on in Tokyo , Japan ."
] | [
"Mitsuhiro Momota , better known as RikidÅ zan ( Japanese : å é `` å , Korean : ì -- ë ì Yeokdosan , November 14 , 1924 â `` December 15 , 1963 ) , was a Korean Japanese professional wrestler , known as the `` Father of Puroresu '' and one of the most influential men in wrestling history ."
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Hossein Kaebi ( born 23 September 1985 ) is an Iranian football player . He plays for Steel Azin and Iran national team . | [
"Hossein Kaebi ( also spelled Ka ` abi , born September 1985 in Ahvaz ) is an Iranian football player who currently plays for Steel Azin in the Iran Pro League and the Iran national football team ."
] | [
"Gabriel Donizete de Santana , or simply Gabriel ( born September 8 , 1987 ) , is a Brazilian Midfielder who currently plays for Sanat Naft F.C. in the Azadegan League ."
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Usually , obsolete codes may be kept as reserved , while some overseas territories , international organizations , and special nationality status have reserved codes of their own . | [
"Codes are usually reserved for former countries , overseas territories , international organizations , and special nationality status ."
] | [
"These are not normally used in payment , although they are legal tender ."
] | SimpleWiki | {
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The official name of the standard is Codes for the representation of names of countries and their subdivisions â `` Part 1 : Country codes . | [
"The official name of the standard is Codes for the representation of names of countries and their subdivisions -- Part 1 : Country codes ."
] | [
"ISO 3166-1 is published officially in both English and French . Since the second edition of ISO 3166-1 , the following columns are included for each entry :"
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Currently , 244 countries and territories have official ISO 3166-1 codes . | [
"Currently 248 countries , territories , or areas of geographical interest are assigned official codes in ISO 3166-1 ."
] | [
"The municipality key consists of eight digits , which are generated as follows : The first two numbers designate the individual German state ."
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The official name of the standard is Codes for the representation of names of countries and their subdivisions â `` Part 1 : Country codes . There are three sets of country codes : | [
"However , it is not the only standard for country codes ."
] | [
"The numbering scheme follows that of the International Numbering System ( INS ) as determined by the Codex Alimentarius committee though only a subset of the INS additives are approved for use in the European Union ."
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The following is a complete ISO 3166-1 encoding code list in alphabetical order by the English short country names officially used by the ISO 3166 Maintenance Agency ( ISO 3166\/MA ) , which uses country names from United Nations sources . | [
"According to the ISO 3166 Maintenance Agency ( ISO 3166\\/MA ) , the only way to enter a new country name into ISO 3166-1 is to have it registered in one of the following two sources :"
] | [
"The island has no indigenous population , but is assigned the ISO 3166-1 alpha-2 country code SJ ( together with Svalbard ) , the Internet country code top-level domain ( ccTLD ) ."
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"pos": "Represent the sentence:",
"neg": "Represent the sentence:"
} |
A country or territory may get new codes if it changes its name or its territorial boundaries . | [
"A country is usually assigned new ISO 3166-1 codes if it changes its name or its territorial boundaries ."
] | [
"However all these names are often used informally in different countries & local government is the legal part of central government ."
] | SimpleWiki | {
"query": "Represent the description:",
"pos": "Represent the description:",
"neg": "Represent the description:"
} |
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